The University RecordVolume XIV APRIL I928 Number 2METROPOLITAN REGIONS1By CHARLES EDWARD MERRIAMProfessor arid Chairman of the Department of Political ScienceA METROPOLITAN district is defined by the United States Cen-/\ sus Bureau as "the city proper and the urban portion of theJ_ \ territory lying within ten miles of the city limits." The censusalso takes account under another head of the whole region within tenmiles, whether urban or not. In 1920 there were seven metropolitan regions each having a population of over a million and a total populationof nineteen million. There were ten others* each having a population ofover 500,000 with a total of seven and one-half million. Together thesecomprise a total of seventeen regions each having a population of over500,000 and a total population of twenty-six and one-half million. Byway of comparison it may be pointed out that there are seventeen statesof the American Union with a population of less than 1,000,000 and ninestates with a population of less than 500,000.THE COMPLEXITY OF THE SITUATIONThese regions of the type of New York, Chicago, Boston, Philadelphia, like London, Paris, Berlin, are unities in the economic sense of theterm and they also represent types of social and cultural unitie3. Fromthe governmental point of view, however, their organization is highlydecentralized. Each of these regions contains a large number of independent governments, often overlapping and often conflicting and without any central administrative control or supervision. In the Chicago*An address delivered in Leon Mandel Hall on the occasion of the One Hundred Fiftieth Convocation of the University, March 20, 1928.6970 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDregion, for example, which we construe as fifty miles from State and Madison streets, there are not less than 1,500 independent governing agenciesundertaking to carry on the governmental functions incidental to the lifeof a community of three and a half million people. Metropolitan Chicagoextends into four different states, Illinois, Wisconsin, Indiana, and a corner of Michigan; it includes fifteen counties and an innumerable array ofcities, villages, towns, townships, school districts, park districts, drainagedistricts. New York extends into three states, New York, New Jersey,and Connecticut, with a wide variety of county and local governmentswithin her borders. There are already ten million people in the NewYork region and it is estimated, somewhat optimistically I suspect, thatthere will be twenty-five million in the New York area within anothergeneration. It is conservatively estimated that the population of the Chicago area in 1950 will approach eight million. Problems of regional organization are presented not only in American cities such as Boston,Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, San Francisco, but in the greatcities all over the world.It is obvious that some more compact form of organization is necessary in order to enable these groups to carry on their governmental functions effectively. This is at once evident in fields like those of city planning, public health, recreation, police, finance, transportation — in fact, inalmost the whole range of public activities. The health of Chicago, forexample, is cared for by at least four states, to say nothing of the UnitedStates government and 350 local health organizations of varying size andimportance. City planning soon reaches its limit in the corporate sense ofthe term, and under modern conditions planning must enter the largerfield of the region far beyond the confines and jurisdiction of any onemunicipal corporation. A modern recreation plan involves almost immediately a projection of interest and activity far beyond the limits of anyone city. In the policing of the community, our local Cicero is only aterm for a type of similar area found in every metropolitan region undersome other name, multiplying the difficulties in the local administrationof the law. Again the development of water supply, of sewage systems,of garbage and waste disposal raise questions which no one city can beginto answer, but which can be met only by the concerted action of a considerable group of municipalities. From the financial point of view, thehaphazard dealing with revenues, expenditures, budgets and indebtedness in an overlapping series of great and small communities presents insuperable difficulties and leads inevitably to shocking forms of waste.From the point of view of political responsibility and control, the pres-METROPOLITAN REGIONS 71ence of a series of conflicting and competing local loyalties makes theproblem of government increasingly difficult, for in the concentration ofinterests and responsibility is found the key to that intelligent and discriminating public opinion which the democratic experiment presupposes.DO PARASITE CITIES EXIST?Equally serious is the loss of citizens drifting from the central cityto its environs. Many persons profess to find the cause of urban ills inimmigration from foreign shores. An impartial observer might concludethat the problem of the emigration from the city to the suburbs was amore important factor. There are more Bostonians outside of Bostonthan inside the corporate limits, in the ratio of 750,000 in to 1,000,024out. There are 205,000 Cincinnatians outside the city and 400,000 inside. There are over 600,000 Pittsburghers outside the city. There aretwo and a quarter million New Yorkers who are outside the town. Chicago has half a million Chicagoans who are not in the city and threemillion who are.These urban emigrees owe the city a heavy debt. The city is theireconomic basis of supply and their social and cultural center; but politically they do not assume responsibility for the conduct of its affairs.What happens is that as citizens become more prosperous, better situated, more easily available for political or other leadership, they are disfranchised and disconnected from the active political life of the community. Their loss is a heavy drain on the civic resources of the urbancommunity — a loss which goes a long way to account for the condition ofmany cities. Unquestionably if all these seceding groups were to remainparts of the urban community, the prospects of urban advance would bematerially improved. These communities on the fringe have sometimesbeen called satellite cities. I am not sure that parasite cities would notbe a better term to apply to them.So obvious have been the difficulties of urban integration and independence, that everywhere in urban areas there has been evident a tendency toward an amelioration of this situation. In recent times we havewitnessed the creation of the Greater Berlin in Germany, and of theGreater Prague in Czechoslovakia. On a smaller scale there are manyother instances of the development of larger urban areas by the annexation of adjacent territory as in the case of Chicago in the World's Fairtime. In other cases there has been developed a combination betweencity and country, eliminating one independent jurisdiction, as in SanFrancisco, St. Louis, Philadelphia. A similar plan was proposed for Chi-72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcago and Cook County many years ago by the Chicago Bureau of PublicEfficiency. In still other cases there have been special combinations adhoc for purposes of parks, or water, or sewers — notably in the region ofBoston where boards and commissions have been set to undertake speciallocal functions in larger than urban areas.It goes without saying that there have been many instances, more orless successful, of voluntary co-operation between local governments.The Regional Planning Association of the Chicago Area has undertakenthe task of effecting co-operation in specific directions and has been notably successful in vehicular traffic and in zoning ordinances. It is important to explore still more fully the possibilities of this form of voluntary integration.The difficulties of urban development are still further accentuatedby the fact that for half a century since the beginning of the modernurban movement, cities have been harshly treated by the states of whichthey were parts. They have been denied necessary power of local self-government, or granted these powers only tardily, often at the hands ofincompetent partisan and corrupt legislatures.MUNICIPAL HOME RULEIn the United States we have experimented elaborately with various systems of so-called home rule for municipalities, hoping in this manner to free the urban center. These plans have often given some relief tocities as in Ohio typically, but in general they have fallen far short ofthe mark at which they aimed. The courts have materially narrowed therange of local autonomy, as a rule, and thus often defeated the hopes ofthe cities. But even more serious has been the failure of the state to setup appropriate methods and instrumentalities for administrative supervision of municipal activities. The state has found difficulty in administering itself, to say nothing of the task of supervising the administrationof its municipalities, and has been guilty of non-feasance at this point.Cities have usually had what is commonly called either a feast or a famine. Cities have been given too much power without supervision, or notenough with wise and temperate supervision. In any case it is too muchto expect New York to supervise New York or Illinois to supervise Chicago, when these cities are half of the supervising body itself.Cities have been benevolently protected by constitutional and statutory restrictions against almost everything except dead-lock and paralysis. There is today on the statutes of Illinois a measure giving specificauthority to the city of Chicago to license the selling of peanuts and pop-METROPOLITAN REGIONS 73corn on the Municipal Pier, and the checking of hats and coats; otherwise the power could not safely have been undertaken. States have hadthe powers of life and death over cities, but have not been willing to assume paternal responsibilities. If a state could be guilty of a crime, someof them would long ago have been brought before some court of competent jurisdiction and punished as are neglectful parents in a moderncourt.Not only is this true but cities have been refused adequate representation in the common councils of the state where the common policiesof the commonwealth are determined. Most of the larger cities have beendeliberately deprived of proportionate representation by a perfectly barefaced denial of equality in representation. I need not remind you that inIllinois, Chicago still has the same number of representatives in the legislature in 1928 as in 1900, and consequently that all the astoundinggrowth in numbers and wealth during a period of twenty-eight yearscounts for nothing, and that, too, in spite of a perfectly plain constitutional provision which is biennially nullified. At the same time we haveone judge of the supreme court, in fact, only a part of one, in a total ofseven.Far be it from me to decry the virtues of the countryside. That theyare numerous, substantial, and indispensable, we may hasten to concede.Whether they warrant a rural dictatorship over urban communities maybe questioned, however. In fact, in my particular field at least, we knowlittle about the specific differentials attributable to urban and rural environments and living conditions. It is easy to compare certain types ofurban areas with certain other types of non-urban, but most of these assume that bad housing and poverty are essentially urban; and there aremany other complicating factors into which it is impossible to enter here.WILL THERE BE METROPOLITAN STATES?It is probable that in the near future there will be heard a strongplea for the organization of certain metropolitan regions as independentstates. I venture to predict that some such experiment will be made in thenext generation and for my part I should watch the trial with great interest. It would be interesting to observe the fortunes of the state of NewYork, or New New York, or whatever name it might assume; or the stateof Chicago; or the state of Philadelphia; or the state of Cincinnati. Suchan experiment would give adequate scope for the development of metropolitan regional planning, including communication, transportation, housing; for the development of constructive recreational or leisure-time74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpolicies adapted to urban conditions; for the development of preventiveas well as repressive police functions; for the expansion of the public welfare system appropriate to urban conditions; for the development of ametropolitan system of jurisprudence, differing from the now dominant-ly rural type.The immediate pressure of urban situations, responsible control byan urbanized opinion, the presence of experts who are technically competent and experimentally inclined, the availability of adequate financialresources, constitute conditions favorable to the type of experiment indicated.The question will promptly be raised: are cities capable of governingthemselves, and would they not be worse off as states than they now areas municipalities? Is the municipal population capable of discriminatingbetween sound and unsound leaders and policies? Certainly there wouldbe no guaranty of the political millennium, but there would be this advantage. Responsibility would be definitely fixed and the chief loser, ifany, would be the city itself. There would be no twilight zone of responsibility except that between the city and nation, and the metropolitanarea would go up or down with its own control over its own local institutions.The truth is that the state itself is standing upon slippery ground as apolitical unit. Thirteen of our states have a historical background, butas Burgess pointed out thirty years ago, the others are the creatures ofthe surveyor's chain, with a few exceptions. Since the states risked all ina war with the nation over their alleged sovereignty and lost magnificently, they have gone steadily down the gentle slope. In the new Germanconstitution the states lost even more heavily than here. Most states donot now correspond to economic or social unities and their validity asunits of organization and representation may be and has been seriouslychallenged. The nation and the city are vigorous organs, but the state isnot comparatively. Certainly as guides and guardians of cities, the stateshave been singularly ill-equipped and ill-qualified. Conceivably, statesmight be very useful to cities as administrative superiors, supervisingsuch affairs as finances and police, but practically they have no suchfunction as a rule and it does not seem probable they will in the nearfuture, so far as metropolitan regions are concerned.From another point of view, those interested in preserving the balance of powers between national and local governments, might find theurban community a more effective counter-weight to the centralizingtendencies of federal government than the feebly struggling states whichMETROPOLITAN REGIONS 75now make such ineffectual resistance to the continuous pressure of national consolidation.To make a city a state would not be as notable a promotion as itwould have been in the days when state and nation were rivals for powerand prestige. A city would be obliged to climb far to go beyond a state.Already there are seventeen cities of a population of over 500,000; ninestates with less population than that. And if economic resources and cultural prestige are added to numbers, the contrast is far more striking.One reason why experimentation may begin in America is that of theworld's thirty-odd cities of a million population, eight are here. None ofthese eight is a capital city, the center of a national governmental bodyas is London, Paris, Berlin, Moscow, or Buenos Aires, Warsaw, Vienna.Our greatest cities are neither national capitals, nor as a rule are theyeven capitals of states. They do not have the custody of the safety andsecurity of diplomatic, naval, military, parliamentary centers; and theimmediate reason for keeping them under the thumb of a central government is absent. An American city formed in the likeness of a state wouldmore nearly resemble Hamburg or Bremen in the Germanic system.GREATER CONCENTRATION INEVITABLEOf course, the question may be raised as to whether the large urbanaggregation is a desirable form of human association, and whether weought not to use every effort to prevent the concentration of populationupon limited areas. Perhaps we should strive for a garden-city type ofaggregation and discourage the skyscraper city. All this may or may notbe true, but the overwhelming tendency has been and continues to be inthe direction of still greater concentration; and I see no likelihood of anyimmediate change toward decentralization. In America the agriculturalareas were almost ruined by the World War, and the recovery will bea slow one, while on every hand, the revolutionary tendencies of scienceare driving the ancient types of agricultural production farther and farther into the background. No one knows whether the farmer will becomea chemist or the chemist a farmer.In any event it is clear that the future United States will be domi-nantly urban. More than one-half our population is already in the citiesand the curve sweeps steadily upward in the same direction. In anothergeneration unless the rate or direction changes, two-thirds of the population of the United States will be urban. We may as well recognize now asituation to which many insist upon closing their eyes, namely that thetendencies, the attitudes, the aptitudes, the political standards of Amer-76 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDica, will be predominantly and characteristically those of the cities in thenear future. The combination of wealth, numbers, and prestige in theurban regions makes this inevitable. If these new urban groups reallyprove to be constitutionally incapable of self-government, America alsowill be incapable of self-government unless we suppose that politicalleadership is evolved from something else than the social, economic, andcultural material of which our society is made up — an illusion upon whichmany ideologies have been shattered.Can the cities produce and utilize effective political leadership, andcan they assume the guidance of our political destinies? A portentousquestion, this, for on the answer to it depends the future of America, thefuture of democracy and perhaps of Western civilization itself. There iseminent authority for the conclusion that cities are inherently inclinedeither toward tyranny on the one hand or mob rule and demagogery onthe other, and many important illustrations might be found in support ofthis position. It might fairly be said that thus far, in the United States,cities have not produced their fair share of statesmen, but we are concerned not with where we are so much as with where we are going, as weare with the trend or curve, the direction. There are striking examples ofurban leaders in the person of Cleveland of Buffalo and of Roosevelt ofNew York, not to speak of many contemporary figures in national life. Ifwe were to consult the records of European statesmen we should find theurban group strongly represented in the national gallery of statesmen, asin the case of Joseph Chamberlain, whose most enduring fame was attained as mayor of Birmingham, or Herriot, mayor of Lyons.One of the most dramatic and fateful struggles of our time is thatfor the leadership of modern urban communities, in a broader sense astruggle for the guidance of human behavior, between tradition and science. We need not minimize the seriousness and sharpness of the struggle, but neither need we wail and wring our hands if victory does notwelcome us, unsought. The stoutest heart and the soundest head willwin in the end.OLD AND NEW ELEMENTS IN CITY GOVERNMENTThe future of cities will not be determined by considerations involving the question whether they are more or less dry or wet; or more or lessCatholic, Protestant, or Jewish; or more or less radical or conservative;but by much deeper and broader considerations involved in the level andtype of urban living conditions and in the survival value of these vividurban complexes of social, economic, and cultural forces.METROPOLITAN REGIONS 77The urban community commands many powerful civic and social reserves, now mobilized only in emergencies, but capable of far more continuous and sustained service under the urban flag. New groups are rapidly coming in to co-operate in urban government and control. New faceswill be found around the urban conference table, and new voices will beheard in the determination of policy. City mothers as well as city fatherswill take their seats in the city's legislative body; indeed, are alreadyfound in most urban communities. Labor is assuming a greater degree ofresponsibility for common affairs than ever before. Likewise business,which often holds local government at its call but will not take on the direct and personal responsibility for management, will be forced into amore responsible participation in common affairs. And finally the adviceof science is more attentively considered than ever before, in a wide rangeof administrative services. The coming city will understand how to utilizethe old elements and the new in the structure of a modern government.Vice and crime supply the headlines for urban news on most occasions, but the less spectacular but fundamentally more significant elements in the growth of great metropolitan areas pass unnoticed or arelittle regarded. One hundred years from now the historian may fix hisattention upon quite other factors in the social, economic, and politicallife of the urban center than those now flaring in the front. Whatever thecity's vices, they are not those of age and decadence, but of youth andvigor, undisciplined sometimes and ill oriented. On the other hand, itsexcellences are the qualities of which modern civilization is being formed.It may not surpass the bounds of modesty to say that my experiencewith forms of urban aberrations is fairly immediate, complete, and accurate, but I have always felt that these disorders were not constitutionaldifficulties, and that adjustment might come quickly as it often has.Those of us who watch the ups and downs of a wide range of cities areourselves often astounded at the sudden recoveries of municipalities afterdramatic periods of debauch. We need not indulge in any soft spirit ofeasy toleration toward obvious abuses, and there are times for righteousindignation and its forthright methods of action; times when wishing wellfeebly is a cardinal sin.But by and large and despite all temporary diversions, the progressof cities is one of the striking facts of our civilization, and before oureyes a transformation in social life is going on, the significance of whichfew grasp. I landed in Arizona a few weeks ago in the midst of the heaviest snow storm I had ever seen, and commented freely on the weather.But I mistook a few bad days for the climate.78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI am well aware that what I have said about the city state may beneither political science, prudence, prophecy, or invention. The settingup of a city as a state is after all only one of a series of alternative measures by which the life of the metropolitan region may be given fuller andfreer expression. Many other devices have been tried and experimentation will continue, undoubtedly, until some more satisfactory equilibriumis reached. There are many structural and other difficulties in the way ofany change in the status of an urban center, and they will not be settledby a wave of the wand, but by a long series of trials under various conditions, out of which will come the invention of new devices and the reeducation of the whole community in terms of the new political world inwhich we live. For transcending the utility of a particular mechanism oforganization, it is of supreme importance that we begin to consider morecarefully the necessary readaptations and readjustments that must bemade in political habit and organization.INTENSIVE STUDY OF PRIMARY IMPORTANCEIn any case the intensive study of the metropolitan region is a matterof prime importance. Its geography, its history, its economic processes,its social, cultural, and political forces and tendencies, must inevitablybe more and more minutely examined. The various drives, attitudes, dispositions, the subtler characteristics of urban behavior — all these mustbe subjects of more careful analysis, with the use of every skill progressively developed by modern intelligence. A notable beginning of physicalsurveys has already been made by the striking work of the Sage Foundation on the New York region. A more modest undertaking is the work ofthe University of Chicago Committee on Local Community Research.We have already studied the geographic background of the Chicago region, the trends of population in the region, some aspects of the growthof basic industries, many features of the neighborhood development, someof the aspects of public welfare work, and some of the characteristics ofits political behavior. In the course of a few years we hope to have examined some of the most significant of the social factors involved in ametropolitan region, and to be able to present a helpful analysis. Thisprocess is slow and expensive and the technical difficulties involved verygreat. Yet important social attitudes, inventions, and experiments shouldrest upon this type of data, large-scale controls must be worked out,such as planning, housing, intercommunication, plant location, while thedetermination of the range and content of social education and re-education is implicit in these materials.METROPOLITAN REGIONS 79Successful work in this field presupposes the co-operation of a widerange of scholars and scientists, for it is necessary to bring to bear uponthese problems all of the skills and techniques in any way contributory.We trust that our colleagues on the borderlands of social science will bepatient with us. We hope that they will look upon us as seekers for helpwherever we can find it, however left-handed our methods or howeverbizarre our ideas of the social implications of science may be. Betweenthe natural and the supernatural, the role of the unnatural or social sciences is admittedly difficult.Finally, however great the contributions of organized intelligence, thebuilding of the metropolitan region will not be the work of scholars alone.The great democratic experiment of which we are a part presupposes thatthe founders of an urban future shall be many. The builders of greatcities are found in many ways and walks of life. They include all the upright, downright, forthright defenders of the city that is their home, theinconspicuous makers of mores, the creators of attitudes and dispositionsupon which law and justice rest. When they lag, the city lags; when theystop the city stops; when they desert, the city falls.In the mass of our citizens the building of a great city does notspring from the urge of ambition or the hope of individual recognition.The impulse is the expression of their affection for a community to whichthey are proud to be a part. They are the city and the city is theirs. Theyrejoice in its growth; its power; its beauty; its justice; its majesty. Thecity is one of the great loyalties of their lives and they find in it an expression of the longing for beauty and power perhaps unrealized andnever to be realized in their personal lives. The great cities will rise togreater heights with those who say, "If I forget thee, 0 Jerusalem, let myright hand forget her cunning. If I do not remember thee, let my tonguecleave to the roof of my mouth."In this sense it will be true that the metropolitan region may owe itstechnical inventions and advances to intelligence and science, but its inspiration and its ideals to a pervading spirit of fellowship and co-operation without which the democratic experiment will fail.THE ANNUAL TRUSTEES' DINNERTO THE FACULTIESFOR eight successive years the Trustees of the University have invited the members of the University faculties to be their guests atdinner. Although the number of those invited has increased fromabout 400 to over 700, notably since the members of the teaching staff ofRush Medical College became part of the University group, the invitations have not been less inclusive. This year the dinner was served tonearly 400 persons, among whom were the Trustee hosts, members of thefaculties, and administrative officers. The date was January 12, 1928.The dinner was served in the gymnasium of Ida Noyes Hall, which is theonly place available for a function which calls together so large a groupof persons seated at tables. The room was made as festive as possible byflags and plants, lanterns, and brilliant electric lights, the flags serving toameliorate the poor acoustics of a hall intended for flights of womengymnasts rather than flights of oratory.Before dinner members of the faculty were introduced to the Trustees present, the latter being stationed in groups of three in the parlorand library of the hall. The occasion not only furnishes an opportunityfor acquaintance between Trustees and professors, but permits new members of the faculty and older members, too, to know each other.Mr. Harold H. Swift, president of the Board of Trustees, presentedthe speakers of the evening, using reports of the addresses taken froman imaginary student daily paper for his introduction of the representatives of the faculties and of the Trustees. First to speak was Mr. GilbertA. Bliss, of the Department of Mathematics:ADDRESS BY PROFESSOR GILBERT A. BLISSThirty-five years ago three distinguished men began shaping the ideals of ourmathematical department. These three men were Heinrich Maschke, Oskar Bolza,and Eliakim Hastings Moore. I should like to speak for a moment of their characteristics, because it seems to me that the memories of the things they did in thoseearly days and the hopes which they encouraged in our department should be withus always.THREE DISTINGUISHED MATHEMATICIANSI was somewhat shocked recently to learn that one of the younger members ofour department had never heard lectures by Maschke or Bolza. Some simple arith-80THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 8lmetic has assured me that at the time Professor Bolza asked to be transferred to anon-resident professorship, this colleague was about ten years of age ; so I supposethat his lack of interest at that time is somewhat excusable. It seems to me, however, that the names of these men should never grow dim in the annals of our department. Maschke was one of the most delightful mathematical lecturers I haveever listened to. He spoke with a slight foreign accent and always with a twinklein his eye, and he had the ability to detour around the difficulties of a mathematicalinvestigation in a marvelous manner. One could listen to him with the keenest pleasure. For beauty of presentation he was unsurpassed in this country or elsewhereas a lecturer on mathematics.Bolza was a man of quite a different type. An energetic and vigorous scholar,he prepared his lectures carefully and spoke rapidly. He covered an enormousamount of ground and his students had to bestir themselves to follow him; buthaving done so, they found the presentation he had made an exceedingly fine, complete, and accurate one.Professor Moore's pedagogy, I think, defies analysis. It changes from time totime to suit the circumstances. But the characteristic of his lectures which impresses me most is the fact that in them one sees mathematics in the making, andin the making of the mathematics the minds of himself and his students are laid openfreely for dissection and examination. You will understand quite easily, I think,that the poor student does not seek Professor Moore. But students who have confidence in their own ability, and especially the best students, are inspired in hispresence to their greatest and finest efforts, and that is one of the important reasonswhy so many of the leading mathematicians* of this country at the present time aremen who who have come under Professor Moore's personal influence.It seems to me that the spirit of these three men is the spirit of our department, a spirit which is personified for us at the present time in Professor Moore,and a spirit which we are most eager to preserve and continue. You know verywell, I think, how ably it has been continued by such men as Dickson and Wilczyn-ski; and we are looking with some anxiety, but also with great confidence, to theyounger members of our department to preserve and enlarge it still further.My small son came home on day from the elementary school with a new wordin his vocabulary, which he has since been using on every possible occasion. Whenanyone in the family gets unduly excited, he endeavors to restore equilibrium bythe remark, "Now, don't get historical!" I do not think that he intends unfavorablecomparisons of any departments of the University, but I find it difficult to guarantee the inner workings of his mind. At any rate it would be easy to get "historical"about our mathematical department.UNDERGRADUATE WORKIn order to prevent myself from doing that, I should like to speak of someaspects of our work in which we have perhaps not been so successful as in the pursuit of mathematical research. One is the undergraduate work. There has beencompetition in our department between undergraduate and graduate work, as I suppose there has been in many departments of our University and of other universities since the war.I was sitting in the office the other day, conferring with a graduate studentabout a knotty point in his thesis. About six feet away was Professor Slaught, con-82 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDferring with an undergraduate student, and a little distance to one side, formingan equilateral triangle with us, was a young lady rattling a typewriter. It seemedto me at that moment that I had never heard a louder voice than ProfessorSlaught's ; but I inferred afterward, from conversation with him, that he had at thesame time the impression that my voice was not only the loudest but perhaps themost disagreeable of his acquaintance. When I realized that, I knew, of course, thatboth of us had probably been mistaken.The student I was talking to was a graduate, a man of fine type, sent hereby some of his friends near the university in which he has a teaching position waiting for him. He will get his degree, I suppose, about the end of the Summer Quarter, and he will himself within a year go back to teach perhaps one or two hundred students annually. The undergraduate was also a young man of fine type, notyet decided whether or not he is to teach mathematics for a livelihood, and therefore not yet certain to have the influence in mathematical instruction which ourgraduate students almost without exception will exert, but nevertheless a student towhom we should be justified in giving a great deal of attention.I say that there has been an unfortunate competition for space and for personnel in our department between these two types of students, a competition whichleaves the undergraduate certainly in a relatively weak position, since in the presence of such conflicting demands our instincts lead us to give the major portion ofour attention to the graduate. At the present time, thanks to the encouragementand assistance of administrative officers of the University, that state of affairs seemsto be gradually correcting itself, and we are hoping for great improvement in thefuture.We are starting next year a survey course. If you know what that means in amathematical department you will see that we have emancipated ourselves to someextent at least from the traditions of the past and joined the march of progress, andI hope that with the experience of a year or two at most of trial behind us oursurvey course will turn out to be a fine and valuable one. We are trying to followit up by two other courses which will help to prepare students for mathematicalwork in other departments, with perhaps less expenditure of time than has heretofore been needed.Then, of course, we have the new group of undergraduate honor students. Itseems to me that they are a problem of a similar type to that of the graduate students who are candidates for degrees. The idea of attending especially to honor students is not entirely a new one to us, because our graduates who are admitted tocandidacy for higher degrees are supposed to be the honor students among thegraduate group, and we are accustomed to give them almost unlimited personaltime for conference and advice. It is one of the characteristics of American education that we are always trying to raise poor students to the average, and that indoing so we are constantly neglecting the better student and tending to depress himto the average. It is not only one of the characteristics but it is also one of thegreat defects in American education ; and it is certainly true that in our undergraduate department we ought to be giving to honor students some of the same attentionthat we try to give to honor students among the graduates. I hope it can be done,and we intend to make the best trial possible in our department.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES S3APPLIED MATHEMATICSThere is another aspect of our departmental work of which I should like tospeak, namely, the so-called applied mathematics. In pure mathematics we havetwo men whose principal interest is classical analysis, and two others who are primarily interested in the general analysis of which Professor Moore has been theoriginator. We have two others primarily interested in algebra, one of whom isDickson, who perhaps ought to be counted as several, and two who are geometers.In applied mathematics, on the other hand, I can think of four or five principaldepartments, each of which is the equal in importance of any one of those which Ihave named in pure mathematics, and in some of which we are but meagerly represented. We have always had a strong and most able group in mathematical astronomy, but in other departments of applied mathematics we have had just one representative, Professor Lunn. He is a man of unusually wide interest and versatility inmathematical studies, but if we are to have a well rounded mathematical departmentwe should adjoin to him if possible a group of specialists in the domains of appliedmathematics which we have so far only partially developed.You may be interested to know what those domains are. There is perhaps notopic on which our advice is so often or so urgently sought by members of neighboring departments as statistics. The theory of statistics is being applied in education,economics, biology, public health, physics, astronomy, and in many places in theindustries. The variety of applications is now so great that no one person can everunderstand them all or appreciate fully the details of their significance. It is alsotrue that members of other departments rarely have the time to secure the mathematical training necessary for a thorough understanding of the intricacies of mathematical theories of statistics in their highly developed present stage. So it seemsexceedingly desirable that we should have a mathematical statistician giving hismajor time to that subject. He would be useful in advising men in other departments with regard to their statistical investigations, and he could assist the mathematical department in wisely designing courses which might prepare students forapplications of statistics in other sciences.A little while ago I made an excursion as a visitor into the field of electrodynamics, and I must say that it was a most interesting one. As a result of thestudy made at that time I have been convinced that electro-dynamics, which now isone of the most mathematical of the physical domains, has a future which promisesto be even more so. We ought to have in our group a man making a specialty of themathematics of electro-dynamics.I should mention also the modern quantum theories. Doubtless most of yououtside the departments of physics and chemistry are unfamiliar with these terms.Suffice it to say that there has been in recent years a rapid succession of theories ofquanta, a succession so numerous that physicists themselves, as well as mathematicians, have been confused. These theories have been quite different from each otherand distinctly mathematical in character. The last one is a most interesting modification of the mathematical wave theory of optics, closely related to mathematicalprinciples of mechanics and to the theory of the calculus of variations. It takes allthe time of an expert to follow these new developments, and we should be carefulto have someone in our department specializing in this neighborhood.84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE THEORY OF RELATIVITYFinally, let me mention one more applied mathematical domain, namely, thatof the theory of relativity. I suppose that no abstract physical theory has ever beenso widely advertised among non-specialists in science as the theory of relativity, andI think that there is no physical theory more mathematical in character. Someonehas said that relativity can be understood by not more than twelve persons nowliving; but in one sense the number is too large. Relativity has not yet been completely understood by even one, and the fact that it is still in process of modificationand development is one of the things which make it so exceedingly interesting. Itis interesting to our department especially because it has a distinctly mathematicalcharacter, and we would do well to have a mathematician who could devote hisentire research time to its study.You may perhaps ask why a university like Chicago should try to cultivate thisdomain of applied mathematics, the natural place for which might seem to be an engineering school. I should like to answer such a possible question by a story aboutNewton. A contemporary and friend of Newton recorded his impressions of thatgreat scientist. He wrote that Newton was a most able man, a genius who had devised a remarkable mathematical theory, and he added the comment that the theorywas so complicated that it seemed hardly likely that any but a few specialists couldever read or understand it. And yet much of the calculus, as it is called, of Newton is now being taught to Sophomores in our universities. It is the basis for thetheory of the maps used by navigators, and the maps used by engineers for manyprojects of our modern civilization. It is the basis of the theories of celestial mechanics by means of which the tables of the navigator are computed. It has important applications in the theory of statistics and is the foundation for the mathematical theories of electro -dynamics, of the quanta, and of relativity, of which Ispoke a few minutes ago. If Newton and the other mathematicians of his periodhad adopted toward the study of mathematics the narrowly practical attitude ofthe modern American engineering school they would have failed to develop thetheory of the calculus which was the great mathematical contribution of their era,and which is furthermore the basis of the engineering mathematics of today.MATHEMATICS IN INDUSTRYThe higher mathematics of the present day seems to me much closer to theneeds of industry than the researches of Newton and his contemporaries were at theend of the seventeenth century, and the lack of realization of this on the part of thepublic is due partly at least to the fact that mathematicians are exceedingly pooradvertisers of their wares. One of the principal duties of the mathematician is theconcealment of the difficulties of his theories and the preparation of the resultsof mathematical research for the use of persons who are mathematically relativelyinexperienced. If you go up on the bridge of a ship at sea you will find the navigating officer determining rapidly and accurately his ship's position with the help of a fewfigures taken from a book of tables, and if you ask him how much mathematics heuses he will say almost none at all. But the mathematician knows well that behind •the tables of the navigator, laboriously prepared and skilfully arranged by the jointefforts of many workers, there lies the whole theory of celestial mechanics, one ofthe most intricate and highly perfected mathematical theories the world has everknown.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 85A similar situation exists in ballistics. The battery commander in the field hasno time to make elaborate computations. His tables must be designed so that in afew minutes he can calculate accurately the ranges of projectiles with correctionsfor wind, for variations from normal in the density of the air, for similar variationsin the weights of projectiles and powder charges, for the rotation of the earth, andpossibly for other disturbing influences. Ballistical tables for use in the field giveno indication of the fact that modern theories of trajectories and their correctionsinvolve, as hard-pressed theoretical ballisticians have too recently and too well realized, some of the most advanced mathematical notions known today.I should like to give one further example. Recently I went to visit the plantof one of the great industrial companies which manufacture electrical devices, andI saw men there making large numbers of the coils which are used for loading longdistance electrical circuits. I asked one of the leading men in that department ofthe plant how much mathematics he found to be necessary for his work, and heanswered me as usual : almost none at all. Yet it is well known that the theory ofthe loading of an electrical circuit, in order to make it transmit an electrical waveundistorted in the presence of disturbing and unsymmetrically placed resistances, isthe product of the minds of men who were regarded as unusually expert in the domain of mathematics as well as physics. Furthermore, I am told that the theory ofthe wave filters, which now make possible the simultaneous transmission of two telephone and ten or more telegraphic messages over a single wire, is of distinctlymathematical character. Certainly it is true that without the mathematical theoryof the calculus, which first took form as a mathematical discipline at the end ofthe seventeenth century, the modern theory of electrical circuits would be seriouslyif not hopelessly crippled.I am contending, then, that the more advanced types of applied mathematicsmay well be pursued in a university like our own where men have confidence inthe effectiveness of the theory and application of mathematical science and wherethey are relatively unhampered by the pressing needs of immediate practice.THE HOUSING PROBLEMIn conclusion I should like to say a word about the housing of our department.More than thirty years ago the departments of mathematics and mathematicalastronomy moved into the then new Ryerson Physical Laboratory, where the Department of Physics allotted to them three classrooms, a library, and two offices.In time these quarters were outgrown. The library room was turned into a classroom, and the library itself was moved into a large room at the top of the centraltower of Ryerson which was originally intended for a storeroom but which hasproved to be one of the most secluded and attractive departmental library rooms onthe campus. Two new offices were partitioned off at the end of the library, so thatwe for many years have had four offices, four classrooms, and a library. In recentyears the library has outgrown its quarters and part of it has been housed in anadjoining attic room which is unheated and poorly lighted. Our faculties have increased to fifteen members, and the registrations in our departments range fromfour hundred to seven hundred in various quarters of the year. The result is thatour office space is utterly inadequate, and the demands for extra classrooms whichwe make upon our patient and agreeable hosts, the Physics Department, have become an insistent habit. We have borrowed all there are to have and have finallyreached a limit.86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn spite of these difficulties I often feel that it would be fine if our departmentalwork could be adjusted so that we could stay longer in Ryerson Laboratory. Suchan arrangement would soon, however, become impossible from the standpoint ofboth Physics and Mathematics, and I have been greatly interested in the rumor thatnew quarters may soon be provided for us. As one looks back upon the history ofthe Department of Physics for the last thirty-five years it seems clear that no greater contribution could have been made to American science than the estblishment ofRyerson Physical Laboratory. The new building, when completed, providing expansion for physics as well as complete accommodations for mathematics and mathematical astronomy, will also be one of the outstanding contributions to scientificwork in this country, a contribution made possible by the great generosity of friendsof the University and the interest of our administrative officers who have represented our needs so convincingly.I have already said that there could be no finer record of a department thanthat of the Department of Physics. For the neighboring departments of mathematicsand mathematical astronomy I may add that the migration of graduate studentsto our departments during the usual college year, and especially during the summer,constitutes one of the largest gatherings of mature students for the study of mathematics that has ever been known in this country or elsewhere. Out of such schoolsas this the leaders of mathematics in this country have already emerged, and it isfrom such schools that the Newtons of America must appear in the future if ourAmerican civilization is to take its proper place by the side of other great civilizations of the present and of the past.President Swift introduced Professor Arthur H. Compton, of the Department of Physics, who spoke as follows. Professor Compton wasgreeted with enthusiasm by his colleagues, who had in mind the notablerecognition of the results of his research recently given by the trusteesof the Nobel Foundation.ADDRESS BY PROFESSOR ARTHUR H. COMPTONAbout two years ago I was reading a story of Marco Polo, in which he told ofhis experiences in China in the service of the great emperor, Kublai Khan. He hadfound among the Chinese the peculiar habit of bathing twice daily. You rememberhe was telling this to Venetians. The Venetians had been rather skeptical of someof his stories anyhow, and the idea of people bathing twice daily was beyond them.And when Polo told them that they bathed in warm water, they replied: "Howcould they warm the water ? It would use all the fuel they could find in the country.You have told us of the millions of people; how would they find wood enough toheat water for the millions of people to bathe twice daily?" He said it had been adifficulty, but that they had found a way out of the difficulty by discovering atype of rock that would burn. They burned this rock, finding that it had an advantage over wood in that if they lighted the fire in the evening it would burn allnight and the water would be warm the next morning. He then told in detail howthey quarried these rocks in the mountains. This story as told to the Venetiansseems, as one reads it, as the story of one who has come from a highly civilized toa semibarbaric country, and is telling of the wonders he has seen in the civilizedcountry.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 87About a year ago I was fortunate enough to visit China myself, and I saw therewhat seemed to me a primitive country ; yet seven short centuries ago, even as compared with Venice, the pride of our Western civilization, China was the height ofcivilization. At the present time, with all due deference to Chinese culture, it reallyhas the appearance of a primitive country as compared with our Western culture.I do not believe that the change has been in China; it has been largely in ourWestern civilization.EASTERN AND WESTERN CIVILIZATIONSThe question forces itself on one, Why is it, when we compare these two modesof civilization, that we find one is rapidly growing and the other static? One maysuggest that it is the inherited capabilities of the people; yet when we think of thefact that the Mongolian race, a few centuries ago, controlled a larger area and alarger population in a stable government than have at any other time been underthe control of a single ruler, when we think of the long era of peaceful governmentthat that nation has had, when we think of the feats of engineering, such as thatgigantic Chinese wall extending fifteen hundred miles across mountainous country,with a top broad enough for four horses to drive abreast thereon and high enoughto act as a shield against arrows, we know that there are capabilities in that nation,capabilities which are hard for us to match.The advantage of the Western world must be sought elsewhere. It has seemedto me that the real secret of the advance of Western civilization has been the birthand continued growth from a few centuries ago of the spirit of science. Probably inthe background of our civilization you may find a possibility for the growth of thatspirit of science which was perhaps not so possible in other civilizations. But it hasbeen, I think, the growth of that spirit and the application of the truths that havebeen found by scientific study that have made it possible for our form of civilization to grow at an increasingly accelerated rate to the state where we find it now.Whether the present state of our civilization is a desirable state or not it is hardto say. The Hindu would doubt its desirability. We cannot, however, go back; ourcivilization is essentially a forward-moving one. In order that it may live it mustgrow. For this reason I verily believe that the hope of the future of our civilization lies in the advancement of science.It is this belief which stirs the spirit of those of us who are working in scienceand in scientific investigations to do our utmost in the work that we have ahead ofus.As an example of such investigations, perhaps you will allow me to say a wordregarding the nature of radiation and the nature of matter. It will be only a shortword. I merely want to call attention to this, that there have been remarkablechanges in our attitude toward these questions. Many of you know that the ideathat light consists of waves was taught forcibly by Huygens several centuries ago.About a century ago Young and Fresnel felt that they had proved the existence oflight waves. Some sixty years ago, after Fresnel's time, Maxwell, working on thebasis of Fresnel's ideas, showed that these light waves were electrical or electromagnetic in character ; and, as an outgrowth, came Hertz's experiments, which gaveus knowledge of the electric waves. Following these studies have come the wireless telegraph and the radio. We have become so familiar with waves in connection with the radio, speaking in our everyday parlance of wave-lengths and88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfrequencies, that even those of us who are not accustomed to working with thosethings in the laboratory feel that waves are a part of the universe.At the beginning of the present century, however, came the alternative ideaof light particles, taught several centuries ago by Newton but fallen into abeyance.It was Einstein who revived this idea that light consisted of corpuscles. Recentexperiments, such as those connected with photoelectric phenomena and the scattering of X-rays by matter, have given us good evidence that light consists of particles.We thus have these two conceptions, light waves and light particles, and it seemsto the physicists that we now have perfectly good proof of both propositions.There is a young French physicist who a few years ago asked the question;"If light, which we have long known is waves, consists of particles, then why shouldnot we say that things which are particles, such as atoms and electrons, are alsowaves?" He went through a little mathematical calculation and said further: "Ifthe electron has a certain mass and is going at a certain velocity, it should havesuch and such a wave-length."It was a bold guess, perhaps, but during the last year two American physicistsworking at the Bell technical laboratories in New York showed that electrons dohave the properties of waves. They can be diffracted like light; they show interference effects. These experiments have been repeated by others ; so we can now saywith confidence, although perhaps the experiments should be repeated again beforewe can say it definitely, that the things with which we have been familiar as particles during the last generation — atoms and electrons — have the characteristics ofwaves. Thus you see we come to a different attitude toward these things than wehad a few years ago.WHERE DOES SCIENCE LEAD?Just where are we then? That is what the theoretical physics of the presentday is trying to find out. It is trying to tell us how to bring these two conceptionsof waves and particles together, and it is bringing them together with some success.But that is another story. Perhaps when you ask some of us who are interested inphysics to talk five years from now we will be able to give the answer to that question somewhat better than now. But it does seem at present that there must be nocontradiction between these two points of view.After the ceremonies were over in Stockholm, at the dinner Sunday eveningat the palace, King Gustav made it a point to talk to all of us who had received theprizes, and in turn he came to me. Someone must have coached him about thework I was doing. He told me that he felt he could understand a little of it; but hewondered what was going to be the use of this, after all.I said that was just what I was wondering. But I told him that there was onefact which comforted me, even though I was not able to give him a direct answer.When Fresnel proved the wave characteristics of light one hundred years ago hehad to wait seventy-five years before his discovery bore practical fruit. The succeeding investigations of Maxwell changed his ether-wave theory to an electromagnetic wave theory, and the studies of Hertz demonstrated Maxwell's electricwaves. Then the way was paved for the inventions of Marconi and the developments of later investigators who are making greater and greater applications ofFresnel's wave theory to the world's work. If I should have to wait seventy-fiveyears before the practical fruits of the investigations which we have been carryingTEE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 89on are found, I suggested that the King could hardly blame me if I could not tellhim at the moment what the direction of that application was going to be.There is, however, another thing, which to the scientist is of equal if not greaterimportance. We have the practical applications always with us. Those are of greatimportance to civilization. But I suppose the thing which means most to the person who is working in the field is the beauty of the development of the subjectitself. I remember when the question was asked of one of the pioneers who wastrying to lead the way to the top of Mount Everest, why he wanted to be on theroof of the world, he said that if anyone could ask that question it was useless totry to explain. The same thing would be true of the artist if he were asked whyhe wanted to paint a beautiful picture. I think it is precisely the same spirit whichleads the majority of the men interested in research in their activities. Why do theywant to do it ? It is because they cannot help it ; it is because they find a beauty inthe development of the work ahead of them.We have, for example, in our studies formed a picture of the nature of theworld about us, a picture of the nature of matter and of radiation. It is not thescientist's fault if this picture changes. Because of its development it acquires thegreater interest; it becomes perhaps a moving picture, but none the less real forthat.In thanking the Trustees for the entertainment this evening, I want to congratulate them on their part in putting at the disposal of the country such an effective organization for the promotion of scientific investigation as one finds in the University. I believe those who have seriously investigated the question as to howscientific advance can most successfully be made have almost unanimously come tothe conclusion that it can best be done in an organization of just the type we havehere. For in a university organization where mutual contacts are easy, co-operationbetween men interested in different subjects is possible, and thought grows.If, then, it is true that in the advancement of science lies the hope of our civilization, I think that we here at the University of Chicago may congratulate ourselves on the fine activities of the Trustees of the University who are doing so muchfor increasing the efficiency of our organization for the advancement of knowledge.For thirty years Professor Frost has been connected with the University's Department of Astrophysics; for twenty-five years he has beendirector of Yerkes Observatory. It was with special pleasure that his account of the activities of the department was heard.ADDRESS BY PROFESSOR EDWIN B. FROSTI share with Mr. Compton the expression of our appreciation of the Trusteesfor the opportunity they give us to meet with them in this friendly way, in whichwe have the word as well as they. We have been fortunate in our Trustees duringall these years; and the department that I represent at the moment — the outpost ofthe University at Lake Geneva — has been fortunate in its contacts with those splendid men of the Board who have had their summer residences there : Mr. Martin A.Ryerson, Mr. C. L. Hutchinson, Mr. A. C. Bartlett, and earlier, Mr. George C.Walker, donor of the Walker Museum. We have lost three of these fine men, andwe hope that some of our present board will be disposed to establish summer homesalong Lake Geneva.go THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE INTERRELATION OP DEPARTMENTSI wish to speak first of the association and interrelation of the work of thedepartments of science which are represented here tonight by members of the faculty, and how close they are, and how thoroughly they combine in the co-operationwhich has always been in vogue in our University.Mathematics and astronomy, of course, are so obviously combined and connected that I need not refer to that more particularly. Our mathematical astronomers have vigorously carried on graduate instruction and research here during allof these years ; and there have been applications of astronomy through mathematicsand applications of mathematics in astronomy. The various works that have issuedfrom the department, in the researches of Moulton, MacMillan, Laves, and others,have been dependent, of course, for data to a considerable extent upon observation.Theoretical work furnishes the stimulus and the logical criteria upon which furtherresearches in observational astronomy can be based.With the Department of Physics we have also been in close contact. Astrophysics is a part of physics ; it seems to me that all the natural sciences are really divisionsof physics. The gratings made by Professor Michelson find their instant application,not only in the laboratory, but in the observatory ; and, as it were, the arm is extended from the laboratory to the outermost reaches of the universe.For example, in a technological application, one of our ablest mathematicalphysicists and astronomers of the day, Professor Eddington, concludes from his studyof the Dog Star and its dwarf companion that tha.t dwarf companion must represent matter in a state which has not been found in the earth, namely, that it mustreach a density seven thousand times that of iron, or fifty thousand times that ofwater. Now, there may be in the mechanic arts a wonderful number of technicalapplications of matter of extreme density. I am sure that manufacturers in all linescould easily imagine applications in which such extraordinary densities would beuseful. But how do we confirm the theory that such matter can exist off there at thisdistance of fifty million times a million miles, in the companion of Sirius ? By observing with a spectroscope the displacement of the lines in the stellar spectrum. Thatstar was discovered in Chicago, by the way, with the fine telescope formerly of theDearborn Observatory, which was once a part of the original University of Chicago,and is now at Northwestern University. We observed the star's orbital circuit of fiftyyears. Its motion in the line of sight was perfectly well known ; but when the spectroscope was pointed by Walter Adams — one of our own students, who came to hispresent directorship of the Mt. Wilson Observatory from his early beginning at theYerkes Observatory — and he accomplished the difficult task of measuring the wavelengths and the displacement of the lines in that faint companion of Sirius, it turnedout that the displacement as predicted by the Einstein theory was there ; and from asingle plate it was shown at once that the matter must be excessively dense.The point is that when a radiating body is situated in a tremendous gravitational field the radiation is retarded, which means slowed down, displaced towardthe red in the spectrum; and by this delicate observation of an object as far awayas Sirius it is shown that matter of such enormous density can exist. It seems to bedemonstrated. At least we have to accept it as true.Now, of course, the laboratory has been extended out to that star which furnishes the celestial crucible in which alone the experiment can thus far be made.But experiments can be attempted in our laboratories to simulate the conditionsTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 91found in a star like that. I have no doubt that within an appreciable time greatprogress toward that solution will be made, and matter will be produced in thelaboratory immensely more dense than anything that has ever been attained heretofore. We are now familiar by experience with densities of matter only abouttwenty-two times that of water.Similarly, here is an illustration of the relations with chemistry: one of themost interesting problems in astrophysics has been the origin of the gaseous nebulae.On a night in August, 1864, Sir William Huggins in a most dramatic moment pointedhis spectroscope to the planetary nebula in Draco; to his amazement, instead of aspectrum he saw a single pale green line, and this proved that the nebula wasgaseous. The dream of the great Laplace had come true after three-quarters of acentury. We knew it to be a gas, but that fine or group of lines has never beenmatched in the laboratory except for certain of the lines obviously due to hydrogenand helium. The chemists can give us no place in their tables for a fight element inthe region of hydrogen or helium. There is no empty seat for nebulium at the tableof the chemical elements. Therefore we have been much puzzled in recent years bythis evidence that the nebular element was without resting-place; so we thought itmust be a molecule and not an atom — that it did not represent an element.One of Mr. Millikan's associates, Dr. Bowen, by a most interesting mathematical analysis, has just shown with extreme probability that the nebular line isnot due to an element; there is no nebulium; but that it is due to doubly ionizedoxygen and singly ionized nitrogen : Om and Nn. This information is appearing inthe January number of the Astro physical Journal; and I wish to take this opportunity, as the presiding officer has referred to it, to present my thanks to the Boardof Trustees for the support it has given us in the publication of the AstrophysicalJournal, which begins its sixty-seventh volume this month.I learned today that forty-eight copies of the Journal are subscribed for in Japan, and thirty-four copies in Russia, at the present moment ; and that the seventy-odd subscriptions before the war, in the Central European countries — Germany andAustria — have all been resumed and their number increased. I even found that therewere twenty-one copies being subscribed for in India. The value of such diffusionof strictly scientific knowledge throughout the world by such a technical journal,and its addition to the prestige of the University of Chicago, can hardly be overestimated. It is a lot of work to carry on a journal of this sort, but I believe that itfully justifies the effort and the expense.THE EXPANSION OF THE UNIVERSEThere are many other applications of this nature that I would like to mention,but let me go on to speak about what these wonderful years have been since theUniversity began. The universe has expanded for us at least 10,000 times. I mean,first, that the sizes of the stars have been measured, through the efforts of our ownProfessor Michelson and those who have worked with him and after him. Themeasurements indicate, for example, that Antares has forty million times the bulkof our sun, or about fifty million million times that of the earth. A correct appreciation of the enormous distances of the universe and of the vast number of bodiesthat it includes has come to us only in very recent years.Our own great telescope at Lake Geneva was not designed in 1895 to be aphotographic telescope ; but it was found that it could be so used, and it led the way92 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin establishing the knowledge of the distances of the stars, with the nearest at twenty-five million times a million miles.With these expansions of space have come expansions of time. The development of the universe is no such simple thing as we thought. We are less positiveabout stellar evolution now than we were twenty-five years ago, when it seemed tobe rather an easy play to fit stellar spectra in their proper place in the picture, andI for one have given up lecturing about it.In fact, the nebulae have been dethroned from the place that they had as primary objects from which others have evolved. One of our young men who took hisundergraduate work here and his doctorate with us, Dr. Hubble (like Dr. Compton, one of the youngest members of the National Academy of Sciences), has shownwith much plausibility that the nebulae actually shine by the light they borrow fromneighboring stars. They filch their fight, and, instead of being primitive objects, aremerely borrowers and shine in the glory of the stars near them.Again, for example, we find that the order of evolution, of the inorganic variety, is not always in the direction that our minds would like. In the transformationsof a radio-active nature the tendency is from the complex toward the simple. Youand I would rather prefer our evolution to proceed from the simple to the complex;but those illustrations which we see in the stars proceed at least as much from thecomplex toward the simple as from the simple toward the complex, so that it is notnearly so easy, as it seemed to be twenty years ago, to reach logical conclusions asto stellar evolution. We are stopping and reconsidering and gathering more data,and gathering it in many fines of research which are being extended by our photographic telescopes.The development of photography has been of enormous consequence in astronomy. I hold, for example, in my hand a print of a region in the Milky Way, taken byProfessor Barnard. It covers an area of about 6 degrees square. With patience, wecould undoubtedly count on this print between three and four hundred thousandstellar images. It covers less than one one-thousandth of the sky! If I hold up adime at my arm's length across some part of the central line of the Milky Way, itwill obscure, according to our best understanding today, about 15,000,000 stars—15,000,000 suns. This is about the relative importance that many people attach toa dime! In this expansion of our universe, with which it has been hard for us tokeep pace, there has always been a development of astrophysical by-products, whichhave enlightened us in respect to many other scientific fields, showing again the importance of co-operation.PHOTOGRAPHY AT THE YERKES OBSERVATORYI wish to speak just for a moment of this photographic process which preservesfor us the records of today. We already have 50,000 negatives at the Yerkes Observatory, representing many aspects of the objective universe in the last thirty years.Some of these pictures will be of more value a thousand years from now than today;some are evaluated promptly; but all of them will assist in finding the motions ofthe celestial bodies and the changes in the structure of the universe and the lawsunder which it operates.The mandate of matter seems to be Go, whether it is in the form of a star or ofan atom, or of an electron within an atom. It was the common philosophy for along time that these stars, every one of which is in motion, must have started fromTHE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 93a state of rest. We have now given up the idea, which was entirely illogical. Observation teaches that they are in motion ; there is no reason to think that they wereinitially quiescent. If that is true of stars, it must be equally true of electrons andatoms. The existence of matter consists in the motion of an electron about a nucleus; therefore you see that if we do not have to account for this motion — that itis an inherent property of matter — it gives to matter an immortality.But recent researches show that presumably, by the sacrifice of its substance,in the merging of an electron with a proton, an immense flash of energy is given out,in the sun. In other words, the heat of the sun, long under study, seems to be satisfactorily solved by this theory. And please note that a mere amount of four carloadsof solar substance, sacrificing itself in the production of energy, through the incredibly immense energies within the atom, would be enough to keep the earth suppliedfor a whole day with its usual amount of heat. There is enough material in thesun in this way to maintain the earth in its present condition for millions of millionsof years.So we hope to find — Professor MacMillan particularly has led in expressing thishope — the reverse of this process, and that there is some way, somewhere, that thisradiation streaming out from the sun and stars will again turn back into matter andrecreate itself. Hence, when we find inorganic evolution proceeding sometimes inthe retrograde direction — devolution, I often call it — from the complex to the simple,we are strongly led to the view that the processes of cosmology move in cycles andthat they advance in one direction for billions and billions of years, and then reverse; or perhaps there may be a simultaneous action of these two phases of development.Therefore the objective universe may justly form, as it always has and I trustit always will, a part of the program of the University. I have often mentioned itin public speaking, and I believe it : that if we learn to think more in terms of theuniverse we shall perhaps learn to act more in terms of the universe, and this certainly would be vastly helpful to this tumultuous and changing world.Mr. Edward L. Ryerson, Jr., whose useful membership on the Boardbegan in 1923, represented his fellow Trustees in the group of speakers.ADDRESS BY MR. E. L. RYERSON, JR.In trying to determine how to approach the subject of speaking for the Trustees, I might say that although I am on the program as speaking for the Trustees Ihave not consulted with them and so I do not hold them in any way responsible forwhat I may say. However, I think it is generally understood that a Trustee doesnot know much about education, that he is not supposed to have anything to dowith the educational policy. He is supposed to know something about business, andhe is supposed to be in some way responsible for the proper investment of the fundsand the control of the property. He is supposed to be a good money-getter at times,and that is about all. The educational question is beyond him ; and, after listeninghere tonight, I am inclined to agree !EDUCATIONAL POLICY AND PROBLEMSHowever, our interest in the property and in the resources of the University —if you feel that that is our only interest — cannot be dissociated in my mind from the94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDquestion of the educational policy and the problems that you are all concerned withOur interest and our inspiration for the proper handling of our job can only bemaintained provided we do know something and learn more about your policies andyour problems.The pressure of the work that we have to do, notwithstanding sometimes thekeen interest that we take in some fascinating story of research that we hear ofdoes interfere with our knowing much about education and knowing much aboutyour particular problems. But as I said before, our inspiration must be guided by aknowledge of that part of the program ; and our interest must be controlled, as Isee i^ by a consideration of the development of character in the students, the graduate students ; in fact, in the entire group that the University represents. The inspiration that we must obtain I feel comes largely from that great influence that you andthe entire University body have upon the development of character — the characterof the student, the character of the graduate student, the character of the men andthe women who are going on to do another job.I perhaps emphasize the question of character because of my contacts in business. I feel, the same as every other man in business, largely concerned with thequestion of character. Business today must be controlled by those of sound principles and those of high character. But it is not only on account of business; I see iteverywhere.THE IMPORTANT THINGS IN EDUCATIONIt was brought to me forcibly some years ago by an educator. Having completed my three years at the Yale scientific school, I found that I knew little, and Irealized that I did need to get some idea about what it was all concerned with, as Iwas supposed to become an engineer. So I journeyed from New Haven to BostonTech. While there I had the good fortune to come in contact through the classroomwith a professor by the name of George Swain, whom perhaps some of you mayknow ; he was quite a well-known civil engineer. Professor Swain was a most interesting character in the classroom. He taught engineering; but he taught everythingelse besides; and, during his discussions on various subjects, he frequently took thetime away from the particular thing he was supposed to teach us, to spend half anhour or so discussing what he was trying to get at, what he was trying to develop.I well remember how he listed on the blackboard what he felt were the mostimportant things to get while we were with him trying to acquire an education. Helisted as first in importance, character ; as second, judgment ; as third, mental training ; as fourth, experience ; and, as fifth, knowledge. It may seem a little out of placefor me to put knowledge as the last requirement of this man's idea of education. ButI am sure you will appreciate what I am trying to bring out : that the whole subjectmust be dependent upon the development of character.It may be that we as Trustees are sometimes apt to lose sight of this problem,although I know that you never lose sight of it. Your daily contacts in your work,no matter whether it is in the classroom or whether it is with the highest degree ofresearch must necessarily be concerned at all times with the development of character for the advancement of civilization. There is no escape from it, as far as you areconcerned, in an educational institution ; but we, as Trustees, do sometimes, I think,get too far removed from it.So my plea, as expressing my thoughts for the Trustees, is to ask for your helpin the administration of this large undertaking, giving us inspiration and sense of re-THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 95sponsibility, by letting us know more of your ideals and your hopes, with regard tothe development of character. We can perhaps be of little help to you in this respect,but you can be of great help to us. I ask for that understanding and that sympathywhich will bring to us as Trustees a better knowledge of your problem, so that wemay better interpret your wishes and your ideals in the promotion of the activitiesand in the handling of the funds, or dealing with any of the problems that we mayhave to solve.I am sure that I express the thought of every Trustee in this regard, and I amsure I feel entirely satisfied that it is their wish, added to mine, that we may haverepeated opportunities to meet with you and to hear your discussions and to knowmore of your hopes. For I am perfectly certain that yours and ours are exactly thesame with regard to the University of Chicago.The closing address of the evening, an address which embodied thespirit of those which preceded, was that of President Mason.ADDRESS BY PRESIDENT MAX MASONI think we have initiated a good policy at these Trustee dinners of hearingfrom groups of departments as to their plans and their hopes. We hear of their fearsin the President's office.We have had tonight reports from a group of departments to which the congratulations of the faculty and of the Trustees should be extended. The departmentsof mathematics, physics, and astronomy have had a history of brilliant and substantial achievement. The Department of Mathematics of the University of Chicago isknown the world over. I was impressed in the summer of 1925 as never before bywhat Chicago meant in mathematics. Cooped up in the attic of Ryerson were someseventy or more able students taking a course in calculus of variations. All of youwho know calculus of variations know what that means, and all of you who knowProfessor Bliss will guess. Berlin or Gottingen, in their palmiest days, could not showa better attendance ; and so it was also in the other advanced courses in analysis andgeometry which were given here. You all know the history of the Physics Department and of the achievements of the Department of Astronomy. No stronger groupof departments exists; no more fundamental problems exist for the human mindthan those which have been attacked by this group. We cannot emphasize enoughthe note with which Professor Frost closed, for in the study of the space-time relationships, the relationships of pure quantity, of abstract geometry, in the relationships of physics and the study of the constitution of matter, and in the study of thecyclic changes of the universe lies a hope that is sure and certain, even if far fromrealization for us or our children — for a real glimpse into the meaning of existence.I am happy to be able to announce tonight that the dream of a new homefor these departments is at last to be realized in the immediate future. A grant tothe University for the stimulation of its research and graduate work in physical science was made some time ago, not sufficient for the purposes, but sufficient to aid insome of the purposes ; and recently Mr. Bernard A. Eckhart, of Chicago, has madea generous gift which makes it possible for us to proceed at once with the buildingof a home large enough and well enough equipped to house even these remarkabledepartments. So we shall hope that the brilliant work which has come from Ryerson is but the promise of the more brilliant achievements that are to come from thecombination of the Ryerson Laboratory and the Eckhart Laboratory.96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDASSISTING SCIENCE TO GROW UPI should like to speak of one of the things that Professor Bliss mentioned : thetendency that we must recognize and must assist, of assisting the sciences to emergefrom their infancy ; in other words, to become mathematical. I used to be in mathematics, and so I speak with feeling. One thinks that a thing is real when it may bemeasured quantitatively, and one feels that superstition disappears when the equation enters.All that we need to recall is the replacement of the mystic phrase that "natureabhors a vacuum" by a real understanding of atmospheric pressure, which comes atonce when we begin to measure the degree of abhorrence of nature for a vacuum.We have seen remarkable instances of the understanding of the basic laws of physicsand chemistry through the aid of description in terms of mathematics. We certainlyare to see in the near future a corresponding clarification and intensification of understanding in the biological sciences, the sciences broadly, through the applicationof the general relationships which the mathematician studies; and I hope that weshall have in this new building a force of men trained in basic mathematics, but devoting their lives to assisting in the research work in all of the other sciences.The time is ripe to work intensively in the gaps that lie between the salientsthat have been established by the advance of knowledge in the special fields. Afterall, it is the problem that is of supreme importance; not the reputation of a department or of an individual scientific worker, but the problem as it relates to our understanding of the laws of nature and the behavior of man. As the different departments derive new knowledge, it will be found that in the gaps between departmentslie many vital problems. Through co-operative work by men brought to occupythese fields I believe we may hope to accomplish great things, particularly in thisUniversity, a university, as I see it, unique in its frankness of expression and internal friendships and confidences, and unique in internal understanding.Co-operative research need not be formal. There are some individuals whomust be left alone, to push forward unhampered by the attempt to attach theirminds to others. But others work well in close co-operation. Yet all work best whenthere is at least an informal understanding of one another's problems. In formaland informal co-operation lie great hopes for our future, especially in these borderland fields.Recent support for the University has been largely support for the work on thegraduate level and for the research work of the institution. We have thought muchof the undergraduate problem, but we have gained new support mostly for the graduate work and research.You know how the humanities have been stimulated by a grant through whichgreat acceleration in speed of production will be provided. The social sciences havea program. Are they going to be equal to it? That is their own question; they havea unique opportunity through the stimulation obtained from recent support. A social science building is partially assured for the future. Support is already obtainedfor new men, new assistance, new supplies ; and the effort that is to be made at Chicago in bringing together men trained in different techniques in a co-operative endeavor on the problems of living is something which has never been seen before inAmerica or in any other country. A great responsibility and a great opportunity liebefore us. Natural science has been stimulated as well, and in all major divisions ofthe University increased effort is to be the rule.THE TRUSTEES' DINNER TO THE FACULTIES 97We shall not forget education. We all believe that in the combination of research, education, and service to the community there really does lie the basis of awholesome existence of the University.We in Chicago believe that the skeleton of it all is productive scholarship, andthat as that skeleton is clothed with flesh it takes the outlines of a real education, ahuman education, an education in which through the solution of problems therecomes the ability to meet the problems of life. We are not primarily an institutionto perform civic service in the community, but that we must perform civic service toa certain degree is evident if we are to keep our contacts fresh, to keep our work intouch with real life, and to prevent ourselves from promoting a scholarship whichis dead.THE UNDERGRADUATE PROBLEMThe undergraduate problem may be treated in two ways by an institution ofhigher learning : it may be abandoned or it may be solved. We are hoping to solveit. We are hoping and believing that increasingly there is greater sympathy withinthe faculty with the problems of undergraduate education, greater interest in theutilization of the research forces of this institution for the stimulation of effort inthe proper way in undergraduate education. The administration and Trustees expectfrom each department an understanding and sympathy with the problem of the undergraduate, the problem of the graduate student, and with the right performance ofintensive work in the discovery of new knowledge.Each man in a department need not combine these functions; but each department, through whatever medium it may choose, and in whatever administrative wayit may think best, is responsible for all three. It is a great pleasure to see the interestthat many of the departments are showing by allocating the different types of workadministratively to different members of their groups.About undergraduate education we could talk a long time. I will merely citethe case of the professor who dreamed he was lecturing to undergraduate studentsand woke up and found that it was true !We demand quality of output, and not quantity. We shall have the courage tocut down in size and in numbers if it makes for the performance of our duty in ahigher way. It is not a matter of complacent conceit to us that Chicago's duty is tolead; not to furnish more output of the same type, but to show the way, as it always has shown the way in this part of the country.We must remember that every man performing within the University his dutiesof education or his duties in productive scholarship in a perfunctory manner only isa liability to the institution. It means that every graduate student of hopeless mediocrity — and there are some such admitted and allowed to remain, and allowed occasionally to take a degree from this institution — every such graduate student is a liability, not an asset; and every undergraduate who leaves this institution not evenknowing what scholarship is, never having caught the fire of intellectual interest tostimulate him through his life, but carrying with him a diploma from the Universityof Chicago, is a liability and not an asset. Our duty in the future, even more thanin the past, rests in quality of scholarship and character in performance.PROBLEMS OF THE FUTUREProfessor Frost has told us that the universe is growing. It seems sometimesthat the University is growing almost with the speed of the universe. If you notice98 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe white ribbons [on the new members of the faculties] here tonight I think youwill agree. As we perform our function and as we intelligently and whole-heartedlydrive at our problems and produce those results of which this great body is capable,conviction grows that understanding of the purposes and achievements of the University of Chicago will not be lacking in this community. The financial problem isever before the Trustees and administrative officers. It is a problem of reasonableand dignified education of people in the community as to the purposes and performances of the University, and that is the only lasting way in which we may hope toobtain the support for continued growth and continued intensification of effort.This faculty has the complete confidence of the Board of Trustees. The Boardof Trustees has the complete confidence of the faculty. What a happy combination!This faculty has the confidence of those great educational boards which are supporting work in productive scholarship. It has deserved it. I am sure that it will continue to deserve it.But above all, let us never forget, as greater assistance comes and greater physical supplies are given, as new buildings are created and life becomes academicallyand scientifically easier for the worker, that there is a danger. Let us not forget thatthe greatest handicap of all is the lack of all handicaps; that great work in Chicagoin the past has been done in attics or cellars.Therefore, with the increase of physical facilities, I hope fife will not become soeasy that we shall forget that he who has had to struggle against the greatest of disadvantages has often given the greatest discoveries to the world. So our hope is thatas the physical plant grows, and as opportunities become greater, we shall gain inoutput, we shall not lose in enthusiasm, and we shall carry on with greater efficiency,in the same self-sacrificing spirit of the pioneer that has dominated this institutionand that I hope always will.The general arrangements for the dinner were under the direction ofa committee of the Board of Trustees consisting of Charles F. Axelson,Charles W. Gilkey, and J. Spencer Dickerson. Associate Professor R. V.Merrill was chairman of the reception committee of faculty members, andAssociate Professor Esmond R. Long, of that on the seating of guests,while Mr. John F. Moulds, secretary of the Board of Trustees, gave oversight to the affair from beginning to successful end.I—Q3o 3° IH |« J0c111uBUILDING OPERATIONSTHE continual expansion of the University is well shown in thenumber of buildings in process of construction, projected, orsoon to be begun within the Quadrangles. The most noticeableof these, of course, is the University Chapel, which is nearing completion,the last stones of its imposing tower being placed in position as the Record goes to press. The windows are being installed, those on the southfront being already in position. Many of the carved figures have beenlifted to their proper niches. The east portal is practically finished. Thecolored glazed tile as well as the acoustic tile has been set in the arches ofthe nave. The magnitude of this task may be realized when it is statedthat the work required the placing of 100,000 pieces of tile. The ornamentation of this tile, combining more or less conventional forms withstriking representation of animals and other objects in ten or twelve mingled colors, with the gilded stars gleaming from points of vantage, willprovide a striking array. It is believed that this use of brilliant tile inceilings is unique in buildings of this type. The plastering of the buildingis about finished. The spaces for the organ are ready to receive the instrument, the installation of which was to begin in April.The two buildings on Woodlawn Avenue near the Chapel are soon tobe razed. Under professional guidance the landscaping of the groundsadjacent to the Chapel will be undertaken. Doubtless decrepit LexingtonHall will be removed in due time so that this historic ruin will not detractfrom the effectiveness of the great neighboring Gothic pile.The architects' estimate of the seating capacity of the Chapel showthat in the nave, transept, balconies, and other parts of the building,1,789 persons may be seated in the permanent seats, while chairs willprovide for 138 others.Plans for the Bobs Roberts Hospital, the Gertrude Dunn Hicks andthe Nancy Adele McElwee Memorial buildings, the Bernard A. Eckhartand the Botany laboratories are gradually being perfected.Changes and alterations in the Press Building necessary to accommodate the growing needs not only of the Press but of the Auditor's office and of other departments have been authorized by the Board ofTrustees. It is estimated that these improvements will cost $13,000.Plans for the George Herbert Jones Chemical Laboratory have beenperfected and bids have been taken for its erection.99100 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDStudies are being made for extending southward the stage of Man-del Hall in order that the enlargement may be made in connection withthe erection of the Bernard A. Eckhart Laboratory. The laboratory willextend eastward from Ryerson Laboratory and northward toward Man-del, thus completing another quadrangle.The plans for the new building for the Social Sciences have been approved by the Committee on Buildings and Grounds. This hall will finthe last gap in the Harper Library frontage on the Midway Plaisance, thetwo blocks extending eastward from Ellis Avenue to University Avenuetwo city blocks. It is expected that construction will begin this spring.The driveway from University Avenue to the women's quadranglewill be permanently closed. The driveway will be removed and the entirequadrangle, soon to be fully enclosed by buildings when the Social Sciencehall is completed, will be sodded and the walks properly placed to meetthe needs of passersby. This action, doubtless to be followed by a similartreatment of the Divinity Quadrangle, will add greatly to the quiet beauty and dignity of these two precincts. The time is rapidly coming whenthe old-time gibe that at the University of Chicago quadrangles arebounded by only three sides will not be justified.Mrs. Joseph Bond has provided the cost of a stained glass memorialwindow for the west elevation of the Joseph Bond Chapel. A bronze tablet in memory of Mr. Bond, modeled by Lorado Taft, has recently beenplaced in the vestibule of this chapel, given by the liberal donor of thebuilding.In memory of her husband, the honored third President of the University, Mrs. Ernest D. Burton has given a stained glass window to theUniversity. It has been installed in the general reading-room of HarperMemorial Library, the center window on the south side of the room. Dr.Burton for many years was Director of the University Libraries and gaveseveral years of his life to the planning and supervision of the construction of Harper Library, to date the outstanding building in the quadrangles.Rawson Laboratory of Medicine and Surgery, on the west side adjacent to the buildings of Rush Medical College, cost $605,127 to build,including equipment, or a little more than 65 cents per cubic foot.Swift Hall cost to build $543,748, including equipment, or a littleover 78 cents per cubic foot.Whitman Laboratory of Experimental Zoology cost to build, including the vivarium and the animal houses, $103,835, or 57 cents per cubicfoot.BUILDING OPERATIONS IOIThe cost of the cloister connecting Joseph Bond Chapel with SwiftHall was $30,901, or $1.92 per cubic foot.The cost of Joseph Bond Chapel was $180,004, including equipment,or $1.07 per cubic foot.The cost of major buildings of the University before the World Warranged from approximately 28 cents to 38 cents per cubic foot.Studies are being made of plans for an adequate gymnasium for theUniversity High School and the other Laboratory Schools. The Board ofTrustees has authorized the erection of this much-needed building. Itwill be placed on the east side of Kenwood Avenue, in about the centerof the block from north to south, necessitating the removal of the twobuildings known as Kenwood Hall, at present housing women students.The cost of the building is to be a charge upon the athletic funds of theUniversity.A NEW POWER PLANTA NYONE who reads the facts stated on other pages of this number/\ of the Record concerning the new buildings of the University,X jL buildings just completed, in course of construction, and soon tobe built, must realize at once that a power plant built in 190 1, even whennew facilities have been added and constant repairs have been made, cannot possibly meet the requirements of 1928, not to speak of the needs forthe years to follow. The present power plant is loaded to capacity. Itwill not produce sufficient steam for existing buildings longer than for theremainder of the season 1928-29.Originally the University buildings were heated by isolated plantslocated in basements. In 1901 the present plant at Fifty-eighth Streetand Ingleside Avenue and the tunnel system were constructed followingdesigns of an eastern engineer who had had little experience with Illinoiscoal. The installation of twenty 150 horse-power boilers proved to be inefficient in operation. Constant repairs were required and in 1919 thecondition of the boilers was such that the city of Chicago notified theUniversity that unless extensive repairs and replacements were made,pressures would have to be materially reduced.The new major buildings, including the Chapel, the chemical, mathematics, and botany laboratories, the social science building, the BobsRoberts, the Gertrude Dunn Hicks, and the Nancy Adele McElwee hospitals must be supplied with heat and light about October 1, 1928. Notlong after this date the additional hospitals will require heat, and in thenear future the gymnasium for the laboratory schools. Estimates of engineers show that by 1930 47,000,000 cubic feet of building space willhave to be provided for, an addition of over 29,000,000 cubic feet overthe present amount. These buildings by 1930, it is estimated, will require the use of 10,000 horse-power. These estimates do not include supply for the administration and art buildings or for halls, gymnasiums,libraries for the colleges, all sure to be erected within the next decade orso. Although since 191 9 over $450,000 has been expended on the equipment of the present power plant, with the steadily increasing load, notably of the medical group, it has, of course, reached the limit of enlargement and improvement. The inadequacy of the present plant for futureneeds as set forth above; the cost of hauling coal to the present site andof the removal of cinders, amounting to more than $20,000 for 1926-27102A NEW POWER PLANT 103and probably to be as much as $30,000 by 1930; the obsolescence of alarge portion of the pipes, cables, and tunnels of the present system, areconditions making imperative the early construction of a new powerplant. The facts just recited consider some of the operating aspects ofthe situation. There are other considerations to be taken into account.The time will surely come when the site of the present power plant willbe so necessary for academic purposes as to make it economical and wiseto raze the building.The foregoing are some of the reasons which have led the Board ofTrustees, after long and careful study of the situation by consulting engineers and by the Committee on Buildings and Grounds, to purchase anew site for a permanent power plant, a plant adequate for present needsand for those of the next twenty years at least, or until 1948. The newplant will be capable of expansion if required, over its capacity as provided for the immediate future. The new site is adjacent to the IllinoisCentral Railroad tracks, at Sixty-first Street and Blackstone Avenue.Neiler, Rich & Company, who heretofore have served the University withexpert advice, are the consulting engineers. Mr. Philip B. Maher hasbeen chosen as consulting architect to design the exterior of the building.Already an electric duct system from the new site to University buildingshas been partly completed. Pending completion of the new generatingequipment, electric current passing through the new duct is being purchased. It is planned that the new building shall be in operation soonafter January 1, 1929, when practically all its facilities then in place willbe needed to supply the demand. It is expected, the present plans beingcarried to a successful conclusion, that no addition to the plant at the newsite will be required from 1933 to 1943, unless an unexpected large number of buildings is erected. This statement is upon the assumption, however, that the old plant will be operated concurrently with the new during that period, and if, for reasons of operating economy or because ofneed of the site of the present plant for academic use, the old plant shouldbe abandoned prior to that date, additional investment would be necessary.Aware of the limitations of the present power plant at Fifty-eighthStreet and Ingleside Avenue, some eight years ago property was purchased on Harper Avenue between Fifty-seventh and Fifty-eighth Streetswith the intention of developing a new plant. This site was not largeenough to meet the growing necessities of the University; besides, therewere other limitations. The Harper Avenue property will no doubt besold. Meanwhile the buildings on it are bringing income.104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAs may be deduced from the foregoing brief account of the situationthe financial part of the whole problem is by no means inconsiderable. Itis estimated that the construction of the building at Sixty-first Streetand Blackstone Avenue, the installation of boilers, the construction oftunnels, the consequent rehabilitation of facilities within the quadrangleswill involve the expenditure of approximately $1,500,000. How important this project is considered by the Trustees may be realized when it isobserved that for this new plant they are authorizing an expenditureequal to the cost of the University Chapel. But this investment is fundamental. It will be usable and useful for many years to come. Indeed,without it the very Chapel itself and the new buildings would be practically useless. The Board of Trustees in selecting this new site and inentering upon this most important enterprise has made a far-sighted fundamental decision, not a make-shift decision. The Trustees have had thewisdom to see that the safe, and really conservative, policy is that whichwill provide not merely for present needs but for the long future even atthe sacrifice of some of the present investment in building and equipment.£¦¦ r -jmt 9Iti ffjLTK * ¦»• JfeHi, cH<oP5-WcI— >HsiwPC«awcMcfacfaSHPicfa55cwQPwHfawou<THE GEORGE HERBERT JONESLABORATORYBy HERMANN I. SCHLESINGERCHEMISTRY has undergone a marked transformation since theplanning of Kent Chemical Laboratory. The extraordinary development in the chemical industries has greatly increased thedemand for men who, as a result of the training obtained in the work fora Doctor's degree, are fitted to carry on industrial research. The biological sciences have placed before the chemist innumerable problems whichmust be solved before biology and medicine can make full progress;chemistry itself has entered fields in which new methods, such as those ofphysics, are the only satisfactory tools. These changes have brought withthem needs for more space, and space free from the fumes, the vibration,and the disturbance unavoidable when many types of research have to becarried on in large rooms. These demands cannot be satisfactorily met inthe present chemistry building. Fundamental courses are so crowded thatonly by thoroughly standardizing each student's time could all who applied be accommodated — conditions which are unfavorable to training inprecise experimental methods and the development of initiative. Each research student can be allowed only five feet of working space and facultymembers must share their rooms with one or two students. Much research has been crowded into a basement originally intended only forstorage of supplies or for the roughest of chemical operations. Fine apparatus cannot be stored safe from destructive fumes; no space is free fromvibration. Another most serious handicap has been that the staff couldnot be enlarged to carry on the more varied types of work essential to amodern chemistry department because there is no room for newcomers ortheir students.The George Herbert Jones Laboratory is intended to house the research and graduate work, as well as the library of the department, andto provide offices for its staff. By relatively small changes, Kent can bemade to provide adequately for all undergraduate work, lecture-rooms,and service facilities for both buildings. In the new quarters, researchwill be carried out in rooms accommodating one, two, and four men, respectively, and providing the most modern equipment. Elimination ofstorage and service rooms from the new building has made fully available105io6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDits light basement for the most precise research which requires freedomfrom vibration and other types of interference. Most of the laboratoryfittings are movable, instead of fixed as in most laboratories, thus assuring sufficient flexibility of design to meet the ever changing needs of afast-growing science. Inclusive of staff members, no research workerscan be accommodated in Jones and the remodeled Kent. This numbermay have to be somewhat reduced if new graduate courses are added, butit can also be enlarged to about 135 by subdividing several large roomsnow intended for research requiring large apparatus, Kent at presenttakes care of almost seventy men and women engaged in research. Butthe improvement is not in numbers only — in the old building everyone iscrowded and working under unfavorable conditions, in the new one everyone will have not only ample space and provision for all kinds of chemicalresearch, but also the privacy and other conditions essential to productive mental effort. During the past few years, the unfavorable conditionsunder which graduate courses have had to be given here have createdadverse comment throughout the country; the new building will provideexcellent facilities for this phase of the department's activities. There willbe room for about 115 students in graduate laboratory courses at onetime, and by sectioning these courses as in undergraduate work, this number can be greatly increased.The new laboratory will enable the department to expand the typeof its activities as well as the number of its students. Its present staff hasbeen restrained from entering certain fields of important research by lackof facilities and this handicap will disappear. Furthermore, the staff cannow be enlarged, not only to relieve present members from an overloadof teaching, but to enlarge its research field. In organic chemistry a mandevoting himself to the finer preparative side, which is all-important inthe field of chemotherapy and the synthesis of substances manufacturedin living organisms, is needed; in physical chemistry a man thoroughlytrained in the newer fields — such as the interpretation of band spectraand of X-ray spectograms in the solution of chemical problems — wouldadd greatly to the strength of the department With the opening of theGeorge Herbert Jones Laboratory, the physical prerequisites for this enlargement of the usefulness of the department will have been met.ALBERT D. LASKERA Donor of the Lasker Foundation for Medical ResearchTHE LASKER FOUNDATION FORMEDICAL RESEARCHAT THE meeting of the Board of Trustees held January 12, 1928, a/\ communication from Mr. and Mrs. Albert D. Lasker was pre-jLjL sented in which are set forth the particulars by which is createdthe Lasker Foundation for Medical Research. The fund thus contributedto the University by these liberal and far-sighted donors adds anotherlarge endowment for research in medicine, an endowment which providesthe means for investigation of notable significance and sure to be of benefit to mankind for generations yet to come.Added to the resources of the Douglas Smith Foundation, of theMr. and Mrs. Frank G. Logan fellowships, of the Seymour Coman fellowships (all of which funds are designed to encourage research in variousbranches of medical science and in the prevention, cause, and cure ofdisease), the new foundation greatly increases facilities and opportunitiesfor relieving the suffering and prolonging the lives of men and women.Steadily and yet rapidly the University's medical project grows in income-producing funds, in the wide sweep of its useful objectives.The Lasker Foundation (established by Albert D. and Flora W.Lasker) consists of $1,000,000, "the net income of which shall be usedfor the promotion of medical education and research at the University ofChicago." Already a liberal portion of the founding fund has been transferred to the University and the remainder will be paid with interest during the next three years. The generous offer to pay interest during theperiod of deferred payment enables the University to begin at once withthe full amount of income from the fund the beneficent inquiries and toseek the hoped-for results which are contemplated by the creators of thefoundation.The donors' letter goes on to say: "We express the desire that theincome from this fund be used in the first place to support research intothe causes, nature, prevention and cure of degenerative diseases. In theevent, however, that in the opinion of the advisory board — which weshall subsequently mention — and the Board of Trustees of the University, the income of this fund can be used most effectively for medical education and research in other and further directions, the University shallbe authorized to make such changes in the use and purposes of the in-107io8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcome derived from said foundation. The general direction of the incomeshall be determined by an advisory committee, to be appointed by theTrustees of the University. It is understood as part of this offer andagreement, and any agreement based thereon, that the publication of researches conducted wholly or partially through the support of this Foundation shall, if possible, in the title recite the fact that said research hasbeen supported by the Lasker Foundation for Medical Research."The Trustees accepted the trust implied in the offer of Mr. and Mrs.Lasker and agreed to establish and maintain the foundation. Already theresearch contemplated has begun.THE LATE JAMES PARKER HALLJAMES PARKER HALLDEAN OF THE LAW SCHOOLNovember 30, 1871 — March 13, 1928By ERNST FREUNDWHEN in 1902 the makeup of the new law faculty of the University of Chicago was discussed, the very first name suggested by Professor Beale, who had undertaken the work of organization, was that of James Parker Hall, then about thirty years old.Hall had been graduated with a brilliant record from the Harvard LawSchool five years before; he had been graduated with an equally brilliantrecord in 1894 from Cornell; tradition ranks him as one of the threeablest undergraduates in the history of that university of which in 1922he was elected the first faculty representative trustee. He had a taste forengineering, and he recently told us that he was offered an instructorshipin Greek; but he chose the law. He practiced for a few years in Buffalo,near his native city of Jamestown (also the birthplace of President Jud-son), teaching at the Buffalo Law School at the same time; and he definitely abandoned practice for teaching when in 1900 he was called to theStanford University Law School. This preference for an academic careercould not have been due to lack of qualification for practice, and there isevery reason to believe that he could have risen to eminence at the bar.From the beginning of his connection with the Law School Dean Halltook interest in administrative work and displayed decided fitness for it,and it soon became manifest that he would become Beale's successor. Hehad no hesitation about accepting the deanship when it was offered in1904, although he realized that it would entail some sacrifice of scholarlyproductivity. "There is more than one kind of work to do in a lawschool," he said. The post he then assumed he held to the end of his life,not counting the months that he served as Major Judge-Advocate duringthe latter part of the World War. His faith in the future of the schoolmade him decline repeated calls elsewhere, particularly to the law schoolfrom which he had been graduated. His academic work was supplemented in later years by activities in connection with legal reform and researchorganizations, first as member of the Council of the American JudicatureSociety, then as chairman of the Legal Research Committee of the Commonwealth Fund, finally as member of the executive committee of theAmerican Law Institute. To the ambitious undertaking by the last-named organization of a restatement of the common law he gave a considerable part of his time and attention in the last six years of his life.109no THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDean Hall's main legal interest lay in the fields of torts and of constitutional law; he was greatly drawn toward the more fluid problems ofthe law, where it has to adjust itself to changing social and economic conditions: problems of liability in connection with labor agitation, andproblems of constitutional limitations in the control of capital and business enterprise. His students regarded his presentation of these questionsas masterly. His gift of lucid exposition was extraordinary, and he had akeen sense of "reasonableness." His views were liberal and forward-looking, and he stood for that theory of constitutional power which in the decisions of the Supreme Court is now generally associated with the namesof Holmes and Brandeis. While he confined his literary production to anelementary book on constitutional law and a collection of cases on thesame subject, his teaching gave him the opportunity of molding and influencing the opinions of a considerable number of present practitioners,judges, and law teachers, and that influence was all for the good.Dean Hall's personality was in many respects remarkable. He mighthave appropriated to himself the saying attributed to Harriman, thefinancier, that all he asked in order to carry his point was to have a smallgroup of able men around the table. I well remember an incident thathappened shortly after he assumed the deanship. The Law School hadnot fulfilled the expectations that had been somewhat rashly entertainedof immediate striking success, particularly in drawing large numbers ofstudents, and the Trustees felt somewhat discouraged. Dean Hall metthem and talked to them for several hours. Mr. Charles L. Hutchinsonlater on said that he had never listened to a statement of greater forceand vision, and the confidence of the Trustees was entirely restored. Hecombined gentleness and firmness in a remarkable degree, and it was noteasy to resist his persuasiveness; he was always confident that things thathe thought necessary or desirable could be managed, and he did manageto have his way. Although he had a winning smile, the students sometimes called him the marble-faced dean, and he was certainly not communicative; but he was capable of inspiring devotion, and of giving affection to a few chosen friends; the charm of his manner, particularly in thedays of his physical vigor, will not be easily forgotten.In the history of the University Dean Hall's name will be identifiedwith the growth of the Law School. That growth under his guidance wassteady, and on the whole along traditional lines. He was open to newideas, but was skeptical of paper schemes that had not been tried out inpractice; probably he was wise in making the path of the reformer nottoo smooth or easy. The handsome portrait in the reading room of theLaw School Building will be looked upon with increasing veneration, asthe generations go by.TRIBUTE TO DR. T. W. GOODSPEEDTHE lamented death of Dr. Thomas W. Goodspeed was recordedin the January number of the University Record. A full accountof his long and useful connection with the University appearedthere also, together with addresses which set forth the quality of thework he performed as well as the quality of his life and character. At themeeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 9, 1928, a committee, ofwhich Mr. Eli B. Felsenthal was chairman, presented a report paying eloquent tribute to the life and work of the first Secretary of the Board ofTrustees.This tribute pointed out the significance of Dr. Goodspeed's earlyand unique advocacy of the cause of the hoped-for university and his subsequent tireless devotion to the institution. It quoted from Dr. Soares'address at the funeral and closed with these well-deserved words of praise,gratitude, and appreciation:His place among the members of the Board of Trustees, with whom he laboredduring the many years in which he was associated with us, will ever live in ourmemory. His untiring zeal, his enthusiasm, the meticulous care with which all of thework was done by him, and the mutual love, affection, and esteem which existed between him and the members of this board will never die. In order that the memoryof his life and deeds may be preserved, this board now here records its tribute to thework and character of Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed, the prime mover in the foundation of the University; the first Secretary of the Board of Trustees; the officialHistorian, and the lifelong, zealous friend and helpful worker in all that pertains tothe interests of the University.NEW REGULATIONS FOR ADMISSION TO THE COLLEGESUPON approval by the faculty of the colleges and of the Presi-admission of students to the Colleges of Arts, Literature, anddent of the University the following regulations relating to theScience have been adopted by the Board of Trustees:The enrolment of men and women having fifteen acceptable units of preparatory school credit and not over eight majors of college credit, shall be set for anyAutumn Quarter at 750 students, or as close to that number as the Examiner candetermine, and admissions to that college class for the succeeding Winter and SpringQuarters shall be limited to possible replacements within that number.An applicant failing to make an average grade in academic subjects pursued inthe last three years in the preparatory school higher than the passing mark of theschool by 40 per cent of the difference between that mark and 100, shall be requiredto attain a percentile rank of 35 on a psychological test administered by the University Examiner in order to satisfy the minimum qualitative requirements.111112 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTo reserve a place in the student quota for a given quarter, the candidate,upon receiving notice of approval of his application, shall deposit with the University $25 which will be credited on his fees for the first quarter of residence. Holdersof full-entrance scholarships will receive refund of the portion of the deposit in excess of the matriculation fee.RETIRING ALLOWANCES-AMENDMENT OF STATUTESTHE University Statutes have been amended by adding the following paragraph to Statute 17:During the period of her widowhood and provided her husband shall haveserved the University for not less than ten years, the widow of a person eligible toparticipate in this retiring allowance plan shall, if she shall have been the wife ofsuch person for not less than ten years immediately prior to his decease, be grantedan annual allowance computed at the rate of $50 for each completed year of thehusband's service, except that no such allowance shall exceed $1,500. This provisionshall be effective on and after January 1, 1928, but shall be subject to modificationor repeal in whole or in part at any time at the option of the Board of Trustees.CHICAGO TUBERCULOSISINSTITUTEAN AGREEMENT with the Chicago Tuberculosis Institute hasf\ been entered into by the University of which the following are1 J^ the outstanding features:The University will make the Edward Sanatorium a center for clinical teaching in the study and treatment of tuberculosis.The University will nominate the medical staff of the sanatorium.The administration of the sanatorium will be in the hands of a resident superintendent responsible to the superintendent of the ChicagoTuberculosis Institute.The University will provide professional services of the non-residentstaff, salaries of the resident staff, and services of a consulting staff.The University will have control of admission to the sanatorium.The sanatorium agrees to maintain an average of eight free beds, admission to which shall be under the exclusive control of the University.The Institute agrees to rehabilitate its main building.The agreement goes into effect as of May 1, 1928, and is terminableat the election of either party upon six months notice in writing.The Institute will appropriate annually $10,000 for research and willassume responsibility for the $100,000 annual budget of the sanatorium.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTSTHE DEPARTMENT OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY,GENERAL LINGUISTICS, AND INDO-IRANIAN PHILOLOGYBy Carl Darling BuckTHE FORMIDABLE title of the department, so disproportionate to the size of its student enrolment, may require explanation. It comprehends several branches of research whose scientific beginnings were bound together in time and personalities, and whichare still interlocking, but which have severally expanded in breadth anddepth until each of them constitutes a field more than large enough toabsorb the powers of any single scholor.The "discovery," that is the discovery to European scholars, ofSanskrit, the ancient language of India, led to the recognition of the greatlinguistic family which comprises most of the European languages andsome of Asia, the "Indo-European" family, as it is called in English (or"Aryan" by many historians). Sanskrit was the foundation stone ofcomparative philology, which is but little more than a century old (thefirst correct statement of the relationship was by Sir William Jones in1786; the first systematic piece of work in comparative philology was byBoppin 1816)."Sanskrit and Comparative Philology" was a frequent combination,and still survives, in the title of professorial chairs. This earliest comparative philology was that of the Indo-European languages, and still,though there is now a well-developed comparative philology of manyanother linguistic family, the term commonly connotes that field. (Moreaccurately this is Indo-European comparative philology and the scholars who cultivate it are Indo-Europeanists.) The comparative-historicalmethod, which was first established on a large scale in the study of theIndo-European languages, yielded trustworthy observations on the general principles of linguistic development. Hence the relation to generallinguistics. Again, the early Iranian studies, the interpretation of theAvesta (the Zoroastrian bible) and of the Old Persian cuneiform inscriptions of Darius the Great and his successors, although they started independently, gained a firm footing only after they were linked up with113H4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIndie studies by the co-operation of Sanskritists. For the relationshipbetween the Iranian and the Indie languages is of the closest.Such is the historical relationship of these subjects. What of thepresent?COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGYCovering the whole field of the Indo-European languages, at leastin their earlier periods, and dealing with vastly more material than wasavailable in the early days of the science, the Indo-Europeanist cannotalso be a master of any of the great literatures, Sanskrit or any other,with the literary and historical problems involved. He must have a soundknowledge of Sanskrit grammar, but need not and cannot go far on theliterary side. When the present head of the department came to the University, in the first year, as acting head, it was with the distinct understanding that his interests were primarily in comparative philology ratherthan in Sanskrit. He carried the instruction in Sanskrit during the firstfew years and has since frequently given the course for beginners, withwhich some comparative philology is profitably combined. But he is nota Sanskritist. His published work has been entirely in the linguistic field,dealing partly with problems of general Indo-European relations, but especially with the history of the Greek language, the Greek dialects, theLatin language, and the Italic dialects. Hence the close contact and cooperation with the classical departments. A course in popular Latin isoffered with special reference to the needs of students in the RomanceDepartment. The Iranian side of "Indo-Iranian philology" is representedby a course in Avestan and Old Persian.SANSKRIT OR INDIC PHILOLOGYAt one time the majority of those who studied Sanskrit were mainlyconcerned with the language as an instrument of comparative philology.This is no longer the case; in fact this aspect is largely left to comparative philologists. The work of the Sanskritist has expanded into what isbetter described as Indie philology in the broadest sense, covering thelanguage, literature, art, philosophy, religion, and history of India. Thefield of the Sanskritist is the whole civilization of India. Such was thepoint of view maintained both in theory and practice by Mr. Walter E.Clark during the nearly twenty years in which he was in charge of thiswork. His withdrawal from the University to accept the Wales Professorship of Sanskrit at Harvard is a severe loss. A promising youngscholar has been appointed to an instructorship, and it is hoped that intime the lost ground will be regained.AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS USSeveral phases of Indie civilization are closely bound up with thehistory of Central Asia and the Far East — questions of external influenceupon India, and the converse, notably the expansion of Buddhism, forwhich there is a vast material written in Chinese and in Tibetan. Studiesalong these lines need the co-operation of scholars, and extensive libraryequipment, in these fields. It is hoped that provision may be made forresearch in the languages, literatures, and history of the Far East, especially China, the first step being the appointment of an eminent Sinologist.GENERAL LINGUISTICSThe study of language as an institution, an institution which hasbeen the prime factor in man's intellectual development, owes much ofits solid foundation to the observations made in the field of Indo-European language, where the historical method has been longest applied andhas reached the fullest development, and where the long period of recorded history offers the most favorable conditions for noting what hasactually happened in language. One of the standing courses of the department, entitled "Introduction to the Historical Study of Language,"is virtually a course in general linguistics, mainly from the point of viewof the Indo-European languages and illustrated from ancient and modernlanguages of this family that are familiar to the student, as Latin, English, French, or German.At the same time it is obvious that general problems of languagemust receive added light— some in fact can only be adequately discussed— by broadening the scope of observation to include languages of different families and radically divergent types of structure. Generallinguistics, understood in the broader sense, is now exceptionally wellrepresented in the University of Chicago. Mr. Edward Sapir, in the Department of Sociology, besides being an eminent specialist in AmericanIndian languages, is conversant with a wide range of languages fromother parts of the globe and is a well-known writer on general linguistictopics. Mr. Leonard Bloomfield, of the Department of German Languages and Literatures, has also published special studies of some non-Indo-European languages (American Indian and Philippine) and keendiscussions of outstanding problems in general linguistics. Both Mr. Sapirand Mr. Bloomfield are authors of important books on "Language."The mention of these two scholars in other departments illustratesagain what has been remarked in other reports but cannot be too ofteninsisted on. Our departmental organization, convenient for purposes ofadministration, does not represent an ideal logical classification of hu-n6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDman knowledge, if indeed any such is possible. We must combat the notion, too prevalent among the students, that the departments are watertight compartments. In our research and in our guidance of students wemust fix attention on the University's facilities for a given type of workregardless of departmental lines. For linguistic studies the matter hasbeen presented in this way in a special circular on Courses and Facilitiesin Linguistic Work. Courses of a more advanced linguistic character, asdistinct from elementary, reading, and literary courses, are selected fromeight different departments and arranged according to their logical relations, and the library and other facilities of university and city are described.THE FUNCTION OF THE DEPARTMENTThe Department of Comparative Philology, to use this shorter title,is one of the least impressive if viewed apart from the others and judgedby the number of students. The subjects it embraces, like some otherestablished subjects of research, do not reach down to secondary education and scarcely to college education, so that there is a very limited demand for teachers. Only university positions are available, and but fewof those. For these subjects are as yet not nearly so generally representedin our universities as in those of Europe, where every considerable university has a chair of comparative philology and a chair of Sanskrit orIndie philology, and some have additional and independent chairs ingeneral linguistics, Celtic philology, Slavish philology, etc. Germany,for example, surpasses us in these lines in sheer man-power of at leastfive to one. The situation is gradually improving; but one cannot expector advise many to devote themselves primarily to subjects in which theprospect of a teaching career is so precarious. The creation of researchpositions, to be held for a period of five years after the doctorate, wouldenable a young scholar to establish a certain footing, and would helpbreak the present vicious circle.The importance of this department in the University lies, then,mainly in its function as auxiliary to other departments and in its research. Of the latter there has been no lack in the past, and at presentthe department is undertaking, with research assistance, an ambitiousproject which has been spoken of as a "dictionary of ideas." A moremodest and accurate designation is a "dictionary of selected synonymsin the principle Indo-European languages. A contribution to the historyof ideas." In contrast to etymological dictionaries of the usual type,which give the formally, genetically, related words, it is proposed hereto list words of corresponding meaning and through their etymologyAMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 117trace the various sources of a given meaning, that is, of the idea or concept. For a history of words is a history of ideas. Some work along theselines has been done by various scholars in scattered monographs. Anexhaustive "dictionary of ideas" would have to rest on thousands of suchspecial studies, from languages all over the world. It would be a dreamof the remote future. But it is believed that by selecting a limited number of representative words or ideas (say 1,000) from the principal Indo-European languages it will be possible to produce within a reasonableterm of years a skeleton synthesis which will be of great service to students of language and constitute a fundamental contribution to the history of ideas.THE DEPARTMENT OF BOTANYBy Henry C. CowlesTHE FIRST instruction in Botany at the University of Chicagowas in the Summer Quarter of 1894 when Mr. Henry L. Clarkegave an elementary course in the subject. He continued for ayear to teach botany at the University, while carrying on his studies forthe degree of Bachelor of Philosophy. In the autumn of 1894 ProfessorJohn M. Coulter, then president of Lake Forest University, began making weekly trips to the University as Professorial Lecturer in Botany. Inthe autumn of 1895 Dr- Bradley M. Davis began an eleven-year periodof service in the field of plant morphology. In 1896 Professor Coulter resigned the presidency of Lake Forest University to assume the headshipof the Department of Botany at the University, where he remained inthis capactiy until 1925. Also in 1896 Dr. Charles J. Chamberlain beganinstructional work in plant morphology and still remains at the University in active service. In these first years of botanical development at theUniversity, the department was housed on the upper floor of Walker Museum, where it shared quarters with the Departments of Anthropologyand Vertebrate Paleontology. During these years in Walker Museumthere were laid the foundations of the work in plant morphology whichwas the first of the great divisions of botany to receive emphasis at theUniversity.EARLY EXPANSIONIn the summer of 1897 the Hull Botanical Laboratory, the gift ofMiss Helen Culver, was occupied for the first time and opportunity wasthus given for considerable expansion. In that same year Dr. Henry C.n8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCowles began instructional work in plant ecology and has continued giving service in that field. In 1898 Professor Charles R. Barnes was calledto a professorship in plant physiology and he occupied that chair untilhis death in 19 10. Dr. William J. G. Land began instructional work inplant morphology in 1904 and still continues in that field. In 1909 Dr.George D. Fuller became a member of the staff, giving his attention fromthen till now to the field of plant ecology. Upon the death of ProfessorBarnes in 19 10 Dr. William Crocker, who had been on the staff since1907, was given the chief responsibility for carrying on work in the fieldof plant physiology, and he continued in this capacity until his assumption of the directorship of the Boyce Thompson Institute In 192 1.In 19 1 7 Dr. Merle C. Coulter became attached to the staff of elementary instruction; later on he became particularly interested in developing the field of plant genetics. Dr. Scott V. Eaton began his instructional work in plant physiology in 19 19, co-operating first with Dr.Crocker and later with Dr. Charles A. Shull, who succeeded Dr. Crockerin 192 1. In 1923 Dr. Adolf C. Noe began the development of the fieldof paleobotany and in 1924 Dr. George K. K. Link initiated work inplant pathology. In the autumn of 1927 Professor Ezra J. Kraus wasadded to the staff to give attention to plant morphology, general botany,and applied botany.THE RECOGNIZED IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCHWhile it has always been the aim of the Department of Botany toemphasize the importance of instruction of high excellence, it has beenan even greater aim to emphasize the importance of research. Most ofthe researches published by the staff and students have appeared as "Contributions of the Hull Botanical Laboratory," and have been published inthe Botanical Gazette; 374 of these contributions have appeared from1895 to the present writing. A number of important researches have alsoappeared in book form. The Botanical Gazette, which was founded byProfessor Coulter in 1875, was taken over by the University in 1897, andsince that date has been published by the University Press. The members of the staff constitute the editorial board.Students to the number of 156 have attained the degree of Master ofScience, and 174 have attained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Thegraduates of the department, many of whom occupy positions of commanding importance, have retained a lively interest in the welfare of thedepartment, as is evidenced by the fact that they meet annually in connection with the holiday meetings of the national scientific societies. An-AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 119other sign of continued interest is the establishment of a John M. CoulterFellowship to be awarded annually to some worthy applicant.THE FUTUREIt is interesting to observe that the Botany Department has outgrown its present quarters. It is as badly cramped for space in 1928 in afour-story building as it was in 1896 when it occupied a third of an atticfloor. The work in plant physiology is now carried on in the old Physiology Building. The need of more ample quarters is urgent. The old anddecrepit greenhouses are overshadowed by the new medical buildings anda change of location must be made at once. It is hoped that a larger andup-to-date suite of greenhouses will soon be constructed on another site.A large additional laboratory is urgently needed to accommodate the rapidly growing number of research students and to provide adequate accommodations for the staff and for instruction. It is hoped that thesedreams will be realized at an early date.The members of the departments who serve the public and their colleagues in the University by contributing to the University Record theinforming reports, which since January, 1927, have been a useful featureof this journal, sometimes feel that they are not giving adequate recognition to the work accomplished, they are so fearful lest praising may seemto be bragging.A member of the staff of the Botany Department who has read thearticle of Professor Cowles which appears above, thinks the latter isaltogether too reticent. For instance, this member of the staff believesthere should be more appreciation of the work of Professor Coulter andthat of Professor Cowles as well. Praise cannot be too generous forthe achievements of the department and especially of these two botanists of acknowledged accomplishment. Indeed, in the now historic report of President R. M. Hughes, of Miami University, the Botany Department of the University was placed first among the botany departments of the country as most desirable for graduate work. Much of thepast research of the department may be said to have revolutionized botanical ideas and teaching of the country. And even more might be writtenof what has already been accomplished, of what is being done at the present time, and what is sure to be achieved in the years to come when anew building is erected and placed at the service of the department.—Editor.120 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDUNIVERSITY COLLEGEBy Carl F. HuthUNIVERSITY College grew out of informal study classes provided for from the beginning of the University in the spirit ofPresident Harper's announcement: "To provide instruction forthose who for social or economic reasons cannot attend in its classroomsis a legitimate and necessary part of the work of every university This work, while it must be in a good sense popular, must also be systematic in form and scientific in spirit; and to be such it must be doneunder the direction of a university by men who have had scientific training."The need for continuity and regularity in these studies soon prompted a more formal organization of this branch of the University's activity.With the generous aid of Mrs. Emmons Blaine this was made possible in1898. The growth of the school thus founded was encouraging and as"University College" it has since been active in various quarters in theLoop district since 1900. A temporary location of its work in 1906-8 onthe campus proved conclusively the necessity of maintaining the Collegein the heart of the city.ITS CONSTITUENCYUniversity College is primarily engaged in adult education. It endeavors to meet the needs of persons who for various reasons have nothad the opportunity of acquiring a college education or who were notable to complete such training. It also provides for those who wish otherwise to supplement an earlier education either along new lines or by keeping in touch with more recent developments in their field of special interest.The College addresses itself both to professional and non-professional interests always keeping in mind that the work shall be done on aserious academic level and by instructors who are especially fitted for thetask. The teachers are themselves specialists in the several departmentsof instruction and are almost wholly selected from the regular staff of theUniversity. In some instances properly equipped instructors are selectedby a department from the teaching body of neighboring institutions orthe technical and administrative staff of the industries of the city.In the main University College has so far offered selected coursesfrom its campus curriculum in Arts, Letters, and Science, in Education,in Divinity, in Commerce and Social Service Administration. In recentyears, however, increasing demands from the public in Chicago and itsneighboring communities have led to new developments causing a signif-AMONG THE DEPARTMENTS 121icant expansion in its program. Requests for special courses or groups ofcourses systematically arranged have come from various organizationssuch as the meat-packing industry, the Chicago Section of the AmericanChemical Society, the printing and lithographic industry in co-operationwith the National Typothetae Association, the Chicago Council of Religious Education, the Jewish People's Institute, and others. All these organizations desire co-operative courses for their membership; courseswhich in the nature of things must largely be given as separately organized classes with special attention to the needs and problems of theclass membership.CO-OPERATION OF MANY INTERESTSCo-operative work is now being done with and for all of the organizations and interests mentioned. Its progress is highly satisfactory, somuch so that in a number of cases the program is now ready for system-atization and expansion. Negotiations for further work of this sort arenow going forward.It would seem that this more recent function of University Collegeopens up large and vital opportunities for service by the University tothe community. Nowhere in the country is there so remarkably varied achance as in Chicago to build up that fruitful interlocking of the practical concerns of life, the interests of the merchant, the industrial, theprofessional man and the executive with the specialist and research manin the several arts and sciences. The University of Chicago feels strongly that this opportunity for service and vital co-operation in the interestof all concerned must not be permitted to pass. It is now doing all it canto meet the challenge of the situation.Difficulties, however, confront University College if it desires adequately to undertake this task. An average of 3,500 different studentshave recently attended its classes annually. It has thus reached a pointwhere the existing facilities of the University upon which it must drawcannot further be tapped without hampering the University's majorfunctions on the campus. Additional instruction by thoroughly competent specialists must be provided, especially in view of the character ofits new co-operative courses. Physical equipment in the form of additional classrooms, laboratory facilities, larger lecture-rooms, conferencerooms, and an auditorium for public lectures are an urgent need if thework is* to be done in the manner and on the level which the Universityrepresents and which alone will ultimately make the splendid opportunitynet really significant results. The total number of registrations in theacademic year, 1926-27, was 7,902.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1OUR CONVOCATION orator, Mr. Merriam, has long been aleader of thought in his chosen field and has shown, in additionto the courage of ideas, the courage of performance. We are indebted to him for his clear and vigorous description of metropolitan regions and of the implications for our urban and national life of the present tendencies. The discussion was illuminating and challenging.LOSSES BY DEATHSince the last conferring of degrees, our group of friends and facultymembers has had serious losses. One of the earliest supporters of the University was Mr. Andrew MacLeish, for thirty-four years a Trustee andalways a valued counselor in its affairs. His family has shared this greatinterest in the progress of the University of Chicago, and many here today have felt the strong influence of his personality. Mr. Edward L. Ryerson, another close friend and benefactor, had a special part in the organization of our Graduate School of Social Service Administration. He,too, has left us his enduring influence in the lives of his own son andothers. Two women, Mrs. George Herbert Jones and Mrs. KatherineHancock Goode, likewise made lasting impressions upon the Universitycommunity through their work of the past few years. Mrs. Jones wasdeeply interested in the growing program of work in the fine arts. Mrs.Goode recently expressed her ideals of state and national life in a convocation address delivered from this platform.Within the ranks of the Faculties the losses are these: Solomon Henry Clark, Professor Emeritus of Public Speaking; Karl K. Koessler, Professor of Pathology in the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute, Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine in Rush Medical College; Henry H.Everett, Clinical Instructor of Laryngology and Otology; James ParkerHall, Professor of Law and Dean of the Law School. The significance ofthese names in the University community is fully understood, as has beenshown during these recent days in the general sorrow over the death ofDean Hall. The audience is asked to rise for a moment in silent tributeto the memories of our departed friends and colleagues.1Read at the One Hundred Fiftieth Convocation of the University, held inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 20, 1928.122THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENTTHE NEED OF RESIDENCE HALLSAdequate residence accommodations for our students at all levels arenecessary for their protection as well as for the natural development oftheir social and intellectual interests. The University community is inreal need of a unity outside its classrooms and laboratories, so that booksand people may not be too difficult of access for the learning and livingprocesses. Residence halls for graduate and undergraduate students ofboth sexes stand next in importance to the requirement of more generalendowment for the adequate internal development of our affairs.GIFTSA gift to general endowment without special allocation to stated purposes has come from Mr. J. J. Dau, who has given $50,000. The samesum has been received from the estate of Mr. E. L. Ryerson, to be usedfor scholars and fellows working in the field of archaeology. Mr. EdwardF. Swift has made a gift of $25,000 without limiting in any way the purposes of its use. The following donors have specified particular objectivesfor their gifts: toward research in the humanities, Augustus F. Peabodyand Charles F. Ballen, $5,000 each; for the Frank Billings Clinic, C. K.G. Billings, $50,000, O. C. Wells, $5,000, Matthew J. Carney, $5,000,William H. Rehm, $5,000, Thomas Fisher, $1,000, Edward G. Cowdery,$1,000, Robert E. Peacock, $250; for a survey of the legal tests for insanity, from the Commonwealth Fund, $5,000; for the library of the University Clinics, from Dr. Frank Billings, $1,000. Mr. William A. Wieboldt has added to the general library for the Department of Germanicsa fine representation of texts and criticism of Goethe secured in Leipsicby the purchase of a private collection. Mr. Max Epstein has made possible the out-patient service of the new Lying-in Hospital by donating$100,000 in support of that work alone. This service is similar to thatalready rendered to the University Clinics by the same donor.The program for medical research has been strengthened likewisethrough a large gift in support of studies into the causes, nature, prevention, and cure of the degenerative diseases common to middle age. Thegenerosity of Mr. Albert D. Lasker and of his wife, Mrs. Flora W. Lasker,has put at the service of the University Clinics a million dollars of endowment for these purposes. The benefits in time to come are incalculable,but we of the University deeply appreciate the confidence of the donorsin giving us this new responsibility.124 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPROGRESSAt last the University finds itself in a position to start a gymnasiumfor the use of our elementary- and high-school students. The plans are inprocess, and we anticipate that the completed structure will be ready foruse before cold weather returns. The Bernard A. Eckhart Laboratory formathematics, physics, and astronomy is another project now taking finalform. The gift of Mr. Eckhart, added to sums previously in hand, provides an adequate amount for maintenance of these departments in a fullprogram of teaching and research. One important factor in this expansionhas been the gift of $250,000 by Mr. Julius Rosenwald. His interest in allphases of the University and his readiness to help are demonstrated anewby this support. The Burton memorial window, the gift of Mrs. Burton,has recently been installed in Harper Library. It adds beauty and dignityto a room thronged by the students of the University, and recalls to themdaily the life and devotion of Dr. Burton.The advances within the schools and colleges have been constant,perhaps most noticeable in the fields of medicine and the sciences. Yetthe progress within departments controlling our procedure in the humanities and social sciences, and in other schools of the University, has beenthoroughly satisfying. Considerable reorganization has been accomplishedwithin the undergraduate colleges by adjustments in the admission requirements, by securing a closer relationship between the student and hisdepartment, and by general studies of the curriculum. Such examinationsof the educational process are continuous in all universities and colleges,but during recent months we have intensified our study of the undergraduate colleges. Not only on the Quadrangles but in the preparatory schoolsleading to the University of Chicago we believe that much can be done toconvince younger students that we are offering them not compulsion butthe opportunity for education. There is more in this than mere point ofview. The adjustments in our courses of study will be great, and our entire procedure for determining personal achievement may be changed.Various faculty committees have completed their studies or are now actively at work. We expect that improved methods within the undergraduate colleges will increase greatly the effectiveness of all graduate teaching and research, and that the bachelor's degree of the University will itself take on a new value.A fitting act of the Board of Trustees during these three months isthe decision that some adequate recognition shall be shown to the widowsof Faculty members who did not live to the age of retirement under theTHE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENTold retiring allowance system. Their action, the terms of which will bepublished in detail, is retroactive. (See page 112.)A general plan for improving the quality of undergraduate instruction is in active process. The accepted changes in our methods of admission are to be followed at once by studies of the curriculum with a view toclearer statements of our purposes in the Colleges. Somewhat similaranalyses are being started in the graduate schools, always with the view ofincreasing opportunities for the student without lessening the inspirationderived from personal contacts with the members of the Faculty. (Seepage 111.)TO THE GRADUATING CLASSYou who have just graduated are not leaving the University. Youare merely changing your status within it, and from now on will be alumni of the institution. We hope that you will maintain an interest in itsaccomplishments and development.You have graduated, but that does not mean that you have completed your education. It means hardly more than that you have justbegun it. It is the function of college to inculcate the taste for learningand to teach the technique by virtue of which self -education will continue.I hope, above all, that you have gained a habit of mind which forces youcontinually to seek new truth, and that you have attained the modesty ofthe true scientist in that you realize the great difficulty of finding thetruth, the necessity for stern self -discipline and removal of prejudices inyour search.You are favored far beyond the many through the advantages of acollege education, and these advantages imply a corresponding responsibility to aid, wherever you may be, in the rationalization of life. As yougo out into participation in the daily life of the world you carry the warmwishes of the University for success and happiness.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy JOHN F. MOULDS, Secretary of the BoardRECENT AFFILIATIONSDURING the past quarter the University has entered into twoI agreements of affiliation; one with the Home for DestituteCrippled Children and the other with the Chicago TuberculosisInstitute. Under the terms of the contract with the Home for DestituteCrippled Children the University is to carry on its educational and scientific work in connection with the patients of the Home, which is to belocated in a building to be erected in part out of the gift of Mrs. Gertrude Dunn Hicks of $300,000 and in part out of a gift to be made to theHome by Mrs. Elizabeth S. McElwee in the same amount. The affiliationagreement between the University and the Chicago Tuberculosis Instituteprovides that the University shall make the Edward Sanatorium, at Na-perville, Illinois, a center for clinical teaching in the study and treatment of tuberculosis.UNIVERSITY STATUTESIn order to make the Director of the Libraries a member of the General Administrative Board, the Graduate Faculty and the Faculty of theColleges of Arts, Literature, and Science, the University Statutes havebeen amended by inserting in Articles IV, Section 1 b), V, Section 1 c),VI, Section 1 b), and XII, Section 1 c), in General Statute 13, after thewords, "Chairman of the Women's University Council," the words, "theDirector of the University Libraries."SPECIAL COMMITTEEThe following persons have been appointed to membership on theAdvisory Committee on the Administration of the Lasker Foundation forMedical Research for one year beginning January 1, 1928: Dr. F. C.McLean, Dr. D. B. Phemister, Dr. A. J. Carlson, Dr. H. G. Wells, Mr.A. D. Lasker, and Dr. Alfred E. Cohn.APPIONTMENTSIn addition to reappointments, the following appointments have beenmade during the Winter Quarter, 1928 :Professor F. C. Koch, as Chairman of the Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pharmacology, for three years from October 1, 1927.126THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 127Miles H. Krumbine, as Dean of the University Chapel, with rank ofProfessor, effective July 1, 1928.Avery 0. Craven, as Associate Professor of American History in theDepartment of History, effective October 1, 1928.Dr. Charles S. Capp, as Assistant Professor of Roentgenology in theDepartment of Medicine, for three years on a four-quarter basis, effective July 1, 1928.George Wobbermin, of Gottingen University, as Professorial Lecturer in the Divinity School during the Autumn Quarter, 1928.Helen Gardner, as Lecturer in the Department of Latin, for theSpring Quarter, 1928.Jacob Kepecs, as Lecturer in the School of Social Service Administration, for the Winter Quarter, 1928.Amelia Sears, as Lecturer in the School of Social Service Administration, for the Winter Quarter, 1928.Dr. E. L. Benjamin, as Instructor in the Department of Pathologyunder the Otho S. A. Sprague Institute, for one year from January 1,1928.Dr. Edward L. Compere, as Instructor in the Department of Surgery, under the Douglas Smith Foundation, for one year from July 1,1928,, on a four-quarter basis.Dr. Harry Lee Huber, as Clinical Instructor in the Department ofMedicine, for the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1928.Dr. Eloise Parsons, as Instructor in the Department of Medicine ofthe Ogden Graduate School of Science, from February 1, to June 30,1928, and Instructor in the Department of Surgery, under the DouglasSmith Foundation, for one year from February 1, 1928, on a four-quarter basis.Mrs. Edith W. Ware, as Instructor in Oriental Languages for theSpring Quarter, 1928.Lewis E. Winfrey, as Research Associate in the Department of Romance, for four months to June 1, 1928.Dr. Evans W. Pernokis, as Clinical Associate in the Department ofMedicine, in Rush Medical College, for the Winter and Spring Quarters, 1928.William M. Hugill, to give instruction in the Department of Greek,for the Spring and Autumn Quarters, 1928.Edward A. Henry, as Acting Director of the University Libraries forfive months from February 1, 1928.128 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDr. P. D. Ward, as Assistant Director of the Albert Merritt BillingsHospital, for one year effective March i, 1928.Dr. Lucia E. Tower, as part-time Physician in the Laboratory Schoolsof the School of Education, for the Winter Quarter, 1928.Dr. Dewey Katz, as Traveling Fellow to carry on research work inOphthalmology in Europe.PROMOTIONSThe following promotions were made by the Board of Trustees during the Winter Quarter, 1928:Dr. Paul C. Hodges, to a professorship of Roentgenology, in the Department of Medicine, from July 1, 1928.Douglas Waples, Assistant Professor in the School of Education, toa professorship of Educational Method in the Graduate Library School,from October 1, 1928.Dr. Robert G. Bloch, to an assistant clinical professorship of Medicine, in the Department of Medicine, for three months from April 1, 1928.Dr. Siegfried Maurer, to an assistant professorship in the Department of Pathology, under the Otho S. A. Sprague Institute, for one yearfrom January i, 1928.LEAVES OF ABSENCEThe following leaves of absence were granted by the Board of Trustees during the Winter Quarter, 1928:Dr. Harry J. Isaacs, Assistant Clinical Professor in the Departmentof Medicine at Rush Medical College, from March 20, to October 1,1928, for the purpose of study abroad.Dr. E. M. Miller, Assistant Clinical Professor in the Department ofSurgery at Rush Medical College, for the Winter and Spring Quarters,1928, for the purpose of study abroad.Elsa Chapin, Instructor in the Department of English, for the SpringQuarter, 1928.Dr. Marie Ortmayer, Clinical Instructor in the Department of Medicine at Rush Medical College, for one year from January 1, 1928.RESIGNATIONThe resignation of Walter E. Clark as professor of Sanskrit in theDepartment of Comparative Philology, has been accepted, effective October 1, 1928.ADJUSTMENTSProfessor A. Baird Hastings has been transferred from the Department of Physiological Chemistry to be Professor of Biochemistry in theDepartment of Medicine, effective April 1, 1928.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 129J. C. M. Hanson has been transferred from the position of ActingDirector of the University Libraries to that of Professor in the GraduateLibrary School, effective February 1, 1928.DEATHSMr. Andrew MacLeish, a Trustee of the University from 1890 until1924, died on January 14, 1928.James P. Hall, Professor of Law and Dean of the Law School, diedon March 13, 1928.Dr. Karl K. Koessler, Professor of Pathology under the Otho S. A.Sprague Memorial Institute, and Associate Clinical Professor in the Department of Medicine of Rush Medical College, died February 13, 1928.Dr. Henry H. Everett, Clinical Instructor in the Department ofLaryngology and Otology of Rush Medical College, died February 17,1928.GIFTSMr. Julius Rosenwald has made two munificent contributions to theUniversity. He has given the sum of $250,000 for the use of the Departments of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy; and he has alsogiven the sum of $250,000 to be subscribed by the University to thebuilding fund of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary for thepurpose of assisting the hospital to carry out the obligations assumed byit under the terms of a contract in which the Hospital has agreed to builda new hospital building or buildings on the campus of the University.Mr. Max Epstein, as an evidence of his desire to extend the -usefulness of the Max Epstein Clinic of the University in the care of patientsand in the teaching of medicine, has given the sum of $100,000 to besubscribed by the University to the building fund of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital and Dispensary for the purpose of establishing within thebuilding or buildings of this hospital on the University campus, an outpatient department of the hospital which will be operated as a part of theMax Epstein Clinic. Mr. Epstein is especially desirous that his gift shallfoster the prevention of infant mortality associated with pregnancy,child-birth, and the early life of the infant.Mr. Bernard A. Eckhart has given to the University a sum to be applied toward the cost of erecting and equipping a building for the use ofthe Departments of Physics, Mathematics, and Astronomy, the buildingso erected to be known as the "Bernard A. Eckhart Laboratory."A collection of Egyptian antiquities has been given to the University by Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, who has also given the sum of $821 to130 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDcover the cost of two English manuscripts purchased for the Universityby Professor J. M. Manly.Mr. Frederick H. Rawson has contributed the sum of $325 to coverthe cost of an illuminated weather map for Rosenwald Hall.Astronomical equipment constructed by Mr. Henry H. Porter hasbeen given by him to the University for the use of Yerkes Observatory.The equipment consists of the Porter Astrogon and a celestial globe.Mr. Alfred C. Meyer has given the University two autographed letters; one of Oliver Wendell Holmes, and one of Louis Pasteur.Miss Naomi Donnelley has given the sum of $50 to provide magazines for patients in the University Clinics.A student loan fund in memory of Dr. Thomas W. Goodspeed hasbeen founded by a gift of $5,000 from Mr. Julius Rosenwald.An anonymous donor has given $2,500 to provide a research assist-antship in crystal structure in the Department of Physics for a period oftwo years beginning October 1, 1928, and Miss Caroline Virginia Robertshas been appointed to the assistantship for the period covered by the gift.The Quaker Oats Company has furnished the sum of $500 to coverthe expenses of certain feeding experiments to be carried on at the Chicago Orphan Asylum under the supervision of Miss Lydia J. Roberts andMiss Katherine Blunt of the Department of Home Economics.The University has been named beneficiary under the wills of thefollowing persons: Edward L. Ryerson, whose death occurred January19, 1928, bequeathed the sum of $50,000 to be used for the establishmentand maintenance of scholarships or fellowships in the Department of Archaeology of the University; Andrew MacLeish, whose death occurredJanuary 14, 1928, bequeathed the sum of $10,000 from the residuaryestate following the death of his widow, to be used for the aid of needydivinity students preparing for the Baptist ministry; and Annie Myers Sergei, whose death occurred December 23, 1927, bequeathed anamount sufficient to provide an endowment fund to furnish a yearly prizeof $500 to be known as the "Charles H. Sergei Drama Prize," for thebest play submitted each year in a contest, and an endowment furnishing$300 to pay the judges and other expenses of the contest.The scholarship which the Chicago Colony of New England Womenhas provided from year to year for a Home Economics student of NewEngland ancestry, by action of the Colony has been changed so thathenceforth it will be in the form of a loan fund.. Other gifts are announced in President Mason's convocation statement.BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTERIt is announced that the newerportion of the buildings of the ChicagoTheological Seminary, including theVictor Lawson memorial tower and thetwo assembly halls included in the newpart will be formally dedicated in June.The cost of the entire group which facessouth on Fifty-eighth Street betweenUniversity and Woodlawn Avenues isgiven as approximately $1,000,000. President Ozora S. Davis, of the seminary,in a statement in the Daily Maroon thusdescribes the building:The Graham Taylor Hall at theUniversity Avenue corner of the groupwas erected in memory of Graham Taylor, one of the first professors to applyreligion to everyday life. He was thefounder of Chicago Commons, and whateventually became the Graduate Schoolof Social Service Administration of theUniversity. At the west entrance toGraham Taylor Hall space has been afforded for a large vestibule. It has ahigh, starred, arched ceiling, the onlyone of its kind in Chicago. This vestibule encloses a winding stairway to theassembly room of Graham Taylor Hall,and the reading room of Henry HookerHall. The windows of the assemblyroom are indicative of the stages ofprogress of the Christian religion. Inthe reading-room, the windows will contain the seals of the great universities ofAmerica. In the walls of the cloisterleading through the buildings are a number of stones from different parts of theworld. There is a cornerstone from anearly Protestant church of Europe anda stone from Wartburg Castle, the castle in which Martin Luther took refuge.The stone was sent to the seminary byKranach, the present keeper of the castleand a direct lineal descendant of LucasKranach, the painter who worked withLuther. Some of the other stones in thewalls include one from the wall of Jerusalem and one from the great wall ofChina.Waylande Gregory, of the MidwayStudios, Chicago, has modeled a mostinteresting series of korbels for thecloister. They represent various interpretations in stone of articles of historiccreeds of the Christian church. The death of Dr. Cornelius Woelf-kin, of the Park Avenue Baptist Church,New York City, on January 6, 1928, removes one of that group of Universitypreachers whose sermons for many successive years have been of real benefit tothe University community. He endearedhimself to teachers and students alike bypulpit message and chapel talks whilehis beautiful spirit and charming personality were ever in evidence.Andrew MacLeish, one of the original Trustees of the University, diedJanuary 14, 1928. He lived to be nearlyninety years of age. He was electedvice-president of the Board of Trusteesin 1895 and served in that office untilhis resignation in 1922, twenty-sevenyears, remaining as a member of theboard, however, until 1924. A merchantwith a reputation for fair dealing andgood Scotch common sense, a citizenof outstanding moral courage, a manof recognized religious principles and ofpracticed liberality, he became one ofthe most useful and honored membersof the Board at the period when University foundations were being laid andprecedents were being established. Mr.MacLeish was a liberal donor to University funds, his most significant giftbeing $100,000 which he then hopedmight be the beginning of a fund forthe erection of the seriously needed administration building.Dr. Henry Houghton Everett, Clinical Instructor of Laryngology andOtology, who was a member of theFaculty of Rush Medical College from191 2 until its union with the Universityin 1924, died February 17, 1928. Hewas in his sixty- third year.Dr. Karl K. Koessler, Professor ofPathology at the Otho S. A. SpragueMemorial Institute and Associate Clinical Professor of Medicine at Rush Medical College, died February 13, 1928, ofBright's disease. Dr. Koessler, who wasborn in Vienna, November 6, 1880, hadbeen a member of the medical staff ofthe University for ten years.131132 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPresident Mason in an article inthe National Defense Magazine reaffirmsthe position of the University taken in1924 with reference to the training ofreserve army officers. The statement waswritten by President Ernest D. Burton.President Mason writes: "The University believes that the work conducted inits field artillery unit is valuable for national defense and is wholesome, educational in character, and likely to interestmany students for its own sake The researches in progress at our greatuniversities designed to increase man'sunderstanding of the nature of the physical and human world in which he lives,are bound to be powerful factors inbringing about that control over his environment which will make a generaland permanent peace a possibility. Tosuch studies and to the dissemination oftheir results we must look for the permanent peace. The idealism of Americais pronounced and definite. We havesuch confidence in our non-aggressiveattitude that we do not fear the wrongful use of the military force which isput at the service of the country throughthe training of reserve officers. As aconcrete illustration of my personal attitude, I have said in another connectionthat we would like to see at one end ofthe Midway an armory to promote national defense, and at the other a building for the promotion of internationalgood will."Review of the year's activities at theUniversity indicates continued progress.The sum of $7,244,691 was added to itsassets during the fiscal year. The librarywas brought up to 1,107,512" volumesand pamphlets by the addition of 53,596titles and new shelf space in the librarybuildings brought the total space up tothe equivalent of thirty-four miles. TheCentral Free Dispensary of Rush Medical College gave treatment to 110,000patients, including 25,000 new applicants.The University recently receivedthe first font of Egyptian hieroglyphictype in the United States. Only oneother font is in existence, at OxfordUniversity, where the matrices for theChicago type were cut last summer.Constant demand for the hieroglyphicsin printing the records of the expeditionsin Egypt and for the publication ofMiddle Kingdom Egyptian grammatical material convinced Professor JamesHenry Breasted that a complete font ofthe type would be more efficient thanthe old method of making zinc etchingsfor every printing. Professor Alan Gardiner drew the characters, modelingthem from specimens in the voluminousrecords of the University's epigraphicexpedition. These standard charactersnumber 724 symbols, each representingan idea rather than a letter. They showhumans, animals, utensils, and parts ofbuildings, but the combinations permitexpression of the most sophisticatedideas.Professor John Matthews Manly,head of the department of English ofthe University of Chicago, and Associate Professor Edith Rickert, who hasbeen his assistant in his Chaucerian researches, have left for six months' studyin England. Professor Manly has thegreatest collection of Chaucerian manuscripts in the world, and his present tripis to devise a system of dating the various manuscripts.J. C. M. Hanson, acting director oflibraries of the University of Chicago,and William W. Bishop, librarian of theUniversity of Michigan, are heading agroup of American librarians who are tocatalogue a section of the Vatican Library. The work will be done under agrant accepted by the Vatican from theCarnegie Foundation for InternationalPeace. Much of the material in thegreat library is at present unavailable toscholars because of incomplete cataloging.Suicide rates in the United Statesand most of the European countries aretrending upward, according to Ruth S.Shonle Cavan, Ph.D., of the University, whose book Suicide has been published by the University Press as thelatest of a series of sociological studies.Mrs. Cavan challenges older theories asto causes of suicide, concluding thatpersonal disorganization because of thefailure of the individual to adjust himself to society is the real cause of suicide.The tragic death in the ChicagoLoop of Associate Professor EmeritusS. H. Clark, of the University's publicspeaking department, removed an educator who for many years had a wideinfluence upon methods of teachingBRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER *33reading and literature. Not only in hiscourses and public readings at the University was Professor Clark an outstanding figure in his chosen field, but asprincipal of the Chautauqua (N.Y.)School of Expression for thirty yearsand a successful interpreter of literatureon the public platform he helped to develop an appreciation of good literaturethroughout the country.New laboratories for the University's Department of Physics will beprovided by the Bernard A. EckhartLaboratory, work on which is to beginsoon. A generous gift from Mr. Eckhart, added to funds already available,has made possible a building adequate tothe pressing needs of the three departments. Plans for the new building,which is to be erected east of RyersonPhysical Laboratory and south of LeonMandel Assembly Hall, are being draftedby Charles Z. Klauder, a well-knownarchitect of Philadelphia. The buildingwill be of Gothic design in harmonywith the University's general style ofarchitecture.The University's Institute for Instructors in Library Science, which wasbegun two years ago, will be continuedduring the second term of the SummerQuarter of 1928 under the direction ofGeorge A. Works, Dean of the Graduate Library School. He will be assistedin giving courses by Professor W. W.Charters and Professor Frank N. Freeman, of the Department of Education,and by Miss Harriet E. Howe, Associate Professor of Library Science. Thiswill be the first time that the recentlyorganized Graduate Library School ofthe University has had an opportunityto participate, in an official way, in thework of the Summer Quarter. In addition to a series of three courses relatingto the problems of library science teachers, Professor Works has made arange-ments for courses in the use of the elementary school library and in the useof libraries in junior and senior highschools. The work presented in thesecourses will be supplemented by practical work in the two libraries of theLaboratory Schools.Members of the advisory committee on the administration of the LaskerFoundation for Medical Research, details of which are given elsewhere in this issue of the Record, have decidedthat the first effort of the foundationwill be a study of Bright's disease, hearttrouble, and arterial sclerosis. The advisory committee is composed of Dr. F.C. McLean, Chairman of the Department of Medicine; Dr. D. B. Phemister,Chairman of the Department of Surgery; Dr. A. J. Carlson, Chairman ofthe Department of Physiology; Dr. H.G. Wells, Chairman of the Departmentof Pathology; Mr. Alfred E. Cohn, ofthe Rockefeller Institute, and Mr. A. D.Lasker. Dr. McLean and Dr. LouisLeiter have had the study of Bright'sdisease as their primary interest for several years. The advisory committee decided to continue this investigation andit is expected that an augmented staff,made possible by the income from theFoundation, will soon be working underDr. McLean's direction. The investigation under the auspices of the LaskerFoundation will be widened to includecar dio -vascular disease and, eventually,a study of cancer. In announcing thegift of Mr. and Mrs. Lasker, PresidentMax Mason said that the concentrationof research energy made possible by thefoundation enabled "a unit attack on thediseases of men and women of middleage, when their intelligence is at thehighest and their value to the community is greatest."Reaction of bacteria to an electriccharge has been used by Professor I. S.Falk of the Department of Bacteriologyat the University in inventing a newmethod of detecting cases of diphtheriaand is now being tested by public-healthbureaus of several cities, including St.Louis, Los Angeles, and Birmingham asa substitute for the clumsy and expensive guinea-pig method. The electricalmethod is based on the fact that thepower of a bacterium to excrete poisonsdepends on the porosity of its outerwall, which in turn affects the electricalcharge of the cell. A culture from thediphtheria suspect is suspended in a neutral solution and a light electrical chargeis passed through. The time required bythe bacteria, as viewed through a microscope, to move a prescribed distance toward the positive or negative poles enables the bacteriologist to determine itsvirulence. The most dangerous organisms move most slowly, according toDr. Falk. In several hundred tests made134 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin collaboration with the Chicago HealthDepartment, Dr. Falk found that theresults of the electrical test were 94 percent in agreement with the guinea-pigtests and in the other 6 per cent theelectrical method placed the cases in thevirulent class. The new method, if assuccessful in routine work of health departments as it has been in the laboratory, will provide a much speedier method of detecting cases of diphtheria thanguinea-pig inoculation, which requiressix or eight days. Cost of this lattermethod, and its complexity, has led tothe practice of testing only a small percentage of cases. The electrical apparatus can test an unlimited number ofcases.The University will have more thanthree hundred members in its SummerQuarter Faculty. Of this number overtwo hundred will be from the regularFaculty, with 160 of professorial rank.Ninety will come from the faculties ofother institutions to give courses duringthe summer, and 75 of these are of professorial rank.Over seven hundred courses for thecoming Summer Quarter, which beginsJune 18 and closes August 31, have justbeen announced by the University.Mr. Max Epstein's recent gift tothe University of $100,000 is to be usedto establish in the Lying-in Hospitalbuilding, to be erected on the medicalquadrangles, an out-patient departmentwhich shall be operated as part of theMax Epstein Clinic. In his letter ofgift Mr. Epstein said that he was especially desirous that the fund should foster the prevention of infant mortalityassociated with pregnancy, child-birth,and the early life of the infant.Egyptian civilization has been carried back to the time of prehistoric manby the prehistoric survey of the OrientalInstitute of the University, the first report of which has just been published.Dr. K. S. Sandford and W. J. Arkell, ofOxford University, who were the members of the institute's expedition, havefound geologically dated evidence of theearly civilization in a trip of a thousandmiles along the valley of the Nile. Inthe introduction to the report of the expedition, Professor James Henry Breasted, Director of the Oriental Institute, says: "The enormous age of man inthe Nile Valley is now obvious; for thegigantic task of cutting down to itspresent level has been accomplished bythe river since the early Nile dwellershunted and fished along vanished shoresnow marked only here and there by aterrace one hundred feet above the present Nile." While the Nile was cuttingits channel it made terraces at 150-foot,100-foot, 50-foot, 25-foot, and 10-footlevels, the higher levels being the olderof the series. The two scientists havefound embedded in these terraces thetools and weapons of men dating backat least 50,000 to 100,000 years. Theseperiods have been identified with a parallel succession of stages of civilizationin Europe.Professor J. Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography at the University, who voluntarily retired and becameprofessor emeritus at the close of thepresent academic year, is recognized asone of the foremost geographers of thecountry and as its leading map maker.He was the first man called to the Department of Geography, and has beenconnected with the University since1 90 1. He is the author of a series ofphysical wall maps, the first accuraterelief maps made in the United States,and has published a school atlas and aseries of political and base maps of theworld which are recognized as standard,many being in use by the government.In 1907 he was appointed expert for theChicago Harbor Commission to studythe harbors of Europe.Belief that cancer is a disease ofcivilization, seldom afflicting primitiveman, is challenged by Professor HarryGideon Wells, Chairman of the Department of Pathology at the Universityand Director of the Otho S. A. SpragueMemorial Institute, in an article published by a German scientific periodical."Cancer is a universal disease, apparently sparing none of the vertebrates, andsimilar diseases have been described inother forms of life," Dr. Wells says."Every known kind of malignant neoplasm has been described in members ofthe black, the brown, and the yellowraces. Furthermore, the primitive peopleare susceptible to particular kinds ofcancer when proper conditions exist forstimulating its development. The supposed increase in cancer among the prim-BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER 135itive peoples when they are in contactwith modern civilization, as in the American Negro, may well be only a matterof civilization revealing the cancers, notcausing them." Explaining the statisticsoften cited to prove that there is eighttimes as much cancer among civilizedpeople as among primitive races. Dr.Wells points out that few uncivilizedpeople live to the cancer-susceptible age."Improvement in modern diagnosis andrecording of statistics have detected thatmany deaths formerly ascribed to 'oldage' or 'causes unknown' are really dueto cancer. Cancer was supposed to beuncommon among the Japanese untilmodern methods of detecting it showedthat it is about as common there as it isin Europe. Cancer is a disease of civilization to just the degree that old age isa disease of civilization."Experiments by Dr. Ralph W. Gerard, Assistant Professor of Physiologyat the University, have demonstrated forthe first time that nerve impulses result from an oxidation process accompanied by the production of heat. Thenext effort in the experiments will be toprove that thinking is also a chemicalprocess. Dr. Anton J. Carlson, Chairman of the Department of Physiology,describing Dr. Gerard's work as "anachievement in the field of nerve physiology comparable to those of ProfessorAlbert A. Michelson in physics," saidin commenting on the experiment:"Thought processes, in the light of Dr.Gerard's experiments, are no more mysterious, or, if you please, just as mysterious, as the contraction of a muscle.The nerve process and the thinkingprocess are in the same category, thatof a chemical reaction." The Universityhas granted funds to Dr. Gerard to construct the apparatus to be used in thestudy of thought processes, and the experiment will begin as soon as the apparatus instruments are completed. Until Dr. Gerard's successful work, no onehad ever been able to prove that nervous impulses resulted from an oxidationprocess, because it had been impossibleto measure the heat given off. Dr. Gerard constructed extremely sensitive apparatus consisting of a thermopile toconvert the heat into electric current,and two galvanometers connected onlyby a beam of light, and was able tomeasure one millionth of one millionthof an ampere. Measurement of the amount of oxygen consumed and theamount of carbon dioxide thrown offcorresponded with the heat produced.The energy used in a nerve to produce asingle twitch of a muscle of the sameweight is 5,000 times less than the energydeveloped in the muscle. It was shownthat the nerve acts as a fuse, each section setting off the next until the last"explodes" the muscle.Numerous Faculty members fromforeign countries will give SummerQuarter courses at the University, amongthe visiting instructors being P. W.Bryan, lecturer on geography, University College, Leicester, England; JohnRobert Charles Evans, geology, BrandonCollege, Manitoba, Canada; Paul Hazard, French literature, College deFrance; Ludwig Kohler, Old Testament,University of Zurich, Switzerland; Har-ley Farnsworth MacNair, history andgovernment, St. John's University, Shanghai, China; Robert Balmain Mowat,Corpus Christi College, University ofOxford; William Ramsey, Greek, University of Saskatchewan; and JamesEustace Shaw, Italian and Spanish, University of Toronto, Canada.Study of glaciers in Canada, Alaska,and Switzerland, made by Professor R.T. Chamberlin, of the University, hasresulted in proving the validity of atheory of glacier motion first advancedmore than thirty years ago by his father,T. C. Chamberlin, famous geologist whoformulated the planetesimal hypothesisof the origin of the earth. It has beenshown that glaciers move as a solid, andnot, as contended by some geologists, asa liquid of high viscosity, such as tar.He invented a clock-driven device thatmade the glaciers write their autobiographies as they moved down their valleys. Balked in his first efforts byimperfections of the apparatus, poorweather conditions, and unfavorableconditions on the glaciers, he was successful in Switzerland with an improvedinstrument. Professor Chamberlin's apparatus consisted of a clock-driven diskon which two needles scratched tell-talelines. One of the needles traced thetwenty-four hours of the day, and theother, receiving through a lever thethrust of the advancing glacier, recordedits movement.136 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTwo courses dealing with administrative, pedagogical, and ocular problems encountered in work with childrensuffering permanently defective visionwill be offered during the Summer Quarter at the University. They are thefirst of an advanced series to be givenby the School of Education and themedical schools primarily for graduatestudents with previous training in thisfield. The first course, dealing with administrative and pedagogical problems,will be given under the direction ofMiss Estelle Lawes, director of sight conservation, Cincinnati public schools.Mrs. Winifred Hathaway, associate director of the National Committee forthe Prevention of Blindness, will cooperate with Miss Lawes in organizingand conducting the course. Dr. W. H.Wilder, emeritus professor of ophthalmology, Rush Medical College, and Dr.E. V. L. Brown, professor of ophthalmology, University of Chicago, will direct the second course, which deals withocular problems. Dr. B. Franklin Royer,medical director of the National Committee for the Prevention of Blindness,will present the subject from the standpoint of the general practitioner andthe public health official.Limitation of the Freshman classto 750 and revision of the admission requirements have been voted by the University of Chicago, the regulations being effective next autumn. The newadmission requirements, although raising the acceptable minimum averagefor the last three years of the applicant'spreparatory school work, will in effectpermit wider discretion in doubtfulcases. The new regulation requires thatthe average grade of an applicant mustexceed the passing mark of his preparatory school by 40 per cent of the difference between that mark and 100. Itwill be possible for applicants with alower average to enter the Universityprovided they receive the recommendation of the committee on admissions andare able to pass a psychological test witha percentile rank of 35. With the newrequirements, administrators believe thatstudents who would later prove unfit forcollege work will be prevented from entering the University. Studies of theUniversity records by Dean George R.Moon have shown that the greatestnumber of "flunkers" in college work arethose who have made poor high-school averages, while four out of five collegestudents with good school grades makesatisfactory records in the University.Two books by members of the faculty of the University have been namedon the list of "Forty Notable AmericanBooks of 1926," compiled by the American Library Association for the Leagueof Nations. Both were published by theUniversity of Chicago Press. The listwas made at the request of the International Institute of Intellectual Co-operation of the League, which providedthat the works chosen "should deal withan important subject, in an original andinteresting manner and be capable ofbeing read by a person of average culture." The University of Chicago booksselected were Brains of Rats and Men,by Charles J. Herrick, professor of neurology, and The Nature of the Worldand of Man, edited by Professor HoratioHackett Newman.Environment influences intelligence,University investigators have determinedafter an extended study of a group of800 children, of whom half were foster-children. Professors Frank N. Freemanand Karl J. Holzinger found that foster-parents are of a standard of intelligenceabove the average and that the improved environment of their homes issufficient to offset a heredity of adoptedchildren that is below average. The influence of the improved environment ismost effective when the children areadopted at an age of five years oryounger. By testing a group of childrenbefore placement and again after several years of residence in their fosterhomes, the investigators found a significant improvement in intelligence, withchildren in the better foster homes gaining considerably more than those in thepoorer grade of homes. Though available information on the parents of thechildren offered for adoption indicatedthat a large number were of defectivementality, the intelligence of the adoptedchildren was equal to the standard forchildren in general. Both parents of onegroup of twenty-six adopted childrenwere rated as feeble-minded, but onlyfour of the children were found to havea low intelligence rating. Likewise,though a large percentage of the children adopted had parents who weremorally defective, but few cases of seri-BRIEF RECORDS OF THE QUARTER mous misbehavior were noted among thechildren.Ginn & Company, Boston and Chicago, publishers, are issuing a revisededition of Professor Carl D. Buck'sGreek Dialects which deals primarilywith dialects from inscriptions.The first number of the Journal ofBusiness, a quarterly devoted to the scientific and professional interests of business, has been published by the University of Chicago Press. It is edited bymembers of the faculty of the School ofCommerce and Administration.University preachers during theWinter Quarter were the following: InJanuary: Clarence A. Barbour, President, Rochester Theological Seminary,Rochester, N.Y.; Albert Parker Fitch,Carleton College, Northfield, Minn.(two Sundays) ; Reverend Harry Emerson Fosdick, Pastor, Park Avenue Baptist Church, New York City, N.Y.; inFebruary: Robert Elliott Speer, Secretary, Board of Foreign Missions of thePresbyterian Church; Moderator of theGeneral Assembly; Reverend Martin D.Hardin, First Presbyterian Church, Buffalo, N.Y.; Reverend Miles H. Krum-bine, Parkside Lutheran Church, Buffalo, N.Y.; Reverend Clinton Wunder,Baptist Temple, Rochester, N.Y.; inMarch : Reverend Robert Bruce Taylor,Principal, Queen's University, Kingston,Ont.; Reverend James Edward Freeman, The Cathedral, Washington, D.C.;Convocation Sunday. Donald JohnCowling, President, Carleton College,Northfield, Minn.A recent summary gives the number of persons in the several facultieswith their respective ranks as follows:Professors Emeritus (Rush Medical College), 5; Professors, 162; Clinical Professors, 25; Acting Professor, 1; Extension Professor, 1; Non-ResidentProfessors, 4 ; Associate Professor Emeritus (Sprague Institute), 1; AssociateProfessors, 64; Associate Clinical Professors, 19; Assistant Professors, 106;Assistant Clinical Professors, 55; Visiting Assistant Professor, 1; Instructors,92; Clinical Instructors, 62; ResearchAssociates, 15; Clinical Associates, 47;Lecturers (appointed for two or morequarters), 20; Professorial Lecturers, 7; a total of 687. Of the 687, 87 are women and 600 men.Besides there are teachers in theElementary School, 25; teachers in theHigh School, 35 ; teachers in the Laboratory Schools, 8. Administrative officersappointed by Board number 31. Thereare in the Oriental Institute appointeeswithout Faculty rank to the number of10. In addition Assistants appointedfrom quarter to quarter are performingvarious types of service.William B. Owen, president of Chicago Normal College, died February 17,1928. Mr. Owen was Dean of secondaryschools and of the University HighSchool from 1897 to 1909.Professor Frank E. Ross, of theDepartment of Astronomy of the staffof the Yerkes Observatory, has receivedfrom the Franklin Institute of Philadelphia the award of the John Price Weth-erill medal "in consideration of hismarked contribution to astronomy inthe design of wide-angle astrographiclenses of exceptional speed and definition." Two of these remarkable lensesdesigned by Professor Ross, each ofthree inches aperture and twenty-oneinches focal length, have now been addedto the equipment of the Yerkes Observatory, being attached to the mounting ofthe Bruce Photographic Telescope. Abeautiful illustration of the sharp defining power over a wide field by theselenses has been published in the Astro-physical Journal for April, 1927 ("TheRegion of the Great Nebula in Orion"),and others will appear in the number forMay, 1928.Funeral services for Dean Hall wereheld on the afternoon of March 16, inJoseph Bond Chapel, conducted by theRev. Dr. Walter Lord, of Buffalo, NewYork. Four students served as activepall-bearers and seven members of theLaw School faculty together with Mr.Harold Ferris White were the honorarypall-bearers.International finance and foreigninvestments will be the subjects of thefifth institute of the Norman Wait Harris Memorial Foundation to be held atthe University June 18-30.Leading authorities from foreigncountries and the United States will present phases of the political and economic138 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDaspects of the question. Among the menalready engaged to speak at the instituteare Professor Gustav Cassel, of the University of Stockholm ; Professor CorradoGini, of the University of Rome ; Professor T. E. Gregory, of the University ofLondon; Dr. Robert R. Kuczynski, ofthe Institute of Economics, Washington,D.C.; and Mr. Henry Kittridge Norton,of New York. Representatives of severalof the departments of the federal government will be present, and a large attendance of bankers, economists, and businessmen is expected. Round tables will beorganized to afford opportunity for detailed discussion of the problems withinthe field of the institute's program. Professor Quincy Wright, executive secretary of the Harris Foundation, is incharge of the program.The first issue of Physiological Zoology, a quarterly journal of zoologicalresearch, has appeared. It is publishedby the University of Chicago Press. Professor Charles Manning Child is its man aging editor and the editorial board consists of eight others of whom three aremembers of the University's Departmentof Zoology. The price is $6.00 a year.The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, which exists "to improve the quality of education and thepractice of the arts and professions inthe United States," has recently granted fellowships for study abroad to fivemembers of the faculties of the University. The five are : Otto Struve, Assistant Professor of Astrophysics, who willgo to Cambridge, England; WilliamWeldon Watson, Assistant Professor ofPhysics, who will make a study of molecular spectra at Munich; Lionel Dan-forth Edie, Professor of Finance, whowill study the discount policy of theBank of England; Louis ReichenthalGottschalk, Associate Professor of History, who will go to France; Leonard D.White, Professor of Political Science,who will study trade unions in GreatBritain.ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1928March 13, 1928 March 8, 1927GainMen Women Total Men Women Total LossI. Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 389505 367in 756616 383466 367104 75o57o 646Total 89462883527 47860960335 i,3721,237i,43862 84966275721 47i57654733 1,3201,2381,30454 5213482. The Colleges —Unclassified Total 1,4902,384i732731 1,2471,725364IO3 2,7374,1092096834 1,4402,28912710596 1,1561,6273i74 2,5963,9i6162166610 1411934717Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified Chicago Theological Seminary —Graduate Unclassified „ 6Total 249211 5323 302234 2021721I 52191 25419112 484342. Graduate Schools of Medicine —Ogden GraduateSchoolof Science —Graduate Senior „ 1Unclassified 5 1 6Total 216IS1531124 24109 240151631214 174111251254 2011481 194121391335 46324Rush Medical College —Post-Graduate Fourth- Year Third- Year 12Unclassified 1Total 284496225H5632 1942116 303538236121632 265436214118562 2444152 289480229120562 1458717Total Medical Schools (Less 5Duplicates) 3. Law School —Graduate Senior Candidates for LL.B Total 4055 174852 4225354 390IO33 1766284 40776317 154. College of Education —Senior 23Junior '. 26Unclassified 2 3Total 5. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate 75314391 5511241 626416792 16451521551 981217392 114571691943 7 52Senior 2Junior 185Unclassified 1Total 20692 367i1967 242802167 3531012 70601735 423701747 1042 1816. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Senior Junior Unclassified Total 11 103 114 13 85 98 16Total Professional Schools . . .Total University (in theQuadrangles) 1,3743,758338 3062,03131 1,6805,789369 i,4i33,702302 3661,99322 i,7795,695324 999445Deduct for duplicates Net total in the Quadrangles. 3,420 2,000 5,420 3,400 1,971 5,371 491391 40 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1928— ContinuedMarch 13, 1928 March 8, 1927GainMen Women Total Men Women Total LossUniversity College —Institute of Meat Packing . . .Graduate Senior Junior Unclassified 4321210392145 395596220433 43607699312578 25511783125 440574214414 695691297539 ""81539 "88*Total 595 1,644 2,239 580 1,642 2,222 26Grand total in the UniversityDeduct for duplicates 4,oi539 3,64433 7,65972 3,98035 3,6i328 7,59363 669Net total in the University . 3,976 3,6ii 7,587 3,945 3,585 7,530 57ATTENDANCE IN THE WINTER QUARTER, 1928Graduate Undergraduate UnclassifiedArts, Literature, and Science 1,372292234299236 2,675 62Divinity School 10Graduate Schools of Medicine — ¦Ogden Graduate School of Science . ...Rush Medical College Law School 641845817627 2College of Education 4School of Commerce and Administration ....Graduate School of Social Service Administration 6480 27Total (in the Quadrangles) 2,577248 3,120120 97Duplicates 6Net total in the Quadrangles University College 2,329607 3,0001,054 9i578Grand total in the University 2,93616 4,05453 669Duplicates 3Net total in the University 2,920 4,001 666Grand total 7,587 .PRESIDENT MAX MASON