The University RecordVolume IX JANUARY 1 923 Number 1THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENT1It is thirty years ago this Autumn that the University of Chicagoopened its doors for instruction. It may be of interest for a few momentsto contrast that first quarter in the Autumn of 1892 with the presentquarter, the Autumn of 1922. The first convocation was held on January 2, 1893, as at the outset it was understood that the convocation would be held at the beginning of each quarter. It was afterwardschanged to its present status of closing the quarter. It is needless tosay that at that convocation there were no degrees given. The convocation was held in Central Music Hall, which stood on a site now coveredby the Marshall Field building. The Faculty, Trustees, and studentsappeared in cap and gown in the procession, a custom which has beencontinued since. There was a large attendance composed of the friendsof the University in the city. The address was given by ProfessorHermann von Hoist, the German incumbent of our Chair of History,who spoke on "The Need of Universities in the United States." Naturally he spoke from the German point of view and from, perhaps, thenatural German idea that not many universities were in existence outside of the Fatherland. However, the address was interesting and important, being especially significant at the opening of a new institution ofthat kind in the city of Chicago. Indeed, there was perhaps some doubtin the popular mind of Chicago just then as to what the new Universitywas supposed to be. The popular conception of the University in thoseyears was somewhat hazy. Probably it was covered by the notion of*Read at the One Hundred Twenty-seventh Convocation, in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, December 19, 1922.12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDan institution which was supposed to teach a great number of students.Perhaps even the number need not be great. There were many smallinstitutions in those days which called themselves universities.Of course, the main thought in' the minds of the founders of theUniversity of Chicago was not magnitude, but rather quality of work.The essential principle of the University of Chicago was to be its graduateschools and its devotion to the ascertaining of new knowledge. All therest, important though it might be, was incidental to these two thoughts.In the development of the University since, these initial purposes havenever been forgotten.I. THE TWO AUTUMN QUARTERS, 1892, 1922The enrolment of students in the Autumn of 1892 was upwards of500. The enrolment of the entire year from October, 1892, to June,1893, was 744. Of these 217 were graduate students, being approximately 29 per cent of the total number. This was an encouragingbeginning of the work of a real university, and the spirit of devotion tothe new idea was very strong. Indeed, an exceptional body of men andwomen were gathered. Among these graduate students may be notedthe names of Frederick Ives Carpenter, well-known later as a valuedmember of our Faculty; R. C. H. Catterall, afterward a distinguishedprofessor in Cornell; E. J. Goodspeed, H. F. Mallory, F. R. Lillie,Myra Reynolds, T. G. Soares, J. W. Thompson, Elizabeth Wallace,H. L. Willett, and H. E. Slaught, now members of our Faculty. I findalso the names of H. R. Hatfield, now professor in the University ofCalifornia, E. H. Lewis, Professor in Lewis Institute, Chicago, W. B.Owen, Principal of the Chicago Normal School and President of theNational Education Association, George E. Vincent, long a valuedmember of our Faculty and now President of the Rockefeller Foundation,and Otto Folin, Professor of Biological Chemistry at Harvard University.I can only trust that thirty years from now students who are here todaymay have made just as distinguished a record as those who were herethirty years ago.Of course, in all these years the number of students has increased.The present Quarter registered a total of 6,660. Of these there are1,666 graduate students, or a trifle more than 25 per cent of the totalenrolment. This percentage has not varied very much through theyears since the beginning.The first degrees given by the University were in June, 1893, thirty-one in all. One of these was a Doctorate of Philosophy, given to aJapanese student. In the last completed year of 1921-22 the totalTHE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 3number of degrees given in the University was 1,365, of which 96 wereDoctorates of Philosophy. At this present convocation the number ofdegrees is 154, of which 14 are Doctorates of Philosophy. During thethirty years ending with June, 1922, the University has given degreesto 14,531 persons, and of these 1,397 were Doctors of Philosophy.H. WHAT THE UNIVERSITY HAS ALREADY PLANNED FOR THE IMMEDIATEFUTURE AND FOR WHICH CERTAIN FUNDS HAVE BEEN PROVIDED1. The Medical Plan. In 1916, just before the entry of the UnitedStates into the Great War, a very definite and elaborate plan for thedevelopment of medical instruction was adopted, It provides for amedical school on the Midway in which students shall be trained forthe degree of Doctor of Medicine. It provides for a graduate schoolon the west side, in connection with the Presbyterian Hospital and RushMedical College, in which those holding the degree of Doctor of Medicinemay receive advanced training in special subjects. It provides furtherfor investigation in the field of medical science — into the nature andcauses and prevention of disease. The whole plan was projected onvery high standards in every department of its work. It involved contractual relationships between the University on the one hand andRush Medical College, the Presbyterian Hospital, the Sprague MemorialInstitute, the Memorial Institute for Infectious Diseases, and the Children's Memorial Hospital, on the other. In order to carry out the planit was necessary to raise $5,300,000. Toward this fund the Rockefeller Foundation subscribed one million dollars, and the General Education Board, one million dollars. The remaining funds were obtained inChicago from a number of generous donors and the whole was completedby the spring of 1917. The Billings family gave one million dollars forthe Albert Merritt Billings Hospital. Mr. Max Epstein gave $100,000for a dispensary. Mr. F. W. Rawson gave $300,000 for a laboratorybuilding to take the place of the present wholly inadequate biailding ofthe Rush Medical College.Of course, the war coming on made it impossible to proceed, and thecondition since the war has been very difficult. Building costs haveenormously increased and the cost of living has increased. The architectof the hospital has completed most admirable plans for a teachinghospital and laboratories in connection with the medical work in thequadrangles.It is obvious that in order to initiate the enterprise properly thepresent fund must be practically doubled.4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD2. For the housing of the Divinity School a fund of $300,000 has beengiven by one donor and a fund of $50,000 by Mrs. Joseph Bond. Thefirst fund is to provide an adequate lecture hall for the School and thesecond an accompanying chapel. The plans for these buildings havebeen completed, and as soon as building conditions warrant constructionwill proceed.3. Part of Mr. Rockefeller's final gift of ten million dollars is thesum of $1,500,000 for the University Chapel. This the Board of Trusteeshas planned to erect on the land east of the President's house lying wellback from 59th Street. Mr. Bertram Goodhue of New York has madea very interesting plan. The enormous increase in building costs hasmade it inadvisable to proceed with this matter also for the presenttime.4. In 1918 Mr. Andrew MacLeish of the Board of Trustees gave theUniversity $100,000 which may be used for an administration building.This building, of course, will cost much more than that under presentconditions, but would be a great relief to the very extensive administrativework of the University in many of its branches.III. WHAT THE UNIVERSITY NEEDS IN ADDITION AND FOR WHICHFUNDS ARE NOT AT PRESENT PROVIDED1. The plan of the School of Education calls for three supplementarybuildings, one for the College and Graduate School, one for the secondaryschool, and one for physical training.2. The Board of Trustees has set aside a block of land on the northside of the Midway and east of Cottage Grove Avenue for research in theDepartment of Botany. This involves a small laboratory with suitablegreenhouses and gardens. This would involve probably not a very-large sum, but in order to carry out the interesting work of the department it should be obtained at an early date.3. The prosecution of research, the training of research students,and especially the application of chemistry and physics to the arts involvethe necessity of another building, which may very properly be erectedwest of Kent Chemical Laboratory. This is a development of thosedepartments which should also include the Department of Mathematics;and this again is of immediate pressing importance. ,4. The University has not yet developed its School of Technology,although that was part of the original plan at the outset. The mostimportant service for that great field would be the establishment of agraduate institute of technology in which applications may be made toTHE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATION STATEMENT 5the industrial arts of the body of scientific knowledge produced by ourdepartments of pure science. The building suggested above could beused for the Departments of Chemistry, Physics, and Mathematics.I have said a graduate institute for this reason. Unless funds areprovided and allocated to the work of research and graduate instructionthey are apt to be drawn off by necessity of the case for work of inferiorimportance but which must be cared for. One of the original gifts ofMr. Rockefeller was one million dollars, the income of which was to beused for a graduate school. The great extension of graduate work alreadyin existence, and the further extension which should be provided in thefuture, of course, call for much greater endowment. A million dollarsseems a large sum, but its income of forty or fifty thousand dollars afterall does not go very far in covering the vast field of science.Of course, an undergraduate school of technology in the quadrangleswould have the very great advantage of the existing great departmentsof undergraduate instruction. Mathematics, physics, chemistry,English, history, physical training are all highly developed. A reasonable provision for buildings and their equipment, and a proper staff toprovide technological instruction in civil, electrical, and mechanicalengineering, present no serious difficulty. It has been understood thatwhen the time should come these buildings would occupy the Midwayfront on the north side, and west of Ellis Avenue, thus linking up withthe botany research block on Cottage Grove Avenue.5. Provision has not yet been made for the two library buildings eastand west of Harper, for which the present condition of the library makesa pressing demand.IV. THE NEW CENTURY NEEDS A NEW ORGANIZATIONOF COLLEGE WORKThe only object of entrance conditions should be to test whether students can do the college work. Very much of the red tape should beeliminated. Graduation is too long deferred. The only land in the worldwhere so much time is spent on preliminaries is the United States.Further, tests of excellence are too low. None should be admitted tocollege work but those who really want intellectual training and arecapable of taking it. None should be permitted to continue in it butthose who take it well. Learning in homeopathic doses is not of greatvalue. An institution of learning is primarily for those who want learning, without regard to sex, or race, or social status.Are we to conduct an institution of learning, or an amusement park ?6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDV. THE FUTUREThe next ten years of the University will call for the fulfilment ofthese various plans, nearly all of them formally or informally approvedby the University Faculties and Trustees. Other important plans havebeen suggested for the near future and will receive careful consideration.The young men who will carry the heat and burden of the day in thesecoming years will have in their minds the inspiring history of a generationnow past, and will have the clear vision of the University of tomorrow,a University greater not merely in magnitude but in the power of spiritualvalues and in facile adaptation to the great task of penetrating the secretsof new knowledge and applying them to the welfare of human kind.THE PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS AT THECOMMEMORATIVE CHAPELASSEMBLY1In the Autumn Quarter it has for some years been the custom for astatement to be made in regard to the history of the University. Manyof these facts some of you have heard more than once. It may be especially significant at this time, however, because today is the thirtiethanniversary of the opening of the University of Chicago. It was on thefirst day of October, 1892, that the new University opened for its firstexercises. It was thought by many that on that occasion of the openingof the new institution there would be a very elaborate ceremony. However, it was decided by those in authority that nothing of the sort shouldoccur. It should begin as if it had been going on for many years. Students had completed their registrations; professors were in their classrooms; assignments had been made for exercises; and altogether everything went on as smoothly as if the University had been in session atleast ten years. At 12:30 o'clock in Cobb Lecture Hall, at the northend of that building, the members of the University assembled for thefirst chapel exercises. The Faculty was there in a body, a large numberof Trustees, and: the students. Among those who took part were: thefirst President of the University, Dr. William Rainey Harper, the Deanof the Divinity School, Dr. Hulbert, the first Dean of Women, AliceFreeman Palmer, the last President of the old University of Chicago,Dr. Galusha Anderson, and the Dean of the Colleges, the present President of the University. Almost a generation ago, thirty years! It is,we may say, the closing of an era, and we have now the opening of anew era for the development of the institution which then began its work.A few facts of material character may be of interest:Total area, University grounds, 1892 24 acresTotal area, University grounds, 1922 98 acresObservatory site, Williams Bay, Wisconsin. 71 . 42 acresGeological Field Station, St. Genevieve County, Missouri 10 acresTotal buildings, 1892 4Total buildings, 1922 50Total number of Faculty, 1892 140Total number of Faculty, 1921-22 3751 Address delivered by President Judson at the Commemorative Chapel Assembly in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, October 2, 1922.78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMatriculations, October i, 1892 551Matriculations to October 1, 1922 98, 511Registrations, 1892-93 742Registrations, 1916-17 10,448Registrations, 1921-22 12, 439Total alumni in 1892 oTotal alumni in 1922 14,95*Total assets, 1892 $2,778,166.00Last year's budget expenditures $3,374,083.43Now I speak of these things as being somewhat significant of thegrowth of the University in the last thirty years. What some of ushardly dreamed at that time has come to pass. There are other dreamswhich will come to pass in the not distant future. The material growthof the University has been marvelous. It will, I believe, in the nearfuture be still more marvelous. What I want to say this morning isthat these material things are after all of least importance in an institution of learning. They are the things which strike the eye. The thingswhich are of more vital importance, however, are the things which affectthe spirit of University life, the spirit of University work. They arefar more important than the mere magnitude of the physical plant.Great spirit, not great wealth, means great things.There are some traditions which this generation has established,which I wish to call to your attention.Remember, the University of Chicago is in a great city. It is notin a country town. Whatever is done here is significant, and is seen bymany. There are two or three things which we have worked out in theyears since 1892 — which in fact had their beginning then. One is carefor the dignity of the University, which is largely in the hands of thestudents. Remember that you are members of this great University.What you do in the public eye forms the reputation of the University,of which we are all members. Bear in mind never to sacrifice the dignityof the institution. In the second place, we have learned a very fine spiritof loyalty to the institution. People sometimes think only of their ownpersonal welfare. The tuition fees you pay represent less than half ofthe cost of your education. In return all owe complete loyalty to theUniversity. Do your part for its welfare. Keep its name spotless.The University is not educating anybody. We can only give youan opportunity, and if you avail yourself of it you can get things that arepriceless, that will last as long as you last, and will make you more ofa man or a woman. I beseech all who are beginning their student lifehere to bear this well in mind, and what we hope is that these years of alife of study will make you richer in soul, riper in intellect, and thereforemore worth while to yourselves, and more worth while to the world.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryGIFTSMr. Carl D. Greenleaf, of the college class of 1899, has given to theUniversity a full set of instruments for a band of 100 pieces. This giftis valued at approximately $10,000. Mr. Greenleaf is head of C. G.Conn, Ltd., manufacturer of musical instruments, Elkhart, Indiana.The Henry Strong Foundation has appropriated $1,000 for the HenryStrong Scholarships in the University of Chicago for the year 1922-23.Mr. C. D. Young, Master in Chancery, Morris, Illinois, has given theUniversity a very valuable collection of fossils. The collection containssome 900 choice specimens of fossil plants and animals from MazonCreek. The value of this gift is difficult to estimate, but it must beseveral thousand dollars.The Fleischmann Fellowship, yielding $800, in the Department ofPhysiological Chemistry, has been renewed for the year 1922-23.Professor R. A. F. Penrose, Jr., of Philadelphia, has again contributed$500 to help to provide the full eight issues during the year of the Journalof Geology which he declares is "undoubtedly the best geological journalto be found anywhere."By the will of Mr. Francis W. Parker $1,000 was bequeathed to theUniversity to be used for some purpose to be designated by PresidentHarry Pratt Judson, or by his successor.Provision was made by the late Jesse A. Baldwin, Trustee of theUniversity for many years, for the founding of what are to be known asthe Mrs. Jesse A. Baldwin and the Jesse A. Baldwin Scholarships.TRUSTEES' DINNER TO MEMBERS OF THE FACULTIESThe third annual dinner of the Trustees given to members of theFaculties brought out an attendance of 247, including thirteen of thetwenty members of the Board of Trustees. The dinner was served in theRefectory of Ida Noyes Hall. Mr. Harold H. Swift, the new Presidentof the Board, presided. Mr. Donnelley introduced the new Trustees:Mr. Deloss C. Shull, of Sioux City, Iowa, Mr. William Scott Bond, andMr. Albert W. Sherer, the last two being alumni. Addresses weredelivered by Mr. C. R. Holden on behalf of the Trustees, by ProfessorWilliam E. Dodd on behalf of the Faculties, and by President Judson.9IO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDDEATH OF FRANCIS W. PARKERMr. Francis W. Parker, a Trustee of the University since July 16,1901, died on October 9, 1922.At the meeting of the Board held November 14, 1922, the followingmemorial was adopted:The Board of Trustees of the University of Chicago received with profoundsorrow the news of the death of their fellow member, Francis W. Parker, which occurredat his home in Evanston on the ninth day of October, 1922.Mr. Parker became a member of the Board in 1901, and at once began to take animportant part in its work. His devotion to the University was measureless; he gaveto its affairs his closest attention, responding cheerfully whenever called upon for anyservice, great or small; he was an active member of the Committees on Finance andInvestment, Press and Extension, and Instruction and Equipment, and took his fullshare of the work which devolved on special committees.Mr. Parker's sound legal and business training, coupled with his clear vision andlogical mind, made him a wise counselor, and his broad conception of the functions of agreat institution of learning enabled him to bring to the consideration of its problemsunderstanding and sympathy. His enlightened public spirit showed itself in manyother ways, notably in his service as State Senator and, during the late war, in hismission abroad as a representative of the Young Men's Christian Association.Mr. Parker was invariably courteous and considerate in his relations with hisfellow members and had in the highest degree their regard and esteem. It is, therefore,with a real sense of great loss that they place on record this tribute to his memory andextend to his family their condolence.APPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments havebeen made by the Board of Trustees:Henry G. Gale, Dean of the Ogden Graduate School of Science.Mildred J. Roberts, Instructor in the Department of Pathology.Heber Pervis Walker, Teacher in the University High School.Mary Frances Honey, Teacher in the University High School.Nina Jacobs, Teacher in the Elementary School.Agnes Morrissey, Teacher in the Elementary School.Dr. Michael H. Ebert, Research Fellow.Leonard B. Loeb, National Research Fellow in the Department ofPhysics.Jared K. Morse, National Research Fellow in the Department ofPhysics.Louis T. Thompson, National Research Fellow in the Department ofPhysics.Dr. Hugh W. Josephs, National Research Fellow in Medicine, hiswork to be done in the Department of Chemistry.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES IIDr. Louis Leiter, National Research Fellow in the Department ofPathology.George M. Curtis, Research Fellow in the Department of Anatomy.Dr. Alice K. Hall, Stanton Abels Friedberg Fellow in the Departmentof Medicine.Patrick A. Delaney, Associate in the Department of Anatomy.Theophil Grauer, Associate in the Department of Anatomy.Daniel B. MacCallum, Associate in the Department of Anatomy.Nathaniel Kleitmann, Associate in the Department of Physiology.RESIGNATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the Faculties:Elizabeth Wallace as Dean in the Colleges to take effect December 31,1922.H. M. Weeter, Instructor in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology. Mr. Weeter becomes Professor of Bacteriology in theMedical Department of the University of Louisville.R. W. Watkins, Instructor in the Department of Anatomy.Lucy Dunigan, Teacher in the Elementary School.LEAVES OF ABSENCELeave of absence has been granted to Professor Frank R. Lillie forthe Winter Quarter, 1923, to serve as chairman of the Division of Biologyand Agriculture of the National Research Council in Washington.Leave of absence has been granted to Associate Professor George W.Bartelmez for the Winter Quarter, 1923, to complete in Washington animportant investigation for the Department of Anatomy.MISCELLANEOUSThe new laboratory for the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology,now approaching completion, is to be known as Ricketts LaboratorySouth.The business office of the University is to be removed to the newIllinois Merchants Bank Building, at the corner of Clark Street andJackson Boulevard, next May, or as soon thereafter as the building iscompleted.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE NATION1By WILLIAM E. DODDThere is a growing inquiry in the nation as to the social value of theuniversity, a constant query about students' work, about stadia andgrandstand athletics. In times past, universities and colleges were nota problem. They supplied the professions with recruits and occasionallythey contributed an educated gentleman of leisure to the community.At the present moment, there are hundreds of thousands of youths at theuniversities and colleges. Most of them are not consumed with a desireto learn what men have done and tried to do in the past; they do notfeel the impulse to discipline their minds into instruments of thought.They seek the college degree for its social value, and they wish to "havea good time," indulging in " activities.' ' Meanwhile, the country isconfronted with an ever increasing demand for men who know something and, above all, for men who are able to think. The country isgrowing impatient with young gentlemen of leisure, "activities," andfraternities. People ask constantly what the universities are for.ILet us take an inventory. Since the days of Darwin, university menand scientists outside of academic walls have gradually advanced thecause of knowledge, until today one of the fundamental sanctions ofcommon men is thoroughly undermined. Few men now fear the anathemas of the clergy about the awful penalties of the life to come. Theclergy that for a thousand years spoke with authority is losing its holdupon men. There has been no successor to Henry Ward Beecher, muchas the country has needed another Beecher. The churches are agenciesnow of social betterment. They do not appeal strongly to men on the"after life." The preacher is a professional man like other professionalmen. He leads if he counts at all because of his character and thewisdom of his social methods. Science has robbed him of the divinitythat once hedged him about. Science has taken away the mystery thatonce ruled so large a proportion of men. Thus millions of people haveceased to feel one of the great sanctions. Having taken away so great1 Address delivered at the third annual dinner given by the Board of Trustees forthe members of the Faculties in Ida Noyes Hall, December 14, 1922.12THE UNIVERSITY AND THE NATION 13a means of stabilizing society, does it not concern university men andscientists to return an equivalent?Of similar import is the fact that, during the three generations sinceWilliam Lloyd Garrison's great agitation, the state has pretty nearlylost its grip upon society. In order to arouse men to the necessity ofdestroying the great economic wrong of slavery, the state was broughtmore and more into disrepute. The state had permitted itself to becomethe shield of slavery. The nation was likewise suffering from the samedangerous alliance with a great social wrong. But as the nation finallybroke the hold of slavery upon its leaders, the nation came out of theagitation with high moral prestige. Lincoln's work and death democratized and hallowed the nation. But the prestige of the state wasforever broken.Even if Garrison had not lived, the effect of two or three firmlylodged preconceptions of our life would have brought the state to itsultimate weakness. The delicate balancing of powers among threedepartments of all our state governments has the effect of underminingall sense of responsibility on the part of officers of the state. A governormay "pass the buck," as we irreverently say. The legislature, indeference to the supposed views of its constituencies, may likewiseshirk responsibility. And the courts may, and do, avoid responsibility.The Fathers of the American democracy were so disgusted with the resultsof corrupt personal leadership in eighteenth-century Britain, that theywent to the opposite extreme of trying to set up a system of laws insteadof a system of responsible men. But laws do not operate automatically.One might cite scores of instances to prove that the most importantlaws ever enacted in the United States have not been enforced. Theeffect of the non-enforcement was fatal to the cause sought, for example,the failure to enforce the Sherman Anti-trust Law.We now begin to see that the elaborate division of powers andcareful distribution of authority is failing, failing above all in the oldstates that once held so complete a sway over the emotions and lives ofmen. In the old eastern states, the failure to enforce prohibition isdaily weakening the state. There must be some person, some leaderwho knows what modern life requires and who will take the responsibility for acting, even against the apparent will of the majority. Suchmen have not been trained in the universities. The law schools set uplegal practitioners, men who can "find themselves" in the maze ofintricacies that now dominates the legal profession. Machine politicsdoes not train such leaders, for the masters of political organization seekever to know how best to combine race groups in the great cities or appeal14 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto old prejudices in the country. Their aim is to keep their crowd inoffice and incidentally to make fortunes out of "the game." Thedistribution of powers has weakened the state; the failure of highereducation and the failure of party politics have still further hastened thedecay of the state.Society cannot long endure a process of undermining the verysanctions upon which social stability depends. That is exactly whatour system has been subjected to since the Jackson epoch. But thereis yet another aspect of the process. During the constitutional period,Americans set up the practice of requiring every representative to be acitizen of the district for which he spoke and voted in representativeassemblies. This appeared to be democratic at the time. It wasintended to thwart the control of legislation by groups of powerful menwho might set up candidates for as many districts as they could financein an election; people feared powerful economic groups and sought todemocratize representation. The outcome has been to enable smallminorities in the constituencies to control the representatives of thegreat masses of men who cannot make a business of politics. Therepresentative pays heed ever to his district. He will rob the nation asa whole in order to enrich his constituents. He has lost character asa man, he has failed as a legislator. Such a representative is the naturalsubject of a boss. There is no incentive for him to study; independentaction for the national good is his last thought. He is, in part, the causeof the political machine. Nothing, in my judgment, has more weakenedthe fiber of our state and national legislatures than just this fact. It isa calamity.III have indicated two very serious developments of the last threegenerations of American history: the break-down of the sanction of theclergy, the church, the absence of all fear of the penalties of the life tocome; and the break-down of the morale of the state, its social and itspolitical inhibitions. Men no longer fear God nor tremble in the presenceof the state. The preacher is just a man; the governor and the localjudge are mere politicians. Reverence has gone. In part, this wasinevitable. When science discovers truth and lays the foundation ofvast social betterment, all men must be grateful, even if it underminesthe faith of the masses. True men never fear the truth. In so far asthis state of things is due to misconceptions of the proper methods ofdemocracy, it has not been necessary. When men find that theirpolitical conceptions have failed, it is the business of education, both ininstitutions and in political organizations, to abandon false and set upTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE NATION ISreal methods. Democracy cannot long function when its leadershipfails. The elaborate machine system is a negation of responsible leadership. It is a truism in our life that leadership has been failing with us nowfor thirty or forty years. There have hardly been great national leaderssince Lincoln. Where both religious and political guidance fails, revolutions breed. France and Russia are the outstanding examples. Shallthe United States invite such a catastrophe? That is the query I havehoped to have everyone contemplate this evening.If the American nation is to escape, the university must train mento a different public attitude. Three-fourths of our divinity studentsrealize their dilemma. Somehow they do not find a way forward.Three-fourths of our law students feel the hopelessness of the politicalsituation, but they are not trained to be physicians to society. The vastmajority of our undergraduates permit themselves to care more forgrandstand football than they do for the fortunes of either state or nation.Yet the universities and the colleges receive perhaps hundreds of millionsannually for the very purpose of training leaders for society. The faultis rather with the older than the younger generation. It is the failure ofboth higher and secondary education that gives occasion for uneasinesson the part of thoughtful men. With American society surely driftinginto disorder, with politics stalled and deadlocked, there is no generationof enthusiastic young men to help us to a sane reform. The nationalsituation is distressing, public opinion is chaotic; and every economicgroup is seeking to help itself at the cost of us all. Under such pressure,the poor security the bosses give must soon fail.The country has drifted into this position. There has been littlestatesmanship until recent years. In order to exploit the nationalresources more rapidly, our fathers imported European labor in unprecedented numbers. Unlike earlier immigrants, the later ones settledin the cities. Their labor enabled American industry to become thegreatest industry in the world. But, slowly and surely, the hordes ofimmigrants came to feel hostile toward their employers and sometimesthe country itself. Then another element became involved. The sonsof farmers hastened to the growing cities. In order to better their lotsand compete with "foreigners," they organized into unions. Theseunions soon came to think that their interest took precedence over allother interests. And labor, as it is called today, confronts employerswith vast numbers, and demands what it can get. The result is greatblocs of unassimilated population and far-flung organizations of workers.Labor fights for itself and against " foreigners " ; and the owners of capital,quite as well organized, fight for themselves. Nobody is for the public!i6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDAt one time the country sought immigrants from all lands. It wasonly sufficient to be poor and helpless. America was the asylum of theoppressed for a hundred years. Now business men wish fresh suppliesof labor, but they fear the ideas that new laborers may bring with them.Now labor unions bitterly oppose the importation of fresh supplies oflabor, lest their employers prove too strong for them. They wish nonew competitors in the field of their activities. And the nation flounders,loath to close its doors so long wide open, loath to take in "anarchists,"but afraid to exclude fresh labor. Democracy has grown afraid.The combination of industrial enterprise, vast resources, and thelabor of a new and active population has given us an industrial powerunmatched in all the world. The industrial output in 1920 was somethinglike seventy billions' worth of goods. That is greater wealth than theworld has ever known. The total property of Germany or France ishardly worth more than American industry creates in a single year.But the very existence of this vast wealth constitutes one of the greatestproblems of all history. It might not have been a problem, if the plantsof industry had originally been scattered all over the country, at waterfalls, near coal mines, wherever railroads could best be focused for generalsocial purposes. But the people were not aware of the need for anysuch distribution until it was too late to distribute its social power.Business built the system to suit its immediate, not its ultimate, needs.The consequence is that we have built vast cities — built Parises,Berlins, and Londons — with all the risks, injustices, and unavoidablehardships of life in a great city. Our legislators knew that Paris was thestorm center of Europe, that the millions of poor people gathered therehad long been the pawns of revolutions and reactions alike. They knewthat Bismarck had built a similar storm center in Germany with hisHohenzollerns, his Prussian absentee junkers, his snobbish army officers,and his newly rich industrial masters. Few stop to think that this wasone of the greatest causes of the Great War, this herding together ofmillions of men. With so much of fatal statesmanship before them,American law-makers and American business men reared their NewYorks and their Chicagos at places most convenient for them; and theystill talk and plan even larger New Yorks and Chicagos.Nearly all the industrial wealth of the nation is concentrated in anarrow belt of city-covered land stretching from Boston to Minneapolis.So concentrated is this wealth that New York alone pays more incometax to the federal treasury than do all the states of the South. This factis of itself a sore problem. The poorest and the richest of the countryare brought into close juxtaposition. The rich speak one tongue; theTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE NATION 17poor, in general, speak another. The rich have little enough wisdomto make vulgar display; the poor are so miserable they cannot avoiddisplay; such stresses the American democracy was never intended tosustain. These displays and these contrasts are ever exaggerated.When there is work enough for all, laboring men urge strikes; when thereis too little work, employers resort to lockouts, in the hope of loweringhigh costs of production. In summer, working folk sometimes seem tobe the happiest and the most reckless of men — the "happiest mortalson earth," as some would have us believe. In winter, long lines of hungryproletarians stand shivering in the cold, waiting their turns at the coffeecounter. And this is free America.In the presence of these contrasts and without thought of the danger,the railroads and builders of industry go on concentrating their vastplants, their huge banks, and their commercial exchanges. The greaterpart of the real power of the country is thus placed within the easy reachof masses of men who must, in the nature of things, one day be unemployed and starving. Unemployed and starving men cannot be expectedlong to remain passive. There is but a short turn between starvationand revolution. In neither case does the worker without work standto lose. He cannot make his case much worse; it may be that he canimprove it. A leader among labor groups said at a dinner party recently,"The railroad terminals and the banks of a great city could be seizedwithout the loss of twenty men." This may or it may not be a correctjudgment. The fact that working people think such a thing possibleought to set men to thinking.And, outside the cities, there are the farmers. For half a centurythey have been declining in relative, and even actual, strength. Todaythey are the minority of the nation. They grow the wheat of thecountry at a loss. The workers of the city eat bread at war prices.The farmer who owns his home has to sell it to pay taxes; the tenant whoought ever to plan to buy a home does not think of buying. The formerowner of land is becoming a tenant. The tenant is becoming a daylaborer. Vast tracts of farm land are falling into the hands of city-dwellers who have been able to gather from industry or trade the meansto buy lands. Men who have stakes in the country decline in numberevery year. It is plainly a repetition of the awful evolution that tookplace in Italy during the third and second centuries before Christ. Thisappears a very pessimistic view. Let the optimist read the figures of thelast census. There he will find the cause of agrarian unrest and decadence.But unrest does not usually bring remedies. The unrest of 1893-96was great and ominous. It brought no solution. The lucky turn in20 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPetersburg, Virginia, to New Orleans), the planters were so situated thatthey could control states and their whole social system; and the South'sdelegations in the national Congress were likewise, almost withoutexception, owners of slaves and plantations in the so-called black belt.The black belt was like our industrial belt; its economic leaders governed.It was a marvelous civilization; southerners made remarkable leadersof men; they were classical scholars and profound students of the scienceof government. But their fear of the majority of common men provedtheir everlasting undoing.IllShall the nation again make the mistake of fearing democracy?We are in a position to do so. Our vast cities are filled with workerswhom many of us fear; and our workers are more and more coming todislike, even hate, their employers. The nation has accumulated itsgreatest wealth in these cities where it may easily become the object ofviolent strife. Several of the industrial states have, as I have said, setup constitutions that limit the power of the majority. Manhoodsuffrage prevails, to be sure,Jbut the fruits of manhood suffrage are denied.Our industrial states are free in outward form from industrial control,but, in fact, industrial control is apparent every day. What availsdemocracy if schemes and methods of popular restraint become the ruleof life? Let us have faith; let us cast ourselves upon the ocean of publicopinion; we shall be surprised how well we swim.Aside from the difficulties and the anxieties of the domestic situation,the foreign relations of the country are such that we are apt to have ourelectorates confused, and so intensify our problem, both from the pointof view of democracy and from the point of view of national safety.In 19 14, the nation and its citizens owed the rest of the world a sum sogreat that the interest has generally been estimated at five hundredmillions a year. Before the Great War was half over, all that indebtednesswas paid in goods at war prices. Now, four years after the war, thenation and its citizens have loaned other peoples enough capital to yieldmore than a billion dollars a year. The people and the nation are thusthe greatest creditor in the world, and the sum already loaned is increasingat the rate of a billion a year. That is a fearful fact. It is a reversal ofrole so sudden and so vast in its consequences that common folk havenot become aware of the new state of things. They clamor for the payment of the interest and capital by Europeans who are too poor to feedtheir children. They demand payment in some cases as a matter ofpunishing hereditary enemies, for example, the Irish and Germanattitudes toward the English and French debts.THE UNIVERSITY AND THE NATION 21There was another great change of roles that came out of the warand the peace which followed. Hitherto, the nation had never beengreatly concerned with international security. The people had neverknown what international fear meant. The war came; it taught themthe meaning of Europe and the significance of war on a world-scale.For a time, all good Americans felt the imminent danger of Germanvictory. At the peace, the United States was left secure. Few menwere left with any sense of fear of any nation whatever. The Germanmilitarist plan had shown what could be done by that country. WhenGermany collapsed, there was no longer any power the United Statesfeared. France, with its stationary population, could never attack theUnited States. England, dependent for its food and raw materialsupon ocean traffic, could never make aggressive war upon the country.In fact, England has not in a century made aggressive war among greatnations. Germany being subdued, there was security. That was agreat gain. The people feel secure; they do not recognize the greatnessof the boon. They cannot grasp, it seems, the reality of the fears ofEuropean peoples to whom the end of the war has not meant security.We think and vote as though we felt that other nations have only tosay they are secure to be secure.These are great things, although the people of the United Statesare not aware of them. Another benefit has not been named. TheMonroe Doctrine, by which the United States had practically guidedthe affairs of Latin America for two decades, had never been recognizedby the rest of the world before the Great War. When recognition of thatdoctrine was duly made in the treaty of Versailles, the United Statesreceived more than any other nation received at Paris. The Americancommissioners did not seek the guaranty. They knew it to be dangerous,doubtful in so far as it would affect the peace of the world, and theyrefused to ask its recognition. The Senate of the United States, aidedby Messrs. Bryan, Hughes, Root, and Cardinal Gibbons, compelledthem to change their attitude. The other powers wrote recognitioninto the treaty, the greatest concession in the treaty.For now the United States and its citizens enjoy a sway and aprestige in all Latin America that equals the sway and prestige ofancient Roman citizens in the regions around them. It is a dangerousthing. It means enmity in all the countries south of us. It meansinterference with the internal affairs of small nations. It means economicexploitation in a region where peaceful trade might be far more valuablewithout it. Under it our government is disposed already to re-writethe constitution of Mexico. The masses of democratic America are22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDconfused. They rarely think of the Monroe Doctrine as a means ofaggression. They would feel affronted if they were told that the MonroeDoctrine means to the business interests of the country what the Drangnach Osten meant to the business men of Germany before the Great War.Thus the country has won three great advantages: economic leadership, security against all the world, and recognized primacy in LatinAmerica. Yet our political leaders and our newspapers continue totalk about our unselfishness and our innocence of all desire for gain.It is a dangerous obscurantism, if not an actual deception. Democraciesdo not know their foreign relations well. All people may readily beexercised about wrongs other nations commit against them, but rarelythink of wrongs their own governments commit. Was there ever a timewhen education was more needed and when educators had less to say ?The country occupies the very middle position of the modern world,a position like that of ancient Rome with the Mediterranean peoplesabout her; but no one knows it. The country holds the economic whiphand over the world; and yet our leaders in Congress talk about ourbeing cheated out of hard-earned savings; the United States is safebeyond all other peoples since the day of Augustus Caesar; and yetCongress is warned and the people frightened daily lest we be caughtunprepared. Men begin to pick England for an enemy. We hearconstantly of army and navy plans. With economic supremacy, with aposition in the very middle of the world, what a terror we might be ifthere were an army and a navy, ready to fight at the "drop of the hat"!And, with all Spanish America under willing or unwilling tutelage, whatmore should the country ask ? Has Japan ever enjoyed such an advantage ? Has any other people ever held so many of the great pawns ofhistory ? I think not.With a domestic position critical, with wealth concentrated andsuspicion growing so that men wish to try Bismarck's plan of limitingpopular representation, it does seem that the country needs to trainmen to think, take lessons in reality, and ponder what distrust of democracy means in our day. All the lessons of the recent war warn us;all the lessons of recent European history warn us; all the experience ofAmerican history says: "Beware."IVSince so many millions of men have lost their reverence for ancientreligious sanctions; since the old states and their courts have no longerthe prestige they once had; since clergymen and politicians alike haveTHE UNIVERSITY AND THE NATION 23been dethroned, either by the discoveries of science or by the workingsof democracy, there seems to me only one resource left for modernAmerican society. And that is the university. And with the universityI associate the college and the whole army of teachers, high and low,throughout the nation. These constitute our hope. Yet how littlehave we taken thought of them!If there are some who think the university a place to prop the fortunesof men already secure, they are mistaken. If there are those who hopeto make of the universities places where democracy is to be sneered outof existence, they have been grossly misled. The business of the university is to serve and secure all groups. The universities may not havewaked up; the colleges may still be indulging in false hopes as to theirprivileged positions, where young folk in easy circumstances shall bemade happy and comfortable; but they are false hopes. It is too lateto try again the role of the universities of the Old South. The universityis now, and must ever become more, the home of learning and science,a resort for able men who love research. It is now, or must soon be,free; free to think, to teach, and to write. Without that freedom therecan be no university. Germany tried to bolster her imperialism byuniversity support, by guiding the thought of scholars and schoolmasters.Shall democratic America follow that example ?If the universities rise to the new demands, they will supply us thenew sort of preachers, the better sort of lawyers, and young graduateswho care less for grandstand athletics and more for the rewards of publicservice. And they will fill the country with teachers and writers oftruth, with women whom legislatures and the leaders of business willdelight to reward with salaries commensurate with the greatness of thetask to be performed. Why should the teacher of our children beskimped in his living and crowded into poor, musty rooms for his residence ? Who is worth more to society than he who instructs the menand women of tomorrow ?A country less democratic cannot tide us over the dangers ahead;an ignorant electorate will not show us a rational foreign policy, norshall we learn the great things of civilization by putting out the verylight of history and science. If ever any nation had a great mission,it is ours. Let us not deceive ourselves; the examples and the preceptsof Jefferson and Lincoln cannot yet be abandoned. If thinkers ariseand teachers bestir themselves our great democracy shall yet not fail.THE YERKES OBSERVATORY:A RETROSPECT OF TWENTY-FIVE YEARSBy EDWIN B. FROSTThe formal dedication ceremony of the Yerkes Observatory took place on October21, 1897, in the presence of the Trustees of the University, President Harper,Mr. Charles T. Yerkes, the donor, and a large company of invited guests.In recognition of the completion of twenty-five years of work of the Observatory,the President and Trustees were invited to the Observatory for the evening of September 30, 1922. Friends of the University and Observatory having summer homesat Lake Geneva, who in many cases were hosts of the Trustees and their wives on thisoccasion, were also present, making, with the Observatory colony, a company ofabout seventy-five persons. Exhibits had been arranged illustrating some of thework accomplished in different departments of the Observatory, chiefly by illuminatedphotographs and prints, and including the set of fifty-five volumes of the AstrophysicalJournal. Unfortunately, a cloudy sky made it impossible to show the visitors, withthe 40-inch telescope, certain celestial objects as planned. An address was made byProfessor Edwin B. Frost, Director since 1905, descriptive of the development of theObservatory and its contribution to astronomical knowledge during the twenty-fiveyears of its existence. An interesting letter was read from Professor George E. Hale,referring to the early history of the Observatory and some of the difficulties that hadto be overcome before it was finally established. Director Frost's address, which wasillustrated by lantern slides, was essentially as given below.When the Observatory was opened, in 1897, the University wasjust completing the fifth year of its existence, and the Observatory wasone of the many enterprises in which Dr. Harper took a keen interest.This was later heightened by his residence for six months at the Observatory, during the summer and autumn of 1904, when he was engaged inwriting some of his last works, in an office in the Observatory. Owingto the heavy demands for funds in so many other directions, in 1897the personnel and the equipment of the Observatory were necessarilysmall. The staff consisted of Professors Hale, Barnard, and Burnham(who then came to the Observatory for two nights a week, without honorarium), an assistant professor, an optician, and one assistant. Theequipment consisted of the 40-inch telescope, with an accessory spectroscope, and the 12-inch telescope. The further development of the equipment was energetically undertaken by Professor Hale, the apparatusbeing manufactured, so far as possible, in the excellent shops of the24c¦-<KpqOTHE YERKES OBSERVATORY 25Observatory. Although the question of the scientific personnel is, ofcourse, of far greater importance than instrumental accessories, yet itwill be convenient to follow the development of the researches at theObservatory as the different equipment was prepared for them, ratherthan to consider it in terms of the specialists who were to undertakethese researches. But it must be emphasized from the beginning thatthe Observatory was the conception of Professor George E. Hale, at atime when he was less than twenty-five years old, and it is to his geniusfor organizing and planning scientific research that the development ofthe Observatory has been due. He coped with every kind of difficulty,financial, mechanical, and scientific, and left the institution in 1904,after his plans had been carried out to such an extent that the futureof the institution seemed assured.The study of the sun had fascinated Mr. Hale from his youth, andat his private observatory at the corner of Drexel Boulevard and Forty-sixth Street, Chicago, he had devised an important instrument forphotographing the great eruptions around the edge of the sun and theremarkable markings upon the sun's surface. These are visible onlythrough a spectroscope in the light of a single selected solar ray. Thisinstrument he named the spectroheliograph, and it was the need oflarger apparatus for the continuance of this work that inspired him toseek for someone to provide a great telescope. Meanwhile, the 12-inchtelescope of the private observatory had been presented to the Universityby Mr. Hale and his father, and was housed in the northeast dome ofthe Observatory, where it has been in constant use. The design of anew spectroheliograph to be attached to the 40-inch telescope was immediately taken up by Mr. Hale, and a powerful instrument was constructedwith which very much important work has been done by Professor Haleand his assistant, Mr. Ellerman, and by a series of observers who havesince used the instrument. Mr. Hale proved that by using differentportions of the so-called dark line, from the center toward the edge ofthe line, records could be obtained of the distribution of the calciumvapors at different levels in the solar atmosphere. The name "flocculi"was given to the great areas of glowing vapors which were thus revealedwith the instrument, and which would escape notice in a direct photograph made without the spectroheliograph. The results of this work aredescribed in the Astrophysical Journal, and in Volume III, Part I, of thequarto Publications of the Yerkes Observatory. The regular observation of the sun by this new method has been a principal item in theprogram of the Observatory, and over ten thousand photographs of the26 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsun have thus been obtained by the different observers who have beenassigned to that instrument, and who have discussed their results inpapers published in the Astrophysical Journal.Another important accessory of the 40-inch telescope to be constructed was the Bruce spectrograph, designed for the photography ofstellar spectra, and for the determination of the speed of the stars in theline of sight. Extended experiments by the writer and Mr. Ellerman,in 1898 and 1899, had shown that the stellar spectrograph which wasincluded in Mr. Yerkes' gift was inadequate for the increasing refinement of this work. With funds given by the late Miss Catherine W.Bruce of New York, who had also provided for the salary of a professorship of astrophysics for five years, a new spectroscope was designed andconstructed in the shops of the Observatory, with optical parts of thehighest excellence then obtainable from the glass works of Europe. Thisinstrument has been regularly employed on the 40-inch telescope forat least two nights per week, and more than eight thousand photographsof stellar spectra have been obtained with it, from which the speed ofmany stars has been determined, and many interesting binary systemsof very short period have been discovered and studied. These platesalso contain a wealth of information about the physical conditions ofthe stars, which has been only partially investigated. This departmentof research has been the particular charge of the writer, with the assistanceof Messrs. Adams, Barrett, Lee, and several others.The construction of a great reflecting telescope and one of moderatesize had been one of Professor Hale's early plans, and Mr. G. W. Ritcheycame to the Observatory as optician to carry out this purpose. Mr.William E. Hale had purchased an immense disk of glass and providedthe funds for it to be figured as a 60-inch reflector. This work wenton during the first three years after the Observatory was opened.Meanwhile, a small mirror of 24-inches' aperture was finished in theoptical shop and its entire mounting made in the machine shop. In1901 the 2-foot reflector was put into operation in the southeast dome.Exquisite photographs of nebulae and other faint objects were obtainedby Mr. Ritchey with this instrument, showing it to be equal, if notsuperior, to any reflector constructed up to that time. Since its erection,the instrument has been in constant use in photographing nebulae,variable stars, faint comets, and satellites, and for the purposes of stellarphotometry. The collection of plates for different purposes obtainedwith this instrument now numbers 4,500. It will be remembered thata reflecting telescope brings rays of all colors to the same focus, whichTHE YERKES OBSERVATORY 27gives it an advantage over the refracting telescope; and further, thegreat advantage of accumulating impressions by prolonged exposuremakes it possible for this instrument to reveal objects which can hardlybe seen through the great 40-inch lens. Of the large field of opportunity which was opened for the 60-inch mirror, mention will be madelater.During these busy days of equipping the Observatory the great40-inch refractor was not idle; on the contrary, it was earning its well-deserved title of the busiest great telescope in the world.1 Assigned tosome observer during every clear hour of every night of the year, it wasconstantly being employed for the study of objects faint enough ordifficult enough to test its power. Professor Burnham, with his wonderful devotion to that branch of astronomy in which he had become themaster, was measuring the distances and angles of the double stars andgathering at the eyepiece the data necessary for the completion of hismonumental work on double stars, published in 1904; and ProfessorBarnard was also using the same micrometer with the greatest skill inhis long-continued work on the marvelous star clusters, in observingfaint nebulae, comets, planetary satellites, and stars of varied kinds ofastronomical interest — at this early period, sometimes one-half of thenocturnal hours with the telescope were assigned to that assiduousobserver, who was always eager for every opportunity to use it.In those days, the telescope was used photographically with theBruce spectrograph for about one-third of the night hours; but a largerfield of usefulness for it was being developed. Experiments were beingmade in employing it for photographing the stars directly. It wasdesigned for work with the eye, and therefore the four surfaces of thetwo constituent lenses of the object glass were figured, by Alvan Clark,so that the most perfect images were given for the yellow, orange, andgreen rays, to which the eye is most sensitive. With an ordinary photographic plate, chiefly sensitive to the blue and violet rays, such a lenswould give a rather fuzzy image. But a procedure was adopted (ofwhich the original proposer is unknown) of discarding the blue and violetrays and using those for which the object glass was corrected, chiefly theyellow rays. This was done by placing a yellow filter just in front ofthe photographic plate, which then must be of the isochromatic sort,sensitive to the yellow rays. Some promising photographs of the moon1 Several other large telescopes at other Observatories are just as busy at night,but the 40-inch telescope is the only large telescope regularly used for observing thesun as well.28 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwere obtained in this way, by Mr. Hale and Mr. Ellerman, immediatelyafter the Observatory was opened. In 1900 the experiments wereresumed by Mr. Ritchey, who designed the necessary attachments forusing the telescope as a camera and succeeded in obtaining in this waybeautifully sharp images of the stars. The great length of the telescopegave the photographs a large scale, and they could be measured witha precision quite equal to that obtained by the skilled observers namedabove. Professor Ritchey secured some remarkably fine photographsof the moon and star clusters which have been very widely known andstudied.The possibilities of this method of measuring the distances with greatprecision led Mr. Hale to invite Dr. Frank Schlesinger to come to theObservatory to work out a photographic method of finding the distancesof the stars, one of the most delicate operations of modern astronomy.The result of his two years' campaign was very successful, and it waspossible for Dr. Schlesinger to publish in the Astrophysical Journal,somewhat later, the details of the measurement of the distances of somethirty- two stars, with comparative ease and with an order of accuracynot previously attainable aside from a few exceptional stars. The procedure was adopted in several other American observatories havingrefractors originally intended for visual use, and the result has greatlyenriched our knowledge of the distances of the stars. Since 1909 thiswork, with other similar investigations, has been a very important partof the program of the nocturnal hours with the 40-inch telescope, in whichMessrs. Slocum, Mitchell, Lee, Joy, and Van Biesbroeck have participated. The details of the determinations of the distances of 183stars by these observers have appeared in the Publications of the YerkesObservatory and the number has since been increased to 250 by includingthose awaiting definitive publication. In this department of astronomy,6,700 plates have thus far been obtained. The value of these permanent records on the photographs increases as time goes on and will formthe basis, in the future, for very accurate determination of the motions ofthe great number of reference stars occurring on the plates. Thus itwill be years before the wealth of information potentially contained inthe plates will be fully evaluated.Using the 40-inch telescope in this manner, Professor Barnard hasobtained excellent photographs of the planets, particularly Mars, Jupiter,and Saturn, and of some planetary nebulae and clusters. The photography of planets is much more difficult than the other branches of astronomical photography, as the images have to be enlarged before theyTHE YERKES OBSERVATORY 29reach the plate, and the work can be done only under the most perfectconditions of atmospheric steadiness.At the time the Observatory was opened, at the solicitation of Professor Barnard, Miss Bruce had made a gift of $7,000 for the constructionof a photographic telescope with which he might continue his notablework in photographing the Milky Way and comets, in which fieldProfessor Barnard had begun as a pioneer at the Lick Observatory afew years earlier. The greatest of care was taken in securing the mostperfect photographic telescope possible for this purpose, and after manyexperiments a fine 10-inch doublet having four lenses was made by theJohn A. Brashear Company, and a new type of mounting constructedby Warner and Swasey. A neat wooden building was erected, in 1904,with interest accumulated from Miss Bruce's gift, and Professor Barnardbegan work with the instrument in the spring of that year. Two otherphotographic lenses are used simultaneously in this instrument as acheck on the reality of any very faint objects which may be detectedon the plates. No objects suitable for photography with this instrumenthave escaped Professor Barnard's assiduous attention: 1,400 negativesof comets and 3,500 of the Milky Way sufficiently attest to this. OfComet Morehouse, which was discovered on plates taken with theBruce telescope, Professor Barnard obtained no less than 350 negatives;of Halley's Comet, 230. Professor Barnard's studies of the Milky Wayfrom these photographs of the faint nebulosities within it and of theextraordinary dark markings upon it, which we now have come to recognize as dark nebulae, have made a new epoch in this field. In 1905the Carnegie Institution of Washington made a grant for the publication of an Atlas of the Milky Way in the form of photographic prints,35,000 of which were prepared under Mr. Barnard's supervision. Afternearly twenty years of labor by Mr. Barnard, this Atlas is now nearlyready for publication. For nine months in 1905, the Bruce telescopewas set up on Mount Wilson so that Mr. Barnard could get photographs of some portions of the Milky Way which could not be reachedin the latitude of the Yerkes Observatory.The necessity for changing rapidly and conveniently from one typeof spectroheliograph, or solar spectrograph, to another led to extensiveexperiments, by Professor Hale, with the use of horizontal telescopesin which the light was reflected by a mirror attached to a coelostat.With funds obtained from various outside sources, two provisional instruments of this character were erected on the grounds of the Observatory,the mirrors and mechanical parts being made in our shops. The firstSo THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhorizontal telescope, which was housed in a very light shed of paperand wood, 80 feet long, was wrecked by a windstorm, and the second wasburned; but the experiments had shown the serviceability of such aninstrument where the various attachments could be successively swungor rolled into place as a change was to be made in the apparatus ofobservation. Through the friendly interest of Dr. George S. Isham, agift of $10,000 was made by Miss Helen M. Snow for a more permanentbuilding and instruments of the horizontal type. For the use of thehorizontal telescope, however, particularly fine atmospheric conditionsare desirable, and under a grant from the Carnegie Institution, Mr. Halemade an expedition to Mount Wilson, California, to investigate theadvantages of a mountain site for this purpose. In the spring of 1904,the Snow telescope was transported to Mount Wilson and set up therein a building especially designed for it. When the Mount Wilson Observatory began its independent existence the Snow telescope was acquiredby it, and the resulting Snow Fund of $6,000 was established at theYerkes Observatory for the occasional purchase of instruments.The 60-inch mirror for a reflecting telescope was offered to the University by Mr. William E. Hale, conditional upon the erection of a suitable mounting and dome for it, and on the assumption of its futuremaintenance. Owing to the many undertakings of the University whichwere not fully financed, and to the fact that permanent provision foran adequate staff had not yet been possible, it did not seem feasible toerect another great telescope in connection with Yerkes Observatory.Moreover, a large reflector should be mounted in a more equable climateand at a point where the atmospheric conditions are the very best obtainable. Accordingly, to the satisfaction of all concerned, this valuablemirror was taken over by the Mount Wilson Observatory and finishedin the optical shops at Pasadena. A fine mounting and dome wereprovided for it on Mount Wilson, and it has contributed greatly to thesplendid work of that institution for the past twelve years.Another photographic telescope, having four lenses of special Jenaglass, transparent to the ultra-violet rays, and two large prisms of thesame material, was obtained from the Zeiss Company in 1906. Thiswas equipped in the shops with the necessary tube and fittings, attachedto a mounting belonging to Professor Parkhurst, and placed in a smalltemporary dome near his residence. Much valuable photometric andspectroscopic work has been done with this instrument, chiefly by himand the students working with him, and about 2,700 photographs havebeen obtained. In 1922 this telescope has been moved to a new andTHE YERKES OBSERVATORY 31convenient dome erected at the north end of the Snow Building andcommanding a fine horizon. This completes the list of major auxiliaryinstruments which have been constructed or acquired for the Observatory during the past twenty-five years, but much valuable minor apparatus has been purchased, from the Snow Fund or from grants from fundsof the National Academy, including several very important measuringmachines which are now an indispensable part of the equipment of theObservatory in measuring photographs. Ten of these are now in regularuse here.It is appropriate to say a word here as to the suitability of the siteof the Observatory, chosen at Lake Geneva after careful considerationof numerous offers of locations in the general region around Chicago.Experience in many parts of the world has shown that the suitabilityof atmospheric conditions for an observatory at a given site cannot bedetermined in any short interval of time. Many years of use of telescopesunder different conditions are required for positively answering the question. After these twenty-five years, we can say that in our opinion a bettersite than that at Lake Geneva could not have been chosen at any placewithin two hundred miles of Chicago, and probably this limit could beextended to five hundred miles. The clearness of the sky has been asgreat as could be expected in the Central West; the elevation of about1,100 feet above the sea has been undoubtedly of advantage; the beautyof the lake and its surroundings and the easy accessibility to Chicagohave contributed to our satisfaction with the location. It has been nosmall advantage that several members of the Board of Trustees, particularly Mr. Ryerson and Mr. Hutchinson, have been summer residentshere; their continued interest in the welfare of the Observatory and itsstaff, expressed in many helpful ways, has been of the greatest value.During the past twenty years, the average number of hours per yearduring which the 40-inch telescope could be used at night has been nearly1,700. This will certainly compare very favorably with the Europeanobservatories and those in America, except in Arizona or on the PacificCoast. But, unfortunately, such statistics are not kept at most institutions. A comparison with Mount Wilson will show a superiority forthat station of about one-third for the nocturnal hours.The clearness and steadiness of the air for the observations on thesun are probably as good here as anywhere in America, and it has becomeapparent that mountain sites, which may be very fine for night work,are not so desirable for work on the sun, because of the currents whichnecessarily rise up the slopes in the mountains under the action of the32 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsun's rays. It appears that the conditions at Mount Wilson for workupon the sun are not superior to those here. Careful record during 1921showed 113 perfect days at Lake Geneva, with 152 pleasant, whilethere were only 100 days wholly cloudy.It is not our policy to attempt to send expeditions out of the countryto observe total solar eclipses, but it would, of course, be improper toneglect those which occur within our national boundaries. In 1900, forthe eclipse of May 28, our party was stationed at Wadesboro, NorthCarolina, where we shared our camp with a party from the SmithsonianInstitution under Professor Langley. The sky was clear, and excellentresults were obtained. In 1918 the University provided the funds fora careful study of the eclipse of June 8 of that year. Our principalstation was at Green River, Wyoming, with a second station at the Observatory of the University of Denver, the facilities of which, including the20-inch equatorial, had been placed at our disposal by the director,Professor H. A. Howe, an alumnus of the old University of Chicago. Itis seldom that the track of a total eclipse passes directly over a well-equipped observatory, and it was most unfortunate that the weatherwas totally cloudy at that point on the day of the eclipse. A thirdlocation was Matheson, Colorado, where two of the assistants of theobservatory had a station in conjunction with other institutions on a sitewhich we had previously selected. There was a break in the cloudsat this point, and a good photograph of the corona was obtained. AtGreen River, where the larger part of our apparatus and observers wasassembled, a great cloud, on an otherwise perfect day, lazily driftedacross the sky and had not quite cleared the sun at the critical moment.We obtained many interesting results, but our more delicate spectroscopic observations were rendered futile by the cloud. Through thegenerous offer of Mr. William Wrigley, Jr., in contributing $5,000toward the expense of an expedition to Santa Catalina Island, we expectto observe the total eclipse visible there on September 10, 1923.Education, as well as research is a function of the Observatory. Onehundred persons have taken part in the work of the Observatory, eitheras Volunteer Research Assistants (chiefly prof essors and teachers in otherinstitutions) or as graduate students of the University of Chicago. Thesehave come from various parts of the American continent and from Italy,Greece, Holland, Russia, and Japan, while a longer or shorter stay hasbeen made by guests from all civilized countries. The Doctor's degreehas been given to nine persons (six men and three women) for work atthe Observatory in Practical Astronomy and Astrophysics, and theTHE YERKES OBSERVATORY 33Master's degree has been awarded to six students. It will be noted thatthis represents only a part of the work of research and instruction inthe Department of Astronomy. At the University, for work in Mathematical Astronomy under the able instruction of the three professorsresident at the University, the Doctor's degree has been given to twelvepersons. From the staff of the Observatory, which, including thosewho have come and gone, has numbered more than sixty, we have furnished directors for nine observatories in addition to several who didnot leave us directly to assume such positions elsewhere.It has not been the policy of the Observatory to issue the publications of its work in the form of bulletins, but those papers of an astro-physical character have appeared in the Astrophysical Journal; those inastrometry have been sent to the Astronomical Journal or to the transactions of the astronomical societies; and a certain part of the necessarilydetailed results which could not be appropriately included in journalshave appeared in the quarto volumes of the Publications of the YerkesObservatory, which are much in arrears. We have doubtless been muchmore at fault in publishing too little than too much, but this has beendue, in part, to circumstances beyond our control.We frankly admit that we have accomplished in these twenty-fiveyears far less than we could wish, but it is certain that the future will finda rich storehouse in the photographs which have been obtained in thisperiod and which it has been thus far possible to study only partially.The Observatory has no spectacular achievements to record, but it hasbeen the policy to carry on a program of observations which would becertain to be useful, rather than to spend much time in attempting tomake discoveries which might not be realized. The growth of our staffhas necessarily been slow, owing to the limited finances of the University,and it will possibly never be as large, particularly in respect to assistantsand computers, as would seem to be required for the best efficiency.The contributions of the Observatory to research and education arenot distributed solely by its publications on the printed page, or by theteachings of those who have shared in its work. It was found necessarymore than twenty years ago to organize a department for making ourphotographs available, in the form of lantern slides, for the public lecturehall and the class room. The University of Chicago Press has caredfor the business details, and something like 25,000 lantern slides havebeen made for colleges and schools in many countries. Hundreds ofprints have also been made for use as illustrations in books and magazines,and for private study.34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIt is a pleasure to say that the members of the staff have taken partin their work with a zeal and a spirit of harmonious co-operation that isbeyond all praise. The first break in the staff, due to death, was theloss of our senior partner, Professor Sherburne W. Burnham, who retiredfrom active work in 19 14 and died at the age of eighty- two, in 192 1.For most of his life he had been busy as an officer of the Court, but in hisleisure hours he accomplished a prodigious amount of work which constituted a real revival in the knowledge of double stars.Under the careful supervision of Mr. Barrett, the Library has madea steady growth from its small state in 1897, when it numbered about1,000 volumes, to its present enumeration of 6,000 volumes and 5,000pamphlets. A few years ago, as the shelves were far more than full, alarge room in the attic was fitted up with stacks taken from the oldLibrary of the University at Chicago, and thus a very satisfactory provision has been made for the safe housing of many volumes which areless frequently consulted. This made it possible to continue to use ourlibrary room as the gathering place for meetings of the staff and for thepresentation of lectures.It has never been the intention that the Observatory should specializein meteorology, but we soon found that accurate records were importantfor our own convenience, and these have now been kept for twenty yearswith thermometers exposed outside the north window of the transitcorridor. An improvement was made in 191 7, when a standard WeatherBureau shelter, giving an almost perfect exposure for the instruments,was erected on the grounds. The thermometers at the corridor windoware still being maintained, so that a reliable comparison with the normalsis always available. A barograph and two thermographs have also beenin operation for many years. The United States Weather Bureau hasinvited our co-operation, and our monthly normals have accordingly beencopied by them and printed. A report is sent each month to Milwaukeeand thence to Washington, and a report in popular language is publishedlocally each month.In the summers of 1898 and 1900, heat from the stars was firstdefinitely measured at the Observatory by Professor Ernest F. Nichols,then of Dartmouth College.In 1913 the celebrated experiment on the rigidity of the earth,devised by Professor Michelson and executed by himself and ProfessorGale, was carried out on the grounds of the Observatory. A self-recording apparatus was installed later, and the research was continuedfor about a year and brought to a successful conclusion in 191 7.THE YERKES OBSERVATORY 35When the Observatory began its work, it was not the idea of thedonor or of the officials of the University that visitors should be admitted, but the natural curiosity of the public produced such a pressurethat it was soon found necessary to set aside Saturday afternoons forthis purpose. With increasing numbers of visitors arrangements hadto be organized definitely, and four or five brief lectures, accompaniedby demonstrations of the use of the great telescope, have been given bymembers of the staff, in rotation, each Saturday afternoon from Junethrough September. At present the annual number of visitors is over10,000, and the record shows that over 175,000 visitors have been thusfar received. Although this task of university extension is somewhat of aburden upon members of the staff, it is nevertheless felt that it has helpedto satisfy a popular interest in science and to exhibit one phase of theeducational work of the University.For some years after the completion of the Observatory building,the grounds presented the appearance of an abandoned farm, whichreally corresponded to the facts. In 1905, through the kind interestof Mr. Hutchinson and Mr. Ryerson, Olmsted Brothers, of Brookline,Massachusetts, studied the grounds and presented a comprehensiveplan (dated January 4, 1906) for the development of the grounds in anappropriate manner. Up to that time, there had been no proper entranceto the property of the University, and this was one of the immediatenecessities urged by Mr. Olmsted. Accordingly, a tract of 4! acres lyingto the north was purchased from various holders, so that a main avenueof approach could be obtained directly in line with the principal entranceof the building. In 1907 and 1908, a part of the grading was done andthe principal driveways were laid out. The planting, according to theplan of Messrs. Olmsted, modified somewhat to meet local conditions,was made in 1913 and 1914, so that an appropriate setting has beensecured for the architecturally impressive building.It certainly will be the ardent endeavor of everyone associated withthe work of the Observatory that it may contribute its full measure tothe progress of astronomy in the future, and that it may worthily represent the University of which it is a part.HELEN CULVERBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDHelen Culver was born in Little Valley, Cattaraugus County, NewYork, March 23, 1832. Next to Chautauqua, Cattaraugus is the south-westernmost county of the Empire State. At the time of Miss Culver'sbirth it had hardly ceased to be a part of the western frontier. It wasstill very largely a wilderness into which new settlers were moving andwhere the pioneers were hewing out of the woods homes for their familiesand transforming the forests into farms.In the last decade of the eighteenth century Robert Morris, superintendent of finances during the Revolution, had bought and later soldto a number of merchants of Holland, the whole of western New York,including more than seven counties and aggregating more than 3,000,000acres of land. This is now one of the fairest, richest, and most populousregions on the continent. It was then an immense wilderness inhabitedby possibly 3,000 wandering Indians of various tribes who were supposedto own this great region they neither occupied nor improved. Mr.Morris repurchased the lands from them, paying them $100,000 for theirtitle and setting apart for them several reservations which were morethan ample for the few hundred Indian families.This entire tract has passed into history as the Holland Purchase.After a careful survey it was opened for settlement about 1800 and officeswere established for the sale of the lands. Some of these old office buildings of a hundred or more years ago are still standing quite unused, butpreserved by the prosperous towns in which they stand, silent memorialsof a vanished past. In that early day my own grandfather set out fromGlens Falls on the Hudson River to make his way to the Holland Purchase,which was a kind of land of promise, and locate a home for his youngfamily, and somewhere in the intervening wilderness perished.For some years after 1800, settlers entered this remote wildernessvery slowly. There was no way to reach it save by the most primitivemodes of travel through the forests of central New York over the mostwretched roads, or the old Indian trails. There was no way of transporting anything the settlers produced to eastern markets. The Erie Canalhad hardly been suggested. That great waterway did not reach western36HELEN CULVERHELEN CULVER 37New York and fully open the Holland Purchase to settlement and commerce until a quarter of a century had passed.Yet settlers came, bringing a few cattle and sheep, each man makinga little opening in the forest, building a log cabin and barn, raising enoughof the simplest necessities of life to subsist on, but every year clearinga little more land and gradually improving his condition. Here andthere very small villages began to appear with mechanics and merchantsand the emergence of trade. Missionaries penetrated the wilderness,and scattered churches and primitive schools were established. Withthe passing of the years settlement became more rapid and the countrybegan to be inhabited.But suddenly the current of settlement was dammed and began toflow backward. The War of 1 812 came on and in a little while the wholeterritory of the Holland Purchase was filled with apprehension. TheBritish crossed the Niagara River, burned Buffalo, then an insignificanthamlet, and threatened an invasion of the state. Such was the panic inmany parts of the Purchase that settlers abandoned their homes andfled eastward, some of them never to return. It was not till the warwas over that the tide of settlement again set in, but it then rose higherthan before.It was very soon after the close of the war that Noah Culver, thegrandfather of Helen Culver, brought his family from Wallingford,Vermont, and bought one of the abandoned farms in the town of LittleValley, Cattaraugus County.The American ancestor of the family, Edward Culver, came to NewEngland with John Winthrop, Jr., governor of Connecticut, in 1635.Landing in Massachusetts he first settled in Dedham, a few miles fromBoston, later going to Connecticut where he became one of the 124original settlers and landowners of the town of Wallingford. Towardthe close of the eighteenth century, 135 years after Edward Culver helpedto found Wallingford, Connecticut, some of his descendants broke awayfrom the old home and traveling 150 miles north, together with a fewneighbors, founded a new Wallingford in the wilderness of Vermont.The war of the Revolution soon came on, and one of the volunteersfrom the new settlement in the struggle for freedom was James Culver.It was a stalwart race in some members of which the pioneer strain longpersisted. One of them was Noah Culver, a son of the patriot James,who a generation after the Revolution took his family, and making hisway 350 miles westward, established a new home in the Holland Purchase.Cattaraugus County, in which he settled, lies south and southeast of38 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBuffalo. It surface has been described as resembling a piece of rumpledcalico. Two north and south valleys divide it, Great Valley on theeast and Little Valley on the west. In Little Valley, Noah Culver foundone of those abandoned clearings from which the owner had fled in theWar of 1812. The loghouse in the middle of the clearing had been thelair of beasts of the forest during four or five years after its owner hadfled from it, but, renovated, it now became the home of the Culver family.The claim, and indeed the whole country, was covered with a thick growthof pine and hemlock and many varieties of deciduous trees, maple, oak,elm, and others. The center of the county east and west was a series ofhigh hills, rising 2,000 feet above the sea. Cattaraugus Creek, on thenorth of this ridge of hills emptied its waters into Lake Erie and the NorthAtlantic. The waters of the streams to the south found their waythrough the Allegheny, the Ohio, and the Mississippi into the Gulf ofMexico.The Culvers found one treasure in their new home — a loom, leftbehind by the first occupants. It was a veritable godsend, and on it theweaving of the family was done for many years. The head of the familywas a big man of great strength and endurance and of equally pronouncedindependence and self-reliance. On that western frontier he neededmoney badly, and money being due him from a neighbor in his old homewhich seemed uncollectible by mail, he went all the way back to Vermontto collect it in person. But the debtor could not or would not pay, andMr. Culver, his stock of cash reduced to a pittance, was compelled towalk all the way back. His money did not hold out and, too proud toask for bread which would have been given him freely, he walked thelast three days without food. He would himself have cheerfully givena meal to a hungry passer-by, but he would not receive one fromstrangers.His three sons, Lyman, Eliphalet, and Henry were like him, all ofthem 6 feet or more in height, men of hardihood and courage. Thesefour, father and sons, were deemed worthy at geneial training "to holdone side against the assault of the town. " The father's qualities were wellillustrated by Lyman, the oldest son, who, at fourteen yeais of age, wassent to Vermont to bring back to the farm a small flock of sheep. Perhaps these sheep constituted the payment of the debt the father hadfailed to collect. The boy made the journey of nearly 800 miles, muchof it through the primeval forest, on foot, on his return driving thesheep before him. This boy, some sixteen years later, became the fatherof Helen Culver.HELEN CULVER 39As Lyman Culver grew to manhood a village was started near thefarm and took the name of the township, Little Valley. Mr. Culverwas a man of energy and enterprise. He had good business qualities.When his first farm was cleared and brought under cultivation he rentedor sold it and began straightway to clear another. He was a readingand thinking man of strong convictions and independent action.Although he was the only man in the township to do so, he regularlyvoted the abolition ticket. He knew it did not have the slightest chanceof success, but, rain or shine, he was always at the polls, and quietly,without controversy, deposited the single abolition ballot of the town.He was a trustee of the Free Will Baptist Church of Little Valley andhad the confidence and respect of his own community and of the neighboring townships.About 1825 Mr. Culver married Emeliza Hull, sister of the fatherof Charles J. Hull. Charles, a very small boy at that time, was livinga few miles away in Castile, Wyoming County, with his grandparents.Mr. Culver, clearing his first farm in the wilderness, soon had a littlefamily growing up about him, two daughters, Susan and Aurelia, and ason, Robert.From the mother's side of the family there have come more than afew interesting personalities since Rev. Joseph Hull led his flock acrossthe sea to Massachusetts in 1635 in search of religious liberty. Amongthem was the last woman martyr for conscience' sake, Elizabeth Dyer.As a result of the persecution of the Quakers many of the Hulls joinedthat faith, and not without significance, as showing persistent familytraits, were the words of that martyr when offered her life if she wouldleave the colony: "The Lord hath brought me hither and here will Iabide."Helen was the fourth of Lyman Culver's children and it is a curiousfact that on the day of her birth, her cousin, C. J. Hull, with whom shewas to be so long and intimately associated in after-life, was visiting thefamily. He was a boy of twelve, and their acquaintance and friendshipof fifty-seven years began that day. The frontier had moved fartherwest in 1832 when her life began, but some of the conditions of the oldwilderness life still continued.In her early childhood, in 1835-36, there occurred a widespread revoltof the settlers of the Holland Purchase against paying for their lands.At Mayville, in Chautauqua County, a few miles from her home, a mobburned the land office, expecting in this way to destroy the records oftheir indebtedness. William H. Seward, then a young lawyer, after-40 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDward a very famous figure in American history, was called in and by hisconsideration, tact, and wisdom quieted the disturbance in Chautauqua,made friends of the malcontents, collected the debts, and completed thesale of the lands. In an automobile trip through Chautauqua Countywith my family in June, 1922, I visited with interest the old landoffice Mr. Seward built in Westfield in 1836, a one-story brick building,now unused, but left standing to commemorate the residence in thetown of a great man. Lyman Culver was not one of those who defaultedtheir payments, but paid for and cleared one farm only to sell or rentit and buy and improve another.The old loom appears to have descended to her father and was stillin use during Miss Culver's girlhood. She unhappily lost her motherwhen only five years old. She was a delicate child with quiet and rathershy ways. The older sister, Aurelia, remembered that her mother, seeingher own end drawing near, said to her, "You must be good to your littlesister when I am gone for I think you will not have her long." But thedelicate little girl outlived all her youthful contemporaries. As shebecame older and stronger and her sisters left home to teach school, theold loom fell to her and gave her occupation, and she spent much timealone, spinning and weaving, for there was also a spinning wheel, thesethings being her special part of the work. It was a family in whichindustry was the law of life to which all submitted as a matter of course.But it was also a highly intelligent family, the older sisters earlypreparing themselves for teaching. Books were, indeed, still rare inthe Cattaraugus woods, but such as she could come at Helen eagerlydevoured, and early developed an extraordinary love of reading. Thefather was an intelligent man and encouraged this love for books. Evenafter the hard day's toil on the farm he shared the studies of his children.In clearing his lands he had occasion to float his logs down the Alleghenyto market. On these trips he was always on the lookout for books.Perhaps the first he brought back for his daughter Helen was a copy ofShakspeare which has remained a precious possession throughout herlong life.After the death of her mother one and another of her father's sisterscared for the family till a second mother came. As the years went ona second family was reared. The voices of children again filled the house.To secure quiet for reading, the studious sisters, Aurelia and Helen, inwinter used to retire to the unwarmed room of the house and, wrappedin one great shawl, revel in the pages of Paradise Lost or some otherEnglish classic. Helen kept a book on the head of the spinning wheelHELEN CULVER 41where as she came and went she could catch a few words on nearing thewheel. She went through the district school and early exhausted itsresources of instruction. She was eager to go on, but there were noschools at hand to carry her farther. Her father advised her to consultan intelligent neighbor as to what she could profitably take up. Rhetoricwas suggested. A textbook was found and, there being no teacher available, the lessons were faithfully studied and recited to someone who heldthe book and followed the recitation in the text.I am not informed about the amusements or recreations of MissCulver's youth. It is evident that her studies and reading were recreation. But her love of nature must have given her delight in the hillsand valleys, the forests and streams that gave variety and beauty to thescenes about her. In an old book describing the Holland Purchase,I find this story of Little Valley:On lot 77 the summit of the hills is comparatively level and covered by a peculiarrock formation which has not inaptly been termed the Rock City. This city of stonescovers an area of nearly 100 acres, elevated about 2,000 feet above tidewater and severalhundred feet above the level of the valley and is truly a natural curiosity. The rocksare arranged in large masses resembling elevated squares, or stand upright in rows,with large fissures between them, like streets and alleys in a city. Very often thesestreets cross each other at right angles. These huge masses are composed of whitepebbles conglutinated together and the passage ways have been caused by the disintegrating agencies of time which have wasted away the softer parts of the rocks.In the crevices of the rocks trees have sprung up and shaded the streetsof the city. To this place of wonder the young people of the vicinityhave long been accustomed to resort for picnics and it was well known toHelen Culver in her youth.She early developed qualities of initiative, self-reliance, and courage,prosecuted her independent studies and reading with ardor, and whenshe was fourteen was ready to take up teaching. She applied for acountry school, and with some trepidation appeared for examination.The committee began by asking if she was one of Lyman Culver's daughters. And such was the reputation of Mr. Culver and his older daughtersthat she was* quickly assured that she could have the position. She wasvery young, but her evident mastery of the subjects to be taught, herinterest in the work, her serenity, self-possession, and air of quiet authority not only made her first school successful, but confirmed her in herpurpose to get a better preparation for the work of teaching.About this time a school of higher grade, the Chamberlain Institute,was established at Randolph, only ten miles from Little Valley. Meanwhile her father had begun to clear a new farm still nearer to Randolph,42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand it became easy for her to enter the new school. Appreciating herhunger for an education her father assured her that she should continueher studies as long as she wished. She went on happily in the Academyfor two or three years. She lived in Randolph, carrying supplies fromhome, returning for week-end visits or when her larder needed to bereplenished.The cost of living and securing an education at that time— seventyyears ago — seems incredibly low. The annual tuition charge of theAcademy was $12.00 and the price of a room and board in the village$1.50 a week. The four Culver children, Susan, Aurelia, Helen, andRobert, were students in the first years of the school. Helen was in herlast year in 1851.And then, all at once, her world seemed to come to an end. Her big,vigorous father, who had hardly known a sick day, and never spent aday in bed, was taken sick, and within a few days died. He was servingon the grand jury when he and his fellow-jurymen were striken withtyphoid fever and eleven of the panel died! Ignorance of sanitary lawsand crude treatment were responsible. For Helen, the foundations ofthe earth had suddenly given away. Her father was a young man, onlyforty-eight years old. He had been energetic and resourceful, and hadaccumulated an estate not inconsiderable in those days and in that regionfor a man of his age. He left a widow and young children, and in aspirit of unusual self-sacrifice Miss Culver, her sisters, and brothersurrendered all claim to the estate, deciding that they were old enoughto fend for themselves. Helen's sole inheritance was her father's watchand the privilege of finishing her course in the Academy which she did,graduating with the first class in 1852. Her father had died in 1851only a few months before her graduation.She was now twenty years of age and, by her own choice, dependentupon her own exertions for a living. There were few openings in 1852for women who had their own way to make. Outside the home, teachingwas one of the very few callings open to them. Happily Miss Culverhad teaching gifts and had already decided to be a teacher. But shewas not content to remain in the environment in which she was born.In 1852 our country was at the beginning of a new era. It was inthat year that the eastern railroads reached Chicago. Access to thegreat new world of the West was for the first time made easy and its settlement entered on a new stage. Rumors of the way the West was attracting hundreds of thousands from every quarter and of the opportunitiesit presented for a career filled the older states and drew other multitudesHELEN CULVER 43to the valley of the Mississippi. Among these were Helen Culver andher brother Robert. Their grandfather Noah, in whose veins the bloodof the pioneer ran strong, had again sought the western frontier andfound it in DeKalb County, about 60 miles northwest of Chicago.The brother and sister joined the great westward migration in 1853and naturally made their first stopping-place with or near their grandfather. The nearest village was Sycamore, and there Miss Culveropened a "select school" in a disused schoolhouse. It was so successful that very soon an evening session was demanded which was attendedby young people who were so employed that they could not be presentin the daytime. In this most successful enterprise she associated withherself a Miss Kennicott of the family of Robert Kennicott, the firstdirector of the Chicago Academy of Sciences.Her brother Robert had gone to Chicago, and her cousin Charles J.Hull and his family had permanently settled in that city. The day andevening work combined had become too strenuous in Sycamore, andin 1854 Miss Culver went to Chicago to seek a position in the schools ofthe young city. She found there only six public schools. Readilypassing the examinations she was appointed principal of the primarydepartment of "School Number 6" though she was only twenty-twoyears old. It is apparent from what I have already said that she wasa young woman of uncommon abilities and a superior teacher. Thisbecame quickly evident to the school authorities and in a few monthsshe was promoted to be assistant to the principal of " Grammar SchoolNo. 3." In this position she remained between two and three yearswhen her unusual ability led to her promotion to the new high schoolwhich stood on Madison Street, a little west of the river. She hadwon her way by sheer ability from a country school to a position of dignity in the high school of a city of nearly 100,000 people. She continuedin this service for about three years. Then came a change which gavea wholly new direction to her life.During these first six years in Chicago, Mrs. Hull, the wife of hercousin Charles J. Hull, conceived for her a warm affection. She regardedher with so much confidence that when Mrs. Hull's health failed andshe saw death approaching and reflected that her two children, Charlesand Fredrika, would soon be left without a mother, she entreated MissCulver to give up her teaching and assume the care of the children. Thehome was a spacious house in what was then a pleasant residence districton South Halsted Street made famous since that day as the centralbuilding of the Hull-House Social Settlement, presided over for more44 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthan thirty years by Miss Jane Addams. The promise made to Mrs.Hull was kept, and as soon as she could secure release from her high-school work Miss Culver took charge of the Hull home.This was the beginning of a new life. The remarkable thing aboutit is that Miss Culver was quite as successful in the care of a family andas a housekeeper as she had been as a teacher. The characters of theson and daughter developed, under her gentle and inspiring influence,in a way that greatly gratified their father. The son was prepared forcollege and, entering the old University of Chicago, graduated in 1866.The brother and sister were both eager in their school work in which"Cousin Helen" gave her intelligent and sympathetic aid.No one will understand Miss Culver who does not keep constantlyin mind that she has always been a student, in love with books, passionately devoted throughout her long life to reading and study. Her loveof books and her teaching gifts made her an ideal companion, adviser,and helper to the two young people left in her charge during a mostimportant period in their education. During this time she began thestudy of Latin and resumed the study of French. In those days Emerson,Holmes, Longfellow, Tennyson, and Browning were writing, and shereveled in the new literature then appearing as well as in the old. Andshe never dropped the habit of study even in her busiest years. Sheacquired a good reading knowledge of the German, French, Italian, andSpanish languages and literatures, taking up the study of Italian whenover seventy years of age.Miss Culver's care of the Hull home was interrupted for a time bythe call of the country for service during the Civil War of 1861-65. Shehad always had a deep interest in public affairs and the great war forthe preservation of the Union stirred her profoundly. On the last dayof 1862 and the first days of 1863 the desperate battle of Stone River incentral Tennessee was fought. It might well have been called thebattle of Murfreesboro, as it occurred in and around that town. Inretreating from the field General Bragg left 2,500 of his wounded behind.The wounded of the Union army aggregated 7,245. The wounded werefor the most part sent to the permanent and well-equipped hospitalsback of the lines. But as the army of General Rosecrans made itsheadquarters at Murfreesboro for more than five months and conflictscontinued to occur in the neighborhood, hospitals were necessarily maintained in that place. Not being permanent establishments, they werenot well equipped, but for the period of their existence were an essentialfactor in the campaign which resulted in the recovery of Tennessee forHELEN CULVER 45the Union. For the care of this work the United States Sanitary Commission assumed, in part at least, responsibility. It called for helpersfrom Chicago. Miss Culver responded with two other women, went toMurfreesboro and, showing administrative qualities, was put in chargeof the nursing in one of the hospitals. There were about forty bedsclose together in one large room. The nurses lived in the hospital. Theykept the hospital and the beds sanitary, kept the wounded clean andcomfortable, prepared their food and administered their medicines,wrote letters for them, and rendered them all sorts of services.Miss Culver continued this work as long as Murfreesboro remainedthe headquarters of the Army of the Cumberland, a period of severalmonths. In June and July the campaign began which culminated inthe battle of Chickamauga and the occupation of Chattanooga. Thehospitals at Murfreesboro were broken up and Miss Culver returned toher home duties in Chicago, her interest in the great conflict for thepreservation of the national life intensified by the part she had taken init, and her mind enlightened by the near view she had had of its horrors.Her life now went on quietly and uneventfully till 1866. Then camea tragedy in four lives. Mr. Hull's son Charles graduated from theold University of Chicago in June, 1866, and with the opening of theAutumn Quarter of that year entered the Law School. At the sametime Miss Culver took the daughter Fredrika to Oberlin which she hadchosen for the girl's college course. A few weeks later, in October, in asudden return of the cholera which had visited Chicago, but was supposedto have spent itself, the brother Charles was attacked and died after anillness of only eleven hours. He was only nineteen years old, a mostpromising young man, tall and strong, gay and genial, looking out onlife with high purpose. Miss Culver went to Oberlin to carry the wordin person to the sister and be with her through the first days of her sorrow.She found that Fredrika had begun a friendship with a classmate —Martha Ellen French. The friendship continued through the life ofMiss Hull and brought Miss French and Miss Culver together in a closebond which was only broken by the death of Miss French more thanfifty years later. After the graduation of the two younger women fromOberlin they went abroad together and spent perhaps two years whenFredrika returned home hoping that she might be useful to her fatherby entering his office.I am indebted to notes made by Miss French for many of the factsrelated in this sketch. She gives the following picture of Miss Culveras she looked at their first meeting in Oberlin in 1866. "She was of46 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmedium height and figure, with large gray eyes, blooming complexion,loosely curling bronze hair, and seemed enveloped in calm serenity inspite of her tragic mission." She was then thirty-four years old. Afterteaching sixteen years in various high schools and colleges, Miss Frenchaccepted an invitation to make her home with Miss Culver, as a companion and assistant, particularly in her philanthropic work. Duringthe last thirty years of Miss French's life the two made their hometogether.With the son gone and the daughter at Oberlin, the big house beganto seem lonely and in 1868 it was given up. Miss Culver saw that Mr.Hull needed her in his business. He had been under a tremendous strainfor ten years recovering from the financial crash of 1857. She hadbecome fully acquainted with his affairs, and Mr. Hull soon discoveredthat she had business qualities of a high order. She herself awoke tothe discovery that she possessed business gifts hitherto unsuspected.It was therefore inevitable that Mr. Hull should begin to advise withher, that she entered the business office as an assistant and adviser andthat her influence, activities, and responsibilities continually increased.Her connection with Mr. Hull in the business continued to the end ofhis life, about twenty-one years. From being an assistant in the officeshe came to be an associate in the business and in the end its mainstay.Mr. Hull was accustomed to give frequent expression to his appreciation of the invaluable service she had tendered to the business. Theywere engaged in a great real estate enterprise, with headquarters inChicago, but extending to Maryland, Georgia, Texas, Nebraska, andother parts of the country. The object in view was to encourage andassist the working classes in owning their own. homes.This took Mr. Hull away from Chicago much of the time especiallyin the winter, looking after the business in Baltimore, Savannah, andother cities. Miss Culver for the most part remained in charge of theChicago office. Not all the time, however. In the early seventiesthey bought tracts of land in the outskirts of Savannah, Georgia,and encouraged and aided colored men to buy lots and build their ownhomes. In connection with this Savannah business they opened intheir office a night school for the colored people. The school waswonderfully successful. There were more than 300 names enrolled,"and a clamor for new admissions." This was in the winter of 1871-72.The success of the school was not to be wondered at, for Miss Culverhad that winter left the Chicago office and was conducting the Savannahschool.HELEN CULVER 47Mr. C. P. Treat, now of Stamford, Connecticut, who was then in theSavannah office and taught with Miss Culver writes me: "Every nightbut Sunday the place was packed with pupils of all ages, most learningto read and write, one man to study navigation. Never were moreeager students, and never was there a more patient or successful teacherthan Miss Culver." The business in Savannah was as successful asthe school. The time came when one of the city papers stated that alarger proportion of blacks than whites owned their homes in Savannahand a larger proportion than anywhere else in the South. I cannotleave this Savannah episode without calling attention to the extraordinarypicture of this cultivated woman toiling all day in the business of helpingthese poor and ignorant black men to acquire homes of their own andgiving her evenings to teaching them and their children. I know fewstories like this.For the most part, however, Miss Culver confined her personalactivities to the headquarters in Chicago and the care of the great realestate business in that city. This main office controlled all transactionsin other cities so that she came to have an oversight of all the operationsof the widely extended business. For convenience she became a notarypublic, the first woman, it is said, to be so commissioned in Illinois. Ido not know whether she was the first office woman in Chicago or not.She herself knew of no other when she entered the office. But I think itquite certain that she was the first business woman in charge of verylarge affairs. But she went her way so unconsciously bent upon herbusiness as to attract little attention and to feel no embarrassment herself. Her entire business career was pursued, indeed, with the quietunobtrustiveness so characteristic of her, and she seldom left her officeexcept to make necessary visits at the banks, courthouse, or city hall.For many years during Mr. Hull's life, she gave herself to the businesswith absolute devotion, hardly taking a single vacation. As in Savannahso in Chicago she often gave her evenings, after working all day, to teaching in the office where a school for newsboys was sometimes maintained.It will be recalled that the family home had been given up in 1868.There were hopes that it might be re-established on the return of Mr.Hull's daughter, Fredrika, from her period of European study and travel.Her own hope was that she might enter her father's office, while MissCulver again made the home. It was a vain hope on every account.Fredrika's health gave way. She had to be taken South, where everyeffort was made to nurse her back to strength. She died, however, inJuly, 1874. She foresaw her end and anxiety for her father prevailed48 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDover every personal consideration. She was not satisfied till she hadsecured from Miss Culver a renewed promise that she would remain withhim.But aside from this, Miss Culver's connection with the business hadbecome indispensable. There was no more thought of re-establishing ahome for ten years. Miss Culver lived in a hotel, and Mr. Hull was muchof the time absent from Chicago caring for the business in distant cities.But when in 1884 the insidious disease, which finally ended his life,appeared and it became apparent that he needed the comforts and careof a home, a house was built on Ashland Avenue, facing Union Park,and the family life re-established. Miss French came to be a memberof the household and never thereafter left Miss Culver.Mr. Hull died on a business visit to Houston, Texas, in 1889. Heleft no family to inherit his wealth. Miss Culver had been associatedwith him in business for more than twenty years. He felt that she hadhad so much to do with accumulating his fortune that it belonged to heras much as to himself. She was his cousin. They had often conferredtogether as to the ultimate disposition of the estate. She was fullyacquainted with his views and in entire sympathy with them. And, tosum it all up, she commanded his unbounded confidence. It was onlynatural, therefore, that the great estate passed into her possession without conditions or limitations upon its use or disposal except such asshe imposed upon herself, because of her knowledge of, and sympathywith, the desire of Mr. Hull that a considerable portion of it shouldultimately be devoted in some manner approved by her to the publicwelfare.In the real estate office on West Lake Street, the widely extendedbusiness went on just as usual. Now its sole head, she was in her officeearly and late. In addition to the Chicago business, active real estateoperations were being carried on in Baltimore, Savannah, and Houston,with local agents in those cities. Complete duplicate records of all theirtransactions were kept in the Chicago office from which Miss Culversupervised and controlled all the various operations. In Jacksonville,Florida, and Lincoln, Nebraska, and other places, minor activities werecarried on by her directly without local agents.Mr. W. W. Grinstead, then a Chicago lawyer, now of Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania, who was Miss Culver's attorney and business assistantand adviser from 1891 to 1904 has written me illuminatingly of her asa business woman. She had all the operations of the extended businesswell in hand. She had a thorough knowledge of the general situationHELEN CULVER 49and of the different properties in the distant cities, and she decidedpromptly any questions which arose in the handling of different subdivisions and directed the operations of all her agents. In Chicagothere were many improved pieces of real estate with numerous tenants,and many unimproved. "There were rents to be collected, leases to bemade, repairs to be looked after, improvements to be decided upon, salesto be negotiated, taxes to be paid, loans and investments to be made,and the many other details incident to the handling of large real estateholdings." To these and all the multiplied interests of the businessMiss Culver gave her personal attention. She knew and understoodand directed every branch of her business. For many years after thedeath of Mr. Hull she continued the management of the businesswith the same ability that had had so large a share in accumulatingthe estate. In concluding this review of Miss Culver's business lifeI cannot refrain from quoting Mr. Grinstead's statement of the characteristics which particularly impressed him in her business dealings.He says:In the first place she was absolutely fair in a business transaction. In the earlydays of our acquaintance she made a remark which I have never forgotten. It wasto the effect that it had never seemed to her to be necessary that a business transactionshould be profitable to only one of the parties concerned: that business intercourseof the right sort was a mutual thing and that it was by no means to be assumed thatonly one of the parties could be benefited. Her dealings with all classes of people werefounded upon this truth, and her business success is proof of its soundness. The manof small business capacity was as safe in his negotiations with her as the man of widebusiness experience, and soon realized that she was considering his side of the proposition as well as her own and seeking an arrangement which would result in benefit tohim as well as to herself.Another notable characteristic was her placid, even temperament. She approacheda proposition without bias and with calm deliberation, never allowing herself to behurried or disturbed and made her decisions only after careful study of the whole question from every angle. When they were made, they were not easily changed and werepretty certain to be for the best interests of all parties concerned.She was gifted with a wonderful memory and an unusual capacity for masteringdetails. She made good use of these gifts to have at all times a thorough knowledgeof her business. It was not often necessary for her to go to the records to acquaintherself with the situation, for she usually had the information at her fingers' ends.She was firm, but not aggressive in business, a leader rather than a driver. Shewas thorough and painstaking herself and expected the same qualities in those surrounding her, but she developed them in others by example and not by hard and fixed rules.In her relations with her employes and with those with whom she came in contact inbusiness she was always courteous, considerate, and easy to approach, carrying intoher business life the same gentle and amiable qualities which have called forth theadmiration of those who have had the good fortune to be counted among her friends.5o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn 1896 Charles Hull Ewing, Miss Culver's nephew, the son of hersister Aurelia, entered the office and displayed such ability that she verysoon began to transfer the burdens of the office to his younger shoulders.As the years passed this was done more and more fully. For severalyears Mr. Ewing was a member of her family and gradually took overthe care of the office, until as Miss Culver's years increased, he succeededto the business, remaining, however, to this day in the closest associationwith her.Laying aside the burdens of business she sought a place where shecould, after so many years, once more enjoy the rural delights of heryouth. This she found in the early years of this century at the suburbof Lake Forest on the shores of Lake Michigan, 35 miles north of Chicago.Before any other city dwellers realized the charm of the second ridge ofland west of Lake Forest, she bought on it a neglected farm and therebuilt her summer home, which she called "Rockwoods." There shefound pleasure in the outdoor life, and as long as she was able personallydirected the improvement of the farm.Later she found a winter home at Sarasota on the west coast ofFlorida. West of Sarasota on one of the keys that fringe the entirecoast she built a second home where she spends about half the year.It has given her happiness in her later years to renew the early familyties which distance and business tended to loosen on both sides. Brothers and sisters, nephews and nieces, have been much about her and"Aunt Helen's" home has been a center of family life. One and anotherhave been with her for years, and then the little ones of the next generation have come to brighten her life. One by one the brothers and sistershave passed away till she is left the last of her own generation.The sorest penalty of advancing years that Miss Culver has beencompelled to suffer has been the gradual failure of her sight. Whenwith her usual serenity of spirit she recognized the approach of blindness she did a characteristic thing. She began to prepare for the evilday by committing to memory favorite poems. Among them are " RabbiBen Ezra," Wordsworth's "Ode to Immortality," William VaughanMoody's "Gloucester Moors," Bryant's " Thanatopsis," many ofElizabeth Barrett Browning's poems, and innumerable shorter onesfrom many other poets.The passion for reading and study she conceived in early life characterized her in her mature years, and, if possible, increased in her oldage. Blindness did not dim the flame, but rather brightened it. Nolonger able to read herself, others read to her. It takes more than oneHELEN CULVER Sireader to meet her needs. Books she declares are the "breath of life"to her. Her companions are frequently at a loss to find new books forthe current reading table, so rapidly does her eager and tireless minddevour biographies, histories, books of letters and travel. She smilinglyrejects modern fiction. Listening to good books and listening everyday and all day is her business in her old age. With a keen sense ofhumor, constantly bubbling up in original expressions or in merry laughterover the sallies of others in speech or in books, the classic humorists havea beloved shelf in her catholic library.I do not know how Miss Culver's personality could be better summedup than it was by Dr. Robert Collyer, her old pastor, when he said to herduring a call she made on him in his last days: "Miss Culver, ye mindme o' my mother. If she had been on a ship in mid-ocean with the captain and the crew smitten down and it had been said to her: 'Ye'll haveto bring this ship into port,' she'd a done it."The various publications which present very brief biographical statements of prominent Americans begin their articles on Miss Culver asfollows: "Helen Culver. Philanthropist." This is their interpretation of her life. It is a proud title and she has well deserved it. Thepublic welfare and how she could promote it have been her life-studyand particularly so during the past forty years. The will of Mr. Hullleaving his entire estate to her was made in 1881, eight years before hisdeath. They had considered together beneficent uses to be made of aconsiderable part of the estate, and he had committed the whole matterto her with perfect assurance that she would carry out the altruisticpurposes they cherished in common.In the very year in which Mr. Hull died, Miss Jane Addams, castingabout for a place in which to begin the social settlement which was thedream of her youth, happened on the house on South Halsted Street whichhad been the home of the Hull family twenty-five years before. Itappealed to her as the place she wanted. When she approached theowner it occurred to Miss Culver that Miss Addams was offering her theopportunity of beginning a work of true philanthropy. The Hull-HouseSocial Settlement resulted. The conviction of its usefulness grew onMiss Culver. Her interest in it increased from year to year. Largelythrough her bounty the house and the entire block became the propertyof the Settlement. She gave $50,000 for the erection of a building forboys, and has for years made a considerable monthly contribution to thework among the boys. These are only a few of the things she has donefor Hull-House. Recent large, unannounced gifts to the sustentation52 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfund have been made to relieve Miss Addams from the burden of theannual effort to raise by personal solicitation the funds to meet thecurrent expenses. And to great gifts of property and money she hasadded during the past thirty-three years her personal friendship andsympathy and support for Miss Addams, not always agreeing withher, as Miss Addams assures me, but according her freedom and generoussupport. She has been one of the seven trustees of the Hull-HouseAssociation, Charles L. Hutchinson, Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, JuliusRosenwald, Allen B. Pond, Jane Addams, and Mary R. Smith beingthe other members of the board. Miss Culver continued to serve activelyas a trustee till 1920 when, the infirmities of age compelling her to withdraw, she was elected honorary president for life and her nephew CharlesHull Ewing took her place in the list of active trustees.Miss Culver has always taken a deep interest in good government.As indicated by her service in the Murfreesboro hospital in 1863 she hasbeen an ardent patriot. During the Great War she invested very largelyin the Liberty Bonds, and finding that, in spite of her blindness she couldstill knit, she turned in more stockings for the soldiers than any othermember of the group of women war workers at Lake Forest.Her interest in good government is well illustrated by the followingincident. During a violent sickness when her hearing was for a timealmost gone and her sight entirely so, though this was before her permanent blindness came on, and while her life hung in the balance, animportant city election took place, in which there seemed a chance forbetter administration. When the doctor came in, the morning afterthe election, he asked sympathetically: "Miss Culver, is there anythingyou want ?" To his amazement her voice rang out suddenly clear andstrong: "Yes, I want to know how the election went."In 1905 the City Club of Chicago undertook an inquiry into themunicipal revenues of the city. This was financed by Miss Culver tothe extent of several thousand dollars. The investigation was turnedover to Professor Charles E. Merriam, of the University of Chicago,and with the aid of a number of assistants he worked out a somewhatelaborate report published later in 1905 and 1906 under the title of TheMunicipal Revenues of Chicago.Because of the attention attracted by this work, Professor Merriamwas appointed a member of the charter convention by Governor Deneenand made chairman of the committee on revenue and expenditures. Hewas also appointed a member of the State Tax Commission by the governor. On entering the Council he undertook, 1909-n, a comprehensiveHELEN CULVER 53inquiry into the expenditures of the city of Chicago, largely as a resultof the interest and experience gained during the investigation for theCity Club. As he and his associates neared the close of their City Hallinvestigation they concluded that it would be very important to set upa private agency to cover not only the city but other local governmentsin and around Chicago. Mr. Walter Fisher, Mr. Julius Rosenwald, andMr. Merriam were most active in organizing this bureau.As another outgrowth of the work of the City Hall investigationthere was established under the direction of the Civil Service Committeean Efficiency Division which for a number of years did extremely valuable work. In 1915 under the Thompson administration the employeesof this division were dismissed, but the staff was taken over by the financecommittee and is used for budget-making and inspection purposesthrough the year.All these important results were largely due to the work begun bythe City Club in 1905 — work made possible by the interest and generosityof Miss Culver.A number of years ago Professor W. I. Thomas began a study ofimmigrant groups which it was hoped might not only be of scientificinterest, but also enlightening as to the best measures to be taken relatingto them after they reached our country. The results of the study wereto be published in five large volumes. Experts racially connected withthe several groups have assisted in the work. This important piece ofwork has also been made possible by the liberality of Miss Culver.These are illustrations of her interest and liberality in movementsthat promised benefit to the public. But they are only illustrationsof the many channels through which the current of her bounty has runin a continuous stream. Ten days ago one who was just going abroadin the interest of world-reconstruction casually said to me, "Miss Culverhas just sent me a check for $1,000." She gave $2,000 for the librarybuilding which was erected as a memorial of President William R.Harper.The story of the greatest of Miss Culver's public benefactions formsa very important chapter in her life and also in the history of the University of Chicago. In its educational plan the biological sciences covera wide field, including zoology, anatomy, physiology, botany, pathology,hygiene, and bacteriology. The University began its work in 1892with no provision whatever for housing these important departments.Six months before the opening, the Board of Trustees declared theirintention "to appropriate the first $150,000, available for such purposes,54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto the construction and furnishing of a biological laboratory." Theneed of such a laboratory increasingly burdened President Harper'smind. At the Summer Convocation in 1894 he declared that this wasthe greatest need of the University, that the biological departments,although they required the most carefully adjusted accommodations,were compelled to occupy rooms, some in one laboratory, some in another,scattered about on different floors, without unity of plan or adequatefacilities and that it was literally impossible for the work to continue inthe quarters then available. He concluded by saying, "The laboratorycan be erected for $100,000. Who will build it ?" At every succeedingConvocation he urged this need, enlarging on it in December, 1894,reiterating it in June, 1895, when he added this despairing cry, "Thesituation, in a word, is so serious that we shall be compelled to give up aportion of the work already undertaken unless help comes most speedily."And help did come speedily. Those were interesting years in theUniversity. Someting new, unexpected, surprising, was always happening. It was so in this crisis. On December 19, 1895, a letter was submitted to the Board of Trustees from Miss Culver in which she said:It has long been my purpose to set aside a portion of my estate to be used in perpetuity for the benefit of humanity. The most serious hindrance to the immediatefulfilment of the purpose was the difficulty of selecting an agency to which I couldintrust the execution of my wishes. After careful consideration I concluded that thestrongest guaranties of permanent and efficient administration would be assured ifthe property were intrusted to the University of Chicago. Having reached this decisionwithout consulting the University authorities, I communicated it to President Harperwith the request that he would call on me to confer concerning the details of my plan.After further consideration I now wish to present to the University of Chicago propertyvalued at $1,000,000, an inventory of which is herewith transmitted. The wholegift shall be devoted to the increase and spread of knowledge within the field of thebiological sciences.By this I mean to provide: (1) That the gift shall develop the work now represented in the several biological departments of the University of Chicago by the expansion of their present resources. (2) That it shall be applied in part to an inland experimental station and to a marine biological laboratory. (3) That a portion of theinstruction supported by this gift shall take the form of University Extension Lectureson the West Side of Chicago. These lectures shall communicate in form as free fromtechnicalities as possible the results of biological research. One purpose of theselectures shall be to make public the advances of science in sanitation and hygiene.To secure the above ends a portion, not to exceed one half of the capital sum thusgiven, may be used for the purchase of land, for equipment, and for the erection ofbuildings.The remainder, or not less than one half the capital sum shall be invested and theincome therefrom shall constitute a fund for the support of research, instruction,and publication.HELEN CULVER 55Among the motives prompting the gift is the desire to carry out the ideas and tohonor the memory of Mr. Charles J. Hull who was for a considerable time a member ofthe Board of Trustees of the old University of Chicago. I think it appropriate therefore to add the condition that, wherever it is suitable, the name of Mr. Hull shall beused in designation of the buildings erected and of endowments set apart in accordancewith the terms of this gift.Yours very truly,Helen CulverThe relief and satisfaction this great, unsolicited benefaction gave toPresident Harper, the Trustees, the staff of the biological departments,and to the entire University can hardly be described.The property conveyed to the University by Miss Culver consistedof a large number of pieces of Chicago real estate, some of it vacant, butmuch of it improved with dwellings or with buildings used for businesspurposes.A very little consideration of the building problem made it plain thatsomething more was needed than a "biological laboratory" to cost$100,000. Miss Culver consenting that $300,000 should be used forbuildings, four laboratories were erected. They formed a quadrangle,Zoology on the northeast corner, Anatomy on the northwest, Physiologyon the southwest, and Botany on the southeast. A cloister connectedBotany with Zoology, and Physiology with Anatomy. A covered gateway leading into the quadrangle from Fifty-seventh Street connectedZoology and Anatomy. The four laboratories were thus in effect undera single roof. On the south between Botany and Physiology was a highiron fence with an ornamental gateway, opposite the imposing northerngateway. The space thus inclosed by the laboratories and fence wascalled Hull Court and the group of buildings is known as the HullBiological Laboratories.It was found that this extensive group could not be built for the sumset apart for it, and in 1896 Miss Culver made a new contribution of$25,000 which made the building fund sufficient, and in 1897 she gave$15,000 more to complete the laboratory equipment. Owing to a seriousdepreciation in values the real estate did not realize the prices hoped for,and in 1898 Miss Culver added $143,000 to her gifts. In 1899 she madean additional donation of $10,000 and once more in 1902 of $60,000.The total fund including the cost of the laboratories exceeds $1,100,000.The cornerstones of the four laboratories were laid July 3, 1896, inconnection with the University's Quinquennial Celebration. It was agreat occasion. Professor Whitman said:56 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Culver gift to Biology came to us all as a grand surprise. Our earliest daysin the University were spent in the garrets and kitchens of a tenement house. Wewere then tenderly transferred to the unused corners of Kent Chemical Laboratorywhere .... we struggled for three years for bare existence Just as our hopeshad cooled to near the freezing point came .... the story, told in all the brevity andgravity that befit great deeds: "A gift of a million to Biology."The laboratories were finished and occupied in the spring of 1897and dedicated July 2 in connection with the Nineteenth Convocation.Professor William H. Welch, of Johns Hopkins University, delivered adedicatory address in Hull Court on "Biology and Medicine" andMiss Culver presented the buildings to the University in the followingmost happily expressed statement:In some strenuous natures, anxiety regarding a happy personal hereafter is largelyreplaced by a passionate desire to accomplish some real work here — " to produce," asCarlyle puts it. To them it is not enough to add somewhat, daily, to the sum-total ofwell-being. They long to preserve the life-force from total dissipation at the close —to leave in concrete form a definite resultant, and give it such direction that it maymove on as a continuation of personal effort. The son it is hoped may be heir to hisfather's spirit and purpose, or by some other means, power may be transmitted tosucceeding generations and an immortality of beneficent influence be secured. It wasin obedience to such a driving power that provision for these buildings was made.Since it has fallen to me to conclude the work of another, you will not think it intrusiveif I refer briefly to the character and aims of the real donor. During a lifetime of closeassociation with Mr. Hull, I have known him as a man of tenacious purpose and inextinguishable enthusiasm, and above all things, dominated by a desire to help his kind.Much of his time for fifty years was spent in close contact with those most needinginspiration and help. He had also profound convictions regarding the best basis forsocial development in this country, and these directed the entire energies of his life.Looking toward the cessation of activity, it was for many years his unchanging desirethat a part of his estate should be administered directly for the public benefit. Manyplans were discussed between us. And when he was called away before he could seethe work begun, I am glad to know that he did not doubt that some part of his purposewould be carried out. He would have shared our joy could he have foreseen the earlycreation of this great University, and it would have been a greater pleasure added couldhe have known the wide diffusion of its benefits sought by its management. I haveindicated that, apart from my own interest in the matter, I have looked upon myselfas the guardian of a trust, only the more sacred because unexpressed. That burden,Mr. President, and members of the Board of Trustees, I have laid upon you — and uponall those who are to work within these Halls — instructors and students. To you, andto them, I pass the name, which no son or daughter is left to wear, with the materialinheritance and the advantages and duties thereto attaching.I have believed that I should not do better than to choose as his heirs and representatives those lovers of the light, who in all generations, and from all ranks, givetheir lives to the search for truth, and especially those forms of inquiry, which explorethe Creator's will, as expressed in the laws of life, and the means of making lives moreHELEN CULVER 57sound and wholesome. I have believed that moral evils would grow less as knowledgeof their relation to physical life prevails — and that science, which is knowing — knowingthe truth — is a foundation of pure religion.I shall attempt no further statement of the lines along which I have hoped goodwould flow from this foundation. Those possiblities would be better measured by someworker in the field of biological research. Mr. President and gentlemen, I leave thebuildings and my responsibility with you.In receiving the buildings President Harper spoke with deep feeling.Briefly he told again the story of how the great donation had been madefor the equipment and endowment of a school of the biological sciencesand expressed the gratitude of the University to the modest lady who, inhonor of another, had done this unspeakable service to the institution andto education.No one can estimate, much less measure, the greatness of this service.Great men have labored in the laboratories. Investigations which haveresulted in inestimable benefits to mankind have there been prosecuted.Scholars have been sent out from the several departments who havealready become eminent in the scientific world. The classrooms havebeen crowded, more than a thousand students now being enrolled everyyear, nearly half of whom are graduate students from many collegesand universities receiving their training as investigators who will devotetheir lives to the advancement of science. In these laboratories 300 menand women have earned the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Two ofthese have become presidents of institutions of higher learning. Aboutforty have become deans, directors, and heads of departments in collegesand universities. More than 160 have reached professorial rank inuniversities in all parts of the world. Others are curators of collections,physicians, and investigators in institutions of research. It was thepresentation of some of the fruits of her beneficence in the single Department of Botany, made to her by Professor C. J. Chamberlain and hisassurance that it would greatly gratify all the departments, that finallyovercame Miss Culver's dislike of publicity and induced her to consentto the preparation of this sketch.But these results of those great gifts of Miss Culver do not completethe story. The University has continued to build on the foundation shelaid. The work grew continually until the four laboratories becameinadequate. In 19 15 the University out of its own funds built a laboratory for Pathology costing $60,000 to relieve conditions, and as I writeit is erecting another for Bacteriology and Hygiene which will cost aboutthe same amount. Both of these structures bear the name of Dr.Howard T. Ricketts, a former member of the Department of Pathology58 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwho died, a martyr to science, in the city of Mexico near the end of anepoch-making investigation into the cause and cure of typhus fever, oneof the worst scourges that has afflicted humanity. He discovered thecause, the bite of the body louse, and isolated the germ that occasionedthe fever, when he was himself bitten in the hospitals where he wasinvestigating the dread disease and became himself one of its victims.His work which will prove of incalculable value to the world was one ofthe direct results of Miss Culver's beneficence. And this is only one ofmany achievements which it would require volumes to present.The present expenditures of the six biological departments aggregatenearly or quite $300,000 every year. Perhaps 40 per cent of this amountis provided by the fees of students. The balance, $180,000, comes outof the income from the University's endowments.Such have been the fruits and developments of the first quarter-century following the great contribution of Miss Culver for the "increaseand spread of knowledge within the field of the biological sciences."The donor is still living. Her thirst for information, her desire toincrease her knowledge, her love of good reading, continue as great asever. Essentially optimistic in nature, her instinct has always impelledher strongly toward faith in immortality, and she has even expressedan eagerness to enter upon the new life. But she retains all her interestin life and in the world about her. She continues an inspiration to herfriends. Her outlook and sympathies are as wide and her judgmentremains as sound as ever. Service to the world has been the ruling motiveof her long and useful life. This could not be more happily expressedthan in her own words at the dedication of the Hull BiologicalLaboratories: "I have believed that I should not do better than tochoose as his heirs and representatives those lovers of the fight, who, inall generations and from all ranks, give their lives to the search fortruth, especially those forms of inquiry which explore the Creator's will asexpressed in the laws of life and the means of making lives more soundand wholesome."Uwoo< OTHE QUADRANGLE CLUB1By HOWARD SHAWThe Quadrangle Club is a free treatment of domestic Gothic carriedout in a red brick like many of the colleges of Cambridge. By the useof this style and color note, the building is designed as a foil to the continuous grayness of the "Collegiate Gothic" of the University, where?because of the sameness of color, the various buildings are in danger oflosing their individuality.Reynolds Club is improved by the plain red Quadrangle Club acrossthe street, whose stone-mullioned windows and leaded casements re-echothe neighboring college buildings; while the big chimneys, glazed porch,and friendly and informal entrance suggest the domestic character ofthe Club House.Another departure from the University buildings is the change fromred-tile roofs to the graduated slate of random width and color. Whenthe grounds are planted and vines creep up the buttresses, the friendlyquality of the building will be helped.With Dr. Ames's church now building, the four corners of this streetintersection will be completed with more homogeneous character anduse than usual on Chicago's street corners. Judicious tree planting onboth streets would help the general impression.The main entrance is on Fifty-seventh Street, but a south entranceis more convenient from the quadrangles. From the stone-flagged lobbyof the ground floor opens the office, the women's lounge and coatrooms,billiard- and cardrooms, and the men's coatrooms. Beyond the latteris a good sized locker-room with four showers, and a staircase down toa large basement room which it is proposed to use as a gymnasium.The stone staircase leads to a gallery on the second story whose floor ismarble, walls, stone, and carved stone corbels carry the hewn-oak beams.To the west is the lounge, extending along the University Avenuefront, paneled in oak to the ceiling, with big stone fireplace and baywindows. Bookcases, leather chairs, red hangings, and table lampslend comfort. On the north, connecting with the lounge, is the writing-room with vaulted ceiling, and on the south a cardroom.1 The new Quadrangle Club was opened to members with the Christmas Revelsheld on the evening of December 21, 1922. Mr. Shaw is the architect of the building.596o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDWith five great windows giving on to stone balconies, the garden roomoverlooks the new tennis courts. To overcome the large glass exposurein winter is a fireplace, and numerous tables for magazines, etc., to makethis the "sunporch" of the club. Opposite, on the north, is the largeprivate dining-room, accessible from the kitchen without passing throughthe main dining-hall.With floor lowered two steps and higher ceiling is the great dining-room with stone walls and paneled wainscot, a stone bay in the centerof the south wall and opposite the fireplace. On the east, the breakfastroom, with floor raised two feet and a half, affords a stage on occasion,when the garden room, private dining-room and gallery, opened up bybroad folding-doors, will add materially to the seating capacity.The blue hangings, tapestry, some old brocade banners, and bits ofpainted glass give the color note. Small tables are used, although thelong refectory boards of the English college halls would have been moreeffective. The service department occupies the northeast corner ofthis floor.The entire third floor is given over to living- and bedrooms for members, seventeen suites, some with fireplaces, all with bathrooms, and alllight. One suite is reserved for the University's guests. The generalfurnishings of these rooms are augmented with the personal belongingsof their occupants.The floors are all of stone, marble, terrazzo, or concrete, and, withthe stone frames and metal sash of the windows, add to the fireproofnature of the building; except a few wainscots and the furniture, there isnothing to burn.On the entrance porch, carved panels show the University Armsand the date of erection; on the west wall, two fierce dogs guarding abook, crowned, would seem to indicate certain educational requirementsfor admission.Xuaii pO o<H [Idtf •sQ S< V<DC-HKTHE TOMB OF TUTENKHAMONBy special invitation of Lord Carnarvon and Mr. Howard Carter,whose excavations in the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings, at Thebes,have had such important results, Professor and Mrs. James HenryBreasted, who were on their way down the Nile in December, wereinvited to inspect the tomb of Tutenkhamon, the last monarch of theEighteenth Dynasty. A letter just received by Mrs. Judson, from Mrs.Breasted, gives the following graphic account of the visit, which wasmade on December 18, 1922."We were requested to come without any of our staff of helpers andwithout mentioning to anyone where we were going; so leaving ourdonkeys and donkey-boys at the rest-house near the temple of Der elBahri we proceeded to enter the Valley of the Tombs of the Kings byway of the steep and difficult path over the Gebel."But, leaving all details of our reaching that wondrous Valley of theTombs, let me tell you of the tomb of our quest. At the entrance wefound Mr. Howard Carter and his assistant, Mr. Callander. Mr.Burton, photographer for the Metropolitan Museum excavations, was,at the moment, in the tomb, making exposures by the powerful electricfights which have been installed there. We waited till these werecompleted. Mr. Carter asked if my lady friend and I would feel hurtif Mr. Breasted and Mr. Winlock (of the Metropolitan Museum) had thefirst view of the tomb. Imagine any petty soul being hurt under suchcircumstances! This, for which these patient scholars had hoped foryears! A royal tomb of the Pharaohs, undisturbed, as it had lain thesethree thousand, two hundred and fifty years, in all its magnificence andsplendor! We were more than content to sit above and wait our turnindefinitely. But we were not asked to do that. Soon Mr. Carterbeckoned us to enter the first doorway and sit outside the second andactual entrance of the tomb and view what seemed to be a dreamrather than a reality. Before us lay, piled to the ceiling, the paraphernalia of an Egyptian king. Golden couches; golden chariots, inlaidwith precious stones; a golden chair, with a scene upon the back, of theking and queen, wrought in wondrous colors of enamel and preciousstones; chests, inlaid with ivory in patterns or in hieroglyphs; chestsof all descriptions — one especially beautiful, with painted designs of6162 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhunting scenes of wild animals and processions so delicately drawn andcolored that it would vie with any Japanese art of the finest type; thesechests all filled with precious articles of various kinds such as royalrobes, sandals, a golden head-rest, rolls of linen, golden serpents and noone knows what all, since only a few of the covers have been raised, lestanything come to grief of this precious outlay, which has lain thesethousands of years in the silence of the tomb."So limited is the space and so numerous are the articles that buttwo persons may be allowed to enter at a time. Under one of the couchesare many sealed cases of food; some of these are in the form of fowl andanimals. Between two of the couches, on the floor, stand four carvedalabaster vases of such exquisite workmanship, that, for beauty alone,to say nothing of their age, they would be priceless. Then there areabout a dozen canes or staves of marvelous workmanship. I mightenumerate many more of the objects, but I should tell you something of asecond chamber, into which no one has yet entered, but can peer, bystooping, under one of the couches, through a small, square opening inthe wall. The strong electric light reveals objects of all descriptionspiled to the ceiling on all four sides of the room. Drawing one's headback one sees on the right, against the wall, two life-size statues of theking, with sandals of gold upon their feet, and each with a gilded staffgrasped in both hands. These seem to be guarding the space betweenthem and this space is of white plaster and covered with great seals ofthe king, Tutenkhamon, whose royal cartouche is to be seen in otherobjects in the same chamber. Here, it is believed, is the entrance to theburial chamber of the king, and in February, when this chamber is tobe opened, will be found the king, lying as he was laid away, threethousand, two hundred and fifty years ago. There are indications thatancient tomb robbers have hastily taken from the first chamber theobjects of solid precious metal and it is possible that they did the sameto the inner chamber, and the mortuary priests, discovering it, proceededto seal it up again, together with the outer entrance, just as it was foundby Mr. Howard Carter. My husband has been able to aid Mr. Carterin the identification of the tomb and to explain why it escaped discoveryor vandalism in modern times. He will be sent for in February to aidin the opening of the mortuary chamber. How fortunate that heshould be in Egypt at this time! It is the event of a lifetime."EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY-SEVENTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Twenty-seventhConvocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Tuesday, December 19,at 4:00 p.m. The Convocation Statement was made by President Harry PrattJudson. The award of honors was asfollows: Honorable mention for excellencein the work of the Junior Colleges: JohnJacob Abt, Catherina Meyrick Clarke,Roy George Ehman, Gladys Louise Finn,Emma Albertine Mathilde Fleer, MauriceHarold Friedman, Adelaide DavidGlassner, Samuel Louis Goldberg, ElaMaurine Gore, Russell Greenacre, LucileMarie Hoerr, Albert Chandler Johnston,Phyllis Schuyler Kerr, Herman ChristofKluever, Margaret Post Miller, HarryGould Mitchell, Phillip Shapiro, WinifredHenrietta Wadsworth, Margaret Walker,Mary Belle Wilcox. Scholarships in theJunior Colleges for excellence in the workof the First Year: Annie Florence Brown,Virginia Carlson, Charles Vern Dinges,Hortense Louise Fox, Ira Freeman, JamesVirgil Huffman, Louis Stevenson Kassel,Edwin Joseph Kunst, John KennethLaird, Jr., Victor Levine, Evelyn LorettaMcLain, Amy Clarie Root, BernardRichard Rosenberg, David Shipman,Phillip Shapiro, Helen Josephine Stein-hauser, David Wark Stodsky, LucyLucile Tasher (Selz), Charles Thorne,Gladys Marion Walker. The Bachelor'sDegree with honors: Queenie HarrietBlack, Laura Elizabeth Bodebender,Elizabeth Donald Bowen, Earl VincentBurfield, James Cekan, Louis BarkhouseFlexner, . Benjamin Bernard Garbow,Raymond Rosco Gregg, Wallace Reginald Greiner, Paul Luther Gross, JohnEdward Guardia, Anna Mettine C. Holm,Willard Albert Johnston, Harold Korey,Esther Lucille Ladewick, Merritt JohnsonLittle, Edward Gowan Lunn, WaldeenHogan Mahan, Frances Morris, MarionRuger Norcross, Ernest Aloysius Obering,Dorothy Price, Dwight Tedcastle Vandel,Martha Reyburn Wagner, EmilyCharlotte Westberg, Herbert Arthur Wildman. Honors for excellence inparticular departments of the SeniorColleges: Queenie Harriet Black, History;Laura Elizabeth Bodebender, Greek;Elizabeth Donald Bowen, History andSociology; Earl Vincent Burfield, Psychology and Education; James Cekan,Political Economy; James Cekan, Law;Natalie Eleanor Chapman, English;William Aubrey Dawson, Geology; LouisBarkhouse Flexner, Chemistry; EdwardAugust Fuhlbruegge, History; BenjaminBernard Garbow, Latin; Raymond RoscoGregg, Political Economy; Wallace Reginald Greiner, Physiology and Anatomy;Paul Luther Gross, Chemistry; JohnEdward Guardia, Geography; HaroldKorey, History; Esther Lucille Ladewick,Geology; Merritt Johnson Little, PoliticalScience; Edward Gowan Lunn, Chemistry;Waldeen Hogan Mahan, Philosophy;Frances Morris, History; Frances Morris,Education; Marion Ruger Norcross, Romance; Ernest Aloysius Obering, Geology;Dorothy Price, Zoology and Botany;Dwight Tedcastle Vandel, Anatomy;Yui Hsun Woo, Mathematics and Physics.Election of associate members toSigma Xi: Chang Kong Chuang, MabelleCrystale Dame, Kuang Chi Fang, Jose*Maria Feliciano, Harry Victor Hume,Marian Eliza Hutchins, Marvin SigmundLauer, Edward Lewis Turner, JamesMarvin Weller, Ruby Kathryn Worner,John Churchill Wyeth. Election ofmembers to Sigma Xi: William ClardyAustin, Constance Rummons Ballantine,John Perry Ballantine, Grace Barkley,Alfred Hannam Bell, William Emet Blatz,Edwin Jean Blonder, Julius Blumenstock,John White Bushnell, John WesleyCoulter, George Babcock Cressey, PatrickArthur Delaney, Lincoln V. Domm,Bessie Chloe Engle, Benjamin Goldberg,Percival Allen Gray, Jr., Roy Lee Grogan,Richard Hartshorne, Leslie Hellerman,Harris Hazen Hopkins, Joseph C. Ireland,Judson Dunbar Ives, Francis ArthurJenkins, Elmer Harrison Johnson, HughWilson Josephs, Forrest Alexander Kerr,William Frederick Kroener, MaryEugenie Maver, Alexander Maximow,6364 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFrank Armon Melton, Lynette Myers,Laura Ida McLaughlin, James BirtleyMcNair, Edward Looman Reed, Con-stancio Pacifico Rustia, Roger WilliamRyan, John Richard Sampey, Jr., JennieTilt, Sarah Sheldon Tower, Frank AldisWelton, Edward Staunton West,Henrietta Lydia Zollman.Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinction in general scholarship: WalterBartky, Queenie Harriet Black, LouisBarkhouse Flexner (March, "22), Benjamin Bernard Garbow (March, '22),Elizabeth Greenebaum, John EdwardGuardia, George Huling, Arthur PrestonLocke, Frances Morris, Ernest AloysiusObering, Marion Llewellyn Pool, DorothyPrice, Sydney Stein, Jr., James MarvinWeller, Herbert Arthur Wildman (June,'22).The National Research Fellowship inAnatomy, provided by the RockefellerFoundation, was awarded to GeorgeMorris Curtis, Ph.D., University ofMichigan, 1914; M.D., Rush MedicalCollege, 1920.Degrees and certificates were conferredas follows: The Colleges: the certificateof the College of Education, 1; thedegree of Bachelor of Arts, 2; the degreeof Bachelor of Philosophy, 47; the degreeof Bachelor of Science, 37; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Education,5; the degree of Bachelor of Philosophyin Commerce and Administration, 14; thedegree of Bachelor of Philosophy in theSchool of Social Service Administration, 1 ;The Divinity School: the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 2; The Law School: thedegree of Doctor of Law, 2; The GraduateSchools of Arts, Literature, and Science:the degree of Master of Arts, 22; tiedegree of Master of Science, n; thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy, 14.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10:30 a.m., Sunday, December 17,in the Reynolds Club. At 11:00 a.m.,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, theConvocation Religious Service was held.The Preacher was the Reverend AlfredWesley Wishart, D.D., Fountain StreetBaptist Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theAutumn Quarter were: October 8, Professor Theodore Gerald Soares, University of Chicago; October 22, Professor FrancisGreenwood Peabody, D.D., LL.D., Harvard University; October 29, ReverendLynn Harold Hough, D.D., CentralMethodist Episcopal Church, Detroit,Michigan; November 5, Dr. Hough;November 12, Right Reverend CharlesDavid Williams, D.D., L.H.D., LL.D.,Bishop of Michigan; November 19,Bishop Williams; November 26, Reverend Meredith Ashby Jones, D.D.,Ponce de Leon Baptist Church, Atlanta,Georgia; December 3, Dr. Jones; December 10, Reverend Archibald Black,D.B., First Congregational Church,Montclair, New Jersey; and December17, Reverend Alfred Wesley Wishart,D.D., Fountain Street Baptist Church,Grand Rapids, Michigan.Professor Henry Gordon Gale, of the Department of Physics, has been appointedDean of the Ogden Graduate School ofScience, to succeed the late Dean RollinD. Salisbury. Professor Gale, who hasbeen Dean in the College of Science forten years, received both his Bachelor'sand Doctor's degrees from the Universityand has been connected with the Department of Physics since 1899. He hasbeen physicist and research associate ofthe Carnegie Institution of Washingtonat Mount Wilson, California, joint editorof the Astrophysical Journal for ten years,member of the International Commissionof Annual Tables of Constants, and chairman of the Division of Physical Sciences,National Research Council.During the war Dean Gale was majorand lieutenant colonel in the Signal Corpsand was an officer in charge of a specialservice division at Tours, France. Hewas cited by the commander-in-chief ofthe American Expeditionary Forces for"especially meritorious and conspicuousservice," and has recently received thedecoration of the Chevalier of the Legionof Honor.In the course of a field trip the pastsummer with a class from the Universityof Chicago, Dr. Adolph C. Noe, AssistantProfessor of Paleobotany, secured fromMr. C. D. Young, of Morris, Illinois, a veryvaluable collection of fossil plants andanimals from the Mazon Creek district.Mr. Young, who is Master in Chanceryof Grundy County, presented the collection to the University of Chicago. Itconsists of 900 choice specimens selectedEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 65from a great number which Mr. Younghas been collecting through nearly fortyyears, and is the last great privatecollection of Illinois fossils available.The collection, which represents a valueof several thousand dollars and wasdonated to the University without anyconditions or reservations, will be housedin Walker Museum.The Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors for October,1922, contains an extended CommitteeReport on " Initiatory Courses for Freshmen," prepared under the chairmanshipof Professor Ernest Hatch Wilkins of theUniversity.On October 5, McGill University, atMontreal, marked the opening of its newBiological Building by formal publicceremonies. The building, providedthrough the generosity of the RockefellerFoundation, contains laboratories for thedepartments of botany, zoology, physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology.One of the four addresses of the occasionwas given by Professor John M. Coulter,of the University, representing botany.There was a large representation ofscientific men from the United States andEngland.The University was represented at theinauguration, on October 7, 1922, ofGeorge Barton Cutten as president ofColgate University by Professor BenjaminTerry, a graduate of Colgate Universityin the class of 1878, and professor therefrom 1885-92.At the inauguration of Miss MarionEdwards Park as president of Bryn MawrCollege, October 21, 1922, the Universitywas represented by Professor Paul Shorey,who was professor of Greek in Bryn MawrCollege from 1885-92.The University was represented at theinauguration, on October 28, 1922, ofSamuel Paul Capen as president of theUniversity of Buffalo by ProfessorCharles H. Judd.At the Cleveland meeting of theAmerican Public Health Association inOctober, John F. Norton of the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology waselected Secretary of the LaboratorySection. Dr. August Krogh, professor of Physiology in the University of Copenhagen,and winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1920, lectured before theBiological Club of the University onFriday afternoon, October 27, in KentTheater, on "The Motor Control of theCapillaries."In connection with the recent centenaryof the foundation of the Camden Professorship of Ancient History at OxfordUniversity the London Times pays aspecial tribute to Professor James HenryBreasted, Chairman of the Department ofOriental Languages and Literatures andDirector of the Oriental Institute atthe University, who received at thecelebration the honorary degree of Doctor of Letters. The Public Orator atOxford, after noting that a great amountof research work in ancient history isnow done by American scholars, declaredthat of these Professor Breasted wasamong the foremost, especially in workon the history and records of Egypt.Through the American Ambassadorto France the honorary degree of Doctorof the University has been conferred bythe University of Paris on ProfessorAlbert A. Michelson, who for thirtyyears has been the head of the Department of Physics in the University. Atthe same time, the same degree was conferred on Former Secretary of StateElihu Root and President A. LawrenceLowell, of Harvard University.A full set of instruments for a band of100 pieces has been given the Universityof Chicago by Carl D. Greenleaf, a graduate of the University in the class of1899. Mr. Greenleaf is the head ofC. G. Conn, Ltd., the great manufacturersof musical instruments at Elkhart, Indiana. The equipment was delivered tothe University in time for use at thePrinceton game, October 28, and includesa gigantic base drum eight feet and oneinch in diameter, which is said to be thelargest drum in the world. No littledifficulty was experienced in getting hideslarge enough to make the drum heads.The workmen are reported to have becomegreatly interested in the manufacture ofthe instruments, which are valued at$10,000.Mr. and Mrs. Greenleaf were guests ofPresident Harry Pratt Judson at the66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgame, and witnessed the first appearanceof the Band with the new instruments.The leader of the band is MorrisWilson, and the military side of the band'swork has been very efficiently conductedby the Department of Military Scienceand Tactics, of which Major H. E. Marris the official head. Lieutenant LawrenceBixby has had immediate charge of thedrilling.A paper on "Gabriele D'Annunzio,Poet of Beauty and Decadence," readby Associate Professor Rudolph Altrocchibefore the Chicago Literary Club,November 6, 1922, was published by theClub in December, as one of the Clubpapers.Under the auspices of the School ofCommerce and Administration, the University Journal of Business has beenlaunched, the general purpose of whichis to stimulate intellectual activity amongstudents of collegiate schools of business.To this end it will have the co-operationof these schools at the universities ofIllinois, Minnesota, Wisconsin, andNebraska, and Indiana University. Itstands also for the development of acloser relationship between business education and the world of practical businessaffairs.The November number contains anintroduction by Carl P. Fales, the editor,and Leon C. Marshall, Dean of the Schoolof Commerce and Administration, andcontributions by Paul H. Douglas, V. D.Johnston, Jacob Viner, Harry D. Kitson,Samuel MacClintock, Elinor G. Hayes,N. W. Barnes, and L. S. Lyon.A striking illustration of the scope andextent of the work in the GraduateSchools of the University of Chicago isgiven in the new Register of Doctors ofPhilosophy covering the years from 1893to 1 92 1. In the Social Sciences 313Doctor's degrees have been conferredby the University; in the Divinity School129; in the Classics 95; in Modern Languages 135; in Mathematics and thePhysical Sciences 329; in the EarthSciences 65; and in the Biological Sciences283.The total number who have receivedthe Doctor's degree from the Universityin the twenty-eight years covered by thenew Register is 1,349. Governor Small has appointed Professors John M. Coulter and Edson S.Bastin of the University as members ofthe Commission on Natural Resourcesand Conservation.Among the four recent winners of theSears Prizes for distinguished work in theHarvard Law School was Mr. James M.Nicely, of Muncie, Indiana, a graduateof the University in the class of 1920.Dean Marion Talbot has been electedone of the group of charter Fellows ofthe American Public Health Association.Under the reorganization of the Association the direction of its affairs is to rest,not with the members at large, but witha group of professional health workersknown as Fellows.Professor John Matthews Manly, headof the Department of English, has beenelected president of the Modern Humanities Research Association, an international society organized in Londonfive years ago. Its object is to gain thewidest co-operation in all research workin the fields of language and literature.The presidents elected before the choiceof Professor Manly were: Sir Sidney Lee,of the University of London; ProfessorOtto Jespersen, of Copenhagen; ProfessorGustave Lanson, of the University ofParis; Professor W. P. Kerr, of the University of London.Professor Tom Peete Cross of theUniversity is the Chicago representative in the affairs of the Association.For more than two years past, a subcommittee under the chairmanship ofProfessor A. C. Noe has been quietly atwork in the University and the city seeking funds for the relief of people inAustria, especially those with Universityconnections. Mrs. Andrea H. Proudfoothas acted as secretary, and Mrs. MarianneHainisch, mother of the President ofthe Republic of Austria, and Mrs. JuliaViditz-Ward have been its representativesin Vienna. As the result of this work3,000 Austrian families are at presentbeing taken care of by American philanthropy. Since January 1, 1922,$15,000 has been distributed directlythrough the subcommittee. The assistance rendered to Austrian intellectualsthrough the subcommittee is now estimated at about $60,000 a year, whichEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 67would represent at this moment840,000,000 Austrian crowns. Theexpenses of the subcommittee are borneby the members of it, every dollar of itgoing in full to Vienna. The work of thesubcommittee has called forth countlessexpressions of gratitude from Austrianprofessors. The University of Innsbruckhas conferred an honorary degree uponMrs. Proudfoot, and both Innsbruck andGraz have conferred honorary degreesupon Professor Noe, the degree beingsimilar in nature to that of Sc.D. conferred by American universities.The University has recently become asubscribing member of the Association toAid Scientific Research by Women. Thisassociation offers the Ellen RichardsResearch Prize of $1,000 for the bestthesis written by a woman on a scientificsubject embodying new observations andnew conclusions based on independentlaboratory research. Theses presentedfor a Ph.D. degree are not eligible. Thetheses offered in competition must be inthe hands of the chairman of the Committee of Prizes, Miss Lilian Welsh,Goucher College, Baltimore, Maryland,by February 28, 1923.At the dedication of the Lorado TaftMonumental Group, the "Fountain ofTime," at the west end of the MidwayPlaisance on November 15, PresidentJudson made an address on "A Centuryof Peace with Great Britain."On November 23 Dr. Emerson H.Swift delivered an illustrated lecturebefore the Renaissance Society on "TheChurch of Santa Sophia at Constantinople." Mr. J. Spencer Dickerson hasbeen elected president of the RenaissanceSociety.On December 2, 1922, Ralph E. Huston,of Cambridge, Illinois, was chosen by theState Committee of Selection for theRhodes Scholarships as Rhodes Scholarfrom Illinois for 1923-25. The Scholarship carries a stipend of £350 sterling ayear for three years' study at OxfordUniversity.Mr. Huston was born September 16,1902, had a good record in the KewaneeHigh School, and entered the Universityof Chicago with an honor entrance scholarship. He received two honor scholarships in his college course, and was elected to Phi Beta Kappa at the end of hisJunior year. He is a Senior in the University, and is a member of the Cosmopolitan Club, the French Club, and theJunior Mathematical Club in the University. He has studied in France, andhas special recommendations^ for proficiency in mathematics. He is the firstappointee from the University since 191 2.The third annual dinner given by theBoard of Trustees to the members ofthe Faculty was held in Ida NoyesHall in the evening of December 14.Two hundred and forty-seven personsattended. Mr. Harold H. Swift, thepresident of the Board of Trustees,presided. Mr. Thomas E. Donnelleyintroduced the new members of the Board,Mr. William Scott Bond, Mr. Albert W.Sherer, and Mr. Deloss C. Shull. DeanAlbion W. Small introduced the newmembers of the Faculty. Mr. Charles R.Holden spoke for the Board of Trustees,and Professor William E. Dodd respondedfor the Faculties. President Judson madethe closing address, emphasizing the placeof research in the work of the University.At the annual meeting of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement ofScience held at Cambridge, Massachusetts, on December 26, Professor E. H.Moore, the retiring president of theAssociation, made the principal address.Professor Robert Morss Lovett hasreturned to his teaching at the Univeristyof Chicago after six months in New Yorkas an editor of the New Republic.Professor Albion W. Small, head of theDepartment of Sociology, has been electedan honorary member to the sociologicalsection of the Roumanian Social Institute,of which D. Gusti, professor of sociologyin the University of Bucharest, is president. Recently Professor Small receivedanother honor from a foreign society,being elected president of the InstitutInternational de Sociologie.Members of the Faculty, alumni, andother friends of the University of Chicagorecently provided a fund for a portrait ofProfessor A. A. Michelson, the famousphysicist, who for thirty years has beenhead of the Department of Physics in theUniversity. The portrait, which has68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDjust been completed by Ralph Clarkson,is regarded as one of his most strikingand successful pieces of work.A new literary monthly, The Circle,began publication in connection with TheDaily Maroon, the initial number beingissued on December 15. The chief purpose of the magazine, which will featurecriticisms, sketches, short stories, plays,and poetry, will be to give Universitystudents a medium for developing theirliterary ambitions and making themacquainted with their fellow-writers and,in a general way, with those of the MiddleWest. The editor is Lennox Grey, '23.President Judson has received thefollowing communication from GeneralRobert A. Davis, Adjutant General ofthe War Department at Washington,with reference to the La Verne NoyesScholarships:"The Commanding General of theSixth Corps Area informs this office thatyour institution will grant scholarships(about 350) for students who served inthe World War, or who are descendants ofanyone who honorably served in the Armyor Navy of the United States duringsaid war. Permit me to express theappreciation of the War Department foryour generosity and interest in thismatter."Your institution has been placed onthe list of educational institutions granting concessions to children of Armypersonnel and on the list of institutionsgranting concessions to honorably discharged enlisted men."The twenty-seventh annual meeting ofthe Central Division of the ModernLanguage Association of America washeld under the auspices of the Universityof Chicago and Northwestern UniversityDecember 28 to 30. At the first session,in the Auditorium Hotel, Professor E.Preston Dargan presented a paper on"Balzac's Method of Revision," andProfessor William A. Nitze, chairmanof the Central Division, gave an addresson "Modern Language Scholarship: AnInquiry." At the second session, heldat the University of Chicago, AssociateProfessor Rudolph Altrocchi presented apaper on "D'Annunzio as Poet." At thethird session Professor George TylerNorthup discussed "Cervantes' Attitudetoward Honor," and Professor Francis A. Wood "Dialect and Vocabulary" beforethe American Dialect Society. A complimentary luncheon was tendered the members of the Association by the Universityin the new Quadrangle Club, about onehundred and fifty attending it.The Moli&re Tercentenary was celebrated in the Classics Building on themorning of December 29, and at thedinner at the Hotel LaSalle on December29 H. C. E. David, of the University,and A. de Salvio, of Northwestern University, presented a scene from Moliere.At the eighteenth annual meeting of thePolitical Science Association held at theCongress Hotel, from December 27 to29, Associate Professor Leonard D. White,of the University, presided at the roundtable conference on public administration, and Professor Charles E. Merriamas chairman of the Committee of PoliticalResearch described the nature and purpose of the Committee's work and itsfindings and recommendations.President Harry Pratt Judson presidedat the general session in the ChicagoCity Club, December 28, and on December 29 Dr. Harold F. Gosnell spokeon the "Applications of Psychology inGovernment."Professor Ernst Freund was chairmanof the conference of the Association ofAmerican Law Schools at the HotelLaSalle on December 30.At the thirty-fifth annual meeting ofthe American Economic Association, heldin Chicago December 27 to 30, ProfessorJ. Maurice Clark, of the University ofChicago, presented a paper on "Overhead as an Element in Costs."At the seventeenth annual meeting ofthe American Sociological Society, heldin Chicago from December 27 to 29, Professor H. Hackett Newman, of the University of Chicago, author of The Biologyof Twins and The Physiology of Twinning,discussed the subject of "Twins and theRelative Potency of Heredity and Environment in Development."Dean Albion W. Small, former president of the American Sociological Society,was one of the speakers at the annualdinner of the Society, at the AuditoriumHotel.The University Press published inSeptember, 1922, a volume of 672 pagesEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE 69entitled, A Study of Race Relations anda Race Riot prepared by the ChicagoCommittee on Race Relations. The bookconstitutes an important contribution tothe negro question.The Book of Lake Geneva was publishedin December by the University Press forthe Chicago Historical Society. It is byPaul B. Jenkins, who has been familiarwith the lake for fifty years. Of peculiarinterest are the chapters on the YerkesObservatory, the motor routes to LakeGeneva, and the institutions and homeson its snores. The book contains thirteenstriking illustrations and a map of LakeGeneva.Assistant Professor David H. Stevensis publishing a collection of twenty-twoEnglish plays that were originally stagedin London between 1660 and 1780. Thisis the first exhaustive collection in thisperiod to give satisfactory material fora course of drama following the work ofthe Elizabethans. The volume is calledTypes of English Drama, 1660-1780 andis published by Ginn and Company ofBoston.Professor A. V. Williams Jackson, ofColumbia University, has been appointedto deliver the Haskell Lectures on Comparative Religion at the University ofChicago in April, 1923. Professor Jackson, who is the professor of Indo-Iranianlanguages at Columbia, is a distinguishedauthority on the history and religion ofPersia, which country he has several timesvisited, the last time in 19 18 as a memberof the American-Persian Relief Commission led by President Harry Pratt Judson.His best-known books are his Zoroaster,the Prophet of Ancient Iran; Persia,Past and Present; and From Constantinople to the Home of Omar Khayyam.Professor Jackson will deliver a course ofsix lectures, and his subject will be"Manichaeism," for which recent excavations and discoveries in Turkestan havesupplied a wealth of new materials.At the meeting of the Federation ofAmerican Biological Societies in Toronto,December 27-30, reports on researchwork were made by nine members of theDepartment of Physiology, Messrs. Carlson, Luckhardt, Tatum, Drags ted t, Kleit-mann, Fisher, Mrs. Haupt, Miss Kunde,and Miss Cooper. Professor A. J. Carlson, Head of theDepartment of Physiology, was electedpresident of the American PhysiologicalSociety, and representative of the Societyin the National Research Council. Associate Professor A. B. Luckhardt waselected a member of the Council of theAmerican Physiological Society.At the meeting of the American Medical Association, recently held in St. Louis,Associate Professor A. B. Luckhardt waselected chairman of the section onPhysiology and Pathology.Among the graduates of the Universitywho have recently taken important positions in the educational world are FrancesFenton Bernard, Ph.D., 1910, who hasbeen made educational secretary of theAmerican Association of UniversityWomen. Lee Byrne, A.M., 1918, hasbeen appointed associate professor in thecollege of education at the State University of Iowa. Roy A. Wilson, Ph.D.,1 92 1, has recently been elected assistantprofessor of geology in the Universityof Montana, having formerly been stategeologist of South Dakota. CharlesJames Ritchie, who received his Doctor'sdegree at the University of Chicago,has become professor of history in Carle-ton College, Minnesota, after two years ofespecially successful teaching at ElmiraCollege, New York; and Professor AllanHoben (Ph.D., 1901), formerly of Carle-ton College, has been made president ofKalamazoo College, Michigan. The newdean of the college of liberal arts atFriends University, Wichita, Kansas,is Professor O. B. Baldwin, who receivedhis Master's degree from the Universityof Chicago in 191 1.Announcement is just made of a newHistory of French Literature intended forstudents and general readers alike, theauthors being William A. Nitze and E.Preston Dargan, professors of Frenchliterature in the University. Believingthat the sympathetic appreciation ofFrench literature will come only throughan understanding of the French, as distinguished from the Anglo-Saxon, pointof view, the authors have devoted anintroductory chapter to "The Spirit ofFrench Letters."The book is divided into three parts:The Middle Ages, the Renaissance, andModern Times. The authors have aimed7° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto stress ideas as well as form, and fulltreatment has been accorded to theliberalism of the eighteenth century andthe various artistic currents of thenineteenth. The volume, of nearly800 pages, contains a selective bibliography which includes the most moderntreatises; and there are a number ofattractive and unusual illustrations.By an exchange of professors betweenthe universities of Chicago and Texas,Dr. William E. Dodd is giving courses inAmerican history at the latter institutionand Dr. Charles W. Ramsdell is lecturingin the same field at Chicago. The twouniversities make the change in part toenable Professor Dodd to carry hisresearches in the history of the OldSouth somewhat farther than he coulddo in Chicago.At the recent meeting of the Radiological Society of America held in Detroit,the Society awarded its gold medal toMadame Curie of Paris, Percy Brown ofBoston, Gosta Forssell of Stockholm,Sweden, and Maud Slye of the Universityof Chicago, for work done in the field ofradiology and cancer research. MissSlye is Assistant Professor of Pathologyin the University, and a Member of theOtho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute.She has been engaged for years upon theexperimental study of cancer, with aview to its prevention and cure.Professor Anton J. Carlson, Head of theDepartment of Physiology in the University of Chicago, announces that during the last two years Assistant ProfessorL. R. Dragstedt and Associate ProfessorA. B. Luckhardt of the University havemade fundamental contributions to thecauses and control of tetany and alliedmetabolic and nervous disorders. Tetanyis a disease somewhat resembling lockjaw, but affecting the muscles of theextremities. Dr. Dragstedt has shownthat parathyroid tetany is due to a poisondeveloped in the intestinal tract by theaction of the intestinal bacteria onprotein food (meat), and that the disease can be prevented or controlled bysuitable diets. Dr. Luckhardt has shownthat the tetany can be prevented or controlled by diuresis and by lime salts.By preventing or controlling the acutetetany for five or six weeks following theextirpation of the parathyroids in dogs,a chronic state is developed in theseanimals that appears to be identicalwith ideopatic epilepsy and allied disorders in man, such as spasmophilia andconvulsion in children, tetany of pregnancy, etc. We have then for the firsttime these diseases developed in theexperimental animal, which permits amore complete analysis of these disordersthan has hitherto been possible in thehuman being. The research is beingpursued especially with reference to theinfluence of the tetany toxins on thekidneys, the liver, the eyes, and thenervous system.The methods of control of the tetanydiseases found effective in dogs are beingapplies to allied diseases in man. Thiswork has opened up an important fieldin physiological and medical research.ATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 19221922 1921Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women TotalI . Arts, Literature, and Science:i. Graduate Schools —Arts, Literature 28033i 224132 504463 24133i 19691 437422 6741Science Total 61155988769 35^46863145 9671,0271,518114 57263380644 28746065746 8591,0931,46390 108"*55*242. The Colleges —Senior 66Junior Unclassified Total i,5i52,126117n33 1,1441,5002448 2,6593,6261411541 1,4832,055104438 1,163i,45o17410 2,6463,505121848 13121207Total Arts, Literature, andII Professional Schools:i. Divinity School —Graduate Unclassified Chicago Theological 7Total 161997514 362911 1971288614 146921062I 3126172 17711812323 20101*2. Courses in Medicine —Graduate Senior 37Junior 1Unclassified Total 17913485100 40622 21914087102 20113775IOI1 45723 246144771041 10 2743. Law School —Graduate *Senior Candidates for LL.B 2Unclassified ITotal 319254217731327 10231622441 3292564819935728 314243919229333 12203IO24575 3262274921635038 3294. College of Education 5. School of Commerce and Administration —Graduate ISenior 17Junior Unclassified IOTotal 55986 732435 6323241 55745 96IS27 6531932 139 216. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration —Graduate Undergraduate Total 14 59 73 9 42 5i 22Total Professional Total University 1,257 449 1,706 1,251 429 1,680 263,383 1,949 5,332 3,3o6 1,879 5,i85 147273 43 316 275 49 324Net Totals in Quadrangles .University College 3,uo346 1,9061,298 5,oi61,644 3,031293 1,8301,070 4,8611,363 155281Total in the University . . . 3,456 3,204 6, 660 3,324 2,900 6,224 4367172 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 1922Graduate UndergraduateArts, Literature, and Science 967174128140 2,659239118925658441Divinity School Courses in Medicine Law School College of Education School of Commerce and Administration 4832Graduate School of Social Service Administration Total 1,489137 3,843179Duplicates Net Total 1,352310 3,6641,334University College Grand Total 1,662 4,998KRXKST DEW1TT BURTONActing President of the University