W ALTER DILL SCOTTTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDVOLUME VIII APRIL 1922 NUMBER 2PROGRESS IN HUMAN ENGINEERINGIBy WALTER DILL SCOTT, PH.D., LL.D.President of Northwestern UniversityCollege students are ambitious to make a contribution to society.In this generation they desire to make that contribution by becomingassociated with some activity that is likely to attain distinct progress.Students in institutions of higher learning have always been attractedby the learned professions. These are primarily the phases of humanendeavor in which service to society is the recognized aim. This appliesequally to theology, law, medicine, teaching, and the traditional typesof engineering. Historically the learned professions may have beenconservative but the last seventy years have been for them an epoch ofprogress. The professions are still attractive, but they are meetingsevere competition in other fields in which distinct service is beingrendered to society and in which great progress is being made.Thus, special progress was made in agriculture in America in theyears from 1850 to 1900. In these five decades the quantity of ouragricultural products was increased almost fivefold, and America thusbecame the great food-producing nation of the earth.About 1880 the term" scientific management" began to be used inindustry. The introduction of adequate systems of cost accountingmade it possible to discover and to eliminate expensive and unnecessaryoperations. The invention of labor-saving devices enabled the manu­facturer to produce a given product with fewer workers. The standardi­zation of products resulted in quantity production with its attendantreduction of cost. The application of physics and chemistry revolu-I Address delivered on the occasion of the One Hundred Twenty-fourth Convo­cation of the University, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 21, 1922.81THE UNIVERSITY RECORDtionized many of the important processes of manufacture. As a resultof all this more progress was made in industry in the four decades from1880 to 1920 than in any preceding period.The advance in agriculture and in industry made necessary a corre­sponding progress in commerce. There is but little advantage in greatlyincreasing the supplies of foods or of manufactured goods unless thereis a corresponding increase in the available market to absorb them.This condition resulted in the world-wide struggle for expanding niarketsand in the creation of such new agencies and methods of commerce asdepartment stores, chain stores, mail-order houses, trusts, systems ofcredits, and improved facilities of shipment on land and sea.The facts warrant the statement that since 1850 the world hasexperienced the greatest epoch in progress in each of the learned pro­fessions and in each of three other fundamental phases of humanendeavor+-in agriculture, in industry, and in commerce.Our college students are questioning whether further progress inthese fields is to be expected or whether the greatest progress is to beattained in some other field of human endeavor.There has been widely expressed hope that the world-war with allits destruction would usher in a new epoch in some phase of humanprogress, and that this progress would be quite the equal of any <to whichreference has been made. There are many who believe that we are nowin the early stages of such a period of progress and that the field in whichthis progress is taking place is what may for our purpose be spoken ofas human engineering. The term human engineering applies to allefforts made to enable the individual to promote his own welfare and thewelfare of society as a whole.Progress in the learned professions, in agriculture, industry, andcommerce has, like the ballot, been in the hands of the male members ofsociety. Progress in human engineering is not only contemporaneouswith the nineteenth amendment but it seems to be the field of humanendeavor in which the woman is destined to be quite the equal of theman.In the early stages of a profound change it may be difficult to decidewhether the change is one of progress or regression. Many would havedenied that the changes in 1855 denoted unprecedented progress in thelearned professions and in agriculture, or that the changes in 1885denoted unprecedented progress in industry and in commerce. It maybe impossible to demonstrate that present changes denote an epoch ofprogress in human engineering, but evidence is accumulating that suchPROGRESS IN HUMAN ENGINEERINGis the case. Indeed some assert that the changes are now so far advancedthat it is possible to discover the significant agencies employed in produc­ing the progress and to take steps to increase their effectiveness.Vocational, guidance, education, and motivation are such agencies.These have taken on new meaning and assumed an importance notpreviously anticipated. These three agencies all apply to humanengineering in the home and the school, in industry and commerce, inmilitary and civil activities. Wherever progress is being made in humanengineering it manifests itself directly in the changes taking place invocational guidance, education, and motivation. These changes mightbe illustrated from any field of human endeavor and might on thisoccasion be most appropriately illustrated from our institutions ofhigher learning. However, they can be more definitely and helpfullyillustrated from industry in the form it has taken since the so-calledindustrial revolution because the changes taking place there are soapparent and affect the lives of so many millions of men 'and women.In the past the ideal of vocational guidance of or vocational selectionin industry has been to secure for each job the best worker at the least cost.This has not necessarily resulted in a disregard of the interest of theworker. Vocational guidance and vocational selection have usually beencarried out beneficently by the employer but they have been carriedout primarily in his interest.In the new conception of vocational guidance and vocational selec­tion the emphasis is radically changed. This newer point of view isthat every worker should be placed in that position where he has the bestpossible chance to make the most of himself. This must be interpretedas consistent with the interests of the employer and as .consistent withthe larger interest of society. Emphasis on the interest of the worker isso new and so novel that no firm is able to carry it out completely at thepresent time. This ideal, however, is characteristic of the present periodof. progress and will be more nearly attained with each succeeding year.Relatively little advance in the practice of vocational guidance wasmade until the beginning of the world-war, when we began to employscientific procedure to our judgment of the fitness of applicants forparticular positions. This ,judgment includes measurements of theindustry and the stability, the initiative and the ambitions, as well asthe physical strength, the mental alertness, and the trade skill.The purpose of judging men in industry is to determine their fitness. for particular positions. The value of such judgments is slight unlessthere is a fairly good understanding of the requirements of �he avail-THE UNIVERSITY RECORDable positions. Ten years ago there was not an industrial organizationin America that had serviceable occupational descriptions of its variousjobs. Today most of our larger industrial organizations are preparingsome form of occupational descriptions. These descriptions present thebest available word-picture of each job and specify the type of individualmost likely to succeed and the types most likely to fail.Significant progress has already been made in developing thesenecessary tools for vocational guidance, i.e., reliable methods of judgingapplicants and dependable and complete occupational descriptions of allthe jobs in the plant. That there may be effective use of these tools ofvocational guidance there must be in each plant an executive in chargeof personnel. Such directors of personnel are already being appointedand they are doing much to make it possible for every worker to be placedin that position where he has the best possible chance to make the mostof himself.The second agency mentioned in progress in human engineeringisthat of education. In the past our conceptions of education were suchthat it seemed foreign to the field of industry. It was conceived by someas limited pretty much to "readin', ritin', and 'rithmetic." Othersconceived it to be limited to the acquisition of knowledge, to the com­mitting to memory such facts as the deeds of our ancestors, the state­ment of the laws of nature or even the laws of grammar. The point ofview of the school man was that we should have culture for culture'ssake, art for art's sake, and pure learning uncontaminated by any practicalapplication. The business man looked upon education as somethingtheoretical and impractical; as a process that must be completed andfrom which the youth must be graduated before entering into his life'swork. The school man and the business man agreed in assuming thateducation was confined to the schoolroom and that any attempt to mixeducation and business would result in corrupting the school and weaken­ing industry. Over the door of the employment office of a large andprogressive factory hung until recently the significant statement,"College Men Not Wanted."No significant progress. could be made until the various socialsciences had stated the aim and provided a helpful definition of educa­tion in industry, and until educational psychology, the newest of thesocial sciences, had indicated how such. an end might be attained. Inkeeping with the teaching of the social sciences education in industryhas been defined simply but satisfactorily as "profiting by experience." \This new conception wipes away all the sharp contrasts between formalPROGRESS IN HUMAN ENGINEERING 85and informal education or between the school and industry as centers ofeducation; It leads inevitably to the conclusion that the education ofeach individual should be continuous throughout his entire period ofemployment. .In considering the education of his men the employer must think ofeach employee as a worker, as a possible potential junior officer of thecompany, as a member of a family, as a member of the community, asa member of a church, as a citizen of the state, and as a human being.The education in industry must provide for the continuous developmentof each of these phases of the life of the employee. As a worker theemployee may have had previous experience but it is the task of hissuperiors to see thathe continues to increase his technical skill. If he'shows any signs of leadership, a carefully planned series of transfers,promotions, and courses of formal instructions may equip him to becomea valuable minor executive of the company. By the hygienic practicesenforced in the shop, he may be taught the laws of hygiene essential tothe health of a city and so become a better member of the community.By the helpful co-operation received from his superiors and his fellow­workers he may be taught a greater appreciation of the fact of thebrotherhood of men and the Fatherhood of God and so become a bettermember of the church. By participation in the shop discipline, he maybe taught the essentials of a democratic form of government and sobecome a better citizen of. the state. By a study of the service thecompany renders. the world, and by a recognition of the part he playsin that service, he may be taught the dignity of work and the dignity ofthe worker and so be elevated in his own estimation and inspired with anambition to become the highest type of human being.Education in industry is progressing slowly but in some firms it isdirected by an expert who attempts to utilize all the equipment and allthe personnel of the plant in assisting every employee to profit by hisexperience during the entire period of his service.The third agency mentioned in progress in human engineering isthat of motivation.The types of motive power used in vehicles of transportation havebeen greatly augmented during recent years. Although steam, elec­tricity, and gasoline may have always existed they were not commonlyand effectively used as motive power. Likewise, the types of motivationin industrial workers have been increased during recent years.For many centuries fear was the most common incentive to actionwhere large groups of workers were engaged in industrial enterprises.86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe worker labored on because he feared the lash of the master and theoath of the gang boss, or because he feared the loss of employment withits hunger and want. The better education and the organization of thelaborers have weakened the effect of fear as an incentive to action.During recent decades the employer has depended less and less onthe threat of bodily pain and has substituted more and more the payenvelope as a stimulus to action. The rapid increase in wages and therumors of even more fabulous rewards during and following the war havecaused the worker to be less dependent upon his pay envelope. Tosupplement the waning power of fear and pay as motives to action, manyhelpful suggestions are being found in the teachings of the social sciences.Psychology has emphasized the fact that individual differences arerelatively small in our physical qualities and in all qualities which weshare with the higher animals; but that individual differences are enor­mous in acquired traits, in the higher human qualities, and particularlyin the response to different motives to action. This teaching of modernpsychology on individual differences has established the fact that someindividuals are inspired primarily by fear, others by hope; some byimmediate gain, others by remote ends; some by bodily comfort, othersby intellectual interest.,The emphasis on individual differences has had no more directapplication than has the emphasis on the complexity of each individualin his response to incentives to action. A modern engine will respondto but a single motive power whether that be steam, gasoline, or elec­tricity. Every human being responds to an indefinite number of typesof motivation. It is probable that no human being is enabled to makea maximum exertion unless he is moved by the simultaneous applica­tion of several motives. No child is obedient unless parental commandsar.e supplemented by respect. No student makes rapid progress unlessthe classroom credits are supplemented by interest in the topics ofinstruction. No industrial worker is efficient unless the pay envelopeis supplemented by interest in the work. Guided by the teachings ofmodern psychology .many industrial leaders are experimenting wisely inan attempt to discover the incentives to action that will inspire .eachindividual and enable him to use his hand and brain effectively. .Those in the closest touch with the progress being made in vocationalguidance, education, and motivation in industry are confident that theearning power of the industrial workers in America will be doubledduring the present century by the progress. in human engineering. Theannual productivity of these ten million industrial. workers may bePROGRESS IN HUMAN ENGINEERINGroughly estimated at ten billion dollars. To double this means a gainof ten billion dollars annually. This amount transcends our power ofimagination.Human e;ngineering applies to all efforts made to enable the indi­vidual to promote his own welfare and the welfare of society as a wholeThis discussion has been limited largely to a single field of humanendeavor-that of industry. In conclusion an illustration will be citedfrom another field of human endeavor-that of the army.When the raw recruits reached the concentration camp in the fall of1917, they were assigned to their respective units before any attempthad been made to determine their fitness. The officer in charge of aunit was provided with an official document, containing the names -ofthe different positions constituting the unit and the number of indi­viduals to be assigned to each position named, but he was not providedwith a statement concerning the personal qualifications essential forthe performance of the duties of any position. Furthermore, there wasnot a man in the whole camp whose task it was to help match the require­ments of the position and the qualifications of the recruit. This neglectof information concerning the individual and the absence of informationconcerning the positions, together with the lack of an organization toplace the men, resulted in such a crude form of vocational guidance thatthe chaos in all our camps was almost. as bad as the chaos in theBritish camps in 1914.Fifteen months after we had entered the war vocational guidancein the army had become revolutionized. Every recruit was studied assoon as he arrived at camp. Upon his qualification card was recordedall available information concerning his fitness for any form of militaryservice. In this record were included such items as schooling, previousoccupation, trade skill, general intelligence, leadership ability, andperferred type of service. There was available for every position in theorganization an occupational description containing a statement of thequalifications desirable or necessary for the successful performance ofthe duties of that position. In each divisional concentration camp therewas a personnel officer with possibly a hundred subordinates. The taskof this officer and his subordinates was to direct the work of vocationalguidance in the camp. The result of this progress in vocational guidancewas that talent was conserved, effective units were organized quickly,and the period of training was reduced.Progress in education in the world-war cannot be described so con­cretely as can that in vocational guidance, but features in that progress88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDare indicated by such changes from the ordinary regular army procedureas the change from the memoriter to the "project" method of instruc­tion, the change in the seat of army education from the army posts tothe special schools and to the universities, the change in the conceptionof the province of education resulting in a universal system embracingeven the generals, as in the school exclusively for generals at Langres,France.Progress in motivation in the army may be illustrated from ColonelGordon Johnson's account of the progress the army made in supplyingincentives to action to a single soldier. Alvin York, a youthful moun­taineer, was drafted and sent to Camp Gordon. A few days after enter­ing camp he was ordered out to the bayonet drill. He stated to thecaptain his conscientious scruples against such a drill. According tothe traditions of the army there was only one way to treat a conscientiousobjector and that was to "treat 'em rough." The captain hesitated toapply the only incentive he knew because York's calm manner indicateda determination that' could not be moved by fear. Accordingly, thecaptain sent York to the major of the battalion. In response to themajor's inquiry York replied that he believed in the Bible; and thatthe Bible stated "Thou shalt not kill." The major attempted tocounter with an appropriate verse but his memory failed him. There­upon he beat a strategic retreat by ordering the private back to his tent.He was convinced that threats, punishment, and cruelty would haveno effect on York, but that he might possibly yield to some really highmotive to action. The major was a religious man, believed our aim inthe world-war was to "advance the Kingdom of God on earth," and thatthe Scriptures justified war in such a holy cause. York was ordered tothe major's quarters the next evening, but again the major's knowledge ofthe Scriptures was inadequate to cope with the situation. These nightlyconferences between the busy major and the ignorant conscientiousobjector lasted for five weeks till at last the private was �onvinced thatthere was scriptural authority for carrying on what he ca:gJ.e to see asan attempt to "advance the Kingdom of God on earth." Spurred onby this high motive, York entered into every phase of military trainingwith an ardor unsurpassed by any private in Camp Gordon. Hismajor had provided him with the motive' to action that enabled him touse his hand and brain effectively.Every American school boy has heard how York captured singlehanded 132 German prisoners in the Argonne Forest. A part of thehistory not so well known is this. Colonel Johnson called York to head-PROGRESS IN HUMAN ENGINEERINGquarters to ascertain the facts at first hand. He asked York how manyGermans he had killed but could get no estimate as to the number.York stated, however, that he had completely emptied his two auto­matics and had used all the shells from his belt except those in theextreme back. This indicated that York had taken about sixty shots atthe Germans. Colonel Johnson said to him, "How many shots did youmiss?" His reply was, "Oh, Colonel, I didn't miss none of 'em!"If in Camp Gordon the army had attempted to use fear as a motiveto action York would have refused to submit and would in all probabilityhave been sent to the federal prison as an incorrigible. By bringing tobear a higher motive to action. the army enabled York to accomplish hisremarkable service. It is impossible to state how much the service ofa single soldier was increased by wise motivation, but we can state thatit changed a rebellious conscientious objector into the greatest hero ofthe American army.Some of us are confident that the greatest progress in human engineer­ing will be made not in the fields where the progress can be measured bybillions of dollars, nor by the number of . Germans captured andslaughtered, but in such fields as the arts and the science, the home, theschool, and the church where progress is measured in the humanitarianterms of appreciation, sacrifice, and service.A . consideration of the progress of human engineering in industryand in the army should encourage us to seek a corresponding progress inour individual careers and in our respective fields of service. I wouldurge each of you to contribute to the progress in human engineering bychoosing for yourself a worthy career, by training yourself thoroughlyfor that career; and by following the highest motives in that career.In pursuing this high purpose some of you will enter the learnedprofessions, others will enter agriculture, industry, and commerce, andsome of you will confine your activities to home-making. I wouldurge each of you to further the progress in human engineering also byco-operating to place every individual of this generation where he hasthe best possible chance to make the most of himself, by co-operatingto provide every individual the best possible education in school andout of school, and by co-operating to provide a form of motivation thatwill aid every individual to use hand and brain as effectively in all fieldsof human endeavor as did York his hand and brain in the field of serviceto our common cause.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryGIFTSThe Alumni Association of the Chicago School of Civics and Phil­anthropy has given to the University $7,913.08. The income from thisfund is to be used for a graduate fellowship in the School of SocialService Administration. The fellowship is to be known as the ChicagoSchool of Civics and Philanthropy Fellowship, and all other things beingequal is to be awarded to someone actually engaged in social work.The University Library has received from Mr. Jacob M. Dickinsona large and valuable collection of books especially suitable for theDepartments of Political Science and History.The Italians of the United States have presented to the Universitya valuable heliotype reproduction of the Trivulzio manuscript of Dante'sDivine Comedy prepared in commemoration of the sixth hundredthanniversary of the poet's death upon the initiative of Mr. Luigi Carno­vale, of Chicago. The copy has been placed in the rare book room ofHarper Memorial Library.The Chicago Alumnae Club has agreed to contribute $240, annually,as a scholarship to cover college tuition for four quarters beginning withthe Spring Quarter, 1922.Mrs. F. R. Lillie has contributed $300 to be used for the remunera­tion of Professor C. H. A. Wager, of Oberlin College, for lectures onCardinal Newman.E. 1. du Pont de Nemours & Company has renewed its gift of $750for a fellowship in Chemistry for the year 1922-23.The National Canners Association has contributed to the Uni­versity $10,000 each year 'for two years for investigation into the causesof disease connected with their work. This is to be under the directionof Professor E. O. Jordan, of the Department of Hygiene and Bacteri­ology, in co-operation with the United States Public Health Service.Dr. J. C. Geiger has been detailed by the Surgeon-General of the UnitedStates to carry on this work under Professor Jordan. He has beenappointed to an Associate Professorship of Epidemiology in the Depart­ment of Hygiene and Bacteriology for two years from April I, I922.90THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 9IDEATH OF E. NELSON BLAKEE. Nelson Blake, of Arlington, Massachusetts, an original Trusteeof the University and the first President of the Board of Trustees, diedon December I6, I92I. At the meeting of the Board of Trustees heldFebruary 14, I922, the following memorial was adopted:The University of Chicago, and more especially its Board of Trustees, have learnedwith sorrow of the death of E. Nelson Blake at Arlington, Massachusetts, on Decem­ber 16, 1921, in his ninety-first year. We shall never forget him as a leader in thatlittle group of founders whose vision, courage, and generosity made this institution areality. Next to Mr. Rockefeller he was the largest individual donor to the originalendowment fund of one million dollars. He was one of the six signers of the articlesof incorporation; the first member chosen to the first Board of Trustees; and thefirst President of that Board. In all these intimate relationships to the early historyof the University, he contributed those qualities of sound judgment, personal leader­ship, and achieving faith, which have made his name memorable not only in theannals of those critical years, but in the hearts of all those who helped him guidethat formative period. His.influence will live and growthrough the University whichhe did so much to set on firm foundations.MEMORIAL OF JUDGE JESSE A. BALDWINAt the meeting of the Board 'of Trustees held January IO, I922,the following memorial of Judge Jesse A. Baldwin, Trustee, was adopted:Jesse A. Baldwin was born at Greenwood, Illinois, on August 9, 1854. He diedat his home in Oak Park, on December 7, 1921. These sixty-seven intervening yearssaw him emerge from the obscurity of a country village into a position of command­ing influence upon the bench of an important court of the county, into a recognizedposition of honor and responsibility in a great city.Soon after coming to' Chicago he was appointed United States assistant prose­cuting attorney. He served for two six-year terms as judge of the Circuit Court ofCook County with steadily increasing efficiency, always administering justice basedon comprehensive knowledge of the law. His decisions were characterized by fear­lessness, clarity of reasoning, and dominated by unswerving respect for law and order.As citizen Judge Baldwin was an outstanding example to his fellows. He foundtime to give willingly to the city. of his residence, and the city where he toiled, thebenefit of his experience, the helpfulness of his advice, as well as generous portions ofhis income. He was a man of high religious principles and of deep and abiding reli­gious convictions and guided his life by these principles and these convictions.It is, however, to his service as Trustee of the University that this memorial ofJudge Baldwin's life and character should bear grateful testimony. He was electedTrustee at the meeting of the Board held July 14, 1896, to succeed Mr. F. E. Hinckley.Since that time until November 8, 1921, when he came to his last Board meeting,he was a most faithful attendant upon its sessions, nor was his faithfulness exhaustedby mere passive attendance. 'His best judgment was given to the important decisionsthe Board was called upon to make, decisions which established University policyand from time to time interpreted it. His distinguishing sense of justice, his intelli-92 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDgent insight into matters under consideration, here had full scope. Outspoken in theexpression of his opinions, his thoughtful consideration for the views of other membersof the Board gave this expression additional weight. The University was ever in hismind and on his heart. In committees and conferences without number he sought tofurther its best interests. He was a consistent, constant, devoted representativeof the University of Chicago in the community,In the death of Judge Baldwin a just, upright and zealous man, who ever walkedin the light of the Lord, has passed from among us! A citizen, dev�ted to civic virtues,whose every action was guided by the spirit of right and justice, has been calledaway! As a fellow-member of this Board of Trustees for more than a quarter of acentury, he faithfully, intelligently, and efficiently performed his duties as a memberof the Board, and as a member of various important committees. Always his actionsand words carried the conviction that he was strongly imbued with a sense of thegreat trust reposed in him.� MISCELLANEOUSThe tuition fee for students in the Law School has been increasedfrom $65 to $70 beginning with the Summer Quarter, 1922.The President of the University reported to the Board of Trusteesthat the attendance during the Winter Quarter, 1922, was 5,926 ascompared with 5,,815 in the Winter Quarter, 1921, a gain of III.Harold R Swift has been appointed vice-president pro tern. of theBoard of Trustees to serve during the absence of the president andvice-presidents of the Board until the annual meeting of the Board inJune, 1922.In view. of the difficulty which the Board of Promotion of the North­ern Baptist Convention is experiencing in raising the sum of $100,000,000for the use of the. denomination, the Board of Trustees of the BaptistTheological Union, with the approval of the Board of Trustees of theUniversity, has withdrawn the request of the Union to participatein funds except as to those specially designated and has returned allof the funds and securities received by the Union from the Board ofPromotion except those specially designated. ,The War Department has presented to the University a certificateacknowledging on behalf of the United States of America" the spiritof patriotism and of devotion to country" exemplified by the Universityand the" efficient and loyal service in connection with ,the World War"it gave through its unit of the Student Army Training Corps.HOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTSHOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTSBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDI who write this sketch have lived more than twice as many years asdid the man whose story I tell. But, although his years were. so few, Ibegin my task with a feeling of profound reverence, for he belonged tothat noble group of martyrs of medical science, who, in seeking to savetheir fellow-men, have lost their own lives and by this sacrifice of them­selves for others have glorified our common humanity. No unusualsigns in their birth or boyhood set them apart from their fellows, but outof the ordinary walks of life they rose to their high destiny.Howard Taylor Ricketts was born on a farm near Findlay, HancockCounty, in northwestern Ohio, February 9, I87!. His father, AndrewDuncan, and his mother, Nancy Jane Ricketts, were both natives ofOhio, and his mother had been a student in Oberlin College. Hisfather had been a soldier in the Civil War. Howard was the second sonin a family of five brothers and two sisters. When he was about twoyears old, the father took his family to the village of Saybrook, McLeanCounty, Illinois, a few miles east of Bloomington, and a. year latersettled on a farm eight or ten miles east of Saybrook in Ford County.When Howard was about seven years old, another change was made afew miles south to the little village of Fisher in Champaign County andthere his real boyhood was spent-from his seventh to his seventeenthyear. His father engaged in the grain business, eventually owningelevators in Fisher and several surrounding villages.I can visualize clearly the boy's life in this prairie village of fiveor six: hundred people, as I spent two years of my boyhood in just suchan Illinois village. There were twelve or fifteen boys of his age andthese with his brothers were the playmates of his youth. Most of them,not all, were with him in the village school where a succession of teachers,some good, some very poor, carried him through what are now known asthe grammar-school grades. There was no high. school and the timecame when his progress ceased whether he continued to attend school ornot. The Sangamon River was only a mile and a half away, i'ts shorescovered with forests, and the. woods and waters furnished all sorts ofrecreation, fishing, swimming, boating, nutting, tramping, and hunting.9394 . THE UNIVERSITY RECORDIn my village we had the same surroundings, on two sides the wideprairies and on the other twoa stream with heavily forested shores. Ihave no doubt that near the Sangamon there were orchards of wild plumssuch as abounded along our stream. At school young Ricketts, as hegrew up, learned to play the baseball and shinny of that day. His fatherhad horses and he learned to ride them. It wasn't all play during thehours out of school. Many of these were spent in driving Old Barney,the big bay horse, round the treadmill in the shed of the elevator, liftingthe grain into the bins. But it wasn't all work either. About once ayear the Ricketts boys went to Champaign, ten or fifteen miles to. thesouth, to see the circus, returning to practice on the back of Old Barneythe feats of the performers, riding standing up, and turning summer­saults from his back; being mercifully saved from broken necks. Howardwas thrown from a pony and escaped broken bones only because the ponyin stepping on him brought his hoof down on the calf of his leg. Thewoods attracted him and made him a hunter and hunting always con­tinued to be one of the recreations in which he took the greatest delight.Fond of all sorts ofsports, he excelled as a sprinter. The first dollar heever earned was the prize in a foot race he won at a Fourth of July cele­bration in Rantoul, a few miles east of Fisher.He was fond of music and while a boy learned to play on the pianowell enough to accompany his own singing. His musical gifts and tastesmade the older lovers of music in the village his friends.Being a regular boy he was popular with his playmates and wasaffectionately named by the other boys of. the village-Tony Ricketts.He was fond of the village of his boyhood. He was happy there andalways remembered it with a grateful pleasure. In later life he wrote ofit: "When I was a boy, I used to ride a horse a good deal and, aboveeverything else, I loved, in summer, when the rain was warm, to rideagainst the wind with the rain beating in my face. I used to drive allthe neighbors' cows to the pasture, a mile and a half away, for a certainamount each month. I usually rode bare-back and it was then I used tolove to ride when it was raining, thundering and' lightning. I spentmany happy days in that little old town."Those were the days of real sport. Happily for him they weresomewhat prolonged, not coming to an end till after. he was sixteenyears old.Although the school advantages of his youth were limited, he wasan eager student. As the years went by, he began to reflect on what heshould make of himself. Fortunately his parents belonged to thatHOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS 95comparatively small number who aim to give their children a collegetraining. They were religious people, and being Methodists, whenHoward began to look forward to a college course, they turned naturallyto Northwestern University, at Evanston, Illinois. The boy himselfhad become a member of the Methodist church and he welcomed the plan.He had, at this time, some thought of the ministry and perhapsof the law as a profession, but none of medicine. The bent of his geniushad not yet appeared. The narrowness of village life, the scantness ofthe school curriculum brought him to his seventeenth year quite uncon­scious of his powers. He needed a wider horizon, association withscholars, a larger knowledge of books and of life to reveal him to himselfand lead him to his true career. All these he found at Northwestern.He entered the academy of the university in 1887, taking threeyears to finish his preparation for college. These three years, came inthe middle of Professor Herbert F. Fisk's principalship of thirty-oneyears. Among many pleasant remembrances he had one unpleasant oneof his principal. One day in chapel he was sitting in the front row ofthe balcony and either he or some other boy was not behaving accordingto rule, when Mr. Fisk warned the students to be careful as one of theboys in the front row of the balcony was rather "Rickety," coveringhim with confusion.The important event of his second year in the academy was thatMiss Myra E. Tubbs, of Kirkwood, Illinois, became a member of his classand that acquaintance began which culminated in their marriage twelveyears later. They graduated from the academy together and enteredcollege in the same class.: When he first went to Evanston, youngRicketts was small for his age and one of the other boys took to bullyinghim. He stood this like the devout Christian he was until it becameunbearable. Then being an equally good fighter he turned on his per­secutor and gave, him a thorough licking and transformed him into afriend and admirer. Soon after this he began to grow and came to beperhaps a little above the average height.He entered college in Northwestern in 1890 at, the time when Dr.Henry Wade Rogers began his presidency of that university. North­western was a very much smaller institution then than it is now, but,excluding the academy, there were about 1,100 students. Having beenthree years in the academy, young Ricketts was well known among thecollege students and soon became a member of the college chapter ofthe Delta Upsilon Fraternity. He was a very loyal and active Delta U.and the associations and activities of the chapter made' up a large part of96 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhis college life. He entered actively into the religious life of the univer­sity as well as into the most of the college and class activities. He wasmade business manager of the Syllabus, the university annual. Heplayed tennis. His musical gifts led him to learn to play the guitar and,of course, his abilities as a singer found ample scope. He always main­tained a high place as a student, but was so busy in other directions thathe did not get very actively into college athletics. .It was during his Sophomore year, when he was twenty-one years old,that Ricketts decided to follow medicine as a profession. The familyphysician in Fisher, his home town, had urged this upon him. MissMyra Tubbs, in whom he was every month becoming more interested,strongly commended this course to him. Through the serious illnessof his landlady in Evanston he became still further interested and beforethe end of his Sophomore year had definitely decided on medicine asa career.As I have already said, the parents were intent on giving theirchildren a college education. In 1882 they decided to move to a uni­versity town where the young people could go through college withoutleaving home. Champaign, the seat of the University of Illinois,Evanston, and Lincoln, where the University of Nebraska was located,all appealed to them. The deciding influence that led them to Nebraskawas the fact that Lincoln was the home of Mr. Ricketts' father, brother,and sister.Howard was just finishing his Sophomore year in Northwestern.He had become very much attached to the university. He had thereformed a strong and enduring attachment to the girl who later becamehis wife, though, as yet, he had no assurance that it was mutual. Hewas most reluctant to leave Evanston and enter a comparatively newwestern school of which he knew little or nothing. The family plans,however, required this, and in June, 1892, at the end of his second yearin college, he ended his connection with Northwestern and returned toFisher to assist in the family removal. He rode the seven hundredmiles to Lincoln in a freight car, one end of which was packed full ofgoods and the other formed a stable for the family horse and cow, whichneeded his care. The car was divided into three compartments by whatwere called" grain doors," which gave the passenger a room in the.middle of the car where the outer doors gave abundance of fresh air. Alounge furnished a comfortable sleeping-place. He had bought a newsetter dog for the Nebraska hunting, which accompanied him.HOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS 97Having decided on medicine as a profession, he now began to pointhis reading and study in that direction. He at once found himself heirto the use at least of the books and instruments, including a microscope,of a deceased uncle who had been a physician. These he began to makeuse of. during the summer months. When he entered the university inthe fall as a Junior, he took all the scientific courses he could. Indeed,. when he came to make up his schedule of studies, he wanted to do muchmore than was permitted and was compelled to cut out two subjects.Then and always he was a faithful and ambitious student. His Germanprofessor once said in addressing the Lincoln alumni: "I tell you Rickettsis a great fellow. Whenever I want to fix my mind on a good exampleof a student, I think of Ricketts."He entered heartily into all departments of the university's life.He was seen at parties of young people. He was a member of the gleedub and went on its concert tours. He was a member of the footballsquad and for a time fullback. John J. Pershing, now general of thearmy, was then a lieutenant assigned by the government to the chargeof the military department at Lincoln. Ricketts developed such mili­tary aptitude that he became second lieutenant in Company B of theuniversity battalion. He was jubilant, when, in his Senior year, hiscompany took fi�st place in a severe inspection and infantry drill in acompetition between the four companies of the battalion and won theOmaha' cup for the year.One who was associated with him in college in Lincoln writes methat" he showed unusual ability as a student and was a delightful com­panion. The group of young men with whom he associated was ratherseriously inclined and they spent many hours, at times most of the night,in discussing subjects of economic and philosophic interest."The university did not absorb all his energies. He was an enthu­siastic amateur photographer and developed the many pictures he tookin a dark room he "had fitted up at home. -His interest in medicineincreased and he was taken into the office of Dr. Giffen, a prominentphysician. The dissecting of a cat for anatomical purposes, .on his ownaccount, sufficiently indicates his initial zeal in his newly chosen profes­sion. He wrote: "I have planned such work as botanizing, and dis­secting animals, principally of the feline and canine persuasion, andhave bought a set of dissecting instruments. In my botanizing I havefound seven new specimens ..... I have been out snipe shooting."Later he speaks of his" unquenchable passion for hunting." Parts ofTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDhis vacations he spent in hunting trips in western Nebraska. In Lin­coln he would often get up at four 0 'clock in the morning that he mighthave a few hours' hunting. .Up to the close of his college course he had never felt the need ofworking for his own support. His father had always provided for himliberally, though he was always careful in his expenditures. All atonce, on the completion of his college life in Lincoln, he began to feelthe need of doing something to provide for the expenses of his medicalcourse. He writes in the summer of 1894, "I am about to playa triplerole for the rest of the summer as newspaper man, paid singer in achurch, and as instructor in zoology. My newspaper work occupiesmy time from four to seven A.M. I have to rustle out pretty early tocount the papers and get the boys started on their routes." He also didsome reporting for the Lincoln Evening News. The zoology teachingwas done in the summer term of the university.We come now to quite a new chapter in young Ricketts' life. Inthe first place he entered in the autumn of 1894 on a three years' courseof study for his profession in the medical school of Northwestern Uni­versity in Chicago. In the second place he began to be dependent onhis own efforts for money to meet his expenses. His father continuedas he was able and as long as he was able to assist him, but from thistime he began more and more to earn his own way. This is a seriousand trying experience for a young man to 'face for the first time in themidst of his studies when it is not merely a question of self-support, butwhen all the extra expenses of a medical college course-tuition and otherfees, class expenses, new books, etc.-must be provided for. Before hegot through, as we shall see, he had a . desperate struggle.The third thing that made the fall of 1894 the beginning of a newera in his life was his engagement to Myra E. Tubbs, whose acquaint­ance he had made six years before in the academy at Evanston and withwhom he had been in constant correspondence during the two years hehad been in Lincoln. The engagement was as long as had been theirprevious acquantance. The motherof the young lady, Emily Underhill,born in New York and tracing her ancestry back to England and Scot­land, had found her way to Kirkwood, Warren County, Illinois, asa teacher. Her father, Henry Tubbs, was a quite exceptional man.Born in Watervliet, Albany County, New York, one of fourteen children,he secured an education that made him a successful teacher of districtschools while still a boy. Studying with village physicians, he practicedmedicine successfully for many years, from 1849 to 1859 in Cleveland,HOWARD T AYLOR RICKETTS 99Ohio. . His labors were so arduous that he broke down under the strain.In 1859 he went to the village of Kirkwood where he spent the rest ofhis life. In 1868 he married Emily Underhill. There were three chil­dren, two sons, and one daughter, Myra Emily, who became Mrs.Ricketts and who survives her brothers. Dr. Tubbs became a suc­cessful business man in Kirkwood, invested in farm lands, became the. president of three national banks, in Kirkwood, Monmouth, and Alexis,with interests in still others. Interested in politics he was a member ofthe Illinois Constitutional Convention of 1869--70 which formed thepresent constitution of that state, was a delegate to the RepublicanNational Convention in Philadelphia in 1872 and the National Con­vention in Chicago in 1880. From 1882 to 1886 he was a member ofthe state senate, serving on its most important committees. He diedin 1899 in his seventy-seventh year,The first year in the medical school passed pleasantly' and success­fully with Ricketts. One of the special pieces of work the young medicundertook was the preparation of the skeleton of a dog in competitionfor a prize. He devoted much attention to it. In January, 1895, hewrote: "I wish you could see my dog skeleton now. I mounted and dis­articulated the bones on black cloth. I count that one of the most tryingpieces of work I ever undertook and finished, but it is a great satisfactionnow to behold it. I only hope it will strike Dr. Allport's eye so favor­ably that he will give me the prize. But, if not, I shallalways value the. preparation." . A little later he wrote: "Out of one hundred preparationssix were selected as being' in 'the race.' Mine was one of the six. I donot, however, expect to get the prize, as I have seen some which I amsure were finer than mine." But notwithstanding his fears, the prizewas finally awarded to him.On Sundays he taught a class in a mission school and.this self-denyingwork he continued through the.heat of the ensuing summer.As the college year closed, Dr. W. H. Allport, a member of thefaculty, arranged with him for half-time service. He was to live at thedoctor's house and take two of his meals there .. His service was to bechiefly devoted to the college museum, the study of comparative an­atomy, preparing specimens, etc. The time belonging to himself he hopedto devote to the study of embryology and bacteriology. He would alsoattend some clinics. The summer proved a very profitable one to him.He began to study bacteria and was very much excited over the dis­covery of what might turn out to be new germs. In one of his lettershe wrote: "I spent all yesterday evening with my doctor friend lookingIOO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDover some pathological slides. I should like to be a professor of patho­logical histology in some medical college." He was beginning to findhimself and dimly foresee the path he was to follow.He remained with Dr. Allport during the summer of r895. Dr.Allport says of him:He was my prosector and prepared my material for lectures; he made a goodmany very careful drawings and did some research work in comparative anatomy forme. I never knew a man who was so scientifically trustworthy and untiring. Henever cared about sleep and his soul cried out always for knowledge, knowledge andmore knowledge, and was always unappeased. If he was given a task, he could be leftalone until it was finished and when he got back with the result, it was final and authori­tative.He was the most persistent and accomplished notetaker I ever came across in myexperience as a teacher.' He had hundreds and hundreds of notebooks and each bookwas filled up with tables, classifications, heads, and subheads, outlines, logical demon­strations, mathematical calculations, sketches, drawings, etc. In the same way hispreparations' for lectures were most mi�ute and his anatomical dissections were meticu­lous. In every way his life was frank, honest, rich in the pleasure of intellectualachievement and bare of everything which appealed to the luxurious instincts of thelower senses; he was a Spartan, a Flagellant, a Puritan with himself, and, althoughI never heard him criticise anyone else, the standard which he set for himself in hisown life was nothing short of moral and spiritual perfection.This characterization of him is confirmed by what he himself saidin one of the letters written about this time, as follows: "I think a busylife and a clear conscience are. the two most important factors for one'shappiness .... , I think charity is almost the greatest thing in the'world and God grant we may all have more of it-charity in our relations,to others and strict exactions from our own selves."And yet he had some of the weaknesses that related him to our morecommon clay. He was always wishing to look older and, with this inview, he several times grew a mustache which so changed his appearancethat he once wrote with some gratification, "Half the-people didn'trecognize me at first glance."Spending the Christmas holiday of r895 at home in Lincoln he wrote,"I have just found a gold mine in several hundred specimens (pathologi­cal) which were mounted in Germany by an uncle of mine." These hetook back with him to Chicago as rich treasures.Toward the end of his second year the position of demonstrator inhistology (microscopic anatomy) was promised and this greatly encour­aged him. His rank in the large class of which he was a member wasthird, with a standing for the year above ninety-six. He was in dire needof encouragement. His own resources were exhausted and his father.HOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS 101was no longer able to help him. Compelled to look about for means ofsupport, he took patients to nurse, his professors, who were also prac­ticing physicians, giving him these opportunities. He got a room withDr. T. J. Watkins, paying for it in service. For some time he preparedhis own breakfast and dinner, writing to a correspondent, "You knowI have camped a good deal, and when camping never had any trouble.eating what I cooked myself. So now I imagine I am on a continualcamp and everything goes down." Through the kindness of Dr. Wat­kins, who excused him from personal service to himself, he took a caseof nursing which proved to be a difficult one and lasted for six or sevenweeks during the hottest part of the summer. He wrote of this job,"I can't say I wish it would stop right away, as every week means $25,and every $25 means a month of school next year, for I mean to live ascheaply asthat." He added this illuminating remark, "I used to thinkit would be very humiliating to be poor, but I don't find it so. I have asmuch personal pride as ever." Having long distances to walk he drew onhis small savings to purchase a bicycle from which he got much enjoymentand helpful exercise. When the last case of nursing was over he tooka few days' vacation in Wisconsin. Being recalled by Dr. Allport,who had secured for him the somewhat incongruous positions of medi­cal attendant and cook with Octave Chanute, one of the pioneers inaviation, he travelled II3 miles in one day onthe bicycle to go with Mr.Chanute on his flying expedition" to the sand dunes in Indiana. Onreaching Chicago he found that the trip to the dunes had been post­poned for a fewdays. During the interval he went to Lake Geneva forDr. Allport to secure turtles for the doctor's experiments. In spite �funtiring efforts, much to his chagrin he could capture only two. Thedoctor, however, took the matter good-naturedly and relieved him bypassing lightly over his failure.Then came the trip to the dunes with Mr. Chanute. The partyconsisted at first of six men, later diminished to four, but frequentlyaugmented by reporters from the Chicago papers. It remained amongthe dunes about four weeks. The flying machines were very primitive.Starting from the summit of a dune before a fair wind they glided downthe wind with one man aboard. The aviators were trying to see howgreat a. distance they could make. The record, so far as Mr. Ricketts'letters show, was 359 feet. He made several attempts himself, thoughhis real duties were those of surgeon, doctor, and cook. He had onlyone slight case of injury, but now for the first time began to be called"doctor." As to his abilities as a cook acounts differ. Dr. Allport102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDquotes Mr. Chanute as saying, "He may have been a good surgeon, butas a cook he certainly was the rottenest I ever knew." I set this injuriousopinion down because this sketch is not intended to be a panegyric but anauthentic story. In the interest of fairness, however, I ought to saythat Mr. Chanute being a Parisian Frenchman may not have been acompetent judge of camp cooking. I quote from one of the cook's.letters, "My best preparations are coffee, roasted potatoes and eggsscrambled in small chips of bacon well fried." I ask any camper if thatdoes not sound appetizing. The camp found it so, for the letter goes onto say, "Even the reporters eat ravenously, so there must be somethingin my cooking.'.' He himself grew fat on it, and I give my judgmentas an old camper that he was a good camp cook and earned the $20 aweek he seems to have been paid. .The summer had added to his pecuniary troubles. His $55 bicyclehad been stolen. The bank in which he had deposited $80 against theexpenses of his last year in the medical college had failed. Before theschool year ended he hoped there might be a 60 per cent dividend fromthe receiver. On September 15, three weeks before the autumn termopened, .he wrote, "My resources in sight are' $75 to $100 from Mr.Chanute, $50 or $60 from the college, $50 from my bank account­about $200. I figure that I can get through on $300." He needed,therefore, to borrow $100. It was not very far from this time that hefound that his dress suit and cut-away coat had been ruined by moths.After returning from the dunes he took another case of nursing andmade arrangements to tutor in histology and embryology. His room­mate during the last year was Charles A. Elliott, an old University ofNebraska friend, later a Chicago physician and professor in the North­western Medical School. Dr. Elliott writes, "The winter of 1896 wasvery hard on him. He was a Senior in the medical school and had takenup quiz class work in anticipation of taking the examinations for interneat the Cook County Hospital in the spring. He took the work seriouslyand it was not long before it was evident that it was tog heavy a load."He broke down nervously. In January, 1897, on the advice of Dr. A.K Edwards, now dean of the Northwestern .Medical School, he leftschool for six weeks. Returning in March, hopeless about getting theinterneship, he was encouraged by his friend Dr. Edwards to take theexamination and, notwithstanding his illness and long absence, had thejoy of succeeding and winning an appointment. This interneship wasgreatly coveted, the experience in the great hospital being regarded asinvaluable.HOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS 103He did not win immediate entrance into the hospital, his term notbeginning till December. During the first part of his second year inthe medical school he had written, "It makes me almost sick to go overto the County Hospital. I would be almost willing to give ten yearsof my life for a term of service there. Who knows? I may yet!" Aftersome months in the hospital he wrote, "It was about a year ago that I, sent you a telegram saying that I had a place at Cook County ana Inever could describe my sensation when my name was announced. Whata lucky thing it was for me! I appreciate now more than I did then thevalue of service here." He counted it one of the biggest events of his life.The period of waiting for the beginning of his term as interne wasfilled with many activities. He again took patients to nurse. Hebecame cashier of the Shoot the Chutes Amusement Park on the WestSide. This required only his evenings, but occasional periods of. extraservice added to the remuneration. As August began he' welcomed aproposal from Dr. Oliver, of Thornton, a village a few miles south ofChicago, to take care of his practice while the doctor was away on a vaca­tion. As he had graduated from the medical school and was now a full­fledged M.D. he welcomed this opportunity for some .practical experience.On August 8 he wrote to his fiancee, "Dr. Oliver has just given me a list ofpatients to call on. . I was very pleasantly surprised at the situation.It will be a splendid outing. Plenty of hours of work.. Tuesdays andSaturdays I go to. Chicago Heights to keep office hours there. I've gotto hunt up a professional air and seem wise. I almost wish this were myhouse and my practice. I would call this living." He now performedhis first operation. and confesses to some trepidation, but adds, "Every­thing ended O.K., even to collecting the bill." He worked hard atThornton but had time for some fishing and other recreation. Whenleaving in October he wrote, "The experience has done me good andthe reports are that I have given satisfaction." .After a month's vaca­tion in Kirkwood and Lincoln, having spent much of the time in shootingducks and quail he entered the hospital as interne feeling a "hundredper cent improved."Of Ricketts' work as interne Dr. H. Gideon Wells, director of medi­cal research in the Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute and Professorof Pathology inthe University of Chicago, writes me,Dr. Ricketts entered the Cook County Hospital December I, 1897, and ouracquaintance began when my interneship began six months later. From the start hewas an outstanding figure among the internes, by virtue of his superior scholarship, hisclear headedness and keenness. That his ability and personality were generally104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrecognized is shown by the fact that the regular order of succession of interneships inthe various services of the hospital was broken by Dr. John B. Murphy in order thathe might secure Dr. Ricketts as his Senior interne in surgery.Space fails for an account of the eighteen months in the hospital.The position of interne was one of great responsibility. His remunera­tion was in the invaluable experience. He received, at that time, only his.room, board, and laundry. The internes worked in pairs, a Junior and aSenior. The two had charge of a large ward. They were the doctorsin charge and hundreds of cases of every sort came under their care. Afull history of each case was made, of the treatment and its results.More or less frequently the staff physician came in and as occasionrequired was consulted and his advice secured. Ordinary operationswere performed by the internes. In extraordinary ones they had theassistance of the big men. Thus they came into association with andhad the benefit of the instruction of the great medical men of the city,Billings, Herrick, Murphy, and others. The value of eighteen monthsof this sort of experience and instruction was beyond price.Dr. Ricketts worked very hard and profited accordingly. He addedto his regular duties continual research work suggested by the casescoming under his care. He worked, indeed, to the limit of his strength.He needed money for ordinary expenses and costly medical books andthis added to his labors. For example, he wrote, "Making a littlemoney by sending pathological specimens to H. for the School of Oste­opathy, and am sending some pure cultures of bacteria to the healthdepartment at Indianapolis. On the strength of that have sent toGermany for a work on medicine-one of the finest published." Lookingback later on the many different kinds of work he had done to pay hisway he said, "I have done about everything except to push a bananacart."His period as interne ended June I, 1899. Its close was marked by areal adventure of which he gave the following account:Father surprised me this morning by coming out to my room before I was out ofbed. He came out to take me to breakfast with him. I took him to breakfast with meinstead. We went out to Lincoln Park and came back down town to lunch. As wewere going to a restaurant we heard cries of "thiefl pickpocket! stop thief!" etc., andlooking round saw a medium sized man tearing down the sidewalk with about fiftymen after him. He had a clean lead of them all and came straight toward me. Thenwas my first opportunity to put my knowledge of "tackling" into practical use; so I"tackled low," downed my man and together we rolled down some stairs into a base­ment shop. The crowd came up and I thought they would kill him, but a patrol-HOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS 105wagon came round after a while and took him and the woman whose pocketbook hehad stolen to the station. The only damage I suffered was an ugly tear in the kneeof my best trousers.A man of quick mental processes and real physical courage!Just before his period in the hospital was to come to an end Dr.Ricketts was appointed to a. fellowship in Skin Pathology in Rush. Medical College. Though a graduate of the Northwestern MedicalSchool and previously unknown to the Rush Faculty his exceptionalrecord in the hospital had attracted the attention of Dr. J. Nevins Hyde,professor of Dermatology in Rush. He was already known to Dr.Billings who had long been a helpful friend and had now become a profes­sor in Rush and thus this fellowship was established especially for him.It carried a stipend of $800 furnished by Drs. Hyde and Montgomeryin whose office he became an assistant. The Rush fellowship gave himnew opportunities for research work. The instructors in Pathologywere Drs. Hektoen, Weaver, and Le Count. There was also a group ofstudents of unusual promise who have risen to distinction, among themWells, Brown Pusey, Crowder, and Tieken, all well known in Chicago­Martin Fisher and William B. Wherry, now of the Cincinnati faculty,Noble W. Jones, leader of the profession in Portland, Oregon, as well as .Dunn in Omaha. These men with Ricketts formed an earnest, congenial,ambitious, and enthusiastic group working in the old Rush MedicalCollege laboratory at one time. Here Ricketts did his first importantpiece of original investigation. Illustrating this I cannot refrain fromquoting the following interesting statement from Dr. Thomas R.Crowdervdirector of the department of sanitation and surgery of thePullman Company. He was Dr. Ricketts' most intimate friend andsays,In the year after he left the County Hospital he did an extensive piece of researchon blastomycosis, then a newly recognized disease of the skin. He had cultivated theorganism from the lesions of many cases and had tried to produce the disease in animalsfrom his cultures. The results were negative; the animals were immune and it wasnecessary to use human beings. There was no hesitancy about it; he must be inocu­lated. He came to me with his problem and after we had discussed it he bared hisleg, which I scarified and rubbed the culture into. It was supposed at this time thatblastomycosis was a purely local disease and that any resulting lesion could be cutout and cured completely. In order to further the test I let him inoculate me in asimilar way. A few square inches of skin can be easily spared. In a week or so thewounds healed completely without result. He was not satisfied. His next requestwas that the cultures should be injected into the skin. I was not included in the planthis time; there were risks and he would takethem alone. Because of the unknownIo6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpossibilities of such a procedure I refused to do what he asked and dissuaded him fromit� He smiled and agreed. But a few days later he told me that he had carried outthe program himself and that things were going bad. He was running a fever, hadlarge and tender glands in the groin and felt quite sick. The trouble was progressiveand was causing him concern; he thought the result might be serious. [It was laterdiscovered that blastomycosis may be a general disease, even a fatal one.] But therewas no weeping or vain regret. He only smiled again and exacted from me the promisethat if anything serious did occur I would finish his work, using him in such a way thatscience would gain what he had lost.There were no serious consequences. After a week of illness the trouble all clearedup. We often laughed about it afterward and thought of it only lightly. But at thetime it was a matter of grave concern and the fine spirit with which it was carried offimpressed me greatly. Ricketts learned a bit of caution from that experience. Hehad no desire to be a sacrifice to the cause of research; saw in fact that careless orthoughtless risks might destroy such usefulness as he might otherwise have; and hedesired to be useful.Of this work Dr. Wells says,. He manifested from the start the ability to carry on a systematic study of aninfectious disease, developing his technic as he went along and always making eachstep carry him forward. His research work was always of the logical type, each stepbuilt upon the preceding one, with the line of march as direct as possible. Conse­quently it was all sound and will always stand. Our interest in this disease wasespecially keen because it was the first disease known to be produced in man by ayeast. The result of these studies is embodied in a large monograph which is recog­nized as one of the most important contributions made to this subject.These researches in blastomycosis marked him out as a scientific investi­gator of unusual gifts and prepared him for the epoch-making work ofhis later years.Dr. Wells goes on to say,During this period at Rush, Dr. Ricketts was too intensely engaged in his re­search for much outside diversion, but for exercise rather than to demonstrate ourevident lack of skill we often put on boxing-gloves. Our efforts were more vigorousthan skilful and gave us the needed exercise in abundance. As we were both ratherspindling no great personal damage was done, but I recall that I then learned thesensations following a knock-out by the solar plexus route, while once Rickettsmanaged to run his jaw into my glove hard enough to achieve a similar result.Dr. Crowder gives similar testimony saying,Ricketts was very fond of sports. Fishing and hunting were almost passionswith him. Next to finding the cause of Rocky Mountain fever, the great interest ofMontana was its big game and its trout streams. All his letters to me from therewere invitations to come on and go with him into the Mountains. At home nothingwas so likely to toll him away from his work.as a good game or a boxing-match. Hehad the kind of physical courage and indifference to punishment that gave him under­standing of the latter. He was fond of boxing himself. One summer when we roomedHOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS 107together on the West Side he produced a set of gloves and we mauled each other almostnightly. A little blood from a fair punch on the nose, if it was his own, gave him farmore pleasure than pain, but if his opponent's, he was all solicitousness at once.Light is thrown on his insistence on fairness in boxing and his self-controland peaceableness of disposition by the following incident. He was onceboxing with a man who struck him a foul blow. He said not a word, butat once put down his hands, drew off his gloves, and silently retired tohis seat.Dr. Ricketts continued as a fellow and assistant in Rush for twoyears. During this period his marriage took place. This had been longdeferred by his yearly increasing ambition to make the best possiblepreparation for his life-work and by the perhaps even stronger insistenceof the lady in the case that he must not cut this preparation" short. Hehad received in 1898 an invitation to a good position in a western hospitalthat would have enabled him to marry and was strongly tempted toaccept it on that account, but the lady would not permit him to sacrificethe possibilities of eminence she clearly saw in him. She waited for himsix years before they both saw their way clear. Finally in April, 1900,he went to Kirkwood and was married to Miss Myra E. Tubbs on theeighteenth of that month. He was then twenty-nine years old.But the preparationhe wanted for his life-work was not yet finished.He seems to have definitely decided on investigation in and the teachingof pathology as that work. In 1899 he wrote, "Pathology is the interest­ing field of' medicine for me. With plenty of material to work on Iwould gladly work on pathology all my life." He said again, "I do likethis pathological work. One gets right at the bottom and learns thefacts, principles, and theories of diseases and diseased processes." Hewas so anxious for results that the slow technic of the laboratory, often,as he said, "sets me wild. But to hear a 'That's very nice,' and 'Thatshows up beautifully' from Dr. Hektoen makes me forget the tedioushours." After he had accepted the fellowship in Rush he was offereda position in his old medical school in the department of pathology at$100 a month, but it came too late. His studies in blastomycosis stirredin him an ambition to see and to work in the famous schools and labora­tories of Europe. In this desire he was encouraged by leading medicalmen who had discovered the unusual signs of promise in the young scien­tist and on May 1, 1901, a year after his marriage he and Mrs. Rickettswent abroad. A few weeks were spent in travelling in England, Scot­land, and Irelarid. ,July, August, and part of September were given tostudy' in Berlin, where, on August II, their son, Henry, now a student108 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDin the University of Chicago, was born. In October the family went toVienna where he worked incessantly, taking little time for rest or recrea­tion, during the following four months. Here he heard again from hisold friend and teacher, Dr. Hektoen, who had become Head of theDepartment of Pathology and Bacteriology in the University of Chicago.Dr. Hektoen had called President Harper's attention to his protege,young Ricketts, and had been authorized to offer him the position ofassociate in his Department. In doing this he asked him to go to Parisbefore his return and spend some time at the Pasteur Institute, per­haps the most famous institution of its kind, at that time, in the world.About April I, therefore, he went to Paris and until the middle of Julyspent his time, for the most part, in hard work at the Institute. Herehe came into connection with Pasteur's successor, Metchnikoff, then atthe height of his fame.The action of the University board in appointing Dr. Ricketts to anassociateship was taken March 14,1902. The salary for the first yearwas fixed at $1,000, beginning july r. He returned from Paris in July,reported at the University in August, and began work in the classroomand laboratory October r. He was thirty-one years old, but he-lookedvery young. He was a handsome man, with a frank, open, engagingface and a winning smile. He looked- so much like one of the studentsthat at the opening of one of the quarters; as he was entering his class­room, a student new to his class clapped him on the back and said,"Well, how's this man Ricketts? Is he any good?" The look on, theyoung fellow's face, when he saw Ricketts walk to the platform and takethe professor's chair, may be imagined.At the end of the first year the young associate was promoted to therank of instructor with an increase in salary. In 1904 he was madeassistant to the medical dean, Dr. John M. Dodson, and his salary be­came $1,700. He had continued his laboratory studies" on blastomy­cosis and the publication of the results of these studies had attractedsuch attention that the editor of the Journal of the American MedicalAssociation asked him to prepare a series of articles on the subject ofImmunity for publication in that journal. He now began to draw biginterest on the hard work he had been doing during the preceding eightyears. His mind was stored with accumulated information. He hadnotes and records in abundance. He now read still more widely andcontinued his investigations. The articles appeared in the journalduring 1905 and" after revision, with such additions as would contributeto the completeness of the work" were published in book form with theHOWARD T AYLOR RICKETTS l09title Infection, Immunity and Serum Therapy. As Dr. Hektoen said,"The book met with such a favorable reception that the edition wasexhausted while the demand continued active." A new edition wascalled for and for some time before his death Dr. Ricketts was engagedin the work of revision. The rapid progress of medical science and theauthor's expanding knowledge led to such an enlargement of the scopeof the work that his death left it unfinished. His associate in theDepartment, Dr. George F. Dick, thereupon completed the work, theresulting enlarged volume containing about eight hundred pages.During several of these years Dr. and Mrs. Ricketts lived on CornellAvenue, where their daughter, Elizabeth, now a student in VassarCollege, was born. The son, Henry, born in Berlin, and this daughterwere the only children. The last three years of their Chicago life theylived at l358 East Fifty-eighth Street.I come now to that great work of original investigation on whichthe enduring fame of Dr. Ricketts is founded. All scientific studentswill understand how difficult and indeed impossible it is for a layman,with no knowledge of medical science, to follow intelligently the tech­nical. discussions of investigators. The ordinary reader will probablyunderstand what I mean when he reads the following quotation frompage 254 of Ricketts' Contributions to Medical Science, "The receptorsof corpuscles with which agglutinin unites, and those of bacteria withwhich the bactericidal amboceptors and the agglutinating bodies unite,have as their specific antibodies the hemaglutinin, the bactericidalamboceptors, and the bacterium-agglutinin respectively. The questionarises: Is this a general law ?"The story I am about to tell was recorded by Dr. Ricketts in languageless technical than this and it goes without saying that I shall relate itin the speech of everyday life. For some time before 1906 he had beenreading about a scourge known as Rocky Mountain spotted fever pre­vailing in Idaho, western Montana, Utah, Nevada, Oregon, Colorado,Wyoming, and perhaps in other neighboring states. It was in someplaces very virulent with a high mortality. The bite of the wood tickhad been suggested as the cause of the disease by some investigators andthe suggestion di�credited by others. No experiments bearing on thetheory had been performed. Dr. Ricketts became interested and de­cided to investigate the subject. Help was secured for the cost of theinvestigation from the American Medical Association, from Missoulaand Ravalli counties, Montana, the Montana State Board of Health,the McCormick Memorial Institute, and the University. In his firstlIO THE UNIVERSITY RECORDreport he said, "I arrived in Missoula, Montana, April 21, 1906, equippedfor the bacteriologic and hematologic (i.e., relating to the blood) studyof the so-called Rocky Mountain spotted fever and for the study of theinfectious agent by means of animal inoculations."This was the beginning of an investigation which engaged his interestand directed his activities throughout the next four years-to the end ofhis life. Every year, sometimes twice a year, he went to Montana wherethe disease reappeared each spring and studied it on the ground. Hecarried the problem to his laboratory in Chicago and sought' its solutionthere by endless experiments. Through medical journals he reportedfrom time to time the progress of his work and the results achieved. AtMissoula, Montana, he was given the privileges of the laboratories of theNorthern Pacific Hospital and the University of Montan-a. For thepurposes of the investigation he took to Missoula monkeys and guineapigs. He visited scores of victims of .the disease. He spent time hewanted to employ in research in seeking the funds needed for carryingthe investigation forward. He bought guns, rented horse and buggy,and went alone into the mountains and woods in search of the animalshe needed for his experiments or for verifying his theories. He was agood worker with his hands and the first year he himself made the cagesfor his animals and insects that he might be sure they were made right.Long-continued experiments were conducted with unwearying devotionand the most painstaking accuracy. No means were left untried tosolve the scores of problems that emerged as he went on. He and hisassistants worked all day and far into the night. Dr. Hektoen haswritten of this period.As we follow the various stages in the progress of this intensely active work itbecomes very clear that Dr. Ricketts not only was gifted with imaginative power sothat he could see and trace the various lines along which the solution of a problemmight be sought, but that he also possessed in a full measure the capacity for thathard, accurate, patient work necessary for the more difficult task of finding the onetrue solution. This combination of speculative ability and the power to do steadytoil, even drudgery, often under great difficulties, made him a· great investigator andbrought him success.The preliminary work of 1906 was the successful transmission of thefever to the monkey and the guinea-pig by inoculating them with theblood of victims of the disease. As has been said the wood tick whichexists in the whole region in incalculable numbers was under suspicion,though the people took little or no stock in the theory. that this insectcarried the disease. Dr. Ricketts determined to find out. His veryfirst experiment of allowing a tick to feed on an infected guinea-pig andHOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS IIIthen transferring it to a healthy pig resulted in a clear case of spottedfever being developed in the last guinea-pig he had with him that sum­mer. Not being a man to jump at conclusions he contented himselfwith saying,The result of this experiment brought very forcibly to my mind the probable partwhich the tick plays in the infection of man and shows the necessity of repetition ofthe work with more abundant material. . . . . Hasty conclusions as to the 'questionof tick transmission in relation to the infection of man are, by all means, to be avoideduntil such time as the experiments can be repeated and the life-history of the infectionworked out more. thoroughly. This phase of the subject, in common with others, isbeing studied by me, the infection still being maintained in animals for thesepurposes.This preservation of the disease, that he might continue the investigationin his own laboratory in the University of Chicago, was brought about,after much experiment, by the alternation of the infection between themonkey and the guinea-pig. This resulted in the preservation of thevirus in its full strength.The spotted fever is practically confined to the spring and earlysummer when the ticks are active. In the second year of the investiga­tion Dr. Ricketts took with him Dr. P. G. Heineman, an assistant inthe Department of Bacteriology in the University. The two men workedincessantly until Dr. Heineman was compelled to leave when his placewas taken by a young bacteriological student of the University ofMontana- J. J. Moore, now director of the National PathologicalLaboratories in Chicago. Moore was a Montana boy and was accus­tomed to the ticks. He would go out and walk about through thebushes on the hills behind the laboratories, where the ticks were notsupposed to be infected, till his clothes were covered with ticks when hewould shake and brush them off on to a sheet and return with a bountifulsupply; The experiments of the year fully confirmed the theory thatticks were the carriers of the disease. .The third year, 1908, they engaged a trapper to procure wild animalsfor their experiments. They did not find one infected with the disease.All carried ticks aboutwith them. It was found that the disease couldbe communicated to them by infected ticks, but that it was rarely fatalto them, and many other interesting points were determined. Theirtrapper brought in three hundred gophers at one time. He broughtdozens of water rats, together with wood-chucks, squirrels, chipmunks,,and all the small game of the woods. There were cages all over thehospital yard and they were fairly overwhelmed with the labor of caringfor this menagerie and conducting the experiments which were going onII2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDall the time, infecting animals (the rats were particularly hard to handle),noting their symptoms, taking their temperature at stated times, etc.,etc. After ten or twelve hours of this sort of work Dr. Ricketts wouldtake the "protocols"-the records of the day's observations, and spendthree or four hours more in their study in the evening. He was draggedaway from these exhausting labors. when Mrs. Ricketts came and tookhim for a little rest and recreation to the Yellowstone Park.The "valuable" ticks as some of them were fondly termed by thestudent who was learning so much from them were transferred to Chicagoto join the colony already there. The arrival of Mr. Moore to take hismedical course was hailed most joyfully by those who.had had the careof the Chicago ticks, but had not learned to love them and they wereturned over to him on the day, I believe the very hour he arrived.I have been much impressed by the hilarity with which my inquiriesabout Dr. Ricketts' ticks are greeted. They were, evidently, objectsof interest and not a little .nervousness in the Chicago laboratory, aswell they migh t have been. The ordinary tick, very small in size,sometimes expanded enormously-to the size of an ordinary marble.Many were uninfected and harmless, but some were infected andthere always existed the possibility, though every precaution was taken,that an infected tick might get loose. When the ticks were firstbrought to the laboratory in Chicago very little was known of theirnature and habits. Many methods were resorted to in finding for them anormal habitat and protecting the workers from their bloodsucking­habit of feeding. They kept the attendants busy and somewhat nervousand perhaps this accounts for the hilarity with which they are nowremembered. Dr. Maria B. Maver, who assisted in their care says,"It was an extremely interesting problem through all its phases, andwhen methods were devised by which the work was somewhat safe fromescaping ticks many willing workers were found." 'These are nowremembered as the" nurses of the ticks." .Dr. Billings recalls that "Dr. Ricketts was one of the rare men whoaccomplished much without adequate room and space and equipment.Much of the work which he carried on to a successful issue was done underconditions which would have so embarrassed most men that they wouldhave given up in despair." I add this closing paragraph of his letterbecause it is worth so much more coming from him. "This informationis given with the hope that you will speak of Ricketts' ability to accom­plish much with inadequate space and poor equipment because he pos­sessed that rare quality which we call 'genius' and which impelled himto work and to accomplish in the face of great difficulties."HOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS II3.Dr. Ricketts had an extraordinary power of concentrating hisattention so that he became oblivious of his surroundings. or of theflight of time. He would become so absorbed that his dinner hourpassed unnoted and when Mrs. Ricketts appeared in the laboratory at7: 30 P.M. and attracted his attention he would look at her with surpriseand say, "Why! What is it, Myra?"This complete absorption in his work is well illustrated by the follow­ing incident. Mrs. Ricketts told him at lunch one day that their littlegirl, Elizabeth, did not seem well and asked him to take her temperature.Having done this he quieted her fears, said it was perfectly all right andtold her not to be disturbed. When he came home she told him thatElizabeth most certainly had a high temperature, it being still at I02°.He looked dazed for a moment, and then exclaimed in alarm, "By George,I was thinking of my guinea-pigs," their normal temperature beingbetween I02° and 1030.It is no wonder that a man so absorbed in his investigations achievedgreat results.· One experiment succeeded another, one problem solvedopened the way to another. It is impossible in a sketch like this toattempt to trace the progress of these investigations. They all tendedin one direction and brought him slowly and surely to the assurance thathe had found the cause of the disease he was studying. As Dr. Hektoenhas well said, "Some of the experiments devised to lay bare the secrets ofthe different orders of living things concerned -in . spotted fever aremasterful in their irigenuity and comprehensiveness, notably thosebearing on the hereditary transmission of spotted fever virus in ticks, onthe occurrence of infected ticks in nature and on the part played by smallwild animals like the squirrel as source for the virus."The result of this extraordinary investigation, lasting four years, was,as is now commonly recognized, a demonstration that "in man spottedfever depends simply on the accidental bite of an adult tick carryingactive virus." Having determined this, he devoted himself unweariedly. to the effort to find and isolate the bacillus that carried the virus. Butit was so small and elusive that the work proved well-nigh impossible.In I909 he thought he had discovered it and was planning to continuethe investigation when death brought his work to an end,It ought.to be said that Dr. Ricketts never claimed that he alone wasthe discoverer of the cause of spotted fever. He was generous in recog­nizing the valuable work of other men and the assistance he received fromcolaborers� But it is universally understood that it was he who by long­continued and multiplied experiments worked out and established thedemonstration.II4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Rocky Mountain wood ticks abound in incalculable numbersover a very wide area. Fortunately few, in comparison with theirnumbers, are infected and their active period is confined to the monthsfrom March to June and the-disease is not contagious. Were it not forthese three facts those vast regions would be uninhabitable. As thingsare, however, it is capable, if the number of infected ticks should multiply,of becoming a great public menace. It is no wonder, therefore, thatsince the demonstrations of Dr. Ricketts, the mountain states havemade liberal appropriations to enable scientists to continue the investi­gation of the problems involved. Where he had a hundred dollars tospend a thousand is now available, and more than one man is hot on thetrail of the elusive bacillus on the discovery of which the cure of thedisease by the resultant serum depends. Dr. Ricketts took. the firstgreat step in demonstrating the cause. His much to be lamented deathleft it to his sucessors to find the cure.Though the work done on spotted fever was a great public serviceit remained to Dr .. Ricketts to do an incomparably greater one in thevery last year of his life. While he was still engaged in the Montanainvestigation an epidemic of typhus fever appeared in Mexico. Typhushas been one of the worst scourges of the human race. It has numbereduncounted millions among its victims. It resembles in some ways theRocky Mountain spotted fever. This resemblance did not escape Dr.Ricketts. As his study of spotted fever progressed it was natural thathe should begin to see that it was preparing him, in a peculiar way, forthe investigation and the possible solution of the far more importantproblem of typhus fever. Dr. Hektoen, with whom, as his depart­mental chief and long time friend and adviser, he took counsel, and whoknew his hopes and assisted him .in his plans, writes on this point asfollows: "As he was completing his three years' study of theRocky Mountain disease, .... Dr. Ricketts became more and morestrongly impressed with the thought, which he had had for some time,that the special knowledge and training thus acquired would prove ofgreat value in the study of typhus fever and thereby, perhaps, be put tothe best use." The points of resemblance between the two diseasescould hardly fail to awaken the suspicion that they must have a similarcause-the bite of an insect, and to increase his purpose to enter onthe new investigation. As early as April, 1909, the matter had beenarranged with the University authorities.: On April 20 .the trusteesgave him a year's leave of absence from July I, 1909, on full pay; that"he might give his full time to investigation." Toward the expenses ofHOWARD TAYLOR llICKETTS !ISthe investigation the University contributed $r,2oo and the McCormickMemorial Institute $r,ooo and about $r,2oo was provided in other ways.Typhus is a cool climate or a cool weather disease, so that in acountry as far south as Mexico it prevailed in the winter and early spring.Dr. Ricketts, therefore, did not go to Mexico till December, r909. Aboutthe time he began toplan for the investigation early in that year Nicolle,a French surgeon, working in Algiers had guessed the riddle of typhusand had, by experiment, conveyed the fever from a patient to a chimpan­zee through an infected body louse. It was not until after Dr. Rickettshad begun his own investigation that the work of Nicolle became knownto him. Other investigators were also at work on the problem, amongthem Mexican doctors, and to the work of all Dr. Ricketts, in his reports,gave the most generous recognition.His arrival in Mexico City was welcomed by the authorities and heenjoyed the advantages of the well-equipped laboratory of the Bacterio­logic Institute 'and the General Hospital.,The unique preparation his investigation of the spotted fever hadgiven Dr. Ricketts for his new work became immediately apparent. Inthis new study he could make as much progress in a month as in theformer one he had made in a year. He soon demonstrated that theinfection was carried by infected body lice. The suggestion that ,bed­bugs and fleas were probably equally guilty he showed to be groundlessand proved conclusively, by careful experiment, that these insects,which abounded in Mexico, were entirely innocent. Their innocencemade the case all the stronger against the body lice which swarmed in theafflicted areas; Typhus was confined to the lower orders who were notparticular what passengers they carried about with them. Contraryto all former opinion it was thought to be established that typhus wasnot contagious and that the many doctors and nurses who had in all agesfallen victims to the disease had .. accidentally acquired and been fed uponby infected lice.While pursuing his work in Mexico, Dr. Ricketts' was called to theheadship of the department of pathology in the University of Pennsyl­vania. This brought before him so serious a question that he found itnecessary to visit Philadelphia and Chicago for consultation with theauthorities of the two universities. The call to Philadelphia provided alarge increase in salary as well as more time and greater facilities forresearch.He was strongly attached to Chicago and the University where hehad. spent eight years and was most reluctant to break the ties which.II6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDbound him to the city and the school. He had been promoted in .1907to an assistant professorship in the University for four years, and the waydid not seem immediately open to any considerable advancement. Theinvitation to Pennsylvania was a great step up and the opportunity wastoo big to be missed. The appointment was, therefore, accepted, hisnew service to begin thefirst of October, 1910.After a visit of a few days with his family in March he left them toreturn to Mexico. No man loved his family more devotedly. Theselong absences were very trying to him. For such a lover of home theyinvolved an unusual sacrifice. After this short visit of two weeks hewent back to Mexico with the greatest reluctance. It was, he declared,the last time he was ever going away without taking them with him.Just before leaving he said to his little boy then eight years old, "Henry,our first business from now on is to take care of mother."He had urged Dr. Hektoen to go to Mexico with him; but; thisproving impracticable he was accompanied by a volunteer helper, Dr.Russell M. Wilder, then an assistant in anatomy, now in the MayoClinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Arriving in' Mexico City he plungedinto work with Dr. Wilder with his accustomed energy, working day andnight. There was much work with the microscope, hundreds of the smallinsects to be studied, and he wrote" If we have any eyes left it will bestrange." They Were looking for the germ which was the immediatecause of the disease. It proved as infinitesmal and elusive as the bacillusof spotted fever which had given Dr. Ricketts so much trouble to isolate.Finally, however, on "April 23 they were able to announce the discoveryof a micro .. organism, apparently a bacillus, in the blood of typhus patientsand in the insect"-the body louse. They believed that in this bacillusthey had found the cause of typhus fever.And just then came the end; Dr. Ricketts was trying to exercisegreat care, but in some way, quite unknown, an infected insect must havereached him and got in its deadly work and he was stricken with thefever. Mrs. Ricketts was sent for and was with him in his last days.He passed the crisis of the fever so well that the physicians thought hewould recover. But just when he was expected tobegin to improve hisheart failed and on the third of May, rcro.hedied, being in his fortieth year.Anyone reading his five reports made through the medical journalsand published in 1910 cannot fail to be impressed with the generousrecognition of the work of others in the same field, as well as with theabsence of large claims and the note of modesty and restraint apparenton every page, It cannot, indeed, be doubted that he was consciousthat he was doing a work of very great importance and of high value toHOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS Il7the race. For example, he must have felt it to be a red-letter day whenhe wrote to Mrs. Ricketts, "Think we undoubtedly have transmissionby lice. You can call Hektoen and tell him if you wish."But he could have had little expectation of the way the world wouldregard his achievements and the extraordinary results that would flowfrom them within a very short time after his death. While the work ofother scholars has been recognized the honor of demonstrating byrepeated and careful experiment the cause of typhus fever has by generalconsent been accorded to Dr. Ricketts. President Diaz, of Mexico, inaddition to other marks of recognition of his service to science and toMexico directed that" the laboratory in which Dr. Ricketts made hisinvestigations be named in the future' Dr. Howard T. Ricketts Labora­tory. '" A memorial service was held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall,University of Chicago, on May I5, at which President Judson spoke andread a letter from the Bureau of Education of Mexico expressing appre­dation of the work of Dr. Ricketts and mentioning the honors conferredon him. Addresses were also made by Dr. Hektoen and Dr. Henderson.In May, I9II, the first anniversary of his death, a book of more thanfive hundred quarto pages was published-Contributions to MedicalScience, by Howard Taylor Ricketts-s-containing most .. of his writingsoutside of his book referred to above. On the title-page was thisdedication:Published As a Tribute to His Memory by His Colleagues Under the Auspicesof the Chicago Pathological Society.The introductory pages presented a brief biographical sketch by Dr.Ludvig Hektoen. Fifty pages were contributed by associates to makemore complete the accounts of his work on the Rocky Mountain fever.When in I9I4 a laboratory was built for the Department of Pathol­ogy, Hygiene, and Bacteriology the University of Chicago honored thememory of Dr. Ricketts by giving the laboratory his name. A bronzetablet at the entrance bears the following inscription:In Memory ofHOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS1871-1910Assistant Professor of Pathologyin theUniversity of Chicagowhose career, marked by enthusiasmand rare ability in medical research,was cut short by typhus fever con­tracted during his investigation ofthat disease in the City of MexicoII8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe crowning recognition, fixing forever his relation to the solutionof the problem of typhus fever, was given by the scientific world itselfin calling the germ or organism which causes the disease Rickettsia ..That I may not seem to claim too much for Dr. Ricketts I add a quota­tion from an article by Dr. Woods Hutchinson in the Saturday EveningPost of May 28, I92I. After speaking of "the wondrous boon which he­had won for humanity" and which led to the foregoing distinction beingconferred on Dr. Ricketts, he adds, "With the broad human internation­alism of science which knows no boundaries, a young Serbian investigatornamed Prowazek, who had also risked and lost his life in the further studyof the pestilence, had his named coupled with that of the discoverer, andthe germ today has passed into scientific nomenclature-as Rickettsia­Prowazeki.' ,A very remarkable recognition of Dr. Ricketts and his work on typhushas just been published (I922) by the Harvard University Press. It isin the form of a quarto volume of about three hundred pages with thefollowing title, The Etiology and Pathology of Typhus, Being the MainReport of the Typhus Research Commission of the League of Red CrossSocieties to Poland. This Commission of able scientists prosecuted itswork in Warsaw in I920 with every facility at its command. I quotefrom the Report the following interesting statement, "The lice employedin this study were taken to Warsaw from areas in North America andin Great Britain where typhus is not endemic and were fed upon membersof the Comimssion during the entire period of the research." Th� firstand principal object of the investigation was to determine" the exactnature of the specific cause of the disease." The conclusion to which theCommission came is given in the last paragraph of the Report in thesewords: "We conclude that Rickettsia-Prowazeki is the cause of typhus."It was most interesting to learn that while Rickettsia-Prowazeki is thespecific name for the virus of typhus, Rickettsia has become a group nameapplying to thirteen or fourteen different micro-organisms. In the re­port of this Commission the word occurs alone or in its various com­binations five hundred times. The name of Dr. Ricketts has beenwritten forever into the literature and nomenclature of medical science.Such was the recognition Dr. Ricketts received and such were themarks of distinction conferred on him. Now for some of the results of hiswork. They did not, at the outset, seem likely to be very great. Thoughtyphus had been one of the great scourges of humanity, with the advanceof civilization and the increase of personal cleanliness it had begun toHOWARD TAYLOR RICKETTS II9disappear from the western world and confine itself to less sanitaryquarters-+the Balkans, Russia, and Mexico.But this security was only apparent, fictitious, not real. The GreatWar had hardly begun and Russian and Austrian armies got into campsthan typhus once more appeared. As famine followed war typhusincreased. Whole armies, whole populations were decimated. Cooties,as the soldiers euphoniously named the lice, multiplied beyond belief .. They overspread all European lands and took possession of all thearmies +even our own. Typhus first became epidemic in Serbia afterthe earliest Austrian invasion. The Austrians defeated and driven outleft thousands of prisoners infected with typhus fever. For better carethese were distributed throughout Serbia. Covered with lice theycarried the disease with them, and communicated it to the population.As Dr. Woods Hutchinson says: "By December 1914· half of Serbiahad blazed out into a furious epidemic .... , Naturally the epidemicspread like a tidal wave, and by April, 19I5, new cases were coming atthe rate of 9,000 a day." By this time it had dawned on the medicalworld that the way to fight the disease was to delouse the patients, andthen destroy the lice. Disinfecting equipment had been devised,which thoroughly accomplished both these objects, and was alreadyin use in the various armies. Serbia cried out for help, and the AmericanRed Cross, joined by smaller units from England, France, and Russia,responded to the appeal, and extraordinary measures were adopted forthe relief of the stricken country. Dr. Hutchinson goes on to say:Disinfecting establishments were built at the hospitals and other convenientcenters, while disinfestation trains were speedily equipped, and sent out in all direc­tions through the country districts. These establishments were such as were alreadyin use on the Western Front, consisting roughly of a dressing, or more correctlyundressing room, where the patients divested themselves of all their clothing, puttingit into large network bags. These bags were then placed in a steam sterilizer, andsubjected to live steam at high pressure, completely destroying all insects and theireggs, The owners of the clothing, meanwhile, were given first a hot shower bathwith plenty of soap, and. then rubbed or anointed thoroughly with either emulsionsof kerosene, or insecticide salves. At the door of the bathroom, through which theywere to pass out, stood a stern-eyed \ man with a hose, who made every one of themstand and rotate slowly before him, while he finished off any spots that might haveescaped proper attention. Then the clean and comforted subjects passed on intoa redressing room, where they arrived just as their clothes were shot out of the bigsteam sterilizer. The two were promptly united, and went on their way rejoicing,and cootie-free. . . . • Of course, in many instances more primitive equipments hadto be used • , • , but they did the work with the triumphant result, that althoughthe epidemic had run to at least 500,000 cases, with more than 150,000 deaths beforeI�O THE UNIVERSITY RECOleDthe commission arrived on the scene, within three months it WaS on the decline, andwithin six it had been stamped out altogether. N ever was a more brilliant andsplendid victory won against greater odds.Serbia was saved. Other countries were rescued. The armies Weresaved. Europe WaS redeemed from another continent-wide scourge oftyphus fever. These are some of the results of the epoch-making workof Dr. Ricketts and others within eight years after his death. The livesto be saved in the future are beyond estimate. Such a service to theworld is worth all that the University of Chicago has cost a thousandtimes.over.One recognition and result of his life-work I have not mentioned.In 1912 Mrs. Ricketts gave the University of Chicago five thousanddollars, the income of which should provide an annual prize for "thestudent presenting the best results of research in Pathology or Bacteriol­ogy." This is known as the Howard T. Ricketts Prize. The prize isconferred on the third of May-sthe anniversary of Dr. Ricketts' deathand announced at the succeeding Convocation each year. Thus a sue­cession of students who have gifts for research will be aided" in theirwork and encouraged to devote their lives to the enlargement, throughoriginal investigation, of the boundaries of knowledge. This is one ofthe greatest, if not the greatest, of human achievements. To extend theboundaries of human knowledge, and to do this in such a way as to savehuman lives and make the world a healthier and happier world-sand toachieve with this a noble and lovable personality-e-this was the glory ofOr. Ricketts' life.THROUGH THE YEARTHE JOHN BILLINGS FISKE PRIZE POEMBy BERTHA TEN EYCK JAMESCommittee of Award: Mrs. Arthur T. Aldis, of Chicago; Professor John Livings­ton Lowes, of Harvard University; Professor Robert Morss Lovett; of the Universityof Chicago.THE SINGER OF THE STILLNESSI am the great Singer in the Stillness;Those who listen at dawn in the High Places may heat me;My voice is the wind as it sweeps over the prairies,And at night, when the stars sing in the heavens,My song mingles with the music of the spheres.The bare oak branches in the winter are my harp strings,And my words are heard, in the throbbing of the moon-haunted sea.Great things have I to tell to those who hark to me;I lift them above the world and they see life spread out before them,For I am the Wisdom of the ages, I am the great Singer in the Stillness.SPRINGA DAY IN FEBRUARYThe snow lies white along the black boughs of the trees;The stars gleam on the snow;The moon glows through the tangled twigsLike a silver salmon in a fisher's net.GRAY DAYSThe trees are pale as sage against the sky,The frozen misted sky, and every leafHangs at its pointed tip a drop of rain,EARLY SPRINGThe low clouds hang heavily in the sky;The white breath of the snow fills the air;Now a shower blows out of the eastGray ravelled threads; the hills are hidden.In early spring I doubt there is any heaven;But when summer comes I scarcely care.CITY RAINThe thin spring rain sweeps across the gray city;It washes the yellow sunset from the cloudsAnd dims the pale silver lamps.The bare trees sway against the skyAnd drop small showers onto the dark pavements.121I22 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSPRING WEARINESSThe gray rain drives across the blue-green fields;The white mist lies on the low hills;The cherry blossoms shine in the shadows;The earth is very weary, and very lovely,Like a beautiful old god; smiling with tired eyes.APRIL IN NEVADAStill waters with the sunset in their depths,White mists across green pastures, and the sweetClear call of meadow lark that fills the skyFrom golden west to rose and purple east,And chills to frosted silver in the moon,Swung in the arch where sky and mountain meet.The smoke floats curling upward in the hush.HERE SPRING IS LIFEOnce Spring to me meant English hedges whiteWith starry blooms, where yellow wag-tails flitFrom tree to blossoming tree, and sweetThe nesting sparrows twitter; Spring was peace.Here from a sapphire sky great white clouds throwDark, twisted shadows on the barren plainAnd from the snow-flecked hills a cool wind blows,That wakes the drowsy earth; here Spring is life.THOUGHTS IN MAYMy thoughts go fluttering here and there,Aimlessly as little white butterflies flit;The sky is all blue and filled with gold;The trees are green and very young;The little grasses stir in the wind.If I were as old as the thin moon up there, would I knoweverything?. MEADOW LARKSilver bubbling meadow larkSings and sings from dawn to dark;All the springtime flowers harkTo silver bubbling meadow lark.SUMMERIN JUNEI think today is like that seventh dayOf rest, when, the great marvels of creation done,He paused to take His ease in a deep wood,Where the gray clouds hid the too brilliant sunAnd the green beech leaves fluttered in that lightWhich is not night or day, but both in one.THROUGH THE YEARFar in the forest depths a little windWhispered its song of love and all the air.Was filled with leafy murmur. The great treesChanted together softly. EverywhereThe world awakened and the silver rainSang through the quivering twigs like a low prayer.MORNINGHere in my hidden garden 'neath the moon,I dream away the circling ages. In the poolThe lilies sleep as white as sunken stars.A vague unrest, a stirring of the wind,Then the clear bugle call of Dawn and in the EastSound the quick marching feet of coming Day.SAILINGThe gray foam blows across the shadowy sea, .But there are hints of rose and sapphire blue,Topaz and jade and gold shot throughThe dull gray waves, that curling fleeFrom our dark prow, and in the skyMist-veiled and sullen, now a shaft of sunThrows a broad silver path across the dunAnd swirling waters, as our sail goes byAlong the frosted waves, a silver butterfly.SUN AFTER RAINSun after rain, when all the emerald grassIs sown with dewdrops like the glinting dustOf fallen stars; and the great sun himselfShines dim, as through a bowl of golden wine,And casts faint shaking shadows on the distant hillsWhere the last wisps of cloud lie thin and gray.TO A STATUE IN A GARDENThere the moss-grown stones lead upFrom the pool unto His seat)Where the chanting Iris throngDropping jewels at His feet.Smiling gravely Buddha sitsGazing in the pool belowWhere a rosy baby playsSplashing lilies white as snow.Buddha smiles to see her thereIn the garden, still and gray,Blue the startled dragon flyPauses, staring, on his way! 123I24 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDNEW MOONNew moon, in agreen sky, silver pale as dew,And gray bats flap by, where in ghostly hueThe snowy calla lilies bend and sway.Rose sunset in the sky; faint, frail and farLike a lone firefly gleams the evening star,And bells across the meadows speed the day.THE EVENING SUNMy lemon-colored lady SunGoes sweetly veiled in evening mists;After her march of triumph through the day,She wanders in far gardens where she lists.Down curving paths she slowly come�,Where silver fountains toss their shining spray;She has no straight walks in her garden green,Who has to keep so strict a line by day!She wanders in her ferny garden bowers;The snow-white lilies love to see her there,My lady Sun, with burning golden robe,And flowing golden hair.SUMMER .BY THE SEAThe sea is blue as a field of blossoming lupine;The curling waves are like sparkling crystal castles;The yellow sand is dotted with parasols like wallpaper flowers,To the north where the blue hills melt into the oceanAre white sails and a smear of smoke;On the boulevard the automobilesGo up and down like caged leopards.DEPARTURELightly, lightly, dancing to and fro,Swiftly, swiftly, so we come and go;Summer days are passing like the breezes blowing free,Quickly, quickly, turn and follow me!Follow me through autumn days, half across the worldTo a distant harbor where the ships' white sails are furled;At rest, at rest, at test beside the sea,Where the sunset smoulders. Turn and follow me!AUTUMNA SILVER FROSTA silver frost has come down from the North in the darkness;My garden is filled with a riot of bronze andscarlet.I have torn down the guarding wall to the west and thesunset's fire. 'The flying clouds cast long shadows across the meadows,The purple hills, and the molten gold of the forests.THROUGH THE YEARNIGHTOut of the dull sea the moon swims, dripping with silver spray;The waves leap up and toss their crystal veils,Dancing to please the thronging stars that peer;Over the sea a golden bridge is laid,Silver and gold and black mosaic; then clearThe great, white searchlight shakes across the sky.THE SIERRA VALLEYThrough the broad valley slips a slumbrous stream,From far blue mountains, wreathed with ancient snow,Broken by pines, that shoulder up the glens,And by the river yellow willows dream,Watching their quivering shadow-selves below.The golden poppies in the mountain's lapToss in the breeze that strikes to steel the blueOf that still pool wherein the willows gaze.Against the rocks the startled ripples tapLike pleading mermaids hidden there from view.THESE DAYS ARE GRAYThese days are gray, and gray is all the world;A veil of silence holds the earth asleep;The wind stirs not, nor shakes the willow treesTo fling their pendant drops across the grass;A mist hides all the marsh, and the dull lakesThat hold in silver ch�ins the shadowed swamp;Only the fish leap in the leaden pools,And leave slow widening ripples as they pass.GRAY POOLSGray pools lie still beneath the cloudy skies;Even the trailing grasses scarcely wakeThe little ripples; all at once the rain,Wind�blown across the garden, startsA thousand leaping drops that vex the waves.RAIN IN SEPTEMBERThe rain is falling today in the shadowy forest;Its silver chains drop from leaf to shining leaf;It glistens in the fine net of the hemlock twigs,And sparkles among the dark needles of the pine.AFTER THE RAINThe mists that hid the mountain all day longAre gilded in the setting sun. The woodsWith shining leaf and darkened trunk and boughAre filled with a pale, emerald, fairy lightAs if the world were green with spring again.126 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDOCTOBER IN ILLINOISThe pale October sunshine slipsAcross the ruddy marshes; the white mistWithers away; above the grassThe blackbirds dart and hunt.They and the grasses and the clear blue skyAre mirrored in the still gray pools.Along the road the dusty goldenrod and asters blow.IN THE POOLAround the fish pool are rocks and tufts of reed;In it is reflected the gray sky of November;The goldfish dart like lightning through the mirrored clouds.WINTER. LIFETime flows, like a stream,Comes and goes; while we dreamAll is gone.Only this we may know,Though we come and we go,Life stays on.THE NORTH WINDThe north wind came across the frozen marshesAt dusk when all the world was cold and gray;The dry brown grasses and bare trees bowed at his passing,And could scarce rise again for the weight of the thickclouds that pressed them down.The north wind came across the waste spaces,And the low hills crouched lower at his coming;The mist on their shoulders lay heavy as the ages;The old sea boomed on the shore with unending patience.TOWER WINDOWToday is a pale day; the skyIs scarcely darker than the drifting snowOf the great clouds. The far, dim sunTouches with silver gilt the earth below.The leaves are brown and on the gray stone wallsThe ivy makes a shadow-danceWith its bright wind-tossed leaves. There, too, the shadeOf a swift bird is flung by chance.NIGHTThe night is very big and very black;Strange shadows slink among the bushes in the park;The stars are peering faces in the sky;The automobiles are fat, panting things;THROUGH THE YEARTheir yellow eyes glare down the curving drives;Their wheels hiss softly in the slurring mud;The frightened arc lights hide their heads in mist.MORNI woke so early that the frosty moonStill glistened silver in the quiet skyScarce rose-flushed more than a pale shell, and highThe leafless twigs were traced against the blue.EARLY MASSThe incense smoke eddies and swirls around the flickeringcandles,That glow like stars in a blue mist.The church is dim and quiet;Only the organ rumbles and murmurs;Now the clear solo rises, like a fountain spray,And melts to silence 'mong the shadowy rafters.NIGHTStill Night has come, and I shiver and cower before her;Her clusters of shadow hang in the branches,Where the dry leaves rustle and sway against the moon;Hers are the whispering breezes and the hidden, hissinggrasses;Her black leopards crouch in the forest,Her yellow eyes gleam through the rushes.NIGHT AND DAYThrough the long day the world is bright and warm,A human world; I have no fear by day.But when the silent presence of the NightSteals o'er the earth, and one by oneKindles the stars, that move across the skyIn the slow mazes of their heavenly danceAnd the wee, flickering fire, with which I striveTo keep away the grim, gray Truths that throngDown the long passages of my unfathomed mind,Blazes, and leaps and diesBefore the relentless rush of cool night wind;When the whole world is dark, and in the hushThe distant, circling mountains passive bendBeneath their martyr crowns of silver snow,Then I am all alone in the vast, empty places of the earth,A grain of sand along a mighty shore.COURAGE OF MANRed the days dawn and red again they die;The flowers bloom and fade; the years go by;Like to dead leaves ad own bare hills they lie;Only I die not, only I!Courage of Man, the years I still defy! I27THE THEOLOGY BUILDINGSThe next step to be taken in the building program of the Universitywill probably be . the erection of the Theological Group-the TheologyBuilding and the Joseph Bond Chapel of the Divinity School. The fundsfor the erection of these buildings will on June 30, I922, aggregate$440,000.00. A detailed statement as to the group appeared in theUniversity Record of July, I920, with pictures of the architect's model.Perspective drawings have since been prepared by the architects, Coolidgeand Hodgdon. That of the Theology Building shows it from the Circle,with the Haskell Oriental Museum and Cobb Lecture Hall in the back­ground, at the left and right. The. Theology Building will stand atright angles with Cobb Lecture Hall, facing north directly oppositeKent Chemical Laboratory, and with Walker Museum and RosenwaldHall will form the south side of the main quadrangle. It will have afront of one hundred and thirty feet on the main quadrangle, its longestdepth north and south being one hundred and twenty feet. It. willcontain the offices, lecture rooms, and library of the. Divinity School.The Theology Reading Room which will occupy the third floor of thesouth wing of the building will be connected by a beautiful stone bridgewith the library floor of Haskell Museum, and through it with thereading-room floors of the Harper Library and the Law School. It willthus be united with the humanities group of libraries centering aboutHarper Court.The Joseph Bond Chapel will occupy the north side of the quadranglebetween Haskell Museum and the Divinity Halls. It will accommodate225 people. Its interior dimensions will be: length "eighty-four feet,width twenty-eight feet, and height forty-two feet. It will be con­nected with the Theology Building by a cloister enclosing a little quad­rangle thirty-six feet square. The architect's sketch shows the chapelfrom the southeast about as it will appear to one standing at the westdoor of Haskell. .128�oo�UU)EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE aUNDRED TWENTY­FOURTH CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Twenty-fourth Con­vocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Tuesday, March 2 I, at4: 00 P.M. The Convocation Address,"Progress in Human Engineering," wasdelivered by Walter Dill-Scott, Presidentof Northwestern University.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence in thework of the junior Colleges to: HarryArlo Amesbury, Thaddeus HowardBaker, Sidney Bernstein, Emil FrederickBohne, Mary H .. Burris, . Anoria MarieFrances ButlerElizabeth Caroline Davis,Ruth Allen Doggett, Edmund HenryDroegemueller, Florence Pamelia Erskine,Arthur Newton Ferguson, Helen LeeFord, Elizabeth Greenebaum, ThomasBenton Harkins, Frances Lorana Hunter,Betty Gatewood Johnson, Paul AlbertKirkley, Howard Milton Landau,Dorothy Elizabeth Liggett, MarjorieDeans Lyon, Alice June Meyer, Kather­ine Elizabeth MacKay, Pearl Bell OdomPriscilla Anna Ouda, Marion LlewellynPool, Elza Carl Porter, Elsa Reinhardt,Adrian Rezny, Virginia Seffens, GlennErwin ,Shackelford, Harriet McClellanShanks, Gertrude Elizabeth Shippen,Aaron L. Stein, Charles Wallace Stiefel,jr., Mary Lyell Ritchie Swett, NormanArnold Tolles, Alice Marsh Treat, AdelineElizabeth. Vaile, Bessie Judith Zaban.The Civil Government prizes: AlgerGeorge Nicholas Spannon, First; RuthAllen Doggett, Second.The Bachelor's Degree with Honors:Frank Howard Anderson, CharlesAlbert Beckwith, Agnes Victoire Blanc,Nira Elizabeth Cowen, Herbert OrinCrisler,MauriceDeKoveh, Stanley DaltonDodge, Lottie Jane Chapman Duncan,Jessie Evelyn Freeman, Percival AllenGray, Jr., Julius Hyman; Florence BeebeJeffr.ey, Carolyn Macdonald, HarryNevIUs· Omer, Ruth Rozella, Pearson,Joseph Banks Rhine, Elga Meta Shearer,Milton Steinberg, Brenton WallaceStevenson, Helen Graf Strauss, Donnie, Isabella Wahlgren. Honors for excellence in particular de­partments of the Senior Colleges: FrankHoward Anderson, Political Economy;Charles Albert Beckwith, Chemistry;Howard Stark Bennett, Industrial Edu­cation; Nira Elizabeth Cowen, PoliticalEconomy; Jacob William Dilgren, Law;Stanley Dalton Dodge, Geography; LottieJane Chapman Duncan, Household Ad­minstration; Jessie Evelyn Freeman,English; Harry Gussin, Bacteriology;Julius Hyman, Chemistry; FlorenceBeebe Jeffrey, History; Carolyn Mac­donald, Anatomy; Harry Nevins Omer,Mathematics,' Ruth Rozella Pearson,Sociology; Joseph Banks Rhine, Botany;Constancio Pacifico Rustia, Zoology;Lena B. Sawyer, Home Economics; ElgaMeta Shearer, Education and K inder­garten-Primary Education; FlorenceRuth Siebert, Botany,' Brenton WallaceStevenson, English.Election of associate members toSigma Xi: Theodore Elliott Boyd, LoisDixon Green, Joseph Banks Rhine.Election of members to Sigma Xi:Henry Kelly Buckner, Henry TownsendDarlington, Martha Belle Farnum, IdaKraus, Shun Ching Lee, William AlmonMann, Gail Francis Moulton, PaulineLyon McKeighan, Juan Cancio N anagas,Philip Jack Rosenbloom, Jose K. Santos,John Albert Sonquist, Grace Anne Stew­art; Lucia Elizabeth Tower ..Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinctionin general scholarship: Frank HowardAnderson, Norman Wood Beck, CharlesAlbert Beckwith (March, 1921), DonaldGrobe Brower, Thomas Carlin, MauriceDeKoven, Louis Barkhouse Flexner,Benjamin Benjamin Garbovitz, PercivalAllen Gray, jr., Clifford Stephen John­son, Willie Cherry Nottingham, Harry. Nevins Omer (June, 1921), Ruth RozellaPearson, Joseph Banks Rhine, Paul Bige­low Sears (Ohio Wesleyan Chapter, 1913),Milton Steinberg (March, 1921), BrentonWallace Stevenson, Donnie IsabellaWahlgren, George Earle Wakerlin, JohnDaniel Wild, Jr., Karl Edward Zener.Degrees and certificates were conferredas follows: The Colleges: the certificateI29I3° THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof the College of Education, 3; the degreeof Bachelor of Arts, 2; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 43; the degreeof Bachelor of Science, 44; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Education, IQ;the degree of Bachelor of Science inEducation, I; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Commerce and Adminis­tration, I3. The Divinity School: thedegree of Master of Arts, 9. The LawSchool: the degree of Bachelor of Laws, 2;the degree of Doctor of Law, IS. TheGraduate School of Arts, Literature, andScience: the degree of Master of Arts, IS;the degree of Master of Science, 12; thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy, 7.The Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10: 30 A.M., Sunday, March I9,in the Reynolds Club Theater. At I I: 00A.M., in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, theConvocation Religious Service was held.The Preacher was the Reverend ProfessorHugh Black, D.D., Union TheologicalSeminary, New York City.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for the Win­ter Quarter were: January 8, ReverendJames E. Freeman, Church of the Epi­phany, Washington, D.C.; January ISand 22, Reverend Samuel McChordCrothers, First Church, Cambridge,Massachusetts; January 29, ReverendHarry Emerson Fosdick, First Presby­terian Church, New York City; Febru­ary 5, President J. Ross Stevenson,Princeton Theological Seminary, Prince­ton, New Jersey; February I2, ReverendDavid Jones Evans, First Baptist Church,Kansas City, Missouri; February 19,Right Reverend Thomas Frank Gailor,Bishop of Tennessee; February 26 andMarch 5, Dean William Wallace Fenn,Harvard Divinity School, Cambridge,Massachusetts; March 12, PrincipalRobert Bruce Taylor, Queen's Univer­sity, Kingston, Ontario, Canada; March19, Reverend Professor Hugh Black,Union Theological Seminary, New YorkCity.Concerts were given at the Universityby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesdayafternoons, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, on the following dates: January 3I,February I4 and 28, and March 14. On January 10 a recital was given by SergeProkofieff, and on January 17 a YoungPeople's Concert was given by the Chi­cago Orchestra.The University basket-ball team'played twelve games in the course of theWinter Quarter, from January 3 to March21, as follows: Ohio State at Chicago,25-14; Ann Arbor at Michigan, 16-21;Northwestern at Chicago, 23-22; Minne­sota at Minneapolis, 12-25; Illinois atChicago, 22-16; Iowa at Chicago, 17-27;Purdue at Lafayette, 16-28; Ohio Stateat Columbus, 23-29; Minnesota at Chi­cago, 23-17; Illinois at Urbana, 26-2'5;Wisconsin at Madison, 17-24; Wiscon­sin at Chicago, 24-31.The University is to receive a bequestof $50,000 under the terms oflthe will ofthe late Alexander D. Thomson, ofDuluth, Minnesota, for its medical work.Mr. Thomson contributed $25,000 to themedical fund secured by the Universityin 1917.Professor William Albert Nitze, Headof the Department of Romance Lan­guages and Literatures in the Univer­sity, was elected president of the Cen­tral Division of the Modern LanguageAssociation of America at the annualmeeting in Iowa City, December 28-30,1921•At the thirty-sixth annual meeting ofthe American Historical Association inSt. Louis, December 27-30, the chairmanof the conference on the History ofCivilization was James Henry Breasted,Chairman of the Department 'of OrientalLanguages and Literatures and Directorof the Oriental Institute in the Univer­sity. Professor Breasted presented apaper, "New Light on the Origins .ofCivilization," and Ferdinand Schevill,Professor of Modern History, discussedthe subject of "Art and Architecture."At a general session commemorating !heCentennial Anniversary of the Admissionof Missouri to the Union, ProfessorAndrew C. McLaughlin, Head of theDepartment of History, was the. chair­man. Among others from the Umversityof Chicago who took part in the con­ferences were Rolla M. Tryon, E.Joranson, J. Fred Rippy, and Marcus W.Jernegan.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREIn connection with the Decembermeeting of the American Association forthe Advancement of Science in Toronto,Canada, the University of Toronto con­ferred the honorary degree of Doctor ofScience upon Professor Eliakim HastingsMoore, Head of the Department ofMathematics and retiring president of theAmerican Association.Before the meeting of the AmericanAssociation for the Advancement ofScience, held at Toronto during the holi­day season, the Department of Botanymade an effort to secure as large anattendance as possible, and the resultexceeded all expectations; for, at areunion luncheon, twenty-six doctorswere present. Among those present werethe heads of their departments in Prince­ton, Johns Hopkins, Syracuse, McMaster,Mount Holyoke, and five state univer­sities.The number of doctors of the Depart­ment of Botany, from 1897 to January1922, is 121. Of this number, fortyhave reached the grade of professor inlarge institutions. Nine of them areheads of their departments in state uni­versities, and others are heads of depart­ments in important institutions, includingPrinceton, Johns Hopkins, McMaster,The University of Sydney, Syracuse,Rochester, Wooster, Baylor, Vassar, andMount Holyoke; while still others are pro­fessors or associate professors in stateuniversities, and in Stanford, Cornell,University of London (Eng.), Pennsyl­vania. State College, Ames,· and others.Many are in the United States Depart­ment of Agriculture in research positions.One is president of Beloit College, one isdirector of the Lincoln School of theTeachers College of Columbia Univer­sity, and another is director of theThompson Institute for Plant Research.The Department of Botany has neverhad more graduate students engaged inresearch than at present.Henry Chandler Cowles, Professor ofPlant Ecology in the University, hasbeen elected president of the ChicagoAcademy of Sciences. Professor Cowleswas also elected president of the BotanicalSociety of America at the recent Torontomeeting of the American Association forthe Advancement of Science. He hasrecently made important investigations I3Ifor the government along the Red Riverfor use in connection with a suit betweenthe states of Oklahoma and Texas in theSupreme Court of the United States.The Attorney-General of the UnitedStates has expressed his appreciation ofProfessor. Cowles's ecological investiga­tions along the Red River as follows:"Dr. Cowles's investigations and testi­mony have been of great value to thegovernment, and, I am informed, to thecause of science in that they bring tothe aid of engineering and physiographicinvestigations the· comparatively newscience of ecology, whereby the approxi­mate time of the occurrence of changes inrivers, their flood plains and banks, is nowdefinitely deterniined."Sidney B. Fay, Professor of EuropeanHistory, Smith College, gave two publiclectures on "Some Aspects of ModernColonization, " in Harper AssemblyRoom, on January 3 and 4, 1922.On January 12 the Italian Club of theUniversity had the honor of entertainingat the University the Hon. Signor GuidoPodrecca, who is in the United States on agovernment mission for the relief of tuber­culous veterans of the war. SignorPodrecca was for many years a prominentmember of the Socialist part and editorof two important party journals, L' A vantiand L' Asino. He has retired from politi­cal life and is devoting himself to hisbusiness of publishing. He spoke at ameeting of the Italian Club upon thepolitical ideals of his country and of theUnited States, with an exposition of hismission from the Italian government.Owen R. Lovejoy, general secretaryNational Child Labor Committee, gavea public lecture at the University onJanuary 13, on "Opportunities in theField of Social Work."Henri Chamard, professor of literature,the Sorbonne, delivered a public lectureat the University on January 17, on" Joachim du Bellay: A French Poet ofthe Renaissance."Dr. Conyers Read, non-resident Pro­fessor of History in the University,delivered four public lectures at theUniversity, January 17-20, on "Econom­ics and Politics in Modern England."132 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLorado Taft, Lecturer on the Historyof Art in the University, addressed theRenaissance Society in Leon MandelAssembly Hall on January 24, on "AnHour in a Sculptor's Studio."Lawrence S. Moore, Secretary of theAmerican Chamber of Commerce atConstantinople, gave a public lecture inHarper Assembly Room, on February14, on "A Visit to the Capital of theTurkish Nationalists at Angora."Ernest Harold Baynes, president ofthe Meriden Humane Society, gave anillustrated lecture in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, on February 16, on "TheTruth about Vivisection."Charles Rann Kennedy and EdithWynne Matthison, his wife, gave dra­matic interpretations February 18, inLeon Mandel Assembly Hall, fromThe Merchant of Venice, The School forScandal, The Servant in the House, andThe Rising of the Moon. The recital wasfor the benefit of the University of Chi­cago Settlement.Robert Frost, tile New England poetwho is spending a year at the Universityof Michigan, lectured on the WilliamVaughn Moody Foundation in LeonMandel Assembly Hall, February 23.His subject was "Writing Down theVoice."At the meeting of the National Councilof Education held at the Hotel Sherman,Chicago, February 27-March I, CharlesHubbard Judd, Director of the School ofEducation, presented the report of theCommittee on Reorganization of Seventh,Eighth, and Ninth Grades. In connec­tion with the Department of Superintend­ence there was held at the Hamilton Club,Chicago, on March I, the annual Univer­sityof Chicago dinner, which was largelyattended.The distinguished mathematical physi­cist, H. A. Lorentz, professor of physicsIn the University of Leiden, delivered fourlectures at the Ryerson Physical Labora­tory in March and April. His subjectswere: March 17 and 18, "The Constitu­tion of Matter," April 3, "Theory ofSpectral Lines," and April 4, "Theory ofRelativity." Daniel D. Luckenbill, Associate Profes­sor of the Semitic Languages and Litera­tures, . gave an illustrated lecture, on"Assyrian and Babylonian Art," inHaskell Assembly Room, March 2, beforethe Renaissance Society.Bliss Carman gave a reading from hispoems on March 7, in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, on the William VaughnMoody Foundation.James H. Breasted, Professor of Egyp­tology, gave an illustrated lecture beforethe Renaissance Society in HaskellAssembly Room on March 10 on "Mas­terpieces of Egyptian Art, Old andNew."Charles Upson Clark, formerly of theAmerican Academy at Rome, gave anillustrated lecture on "The City ofRome," March 14, in Harper AssemblyRoom.Dr. Hans M. Schmidt-Wartenberg,Instructor and Assistant Professor ofGermanic Philology, 1893-1905, died inSangerhausen, Germany, February 7,1922, after an illness of nearly twentyyears.Mr. Guy Hubert Capps, a candidatefor the Degree of Master of Arts at theSpring Convocation, died at the WesleyMemorial Hospital, Chicago, March 18,1922, after an operation. Mr. Cappswas a man of excellent promise andhighly regarded by his instructors in theSchool of Education, where his workprincipally lay.Mr . John W. Midgley, a member ofthe first Board of Trustees of the Univer­sity of Chicago, died at this residence inEvanston on March 30, 1922, in hisseventy-ninth year. Mr. Midgley servedas Trustee from 1890 to 1893. Mr.Midgley was born in Leeds, England,December 24, 1843, and was connectedwith railway interests in Chicago from1868 to his retirement in 1908. As a traf­fic expert, he was at one time chairman ofthe Western Freight Association, organ­ized the Bureau of Car Performances, andcontributed to theformation of the Amer­ican Railway Clearing House. His lat�ryears were saddened by the loss of hISeyesight.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREStatistics as to Doctor of Philosophydegrees conferred in science by leadingAmerican universities during the last yearare reported in Science, as follows:University of Chicago 42Cornell University 33Columbia University 27Yale University .. " 27Harvard University 25University of California 22Johns Hopkins University 21University of Illinois 19University of Minnesota 16University of Wisconsin ISThe statistics of Science show that forseven successive years now the Univer­sity of Chicago has led American uni­versities in the number of Doctor ofPhilosophy degrees conferred in science.Of the 332 doctorates conferred in thesciences by American universities in1921, it may be observed that 225 wereconferred by endowed universities, and107 by state universities.In commemoration of the six-hun­dredth anniversary of the death of Dante,the Italians of this country, on the initi­ative of Mr. Luigi Carnovale of Chicago,have presented to the University of Chi­cago, to the other chief American univer­sities, to the Library of Congress, and to-the President of the United States, copiesof a very beautiful and very valuableheliotype reproduction of the Trivulziomanuscript of the Divine Comedy .. This manuscript written in 1337,SIxteen years after the death of Dante,is the oldest but one of the dated manu­scripts of the Divine Comedy (the oldestdated manuscript written in 1336, is ofmuch less general significance). I t is alsovery important in text: no autographmanuscript of the Divine Comedy exists,and the Trivulzio manuscript, written in a�emarkably clear hand by a Tuscan scribe,IS of fundamental value in the establish­ment of the correct readings. . Further­more, the miniatures which adorn thefirs.t pages of the Inferno, the Purga­torzo, and the Paradiso are of great inter­est as. illustrations, and of importance inthe hIstory of the miniature art. The�eproduction, published in Milan in 1921,IS a triumph of printing. Every shadeand color of the original manuscript isreproduced. The edition was limited to350 copies.D Albioll Woodbury, Small, Head of theepartment of Sociology and Dean of 133the Graduate School of Arts and Litera­ture, has been elected president of theInstitut International de Sociologie.Professor John Merle Coulter, Headof the Department of Botany and editorof the Botanical Gazette, has been electeda corresponding member of the Czecho­Slovakian Botanical Society" in recogni­tion of the inestimable services he hasrendered to botanical science in the courseof his studies."Dr. Robert S. Platt, of the Departmentof Geography spent the Winter Quarterin Porto Rico in connection with a rapidreconnaissance study of the economicgeography of Middle America. He alsovisited several of the islands of the WestIndies and parts of Mexico, CentralAmerica, and the Caribbean coast of SouthAmerica. Dr. Platt was accompanied byHarold S. Kemp, a student in the geog­raphy department and for a time secre­tary of the Geographic Society of Chicago.Dr. Thomas C. Chamberlin, ProfessorEmeritus of Geology in the University,has been made Korresponderande Leda­mont of the Geoliska Foreningen, Stock­holm, Sweden, and also Membre Corres­pondant of the Societe Geologique deBelgique, Liege, Belgium.William Lyon McKenzie King, thenew premier of Canada, was a graduatestudent in the University in 1896-97,holding a Fellowship in the Departmentof Political Science. Mr. King did hiswork chiefly with Professors Laughlin,Henderson, and Veblen.Frederick Starr, Associate Professor ofAnthropology, has received from theJapanese Imperial Government the deco­ration of the Order of the Sacred Treas­ure (third grade). The decoration wasgiven in recognition of Professor Starr'sefforts to make Japanese ideas and idealsknown to the people of the United States.For his services in the war as commis­soner for the Committee on PublicInformation in charge of work in Italy,Professor Charles Edward Merriam, ofthe Department of Political Science at theUniversity, has been made Commenda­tore della Corona d' Italia by King VictorEmmanuel. At the same time AssistantProfessor Rudolph Altrocchi, of the De­partment of Romance Languages andI34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDLiteratures, was made Chevalier of theCrown of Italy in recognition of his ser­vices during the war when, in 1918, as amember of the Bureau of Public Informa­tion, he directed all American speakersin Italy and organized a campaign ofspeeches which reached approximately amillion Italians. Professor Merriam isthe author of a contribution on "Ameri­can Publicity in Italy" which appearedin the American Political Science Review1919, pp. 541-55.Professor James Henry Breasted,Director of the Oriental Institute of theUniversity, has announced that fundshave been secured for the organizationof an international group of editorsfor the collection, editing, and publica­tion of the archaic mortuary documentswhich preceded the famous Book of theDead and out of which the Book of theDead was later put together. Thesemortuary texts were written in ink onthe insides of the massive cedar coffins,in which the Egyptian nobles were buriedfour thousand years ago. The coffinscontaining this literature are scatteredthroughout the great museums of theworld, where they have never been com­pletely copied and studied. Thesestrange inscriptions will be called "TheCoffin Texts" and the work of producingthe great publication will be in the handsof three editors-Monsieur Pierre Lacau,the leading French Egyptologist and di­rector of the Egyptian GovernmentDepartment of Antiquities; Dr. Alan H.Gardiner, the eminent British Egyptolo­gist; and Professor Breasted.Professor Henry C. Morrison, of theSchool of Education, has been appointeda member of a commission which is incharge of an extensive investigation ofthe financing of education, under thegeneral sponsorship of the AmericanCouncil of Education. The inquiry issupported by a subvention of $170,000contributed by the General EducationBoard, the Carnegie Corporation, theCommonwealth Fund, and the MilbankFoundation.The whole undertaking grew out ofthe serious concern of a group of public­school and university men over the prob­able future of the support of educationvoiced at the meeting of the Departmentof Superintendence of the National Edu­cation Association, at its Atlantic City meeting last February. Professor Juddwas an active member of this group.Professor Morrison. was one of a Com­mittee of Six which met in New YorkCity during the month of August andlaid out the basal plans for the study.The preliminary purpose of the studyis to investigate the present costs of edu­cation in terms of the functions per­formed, and to estimate the probable ulti­mate costs of the present program. It isat present engaged in an intensive studyof the state of N ew York. A preliminaryreconnaissance of the Pacific Coast isbeing made by Professor E. P. Cubberleyof Stanford University, and in the fieldof higher education by Chancellor E. C.Elliott, of the University of Montana.A similar reconnaissance in the MiddleWest is under the immediate directionof Professor Morrison, who is beingassisted by Mr. N. B. Henry, of theSchool of Education.The Oriental Institute of the Univer­sity has organized a staff of young men,under the direction of Dr. D. D. Lucken­bill of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures, for . thecompilation of a comprehensive AssyrianDictionary which shall include everyword occurring in the vast body ofcuneiform documents of Western Asia.These documents represent ancient Baby­lonia, Assyria, Palestine, Phoenicia,Syria, Armenia, and the ancient territoryof Asia Minor. An office has beenequipped in Haskell Oriental Museumand the Assyrian Dictionary staff isalready at work on the new enterprise.A -volume dealing with evidences ofdisease in ancient Egypt has been issuedby the University of Chicago Press underthe title of Studies in the Palaeapaihologyof Egypt. The author of these remark­able studies is Sir Marc Armand Ruffer,-Kt.C.M.G., M.D., late president of .theQuarantine Council of Egypt and profes­sor of bacteriology in the Cairo MedicalSchool. The volume, illustrated withover seventy plates, contains amongother unique studies one on dwarfs andother deformed persons in ancient Egypt,pathological notes on the royal mummiesof the Cairo Museum, and a contributionon the physical effects of consanguin�ousmarriages in the royal families of ancientEgypt. The volume is edited by Roy L.Moodie (Ph.D., University of Chicago,EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURE'08), now associate professor of anatomyin the University of Illinois.Methods in Plant Histology, a technicalmanual by Professor Charles J. Chamber­lain, of the Department of Botany, hasbeen translated into Servian by ProfessorPeter Georgevitch, of the University ofBelgrade. The book is also being trans­lated into Japanese.Associate Professor Harold G. Moul­ton, of the Department of PoliticalEconomy at the University of Chicago,is the joint author with John F. Bass of anew book, America and the BalanceSheet of Europe, which contains a thor­oughgoing analysis of the economic andpolitical status of Europe at the presenttime, appraises the probable effects ofthe international settlements (includingreparations) that have recently. beenmade, and suggests in broad outlines aninternational policy such as it is believedthe situation demands.Professor John Matthews Manly, theHead of the Department of English, incollaboration with Dr. Edith Rickert, hasrecently published a volume under thetitle of Contemporary British Literature,which contains biographical facts aboutauthors, bibliographies, and study out­lines of especial interest and convenienceto students and critical readers. The au­thors are arranged alphabetically andindexed according to the nature of theirwritings.There recently issued from the Uni­versity Press a book with the followingtitle, Through Three Centuries. Thebook is the work of Mr. Jesse L. Rosen­berger who has, in connection with Mrs.Rosenberger, now deceased, establishedhalf a dozen different funds in connectionwith the University. On the death ofMrs. Rosenberger in November, 1918,her husband began to gather material fora sketch of her life, that of her father, I35the Rev. Charles K. Colver; and of hergrandfather, Dr. Nathaniel Colver, witha review of their ancestors back to theirarrival in this country in 1635. In find­ing his material Mr. Rosenberger visitedthe various places in half a dozen states,where these eight generations of Colvershave lived. Three years have been givento the work of research and writing.Much valuable local and general historicalinformation is embodied in this volume offour hundred pages. It concludes with abrief autobiographical sketch of the au­thor. It is well written and will commenditself to those interested in family his-tories. .The History of the American Field Serv­ice in France, recently published in threevolumes, records the University of Chi­cago as represented by thirty-four men:Anderson, Donald Kennedy; Annan,David Hugh; Baldridge, Cyrus Lekoy;Beatty, Vernon David; Blum, Walter;Campbell, Rowland; Cassady, ThomasGantz; Clark, Coleman Goldsmith;Clark, Harold Richard; Collins, DeWittClinton; Coulter, John Gaylord; Fore­man, Herbert Spencer; Foster, ArthurPaisley; Gates, Carroll Weller; Gavit,Albert Howard; Gemmill, William Bill­ings; Gentles, Thomas Turnbull; Hicks,Edward Livingston, Jr.; Hiis, HaroldCharlton; Hutchinson, Buel Eldredge;Johanson, Ralph Thure; Johnson, Fran­cis Kirk; Kautz, John Iden; Miller,Donald Kenneth; Moore, John Boat­man; Newcomb, Frank Simon Lovewell;Redfield, Robert, Jr.; Rogers, ArthurWaterman; Rubinkam, Wynkoop Henry;Sayre, Sydney Lombard; Smith, NormanSterling; Vories, Harry Fearn, Jr.;Watkins, John Brownson; Whyte, Will­iam Jewell. The History makes specialmention ofthe book entitled, I Was There,by LeRoy Baldridge and Hilmar H.Baukage, and records the gift of anambulance by the University of Chicagostudents to the field service.AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1922-23SAMUEL KING ALLISONS.B., University of Chicago, 1921ALICE MARY BALDWINA.B., Cornell University, 1900A.M., ibid., 1902JOHN PERRY BALLANTINEA.B., Harvard University, 1918ALFRED HANNAM BELLA.B., Toronto University, 1917WILLIAM EMMET BLATZA.B., University of Toronto, 1916A.M., ibid, 1917HAROLD CARL BLOTEA.B., Leland Stanford junior University, 1920BLANCHE BEATRICE BOYERA.B., University of Chicago, 1920A.M., ibid., 1921ARTHUR BRAMLEYA.B., University of Oregon, 1921JEAN INGRAM BROOKS·A.B., Washington University, 1919A.M., Radcliffe College, 1920LEWIS H. BRUMBAUGHA.M., University of Chicago, 1916B.D., Yale University, 1920ADOLF AUGUST.BRUXGraduate, Concordia Seminary, 1917EDVIN BRYEA.B., Red Wing Seminary, 1916HENRY KELLY BUCKNERA.B., Vanderbilt University 1920S.M., ibid., 1921JOHN WHITE BUSHNELLS.B., University of Michigan, 1916GEORGIA VALENTINE COYS.B., Columbia University, 1912MAUDE ELIZABETH CRAIGA.B., University of Colorado, 1912A.M., ibid., 1914AVERY ODELLE CRAVENA.B., Simpson College, 1908GEORGE BABCOCK CRESSEYS.B., Denison University, 1919S.M., University of Chicago, 1921EDWARD PORTER DAVISA.B., Howard University, 1907 ChemistryHistoryMathematicsGeologyPsychologyPhilosophyLatinPhysicsHistoryNew TestamentOld TestamentEducationChemistryBotanyBotanyLatinHistoryGeologyGermanAWARD OF FELWWSHIPS 1922-23LlNCOLN VALENTINE DOMMA.B., Northwestern College, 1921ANNA ELlZABETH EARLA.B., Oberlin College, 192IA.M., ibid., 1921THEODORE SESSINGHAUS ELIOTA.B., Reed College, 1921BESSIE CHLOE ENGLEA.B. in Ed., Ohio State University, 1917S.B. in Ed., ibid., 1917 .MATTHEW MOSES FELDSTEINS.B., College of the City of New York, 1912BEALS ENSIGN LITCHFIELD FRENCHS.B.; Alfred University, 1913FRANK EMMET GREERA.B., Kalamazoo College, .1920S.M., ibid., 1921JOSEPH PRATT HARRISA.B., University of Kansas, 1918RICHARD HARTSHORNES.B., Princeton University, 1920RANDOLPH ARNOLD HAYNESA.B., University of Texas, 1918A.M., ibid., 1919LUCEA MARIAN HEJINIANA.B., Mount Holyoke College, 1921DANIEL FRANKLIN HIGGINSS.B., Northwestern University, 1907S.M., ibid., 1909HORACE VAN NORMAN HILBERRYA.B., Oberlin College, 1921BARTON HOAGA.B., University of Colorado, 1920DIO LEWIS HOLLA.B., Ohio State University, 1917A.M., ibid., 1920QUINTON HOLTONA.B., Trinity College, 1913JOHN HOBART HOSKINSS.B., Earlham College, 1919A. LE Roy HUFFA.M., Vanderbilt School of Religion, 1921MARK HoYT INGRAHAMA.B., Cornell University, 1917ELMER HARRISON JOHNSONS.B., in Ed., Missouri State Normal School, 1917Roy IVAN JOHNSONA.B. in Ed., University of Missouri, 1909B.S. in Ed., ibid., 1909FORREST ALEXANDER KERRA.B., McGill University, 1916MILDRED E. LAMBERTA.B., St. Mary's College, 1914 137ZOOlogySociologyZoologyGeographyMathematicsPhysiological ChemistryBacteriologyPolitical SCienceGeographyRomancePhysiologyGeologyPhysicsPhysicsMathematicsHistoryBotanyPractical TheologyMathematicsGeographyEducationGeologyEnglishTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDLENA ADALINE LINCOLNL.B., University of Arkansas, 1915A.B., ibid., 1916M.A., University of Chicago, 1917HAROLD AMOS LOGANA.B., Acadia University, 1912A.B., Yale University, 1913W ALTER BASIL MAHANA.B., Centre College, 1915ELLSWORTH GLENBUR.N MARSHALLA.B., Indiana University, 1914ARCHIBALD TURNER MCPHERSONA.B.,. Trinity University, 1914CHU SENG MIAOA.B., University of Shanghai, 1916A.M., University of Chicago, 1921D.B., ibid., 1921PRENTISS D. MOOREA.B., Indiana University, 1920A.M., ibid., 1921WILLIAM ELDER MOOREA.B., Maryville College, 1913A.M., University of Chicago, 1917PAUL GRADY MOORHEADA.B., University of South Carolina, 1913A.M., University of Chicago, 1914JOHN HENRY MUELLERA.B., University of Missouri, 1920A.M., ibid., 1921HILDA LAURA NORMANA.B., University of Texas, 1913AM., ibid., 1915LOUISE OVERACKERA.B., Leland Stanford Junior University, 1915A.M., ibid., 1917FLOW WESLEY REEVESS.B., Huron College, 1915A.M., University of Chicago, 1921JOHN HAWLEY ROBERTSPh.B., University of Chicago, 1919WILLIAM V. ROOSAA.B., Drake UniversityA.M., University of Chicago, 1916ASAD JIBRAIL RUSTUMA.B., American University of Beirut, 1916A.M., ibid., 1919ROGER WILLIAM RYANS.B., University of Washington, 1916MAGNUS GEORGE SCHECKA.B., Rochester University, 1920META LOUISE SCHROEDERS.B., University of Wisconsin, 1920S.M., ibid., 1921 . LatinPolitical EconomyPhilosophyChemistryChemistryPractical TheologyGeologyHistoryLatinSociologyRomancePolitical ScienceEducationEnglishNew TestamentOld TestamentChemistryPsychologyAnatomyAWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 1922-23VERNON FRANKLIN SCHWALMA.B., Manchester College, 1913A.M., University of Chicago, 1916ERNEST HUGH SHIDELERA.B., Ottawa University, 1915RAYMOND ALLYN SMITHPh.B., University of Chicago, 1919FLOYD ALBERT SPENCERA.B., University of Colorado, 1919BRYAN SEWALL STOFFERA.B., Ashland College, 1917A.B., Oberlin College, 1918A.M., University of Chicago, 1920MARK WATKINS TAPLEYS.B., University of Chicago, 1920GEORGE R. TAYLORPh.B., University of Chicago, 1921N ANNIE VIRGINIA THORNTONA.B., Randolph-Macon Woman's College, 1915A.M., ibid., 1919HERMAN LLOYD TRACYA.B., University of Toronto, 1921CLARENCE EUGENE VAN HORNS.B., Des Moines College, 1908A;M., ibid., 1914B.D., ibid., 1915HORACE BULLE VAN V ALKENBURGHS.B., University of Arkansas, 1905S.M., ibid., 1921JAMES HAROLD WARNERA.B., Indiana University, 1915WALTER PRESCOTT WEBBA.B., University of Texas, 1915A'.M., ibid., 1920CLARENCE ALTON WILEYA.B., University of Texas, 1920A.M., ibid, 1921Ross WILSONA.B., Lake Forest College, 1907Graduate, Auburn Theological Seminary, 19IIJAMES NAPIER WILTA.B., Indiana University, 1917A.M., University of Chicago, 1921LEWIS EDGAR WINFREYA.B., University of Arkansas, 1909ALBERT EARL WOODRUFFS.B., Kansas State Normal School, 1917 Church HistorySociologyRomanceGreekSystematic TheologyChemistryPolitical EconomyChemistryGreekMathematicsChemistryEnglishHistoryPolitical EconomyChurch HistoryEnglishRomancePhysics 139140ATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1922THE UNIVERSITY RECORDI. AltTs,LITERATURE,AND SCIENCE:I. Graduate Schools-Arts, Literature .Science ...............••Total .2. Colleges- ,Senior ...............•..Junior .....••...........Unclassified ..•..........Total .... , ..•......Total Arts.. Litera­ture. and Science ...II. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS:I. Divinity School-Graduate. ; .Unclassified .Chicago Theological .....•Total .*2. Courses in Medicine-Graduate .Senior .Junior , •.Unclassified , ......•..Total .3. Law School-Graduate .*Senior .Candidates for LL.B .Unclassified '.'Total ...........•..4. College of Education .5. School of Commerce andAdministration-Graduate .Senior .Junior .Unclassified .Total .6. Graduate School of SocialService AdministrationGraduate .Undergraduate ....•.....Total .Total Professional. .. , 1,214Total University ...•. 3,137 1922 1921 Gain LossMen Women Total Men Women Total--- --- --- --- --- ---230 179 409 196 148 344 65 .......320 103 423 258 78 336 87 .......--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---S50 282 832 454 226 680 152654 486 1,140 614 440 1,054- 86 ........684 S63 1,247 813 587 1,400 15335 37 72 42 42 84 12--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---1,373 1,086 2,459 1,469 1,069 '2,538 791,923 1,368 3,291 1,923 1,295 3,218 73 .......III 18 129 108 19 127 2 ........3 7 10 12 8 20 1031 10 41 20 8 28 13 ........_-- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---145 35 180 140 35 175102 27 129 85 26 III 18100 16 II6 II9 13 132 16. ... ';-"--- --- --- ._-- --- --- --- ---207 44 251 2II 39 250127 134 153 158 2468 I 69 59 60 9101 3 104 82 83 21I--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---297 II 308 295 302 624 202 226 17 174 191 35 .......39 II 50 21 4 25 25190 28 218 150 34 184 34272 42 314 308 46 354 4031 31 26 4 30--- --- --- --- ---532 81 613 505 88 593 20 .......4 16 20 2 16 18 25 20 25 4 22 26--- --- --- ._-- --- --- --- ---6 44 I ...... 0\0 0·.9 45*Deduct for Duplication..... 275 47 322 276 42 318--- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---409 1,623 1,1741,777 4,914 3,097 381 1,5551,676 4,773 68141Net Totals in Quad-rangles 2,862 1,730 4',592 2,821 1,634 4,455 137 .. • ..--------_._------------University College 3121,0221,334 3201,0401,360' 26--------------------- -Total in the University 3,174 2,752 5,926 3,141 2,674 5,815 III .•.....