MARSHALL FIELD 45came along and saw him. After greeting him, he said: "What are youdoing in Chicago?" Being told that he was looking for a situation,Mr. Field said: "Why didn't you come at once to me? There's a placefor you in your old department. Report there for duty." I like this story.It shows there was a warm, human side to Mr. Field and that it wasshown particularly to his employes.Mr. Field made many trips abroad for business or recreation. Whenin Chicago his ordinary daily routine was as follows: He left home atabout nine o'clock in the morning to walk down town, with his coachmandriving the carriage behind him. Walking a block or two north Mr.Pullman joined him and they walked down to the Pullman Buildingtogether. Here he stopped for a few minutes and then went on to theretail store. While there he walked through the establishment having aword here and there with partners and heads of departments, observingeverything narrowly, rebuking in his quiet way anything lacking in thedeportment of a clerk toward a customer, noting any want of the perfectorder and neatness he required in every part of the store, and directinginstant correction. He would never allow a clerk to get into a disputewith a customer. If he ever saw anything of this sort the clerk wouldfeel a gentle pull on his coat tail and turning, would hear Mr. Field say­ing to him, "Settle it as the lady wishes."From the retail he would go on to the wholesale where his office wasin the northwest corner of the first floor. Here he spent the rest of theday till four o'clock. He had a regular hour for lunch and when itarrived he closed his roll top desk and that was the signal for the closeof any interview. He left promptly at four o'clock and the closingof the desk again signified to visitors that his business day in his officewas over.On September 5, 1905, Mr. Field married his second wife, Mrs. DeliaSpencer Caton of Chicago, whom he had long known. In less than twoand a half months after the wedding he lost his only son by a suddendeath. The son was thirty-eight years old. He left three children­Marshall Field III, about twelve years old, Henry, about ten, andGwendolyn, four years old. Mr. Field's hopes and plans, as will appearlater, centered about the two grandsons.On New Year's day, 1906, James Simpson, then in Mr. Field's office,now vice-president of the corporation, and Stanley Field went out toWheaton to play golf at the Chicago Golf Club. The snow was nearlyor quite knee-deep and they played with red balls. Soon Mr. Field andRobert T. Lincoln appeared and played round the course. The partyTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDwent back to the city on the train together. The very vigorous exercisein the deep snow had greatly exhilarated Mr. Field and all the way backhe seemed in an unusually cheerful frame of mind. He was inclined tobe facetious and, to the surprise of all of them, chaffed his companionsall the way in. It was a side of his character he rarely showed. But itsoon became apparent that he had taken cold. He had arranged to goto New York the first week in January. Mr. Simpson, seeing the holdthe cold had taken, making him quite hoarse, told him he ought not togo. "Pshaw," he replied, "I am as young as you are," and made lightof it. But it grew upon him and when he reached New York and wentto the Holland House, he was already a sick man. He rapidly grewworse, and although the most eminent physicians did everything theycould do to save his life he died of pneumonia on January I6. Theweek following his death the Independent said in an editorial:"Several former residents of Chicago, all of them unknown to him,assembled at a place not far from the room where he was lyingin order that they might express to each other their appreciation of hischaracter. At the suggestion of one who had not seen the inside of achurch in thirty years, another of these men prayed that Mr. Field'slife might be spared. All were on their knees. Then it was agreed thateach one should every day at noon, in a church or elsewhere, repeat thisprayer for therecovery of the world's richest merchant, who, beginningwith nothing but his brains and his integrity, had accumulated a fortuneof $I50,000,000 in a clean and honest way." This is a strange story andI would not reproduce it had it not appeared as an editorial in so repu­table a journal. The editorial writer seems to speak from personalknowledge. It was an extraordinary illustration of how widespread wasthe reputation of Mr. Field for nearly fifty years of business integrityand honor. As Franklin MacVeagh, another of Chicago's great merchantsand Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, said, "All of Mr.Field's money was fairly made, and he was conspicuous among theimmensely rich for the fairness of his competition and the cleanness of hismethods. He made no money through oppression and monopoly. Hebuilt himself up on no man's ruin, and his business methods, from thebeginning to the end, were so instructive and influential that his fellow­citizens were constantly helped by his example. These methods, bytheir conspicuously high standards, became contributions to the citizen­ship of Chicago."Mr. Field was buried in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago, and his graveis marked by a small granite slab bearing simply his name and theyears of his birth and death.MARSHALL FIELD 47According to the best estimate I have been able to secure his estateat the time of his death amounted to about $I20,ooo,ooo. He was themost successful dry-goods merchant in the world. He was one of thehalf-dozen richest men in the world.How had he attained this extraordinary business success? He hadbegun with nothing. He had no influential friends and backers. Hehad not been lucky. In the early years of his experience as a merchanthe had passed through the financial stringency of 1867 and the disas­trous panic of 1873, and his store and stock had twice been destroyedby fire. But he triumphed over an obstacles and in fifty years wroughtout this amazing success. Other men, eminent in business, have foundit difficult to analyze the elements that entered into and explain it.Much of the credit must be given to the very able men who from timeto time became his partners. Some of these were, perhaps, able only intheir own departments, but in these they were exceptional. Otherswere great all-round merchants like Henry J. Willing, Harry G. Self­ridge, and John G. Shedd. Mr. Shedd was with Mr. Field thirty-fouryears. Some of the great and most profitable business policies camefrom him. Mr. Field was fortunatein having such men associated withhim. They were among the chief factors in his success. It was, perhaps,half the battle that he was keen enough to discover men of this quality,and knew enough so to advance and place them as to call out their greatabilities and make them the agents of his own success. And this choiceand advancement of helpers showed the greatness of the man.He had, also, in an eminent degree, the New England virtues ofperseverance and thrift. He was by nature timid, and the disasters ofthe early years sometimes greatly discouraged him. But the qualityof perseverance was ingrained. The retail store was not for many yearsa profitable enterprise. Mr. Leiter wished to give it up and put all theenergy and capital of the firm into the wholesale. To this Mr. Fieldwould never listen. He believed he could develop a great and highlyprofitable retail store. The phenomena] growth of Chicago made thisto his mind a certainty. And he persisted in this devotion to the retailstore until he accomplished his ambition and made it the greatest in theworld.He had an organizing mind which enabled him with growing expe­rience to conceive a highly developed system and, with the aid of otherable men, to develop his conception into a well-nigh perfect organizationwhich functioned simply, efficiently, economically, and profitably.Those who knew him best declare that this organizing mind developedinto a great financial mind. J. Pierpont Morgan said to Mr. Shedd thatTHE UNIVERSITY RECORD"of all the men he had ever known Mr. Field possessed the keenestfinancial mind." And it is perfectly obvious that in the conduct of hisstores, in his purchases of real estate, and in his investment in stocksand bonds he rarely went wrong.Perhaps the most notable of Mr. Field's innovations was that he madea store in which it was a joy to buy. The display in each of the fortygreat show-windows was the work of an artist and invited the passerbyto enter. Inside she found herself in fairyland. The scene was oneof splendor and of beauty. Everything was invitingly displayed butno one was asked to purchase. The visitor might wander for hoursthrough an exhibition of objects of beauty and value in endless varietyand from every land. She walked among them as freely as though theywere her own. They were her own to look at and enjoy and gave hera certain sense of personal affluence. A hundred things appealed to herand when she wished to see them more closely a clerk, courteous, accom­modating, and well attired, showed her every attention. The clerkswere held to a rigid code of etiquette. One who has been with the houseforty-six years tells me this story: "We formerly had regular spring andfall openings when special efforts were made to ,make the store morethan usually attractive. On one of these occasions I was on the top ofa stepladder, in my shirt sleeves, arranging our display, when a ladycalled up to me and asked the price of a piece of goods. I climbed downthe ladder, looked at the tag, and told her the price and she passed on.I turned to remount the ladder and confronted Mr. Field. He looked atme severely and said, 'Brown, don't you know better than to wait on acustomer in your shirt sleeves? I began to explain the exigency, but hebroke in, 'I want no explanation. No excuse will justify a clerk inMarshall Field & Company waiting on a customer in his shirt sleeves.·Don't let it ever occur again.' And of course it did not." And Mr.Brown went on to tell me incidents illustrating Mr. Field's insistencethat everything about the store should be clean, neat, and attractive.This policy of making the retail store irresistibly attractive to customerswas one of the great elements of Mr. Field's success .. He was a man of the highest integrity. The reputation of his housewas founded on the confidence the public came to repose in Mr. Field'sveracity and business integrity. There are many authentic stories ofthe summary discharge of clerks for misrepresenting goods or attempt­ing to deceive customers. Mr. Field would not permit any departmentto charge what he thought an inordinate profit. One of the nearestapproaches to violence related of him was his rebuke to the head of aMARSHALL FIELD 49subdepartment who gave him the price he was charging for a class ofgoods which Mr. Field thought too high. "Mark them down," he said,"Can't I hammer it into your head that this store exists, after we makea fair profit, for the benefit of the public, not to exploit it?" Buyerswent to Marshall Field's for many reasons, but one of the chief reasonswas because they could depend on the quality of the goods being what itwas represented to be. Mr. Field's personal reputation for integrityguaranteed the purchases. It was the crowning asset in his businesssuccess.And it was more than this. It was a contribution to the mercantilemorale of the West, appreciably raising the standard of business integ­rity and honor. The following story, told to me by an unimpeachablewitness, illustrates the essential integrity of his nature. A businessassociate was once making representations to him which he knew to beuntrue. With the withering severity he was quite capable of assuminghe looked the man in the eye and said, "I hate a liar!"He was capable of being severe but he was ordinarily very courteous.He had a pecu1iar charm of manner which, had there been more warmthin it, would have been most attractive. Probably in social intercoursewith his more intimate friends he revealed a geniality which did notelsewhere appear. In his business conferences he was" steely cold,"but there was a clarity in his views and statements that always won hiscontention.His reticence and reserve were outstanding characteristics. Hewould draw out all that he wanted to know from another and communi­cate nothing. He was never effusive, but always quiet and self-contained.His mind was active, alert, penetrating, but receptive and not forth­giving. He was not aggressive, was more timid than bold, but, a courseof action once deliberately adopted, his perseverance and patient per­sistency could be counted on until his objective was achieved.When A. T. Stewart, the merchant prince of New York, died, thegreat business he had built up soon went to pieces. It reflects honoron Mr. Field that exactly the opposite of this followed 'his death in thebusiness he had created and developed. He had not only built it upinto the largest dry-goods business in the world, but had so organized it,established its policies and trained able men _to succeed him that it hasgone on with amazingly increasing success. In I90I the partnership ofMarshall Field & Company became the corporation of Marshall Field &Company, its capital being represented by common and preferred stock.In I905, the year preceding the death of Mr. Field, the business had50 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDincreased from $12,000,000 in 1870 to $68,000,000. In 1906 Mr. Sheddsucceeded Mr. Field in the presidency of the corporation and as headof the business, and instead of any interruption of prosperity occurring,it has so continued and increased that in 1920 the business, including thesales from the manufacturing and mill properties, aggregated a trifle lessthan $200,000,000. Able men, like Mr. Shedd and Mr. Simpson, havemanaged the business, but they would be the first to acknowledge th'eirindebtedness to the organizing genius which laid broad and deep andenduring the foundations on which they have built.This story of the life of Mr. Field would be totally inadequate if itdid not give some account of his will, that extraordinary document bywhich he disposed of his great wealth. As it is one of the longest willson record, twice the length of this sketch, I shall speak only of thosethings which concern the public.While he conceived the purpose of founding a fami1y and perpetua t­ing in it a great estate, he also came to see and was given grace to acton the conception that he owed something to the public and to his ownfame. His will is the revelation of both these things. The principalprovisions of the will were two. The first of these was a bequest to theField Columbian Museum. As has been already said, in 1893 Mr. Fieldhad given $1,000,000 for the founding of the museum. During the tenyears that followed he had contributed to its growing work nearly$1,000,000 more. The will was made in 19°4, less than two years beforehis death. Providing that any additional contributions he might makebetween the signing of the will and his death (and there were several ofthese) should be deducted from the bequest, he left to the museum$8,000,000 as a building and endowment fund. It was provided thathalf of this great sum should be preserved as a permanent endowment. 'The other half and the accumulations, so far as necessary, were to consti­tute the building fund. It was required that a site for the museum mustbe furnished without cost to the trustees and that in case such site wasnot furnished within six years after his death the bequest should be nulland void and should revert to the residuary estate. 'The second of the two principal provisions of the win was the be­queathing to trustees of all "the rest, residue and remainder" of the'estate for the benefit of his two grandsons, Marshall Field III, and HenryField, and their children. While the most ample provision was madefor the grandsons meantime, the principal part of the estate was toaccumulate by compound interest until the older of the two grandsonsreached the age of fifty years, when the entire estate was to be turnedMARSHALL FJELD 51over to them, three-fifths to the older and two-fifths to the younger.Every possible contingency was provided for to perpetuate the estatein the family to the third generation at least. This attempt to extendthe accumulations of a bequest through so long a period was judged tobe inconsistent with the spirit of American institutions and againstpublic policy and at the first session of the Illinois General Assemblyafter Mr. Field's death an act was passed andbecame the law of thestate, prohibiting such accumulations beyond the time when the heirsliving at the time of the death of the testator should come of age, pro­viding that these accumulations shall go to the heirs on their attainingtheir majority and making any directions contrary to these provisionsnull and void. The Supreme Court later declared: "It is not the purposeof the statute to defeat the intention of the testator as to who should beentitled to property under a will, but only to prevent indefinite accumu­lations of wealth. It only limits the period of accumulation and theproduce beyond that limit goes to the same person that would have beenentitled to it if the accumulation had not been directed."The only surviving grandson of Mr. Field is Marshall Field III,who was born in 1893 and, because of his service in the Great War, isbetter known as Captain Field. He becomes the heir of the entireresiduary estate with the accumulations, and everything will be turnedover to him on his reaching fifty years of age. He will not lack ampleresources meantime.Some offerings to friendship were made in the will. But familyties were especially sacred with Mr. Field and liberal bequests weremade to a large number of relatives. His immediate family naturally'came first, but after them came nearly or quite forty relatives. Somemillions of dollars went to these relatives outside of his descendants,of whom there were only five at the time of his own death. This wasaltogether admirable and reflects high honor on Mr. Field. It wasof a piece with that family loyalty and affection which had made hisbrothers and some of his nephews sharers of his prosperity duringhis life.The Field Columbian Museum is now, and will continue to be knownas, The Field Museum of Natural History. The story of its origin ispart of the story of Marshall Field. When it was arranged that theWorld's Columbian Exposition was to be held in Chicago in 1893 itsoon became evident to the collectors of museum material that aninvaluable mass of such material would be found in the great fair.They soon began to inquire among themselves, "How can this materialTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDbe retained in Chicago as the foundation of a museum of natural history?It is well known that chief among these collectors was Mr. Ed. E.Ayer, who has given his life and spent a fortune in collecting. He andothers began to talk museum to Mr. Field. He listened without interest.They continued, however, and J. W. Ellsworth, Mr. Ayer and someothers frequently, as they met at the Chicago Club, or went on a fishingtrip to the headquarters of the Pelee Club, Pelee Island, Lake Erie,urged upon him the giving of a large sum to found a museum. He per­sistently declined to consider it. As the world's fair progressed acommittee was formed to take the matter in hand. Some generoussubscriptions were made, but as the close of the fair drew near, it becameapparent that without a great contribution from Mr. Field the wholeproject must come to naught. The committee finally said to Mr. Ayer,"You must go to Mr. Field in a final effort." "Very well," was theanswer, "he has said No! to me one hundred times, but I will see himonce more." He went and asked for fifteen minutes in which to presentthe matter. Mr. Field listened impassively and when Mr. Ayer-finishedhe said, "Well, you have taken forty-five minutes," but his interestwas awakened and he consented to vist the fair and inspect the collections.They went the next day. All the curators were on hand to explaintheir material and Mr. Field gave close attention to all he saw and heardfor three hours, from ten o'clock till one. A day or two later he gave hissubscription of a million dollars for founding the museum. It was nottill the following year that he was persuaded to allow his name to beattached to it. After that was done he began, apparently, to feelpersonally responsible for it. As is well known the collections securedfrom the wealth of material in the world's fair were housed for eighteenyears in the Fine Arts building of the fair. There they were classifiedand arranged. Mr. Field's interest increased and he continued to makelarge contributions until at the time of his death they aggregated con­siderably more than $2,000,000. In I9II, only a few months beforethe bequest of $8,000,000 would have reverted to the estate by the termsof the will, the South Park Commissioners provided a site for themuseum in Jackson Park which was later transferred to the LakeFront Park at the beginning of Roosevelt Road. The site was then theopen water of Lake Michigan but has since been filled in and becomesolid ground. The museum building, as originally designed, was tobe more than I,IOO feet long, and at the comparatively cheap buildingcosts of that day called for an expenditure approaching $8,000,000.Although the building fund was well invested and steadily increasedMARSHALL FIELD 53from year to year, building costs, after the Great War came on, increasedstill more rapidly. The fund was found quite insufficient. The sizeof the building was cut down by nearly or quite one-half, but even then,when it was finished in 192I, it was found to have cost above $6,000,000.It is a wonderfully beautiful structure, 730 feet long and 450 feet wide,of the Greek Ionic type. But the treasures within are even morewonderful. It is these which will attract increasing throngs of seriousstudents and casual sightseers through succeeding generations. Andevery visitor will go away with his horizon enlarged, his knowledgeincreased, and his mind enriched. It is a great educational institution.It will be a gratification to the public to learn that one of the final pur­poses of Mr. Field's life was to make it far greater.I am authorized to say what follows by Mr. Field's nephew,Stanley Field, who had first-hand knowledge and will be implicitlybelieved.As soon as he began to recover a little from the shock of his son'sdeath, Mr. Field took up the making of a new will. A day or two beforestarting on the journey to New York, from which he never returned,he called his nephew to his house for an interview. He said he wasengaged in making a new will which would differ in important par­ticulars from the one made in 1904. Among other changes he had fullydecided on were two.which particularly interest me in writing this sketch.In the first place he proposed to increase very largely the bequests tothe charitable and public-welfare institutions of Chicago. In his willonly four had been named. He now went over a much longer list whichhe had prepared and indicated that munificent sums would be left tothem.He then spoke of the museum, saying that the great building, theplans of which were being made, was likely to cost $8,000,000, and thatthe conduct of a museum in so great a structure would cost much morethan he had contemplated. He went on to say that he had decided, inmaking the new will, to increase the bequest for the museum to $I6,000,000, one-half of which was to be the building fund and one-half theendowment fund.It must be remembered that these declarations of intention were notmade in prospect of the near approach of death. No man in Chicago ofMr. Field's age had a better prospect of years of healthful activity.Moreover he was not withholding money from the museum till deathshould take it from him, but was annually supplying large sums toprovide for its expanding work.54 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe vision of the duty and the glory of greatly enlarged service andbeneficence came to Mr. Field and he was not disobedient to the heavenlyvision. He was engaged in carrying it out. Had he lived only a fewweeks longer he would have executed these beneficent purposes. Butdeath intervened. In less than a week after the interview with hisnephew pneumonia had stricken him into unconsciousness and broughtall his activities to an end. He did not have time after his son's death,only five weeks before his own illness began, to put into black and whitehis new plans of public service. Let it be entered to Mr. Field's creditthat even during those few weeks of grief he had not merely dreamedof returning a much greater share of his wealth to the public, but wasactively engaged in putting the matured plans into effect. His purposesfor the museum have found a warm response in the hearts of his nephewStanley and his grandson Captain Field. They, with Mrs. StanleyField, have given to the Museum more than half a million dollars, andas I write they are, between them, enriching the museum by additionalgifts of more than half a million dollars. And thus the larger plansand purposes of the founder are being carried out by those who lovedhim and who revere his memory.It has fallen to few men to leave behind them a monument at onceso splendid and so useful as the Field Museum of Natural History.Because of it the name and the fame of the founder will endure.JESSE A. BALDWINJESSE A. BALDWINBy THEODORE GERALD SOARESThe University has lost a warm friend, a wise and generous counselor.Judge Jesse A Baldwin, a trustee for twenty-five years, died at his homein Oak Park on December 7, 1921. He served also on the boards oftheTheological Union and of Rush Medical College. He took great prideand joy in the development of a great institution of learning in Chicago,and in the midst of his exacting duties and of many personal and familycares accounted the University one of his major responsibilities.He was a commanding personality, distinguished by a great senseof right. He undertook the study of law with the youthful idealismthat he would devote his life to securing justice. That devotion henever lost in the actual practice of his profession. In the intimacies offriendly conversation he delighted to tell stories of the cases in whichhe had been engaged. And he was a rare raconteur. The point ofthe story and its interest always turned on the attainment of justice.Some wrong was righted. Some clever rascal was frustrated. Somedifficult and technical litigation resulted in a fair decision. There wasno boasting about it. It was the joy of a great champion of justice;Once he admitted having been obliged to take a bad case. He won thejury but the judge set aside the verdict. Mr. Baldwin told his clientthat the judge was right ·and that he would refuse to take an appeal.Subterfuge he did not understand. Tricks and sharp practices hedisdained. He was a fine strategist, he knew how to use the resourcesof a skilled pleader, but his weapon of victory was truth.He was on the Circuit Bench of Cook County for twelve years, andhe was a great judge. Naturally conservative, he was yet signally freefrom the bondage of precedent. He knew that it was the duty of thecourt to allow the law to grow to meet new conditions. When he gavean opinion upon a great human question it was written in language thata layman could understand and with a cogency that carried the convic­tion of a great righteousness. More than once Judge Baldwin madenew law by his decisions.It was an experience to sit in his courtroom. One felt that justice wasbeing administered as one noted his patience, his keen determinationto have everything made clear, his immediate detection of any attempt55THE UNIVERSITY RECORDto confuse the issue, his gentle assistance to a troubled witness who wastrying to tell the truth, his flashing sternness with the witness who wasendeavoring to prevaricate, and his ever insistence that the lawyersshould be fair.He was an untiring worker, far beyond his strength. The laggarddocket greatly troubled him. He felt it to be a miscarriage of justicethat litigants should wait for months and years to obtain a hearing.He never formed the habit of treating such conditions as a matter ofcourse. So he urged himself to unremitting work, and as far as it waspossible he urged on the slow procedure of the court.His probity was beyond question. There are subtle temptationsto a judge in a great city. Powerful interests-political, ecclesiastical,commercial, industrial-are concerned to secure their ends. Complianceis often possible without any actual irregularity. But not to JudgeBaldwin. The effect upon his own interests never crossed his mind.He decided the issue before him utterly unafraid. 'He had a good training to be a just man. No adventitious advan­tages had helped him in his youth. Born on a farm, he had early earnedhis own living by hard work. His own efforts enabled him to secure hiseducation and to obtain his legal tra-ining. It always seemed to himnatural that one should earn what he received, so he scorned the shirkerand the parasi teoYet this just man was strangely tender hearted. He had great-pityfor the weak, the unfortunate, and the erring. Strong and successfulmen are not always sympathetic. He was gentle as a mother with.anyone who needed his help. None ever came to him for guidance andcounsel and went away disappointed. He loved to give a hand to aworthy young aspirant and rejoiced in his success; and he was verypatient with the unworthy, willing ever to help them again.He was never a wealthy man but was nobly generous. Not a fewsocieties and institutions for human betterment will miss his amplecontributions to their budgets. He gave as rich men gave, and often atthe cost of personal comfort. But more than his money, he gave himself.The University is not alone in missing his earnest effort on its board ofmanagement. The only interest to which he was never quite just washis own health and convenience.Judge Baldwin was a great friend. He was not a :convivial man,making friends in groups of good-fellowship. He made them one by onein the intimacies of genuine sympathy. He leaned heavily upon hisfriends, for he was a man of sorrows. Giving himself so freely, heJESSE A. BALDWIN 57believed that he might ask his friends to give themselves to him. Andthey did it willingly, glad if they might ease a little the sadness that wasso often upon his life.He was a man of simple religious faith. He looked to the service ofworship for help and heartening. He often said that the inspiration ofreligion was needed to exalt the spiritual and ideal values of life in themidst of so much that was sordid and secular. He found a keen pleasurein the simple and beautiful hymns of the church, which he sang withskill and fine expression. A free progressive thinker, passionately de­voted to full religious freedom, he was a reverent believer in the mysteriesof the Unseen.The University is growing rich in memories as the years go on. Thenames of some of its great benefactors and scholars will be perpetuatedin the gray stone of its buildings. The names of others will be upon itsrecords and in the hearts of those who knew their worth. But the spirit­ual wealth of the University will include them all. Not a small partof that wealth is the life and the work of Judge Baldwin.THE VISIT OF MARSHAL FOCH TOTHE UNIVERSITYBy JAMES ALFRED FIELDFerdinand Foch, Marshal of France, was made a Doctor of Laws ofthe University of Chicago at the One Hundred Twenty-second Convoca­tion, held in his honor on the morning of Saturday, November "5.The exercises at the University were arranged as the first importantevent of Marshal Foch's two days in Chicago. The Marshal had beenformally welcomed to the city by public officials and members of theChicago reception committee who gathered in Grant Park to greet him.Immediately after this preliminary exchange of salutations he returnedto his car and was driven to the University Quadrangles. There hearrived with more than military promptness. His flying outriders ofthe motorcycle police had entered the Campus and swung around thecircular driveway before even the earliest sightseers were fairly on theground; but the University artillerymen were ready, and as the c,arspassed out through the Hull Gate and on to the doorway of MitchellTower, the battery fired its salute of nineteen guns.The Marshal and his suite were received in Hutchinson Hall byPresident Judson and the members of the Board of Trustees.Meantime, in Mandel Hall, an impressive scene was set. Threehundred men, members of the University, who had served in the warunder Marshal Foch's supreme command, were massed to left and rightof the central aisle in the seats directly in front of the platform. Behindand beside them, and in the boxes and balcony above, sat ladies of theUniversity community and other invited guests. The flags of Franceand the United States hung over the platform, draped about theUniversity coat-of-arms. During the exercises, color-bearers heldthe colors of the two nations, one at either side of the prosceniumarch.The academic procession entered promptly at half-past ten. Mem­bers of the Faculty came first, in a long line-then special guests, officials,trustees, staff officers in horizon blue, the red-robed Convocation Chap­lain and, at last, beside the President, Marshal Foch. A burst ofapplause greeted him as he mounted the platform and faced the58THE VISIT OF MARSHAL FOCH TO THE UNIVERSITY 59assemblage. Then President Judson motioned for silence, and theChaplain, the Right Rev. Monsignor Kelley, pronounced the invoca­tion:"In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Ghost,Amen."0 Father Almighty, by Whom the peoples of this earth are gatheredinto nations and races, according to each its character, genius, or tongue,that thus along the road of progress and civilization, by the power ofpatriotism and legitimate emulation, they may advance. toward ThyLight, bless those who are here come together in the name of Learningto honor with her laurels him who has, in the storm and stress of clashingarms won our admiration and regard. 0 Lord and Leader, since thisConvocation is especially called to give Learning's tribute to one whoseexalted and intelligent love of country i� joined with an abiding love forThy name, one who has exemplified in himself the virtues that are bornof patriotism and the faith that overcometh the world, deign to blesswith Thy special benison the revered guest of our nation, our state, ourcity, our house, and our hearts. And grant that we, who partake ofThy love for all Thy creatures and in particular for him, may share withThee and with him the bounty of Thy grace. 0 King of Nations,object of their desires, cornerstone of the only lasting unity amongstthem, Prince of Peace, make us, while not forgetting the virtues thatgrew out of war, yet now and for the future desire only the greater virtuesthat amity and brotherhood alone can produce. 0 Orient Splendor ofEternal Love, Sun of Justice, illumine the way that our nation and hersisters must follow to reach the peace which surpasseth understanding.o Wisdom, Thou that comest out of the mouth of the Most High, thatreachest from one end to another, and dost model and sweetly order allthings, teach our rulers, our friends, our erstwhile enemies, but especiallyour own hearts, the way of prudence. Amen."President Judson crossed the platform and took his seat in thePresidential Chair. "The degree," he announced ( will now be con­ferred. The candidate will be presented by Dean Henry Gordon Gale,formerly Lieutenant Colonel, Signal Corps, United States Army, andunder command of Marshal Foch of France."Dean Gale" rose and conducted Marshal Foch before the President."Mr. President," he said, "on behalf of the University Senate, I presentto you for the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws, the Commander-in­Chief of the Allied Armies in the late war, in which the United Statesshared, the Marshal of France, Ferdinand Foch."60 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDPresident Judson then conferred the degree with these words:"Ferdinand Foch, Marshal of France, Commander-in-Chief of theAllied Armies, Professor of Strategy and Tactics and author of anauthoritative work on the principles of war, member of the FrenchAcademy, distinguished teacher of the art of war, greatest leader of menin the world's greatest conflict, for these achievements and for thequalities of intellect and character that have lifted you to the positionyou occupy in the world and enabled you to conduct the armies of theAllies to victory, on nomination of the University Senate, by authorityof the Board of Trustees, I confer upon you the honorary degree ofDoctor of Laws of this University and all the rights and privilegesthereto appertaining. In token thereof I bestow upon you the diplomaand hood of the degree. Let them be symbols of the high honor in whichyou are held by the University of Chicago, and by all our institutionsof learning, many of whose sons served eagerly under your inspiring andvictorious command, and by all true Americans. The names of twoFrenchmen will always be cherished in the annals of our Republic­LaFayette and Foch."As the Marshal received his diploma and hood and returned to hisseat, applause broke forth again, and continued, tumultuously, until herose to bow his acknowledgment. The organ played the "Marseil­laise," then the "Alma Mater," then the "Star-Spangled Banner."The Chaplain closed the exercises with a benediction, and MarshalFoch, the dignitaries, and the Faculty descended from the platform andleft the hall to the music of the recessional march: "Le Regiment deSambre et Meuse."Outside in the street a great crowd had gathered, pressing againstthe line of the cavalry guard to catch a glimpse of Marshal Foch as heemerged from the Tower doorway, entered his car, and drove away.THE VISIT OF GENERAL DIAZBy ERNEST HATCH WILKINSOn the afternoon of Monday, November 2I, the University had thehonor of welcoming as guest His Excellency General Armando Diaz,Commander-in-Chief of the Italian armies from October, 1917, to thefinal victory.With him came the members of his personal staff-General De Luca,Major Cocconi, Captain Huntington, and Lieutenant Prince Ruspoli;Colonel Buckey of the United States Army, detailed as a representativeof the War Department to accompany General Diaz during his stay inthe United States; General Bell; Captain Wurtzbaugh; the actingRoyal Italian Consul Chevalier Dall' Agnol; Dr. Pagano, Chairman ofthe Diaz Reception Committee of the Italians of Chicago; and a numberof aides and associates.At the crossing of Woodlawn Avenue and the Midway the automo­biles of the General's party were met by a cavalry escort, which ledthem up Woodlawn Avenue to Fifty-eighth Street. As they turned atthat point toward the campus, a battery stationed in the Circle began thefiring of the salute appropriate to the coming of a Commander-in-Chief.The Italian colors were flying from the staff on Ryerson Laboratory.The party drove between lines of students, past the Circle, through HullCourt to Mitchell Tower. There they were met by the UniversityMarshal, who led them to Hutchinson Hall, where they were welcomedby President Judson and introduced to Mrs. Judson and to representa­tives of the Board of Trustees and members of the Committee of Arrange­ments.An academic procession was then formed. At the head of the pro­cession came two standard-bearers, one carrying an Italian flag, theother carrying the American flag of the University of ChicagoAmbulance Company, which served under General Diaz on the PiaveThen came marshals and aides, then members of the faculties, in cap andgown, then the official party, with President Judson and General Diazin the positions of honor.Meanwhile a large audience had gathered in Mandel Hall. Invita­tions had been sent to some sixteen hundred people, including the trus­tees and members of the' faculties, all ex-service men registered as61THE UNIVERSITY RECORDstudents, all students enrolled in the Italian courses, all students who wentto Italy in the summer of I92I as members of the party organized bythe Italy America Society, and some fifty members of the Diaz Recep­tion Committee of the Italians of Chicago. A large trophy composed ofItalian and American flags and the University coat-of-arms decoratedthe rear wall of the stage.As the procession entered the hall, an orchestra played the Italiannational air, the "Marcia Reale .. " After all were seated, President Judsonintroduced as the first speaker Professor Merriam, who served in Italyduring the last year of the war as commissioner for the United StatesCommittee on Public Information. After the conclusion of ProfessorMerriam's address, President Judson extended to General Diaz theofficial welcome of the University, and presented him with a Memorial,very beautifully illuminated in the style of Italian manuscripts of thefourteenth century, and engrossed on vellum, in the form of a little bookbound in a cover of maroon leather.Prolonged applause greeted General Diaz as he rose to reply, andapplause again and again interrupted his address. He spoke in Italian,slowly and very clearly, his fine voice carrying perfectly to the rear ofthe hall. After each sentence, and sometimes within a sentence, hepaused, and what he had said was translated by his aide, Captain Hunt­ington, who stood near him.After the applause which followed the address of General Diaz, theaudience rose and sang a stanza of the "Star-Spangled Banner."President Judson then expressed the feeling of those present in thesimple concluding words: "Our guest is not merely a great general, buthe is a real man, through and through."The procession then formed again and moved to Hutchinson Hall,where an informal reception was held, and tea was served by Mrs.Judson, assisted by other ladies, to the members of the General's partyand to members of the Board of Trustees and of the University faculties'.President Judson then accompanied General Diaz to his automobile,and the visitors drove away amid applause from the crowd which hadcollected around Mitchell Tower.Those who had the pleasure of meeting General Diaz will rememberhim as a man whose face and voice and manner revealed much of thesecret of his mastery of science and of men. Keen-eyed, alert in interest,swift in thought, clear-voiced, modest, courteous, with a smile of deepkindliness, he was indeed a great man and "a real man, through andthrough."THE VISIT OF GENERAL DIAZThe address of Professor Merriam was as follows:"I am here today to say only a few words, not because our guest,General Diaz, could not say these things, but because in all probabilityhe will not."When I had the honor, some three years ago, to be a guest at thetable of General Diaz, I asked him at that time if it would not be possibleto send to America some of the many distinguished military and navalofficers who had performed such marvelous feats in Italy, but of whosework, in the hurry and stress of the war, Americans were not fullyinformed. To my surprise, General Diaz replied to me: 'Perhaps thatmight be too much like advertising; the Americans might think thatI was a Barnum.' So I have come to the conclusion that not only arethe Italians the most modest people in the world, but that General Diaz,as their military leader, is the most modest man whom I have ever hadthe honor to meet."The achievements of General Diaz stretch along a weary way ofone year, running from the battle of Caporetto to the battle of VittorioVeneto. It was a year marked by political and military accomplish­ment, I think, unparalleled or unsurpassed in the history of warfare.The battle of Caporetto was a crushing defeat for Italy, but it was nota defeat caused by lack of military skill or science, but a defeat causedby propaganda and declining morale. On November 8, when theterrible tide of rout and defeat had finally been stayed at the PiaveRiver-an incredible place for a stand-General Diaz was given com­mand of a broken and defeated army and of a humiliated and disap­pointed nation. Within six months General Diaz had wrought one ofthe many miracles of the world's greatest war. He had transformeda broken army into a victorious fighting machine. Being a civilian,I cannot of course but be profoundly impressed with his ability toinspire, to invigorate, and to hearten once more the Italian people and theItalian army."An army without a heart, whatever its numbers or whatever itsequipment, cannot fight; butan army with a heart such as that whichGeneral Diaz placed in the Italian soldier is an army that cannot beovercome. And the Italian government itself was mindful of thesequalities, for it chose a man who had demonstrated in his previousexperience, in the African campaigns, and in work upon the Italianfront for two years, those very qualities of leadership. General Diaz,as the saying goes in Italy, was always going about among the commonprivate soldiers, asking them, "What of your family? How about theTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDwife? What of the children?" In the most common and simplemanner he evidenced an interest in their welfare."He re-equipped an army that had lost two thousand guns; here-provisioned an army that had directly behind its lines one-third ofthe grain supply of Italy, all of which had been lost. He re-equippedand reorganized the Italian army. If General Diaz had stopped thenand there and retired from the military field, his name would be writtenin letters of fire in Italian history. We in American history can lookback and see in our fortunes a period not unlike that through whichItaly was passing. The shadow of Caporetto and the winter thatfollowed were not unlike the days through which Washington passedin the year of Valley Forge. And like Washington, General Diaz wasnot only the strategic leader of his army, but its heart and soul as well."The second' stage in General Diaz' military achievements was inthe battle of the Piave, and this was a more difficult feat. An armyand a people holding a position which military experts said was inde­fensible, on the Piave River, was awaiting the attack of a successful andexpectant foe. The plans of the German General, Ludendorff, contem­plated the elimination of Italy by one hammer blow in the summer of1918. The German military organization had visioned-yes, more thanvisioned; it was the next step in a carefully calculated military plan,whereby Italy would follow Russia out of the war, and in which thetreaty of Brest Litovsk would be followed by another treaty of, let us. say, Rome, by which Italy should be humiliated and destroyed as afirst-class power." An attack was made along a line of four hundred miles, and for daysthe battle hung in doubt. There was a moment when among the heightsof Montello it was said that if the Austrian armies, having come acrossthe river and up the height, had been able to go down for half a mile onthe other side of the height they had come up, they might havebeen ableto win the battle and drive Italy from the war."It was in those days that General Diaz demonstrated not only thepower to inspire an army, but that courage, that willingness to take achance, without which military genius has never won its highest honors.When the Austrian forces were finally driven back, as they actually were,there were upon the Italian line, I was informed by General Diaz, but twodivisions in reserve. He had thrown his entire army at the criticalpoint, and after dubious days and hours of battling and struggling, hehad driven back the blow of the Austrians and crushed the plan ofL udendorff.THE VISIT OF GENERAL DIAZ"If that had not happened, as General Diaz finally worked it out-ifL udendorff had won-then some forty or fifty Austrian divisions wouldhave been swung around to the Western Front, and just aboutJuly, or about the time of the battle of Chateau Thierry in France,these forty or fifty Austrian divisions would have arrived to reinforcethe German troops. We do not know and it is idle to guess what theresult would have been, but undoubtedly it would have prolonged thewar by months and years; would have cost the lives of thousands ofItalian soldiers; and would have increased the fatalities in the Americanarmy by a number one shudders to think of."The final stage in the plans of His Excellency, General Diaz, wasseen in the battle of Vittorio Veneto. General Diaz evidently inheritedsome of the characteristics of the Roman General, Fabius, who hasgiven the name to Fabian tactics. He did not follow up the Austrianoffensive, because he was not ready. He did not follow up the strokeuntil he knew that his stroke was likely to win."Another thing that General Diaz was famed for among the Italianswas his remarkable information service. He had what has become acharacteristic among university professors-he was fond of facts. Hecollected them and he analyzed them and also utilized them. With amilitary and dramatic fitness that characterized his signal leadership ofarmy and nation, General Diaz postponed his offensive thrust until thebirthday of Caporetto. Exactly one year from October 24-from thedate of the national humiliation-the Italian army was launched forwardover the river and against the foe."I have not time, nor am I competent, to discuss the military strategyof this great battle, but in the main it consisted of three simple strokes­a violent pressure to the left over in the mountain regions; then when thiswas seen to succeed, a thrust across the river to the right, which wentclear through; and then another thrust to the left, behind the enemy'sforces in the mountains."The result was not only a victory but a rout. The Austrianmilitary power in the final issue was practically destroyed. Some600,000 prisoners were taken. It became a question whether they caredto take prisoners at all or not. Some 5,000 guns were captured, and theAustrian military resistance was destroyed. The battle of Vittorio Venetopractically ended the war, because it became perfectly evident that inanother campaign it would be simply the march of the Italian armythrough Austria around to the back door of Germany. Then there wouldhave been not only a Western Front but also a Southeastern Front.66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFrom that moment the victory of the Allies was secure, and it wasreasonably certain that the victory would fall not in the spring andsummer campaign of I9I9 but in the autumn of I9I8."My time has expired; I only wish to say, as a civilian, that muchas I am impressed by the military achievements of General Diaz, Icannot upon this occasion but be more deeply impressed by the fact that,man of military genius as he is, master of military science and art in allits phases and sides, this great General+-as he calls himself, uomo diguerra (a man of war)-this great military genius comes to this country, in what our hearts teach us to hope is a glorious mission of peace."After Professor Merriam's address, President Judson spoke as follows:"We sometimes hear it said that there is too little knowledge in thiscountry of the great part which Italy played in the late war. I believethis to be an erroneous idea. All intelligent Americans are well informedon certain matters. One of these is that the great struggle for the libertyof the world would not have been victorious without the best effort ofall the allied nations. Another is that no one of these nations aloneis entitled to the sole credit of winning the war. Another is that thewar would certainly have been lost, had not Italy thrown into the contesther great force and her splendid idealism."We all watched with intense interest a brilliant campaign in themountains under the most tremendous difficulties of terrain. Thetemporary disaster which threatened the collapse of the Italian armieswas quite analogous to the great battle that came to the Allied forcesin France in the spring of I9I8. Few things in the history of the warwere more inspiring than that heroic stand on the Piave River and thepainstaking reconstruction of the Italian forces, and finally the sweepingand overwhelming victory of the Italian armies in the autumn of I9I8."An ambulance unit of the University of Chicago shared activework on the Piave front, and the flag given to that unit by members ofthe University, which flag had its baptism of fire in the Italian lines,is here today, having been restored to the University of Chicago by.those who bore it, as a mute witness of the slight share which the Univer­sity was proud to have in the work of those heroic armies."All Americans know that the reconstruction of the Italian armiesafter Caporetto and the wonderful operations which made that restoredarmy in the end irresistible, were due to the military genius and themoral force and the tireless and devoted energy of the Generalissimo ofthose armies.THE VISIT OF GENERAL DIAZ"We have him as our guest today. In honoring him as our guest,we honor, too, the entire Italian nation, for whose sacrifices and whosedevotion in the Great War all Americans have unstinted admiration."A memorial, expressing our admiration for the great leadershipwhich made the final victory possible, has been engrossed, and I shallhave the honor of presenting this memorial to our guest as expressingthe sincere and loyal friendship which the University feels 'for theCommander-in-Chief of the Italian military forces and for the greatnation which he represents."Your Excellency, in presenting to you this memorial, I beg youwith it to carry the complete friendship, the highest admiration, and thegreatest good will of the University of Chicago for yourself and for Italy.I am taking the liberty of reading the memorial, engrossed as it is, fromthe University of Chicago to the Generalissimo of the Italian forces."'The University of Chicago to His Excellency Armando Diaz,Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Armies, Greeting!" 'Greeting to you for the superb organization and the dauntlesscourage of the defense upon the Piave, whereby you saved not onlyItaly, but the whole Allied cause. Greeting to you for the achievementof the overwhelming final victory, whereby you insured and sealed thetriumph of that cause. Greeting to you as the Commander under whoma company of our own University of Chicago men were proud to serve.Their banner, woven in the love and hope of this community, borne bythem on the banks of the Piave, treasured now among our chiefest treas­ures, rejoices to salute you." 'Greeting to you for what you are and for the great service you haverendered; and for your share in the momentous conference that hascalled you to our shores. Greeting through you to the noble nationthat you represent, from which there comes to us so much of thatwhichwe hold dearest and finest in life. Be assured, Your Excellency, that youare deeply welcome as our guest. May you, remembering this hour,know that the same memory dwells with us in cordial gratitude and inuplifting honor.'"President Judson then continued:"General Diaz, I know, would like to shake you each by the hand,but we are sparing him this Yankee way of celebration. I am thereforepres en ting him to you together, and I know to your homage and admira­tion. I present the Commander-in-Chief of the Italian Armies, GeneralDiaz."68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDGeneral Diaz spoke through his interpreter, Captain Huntington,as follows:"I would indeed be glad to shake hands with each of you, but if Ishould try to do so I might find myself in the condition of a Horatiusagainst a thousand Curiatii. I confess that though I have been in twowars, though I have been twice wounded and have faced many dangers,this, perhaps, would be beyond my power. Accept, therefore, a spiritualhandshake."I do not know how to thank you for the reception given me heretoday, nor how to express my high appreciation of the honor done mein a gathering which is high above human miseries-in a gathering ofsavants."Our war has been discussed here with much greater knowledge thanI could have expected. This shows that a doctor of laws or a doctor ofletters may also be a man who knows a good deal about military matters.It is something like going back to ancient times. Once upon a time menwere encyclopaedic. They were at the same time legislators, soldiers,educators, and merchants. Then, with the progress of the arts, the presscame, and various degrees were invented."To you, who are persons of culture and understanding, 1 can speakwith great directness. When I think of the long war of Italy, of themoments of sorrow and the moments of recovery, I see through it alljust one origin: the human heart. And 1 would call to your attentionand to your meditation the powers of this human heart. When 'theheart is kept at its true value there are no difficulties that cannot besurmounted."During the war, all armies had moments of depression. Of Italy'ssad moment much has been said, perhaps because when it came the fullimport of its danger was realized .. Well, Italy deserved more faith,and she proved it."Let me tell you some stories that are worth your thought. One daywhen I was commanding an army corps, before Caporetto, 1 met a gray­haired soldier, well on in years. 1 asked him why he had enlisted at suchan advanced age, and he replied: "1 have lost my wife, and I have threesons at the front. I am going to join the youngest, so that his heartshall be strong and he may do his duty fully." Such hearts could nottremble, and 1 knew they would not."The women of Feltre-a little town above Mount Grappa, a littletown which after Caporetto had been occupied by the Austrians-thewomen of Feltre had remained in their homes with the old men and theTHE VISIT OF GENERAL DIAZchildren. They were nearly in the range of fire, their town had beennearly destroyed, all resources had been taken away. Even the bed­linen had been taken from the sick and the dying. All window-paneshad been taken to Austria, so that many died of cold. But those womennever lost their faith. At night they used to sing a song in which theyinvoked Mount Grappa as a symbol of their mother-country. Andwhen we broke through the enemy lines, these women took up armsand were the first to drive the Austrians out of their town. So muchfor the hearts of the women of Italy."And I have been told also that the women of Trieste, who wereunder Austrian dominion, at a time when every manifestation of Italiannationality was a crime, sewed in silence certain pieces of doth, some red,some white, and some green, one piece separate from the other; andwhile they sewed, they thought of Italy. And when, on the third ofNovember, the Italian torpedo boat destroyer Audace entered the portof Trieste, the pieces of red and white and green were put together in afew moments, and given, a tri-colored flag, to that vessel."And those same women-let me tell you another story, simplerstill. They used to defy the Austrian police on public festivities. Thewomen and children used to carry each a parasol. Of these parasols,many were white, many green, and many red. At the balconies, whenthe Austrian troops went by, the red, white, and green were close togetherso that the whole city was decked in the Italian colors. You could notdoubt the heart of such people."When I took command, I said in -my first order, 'I rely upon thefaith and the self-abnegation of all.' And I was right. In fact, thoseyoung men of the class of 1899, those mere boys of whom Dr. Merriamspoke, were heroes. On the banks of the Piave, on two shell-batteredwalls, one can still read two inscriptions. On one wall is written: 'Onthe Piave, all heroes, or all dead.' And on the other wall is written: 'Itis better to live one day as a lion than a hundred years as a sheep.'"Such were the tenets of thousands; and such are the eternalprinciples of war. The science of war includes morale as well as militarytechnique. I remember that during the battle of the Piave our soldierswent into the fight with their rifles and their guns covered with flowers.And their victory made possible, four months later, the final battle ofVittorio Veneto."The whole plan of that battle was based on crossing the river andbreaking through the enemy lines. I was told that it was a great mistaketo begin a battle by crossing a river. Perhaps those who told me thisTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDdid not know of the preparations that had been made. When the battlehad been won, I said to them: 'Sometimes a battle can be won even bycrossing a river.' But that is just an anecdote."I wish only to assert here today that Italy is proud of having doneher duty. She has done her military duty in war, she has done herhumanitarian duty since the war. During the war Italy did indeedreceive help from the Allies, but she also gave help. She sent a strongarmy corps and 80,000 labor-troops to France. She sent troops toRussia and to Siberia. She sent troops to Macedonia and to Palestine.She organized all, or nearly all, the Czecho-Slovak army, 40,000 men.She organized a Roumanian division. She did all she could in favorof her allies."And in humanitarian service she has done even more. AlthoughItaly, reduced in food rations, had meat only two days a week, as soonas it was known that Austria needed supplies, Italy was the first tosend them. And when Austria, our enemy, let us know that her chiJdrenwere dying, Italy sent for a great number of them, and Italian mothersopened their arms to the children of their enemies."Italy was not alone in these labors of war and of welfare; and hereI am proud to declare that Italy remembers and appreciates what Amer­ica did. Italy knows that America sent powerful help to the Allied Front-American divisions, one hundred of them at the last, and great massesof supplies. Italy remembers with gratitude that besides an Americanregiment there came to Italy American help of every kind. She sawAmerican women tending her wounded and her sick, and the AmericanRed Cross coming in a thousand ways to .her help. She saw help givenby the organization of various posts of supply service, by propagandain every form, and by a continual manifestation of sympathy which isstill alive in the hearts of Italians."It has been said, and justly, that all the Allies shared in the winningof the victory. But I want to ask you one question; If Italy andAmerica had not come into the war, what would have happened? Letus meditate on the gravity of the situation as it would then have been,and on the service of our two countries. Italy and America entered thewar for the great principles of idealism and humanity . .Italy and Americathink alike and feel alike; and they approach in mutual sympathy thegreat problem of peace. And my message today is a message of peace."Above all, before disarming our hands, we must disarm our soulsand our spirits; When hearts are calm, when passions are extinguished,then weapons will fall of themselves from our hands.THE VISIT OF GENERAL DIAZ 71"And it is the intellectual classes in particular who must accom­plish this work. I know that you all feel this duty, and I know that youwill be apostles of peace. I have a great faith in the future of humanity.I have a great faith in the development of justice and civilization,because all that is great, beautiful, and good cannot perish."I will end by expressing my thanks to the members of the faculty,my thanks to all who have joined in this reception. Let me say again. that one of my own greatest aspirations, and one of the greatest aspira­tions of Italy, is that the intellectual classes of our two nations may knoweach other, may appreciate each other, and may love each other. Come,therefore, to visit Italy, and you will find there honest and friendlyhearts and open arms. Unite your hearts to ours, unite your hands toours, and we will render together good service to humanity."THE NEW CLUBHOUSE OF THEQUADRANGLE CLUBThe building which is now being erected as the new home for theQuadrangle Club at the southeast corner of 57th Street and Uni­versity Avenue will be in what may be loosely described as the Englishdomestic style of architecture. This gives a certain freedom in treat­ment that is adapted to the informal and semi-domestic use to whichthe building will be put, and yet does not afford too great a contrastwith the Gothic architecture of the buildings of the University acrossUniversity Avenue. The building will be of brick of a prevailing darkred color with an intermixture of a dark purple. The trim wil1 be of thegray Indiana limestone of which the University buildings are con­structed; large stone bay windows running the full height of the build­ing on the south and arches of stone on the north will add lightnessand variety to the external appearance of the building. The architectis Mr. Howard Shaw.The clubhouse will have three floors, together with a basement underthe east portion of the building. This basement will contain the laundryand a large amount of space for general storage purposes. The firstfloor is almost upon a level with the sidewalk. The main entranceis on the north or 57th Street side. One may enter the building througheither of two sets of doors opening into a large square lobby with afloor of blue stone flagging. The walls are of a rough sand-finishedplaster; the casings of the doors and the other trim are of stone.' Open­ing from the farther side of the lobby is a large door, with a broad corridorwhich gives access through the building to the south side andout to thetennis courts. On one side of this corridor are the club offices andtelephone booths, and on the other is a large card room. To the eastof the main entrance lobby is a suite of three rooms for the use of thewomen guests of the club; also to the east and on the south side of thebuilding are the locker rooms and shower baths for the use of the tennisplayers; provision has also been made for extra locker space, if needbe, on the floor below, with direct access thereto from the shower-bathroom. The servants' quarters and the storage rooms for provisionsare in the eastjand northeast portions of this floor. At the west, or72THE NEW CLUBHOUSE OF THE QUADRANGLE CLUB 73University Avenue side of the lobby is a large billiard room 45 feetlong by 33 feet broad, with room for eight ·billiard tables. The floorof this room is of concrete, the walls are of faced brick and the ceiling isof a sand-finished plaster. At the north end of the room is a large fire­place with the same blue stone flagging that is used in the entrance lobby.This, together with a large bay window with a raised floor at the southend breaks what might otherwise have perhaps been too square an effectand gives a distinct individuality to the room.Immediately to the right of the main entrance is the broad stonestaircase with wrought-iron railing which leads to the second floor of theclubhouse. Arriving on the second floor one finds one's self in a large,marble-floored gallery running from east to west through the middle ofthe ,building. The general lounge of the club occupies the entire westend of this floor. The walls are covered with an oak paneling whichruns from' floor to ceiling; across the ceiling are two oak beams. Asin the billiard room below, there is a large recessed fireplace at the northend of the room, balanced by a broad bay window at the south end.Opening off the lounge and on either side of the gallery are card roomsand writing-rooms. At the east end of the gallery is the dining-room,substantially' 52 feet long by 35 feet broad. This room also has anoak-beamed ceiling, and the walls are paneled to a height of seven feet;above the paneling the walls are of stone. An added attraction is given tothe room by a large fireplace on the north wall; on the south side is astone bay window with casement windows looking over the tennis courts.At the eastern extremity of the dining-room the floor is raised to a heightof thirty inches to form a separate breakfast room. This room can alsobe made to serve the purpose of a stage whenever the clubhouse is usedfor concerts or dramatic entertainments, and with this end in view aseparate entrance has been provided to the room from a corridor runningalong the side of the dining-room. To provide for private dinnerparties there is a separate dining-room 22 feet long and 18 feet broad.This has independent connection with the kitchen and is directly acces­sible from the second-floor lobby. The northeast corner of the secondfloor is devoted'to the kitchen and serving equipment. The kitchenwill be provided with a gas range of a size adequate to the needs of theclub; steam tables and cookers, sterilizing dishwashers, and otherappliances necessary to a. modern cafe service will also be installed.One of the most popular parts of the present clubhouse is, in summer,the porch on the south side of the building. Were it adequately heated,there is no doubt that it would be equally popular in winter. This74 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfeature has been duplicated with improvements in the new building.Between the dining-room and the card room and occupying the wholeof the south-central part of the second floor is a glazed porch 36 feetlong by 22 feet broad. In summer three sides of the porch may bescreened and thrown open to the air. Provision has been made forheating it in winter, and this, together with the fireplace at the otherend of the room, ought to make it a very attractive sun parlor.In later years one of the most serious objections to the present club­house has been its inadequacy to accommodate a large number of personsat the club entertainments. An attempt has been made to remedy thisweakness so far as possible in the new building. With this end in view,the partitions between the dining-room and the rooms which adjoin iton the west, namely, the private dining-room, the gallery, and thesun porch, have all been made removable. This gives the possibilityof using a considerable portion of these rooms as added seating spacefrom which the stage.at the east end of the dining-room is in full view.The third floor is entirely given over to sleeping quarters for club. members. There are twenty-two rooms on this floor. In five cornersof the building the rooms have been arranged en suite. In additionto the five suites there are twelve single rooms, each room or suite beingequipped with its own bathroom.EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE ONE HUNDRED TWENTY­THIRD CONVOCATIONThe One Hundred Twenty-third Con­vocation was held in Leon MandelAssembly Hall, Tuesday, December 20,at 4: 00 P.M. The Convocation Address,"The Humanities and the Trend ofEducation," was delivered by GordonJennings Laing, Professor and Chairmanof the Department of Latin in theUniversity of Chicago.The award of honors was as follows:Honorable mention for excellence in thework of the Junior Colleges to: RichardHerman Bauer, Lars Mathias DeWetCarlson, Helene Friese, Ruth ElizabethGalinsky, Joseph Telser Goldberg, BryceLeland Hamilton, Helen Catherine Hay­den, Florence Louise Heden, LydiaCatherine Hoeppner, George Huling,Ralph Ernest Huston, Joseph DeweyLipkin, Frances Morris, BlancheMcCauley, Harold John McCormick,Anne Protheroe, Carl William Rothert,Lucille Gurdon Saltonstall, Sydney Stein,Jr., Neva Helen Teeters, Lewis EdgarTindall, John Laurens Van Zant. TheBachelor's Degree with Honors: GordonWillson Bonner, Albert Zolotkoff Carr,Benjamin Burton Cox, Esther Davis,Cedric George Dredge, Margaret PulseEvans, Robert Hermann Gasch, MerlieLamborn, Marion Catherine Lydon, AbeMatheson, Alice Thompson Paine, PhilipJack Rosenbloom, Americo Colon Serra,Ruth Marian Skinner, Alice SarahYoung, Eugene. Ziskind. Honors forexcellence in particular departments ofthe Senior Colleges: Chang KongChuang, Chemistry, Benjamin BurtonCox, Geology, Lucille Mary Current,English, Esther Davis, Chemistry, CedricGeorge Dredge, Political Economy, Mar­garet Pulse Evans, English, Shao YuenKiang, Comparative Religion, MarionCatherine Lydon, History, Alice Thomp­son Paine, English, Ruth Marian Skinner,Psychology and Philosophy, Ruth Streitz,Sociology, Ernest Sulkers, Political Econ­omy, Eugene Ziskind, Anatomy.Election of associate members toSigma Xi: .Charles Albert Beckwith,Delzie Demaree, Beulah Pearl Ennis, Richard Foster Flint, Otto MaximilianHelff, Harald Groth Oxholm Holck,William Drumm Johnston, Hilsie ElsieJurgens, Forrest Alexander Kerr, FrankArmon Melton, Charles James Merriam,John Irwin Moore, Andrew McNallyNeff, Homer Adelbert Noble, SamuelWaldo Riter, Roger William Ryan.Election of members to Sigma Xi:Virginia Lew Bauer, William Berry,Thomas Hume Bissonnette, John RobertCharles Evans, Carroll Lane Fenton,Dell S. Garby, Earl C. Gilbert, BenjaminRaczkowski Harris, Walker McConnellHinman, Leigh Hoadley, ClarenceEugene Irion, Vern Oliver Knudsen,Frederick William Kranz, Arthur PrestonLocke, Samuel Leo Madorsky, MargaretElizabeth Miller, Jared Kirtland Morse,Robert Oslund, Edith Putnam Parker,Douglas Clay Ridgley, Mary LouiseSawyer, Roy Schofield, Julian FrancisSmith, Frederick Walter Stavely, JamesKidder Stewart, Seitaro Tsuboi, RuthWilliston.Election to the Beta of Illinois Chapterof Phi Beta Kappa for especial distinctionin general scholarship: Nelson PaulAnderson, Mary Ann Benson, DonaldFrederic Bond, Maurice Louis Cohen,Richard Hamilton Eliel, Margaret PulseEvans, MerlieLamborn, Bernard RadcliffeMortimer, Clarence Edward Parmenter,Israel Rappaport, Ruth Marian Skinner.Degrees and certificates were conferredas follows: The Colleges: the certificateof the College of Education; 3; the degreeof Bachelor of Arts, I; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 48; the degree ofBachelor of Science, 27; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy in Education, 7;the degree of Bachelor of Science inEducation, I; the degree of Bachelor ofPhilosophy in Commerce and Adminis­tration, 13. The Divinity School: thedegree of Master of Arts, 5; the degreeof Bachelor of Divinity, 4; the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy, 1. The LawSchool: the degree of Bachelor of Laws, I;the degree of Doctor of Law, 3. TheGraduate School of Arts, Literature, andScience: the degree of Master of Arts, 10;the degree of Master of Science, 9; thedegree of Doctor of Philosophy, 19.75THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe Convocation Prayer Service washeld at 10: 30 A.M., Sunday, December 18,in Reynolds Club Theater. At II: 00A.M., in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, theConvocation Religious Service was held.The Preacher was the Reverend JamesGordon Gilkey, South CongregationalChurch, Springfield, Massachusetts.GENERAL ITEMSThe University Preachers for theAutumn Quarter were: October 2,Professor Theodore G. Soares, Universityof Chicago; October 9, SettlementSunday Addresses by Professor GeorgeHerbert Mead, University of Chicago andMiss Mary MacDowell; October 16,Professor Francis G. Peabody, HarvardDivinity School, Cambridge, Massa­chusetts; October 23, Reverend VincentE. Tomlinson, Universalist Church,Worcester, Massachusetts; October 30,Bishop Francis J. McConnell, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania; November 6, ReverendJohn Timothy Stone, Fourth Presby­terian Church, Chicago; November 13,Right Reverend Charles David Williams,Detroit, Michigan; November 20,Bishop Williams; November 27, PresidentCharles Frederick Wishart, College ofWooster, Wooster, Ohio; December 4,Dr. Wishart; December II, ReverendWilliam Coleman Bitting, Second BaptistChurch, St. Louis, Missouri; December18, Reverend James Gordon Gilkey,South Congregational Church, Spring­field, Massachusetts.The University football team playedseven games in the course of the AutumnQuarter, from October I to November 19,. as follows: Northwestern 41-0; Purdue9-0; Princeton 9-0; Colorado 35-0;Ohio State 0-7; Illinois 14-6; Wisconsin3-0. The Princeton game was playedat Princeton, and the Illinois game atUrbana; all others were played on StaggField. The largest attendance was atthe Wisconsin game, November 19, whichreached 3°,492.The Annual Commemorative ChapelAssembly was held at noon on October 3in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall. Profes­sor Theodore G. Soares acted as Chaplain,and President Judson presided, and madethe address. The assembly marked thebeginning of the thirtieth year of theUniversity's work. As part of the celebration, organizedby the Association of Commerce, of theFiftieth Anniversary of the Chicago Fire,public lectures were delivered in Leon.Mandel Assembly Hall on the afternoonof October 5, by Professor J. Paul Goode,on "Chicago, a City of Destiny: aGeographic Interpretation"; and on theafternoon of October 6, by Mr. EugeneS. Taylor, Secretary of the Chicago PlanCommission, on "The Plan of Chicago."Both lectures were illustrated.A farewell dinner was given to Mr. andMrs. Robert Andrews Millikan onWednesday evening, October 12, in theQuadrangle Club. The dinner wasarranged by a committee of which Mr.Addison W. Moore was chairman. Thedining-room of the Club was crowdedwith the friends of Mr. and Mrs. Millikan.President Judson presided and after­dinner speeches were made by Mr. HenryG. Gale, Mrs. Edgar J. Goodspeed, Mr.James Weber Linn, Mrs. Millikan, andMr. Millikan.The annual autumn dinner of membersof Faculties was held in Hutchinson Hallon Friday evening, October 14, onehundred and twenty-five members of theFaculties attending. President Judsonpresided. After dinner the followingnew members of the Faculty 'werepresented: Maurits W. Senstius, RobertV. Merrill, Miss Emily White, LieutenantLawrence B. Bixby, Roswell FosterMaGill, Charles A. Shull, and WilliamC. Reavis. Speeches were made by Mr.Wellington D. Jones, Mr. Harold G.Moulton, and Dean Albion W. Small.Dr. Ernst Cohen, Director of the Van'tHoff Laboratory, University of Utrecht,lectured in Kent Theater on the eveningsof October 17 and 18, on "The Metasta­bility of Matter." The University andthe Department of Chemistry united ingiving a dinner at the Quadrangle Clubon the evening of Octoberr r in honor ofDr. Cohen and of his Excellency Dr.J. C. A. Everwyn, the Netherlands Min­ister at Washington.Concerts were given at the Universityby the Chicago Symphony Orchestra,under the auspices of the UniversityOrchestral Association, on Tuesdayafternoons, in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall, on the following dates: October 25,November 22, and December 6. OnEVENTS: PAST AND FUTURENovember I a recital was given by LouisGraveure, and on November 8 a YoungPeople's Concert was given by theChicago Orchestra.In response to a widely expresseddesire on the part of students and facultya Commemorative Meeting was arrangedat eleven o'clock on Armistice Day,November II, in Bartlett Gymnasium.Although the day was rainy and disagree­able a procession of students and faculty,to the number of several hundred, formedin the Graduate Quadrangle, and withthe President at its head marched throughHarper Court and the Women's Quad­rangle, and then by way of the Circlethrough Hull Court to Bartlett Gymna­sium, where a crowd of several hundredothers was already waiting. ProfessorSoares offered prayer, and PresidentJudson, in a brief address on the signifi­cance of the day, introduced ProfessorAndrew C. McLaughlin, who spoke veryimpressively and with great feeling to thethrong crowding the floor of thegymnasium; The whole assembly stoodthroughout the exercises, which wereintentionally made informal. . The highcharacter of all that was said, the largeattendance of students and faculty, andthe serious interest shown in the com­memoration made the occasion one ofthe notable events of the year.The National Academy of Sciences metat the University on November 14 and15, 192I. On the evening of November14 Professor Albert A. Michelson, vice­president of the National Academy ofSciences, and Head of the Departmentof Physics in the University, delivered alecture before the Academy in LeonMandel Assembly Hall on "The Progressin the Application of InterferenceMethods at Mount Wilson." Thelecture had special reference to themeasurement of the diameter of stars.Following the lecture President Judsongave a reception in Hutchinson Hall tothe members of the Academy. OnNovember 16 the members of theAcademy were invited to visit the YerkesAstronomical Observatory of the Uni­versity at Williams Bay, Wisconsin.A joint meeting of the American CivicAssociation and the National MunicipalLeague was held in Harper AssemblyRoom at the University, Thursday, 77November 17, 192I. Addresses weremade by Senator Dailey, Samuel Unter­myer, Raymond V. Ingersoll, and others.The American Physical Society metat the University November 25 and 26,192I.A lecture on "Etching," with ademonstration of the processes was givenin Harper Assembly Room, Tuesdayevening, November 29, before themembers and friends of the RenaissanceSociety, by Mrs. Bertha E.Jacques, secre­tary of the Chicago Society of Etchers.Professor Theodore Gerald Soaresdelivered an address on "Moral Valuesin the High-School Curriculum" at asemester conference of high-school prin­cipals and teachers of Chicago held atthe Nicholas Senn High School, Friday,December 2, 192I.The second annual dinner of the Boardof Trustees for the members of theUniversity Faculties was given in therefectory of Ida Noyes Hall on December13. Thirteen members of the Board ofTrustees were present, the remainingseven members being out of the city orkept away by illness. Two hundred andeleven persons attended the dinner. Inthe absence of Mr. Ryerson, Mr. HowardG. Grey, second vice-president of theBoard, presided, and after-dinner speecheswere made by Mr. Eli B. Felsenthal, whohas been a Trustee since the organizationof the Board, Professor Gordon J. Laing,Professor Ellsworth Faris, and PresidentJudson. The chairman of the committeeon arrangements was Mr. Harold H.Swift.Professor Paul Miliukov, Minister ofForeign Affairs in the First RussianProvisional Government, gave a publiclecture in Leon Mandel Assembly Hallon Thursday afternoon, December 15,on "Russia and the DisarmamentConference."Mr. E. Nelson Blake, the first presidentof the Board of Trustees of the Universityof Chicago, died at Arlington, Massa­chusetts, December 16, 1921, in hisninety-first year. A sketch of Mr.Blake was published in the July numberof the University Record. Mr. Blake was'one of the six incorporators of theUniversity of Chicago.THE UNIVERSITY RECORDFriends of Mr. and Mrs. Gordon J.Laing arranged a farewell dinner for themat the Quadrangle Club on Mondayevening, December 19. One hundredand seventy-five persons sat down todinner at seven o'clock in the Clubdining-room. Mr. Henry G. Galepresided and after-dinner speeches weremade by Mr. John Matthews Manly,Mr. Frederick C. Woodward, PresidentJudson, and Mr. Laing. The chairmanof the committee in charge was Mr.Harry A. Bigelow. Mr. Laing leaves theservice of the University to become pro­fessor of Classics and dean of the facultyof Arts in McGill University, Montreal,Canada. .At the thirty-sixth annual meeting ofthe American Historical Association inSt. Louis, December 27-30, the chairmanof the conference on the History ofCivilization was James Henry Breasted,Chairman of the Department of OrientalLanguages and Literatures and Directorof the Oriental Institute at the Univer­sity. Professor Breasted presented apaper, "New Light on the Origins ofCivilization," and Ferdinand Schevill,Professor of Modern History, discussedthe subject of "Art and Architecture."At a general session commemorating theCentennial Anniversary of the Admissionof Missouri to the Union, ProfessorAndrew C. McLaughlin, Head of theDepartment of History at Chicago, wasthe chairman. Among others from theUniversity of Chicago who took part inthe conferences were Rolla M. Tryon, E.Joranson, J. Fred Rippy, and Marcus W.Jernegan. Dr. Einar Joranson, of theUniversity, was given the Justin Winsorprize by the Association, for the bestpiece of research in European history.Professor Eliakim Hastings Moore,Head of the Department of Mathematicsat the University and president of theAmerican Association for the Advance­ment of Science, presided at the openingsession of the Association which met inToronto, Canada, December 27-31,when Dr. L. O. Howard, of the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture, gavehis address as retiring president. ,Other officers of the American Associa­tion from the University of Chicago wereWilliam D. Harkins, vice-president ofthe Chemistry section; Charles Hubbard Judd, vice-president of the Educationsection; Forest R. Moulton, secretary ofthe Astronomy section; and Frank N.Freeman, secretary of the Psychologysection. Members of the Council includeEdwin Oakes Jordan, representing theSociety of American Bacteriologists, andHenry Chandler Cowles, of the Depart­ment of Botany. Gilbert A. Bliss, of theDepartment of Mathematics, is presidentof the American Mathematical Society,which is affiliated with the Association.The University was represented on theprogram at the sixteenth annual meetingof the American Political Science Associa­tion at Pittsburgh, December 27-30, byProfessor Charles Edward Merriam, whogave addresses on "Problems of StateGovernment: Nominations and PrimaryElections"; and on "The Organization ofPolitical Research."At the sixteenth annual meeting of theAmerican Sociological Society in Pitts­burgh, December 27-30; Robert E. Park,Professorial Lecturer in Sociology, inthe University gave the report of theCommittee on Social Abstracts; Ells­worth Faris, Professor of Sociology, reada paper on "Ethnological Light onPsychological Problems"; and AlbionW. Small, Head of the Department ofSociology and former president of theAmerican Sociological Society, discussedthe work of the Society in the .annualmeeting. Associate Professor Ernest W.Burgess is the secretary-treasurer of theSociety.At the thirty-eighth annual meeting ofthe Modern Language Association ofAmerica in Baltimore, December 28�30,under the auspices of Johns HopkinsUniversity, Assistant Professor RudolphAltrocchi, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures at the Uni­versity of Chicago, presented a paper on"The First Naturalistic Novel inItaly," and Professor Tom Peete Cross,of the Department of English, discussed"Co-operation in Bibliographical Workon the Part of the Universities.". At the twenty-sixth annual meeting ofthe Central Division of the ModernLanguage Association of America atIowa City, December 28-30, under theauspices of the State University of Iowa,Charles Read Baskervill, Professor ofEVENTS: PAST AND FUTUREEnglish, presented a paper on "Politicand Ethic Virtues in Shakspere's Chron­icle Plays"; George Tyler Northup,Professor of Spanish Literature, discussed"The Renaissance Movement in AllLiteratures"; Algernon Coleman, Profes­sor of French, acted as chairman of theRomance -section in the departmentalconferences; and Clarence E. Parmenter,Assistant Professor of Romance Lan­guages, read a paper on "A PhoneticAlphabet for French."At the nineteenth annual meeting ofthe Association of American Law Schoolsheld in Chicago December 30 and 31,Professor James Parker Hall, Dean ofthe University of Chicago Law School,was elected president of the Association.Professor Ernest Hatch Wilkins, Pro­fessor of Romance Languages in theUniversity, has published three lectureson Dante, given by him at the Universityin the course of the Autumn Quarter, inconnection with the Sixth Centenary ofthe death of Dante, in a small volumeentitled, Dante, Poet and Apostle. Thebook is published by the University ofChicago Press.The Macmillan Company has recentlypublished A Dictionary of Religion andEthics, in one volume, edited by ProfessorShailer Mathews and Professor Gerald B.Smith of the Dimity School. Aboutone hundred others collaborated on thework, twenty-five of them members ofthe University Faculties.The University of Chicago Presspublished during the autumn a book byProfessor Horatio Hackett Newman, ofthe Department of Zoology, entitled,Readings in Evolution, Genetics, andEugenics. The book is designed to meetthe demand for a one-volume account ofthe various phases of evolutionarybiology. 'The theological materials left behindat his death by the late George BurmanFoster, Professor of the Philosophy ofReligion in the University; have beenedited by Professor Foster's friend andpupil, Douglas Clyde Macintosh, DwightProfessor of Theology in Yale University,in a volume entitled Christianity in itsModern Expression. The volume ispublished by Macmillan. 79The University of Chicago Press hasjust issued a volume by Professor L. C.Marshall entitled Business Administra­tion. The book is the second volume inthe series, "Materials for the Study ofBusiness." It is intended to be used asthe basic material for the course inbusiness administration.Professors Robert E. Park and ErnestW. Burgess, of the University haverecently published An Introduction. to theScience of Sociology. The book !s issuedby the University of Chicago Press.A Source Book for the Economic Geog­raphy of North A merica has just beenissued by the University of ChicagoPress. It is equipped with maps, sta­tistical tables, and an ,ipdex, and is thework of Dr. Charles C .. Colby, AssistantProfessor of Geography in the University,who has brought the material togetherin connection with his courses in eco­nomic geography.The second volume in a three-volumework on Law and Business has just beenpublished by the University of ChicagoPress, the special phases ot the subjectdiscussed being "Law and the Market"and" Law and Finance." The author isAssistant Professor William H. Spencer,of the School of Commerce and Admin­istration.Mr. Roy D. Keehn, who received thedegree of Doctor of Law (J.D.) from theLaw School in 1904, has just been madepresident of the Evening AmericanPublishing Company of Chicago. Mr.Keehn for several years has maintaineda graduate' scholarship of $200 in theLaw School.In the Hart, Schaffner & Marx PrizeEssay Contest of 1921 the first prize of$1,000 was awarded to Miss Hazel Kyrkfor a study entitled, "A Theory ofConsumption." Honorable mention wasmade of the essay submitted by MissMollie Ray Carroll; Associate Professorof Social Science in Goucher College,Baltimore, Maryland. Both Miss Kyrkand Miss Carroll received their Bachelordegrees and their Doctor of Philosophydegrees from the University of Chicago.80 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN AUTUMN QUARTER, 192141921 1920----------------------��----�--�-I Grun Loss-----------------------------1------1------ --- --- ------ --- --- ---Men Women Total Men Women TotalI. ARTS, LITERATURE, AND SCIENCE:I. Graduate Schools--Arts, Literature __ .Science .Total. .2. The Colleges--Senior .Junior .. _ .Unclassified .Total. .Total Arts, Literature, andScience .II. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS:I. Divinity School--Graduate .Unclassified .Chicago Theological. .Total. .*2. Courses in Medicine--Graduate .Senior .Junior .Unclassified .......•.........Total. .3. Law School--Graduate .*Senior _ .Candidates for LL.B .Unclassified .Total. .4. College of Education .5. School of Commerce and Adminis-tration--Graduate .Senior .Junior .Unclassified .Total. .6. Graduate School of Social ServiceAdministration--Graduate _ .Undergraduate .Total. .Total Professional. 1,240Total University.. . . . . . .. 3,295*Deduct for Duplication.. .. .... . 275Net Totals in Quadrangles 3,020University College. . . . . . . . . . . . . 294Total in the University ... 3,314241 196 437 190 152 342 95331 9I 422 252 82 334 88-- ----- -- -- --- -- -- --572 287 859 442 234 676 183633 459 1,092 588 449 1,037 55 . �;6"806 657 I,463 875 694 1,56944 45 89 62 49 III 22-- --- -- -- --- -- -- --1,483 1,161 2,644 1,525 1,192 2,7172,055 1,448 3,503 1,967 1,426 3,393 110I04 17 I2I 93 14 107 144 4 8 7 5 I238 10 48 24 7 31 17 73-- ----- -- -- --- -- -- --I46 3I 177 124 26 150 2792 26 II8 80 23 103 IS106 17 123 130 17 147 242 I3 4-- --- -- -- ----- -- -- --201 45 246 215 41 256 10132 9 141 146 6 152 II72 2 74 58 59 1598 3 IOI 85 87 I4I-- --- -- -- --- -- -- -----303 I4 3I7 290 9 299 I824 203 227 23 I97 220 739 IO 49 26 3 29 ao .I9I 24 2I5 128 45 I73 42 . '69"293 57 350 367 52 4I934 5 39 34 4 38-- --- -- -- --- -- -- -----557 96 653 555 104 659 64 IS 19 21 245 27 32 10 10 22-- --- -- -- --- -- -- --9 42 51 3' 31 34 17431 1,671 1,210 531,879 5,174 3,I77 1,834 5,OII 16349 324 44 322 .1,830 4,850 2,899I,07I I,365 287 I,790 4,689 'I6II,OII I,298 672,90I 6,2I5 3,I86)OUR HALL FIELD44 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDintelligence, his taste, his bearing, which has often been described asprincely, all fitted him to shine socially, but his natural reticence andreserve held him back from any very active part in social affairs. He didhowever like to see guests in his own house. Two or three times a week,in the season for such functions, he would entertain guests at dinners.Prosperity never made him vain. Wealth did not make him proud.He avoided ostentation. He was fond of good horses and a handsomecarriage, but he would never permit his coachman to drive him to busi­ness. He would, when he used his carriage, leave it and return to it atsome distance from the store, to avoid the appearance of ostentation.One never detected in him the slightest appearance of the arrogance ofwealth. In his quiet dignity there was no assumption of superiority.With his employes he was always friendly. He showed them a pleasantface and their relations with him were agreeable and their feelings towardhim most friendly. I am assured that all the employes liked him.They entertained for him great respect-a testimony to his high charac­ter, extraordinary success, and rare abilities. He had great self-control.An employe who knew him well through five years of service coveringthe Great Fire and the panic of r873, the most trying period of his life,assures me that he never saw him angry. His natural reserve and reti­cence prevented him from giving praise even for exceptional abilitiesand services, but he made up for this by many acts of kindness whichare gratefully remembered. One employe tells me that he was once sickfor two months but that his pay check came to him regularly every twoweeks. And this was only one of a thousand instances of similar acts ofconsideration for employes.One of the men in the retail store told me this story: Many yearsago after having been a clerk with Field, Leiter & Co., for some time,he and a fellow-employe put their savings together and opened a storein a country village. The time came when the community demandedthat they should add dry goods to their stock. He therefore went toChicago and laid the case before Mr. Field, who, after hearing his story,asked him how much credit he would need. Learning that it would be$5,000, he took the customer to the credit man and directed that a creditof $5,000 should be given him and added, "I will hold myself personallyresponsible." He then said to the customer, "Keep your credit goodwith all your other creditors and when you have anything to spare sendit to us." Some years later this man sold his interest in the business andreturned to Chicago. He went one day into the store to have a wordwith some of his old fellow-employes and while he was there, Mr. -Field2 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsurmise to find themselves the carriers of so powerful a focus of intellect­ual iridescence. Under the impulse of such a thought as this they mayproceed to the eight majors and dissertation of the Master's degree andanother convocation; and later they may even present themselves forthe Doctor's hood, with all it conceals of learning and high academicaccomplishments, at a third convocation, the last which as studentsthey will ever attend. But the administrative officers have no surceaseof this kind. Convocations must be, convocation addresses must be,and the officials must attend to hold the former and, as best they can,to hold off the latter. It is, I am sure, the prayer of all kindly Christianmen that under the dispensation of a beneficent Providence constantexposure may develop an immunity that enables them to withstandonsets that would be the undoing of less seasoned mortals: an immunitythat permits them to hear and yet to hear not; that results in such adelicate sensory adjustment that at the very first roar of rhetoric fromthe orator's desk they pass into a sweet oblivion of convocations andaddresses, of theories propounded and axes ground, of methods of educa­tion and how to train the child's mind, of the relation of science andtheology, of systems of government, of national and international politics,of economic theory and its spawn of business problems, of the decadenceof education from the time when the orator received his own training,the excellence of which has had at least something to do with his attainingthat dizzy height from which like the philosopher of old he looks downupon the crowds of men all going astray, wandering vaguely about, lostin the ways of life. In a word, oblivious of these tattered and flyblownthemes, under the influence of which this hall's tapestries have fadedand its beams cracked before their time, unconscious of all, far awayin remote and pleasant runways of their own thoughts, may they notreturn till the grateful silence in the hall and the stir of relief in theaudience-so often the only sincere expression of that body's feelings­apprise them that the speaker has at last perorated and the worst isoverlA casual glance at the program in your hands, with its list of candi­dates for the A.B. Ph.B., and B.S. degrees, respectively, will showclearly the present trend of education. The students are desertingthe Bachelor of Arts course, with its requirement of Greek and Latin,and are flocking into the Bachelor of Philosophy and Bachelor of Sciencecurricula. TOW it goes without saying that neither I nor any intelligentmember of the Faculties can have anything to say in criticism of sciencestudies. Quite apart from their practical value, there is culture of theTHE m/MAZ v ITIES AND THE TREND OF EDUCATION 3finest kind in the investigation of those mighty secrets that naturegives up only to unremitting labor and acuteness of intellect-acutenesswhich, in the case of our most distinguished research men, attains suchkeenness of discernment as to be almost uncanny. Surely it is obviousthat it is an essential thing for aU students to have some work in thelaboratories, through which they can get at least an inkling of what it allmeans not only in our life but in the larger scheme of things, and canat the same time, by coming in contact with the men who are directingthe research, form some conception of the methods employed in reachingthose results that are now making such continual contributions to theknowledge of our physical environment and are speeding us on the wayto real intelligence. A certain amount of science should be requiredeven from Bachelors of Arts.Nor do I hesitate to admit that there is much good educationalmaterial in the social sciences, in the courses in economics, sociology,and business administration which are now so conspicuous an element inthe Ph.B. course. Society has its problems too and they are intricateenough and elusive enough to need all the brains that anyone may happento have.NOj my quarrel is not with these studies in themselves; it is withthe extent to which they are being pushed, and with the degree to whichtheir practical, that is the materialistic and commercial, side is "intrigu­ing" (if I may use that terrible word) the student mind. For in manyof these courses it is not that cultural phase of which I spoke a fewmoments ago-in itself as humane as anything in the study of languageand literature-but the phase which lies closest to industry, that hasthe largest following, and polls the heaviest registration. Even withinthe humanities themselves this tendency can be seen, where in the Ph.B.course, among the students who take languages in preference to thesocial sciences, the drift is away from the ancient classics to the modemlanguages, and within the modem languages themselves is toward whatis held to be practical and utilitarian. Certain courses in French and,in normal times, in German, will always have large enrolments, forthe usefulness of being able to patter a little French or growl a littleGerman is one of the things on which the ordinary undergraduate needsno instruction. It is one of his established beliefs. He does not stopto think how little it means, nor does he reflect that the accent whichhe acquires in the few quarters he devotes to the work is not infrequentlyalmost anti-social He does not realize that what he has done in theseelementary courses is, from a cultural point of view, negligible, and4 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthat he has only made a beginning-only reached the edge of thatterritory within which lies that true culture which one may get frommodern-language studies. For as student conditions now are, thereis no feverish rush to the advanced classes in French, German, or evenEnglish. The fact is that the modern languages are being affected bythe materialistic trend in education just as are Greek and Latin, thoughin less degree. There was a time when classics and moderns werearrayed against one another. That old controversy raged in thisUniversity a dozen years ago. How childish that debate seems as welook back upon it! It should now be fully recognized that the cause ofone is the cause of the other; that if classical philology goes, all philologywill go. They must stand together, as the main bulwark of humanisticculture.A good example of the commercial element in studies within -thecircle of the humanities is furnished by the relative popularity of Italianand Spanish. In the United States today there are one hundred andfifty thousand students of Spanish; in Italian there are but :five thousand.The great vogue of the former is due of course to the commercial relationsof the country with South America; for while there are rich elements ofculture in Spanish literature, as compared with Italy it is as the moonto the sun. A knowledge of Italy, with its imperishable record ofancient, medieval, and renaissance times, with its marvelous achieve­ment in painting and sculpture, literature and music, is an educationin itself. To know Dante or Rafaello or Michel Angelo (for the sphereof art may be indifferently literature, painting, or sculpture) involvesan appreciation of beauty, an understanding of artistic motives, anda realization of spiritual ideals which will give a student somethingthat, added to those more mundane accomplishments which the necessi­ties of his profession demand, will lift him out of the mire, will teachhim that there are other things in life than earning a living, and willmake him a citizen of that type of which we have conspicuous examplesin Chicago: men, who, besides achieving great success in business orprofession, have shown so strong a constructive interest in art andliterature that they have raised the standard of the whole community ;raised it to such a height that its further development will make thisgreat market of the world one of the chief centers of Occidental culture,the streams of whose influence will flow as far as those of her expandingcommerce. For when I, choosing the study of Italian literature andart as a single example where there are a dozen at hand, speak of thepotentialities of culture in Dante or Rafaello or Michel Angelo,I have moreTHE HUMANITIES AND THE TREND OF EDUCATION 5in mind than the sensuous appeal made by lilt of lovely line, or splashesof color of heavenly harmony, or compelling technique of a master'schisel. I am thinking of that world of aspiration that breathes through·Dante's work, from the tender sentiment of the Vita Nuova with its"gentle lady" to the profound philosophic insight of the Divine Comedy.I am thinking too of the wonder, the awe even that comes over the mostcallous of us when we find ourselves for the first time in the Sacristy ofSan Lorenzo in Florence, in the presence of those masterpieces of MichelAngelo: "Night" and "Day," "Evening" and "Dawn." For wecannot but recognize that we are looking at the work of a genius whocombined with almost superhuman technical dexterity a catholic com­prehension of all the relations of life and a brooding realization of theeternal verities. Would it not be well if all our students-not onlythose who take the A.B. course and those in the Ph.B. group whosestudies are in classical or modem literatures, but also those in the Ph.B.work who have specialized in economics and the social sciences, andall the science students-would it not be well, I ask, if they could havesome of this? Not that I would suggest that they should love theirscience or their economics less, but that they should love literature andart a little more. Are they really educated if they leave our hallswithout an intelligent understanding of the significance of literature,whether they choose Greek or Latin, French, German, Italian, or Englishas the medium through which to attain that end? If they go outwithout it, what is to distinguish them from the graduates of any tech­nical school or commercial college? Might there not be at least onecourse in art where there are a dozen in accounting? Will our graduatesand will the graduates of other colleges and universities join the ranksof those who raise the standard of their community's culture? Or willthey belong to the great mass of those who become absorbed in theirown individual pursuits and never even get a glimpse, over the edgeof the pit in which they are working, of those larger issues which makelife worth living? I spoke a few moments ago of the men who had madesuch conspicuous contributions to the higher life of Chicago, whosenames are woven forever into the history of the Art Institute, theChicago Symphony, the opera, and most of all, this University. Itis substantially the same group that is found in all, and numerically itis a small one. What proportion do they bear to those thousands ofothers whose means perhaps are as great? Are there accessions to theirranks, or will the rising tide of materialism presently overwhelm whathas been begun so well ?6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThe tendency of our age indeed is crassly materialistic, and it is thisthat in the main is determining the character of our education. In mydistant youth I remember having a vague impression that the univer­sities dictated to the colleges and the colleges to the schools, and thatthe whole complex of educational institutions directed the thought ofthe country. Under the domination of this idea I pictured the veryvenerable gentleman who was the president of the university where Iwas a student as a kind of academic Pope, whose word in all intellectualmatters was law, who was infallible, who could make and unmakecurricula, and whose hand guided the destinies of his university andthrough it the thought of the province. It is a long time since I awokefrom that dream, and with my waking came the realization that farfrom showing the way, the educational institutions simply trail onbehind. Perhaps that misguided idea of mine would never have beenborn if I had not belonged to a generation in which there were college­entrance requirements, and colleges and universities did maintain somepretension of controlling the courses of study in the schools. But thatstate of things has long since gone in the West, and is going fast in theEast. No, it is not the university that is the head of that chimaerawhich we call education. It is the local schoolboard that is head, forit determines what shall be taught in the grade and high schools, andthe schools swing the colleges and universities. The university is themonster's tail, which wags far too contentedly at its master's voice.But it mny be urged: "This is just as it should be. We are a democracy,and our educational system from grade school to university, fromkindergarten to doctorate, should embody the standards of the peopleand should reflect their ideas. " This argument is not without plausi­bility; it is from some points of view logical enough. But like alltheories based on the wishes of the people it does not always work outwell. There have been many high-minded members of school boards,men whose idealism yielded to that of none, and the debt that Americaneducation owes to them is too vast for measurement. It is to themthat we who are teachers of the humanities are indebted for everythingwe have. If it had not been for them, the study of literature, eitherin our own or in foreign languages, would never have been made aconstituent part of the curriculum. It was they who put the classicsinto the schools of the eastern states in the early days, and the schoolsestablished in the West modeled their courses on the eastern foundations.There was in those far-off times a genuine respect for learning, andthose who organized the courses provided not only studies of the bread-THE Hl'JlAltITIES ASD THB TR£.\·D OF EDt'CATION 7and-butler sort but also those that would enlarge the vision of thestudents, give them some idea of the chiliz:ations that had nour­ished and passed, yet had not passed without leaving some heritage;studies that would enable even the most mediocre student to sec hisown age in juster perspective and take a more eomprehenstve, a moreintelligent, and a more enlightened view of the conditions of Ufe in hisown day and generaticn+-studies that would minister to his imagina­tion also and give him at least a chance to develop an appreciation forwhat was fine in literature and art. ,. or were those early New Eng­landers dreamers. Good business men everyone knows them to havebeen, But they were not merely business men, and in the schools theybuilt they provided for more than commerd.a1 cffidency. The testof any system is its results, and you will remember that what is best inAmerican literature was the product of the old literary ccurses, Butmen of this kind, whose minds see beyond the immediate present, whorealize that a boy's education must provide Dol only for the first fewyean of his business lile but for all those many years that follow, menwho have range and idealism of the right sort, arc now in the minority.The majority consists of individuals who have succumbed to thatmaterialism of which I have spoken. It is they who ultimately controleducational policy and make the curriculum, and the curriculum moreand more ret)ccts this baleful materialistic tendency.I have no doubt that a graduate of one of our high achools today ismuch more proficient in aU those branches that pertain immediatelyto a commercial career or, to adhere more dose1y to the facts, to theclerical functions belonging to business, than a graduate of the old-limecourse; but it may reasonably be doubted whether his mind has beenas well trained or whether his equipment will carry him as far. U wecould take two boys, one a graduate of a strictly commercial high­school course and the other a product of a school stressing literarystudies, and place them in a business house, it is dear that for the fintyear 01' perhaps years the former would be of inJinitcly greater serviceto his employer; but ten yean later it might easily happen that thegraduate of the old-fashioned school would be silting at a manager'.desk, while the other would still be stooping over his ledgers in a remotecorner of the office. One can learn business in a business house, but onecannot acquire there a taste for literature, either foreign or national,ancient or modern. And if a boy is not given that in school, it it probablethat he will never get it; and the overlords of education, who as prac­tical men have insisted and are insisting on more and more utilitarian8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDsubjects in the secondary schools, are not merely not increasing theboy's business efficiency but they are sentencing him to a life so starved,so devoid of all the things that make life worth while, so wholly beyondthe influence of all the gentler graces of our civilization, that he is, evenif he succeed financially, perpetually at a disadvantage in the society towhich his commercial prestige has given him access.The pest of our civilization, then, is the cry for practical efficiency.We are in a fair way to being ruined by our efficiency. The term itselfis a good one; the idea is an excellent one. Where the trouble lies isin the interpretation of it. For" practical" is mere camouflage for"immediate," and our whole educational system is crowded (and thecongestion is increasing every day) with short-cuts to this or that type'of proficiency. Of that short-cut to business success which is nowdevastating our high-school course, and which is filling business houseswith boys with permanently crippled minds, I have already spoken.But the movement has not stopped at the high school. In many ofour colleges and universities the schools of commerce and administrationare literally devouring the college of liberal arts. This camel put its headinto the college tent a generation ago when courses in political economybecame a regular part of the curriculum, and presently it will be thesole occupant. tudents are crowding into the commercial classes,for they are convinced that they are killing two birds with one stone:they are getting a college degree and they are acquiring a training inwhat they regard as the only thing of any value to them. On thislatter point their minds are fully made up. To their untutored intelli­gence only that study which has immediate bearing on money-makingis useful. That they should have this opinion is not of course surprising.It is a quality of youth and immaturity. It is as natural, at their timeof life, as the down upon a Freshman's cheek, or the noise and horse-playof a fraternity house or the smart chatter of a Sophomore, or the loose,slopping galoshes of a jaunty co-ed. These are the things of youth.What is surprising is that those who organize our colleges and makethe curriculum should take no measures to prevent the wrecking of theliberal arts course..The reason why they do not has already been indicated. The uni­versities do not lead the thought of the world; they merely follow thepopular "trend and the age is unblushingly materialistic. The goal thatis kept constantly in mind, that is pointed out insistently to the young,is financial success. And the colleges have adapted their courses toTHE Ht�JUSITI£S AXD THB TRESD OF EDC·CATIO.V 4)the popular demand. The college course is the mirror of lOdety. andthe society of today, so far as literary ideals are concerned. is a decadentsociety.This is not too strong a statement. Think what people read. Therean: millions who read nothing but the newspaper. Many know noliterature but the dailies. They read them for f.acts, ficllon, and phlleso­phy. The facts, to be sure, are frequently limited to the indicallonof the date of publication and to the birth, ma.niage, and death notices,but they find a rich vein of fiction in the nen columns, and vut storesof philosophy in the editorials. The lnlcllcdual stratum immediatelyabove that just referred to includes in its reading--mauer the popularmagazines. The editorial policy of these enterprising Journals is a verysimple one: It is the exploitation of the ephemeral Tbeir managersproceed on the theory that man'. missJon here below Is to put moneyin his purse, and realizing that intellectual and lJliritual values are in astate of eclipse, have been quick to diJcem that when the tired money­maker gelS into his slippers and smoUng-jadet of an evening and seulesdown in his armchair, he wants to read something that wil1lOOthe. thatwill lull, and that will restore his fra..zz.kd brain to ita quondam vigor.And so it comes about that those who 'fnlDt humorous aketchea willfind them here, some of them written by humorists, lOme by authorswho once were humorists, and some by men who have the reputationof being humorists. And for those who like their fiction in color therean: darkey dialect-stones; and for those who are interested in Iport.Ithere is baseball fiction of a c:urious1y COD5t.ant type, in which someyoungster from the bushes, at the crisis 0( a game, achieves a play ofsuch startling brilliancy that even the feats of Casey at the bat link intorelative insignificance. Or if one wants a purple Jove story it may befound here-a tale in which you find the girl with delicately penciledeyebrows, quizzical eyes, and curiously sympathetic mouth, with hercomplement, the young hero, who is invariably equipped with a veryfinn jaw and who is as brave as a lion, as lithe as a panther, as cool as acucumber, and as handsome u a collat advertisement. You see thatfor a professor I am reasonably weD acquainted with these ma.gu:ines­l:unilia.r enough with them at any rate to have some idea of the amountof damage they have done to the reading of good boob in this country.Such are the literary standards of the millions. Of those who remainthere still are some that read the English and American cla.ssic:s.But DOt many. It is a dwindling choir, I0OI1 to be invisible. There is10 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDabroad a dread of being thought a "high-brow," which is affecting thevery sections of society which one might reasonably expect to be freefrom it. It is rampant among college students and flourishes amonglarge numbers of alumni. The college boy who inscribed on a placardfastened on the wall of his room "Don't let your education interferewith your development" is typical of thousands of university alumni­some college professors among them also-who seem anxious to provethat, though college-bred, they are none the less of the world worldly,even of the earth earthy.With the cheap literature goes the cheap play. What is left ofthe tired money-maker's mind after his weekly magazine debauchis subjected to the movies or to a musical comedy or vaudeville,or, if his wife is out of town, to the Winter Garden Show or the ZiegfeldIf Follies. " The last two constitute an interesting experiment, of ahugely spectacular and elaborate character, carried on with the purelyscientific purpose of determining the legal minimum in clothing. Vaude­ville, with its curiously conservative content, with its unfailing sequenceof song and dance, musical instruments, Japanese tumblers, and playletnot only furnishes us with a standard of public taste but is at the sametime a monument to the national patience. The contribution of musicalcomedy to histrionic art is of course more notable, for it has given afinal demonstration of the uselessness of a plot in dramatic structure,and has shown that all that is needed for a successful play is a fool, afairy, and a little jazz. But the forms of dramatic entertainment thathave been mentioned are as nothing when compared to the movies,most of which do not rise higher than the mental level of a ribbon-clerk.The elements are fairly constant here too: the speeding automobiles,the rushing train, the glycerine tears that ooze from the great eyes of thedistracted heroine and trickle down her fine-wrought face, the comicpoliceman and the slap-stick clown-a little silly a little sentimental,a. little suggestive. But the men in the movie-house audiences, it usedto be said in the pre-arid days, are those who otherwise would be spendingtheir time and money in saloons. cc Better the movie than the bar," wasthe cry. Personally, I doubt it much.uch are the varieties of the theatrical entertainment in whichthe great majority find their pleasure. Thus do they minister to theirjaded minds-they of the twentieth century, always so prone to descantupon the miracles of modern civilization, to speak of the world's progress,and to think. with scornful contempt of all preceding ages. CompareTHB Bt"JlAlUTIES "SD THB TRE.XD OF BDIXATIO.V IItheir dramatic standards with those of Athens twenty-four centuriesago. Picture the scene in the theatu of Diony'Sus when a plAy ofAeschylus or Sophocles was produced. Twenty thousand peoplegathered there and watched with rapt attention the unfolding of a dramainvolving some profound ethical problem: some contlict of will, ordefiance of God's authority or man"s and the punishment. it broughtupon the transgressor; some case of O\'u'Wmdng pride and its faU, ortragedy of guilty love. A familiar l� or incident was often the vehl­cle of the drama, and the plot was in many cases of a.ma.zing simplicity,but in the skilled hands of the dramatUt it served for .. delineation ofcharacter, an analysis of motive. a portnaylll of action 10 subtle and atthe same time so livid and telling that the audilon were spellbound; andthe solemn chant of the chorus, as it commented on the events portrayed,struck in their hearts a responsive chord of pity and ccmpasslcn, andthey carried back to city home or distant deme the ahiding lmpresslonof man's relation to his fellow and his gods.These then are the influences which are making the poaition of thehumanities in our universities so precarious.. What can be done aboutit? The elective system is here to stay and it is the elective systemthat leaves the college doors open to th05C standards of worldly IUecet\Swhich 1 have so inadequately sketched in the preceding f>B.Itel. Nor is itlikely now that any university will ever repudiate election. It is thefashion in education; to ahandon it would be to be behind the limes,and an educational institution shrink. from that with an abhorrence asg-enuine as that with which a woman would con.l\ider a suggestion thatshe should wear last year's bat, even though i� sky.Une, in the unbiasedopinion of cities considering only absolute standards, WeTc utllurpassahleand incomparable in its devastating dTectiveness. What may be hopedfor then is not the abandonment of the sY'Item but at least a more radicalmodffication of it than has yet been tried. Our COune5 should be 10arranged that science students, mathematical students, and all thosewho are following the courses in the social sciences should be brought incontact-in more intimate contact than is obtained in elementaryC'OW"Sa-with that other side of unh+enity work represented by thehumanities in the courses in ancient and modem literature and in arLHere, too, ate windows that open upon the universe, 1 rememberonce, when a student at Johns lJapkins, bearing Charles Eliot Nortonaddress the graduate students of that institution. The substance ofhis address-and those who either before, during, or after his life could12 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDpresent the case better than he are few indeed-was that it should bethe purpose of even so specialized a school as Johns Hopkins to producenot chemists, physicists, or philologists who were men, but men whowere chemists, physicists, or philologists. That purpose, which he laiddown for a graduate school, is still more important for an institutionlike ours that includes within its scope both graduate and undergraduatedisciplines. And besides those modifications of the elective system ofwhich I have spoken, there should be devised some method of educatimgour students on the significance of the different parts of our curriculum.Whether this could best be done by a course upon our courses, anexposition of the purpose of the highly varied curriculum, or whetherthe same aim can be attained in some other way, I do not know. To besure, the deans do what they can, but what are they among so many?Administrative genius has worked out many problems of academic life,but this is one that it has not yet solved. To assume that the students whoenter our colleges every fall know what they want, know what studiesare best adapted to the development of their special talents and thestrengthening of the line of their highest possible efficiency, is to shutour eyes to the facts. They do not know; in the protoplastic condi­tion of their minds they cannot know. Some have a certain bent andthis should in every case be respected, but the majority, when they maketheir election are under the stress of influences that have been whollybeyond their control-among other things, the atmosphere of the homesthey have come from or of the schools where they have spent their mostformative years. Their election is not free; it is imposed on them bythe conditions to which they have been subjected. Too late, often afterthey have taken their degree, they realize the mistakes they have made.Not long ago I heard of a civil engineer, a graduate of a famous technicalschool who, after making a name in his profession, even then felt thatsomething was lacking. It happened that he came upon a copy ofAndrew Lang's translation of the Odyssey. A new planet swam withinhis ken. A professor of Greek to whom he spoke advised him to studyGreek. He did so, and in an incredibly short time he has become aHomeric specialist who can and does engage in gentle and joyous pas­sages of arms with professional classicists. And the other day whenhe was in Cbicago he said: "My special training was strictly and rigidlyconfined to courses bearing on my profession. I was never taught toknow what literature meant. I was fifty years old when I began tostudy Greek) but it has been the golden key that has unlocked for meTHB HUJlANITIES AND THB TREND OF EDUCATION 13a castle of enchantment. " No one could question his sincerity. He hassomething now-call it an interest, a hobby, or what you will-whichfurnishes relief from the deadly grind of professional routine. He is nota worse engineer because of his Greek studies. He is a better engineer.And as a member of the Faculty of this University it would be my hopethat the neatly engrossed diploma that we give the graduates of all ourschools may be not only a testimonial of their efficiency in their chosenspecialty but carry with it also a golden key that sooner or later willopen for each of them some castle of enchantment.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments the following appointments have beenmade by the Board of Trustees:Dr. B. C. H. Harvey as Dean in the Colleges of Science fromDecember I, 1921.Dr. Marie Ortmayer as Medical Adviser for women for three quartersfrom October I, 1921.Dr. Marion O. Cole as Assistant Medical Adviser for women, forthree quarters from October I, 1921.Thomas Vernor Smith, to an instructionship in the Department ofPhilosophy for the Winter Quarter, 1921.Gertrude mith to an instructorship in the Department of Greekfrom October I 1921. .Kenneth Fowler to an instructorship in the Department of Pathologyfrom January I 1922.Daniel Jerome Fisher to an instructorship in the Department ofGeology for half time from October I, 1921.Leona F. Bowman to an instructorship in the Department of HomeEconomics College of Education, from October I 1921.Margaret E. mith to an instructorship in the Department of HomeEconomics chool of Education, from October I, 1921.Robert W. Goodloe to an associateship in the Department of Historyfrom October I 1921.G. 1. Kloster to an associateship in the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry from October 1 1921.R. D. Jameson to an associateship in the Department of Englishfrom October 1 1921.Viola Blackburn to an associateship in the Department of Englishfrom October 1 1921.Harry B. an Dyke to an associateship in the Department ofPharmacology from October 1 1921.R. W. Ryan to an associateship in the Department of Chemistryfor the Winter and pring Quarters, 1922.THE BOARD OF TR(}STEES 15Lawrence W. Bridge as teacher in the Department of Latin, Uni­versity High School, from October I, 1921.Ferne Alexander as teacher in the Department of English, niversityHigh School, from October I, 1921.Elizabeth J. orton as teacher in the Kindergarten epartment,from October I, 1921.Bonnie E. Mellinger as teacher in the Elementary School fromOctober I, 1921.RESIGN ATIONSThe Board of Trustees has accepted the resignations of the followingmembers of the faculties:H. lL ewman, as Dean in the olleges of cience, effectiveDecember I, 1921.Gordon J. Laing, Professor in the Department of Latin, effectiveDecember 31, 1921.William Crocker, Associate Professor in the Department of Botany,effective September 30, 1921.Antoinette B. Hollister, Instructor in the College of Education,effective ovember I, 1921.Viola Blackburn, Associate in the Department of English, effectiveDecember 31, 1921.Ruth Turnbull, Associate in the Department of Physical Culture,dlective September 30,1921.Zelma. E. Clark, Teacher in the University High School, effectiveSeptember 30, 1921.It F. Scott, Teacher in the University High Schoo], effectiveSeptember JO, 1921.Genevieve Kirkbride, Teacher in the Elementary School, effectiveD«ember Jl, 1921.PROMOTIONLillian Eichelberger, Research Associate in the Department ofChemistry. to a Research Instructorship in the same Department, fromOctober I, 1921.HOSOIlARY DEGREE CONFnUD UPON MARSHAL FOCHBy action of the Board of Trustees, upon recommendation of theUniversity Senate, at a special convocation held November 5, 1921, thehoooraty degree of Doctor of Laq was conferred upon Ferdinand Foch,Marshal of France, Commander-in-Chief of the Allied armies in the16 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDEuropean war, "for distinction as an author and teacher of militaryscience and especially for his eminent services in leading great armies,including those of the United States, to a memorable victory mostmomentous to the preservation of democratic ideals throughout theworld."MEMORIAL OF HOBART W. WILLIAMSAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees held December 13, 1921,a memorial of Hobart W. Williams was adopted. Mr. Williams, in1916, donated property valued at $2,000,000 to the University. Hedied November 7, 1921. Portions of the memorial are as follows:Mr. Hobart W. Williams, donor to the University of the Williams MemorialBuilding at Wabash Avenue and Monroe Street, was of a retiring disposition, ofrefined tastes and keen sensibilities. He was an educated gentleman. He shrankfrom public notice or attention, and made his gifts as memorials to his parents, seemingto act as their agent in the disposition of property which he had inherited from them.His gifts to education and charity aggregated some five millions of dollars. His busi­ness and personal life was in accord with his simple and refined tastes. His businessaffairs were conducted with meticulous care and rare judgment and foresight.He had given a considerable period of time, several years, to the study of thenecessity, as he thought, of the inclusion of the principles of business and administrationin the curricula of universities. He considered this branch of study necessary sincegraduates of such institutions, more than others, are called on to take leadership. andresponsibility in the conduct of trusts, charities, and public affairs. He reached hisconclusion, independently of suggestion, that such work should be fittingly provided for,and that his home city in the Central West would be a good location for the experiment,and finally determined to make his offer to the University of Chicago.For some years President Judson and Dean Marshall had been working upon thesame subject, and had forestalled his conclusion as to the propriety of such work evenin an institution devoted largely, as the University is, to the classics and pure science.They had just reached a satisfactory basis and curriculum, but were disconcerted atthe figures involved in making provision for it, since it was in the nature of an experi­ment, educationally. To find these funds, in addition to meeting the pressing needsof the institution as already established, was a perplexing problem. Just at thatjuncture a voice came over the telephone to the business office of the Universityinquiring to whom a deed should run of an important piece of property, the income ofwhich should be devoted to instruction in commerce and �dministration in the Uni­versity of Chicago. Mr. Williams' deed followed. This coincidence was a comfortingjustification to the donor of his long-studied plan.An outline by Dean Marshall of the scope of the work proposed in the department,together with the plan involving an educationally valuable research basis for conduct­ing it, had Mr. Williams' delighted approval. He had builded better than he knew;the plan accorded with his hope, but outdistanced his expectations. His enjoy­ment of the prospective outcome of what he had done seemed deeply exhilaratingto him.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 17DEATH OF JUDGE BALDWINJudge Jesse A. Baldwin, a Trustee since July I4, I896, died December7, 1921. He was a most faithful member of the Board and his servicewas of incalculable value. The Secretary reported at the meeting whenhis death was announced that Judge Baldwin had attended 297 formalmeetings of the Board besides many conferences and committee meet­ings. At the January meeting of the Board a suitable memorial ofJudge Baldwin's life and character will be adopted.At a meeting of the Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, ofwhich body Judge Baldwin had long been a member, the followingmemorial was adopted and spread upon the records:The Trustees of Rush Medical College express their profound sorrow at the deathof Hon. Jesse A. Baldwin, on Wednesday, December 7, 1921. His long service asTrustee, his wisdom and justice and poise, his faithful attendance at our meetings, hisdevotion to the welfare not only of Rush Medical College but of other public andcharitable institutions with which he was connected, his regard for his civic obligations,his genial manners and consideration for others, won our affectionate regard andplaced him high in our esteem. He was a just judge, a wise counselor, a good citizen,a loyal friend, kindly disposed toward all the world.AGREEMENT WITH SPRAGUE MEMORIAL INSTITUTEThe Board of Trustees of the University at its meeting held Decem­ber 13, 1921, formally approved the execution of the contract betweenthe University of Chicago and the Otho S.A. Sprague Memorial Insti­tute which was adopted September 13, I921. The objects of the Instituteare: "The investigation of the causes of disease and the preventionand relief of human suffering." It is understood, according to theagreement, that the chief part of the work of the Institute for the presentshall be the solution of the problems relating to neuro-psychiatry andthe training of graduate students.The agreement states that the children of the founder of the SpragueMemorial Institute purpose erecting at their own cost on ground to befurnished by the University, a hospital of a capacity of forty to fiftybeds with provision for necessary laboratory space and equipment forinvestigative work and training of graduate students.It is understood that the Sprague Memorial Institute will co-operatewith the University in an attempt to secure a minimum of $1,500,000for endowment, this endowment to be held by the University in trustand the income to be used by the University during the period of thiscontract for the equipping of the hospital above referred to and theTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDadministration thereof and for teaching and research in connection withthe same.The agreement then sets forth the conditions under which the workof the Institute in carrying out the objects of the Institute in co-operationwith the University shall be carried on. They are as follows:I. The University will furnish free of rent the useof ground suitable and adequatefor the hospital and laboratories above referred to in which the Sprague MemorialInstitute shall conduct its research work, such location to be in connection with theMedical School of the University between Sixtieth and Sixty-first streets and betweenWoodlawn and Ellis avenues. The location, plans, and size of such building shall besubject to the approval of the Board of Trustees of the University, and the titlethereto shall be in the University.2. Conditioned on the securing of the said endowment and on the erection andequipment of the said hospital and laboratories and the performance of the othercovenants herein contained, a modern psychiatric clinic for research, teaching, andtreatment will be developed in connection with the Medical School of the Universityand in connection with the University departments of Anatomy, Physiology, Pathol­ogy, Chemistry, and other important branches, the clinic to be an integral part of theMedical School and to enjoy co-operation with the departments mentioned.3. The Sprague Memorial Institute will expend not less than eighty per centof its annual income in scientific investigation in co-operation with the Universityin the solution of problems relating to neuro-psychiatry.4. The director and members of the staff of the Sprague Memorial Institute shallbe appointed by the Board of Trustees of the Sprague Memorial Institute on nomina­tion by the Board of Trustees of the University and those qualified by academic rankshall be members of the appropriate faculties of the University without salary fromthe latter. The employment of any of the said appointees may be terminated atany time by the Board of the Sprague Memorial Institute and shall be terminated byrequest of the University.5. At the termination of this contract or of any extension of its term, the incomeof the endowment fund herein before mentioned shall be used by the University ofChicago for research and teaching in some field of medical science, preferably that ofneuro-psychiatry.6. All 'publications of the results of research work shall bear the name of the"Otho S. A. Sprague Memorial Institute in co-operation with the University ofChicago."7. This'agreement shall continue 'for fifty years from and after the date hereof, butit may be altered, amended, or terminated at any time by agreement between theparties hereto.GIFTSMrs. Florence Richardson Robinson has contributed $150 to applyon a special fellowship in Psychology.The Owl and Serpent Club has given the University $210 in cash tobe used for scholarships in the colleges under the ordinary rules for thesame.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES I9The Metropolitan Life Insurance Company has made a grant of$3,900 for study of respiratory diseases under the direction of theDepartment of Hygiene and Bacteriology.An unnamed donor has given $I,200 to provide for the salary of aResearch Instructor in the Department of Chemistry.A friend, whose name is withheld, has given $600 for two fellowshipsin the Department of Home Economics for the year I92I- 22.Miss Rose Wertheimer, who formerly held a scholarship in theChicago School of Civics and Philanthropy, has contributed $I50 as aloan fund for a student in the Graduate School of Social Service Adminis­tration.The Fleischmann Company has renewed its fellowship in the Depart­ment of Physiological Chemistry for the year I92I-22. The stipendis $800.The College Class of I92I has contributed $500 to be administeredas a student loan fund for the benefit of deserving undergraduates inneed of help and dependent on their own resources in securing aneducation. Among the conditions under which loans are made are thefollowing:The fund shall be administered by the Secretary to the President who at thepresent time is Dr; Edgar J. Goodspeed. The class, however, reserves the right toappoint a member of the class to serve . . . . in passing on the loans.The loans shall bear interest at the lowest prevailing rate at the time.The signature of a responsible guarantor shall accompany that of the borrower.No more than $50 shall be loaned to anyone student during any quarter or morethan $100 during any three consecutive quarters; also, in order that as many studentsmay be benefited as possible, loans will be made for as short periods as practicable.MISCELLANEOUSA library consisting of pamphlets and monographs adapted to theuses of the Department of Hygiene and Bacteriology has been recentlypurchased in Berlin.The Department of Public Speaking as one of the Departments ofArts, Literature, and Science has been discontinued and merged with theDepartment of English.The Board of Trustees has appointed a special committee consistingof members of the staff of the Business Manager's office to serve in connec­tion with the Department of Physical Culture and Athletics, and tohave general oversight over the physical plant of Stagg Field before andduring athletic games and of the arrangements for orderly managementof the spectators, including such matters as the policing of the field andthe prevention of illegal ticket-selling.20 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRepairs to the boiler plant of the University have been completedrequiring the expenditure of approximately $100,000.The erection of the Quadrangle Club building is steadily progressing.The walls are now well up to the second story.Beginning with the opening of the fiscal year, 1922-23, there will berequired a deposit of $25 toward the first payment of tuition fees fromall students whose applications for admission to the laboratory schoolsof the School of Education shall have been completed.At the annual dinner given on December 13, 1921, to the membersof the faculties by the Board of Trustees more than two hundredmembers of the teaching staff and Trustees were present. Mr.Howard G. Grey, Vice-President of the Board, presided and addresseswere made by Mr. Eli B. Felsenthal, a Trustee since the founding ofthe University; Professor Gordon J. Laing; Professor Ellsworth Faris,and President Judson.The President of the University reported to the Board of Trusteesthat the total attendance for the Autumn Quarter was 6,2I5 as comparedwith 5,987 in the Autumn Quarter in 1920, a gain of 228. In the Gradu­ate Schools of Arts, Literature, and Science the attendance was 859 asagainst 676 in 1920. In the professional schools there were 1,67Istudents compared with I,618 in I920. In the colleges the attendancewas 2,644; in I920, 2,717. The total number of graduate students inall schools of the University was I,461.MARSHALL FIELDBy THOMAS W. GOODSPEEDMarshall Field lived in Chicago nearly fifty years. For. the lastthirty years of that period the name of no other citizen was more widelyknown. In the same way, during a quarter of a century in which Mr.Field was comparatively unknown, one of the greatest names in Chicagowas that of William B. Ogden, the subject of the second of these sketches.The ancestors of Mr. Field came to America about I630, settling tempo­rarily in Dorchester, Massachusetts. Joining in the migration to thevalley of the Connecticut, they left Dorchester to the company withwhom the forbears of E. Nelson Blake, the subject of the third of thesesketches, came over. With them, in this migration into the wilderness,were the forefathers of Sidney A Kent of whom another of these sketchestreats. Zechariah Field, who came to the new world in I630 was oneof the company that made that leap into the dark among the savages ofthe western wilderness. After settling in Hartford, he later made hisway northward, first to Northampton and finally before his death inI666, yet farther north, but still in the Connecticut valley, to Hatfield.From Hatfield, during the following century, the family spread into thesurrounding region, one branch reaching what became, about I762, thetownship of Conway and there united with their neighbors in subduingthe wilderness and building a Christian community. Here lived Johnand his wife Fidelia Nash Field and reared a family of four sons and twodaughters-Chandler A., Joseph Nash, Marshall, Helen Eliza, Henry,and Laura Nash. Three other children did not live to maturity. It wasa family of farmers, and the oldest son, true to the traditions of his race,lived his life out on the farm, dying at forty-six in I875. Joseph Nashand Henry, one three years older and the other more than six yearsyounger than Marshall, were taken into business with him first as clerksand then as partners. His sister Helen married Hon. Lyman D. Jamesof Williamsburgh, about twelve miles from Conway and is still living inthat place. Laura married Henry Dibblee. They made their homein Chicago and Mr. Dibblee looked after Mr. Field's real estate interestsfor many years.Marshall Field was the third child and the third son in the family.He is usually represented to have been born in I835. But the family2122 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDBible and the public records of the town of Conway show that he wasborn August 18, 1834. His surviving sister, Mrs. Helen Field James,assures me that he was two years and a half older than herself andthat she was born in February, 1837. I think, therefore, it cannot bedoubted that the true date of Mr. Field's birth was August 18, 1834.The place was his father's farm on what is still known as Field's Hill,about a mile south of the village of Conway. Field's Hill is one of theeasternmost of the Berkshire Hills. It is distinguished by two peaksrising 1,100 and 1,140 feet. The view from its summits is so extensivevaried, picturesque, and even sublime that there is "not a month in theyear in which enterprising pedestrians do not climb it" to behold thebeautiful and wonderful prospect presented in every direction. It is saidthat" the hills and woods near at hand, the valleys with their attractivevillages, and the more distant purple mountains form a view that seemsto many as beautiful as any in the state." On this sightly hill namedfor the family which had long possessed it, Marshall passed his boyhood.He was not blind to the variety and beauty ever before him and usedto declare that one would have to go far to find anything to surpass thewonderful scenery he looked upon every day of his youth.The Fields of Conway were hard-working, upright, God-fearingfarmers who dug out of the stony soil no more than a comfortable living.Their activities were confined to their farms. Their names are almostabsent from the recorded history of the town for more than a hundredyears. Then Marshall Field and his brothers were born and the namebecame the most famous in the town's history. How shall we accountfor this sudden and extraordinary flowering of a humble family into thepeculiar genius which Marshall Field developed? There have been,indeed, other illustrious Fields in other branches of the family. Onewonders how much of their genius these distinguished men owed to theirmothers. It is certain that to his mother Marshall always recognizedthat he was peculiarly indebted. This mother, Fidelia Nash, was alsoof Puritan ancestry. Her mother was one of the most capable and usefulwomen of the community whose abilities and virtues were extolled in thetown histories. She herself was a woman of refinement and strengthof character. It was said of her that" she reared her sons to avoid theappearance of evil and to regard a fixed bad habit as one of the greatestdangers to success." She, with her husband, was a member of theSecond Congregational Church of Conway and in the house of worshipher daughters have placed a tablet in her memory. Mrs. James writesthat a much loved and admired uncle of the Field children said of theirparents, "the father's wonderful judgment of men and affairs and hisMARSHALL FIELD 23common sense combined with the mother's love of study and refinementmade a good cross in their sons." Mrs. James speaks of her brotherMarshall as being" a very bright, happy, and most attractive boy."Anyone who knew him in mature life can easily believe that as a boy hemust have been "most attractive."From his early boyhood Marshall grew gradually into all the workof the farm. He milked the cows, plowed the hillside fields, made hay,planted and hoed, cut and husked com, and did the thousand and oneother things that al1 farmers' boys did. He enjoyed the sports of fishing,hunting, coasting, and skating that the wonderful boys' country helived in invited; a country abounding in lovely streams, covered withenchanting forests, diversified with hills and valleys, rivers and moun­tains, farms and villages.On one side of Field's Hill was Pumpkin Hollow, into which, if theybecame separated from the vines, the pumpkins of the hillside farmwould roll. Here was the district school the Field children attended.It has been repeatedly recorded that Marshall finished his education inthe Conway Academy. There was no Conway Academy till long afterhis school days were over. There was a private school which laterbecame the village academy and has now developed into the high school.This private school, with its limited curriculum, but an unusually giftedteacher, Deacon Cary, he also attended.Though very diffident and reserved, he seems to have entered intothe sports of the other boys. One story that seems to be well authen­ticated has come down from those days. The boys were accustomed toplay" fox and hounds." One day, being the fox, he led the hounds achase to South Deerfield and back. In the flight from the houndsdevious ways were followed, the hills, valleys, and woods making thiseasy. It was afterward calculated that he led the hounds a chase ofnearly twenty miles in two hours and a half and returned untouched andunwinded. The strenuous life of the farm had given him speed andendurance.His school life ended in 1851 when he was about seventeen years old.Shortly before this time the Field Hill farm had been cut off from access tothe highway by the laying out of a new road and the abandonment of theold one. It had consequently been sold and a new farm had been'bought. Thus it happens that the birthplace of Marshall Field is nowmarked only by the cellar of the old homestead.Marshall never liked the farm. When about sixteen he confided tohis parents his wish to follow a business career and secured their consentto leave home and seek a clerkship at the end of the school year. This24 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDhe found in the autumn of 1851 in the store of Deacon Davis of Pittsfield.Conway was a village of a few hundred people. Pittsfield was a smallcity of some thousands of people. It was about twenty-five miles westof Conway in Berkshire, the westernmost county of Massachusetts.It was, in 1852, beginning to grow into the thriving city it has sincebecome. Here the slender, quiet country boy started in to learn tobecome a merchant. During much of the time he was in Pittsfield hisolder brother Joseph was with him; though not in the same store thetwo brothers lived together. Just off from the farm, socially backward,and naturally reserved they did not seek acquaintances. They workedlong hours and when the day's work was over had little time or inclina­tion for anything but the quiet and rest of their boarding-house room.Marshall opened and closed the store, put up the shutters at night andtook them down in the morning, and prepared the store for business.He did not at the outset show much promise to Deacon Davis. He wasvery quiet and unassuming, timid and ill at ease in his strange surround­ings, and the oft-repeated story is true that his employer concluded anddid not hesitate. to say that he would never make a merchant. Butsoon it was noticed that the women customers liked him. His unpreten­tious, courteous demeanor and his attention to their wants pleased themand he could sell goods to them.One interesting incident is told of those years in Pittsfield. It isrelated that the father of J. Pierpont Morgan, having some businesswith Deacon Davis, visited Pittsfield and brought with him his son.To Marshall was given the task of entertaining J. Pierpont while thefather transacted his business; and an acquaintance was thus begunby the two boys which was renewed many years later when both hadbecome leaders in the financial world.What took Marshall Field to Chicago? The year he became aclerk in Pittsfield-e-r Sg r-s-was the year before Chicago's first connectionwith the East by rai1. The entrance into that city in the spring of 1852of the Michigan Central and Michigan Southern roads gave such anextraordinary impulse to the city's growth that in the succeeding fouryears its population increased from 38,000 to 86,000. It became thegreatest primary grain market in the world, and all kinds of businessincreased enormously. The story of Chicago's development became thecommon talk. of the older states. Customers spoke of it across thecounters with the clerks in every village store. Ambitious young mendreamed of it as the city where their business talents might find scope.The name "Chicago" became synonymous with opportunity. ItMARSHALL FIELDspelled opportunity to Marshall Field, and at the end of five years in thePittsfield store he informed Deacon Davis that he was leaving him to goWest.Many ridiculous stories are told as to the impression he made on hisemployer. An absurd conversation between the two is recorded inwhich the employer is represented as laughing at the clerk's proposalto go West and telling him he would never make a success in the West,but would starve to death out there. The facts are exactly contrary toall this. Deacon Davis quickly revised his first impression of the coun­try boy clerk. He was not slow in discovering the unique personalityconcealed under that quiet and unpretentious exterior. He saw the quiteunusual promise of the boy. I have this direct assurance from Mrs.James, "Deacon Davis offered my brother a partnership in the store,something he had never offered anyone before. My brother refused,saying he wished to see the West." A curious story has been told, withso much interesting detail as to make it seem convincing, that Joseph N.Field, the next older brother, and Henry, the younger brother, hadpreceded Marshall to the West and that he joined them and spent several 'months with them in Jackson, Michigan. One of these interestingdetails relates the introduction. of Marshall to George M. Pullman byHenry who was engaged with the inventor in promoting the PullmanSleeping car enterprise. As a matter of fact, Henry Field, in 1855-56,was a boy of fourteen or fifteen, having been born in 1841, was still athome in school and did not go West till five or six years later, when hejoined Marshall 'in Chicago. The older brother Joseph did not leaveMassachusetts till 1857, when he went to Sioux City, Iowa, serving ascourt clerk till 1864, and then for one year as cashier of the OmahaNational Bank. He then went to Chicago and joined Marshall, whoseems to have gone straight from Pittsfield to that city in 1856.Chicago, as a city, was then only eighteen years old. Its businessdistrict had not yet been lifted up out of the mud. The pavementswere poor. The sidewalks were of wood for the most part and at variouslevels. It was a city of wooden buildings with a few brick and stonestructures in the business district.In the same year in which Marshall Field made Chicago his home,Charles L. Hutchinson, twenty years younger, became a Chicagoan.So also did Andrew MacLeish, a dry-goods merchant like Mr. Field.The two leading dry-goods houses were those of Potter Palmer, 137-139Lake Street, and Cooley, Wadsworth & Company, 205 South WaterStreet. These stores antedated Carson, Pirie, Scott & Company andTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDMandel Brothers, since grown into great houses. Potter Palmer, in1856, was a retail store reaching out into the wholesale field; Cooley,Wadsworth & Company was a wholesale house doing no retail business.Three stories are told as to the capital which Marshall Field tookwith him to Chicago.· The first is that he arrived in that city withsomething approaching a thousand dollars. The second says that heborrowed one hundred dollars from his father with which to go West,giving his note and paying it in full before a year had passed. The third,and this is the common tradition, relates that when he secured his firstposition in Chicago he had less than a dollar in his pocket. The storiesall agree that he was no capitalist and began his Chicago career at, orvery near, the bottom of the ladder. The Chicago city directory of1856-57, publishedin June 1857, contained this record, "Marshall Field,clerk, 205 South Water Street, Mass. 6m." indicating that he was a newarrival from Massachusetts and in June, 1857, had been in the city aboutsix months. The directory does not indicate where he lived till the fol­lowing year and then enters his place of residence as the MetropolitanHotel, corner of Randolph and Wells streets. His first employers wereCooley, Wadsworth & Company. The firm, immmediately after heentered its employment, began the erection of a fine new store at 42, 44,and 46 Wabash Avenue and became Cooley, Farwell & Company. Thus·emerged into the business life of Chicago that great Christian citizen andmerchant, John V. Farwell. Marshall Field was twenty-two years oldwhen he became a clerk in this house. His sister writes me, "His salarythe first year was $400. He slept in the store, bought no new clothesexcept a pair of overalls, and saved $200." He served in the doublecapacity of clerk in the store and of traveling salesman, and the overallssuggest that there were manual-labour jobs also. In his trips for thehouse he was struck by the extraordinary rapidity with which the country .was filling up, new villages, each with new stores,'springing \1P everywhere.He began to realize what an ever-increasing demand for goods would bemade on Chicago by this extraordinary growth of population. YoungField's experience in Pittsfield had wrought a great change in him. Hewas no longer a bashful, timid, unsocial boy. He had acquired suchconfidence in himself that when he applied, perhaps to Mr. Farwell him­self, who was a junior partner in 1856, for a position he is said to haveassured him that he was a good clerk and could sell goods. If he reallysaid this of himself we may be sure that he did it with an air of such quietconfidence that he was believed. One who knew him prior to 1860 tellsme that he had lost the reserve and social backwardness of his boy-MARSHALL FIELDhood, and was cordial, friendly, social. Always good looking and dress­ing with taste, being very courteous and intent on selling goods, he madea most favorable impression on the customers who thronged the storeand gradually built up as a clerk in the store and as a traveling salesmana large following who wished to do their trading with him.In 1856 the firm did a business of $600,000. It weathered the finan­cial storm of 1857 and thereafter its business rapidly increased. Largedemands were made on the employes and young Field was found readyto take on any. amount of work. A fellow-clerk tells me that he did notsucceed by working eight hours a day, but often put in eighteen hours.This was, perhaps, a rhetorical flourish, but Mr. Farwell himself saysthat he always knew what was in stock, that he was a good caretaker ofstock, knew how to show it off to the best advantage and was always onhand and ready to do anything in his power in carrying out the policy ofthe house. Mr. Farwell is quoted as saying that while in his first months,"he was not particularly impressive, in a very short time it was dis­covered that he was an extraordinary salesman. He gave undividedtime to our affairs and it came about in the most natural way that havingsome capital saved and having a particular line of trade of his own inthe community he should be able to buy in with us and start the careerwhich was to make him the first merchant in the world. He hadthe merchant instinct. He lived for it and for it alone. He neverlost it. "Mr. Field became general manager and a junior partner in the firmof Cooley, Farwell & Company, at the beginning of 1861. Two orthree years later the bookkeeper Levi Z. Leiter was admitted to the firm.The busiriess had greatly increased, getting into the millions annually.After retiring from active business Mr. Farwell wrote out reminiscencesof his life which later his son John V., Jr., prepared for publication bythe Lakeside Press, under the title, Some Recollections of John V. Farwell.In this book I find this sentence: "We had taken in as partners MarshallField and Levi Z. Leiter, who had been our clerks for several years, lend­ing them $100,000 each."Mr. Field had now got his feet on the first rungs of the ladder andhe began to climb rapidly. His position in the firm became daily moreimportant. With new responsibility he developed new talents and atthe beginning of 1864 the firm became Farwell, Field & Company, thecompany being Mr. Leiter. Henry Field, Marshall's younger brother,had meantime followed him to Chicago and became a clerk in the store.The business had become so large and the business of buying in NewTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDYork so important that one of the partners was needed there and fora time Mr. Field's residence was transferred to that city.In January, I863, he had married Miss Nannie Scott, the daughterof Robert Scott of Ironton, Ohio,and in I864 their residence was in NewYork. Mr. and Mrs. Field had three children. Lewis, born in I866and dying the same year; Marshall, Jr., born April ar, I867; and EthelNewcomb, born August 28, I873. Their son, Marshall, Jr., marriedMiss Albertine D. Huck, daughter of Louis C. Huck of Chicago. Thedaughter, in I900, married Sir David Beatty, who became, during theGreat War, Admiral of the British Fleet, and in I9I9, First Sea Lord.The three years beginning in I864 were among the most interestingin the history of the Chicago dry-goods business. In that year as I havesaid Farwell, Field & Company came into being. Later in the same yearCarson & Pirie started their wholesale house, followed three years laterby the organization of their retail department under Andrew MacLeish,the firm name being Carson, Pirie & Company. In I865 the threebrothers, Leon, Simon, and Emmanuel Mandel organized the firm ofMandel Brothers. One wonders what the history of the dry-goodsbusiness of Chicago would have been had the firm of Farwell, Field &Company been continued. But it was not continued; it lasted but asingle year. A partial breakdown in health, with, perhaps, other reasonsled Potter Palmer to decide to relieve himself of the burden of his storeand he offered the business to Marshall Field and L. Z. Leiter. Theirpartnership with Mr. Farwell-four years in the case of Mr. Field, ashorter time in the case of Mr. Leiter-had been very profitable to,them. But Mr. Palmer offered his business to them on what Mr. Farwellcalled "very handsome terms." Evidently they were so handsomethat they recognized the opening as a great opportunity. With whatthey had made in the Farwell partnership they were able to buy'into the Palmer establishment. The name of the new firm wasField, Palmer & Leiter. The Palmer was not, as might be supposed,Potter Palmer, but his brother, Milton J. Palmer, who, no doubt, repre­sented him in the firm. The capital was $890,000 and the interests of _thepartners were as follows: Mr. Palmer $45°,000; Mr. Field $260,000;Mr. Leiter $I30,000; leaving $50,000 for minor interests. Curiouslyenough, Potter Palmer was a "special partner" in the firm of Allen andMcKey, which, just across the street, dealt in "Carpets, curtain goods,bedding, etc." The store of Field, Palmer & Leiter was a fine, largebuilding at IIO-II2-II4-II6 Lake Street, which at that time was, as,indeed, it had been from the beginning, the great retail street of Chicago;MARSHALL FIELDIn this store they entered upon the conduct of what was the largest andmost profitable retail business in the city and of a wholesale trade thatwas beginning to assume large proportions.Thus, at thirty years of age, Mr. Field was at the head of a greatbusiness which he continued to expand and to dominate for the rest of hislife, a period of forty-one years. Beginning in Chicago at twenty-twoas a $400 clerk, in three years he had made his way into a partnershipin a large and prosperous concern, and in five years more was at the headof a great business. It was the romance of success of a business geniuswho had toiled as incessantly to win his way as though toil alone woulddo it.Some of Mr. Field's methods of conducting business were well knownto all his customers. The store was a one-price store, the price beingplainly marked on the goods. The goods were what they were repre­sented to be. Sales were for cash, or, in the case of well-accredited custo­mers, on thirty or sixty days' time. If credit was given, payment wasexpected to be prompt. Goods could be bought on approval andreturned or exchanged. Mr. Field made it a rule not to advertisein the Sunday papers. Mr. John G. Shedd, the present head of MarshallField & Company, recently said, "We regard Sunday advertising as aninfraction of this very wholesome, many-centuries-old, religious dictum,and are glad to follow it," viz., that six days for labor and the seventhfor rest is best for employer and employe. Mr. Field felt that this,with the practice of lowering the curtains of their display windows fromSaturday night to Monday morning made for better citizenship. Hespecialized on Monday advertising. His conservatism was revealedin his insistence that the firm should have a large daily cash balance inthe bank.On becoming the head of the new firm he at once made it his businessto become acquainted with every employe in the store. He made astudy of them until he knew their habits, associations, abilities, andspecial gifts, if they had such gifts. Thus he was able to put each onewhere he was best fitted to go and to advance those who showed abilityand zeal. One very human thing is related of him-that whenever hewas leaving Chicago to be long absent he would go through departments,shake hands with employes, and leave with them "a kind word ofinterest and farewell."In 1866 Mr. Field's older brother, Joseph, entered the store as a clerk.In 1867 the Palmer connection came to an end and the firm was recon­structed by taking into it as partners L. G. Woodhouse, Henry J. Willing,30 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDand Henry Field, the younger brother. Two years later, Joseph, theolder brother, was made a partner. On the final buying out of Mr.Palmer the firm had become Field, Leiter & Company and so remainedfor the next fourteen years. Mr. Field and Mr. Leiter were each one­third owners, the other third being divided among the other partners.I have before me as I write, the original articles of copartnership writtenout in long hand, dated January r, r869, when Joseph N. Field cameinto the firm, "for and during the term of three years, ending on the firstday of January, A.D. r872, .... Capital Stock to be Twelve HundredThousand Dollars ($r,200,000.00) and to be furnished as follows: Mar­sha11 Field to furnish $4°0,000.00, Levi Z. Leiter to furnish $4°0,000.00,"and the other four partners $roo,ooo.oo each.It was a fine illustration of the solidarity of the New England Puritanfamily that Mr. Field brought his brothers into connection with himselfat a very early date, shared with them his prosperity, and kept themwith him as long as they would stay, Joseph remaining in the firm to theend of his own life in r9r4, eight years after hisbrother Marshall's death.Other partners came in and all of them with the exception of Mr. Sheddwent out. Henry Field went out but returned, and Joseph was neverlet out.It must not be supposed that the firm of Field, Leiter & Companyalways had plain sailing and enjoyed uninterrupted prosperity. Thiswas very far from being true. The new firm had hardly been organizedwhen the financial storm of r867 burst upon the business world. It wasa very severe strain on a concern consisting of young men doing a largebusiness on what, in the nature of the case, must have been a compara­tively limited capital. Three things, probably, saved them-the veryprofitable business they had been doing for more than two years; Mr.Field's custom of keeping a large balance in the bank; and the firm'spractice of both buying and selling for cash, or on very short-time credit.There has been a vast deal of foolish talk about Mr. Field's never bor­rowing and never giving a note. In the early years the firm often bor­rowed large amounts. They bought for cash or on such short time asto save the cash discount, but they borrowed to keep their bank balancesgood. And so they weathered the financial storm of r867 and then forfour years went prosperously on. Mr. Field, meantime, began house­keeping at 306 Michigan Avenue near Harrison or Congress Street.In the autumn of r868 the firm left Lake Street and moved to ahandsome stone block on the northeast corner of State and Washingtonstreets. The building was r60 feet square and six stories high with,MARSHALL FIELD 31basement. It was a new structure which had just been built by Mr.Palmer, who owned the corner on which it stood. As everybody knows,that corner is still a part-a small part-of the site of the retail store.In it the wholesale and retail departments were then carried on together.The retail occupied the first floor and basement, and the wholesale thefour upper. stories, the upper one being the packing and shipping floor.Here for two and one-half years they did a great business, the sales reach­ing $12,000,000 a year. It was during that time that the store attainedthe comparative standing and the high reputation it has maintained formore than fifty years. Mr. Field began to be considered a rich man andwas on the way to the largest mercantile success. With his prosperity,his mind and heart enlarged. He had become a member of the FirstPresbyterian Church, and took an active part in its services and work.For some years he acted as an usher, showing the congregation to theirseats. Later he became a trustee of the church and continued in thatoffice for thirty years. He became a director of the Chicago Relief andAid Society, which has developed into the United Charities of Chicago.He was a prominent member of the Young Men's Association, knownalso as the Chicago Library Association. This organization had donea useful work in Chicago, gathering a library and bringing distinguishedmen to the city for lecture courses. It had, however, by 1871, declinedsomewhat from its highest prosperity and a movement arose for mergingit with the Young Men's Christian Association which was increasing innumbers and usefulness, even then promising to be what it has sincebecome, one of the most beneficent movements in the history of the city.Mr. Field favored the merger. Others opposed it. At the annualelection in the spring of 1871 Mr. Field was the candidate for presidentof those who favored the union. There was a hot contest, but he waselected by a large majority. Someone then discovered that at all elections,ballots, according to the by-laws, must be printed on white paper. Theballots by which Mr. Field had been elected were printed on paper ofanother color. Thereupon a new election was ordered. Disgusted bythese tactics those members who favored the union allowed the electionto go by default and a few months later the great fire of 1871 came andthe Young Men's Association ceased to exist. Mr. Field was for a timeassociated with the Chicago Historical Society. He, with others, wasinterested in founding the Art Institute and the Citizens' League.While still a young man Mr. Field had thus personally identified himselfwith the life of the city and it looked as though he might enter moreand more widely into active connection with those institutions whichTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDhave since that day done so much for the public welfare. Perhaps hewas diverted from this high privilege by the exigencies of business.The autumn of 1871 saw the beginning of seven or eight troublousyears for Field, Leiter & Company. On October 8 and 9 the businessdistrict and the North Side of Chicago were destroyed by the Great Fire.For some hours on Monday, October 9, it seemed as though the conflagra­tion had passed by the Field store and that, with the whole district eastof Dearborn Street, it would be saved. Sometime in the forenoonHorace White, editor of the Chicago Tribune, went home, confidentthat the Tribune building was safe. He gives us this view of what hesaw on the way east across State Street and what he thought. He says,"The immense store of Field, Leiter & Company I observed to be undera shower of water from their own apparatus and since the First NationalBank, a fire proof building, protected it on one corner, I concluded thatthe progress of the flames in that direction was stopped." So, also,thought Mr. Field and Mr. Leiter. Both of them were at the store withmany of the employes long before daylight on Monday morning. Theymight have saved a great part of their stock, but believing that the firehad passed them by, they delayed for many hours the beginning of theremoval of their goods. While the store fire apparatus flooded the out­side walls on every side from roof to basement, Mr. Field, inside thebuilding, superintended the soaking of heavy blankets and hangingthem over the windows. It would have been wiser had they employedeveryone of their wagons from the early hours of the morning in empty­ing the great store of its goods. The fire finally came upon them suddenlyand unexpectedly and then there was hot haste. Goods were loadedinto wagons and taken to Mr. Leiter's barn on Calumet Avenue nearTwentieth Street and to the barns of his neighbors. There were but twoor three hours for the work and only a small part of the great stock couldbe removed. The insurance policies were taken from the vaults andcarried in a bag to Mr. Leiter's house and Mr. Higinbotham and a book­keeper spent two days and two nights in going through and listing them.The clerk slept on the floor in the room with the policies. The house ofMr. Field was too near the line of fire to be used. Goods were in transitfrom the East at the time of the fire as they were every day. Anabandoned railroad roundhouse and a paintshop were hastily securedat Laporte, Indiana, and in them all consignments of goods from theEast were temporarily stored until they were crammed full.The Wednesday, October II, issue of the Tribune said: "Field,Leiter & Company and John V. Farwell & Company will recommenceMARSHALL FIELD 33business today." Other business men were equally prompt in makingnew beginnings. The courage of Chicago rose to the greatness of thechallenge and "business as usual" almost immediately became the rule.The plan was to "carryon, " and in order to do this business men had totake what they could get to operate in.Field, Leiter & Company, in their extremity, bought outright thecar barns of the Chicago City Railway Company and the land on whichthey stood, and within a little over a fortnight the business was againin operation in these barns. They paid $9I,785 for this property. Afew weeks after the fire William A. Croffut, managing editor of theChicago Evening Post, writing of the business resurrection, said: "DownState Street to Twentieth, and here is the largest dry-goods store in thecity or the West-Field, Leiter & Company. Here are hundreds of clerksand thousands of patrons a day busy along the spacious aisles and thevast vistas of ribbons and laces and cloaks and dress-goods. This tellsno story of a fire. The ladies jostle each other as impatiently as of oldand the boys run merrily to the incessant cry of 'cash.' Yet this immensebazaar was, six weeks ago, the horsebarn of the South Side Railway.After the fire the hay was pitched out, the oats and harness and equinegear were hustled into another building, both floors were varnished, andthe beams were painted or whitewashed for their new service. Here,where ready-made dresses hang, then hung sets of double harness.Yonder, where a richly robed body leans languidly across the counterand fingers point laces, a manger stood and offered hospitality to adisconsolate horse. A strange metamorphosis-yet it is but an extremeillustration of the sudden changes the city has undergone."So many widely differing reports have been made as to the financialcondition in which the Great Fire left Field, Leiter & Company that itis gratifying to be able to state the exact facts. Mr. Stanley Field hasput into my hands a letter sent to his father, Joseph N. Field, in Eng­land by Mr. Leiter, in December, I87I-two and one-half months afterthe fire. The balance sheet showing the condition of the firm in detailaccompanied the letter. This balance sheet showed that the merchan­dise saved amounted to $583,409.09, and that the firm had $2,200,932.29insurance, of which they counted $339,95I.I5 uncollectible. The totalassets were $4,564,802.57 and the total liabilities $I,936,922.44, and thenet assets $2,627,880.I3. The accompanying letter to the partner inEngland dated December 28, I87I, says:You will see that we have left a very handsome capital to continue our business.Our sales have been very handsome since the fire, and I think will yield us a net profit34 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDof at least $125,000, making a surplus of $2,75°,000. This does not include thepersonal property of either of the partners outside of the business. Marshall youknow has considerable. Our indebtedness may seem large to you at the time of thefire, but you must remember that it occurred in the midst of our largest fall sales, thesales of September being larger than our entire indebtedness. I do not think ourpresent indebtedness will exceed $500,000, perhaps not more than $45°,000. We haveU. S. Bonds, cash, and good insurance sufficient to cancel this entire amount.The prospects for our jobbing trade in the spring are very good. The store weare building for the wholesale, comer Madison and Market, will give us very goodquarters, much better for jobbing purposes than before. For our retail we have noplan, except to remain in the present quarters for at least a year . . .•Palmer sold the comer on which our old store stood, some days ago, for $350,000.There were 160 feet making the price about $2100 per foot. Where we shall finallylocate the retail department it is impossible now to tell. It is not at all probable thatwe shall again get the two together.This interesting letter was written in longhand (as it was before thedays of the typewriter), and was signed "Levy Leiter."As suggested in this letter, soon after the fire this firm leased thenortheast corner of Madison and Market streets from L. C. P. Freer anderected a large, very plain brick building which the wholesale businessentered early in I872 and continued to occupy for fifteen years. Herealso was established a second retail store. It took longer for the retailbusiness to get back to its old location at State and Washington streets.Mr. Palmer had sold the corner to the Singer Company and that companyput up a handsome five-story building and rented it to the firm whichoccupied it in I873 taking, apparently, a five-year lease.The astonishing recovery of Chicago from its apparent ruin by theGreat Fire is illustrated by the following facts. The dry-goods businessof the city in I870 amounted, it is said, to $35,000,000. In I872, theyear after the fire, the total had risen to $40,000,000.With the separation of the wholesale and retail and the occupationby each department of its own building, there seemed for Field, Leiter& Company an assurance of greater prosperity than they had everenjoyed. They were recovering from the effects of the Great Fire anddoing a larger and more profitable business than before when the panicof I873 swept over the country spreading financial ruin on every side.This financial storm was no temporary squall. That student of eco­nomics, Professor Harold G. Moulton, says, "The great crisis of I873affected practically every operation of commerce and finance, and shookthe credit structure to its very foundations. The succeeding depressionwas unprecedented in severity and duration, continuing in most branchesMARSHALL FIELD 35of industry until the end of 1878, and in some lines until 1879. Thelargest number of failures occurred in 1878."Before the business revival came, still another calamity befell Field,Leiter & Company. In 1877 their retail store burned, entailing a lossof nearly three-quarters of a million dollars and again interruptingbusiness. They survived, however, both the business depression andthe losses of the fire. The store was rebuilt but not yet occupied bythem, when, in 1879, a new blow fell upon them. Owing to some mis­understanding with the owner over the terms of the lease, due, it is said, tothe brusque and dictatorial manner of Mr. Leiter, a delay occurred andthe property was leased to a rival firm. Thereupon Mr. Field took thematter into his own hands. He had to have that corner and, acting withthe promptness and vigor which characterized him when thoroughlyroused, within nine days after the execution of the lease he bought theproperty from the owner and on the same day secured from the rivalhouse a release of their lease of the store. It was, naturally, a costlytransaction, though he was not held up by the firm having the lease withunreasonable terms. But from that day he began to buy, as he was able,the block on which the store stood. He never succeeded, indeed, inpersuading all the owners to part with their holdings, but he continuedhis purchases until he owned perhaps seven-eighths of the block and thegreat store, twelve stories high, now covers the entire square. The newbuilding on the old site which the retail store occupied in 1879 had sixstories, one more than the structure destroyed by the second fire, andthus, the business re-began on the former site with enlarged facilities.Meantime, in 1878, Harlow N. Higinbotham, who had been with thefirm from the beginning and had developed into one of the most compe­tent credit men in the dry-goods business, had been admitted to a partner­ship.Mr. Leiter, who had, with Mr. Field, bought the Palmer businessin 1865, was a bookkeeper and in the new firm had charge of that partof the business. He was also credit man until Mr. Higinbotham wastrained for that post. He looked after the finances while Mr. Fieldmanaged the merchandising. Mr. Field was the merchant; Mr. Leiterwas the office man. He was regarded as a very able financier. Butanyone who knew them even slightly could not fail to wonder how twomen so radically different in temperament and disposition could worktogether in business permanently and happily. It was no surprise,therefore, to find that they could not. They separated at the beginningTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDof I88I, having been in business together for sixteen years, or, countingthe period when both were partners of John V. Farwell, seventeen oreighteen years. It is probable that the trouble over the temporary lossof the lease of the retail store two years before had something to do withthe final separation. Shortly after this change Henry J. Willing andHenry Field retired and John G. McWilliams entered the firm as apartner. The name of the firm had become, what it still remains, MarshallField & Company, Mr. Field owning the majority interest and in thepublic mind representing the firm.Before the reorganization as Marshall Field & Company the stressand strain of overcoming the series of disasters and weathering thefinancial storms that successively threatened the existence of the firmthrough a period of eleven years, from I867 to I878, had come to an endand the great business had been solidly estab1ished. From that timeit went on far more prosperously than ever. The transactions beforethe fire had reached $I2,000,000 annually. In I88I they had increasedto $25,000,000; in I890 they aggregated $35,000,000; in I900 $47,000,000; and before Mr. Field's death amounted to $68,000,000. Howeversmall the percentage of profit might be on such an enormous businessits annual aggregate could not be otherwise than very large, enrichingthe head of the house and all his partners.In I871 Mr. Field had sent his brother Joseph to England to superin­tend the buying in that country. In I88I the Paris office was establishedthat" the house might be in constant touch with the world's center offashion. " One by one other purchasing offices abroad were added untilField agencies were found all over the civilized world. Mr. Field alsoadopted the policy of buying or building manufacturing establishmentsof his own as well as that of arranging with factories and mills for takingtheir entire product. He was a little timid in taking great new steps inadvance. When Mr. Shedd urged the policy of doing a great part oftheir own manufacturing, after much hesitation he said, "Very well,but you must take the responsibility." This Mr. Shedd did and thefactories and mills of Marshall Field & Company now represent aninvestment of nearly or quite' $20,000,000. They are located in manystates and manufacture a large part of the merchandise sold by the greatstores.In the management of this rapidly developing business Mr. Fieldsurrounded himself with a succession of capable lieutenants. Heseems to have been always on the lookout for such men among hisemployees. When ability and efficiency Were discovered .they wereMARSHALL FIELD 37rewarded by promotion. The men who became partners all rose fromthe ranks. Money could not buy a partnership. Hard work, ability,efficiency, and devotion to the business opened the way to the boy whobegan on five dollars a week to one better position after anotheruntil he became head of a department or a partner in the firm. I spokeabove of a succession of partners. In addition to those already men­tioned, in I890 Robert M. Fair, Thomas Templeton, Lafayette McWil­liams, and Harry G. Selfridge had come in. In 1893 John G. Sheddentered the firm. As the partners grew older and accumulated wealthit was Mr. Field's custom to purchase their interest that he might giveyounger men of outstanding ability and promise a place in the firm.The only exception he made to this rule, outside the Field family, wasMr. Shedd, who entered the store in I872 as stock boy and clerk in thelinen department at ten dollars a week, became a 'partner twenty­one years later in I893 and has been head of Marshall Field & Companysince 1906.In 1885 Mr. Field, having bought the ground bounded by Adams,Quincy, Wells, and Franklin streets, began the erection of a buildingcovering the entire block to house the wholesale store. Richardson ofBoston, one of the foremost of American architects, designed the buildingwhich has been called "a noble example of Romanesque architecture."It is seven stories in height, constructed of rough-faced brown granite.It was completed in 1887 and for the first time gave adequate facilitiesto the wholesale store which had outgrown its old quarters on Madisonand Market streets. The West had been settling up so rapidly thatthere were years when five hundred new villages were started and thewholesale business grew accordingly. Chicago itself kept pace withthe growth of the country. In a published interview in I893 Mr. Fieldwas quoted as saying, "I had no conception thirty years ago that theproportions of Chicago would be what they are today." The city hadgrown in that period from a population of 150,000 to 1,500,000, and thebusiness of the retail store had increased correspondingly.Meantime, while Mr. Field was working out this tremendous mercan­tile success what had he been doing as a citizen? He took little interestin politics. He was called a Democrat, but voted for Republican morefrequently than for Democratic candidates for the presidency. He might,perhaps, not improperly be called a neutral in politics. He was, indeed,on the side of good government. Being the high minded, personallyupright and honorable man he was, he could not be otherwise. But hedid not, as his character and position in Chicago suggested that he should,THE UNIVERSITY RECORDenter in any active way into the public movements of his time for betterpolitical, industrial, and social conditions. His expanding business madegreat demands on him and he allowed himself to be absorbed in it.He was not noted for his interest in institutions devoted to charity,education, and the general welfare. It is an ancient saying, emanatingfrom very high authority, that" to whomsoever much is given, of himshall much be required. " Mr. Field's great intelligence, his high socialand business standing, his enlarging prosperity, making him Chicago'srichest citizen, pointed him out as the man who should have been fore­most in all these causes. He had begun well, as I have already indicated,and if he had gone on as he began he would have developed into Chicago'sforemost citizen in all these directions. Unhappily that early visionof high service faded. It may be conceded that, fighting hi's way througha sea of difficulties, he was too busy to devote time to the service of thepublic. But when he came to have more money than anyone else, heheld back both money and service. He listened coldly to appeals forapproved causes of charity, education, and the public welfare whenregard for the general good dictated the largest liberality. He gave, ofcourse, to many causes, but he did not give as many other men gave,spontaneously, liberally, as though it was a privilege he welcomed.He did not identify himself with great causes in personal service. Itmust be conceded that in these things Mr. Field fell below the mark.In them he did not measure up to his opportunities or his obligations.Sometime in r889 one of his most intimate friends suggested to himthat he ought to found in Chicago a great university, that it was thebest kind of monument he could leave behind him and that he owed itto himself and to the city and section where he was being so phenomenallyprospered to perform some such conspicuous and enduring public serv­ice. Mr. Field was annoyed by this suggestion and replied that othermen might build monuments if they wished and that it was very easyto give away other people's money. This incident illustrates the pointI am making that through a series of years in which he was rapidlyaccumulating wealth he manifested no great interest in institutionsdevoted to charity, education, and the general welfare.These statements, however, require some qualification. Happilymuch may be said on the other side. Mr. Field was one of the organizersof the Commercial Club in r8n and, when in r882 the club undertook theestablishment of the Chicago Manual Training School, now a part ofthe University of Chicago system, he contributed $20,000 toward the$roo,ooo subscribed, and for a time acted as treasurer of its board.MARSHALL FIELD 39It is probably known to all who read this sketch that in 1889 John D.Rockefeller made a subscription of $600,000 for the founding of theUniversity of Chicago, conditioned on the raising of $400,000 morebefore June I, 1890' It fell to me in connection with Mr. F. T. Gates toraise the $400,000 which proved to be a work of extraordinary difficulty.Learning from Mr. D. L. Shorey that Mr. Field owned a considerable tractof land on the north side of the Midway Plaisance between Washingtonand Jackson parks, in November, 1889, we went to look at it as a possiblesite for the proposed institution. Fronting on the Plaisance and betweenthe two great parks it seemed to us an ideal site. Mr. Field had boughthere a tract of about eighty acres in 1879 for $79,166. It had, of course,advanced greatly in value. We decided to ask Mr. Field to give us tenacres as a site for the new institution. On December 4, 1889, we wentto see him. We went with much trepidation, for we felt that everythingdepended on our success, and we knew that he was not known as a greatgiver. His standing in the business community, however, was suchthat other men would follow his lead. We found him in his office in thewholesale building on Adams Street. He received us at once and listenedcourteously while we laid the whole case before him and asked him to giveus a site of ten acres on the Midway Plaisance. He received the requestwith hospitality, but said the :firm was about to make the annual inven­tory to learn whether they had made any money and asked us to cometo see him again at the end of six weeks. In the meantime I wrote hima letter that he might have our proposition before him in written form.Promptly at the end of six weeks we called again. We found his secre­tary, Arthur B. Jones, warmly in sympathy with us and this gave usmuch encouragement. When we entered Mr. Field's office the firstthing he said was this: "I have not yet made up my mind about givingyou that ten acres. But I have decided one thing. If I give it to you Ishall wish you to make up the $400,000 independently of this donation. "This we assured him we could and would do. He then had his mapsbrought and indicated the tract he had in mind to give. We thought wesaw that he had really decided in his own mind to give us the land andtherefore felt that we might safely press the matter. Mr. Gates, myassociate, therefore asked if we might not wire Mr. Rockefeller, forwhom Mr. Field had great respect, that he had decided to give us thesite. He repeated that he was not quite ready to go so far. We thentook our courage in our hands and said, "Mr. Field, our work is reallywaiting for your decision. We are anxious to push it rapidly; indeed,we must do so; and if we can say that you have given us the site, it willTHE UNIVERSITY RECORDhelp us immensely with every man we approach." After a moment'sreflection (a most anxious moment for us), he answered, "Well, I supposeI might as well decide it now as at any time. If the conditions aresatisfactory you may say that I will give a site of ten acres." He pro­nounced the points made in the letter sent to him satisfactory and we,on our part, agreed that the donation of the site should be an additionto the sum of $400,000 we were to secure. A week later Mr. Gatessecured from him an option to purchase an additional ten acres for$132,500. This purchase was later consummated, giving the new insti­tution three blocks, to which a fourth block was soon added by purchasefrom Mr. Field, making with the vacated streets a site of twenty-fiveacres fronting south on the Midway Plaisance, between Ellis and Uni­versity avenues. This has since increased to a hundred acres, coveringboth sides of the Plaisance for three quarters of a mile east from Wash­ington Park.There can be no doubt that this large gift from Mr. Field was the,determining factor in our success in securing the $400,000 fund and thusassuring the founding of the University of Chicago. The impulse we,assured him would be given to our work by his donation became imme­diately apparent and continued to the end. We can never forget thecourteous and hospitable manner in which he received us and our appeal"and the cordial and generous interest he manifested from the beginningto the end. On accepting the subscriptions secured as good and suffi­cient, he wrote to Mr. Gates, "I congratulate the people of this city andthe entire West on the success achieved, and with all friends of cultureI rejoice that another noble institution of higher learning is to be foundedand founded in the heart of the continent."In the same year, 1890, he was one of the six signers of the articles ofincorporation, commonly called the charter of the University.The second monumental service of Mr. Field to the University wasdone in the spring of 1892. The institution had been planned on ascale so much greater than had been originally contemplated that amillion dollars was imperatively needed for buildings and other purposes.President Harper took the case to Mr. Field and secured from him apromise to give $100,000 on condition that the sum be made up to$1,000,000 in sixty days. The trustees felt that the mere physicallabor of securing so great a sum could not be performed in so short atime. I, therefore, prepared a letter of subscription extending the timeto a hundred days and took it to Mr. Field for his signature. He con­sidered my appeal with perfect good nature and immediately had a newMARSHALL FIELD 41letter prepared which he signed extending the time from sixty to ninetydays. I suppose it was the mercantile instinct that recognized ninetybut not a hundred days as a proper alternative to sixty. But it provedto be just enough. We barely accomplished the incredible achievementof securing subscriptions amounting to $r,ooo,ooo in the ninety days, butwe did accomplish it. The condition that it should be done in ninetydays proved to be a wise one and again Mr. Field had done the Univer­sity an unforgettable service. The suggestion of his friend aboutfounding a university was not altogether without result.I do not think I am mistaken in believing that in securing thesecontributions from him the University did an equally great service forMr. Field. For the first time he had made large gifts to a great publicenterprise. He had begun to learn how to give and had found so muchpleasure in it and in the public appreciation it evoked that it opened anew chapter in his life, a chapter that will do more to exalt and perpetuatehis fame than all the marvelous achievements of his business career.He gave $50,000 worth of land, nearly half a block, to the Chicago Homefor Incurables, doubling the extent of the grounds. In r893 he gave$r,ooo,ooo for the establishment of the Columbian Museum of Chicago,and having made this noble beginning continued to the end of his 1ifeto carry on the work of the museum. .In r898 Mr. Field made his final gift to the University. In thatyear he united with Mr. Rockefeller in adding to the site the two blocksnorth of the central quadrangles to be used for athletic purposes. Noname being officially given to these grounds, they were, for many years,called by the students and public Marshall Field. The amount contrib­uted by Mr. Field in this large addition to the campus was reckoned at$r36,000. It made his total contributions to the University $36r,000and placed his name in the list of the twelve larger benefactors of theinstitution. Too much cannot be said in praise of the cheerful andgracious spirit in which he made these donations.Mr. Field had always felt an interest in the place of his birth, Conway,Massachusetts, where his parents had lived and died and his boyhoodhad been spent. He had occasionally made small contributions forworthy enterprises of the village. In the new spirit of giving that hadbeen born within him he conceived the purpose of giving to his nativeplace a free public library. The suggestion was welcomed by the townwhich had been trying to sustain some sort of a library for nearly eightyyears. In 1899 Mr. Field visited Conway with a landscape architectand chose the site for the building. Shepley, Rutan, and Coolidge were42 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDselected as architects. The cornerstone of the building was laid July 4,1900, and the library was dedicated July 13, 1901. Mr. Field, with histwo sisters and other personal friends, was present, as well as a greatconcourse. of people. He made a brief address of presentation which hedeclared was the first public address he had ever made. "The library,which is of purpose distinctly monumental in character, is built in theclassic style of architecture in Greek detail." The stackroom willaccommodate more than 25,000 volumes. The building is not large,being suited to the needs of the community, and expense was not sparedin its construction. For the library and its endowment Mr. Field contri­buted $200,000. This generous gift to his native place was made inmemory of his father and mother. The library is called the FieldMemorial Library.In the eleven years from 1890 to :[901 Mr. Field's contributionsto various causes must have aggregated nearly or quite $2,5°0,000.I now go back thirty years to speak of some things which havehitherto escaped attention. After the Great Fire Mr. and Mrs. .Fieldtransferred their residence from 306 Michigan Avenue to 4 Park Rowand in 1873 to 923 Prairie Avenue. After 1879 the family residencewas and continued to be at 1905 Prairie Avenue. The health of Mrs.Field having failed she went abroad in hope of regaining it, but died inFrance in 1896. In 1890 Mr. Field had lost his younger brother Henry,who was a gifted and admirable man. It was said of him that he was"a lover of good books, devotedly attached to art, having one of thefinest art collections in Chicago. He was identified 'with all the moral,. intellectual and artistic life of Chicago." After his death his widowpresented his entire collection of paintings to the Art Institute, wherethey may be seen in the Henry Field Memorial Room.The scientific organization and the development of the Field storesfrom year to year is too large a subject for this brief sketch and the storyof the progress and extraordinary success of the great busi�ess is afamiliar one. But Mr. Field's activities in the world of business wereby no means confined to his wholesale and retail stores. He had to findinvestments for his rapidly increasing wealth and he did this for themost part in two directions. In the late seventies he began to buyChicago real estate, first for the two great stores. Later he becamea very large buyer of real estate as an investment. In the late nineties,when.Mr, Leiter found himself in need of funds, though the relations ofthe two former partners were somewhat strained, he asked Mr. Fieldto buy from him the southeast corner of Madison and State streets.MARSHALL FIELD 43This Mr. Field did though it required a payment of $2,000,000 or more.He made large investments in the downtown business district, but didnot limit them to that area. At the time of his death he was one of thelargest owners, if not the largest holder of such property in Chicago.He also became a very large investor in the securities of great corpo­rations. He came to be the dominant influence in the Pullman Company.He was a director in the company and also in the United States SteelCorporation, in the Chicago & North Western Railway Company; in theChicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Company; in the MerchantsLoan and Trust Company of Chicago, and in other industrial, railroad,and banking institutions. It is said that eventually he was connectedas an official, stockholder, or bondholder with thirty-three such com­panies. He said in his will, "It has been my intention to keep at leasthalf of my property in real estate and the rest in personal property."Mr. Field was not noted as a club man. He was, indeed, a memberof many clubs including the J ekyl Island and Pelee Fishing Clubs, theUnion and Metropolitan clubs of New York, the Union League, Com­mercial, Chicago Athletic and many others of Chicago and other places.The club he frequented was the "Chicago" where he lunched almostdaily at what came to be known as the" Millionaires' Table. " There hemet the leading men of the city's business world, among them George M.Pullman, N. K. Fairbank, John Crerar, T. B. Blackstone. Other menmore or less familiar with him were P. D. Armour, N. B. Ream, RobertT. Lincoln, and the three Keith brothers. Perhaps closest of all were the. Cyrus H. McCormicks, father and son, unless John G. Shedd, his partner,be excepted, of whom he said before a Congressional Committee, "Iregard Mr. Shedd as the greatest merchant in the world." He was notthe familiar comrade of these men or of anyone else. He was naturallyquiet, reserved, self-contained, and perhaps increasingly so as his yearsand wealth increased.Golf, indeed, so exhilarated him that under its genial influence hesometimes almost became a boy again. He belonged to the Midlothianand Chicago golf clubs. Three times a week, Tuesday, Thursday andSaturday, during his later years he played a game of golf: Winter andsummer found him on these days playing eighteen holes or more. Hecame to be what is known as a fair player, his average for eighteen holesbeing about one hundred strokes. He played much with Robert T.Lincoln and S. M. Felton.Mr. Field never displayed any ambition for the social leadershipof Chicago. Any position in society was open to him. His wealth, his