The University RecordVolume II APRIL igi6 Number 2ECONOMIC LIBERTY1J. LAURENCE LAUGHLIN, PH.D.Professor and Head of the Department of Political EconomyIGeorge Eliot has described tragedy as the irrevocable union of twoirreconcilable forces. The main task of life, indeed, seems to be to findadjustments between forces which threaten to be irreconcilable andthus produce tragedy. Too often the issue is either co-operation ortragedy. Marriage is an obvious illustration: two unlike natures matedfor life create difficult situations. When Adjustment flies out at thewindow, Tragedy stalks in at the door.And so it goes in our public as well as in our private relations: emotional impulses and raw license push men to serve their selfish aims;but license is certain to be met by a power greater than itself. Unrestrained impulse must be wedded to co-operation or else we have tragedy,political and economic. Unless the warring elements of human natureare governed by a co-operating political organization, we have disasterin the form of anarchy. Whenever unbridled pride of opinion, spurredon by ignorance, drives men to impose unlegislated theory by force uponothers, a would-be irreconcilable force meets the inevitable forces ofgovernment — whether it be in nature democratic or absolute — anda catastrophe ensues. The world stops until an adjustment is made.Thus we have come to learn that individuals secure the largest liberty onlyunder some restrictions of law. This is only another way of saying thatthe expressed will of society as a whole must dominate the will of smaller1 Delivered on the occasion of the Ninety-eighth Convocation of the Universityof Chicago, held in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, March 21, 1916.5758 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDfractions to the end that all — irrespective of differences in education andintelligence, differences in material possessions, differences in ways ofthinking and class inheritances, differences in moral codes — may obtaina larger liberty than is compatible with the attempt of the few to enforceindividual opinions upon others.Our social problem, likewise, shows similar opposing tendencies.The interests of economic factors like capital and labor, absolutelydifferent in nature, are irrevocably mated by the necessity of providingfor our necessary wants; and unless co-operation is reached between thetwo seemingly irreconcilable forces, there arises the inevitable economictragedy. In attempts at adjustment the raw self-importance andrigidity of the ignorant mind — too often led by fanatics who masqueradeunder the fair name of idealists — are certain to end in tragedy. Conceitof opinion in economics is generally in inverse ratio to intelligence andknowledge. Wherewithal, then, shall we be fed on wisdom ? Is Democracy, political or industrial, to be our Moses? "The common sense ofthe masses," says George Brandes, "and their sharp eye for right andwrong have never been anything but a democratic legend. The massesbelieve, as a rule, any lie that is given to them in an agreeable form."Is industrial democracy, then, headed for tragedy, or for disciplinedco-operation between what seem to many, within each of the opposingcamps, irreconcilable forces? In our search for truth do we findeconomic liberty as the equivalent of industrial democracy ?IILong ago our race fought for and won the right of religious liberty.No hierarchy or state shall be allowed to interfere with the right of eachindividual to select his code of ethics, or to worship as his consciencedictates. Protection has been secured even to the so-called witch whoworships the divinity in a black cat. Freedom of religious belief securesa safe field within which may be developed that which has spiritualefficiency, whether it be the worship of duty or of the "Unknown God."It is the right of the individual to freedom of thinking; it is a form ofextreme individualism in respect of religious beliefs. It does not needthe lion of Androcles to show us what has been won since the days of theRoman Empire.Moreover, from the barons of Runnymede to the present time ourrace has been hewing its way with battle-ax and sword, by argumentand by withholding grants of money, to political liberty. Perhaps thefighting is not yet ended. Lord Acton had felt the need of devoting hisECONOMIC LIBERTY 59life to the collection of a great library showing the history of the strugglefor political liberty. This struggle gave us the French and the Americanrevolutions; and we are still required to fight the "political boss," whohas as many heads as the reformers have spurts of energy. The loveof political liberty has led many fine spirits to meet death, with a smile,on the battlefield or on the scaffold. This inborn craving of man isabove all material considerations:Give me again my hollow tree,A crust of bread, and liberty.It was the demand for equality before the law and for equal justice toall, high or low. Against this indomitable force was arrayed the selfishgreed of power and ambition. In the very nature of man these opposingforces were irreconcilable, and tragedy followed: butchery, revolutions,conquests of empires, and the tottering of absolutism mark the course ofthat tragedy down to the present blood-drenched fields of Europe.Sooner or later constitutionalism and political liberty must come toannounce the adjustment between these conflicting forces of humannature. Political liberty is not a mere compact; it must become anaccepted state of mind.Then we take another step. After having won religious liberty,and having largely established the principles of political liberty, theeconomic struggles of the day have brought forth a demand for economicliberty. Since the word "democracy" stands forth in the struggle forpolitical liberty as opposed to inequality and injustice, the new gospelis sometimes expressed in the demand for "industrial democracy."Obviously, political liberty has had much to do in bringing about economic liberty: protection by the state of life and property, safety oftravel and transportation, justice and equal treatment in the courts oflaw, absence of official castes, and freedom in choice of occupations andplaces of residence have been the necessary prerequisites for industrialand commercial development. But while dependent on these conditionsprecedent, economic liberty differs essentially from political liberty;indeed it deals with things of another kind. It is impossible to arguefrom the truths of political liberty to conclusions as to economic liberty.For instance, because one man is the political equal of another, it cannotbe reasoned that one man is the industrial equal of another. While allare equal before the law, some of us may be mechanical, some artistic,some poets, some stodgy, some unsystematic, some orderly, some lazy,some industrious, some emotional, some cool-headed, some foolish, somesensible, some unpractical, some skilled in knowledge of men and in6o THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmanagement of financial and business affairs. There are as many differing industrial capacities as there are different persons. That is, thereis no such thing as economic equality among men; they differ physically,morally, and industrially. They are no more alike than all lands, orall trees, are alike. Men differ industrially as much as a stony NewEngland pasture differs from a cotton field in the Mississippi Delta; oras much as the level prairie of Illinois differs from the orchards andbench lands of the Bitter Root.Then what is economic liberty? After the emancipation, manynegroes believed that political liberty meant license. So to many casualminds economic liberty seems to mean economic license, or freedom fromeffort; the grant by some power outside of themselves of economicsatisfactions which will maintain them without labor and sacrifice; or,if they must labor, assurance of a return to which they have a rightindependent of their industrial efficiency. Society has long ago decidedthat everyone born into the world has a right to be kept from starvation;and our poor laws have long stood as tangible proof of this disposition.But society has never yet assumed that those who will not work, orthose who are inferior in industrial capacity, shall be supplied from theproduction of others with satisfactions measured only by the desires ofthe easily-tired. It has been generally assumed that virility and manhood can be gained only by effort and self-sacrifice, and that attainingrewards without them results in an invertebrate man. There is keptin mind the old maxim of the gardener: "The shaken tree bears themore fruit." Shall we find the paradox, in economic liberty too, andlearn that undisciplined desire must be met by the restraint of law?Have we been placed on the globe in such an environment that we canenlarge our satisfactions only by the exercise of homely virtues such asforethought, self-control, industry, sobriety, thrift, persistence, andgood judgment ? There is, on the one hand, the yearning for the flesh-pots; and yet there is, on the other, the winepress first to be trodden.Are these opposing forces irreconcilable, to be followed by the inevitable tragedy? Or, shall we learn the true way of adjustmentbased on economic laws? How shall we gain that economic libertyunder which each individual shall obtain the largest returns from hisown industrial efforts? Is there any other solution, in the main,than that liberty which shall offer as an incentive to each the largestindividual activity and freedom of choice consistent with the rights ofhis fellows?ECONOMIC LIBERTY 61IIITo some minds industrial democracy is fitted to bring us "social justice." In the fierce industrial competition of the day what is "socialjustice" ? When the petted cat of the household is fighting against thestray of the woodpile, what is justice between them ? When one producer of small equipment is fighting against a large producer who canproduce more cheaply, is it justice to the consumer to handicap the largeproducer so that a higher price will allow the small producer to stay inthe market? Or, has any man — even the small producer — a droit aucommerce? He has, of course, a right equal to that of any other toenter trade; but it is never true that men have equal success in trade.What is social justice here? Is it the attempt to equalize humancapacities by handicapping the superior ? There is no need of arguingabout such a proposal. Why "break a butterfly on a wheel" ? It isnot in the power of society to equalize the industrial capacities of men;it may at the best educate and train the differing capacities alreadymarking out one man from another. Pear trees may be improved; butno art of man can make a pear tree bear roses. Deep down in naturethere is some formative power which fixes the individuality of a strain,just as it sets a characteristic quality on the combination of traits forming each separate man.It cannot be made too clear, moreover, that distribution of wealthhas to do with material rewards; and that these rewards must justlybear some relation to the respective services rendered in production.There is a vast difference between well-being and well-living. Obviously,efforts of an aesthetic or spiritual character — although they rank farabove material things in the scale of social values — are not in the sameclass with material rewards; so that the services of men in materialproduction are supposedly to be rewarded in the main by materialreturns. Therefore, quite irrespective of man's goodness or piety(except so far as it affects his industrial quality) he goes into industryfor material recompenses. If, then, men's services in the production ofwealth are widely unequal, it is impossible to expect that the materialrewards for these services can ever be equal.In short, differences in wealth are founded in the very nature of menas we find them in this world. It cannot, therefore, be supposed that"social justice" purposes to bring in an era of equal industrial shares.Nor is it possible to suppose that "industrial democracy" can ever aimat equality of earthly possessions, so long as dissimilar and imperfect62 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDmen remain what they are. Since discussions of riches, of wages, ofindustrial shares, belong to a materialistic philosophy (in whose grovessocialists also walk and discuss) it may make some of us glory in thedistinction that, although our powers in acquiring material rewards arepoor indeed, we may acquire merit in digging for treasures in other thanmaterialistic realms.IVWhat, then, may we expect "industrial democracy" to usher intothis world of material rewards ? It is impossible to suppose that skill— natural or acquired — should receive the same reward as lack of skill,under any meaning attributed to "social justice." Since we cannot,however, blink the industrial inequalities of men and their rewards, itmay be urged that all men should have equal opportunities in industry,Turning, for them who pass, the common dustOf servile opportunity to gold.We must not omit to point out, however, that the ability to see anopportunity is a personal quality granted to some and denied to others.As Bagehot says, it is not enough to have opportunity, it is essentialto feel it. Stating the matter baldly, at this very moment to everyone here there is equal industrial opportunity; but not every one of usis equally able to see an opportunity when it is presented. Perhapswhat the well-wishers of the race mean by insisting on equal opportunityis the training, insight, experience, and nerve to see and take therisks of opportunity. That is, they would like to see something akinto equality in industrial foresight; the distance to which for the socialreformer is farther than to Tipperary.But perhaps this is a man of straw. There must be something morethan this in the dissatisfaction of men with their present industrialopportunities. It is no doubt felt that artificial advantages place oneman in a position of opportunity, and shut another out. For instance,it may be thought that a parent's wealth gives his son an advantagein the competitive struggles of industry. On the contrary, wealth andthe granting of every desire for comfort and luxury is the very destructionof fiber and constructive energy. Phillips Brooks once said to me of ayoung man: "He has the disadvantage of being rich." In short, it isnot the most expensive rod that catches the most trout.For generations we have heard much of the "Rights of Man"; butall through the French Revolution, as de Tocqueville has declared,ECONOMIC LIBERTY 63liberty was confounded with equality. Of course, he was referring topolitical liberty and equality. On the other hand, in our groping forindustrial democracy it is possible that we are guilty of the same lackof discrimination in assuming that economic liberty connotes economicequality. Now, if, as has been shown, there is no such thing as economic equality, then to assume that there can be no economic libertywithout economic equality is to deny the very existence of such a thingas economic liberty — a conclusion we cannot accept for a moment.But, whatever our theorizing about economic liberty may be, wealmost instinctively include in the concept equal opportunity in industry. There is the obvious hindrance of custom and habit whichrestricts competition so that, as in the case of women's wages, unequalopportunity makes for injustice. No restriction, legal or artificial,ought to be allowed to interfere with the equal opportunity to enterindustry, to choose the occupation, to rise as skill and merit warrant,to have equal rights to property and life and to protection from thestate in all industrial operations. The demand for equal opportunity,however, is in essence a demand for a regime of free competition. Equalopportunity, in effect, is a way of giving unequal capacities free play toobtain unequal industrial returns.VWhen the goods of any producer can enter a given market, withoutinterference or restriction of any kind, we say that is a competitivemarket. Likewise, if there is a free movement of labor or capital intoor out of any productive area, we agree that there is free competition.That is, labor and capital are given equal opportunities to enter thatfield. Yet socialism, in its very foundation, is opposed to free competition; and so, of course, it is directly opposed to equal opportunity.Why? Because the differing industrial capacities of men inevitablylead to differing shares of material possessions whenever all men aregiven equal opportunities to exercise their several and unequal powers.Socialism, therefore, is a protest against unequal shares of materialwealth, on the ground that the only way to avoid that result is to avoidfree competition and equal opportunity for unequal abilities. Havingfailed in the field of free and equal contest of abilities, the socialistretreats behind the sheltering skirts of the protecting and paternalisticstate and asks for special favors from society. His is a gospel of inadequacy. More than that, it is opposed to "social justice," if that justiceincludes equal industrial opportunity.64 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDMost socialists have come to their conclusions through an aboundingidealism and sympathy with the sufferings of their kind. From thedays of Marx and Lasalle, men have gone into socialism not from firsthaving made a profound study of economics, but from first having hada vision of perfection in socialism for which they have afterwards soughtto find an economic justification. Indeed, the basic incentives tosocialism are a dissatisfaction with the existing industrial order, a desirefor industrial equality, a wish to escape the merciless tests of free competition, and a hearty respect for the uses of capital. There is a bittersense of inequality due to the fact that some have capital and others not;and it is seen that the possession of capital gives access to tools, employment, and power over the future. More than that, we know by actualexperience how merciless is the working of many a capitalist's mindwhen he is thinking only of getting income from his business. That menare supposed to have an unequal chance at capital, and therefore areunder the tyranny of capitalists, is a trite indictment against the regimeof free competition. But in the demand for the state ownership of capitallies the fundamental non sequitur of socialism — a violation of equal opportunity and social justice. Capital is not a gift of nature; nor can itbe a creation of the state in any other way than through the effort ofindividuals. It is a man-willed, a man-originating resultant. In itslegitimate character it is the outcome of the psychic efforts of individualpersons. Treble the efficiency of production, treble the output of wealth,and, if you treble that kind of consumption by which nothing is produced in the place of that which is consumed, there is no addition tocapital. Only by calling on the individual for the moral force that setsa greater gain on a future use than on a present indulgence do we changewealth into capital. Capital is the outcome of self-control, foresight,a power to estimate the future over the present. You may take awaywealth from others by highway robbery, by fraud, by "high finance,"but you do not thereby create capital. If the socialistic state then proposes to take capital from those by whom it was created, and assign itto those unwilling or unable to exercise the qualities by which it isbrought into existence, it is flying in the face of social justice, becauseit is taking from those who are industrially competent and giving withoutservice to those who are industrially incompetent; because it is notassigning economic rewards on the basis of the service rendered. Itdoes not condone the preliminary confiscation of individual capital tosay that, after the state gets possession of all, or nearly all, the capitalof society, the state will set itself to the task of saving future capital.ECONOMIC LIBERTY 65If socialism is in its theory economically and ethically so indefensible,what could we expect of its practical operation by its well-intentioned,visionary type of votaries ? The obvious right of each of us to laboraccording to our own preferences also carries with it the obvious rightto save and to be protected in the use of our savings — provided we donot infringe on the rights of others to do the same.The selfish evil nature of man shows itself in the control of capitaljust as in the control of any other power, political or industrial. Largeproducers do not hesitate to combine their efforts to gain special legislation to obtain special industrial privileges. Virtue and civic honorare by no means confined to the rich. But it is folly to assume thatbecause some capital has not been justly accumulated, some gained byprivilege, some not earned but inherited, that capital in general can belightly confiscated by the state. The vast mass of existing capital hascome into existence by the exercise of the homely virtues I have described.Confiscate the results of the exercise of these virtues, and you not onlydestroy the virtues themselves but you bring about an anaemic, self-indulgent society.VIBut why so much in favor of property rights ? WTe are pointedlyasked to set a higher value on human rights. They certainly are ofhigher significance. Indeed, property and legal rights should onlyreflect the human rights of members in society. When a careful, thrifty,hard-working farmer with two children painfully accumulates sleek cattleand good implements in neat, well-painted buildings, he forms anunhappy contrast to the slack laborer near him who lives in a pigstywith a dozen slatternly children. Our sympathy with the "under dog"makes us all want "human rights" for the latter. Should society takefat cattle away from the one and thereby feed the other? Are nothuman rights superior to property rights? The troublesome truth isthat by confiscating one man's capital, painfully accumulated, societydisregards his human rights; and if it supplies the wants of a too largefamily without reference to industrial services it is removing all motivefor self-control and thrift. He must not be allowed to starve? Certainly not; but society should levy on all its members for a poor fund,and not on the one thrifty neighbor, even though he happens to employhim. Industrial democracy here cannot mean equal possessions, becausethe men are unequal in thrift and industry; and equality of treatmentdemands that the thrifty farmer should have the advantage of human66 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDrights as well as the denizen of the pigsty. If the milk in this cocoanutis that vague talk about human rights means equal rewards, then theintellectual acumen of this philosophy is on a par with the tooting ofa baby's horn.But why not form a union of all such laborers, who will agree towork only for wages enough to support a large family with a margin forcomforts, and to prevent all others from competing in their district?This is coercion by conspiracy in the form of an artificial monopoly;it is not fit that a union should wish to prevent non-union laborers fromthe human right to work, and thus deny equal opportunity and socialjustice to others. If perchance a union were formed including all laborers, society would be freed from a poor fund and the burden be deftlytransferred to the employers of the district, who thus become almonersfor the community. Such a plan could not possibly be regarded asa logical sanction of human rights. But to remove all doubts as toethics and logic, pass a law fixing the rate mentioned as a legal minimumrate of wages, so as to relieve society as a whole of its duty, thus imposingthe burden on the chance employer, and the principle of justice is thenestablished beyond peradventure!Whatever the economic futility of such thinking, we cannot escapethe very pertinent fact that all of us are deep down in our hearts moreinterested in the man of the pigsty and his slatternly children than in thethrifty and successful farmer. It is due to the saving grace of humansympathy, which is above and beyond all logic and reason. The thriftyman can and will take care of himself; the man of the pigsty is the realproblem of industry.The unhappy thing in the situation is too often the low ethical codeof the owner of capital. In the war of interests he will often rival a laborunion in resorts to abuses of power to gain a selfish end. But we mustremember that we are indicting the owner of capital, not capital itself.Moral condemnation must fall on men, not on impersonal agents.However we may cauterize the capitalist, capital remains a beneficentand necessary condition of progress for all members of society.It is worth noting, however, that the personal process of saving onthe part of one man does not interfere with that of another. Capital islegitimately accumulated without being accumulated at the expense ofanother's capital. We should not charge the evil that men do to thesocial system. Thus we get a concept of economic liberty for the individual which does not trench on the rights of others. On the contrary,saving, like smallpox, is contagious; and vaccination against it oughtECONOMIC LIBERTY 67to be forbidden. All the analysis of economics and all the resources ofpsychology should be directed to the means of raising the level of lifeof the man at the bottom. That goes without saying. That, however,is only another way of saying that his problem is not solved by draggingdown the motives for economy and skill, but by trying to create thosemotives also in the man of the pigsty and thereby to enlarge his industrial efficiency. That is the kind of human rights we wish to providehim with.VIIIn the open book of human nature we have much to learn. Continually we meet the hard task of adjustment between conflicting humanforces so as to avoid tragedy. Nimble wits and scant logic often gotogether. It is easier to act without thinking; and (like the politicians)escape before consequences overtake us. It is said that rabbits aregreat jumpers, but not therefore great legislators. It becomes us, therefore, to go through the forbidding process of thinking — so far as we areable. In these days of gluttonous emotion we are invited into methodswhich save foresight and thinking. We must try to think through tothe end.To this point, we have not yet faced the real reason which probablyunderlies the wide-spread belief in the possibilites of industrial democracy.Among the unsuccessful it seems to be the pillar of cloud by day and thepillar of fire by night which will lead them to the promised land of economic ease. It is believed by many that the existing laws of distribution are unjust; that when one human being works long hours for$500 or $600 a year, while another has $100,000 a year, there is something wrong in the social system. Hence, let us throw bricks, blow upbuildings, and overturn existing political institutions, in order to reformthe world. Unhappily such methods only bring on tragedy; and theproblem is not thereby solved. Not comprehending the personal originof capital, it is assumed that capital is accumulated at the expense ofwages, that large wealth is necessarily won by fraud or special privilege(which is sometimes true), and that the only hope of labor in the tug ofwar is to seize all that can be pulled away from the employer. Thereis no use blinking the fact that organizations of business men plan toelect presidents and members of Congress not to obtain the enactmentof laws for the good of society as a whole but to entrench themselvesbehind some special privilege. Such knowledge creates hatred of thecapitalist class; but the wiping out. of special privilege will not solve68 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe problem before us. It does not do here to prate hackneyed worclsabout co-operation between labor and capital. The adjustment whichwill prevent tragedy cannot be found except by the enlistment of self-interest. The solution is not political, nor economic, but ethical. Thetruth is that ethical changes in the motives and dealings of men directlytouch their relative material rewards.But economic analysis must precede ethical reform. Roads mustbe made before we can bring in civilization. It begins to be recognizedthat our economic life is influenced not only by the limitations of naturalresources but also by the imperfections of mankind. Scarcity affectsall things of value. To get them we have to overcome productiveobstacles. Fertile land is not unlimited; tin, iron, zinc must be mined.Capital is limited directly by the personal ability to estimate the futureover the present, and it provides invention with marvelous tools ofefficiency. But labor comes forward in supply for physiological reasonsquite unrelated to productive demand. Labor is of all kinds of industrial intelligence and efficiency. The largest numbers settle in theunskilled class, and yet these render the least service to production.On that account the demand is less intense, and the numbers are larger^than for higher classes of laborers. We cannot by legislation, or sympathy, prevent scarcity or abundance from having an effect on wagesany more than we can prevent certain trees from shedding their leavesin winter. Nor is it of any more use to say that the results of suchprinciples are unjust than to say that the weather is unjust. If menwho can take grave responsibilities are scarce and if the demand forthem is imperative, they may be paid $100,000 a year; and if men whocan do only ordinary tasks are numerous, while the demand for them isnot strong, their wages will be low. To say that men cannot five asdecently as we think they ought on those low wages, does not raise them.No matter how much our feelings are harrowed, philanthropy can notraise wages above the level fixed by impersonal market conditions.The function of philanthropy seems to be to ameliorate the lot of theunfortunate and unfit during the period of temporary incapacity orduring the long interim before they acquire increased productivity.Hence the poor are likely to be with us always. And yet the idealismof industrial democracy seems to hope otherwise. There is an indefeasible hope to bring in by some sort of miracle an equality in industrialrewards, or something better than present inequality.Without doubt, our real interest is in the problem of the man in thepigsty and his slatternly children. What for them is the message ofECONOMIC LIBERTY 69economic liberty ? We know that many of the forces bringing about lowwages cannot be removed by the fiat of society. The theories of betterment must frankly admit these facts, and must be adapted to them.But, on the other hand, there are open to society methods of amelioration entirely within its control. These are largely psychological. Thewages and the condition of the man in the pigsty can be raised by anything which will increase his productive efficiency — sobriety, industry,manual and mechanical training, education, and self-control. Thechief work must be spent on the slatternly children who should be"caught young" and given a better environment as well as all theadvantages of trained efficiency. Society is justified in using all itssovereign powers in building up some means of developing the personalefficiency of each child. Thus the rescue of the group in the pigsty maybe accomplished without the spoliation of the thrifty folk who have fatcattle. It is the folly of superficial economic thinking to suppose thatthe progress of the one is at the expense of the other. Economic libertydoes not grant to the man of the pigsty industrial license, that is, theraw individuality of inefficiency, laziness, intemperance, and ignorance,and yet allow a claim to the rewards of efficiency. He is to gain largerconsumption and more comforts only if he obeys the laws which enablehim to gain capital and productive efficiency, by developing thosequalities which bring higher industrial returns. He can get economicliberty only under economic law.We are thus led to distinguish between two very different sets ofwrongs. It is far from sound to assign the ills that men are heir to, tothe existing social and economic system. Very much of this system hasits basis in the character of the earth on which we live, and in the verynature of man as he was created. It is not correct to charge up againsta system of economic distribution thus founded the wrongs due to theimperfection of man. Wrongs of economic institutions should not beconfounded with the wrongs of evil human nature. A bridge thrownacross the Niagara River is neither just nor unjust, neither right norwrong; but the man who entices another upon it in order to throw himover is subject to moral judgments. It is not going too far to say thatmost of the industrial evils complained of today are not to be attributedto a vicious social and economic system, but to the bad manifestationsof sinful human nature. The inference, then, is obvious. Discriminate between the wrongs assignable to the social system and thoseassignable to human nature. The removal of the shocking evils in ourmidst is not to be accomplished by overturning social institutions, by70 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwiping out private property, or by denying economic distribution.Even if you could do all these things, you would still have the same oldhuman nature at work, certain to be the source of most of the evils wenow endure. The only thing that counts permanently is the slow,gradual, steady uplifting of human nature. This must be the mainobjective of industrial democracy. You do not save the sinner merelyby changing his coat. We wonder that the church has not done morewith human nature. Could we expect more from socialism ? It is onething to admit and sympathize with the wretchedness all about us,which we should only too well like to eradicate from the world. It isquite another thing — after the kingdom of Christ has been preached fortwenty centuries, only to be followed by the most merciless war of allhistory — to suppose that a mere scheme for the confiscation of capitaland its transfer to the control of the state will bring about the perfectionof man and exact justice for all. Today, as in the days of an old writer,we seem to be obliged to confess that "The descent to Hades is the samefrom every place."VIIIThere is, therefore, much empty declamation about the wrongs ofour social system, and much vague longing for a new industrial democracy. Raucous noises are not argument, and dreams are not convincing by daylight. The problem of economic liberty before us isone which involves the betterment of the individuals out of whomsociety is built and from whom society takes its color and characteristics. Our social system will be as good as the individuals of whom it iscomposed.Say what we will, in our search for economic or political liberty, wecome back to the individual. At Tuskegee or in the slums of Chicagowe have the same problem of stimulation to the motives for productionand then the training to give productive efficiency for supplying a largerconsumption and a higher standard of living. We are again met withthe necessity of making an adjustment between seemingly irreconcilableforces. On the one hand, we cannot grow as a society without a healthygrowth of individual energy. Every possible stimulus should be givento the motives which impel each individual to enlarge his well-being.You cannot have a good field of wheat unless after the sowing the separate kernels of wheat germinate. You cannot have capital unless separatepersons save; you cannot have labor unless individual persons work.When Colbert fixed for the factories of France the size and coloring of theECONOMIC LIBERTY 71tapestries they might make, he hindered the development of individualinitiative which might have originated a thousand improvementshardly to be conceived by a single ruling mind, no matter how great.There is the greatest economic liberty in the state that offers the greatest rewards to individual activity, consistent with the rights of others.After I had framed this sentence, I found the following statement bya well-known jurist: "Each man may develop himself, but only sofar as his doing so will not interfere with the exercise of a like right byothers Liberty .... insists that the full development of eachindividual is not only a right but a duty to society, and our best hope forcivilization lies not in uniformity but in differentiation." These werethe words of Mr. Brandeis. Indeed we base and justify private property only on the granting to each individual of the results of his ownexertions. The truth which lay behind the much-abused and little-understood concept of laissez-faire was a protest against that despoticand unwise interference with private industrial initiative which was thevery life of industry, and the restriction of which in the days of theGrand Monarche withered the prosperity of the nation. In effect, onlythat governmental interference is justified of economic liberty whichallows the greatest industrial freedom to the individual, within thefield of equal rights. As the state interferes with highwaymen so thatwomen and children may walk our streets in safety, so it may rightlyinterfere, in the interest of equality of opportunity and social justice,for instance, not only with selfish organizations of employers which aimto use legislation to control prices, but also with excited strikers who tryto prevent other laborers from working.On the other hand, while individual initiative is as necessary toeconomic health as live cells in the tree are necessary to leaves on theboughs, economic liberty is the resultant of individualism under thecurb of disciplined co-operation in society. Raw individualism is theuntamed bull at large; disciplined individualism is the ox ploughingcorn. To inveigh against individualism is like denying the need ofhydrogen in forming a drop of water. The singling out of one factor ina complex combination has always been the mark of the impetuousenthusiast whose fiery spirit burns the hotter, the narrower the chimneyof his mind. In the beginning God seems to have created all men asindividualists; and the main history of the race in its social contacts isa story of the adjustment between the vigor and initiative of individualism with that disciplined co-operation by which alone we come to possessin largest measure the fruits of economic liberty. If God made us all72 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDindividualists, life has made us all co-operators. While there is thegreatest political liberty under law, so there is the greatest individualeconomic liberty under co-operation.In our industrial life we are continually forced to make adjustmentsbetween seemingly irreconcilable forces, in order to avoid tragedy.We are called upon for intelligence, training, common-sense, and sympathy. In bringing in the reign of liberty under economic law, we mustneeds be patient, as well as hopeful. Remember that the June sunbegins to come north in December.THE PRESIDENT'S CONVOCATIONSTATEMENTATTENDANCE OF STUDENTSThe quarter just closing has been full of interest in many ways.The attendance of students, 3,240 in the quadrangles and 1,071 in University College, gives a total of 4,311. This is a gain of 430 as compared with the Winter Quarter a year ago. It must be borne in mindthat the University does little or nothing in the way of advertising, andthat the attendance of students results from the normal knowledge ofwhat the University has to offer and from the normal desire of studentsto obtain the advantages which are obvious in Chicago. The gain hasbeen for several years past at the rate of 9 or 10 per cent. We mustobserve that a 10 per cent gain, kept up annually, will mean in ten yearsa doubling of the total number of students. This, while from one pointof view of course highly desirable and encouraging, at the same timeleads us to consider very carefully if the resources of the University inbuildings, equipment, and endowment will be adequate to attend properlyto the needs of that large number.MILITARY SERVICEA petition signed by several hundred of our young men was laidbefore the Faculty during the current quarter, asking for the organization of military instruction. Our students share the general feelingthroughout the country in their desire to take part in whatever may benecessary for the protection of the safety of the nation. The petitionwill be considered with care. The service which may be rendered byyoung men in institutions like the University of Chicago is not comprehended merely by the ordinary training of infantry drill. Service inmodern defense is multifarious in kind, and every grade of intelligencewill be of use. The Curriculum Committee of the Faculty is makinga study of this question, and is aided by the experience of similar institutions in the East and by the recommendations of such distinguishedmilitary experts as Major-General Leonard Wood. There is no doubtthat the next University year will find the University of Chicago readyto share with other universities throughout the country in this mostimportant branch of university service.7374 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDTHE QUARTER-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONCommittees of the Faculty and of the Board of Trustees have beenactively engaged throughout the entire quarter in preparations for theexercises of next June, which will be the celebration of the Quarter-Centennial of the University. Those exercises will cover the periodfrom June 2 to June 6 inclusive, and all are looking forward to an occasion of decided interest. It is hoped and believed that there will be alarge attendance of alumni from the various Schools and Colleges ofthe University. One important feature of the celebration will be theformal dedication of Ida Noyes Hall. This building is rapidly proceeding to completion, and it is expected that it will be ready for occupation in June.GIFTS DURING THE QUARTERA quarter rarely passes without the University's being favored bysome of its friends in one way or another.In January Mrs. H. W. Thomas gave the University property valuedat approximately $2,500, to be used in founding lectures to be givenin memory of her husband, the late Rev. Dr. Hiram W. Thomas ofChicago. The foundation will provide ultimately for annual lectureson the higher forms of religious thought.In February Mr. and Mrs. Jesse L. Rosenberger added to theirprevious gift of $5,000 for the Colver-Rosenberger Fellowship Funda further gift of $5,000 for the general purpose, and still another giftof $2,500 to establish the Colver-Rosenberger Scholarship Fund. Thesegenerous gifts make the total funds from these friends of the University$12,500. It may be added that Mr. and Mrs. Rosenberger were bothstudents in the old University of Chicago.During the quarter, also, a gift of $2,500 was received from a friend,whose name must be withheld, for special geographical research.Because of the pressure upon University funds for modern booksnecessary in research and instruction, the University Libraries havebeen unable to purchase manuscripts and early printed books. Forsuch acquisitions the Libraries have been obliged to rely upon generousfriends. Again has Dr. Frank Wakeley Gunsaulus proved himself tobe such a friend and donor. In the month of February, having discovered the desirability of increasing the University collection of earlyprinted books, he presented twenty-one important incunabula. Suchtreasures add to the scholarly character and dignity of the Libraries,and, together with those early printed books already possessed, makea notable collection.THE PRESIDENTS CONVOCATION STATEMENT 75A very interesting and important gift is that of a collection relatingto the times of the Puritan Commonwealth in England, and especiallyto Oliver Cromwell, presented to the University by Mrs. George MorrisEckels as a memorial to her husband. The collection consists of books,pamphlets, engravings, and photographs. Mr. Eckels was interestedfor many years in gathering this material, and was himself a thoroughscholar of the history of England during the period in question. So faras the books are concerned, it is probably the most complete collectionin the United States. Many of these books also are very rare firsteditions, and many of them are choice exhibitions of the bookbinder'swork. It is especially gratifying to the many friends of the late Mr.Eckels to have his name permanently connected with the University.The collection will be kept together, and known as "The George MorrisEckels Collection." It forms an important addition to the resourcesof the Library and to the material for scholarship in English history.It may be said that the money value is upward of $10,000. The University is deeply gratified at receiving this very generous gift on behalfof Mrs. Eckels and her family.A few weeks ago the Board of Trustees received the announcement ofa gift from a donor, whose name cannot at present be made public, ofa gift of $200,000 for a building for theological instruction. This building will be placed immediately north of the Haskell Oriental Museum,and thus will complete the quadrangle bounded by the building in question,by the Harper Memorial Library, the Law Building, and Julius Rosen-wald Hall. The building, by the terms of this gift, is to be unsectarianin character, and will be open to all theological instruction afforded bythe University. The broad views of the donor, in which the Board ofTrustees cordially concur, I am sure will be generally gratifying to allfriends of the University. It is needless to say that the new buildingwill greatly encourage the different departments engaged in theologicaltraining, and is a very welcome addition from every point of view to theUniversity. In extending an expression of appreciation and thanks inthis public way to the donor it may be added, if I may be permitted toquote from a previous Annual Report of the President, "The long listof donors of buildings to the University of Chicago is still incomplete."THE BOARD OF TRUSTEESBy J. SPENCER DICKERSON, SecretaryAPPOINTMENTSIn addition to reappointments of officers of instruction and ofadministration, the following appointments have been made:Georges van Biesbroeck, Adjunct Astronomer of the RoyalObservatory of Belgium, Uccle, as Professor of Practical Astronomyat Yerkes Observatory.Rachel Donnell, M.D., of the staff of Sprague Memorial Institute, as Associate in the Department of Pathology, from January i,1916.PROMOTIONSAssistant Professor Harvey Carr, of the Department of Psychology, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1916.Instructor Joseph W. Hayes, of the Department of Psychology,to an assistant professorship, from October 1, 1916.Assistant Professor Marcus W. Jernegan, of the Department ofHistory, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1916.Assistant Professor Scott E. W. Bedford, of the Department ofSociology, to an associate professorship, from October 1, 1916.Instructor Ralph E. House, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, to an assistant professorship, fromOctober 1, 1916.Associate Professor Ernest Hatch Wilkins, of the Departmentof Romance Languages and Literatures, to a professorship, fromOctober 1, 1916.Assistant Professor Charles Goettsch, of the Department ofGermanic Languages and Literatures, to an associate professorship,from July 1, 1916.Associate Professor Henry Gordon Gale, of the Department ofPhysics, to a professorship, from July 1, 1916.Instructor Wellington D. Jones, of the Department of Geography, to an assistant professorship, from October 1, 1916.76THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 77Assistant Professor Preston Kyes, of the Department of Anatomy, to an associate professorship from October i, 19 16.Assistant Professor Gertrude Dudley, of the Department ofPhysical Culture and Athletics, to an associate professorship, fromOctober 1, 1916.Assistant Professor John Franklin Bobbitt, of the Departmentof Education, School of Education, to an associate professorship,from October 1, 1916.BUILDING FOR THEOLOGICAL SCHOOLSAt the meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February 8, 1916,President Judson announced a gift from a donor whose name wasnot made known "of $200,000, for the erection of a building in thequadrangles to be devoted to theological instruction." Plans arebeing prepared by the architects.HIRAM W. THOMAS LECTURESThe Board of Trustees at the meeting held January 11, 1916,voted to accept real estate in Chicago from Mrs. Vandelia VarnumThomas, the gift to found, when the income realized therefrom issufficient, a series of annual lectures in memory of her husband, thelate Hiram W. Thomas, D.D., a well-known clergyman of Chicago.These lectures are to be known as the "Hiram W. Thomas Lectures." In her letter accompanying the deeds to the propertiesconveyed Mrs. Thomas provides that these lectures "shall be givenby representatives of the larger faith and express the ever-growingthought of the world in religion and life — the universals that knitman to man and man to his Maker."THE QUARTER-CENTENNIAL CELEBRATIONThe date for the celebration has been changed to June 2-6,inclusive.Frank Dickinson Bartlett Gymnasium has been designated asthe place for the installation of exhibits, under the supervision ofthe Committee on Exhibits.At the meeting of the Board of Trustees held February 8, 1916,upon recommendation of the Committee on Finance and Investment,an appropriation was made for the expenses of the Quarter-78 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCentennial celebration, provision being made for: (i) administration; (2) invitations; (3) departmental conferences; (4) alumniand student participation; (5) decorations; (.6) music; (7) theUniversity dinner; (8) Divinity School celebration; (9) Ida NoyesHall dedication; (10) catalogue of matriculants (to be published bythe University Press) ; (n) bibliography; (12) exhibits.Subcommittees of the Committee of Arrangements have beenenlarged by the addition of the following members, besides thosenamed in the University Record for January, 1916, as follows:Committee on the Dinner (additional): Mr. Hervey F. Mallory and Mr. Ira M.Price.Committee on Departmental Conferences (additional): Mr. R. J. Bonner, Mr.R. T. Chamberlin, Mr. E. O. Jordan, Mr. C. H. Judd, Mr. L. C. Marshall,Mr. F. R. Moulton, Mr. R. A. Millikan, Mr. H. H. Newman, Mr. J. M. P. Smith,Mr. Julius Stieglitz.Committee on Exhibits (additional): Mr. J. B. Canning, Mr. H. C. Cowles, Mr.J. P. Goode, Miss Helen C. Gunsaulus, Mr. Norman McLeod Harris, Mr. E. A. Henry,Mr. F. W. Johnson, Miss Helen Johnston, Mr. Wellington D. Jones, Mr. F. M.Leavitt, Mr. R. L. Lyman, Mr. Edward Miller, Mr. Newman Miller, Mr. W. J.Monilaw, Mr. J. F. Moulds, Mr. H. G. Moulton, Mr. W. A. Payne, Mr. N. C. Plimpton, Mr. E. E. Quantrell, Miss Marian J. Reynolds, Mr. Walter Sargent, Mr. F. W.Shepardson, Mr. Denton H. Sparks, Mr. Henry D. Sulcer, Miss Agnes Wayman.Committee on Divinity School Celebration (additional) : Mr. J. Spencer Dickerson,Mr. E. J. Goodspeed, Mr. C. A. Marsh, Mr. J. M. P. Smith.Committee on Bibliography (additional) : Mr. C. R. Baskervill, Mr. R. R. Bensley,Mr. R. T. Chamberlin, Mr. J. A. Field, Mr. E. Freund, Mr. E. J. Goodspeed, Mr.E. O. Jordan, Mr. F. R. Lillie, Mr. R. A. Millikan, Mr. E. H. Moore, Mr. F. R.Moulton, Mr. W. A. Nitze, Mr. A. W. Small, Mr. P. Shorey, Mr. F. B. Tarbell, Mr.F. A. Wood.Committee on Catalogue of Matriculants (additional) : Miss Grace A. Coulter, MissAlice Greenacre, Mr. Earl D. Hostetter, Mr. Walter A. Payne, Mr. James H. Tufts.Committee on Athletics (additional) : Mr. W. S. Bond, Mr. P. R. Des Jardien, Mr.Rudy Matthews, Mr. H. O. Page, Dr. D. B. Reed, secretary.Committee on Alumni Participation (additional) : Miss Grace A. Coulter, Mrs. C.W. Gilkey, Mrs. E. F. Flint, Mr. E. J. Goodspeed, Mr. J. W. Linn, Mr. SamuelMcClintock, Mr. E. E. Quantrell, Mr. D. A. Robertson, Mr. H. H. Swift, Miss AgnesWayman.Committee on Student Participation (additional) : Mr. F. W. Burcky, Mr. R. H.Dunlap, Mr. T. T. Gentles, Mr. John G. Guerin, Mr. Frank H. O'Hara, Mr.R. W. Knipchild, Miss Pauline A. Levi, Mr. Paul MacClintock, Mr. Harold T. Moore,Miss Agnes Murray, Miss Alma M. Parmele, Miss Mary Prince, Mr. J. C. Redmon.Two new committees have been appointed:Committee on Publicity: Mr. David A. Robertson, Mr. F. W. Shepardson.Committee on Music: Mr. James R. Angell, Mr. David A. Robertson.THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 79ADDITIONAL COLVER-ROSENBERGER GIFTSFor the fifth time Mr. Jesse L. Rosenberger and his wife, SusanE. Rosenberger, the former a student and the latter a graduate ofthe old University of Chicago, have made a contribution to theUniversity. They have doubled the amount originally given toendow the "Colver-Rosenberger Fellowship," the object of whichis to stimulate "persons of high character and promise to noble andunselfish studies and endeavors for the benefit of mankind and thesolution of the more vital problems of human life."Besides this addition to the fellowship fund Mr. and Mrs.Rosenberger have given a fund to endow the "Colver-RosenbergerScholarship." This scholarship is to be awarded annually "in suchbranch of the field of knowledge touching the relations and welfareof human society as from time to time may seem to have the mostimportant bearing on the dominant vital problems of the times,either sociological, religious, moral, economic, industrial, political,etc., or wherever else it is thought that it will do the most good,present and prospective, in aiding and encouraging students of highcharacter and good ability, who give particular promise of futureusefulness in helping to solve such problems and to improve conditions in life."There is especial significance in these gifts by reason of the factthat the donors have joined with their family name that of Rev.Nathaniel Colver, D.D. (1794-1870), "a stalwart Baptist preacher,abolitionist, and educator," who was Mrs. Rosenberger's grandfather. Dr. Colver was one of the founders of the Chicago BaptistTheological Institute, now the Divinity School of the University.His portrait hangs in Haskell Oriental Museum.UNITED STATES WEATHER BUREAUThe Board of Trustees on March 14, 1916, approved a contractwith the United States Department of Agriculture for the establishment in Julius Rosenwald Hall of a meteorological observatory ofthe United States Weather Bureau. Instruments for observationare to be placed upon the roof of the tower. Instruments forregistering seismic disturbances and for other purposes of theBureau are to be installed in the building. Rain gauges and aSo THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthermometer shelter are to be placed on the campus. The contract provides that the Faculty and students of the University mayhave free access, within reasonable limits, to the records of observations made and of data gathered. Printed matter containing theresults of investigations based upon observations made in thisobservatory will show the co-operation of the University withthe Department of Agriculture.GIFTSA gift of $2,500, by an unnamed donor, has been made for theDepartment of Geography, to enable that department to make ascientific study in Asia.Mr. La Verne Noyes once more has shown his interest in theUniversity by a gift which provides for the landscape gardening ofthe south half of the block on which Ida Noyes Hall stands. Theimprovement is to be based upon plans made by Mr. O. C. Simonds,landscape gardener.MISCELLANEOUSThe Department of Paleontology has been merged in the Department of Geology.The Board of University Laboratories and Museums has beendivided into two boards, the Board of Laboratories and the Boardof Museums, the membership in each board to be constituted inaccordance with present regulations.The name of the College of Commerce and Administration hasbeen changed to the School of Commerce and Administration.A new storehouse, a one-story brick building, 50X100 feet,west of the Power Plant, has been completed and is now in use.An appropriation has been made for the work of grading thatpart of the campus east of the central circle and for providing forfour tennis courts, adjacent to the driveway entering the campus atUniversity Avenue and Fifty-eighth Street.MILITARY OBLIGATIONS OFCITIZENSHIPMAJOR-GENERAL LEONARD WOOD, U.S.A.I want to talk to you today especially about the military trainingcamps, and explain to you why we are so much interested in them, andwant you to be. You of course realize that in these days of organizationand preparedness all countries should be ready to meet any emergency.One of the most important measures in the way of preparation is theprovision of a corps of reserve officers, at least 50,000. This may seemto you a large number, but when you remember that in the Civil War thenorthern army had 127,000 officers, and the southern about 65,000or 66,000, you realize that the proposal to provide 50,000 for us todayis not an extravagant one. Indeed, it is very conservative. It providesofficers enough for only a few more men than we had with the colors atthe end of the Civil War, North and South. These officers cannot beprovided in a hurry; we must find some method of providing them intime of peace, and of training them as thoroughly as possible. Theregular army today has something over 5,000 officers, and the militiaabout 8,000, so that we have a total of 13,000 available officers in thecountry. But all of these will be required, and any we take away mustbe replaced, so that our total of 50,000 is practically a constant one.The question is, Where are we going to get these officers ? We have atthe various land-grant and mechanical colleges, established in 1862 underthe Morrill act, an act which provided not only for the establishment ofthese colleges but also called for military training as a part of the course,and provided an officer to give it, about 30,000 who are receiving militaryinstruction, varying in quality and amount. We also have at privateor semi-private military colleges, of which the Virginia Military Institute, Norwich University, the Pennsylvania State Military College, andthe Citadel in Charleston are good representatives, about 10,000 studentswho are receiving military instruction under the direct supervision of anofficer of the army. Thus we have some 40,000 men, or about 8,000graduates a year, who have had more or less systematic military training.Unfortunately this training varies in excellence, and also in amount.1 An address delivered in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall on February 21, 1916.8182 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDSome of the colleges have done particularly good work; others are doingand have done very poor work. It is most desirable to place in campeach year all the physically fit graduates of these institutions. Assumingthat we have 8,000 graduates, about 4,500 will be physically fit to undergothe training. This training will tend to standardize and round out theinstruction which they have had, and will give them in addition a typeof training in conjunction with the regular troops which it is impossibleto secure at their institutions. We also have another source of supplyof officers, and that is the great, non-military universities, which havewell over 200,000 students. A bill is now before Congress, or about tobe presented, which provides for the establishment of officers' training-corps units in such colleges as are willing to take up the work. Thiswork is to be done under the supervision in part of an officer of the army.All the strictly military portion will be under his immediate direction.The correlated branches will necessarily be taught by the faculty of theuniversity, and probably will include such studies as chemistry, hygiene,surveying, economics, modern languages, military history and policy, andin addition will include a course of lectures on purely military subjects,these latter lectures to be given by the military instructor. HarvardUniversity has just established such a course. The course is to covertwo years, and in addition to courses on the general lines above indicatedwill also require at least twenty-four lectures and six tactical walks orterraine studies. These are given for the purpose of explaining the useof natural obstacles or different kinds of terraine. In addition to thiswork, which will be taken during the academic year, there will be requiredattendance at two military training camps, each for a minimum of fiveweeks. These camps will be held under the immediate direction ofvarious department commanders, and will be conducted by regularofficers, the work to be done in conjunction with regular troops. A number of our larger universities have shown great interest in the establishment of these training units, and I believe that from this source we shallobtain a very large number of exceedingly valuable men. Now from thegraduates of all these different institutions who have taken the militarytraining courses and two periods at the military training camps — namely,the men from the agricultural and mechanical colleges, those from themilitary colleges, and those who have taken the courses at the non-military colleges — we should select each year not less than 1,500 forappointment for one year as second lieutenants in the various arms,staff corps, and departments of the regular army. This will give theman opportunity to become familiar with the interior administration andMILITARY OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP 83supply of organization, and it will accustom them to actual service withtroops. Men who have had this year in the regular service would bewell qualified to serve as captains and majors of volunteers; those whohave not had the year with the regular service but have completed theother portions of the work should be qualified to serve as lieutenantsin most instances, and in some as captains. The men who serve withthe regular establishment for a year should receive the pay and allowances of a second lieutenant, or such appropriate pay and allowances asCongress may deem advisable. As a preliminary to this work, or ratheras a part of it, we should strive to co-ordinate thoroughly the courses atthe various military and non-military colleges, so that the men from allthese different sources may have had instruction on certain requiredlines. From the men who have served for a year with the regular armywe could with great advantage select for appointment in the regulararmy, subject to the prescribed examination, the greater portion of ourappointments from civil life. These men would have had two years incollege under military instruction, two camps of intensive training underofficers of the army and with regular troops, and one year serving actuallyas officers; and they would have seen enough of the military work toknow military life, to know whether or not they should take it up. Wehave this wealth of material, and are doing practically nothing with it.Then, again, we have another tremendous source of supply which will beavailable for a number of years: that is, the men who have completedtheir studies, but who are still of an age to undertake military training.This class of men was represented last year by the personnel present atthe so-called "Business Men's Camps." The men who attend thesecamps for a number of years and take certain prescribed courses of reading, combined with correspondence courses, will also furnish manydesirable officers.Thus far the college and business men's military training camps havebeen conducted without aid from the federal government other than theuse of equipment and the services of officers as instructors. They havepaid for their own transportation to and fro, their subsistence, uniforms,etc. It is hoped that this year Congress will authorize the issue of uniforms, food, and ammunition at least, so that this portion of the load,often heavy, may be taken off the shoulders of the many who canill afford it. These camps are not only for the training of officers, butthey serve another almost equally useful purpose. They are of greatassistance in the sound teaching of military history, which as you knowis hardly touched upon in our school and college courses. I do not mean84 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDthe military history which relates only to the dates of campaigns orbattles, or who commanded them, or who was victorious; but rather tothat branch of military history which goes more to the root of things,and discusses the policy which has governed in the raising and maintaining of armies, the education and appointment of officers, etc. Theneglect of this branch of military history is I think one of the principalreasons why our people have so little interest in their military policy.We hear so many people who ought to know better speak of our variouswars as though they had been easily successful. Few people realize thatthis country has never yet engaged single-handed in war with a first-class power, and it is only with such a power that we are particularlyconcerned. The little wars to which we go in our own good time, suchas our expeditions to Cuba and the recent one to Vera Cruz, are notmatters of grave concern. We are not ourselves subject to immediateattack in force; but it is war with a great power, fully organized andready — such a war as will some day come to us unless our history is todiffer from that of all other peoples — it is against a war of this kind thatwe must be prepared; for our preparation is, after all is said and done,more an insurance for peace than a preparation for war. We leave schooland college without any distinct idea of what we have done in a militaryway. We remember only the success, but forget the blundering, theunnecessary cost in fife and treasure which has characterized most ofour campaigns — a loss much of which would have been easily avoidablehad we organized and prepared in advance. The Fourth of July oratorand some of the school histories have been instrumental in creating anentirely false impression of our military achievements. We must remember, as I have said before, that we have never yet engaged single-handedin war with a first-class power. During the Revolution a large party inEngland was sympathetic with us. The campaign was conducted in amost leisurely and at times indifferent manner, and we received at amost critical moment the invaluable and never-to-be-forgotten aid ofFrance, in the form of the French fleet and the French division. Thetwo great determining events, so far as fighting went, which influencedgreatly the termination of the Revolutionary War were the capture ofBurgoyne and the capture of Cornwallis. The latter would not havebeen possible without the French fleet and the French land force. Ifyou want to get a good idea of the Revolutionary War read EmoryUpton's Military Policy of the United States, or a condensation of it insome respects and an amplification in others which brings it up to thepresent time by Mr. Frederick Huidekoper. If you will read these worksMILITARY OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP 85and consider carefully what happened during the Revolutionary War,you will I am sure gain quite a new idea of that particular conflict. Youwill learn that our military forces were strongest in 1776, when we had89,000 men; that the force dwindled from year to year despite all theefforts of Washington and the Colonial assemblies; volunteering ceasedas Washington felt it would; the last year of the war we had only 29,400men in arms, about one-third of what we had at the beginning. Thesefigures indicate very clearly the want of system and organization. Weput into this war 395,000 troops, but at no time did Washington have anavailable effective force of 20,000 men. Shortly after the war Washington approved a project for universal military service and training, aproject presented by General Knox. General military training wasurged by our early presidents in their advice concerning a well-organized,well-trained militia. They referred to the militia of the original "Militiaact," which includes all men from eighteen to forty-five. ThomasJefferson urged universal military training in the strongest manner in aletter written to Monroe dated June, 1813. In this letter he said, Wemust train, classify, and arm all our male citizens, and make militarytraining obligatory in our colleges; until we have done this we nevershall be safe, etc.In the War of 181 2 and 1814 we went back to our old haphazardpolicy of militia and volunteers, with a very small regular force. Weagain resorted to the bounty, which had had such a pernicious influenceduring the Revolution. During this war our ally in effect was the greatNapoleon, as England was engaged then, as now, in a life-and-deathstruggle with the greatest military power of the time. We placed in thefield 527,000 men; yet we had no victory of importance on land duringthe entire war. We were successful at New Orleans two weeks after thewar, but generally our land campaign was a series of failures, relieved bythe brilliant action of Lundy's Lane and some minor successes on theThames. The largest British regular force in the country at any timewas 16,800. They had also some forty-odd thousand militia and Indians.We abandoned our capital to a force a little over half that, defending itwith a loss of eight killed and eleven wounded. These figures are notbrought out with special emphasis in the school histories. We aresimply taught that we were successful in each of these wars, and noespecial stress is placed upon the lack of system which cost us so much.We employed the same general policy during the Civil War. The volunteer system broke down; the South went to the general draft in April,1862; the North issued its first draft order in August, 1862, and followed86 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDwith the general draft the next year. I mention these things simply topoint out to you the difficulties of the volunteer system. "The volunteerspirit is splendid; we cannot emphasize that too strongly; but the volunteer system is most unsafe, and has always failed, and will always fail,to stand the test of war, as you have recently seen in one great country.Washington's opinions concerning it have been fulfilled in all our wars.We all believe in arbitration, and feel that the fullest possible application should be made of it, but we know from the conditions of thepresent that it is not always applicable. There are certain questionswhich are peculiar to certain peoples, certain interests which they consider vital, which they are not willing to submit to arbitration. Takethe question of citizenship in the United States, or certain questionsarising over the Monroe Doctrine: our own interests and our own policiescompel us to control these issues. You must remember that righteousness alone is not an adequate protection, either from the standpoint ofthe individual or from that of the nation; that we must prepare theforces of right to resist the forces of wrong. We should not give up ourideals, but while striving for them we should not forget the conditionsunder which we live. People will ask you whom all this preparation isagainst. It is not against anyone, but it is against any and all who mayattack us. It is for the purpose of protecting our national life and institutions, our territory, and passing them on to those who come after us.The advocate of non-preparedness urges that preparedness induces strife.There is no force in this argument. One might as well say that preparation against disease induces it. I believe this country can be strong andwell prepared, and still be self-contained and just; that we can be strongwithout being aggressive. You must remember that it is the strong andwell-prepared country that decides after all whether arbitration or waris to be resorted to; not the weak country unprepared to resist. Youmust remember one other thing : that true democracy, or representativegovernment, is founded absolutely upon one basic principle, and that is,manhood suffrage means manhood obligation for service. We cannotescape from this conclusion; the two go hand in hand. When they donot the day of dissolution is near. The principle is absolutely fundamental. There is nothing that does more to strengthen a nation thanthe general acceptance of this principle. It may not be service witharms in hand, but it is service somewhere in that great mass which characterizes the organization of the strength of a nation for its own defense andprotection. A man may not be a soldier in the front line with rifle inhand; he may be a surgeon at a base hospital, an agent of transportation,MILITARY OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP 87a maker of munitions, a maker of supplies, a member of the Red Cross,or any one of a hundred things; but somewhere he has a place, and thatplace must be known to him and to the government; must be arrangedfor in advance. It must be the place in which he can do his best work, orwhere he is most needed. The organization of a country for self-defenseis a great undertaking. The most important feature of organization isthe moral organization, and the building up of a sense of individualresponsibility. When once this is created the rest is relatively easy.The organization of the industrial and mechanical resources of the nationis more difficult. Chemistry is one of the greatest instruments of war,and a country must be able to make good its deficiencies, find a way ofreplacing those things which usually come from over-sea. I am referringto this whole matter of organization only in the most superficial way, butit will give you an idea of how extensive and complicated it all is. It isan organization for self-protection, the development of a system underwhich all the strength and force of the nation can be turned to resistaggression, and the foundation-stone on which it all rests is the acceptance of the principle of universal obligation to serve in some capacityor other. One cannot exercise the right to vote and assume that he hasthe right to volunteer, not to serve; to let some better man do thedangerous work for him. This is a system which means destruction incase of a great war. It is a system which we must correct through theadoption of some such system as the Australian or Swiss — a system whichwill render our people reasonably efficient from the military standpointwithout creating a trace of militarism. In fact the application of thesesystems will result in better men: physically better from the trainingthey receive; morally, from the discipline they undergo, involving respectfor the rights of others, respect for law and constituted authority; itwill result in more efficient men from the economic standpoint becausethey will have better bodies, bodies more under the control of their will,because of the habits of promptness and thoroughness, because they dothings when told and as told. And then, again, there is another elementof economic efficiency which is gathered from this kind of training. Menunder military instruction are taught personal hygiene, how to avoid preventable diseases, how to dispose of dangerous materials, to prepare foodand water so that they may be suitable for use, and many other things.All that knowledge goes back with them to the communities in whichthey live, and is a strong influence for bettering sanitary conditions, andconsequently for saving life. We do very little in this country, all of ustogether at the same period of our lives, for America. Community of88 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDservice in preparation for the nation's defense, service where the rich andthe poor and men of all classes stand shoulder to shoulder, engaged indoing something for the country — there is no stronger force than this forsolidarity, nothing which does more to remove class distinctions. Menwho have done this kind of work together learn that after all they areall men, and good ones for the common purpose, that is, the welfare ofthe country; and they go back to their homes far better men than whenthey came — better from almost every standpoint. We need somethingof this kind in this country, to tie together the various elements and fusethem all into one solid, homogeneous mass of Americans. You can takeup this kind of preparation without any fear of its creating militarism, justas you can be prepared and ready without becoming unjust or aggressive.In these days we find practically all great countries, except Chinaand ourselves, thoroughly organized and prepared for either defense oroffense. Transportation by land and sea is so rapid that modern waris in full swing in an incredibly short time, so short that absolutely notime is given for preparation or organization. All this must be accomplished in time of peace; nations must know exactly what their resourcesare and must have worked out all plans to make them promptly available.Plans against attacks from any of several directions must be carefullystudied and prepared. A nation must know exactly what forces it candepend upon — their condition, training, and equipment. Nothing mustbe left to chance or uncertainty. Neither the militia nor the volunteersystem meets these requirements. The militia is primarily a state forcecommanded by forty-eight different commanding officers; the federalgovernment exercises no effective control over it, and cannot do so untilit is brought into the federal service; it is not available for use outsidethe country; officers of militia are appointed by the governors of thevarious states; there is a rapid and constant changing of personnel; thesystem of instruction is insufficient to produce disciplined and effectivetroops. The whole establishment is outside of the control of the federalgovernment until the moment of transfer, which is usually one immediately preceding or during war, consequently one of confusion; when timeis wanting to correct numerous defects; conditions arise necessitatingthe discharge, transfer, or release of considerable numbers of officers andmen. In brief, it is a undependable instrument of defense.The volunteer system provides a very uncertain means of defense.The spirit of the men serving in the militia and in the volunteers is generally excellent; the spirit which actuated volunteers in past wars hasbeen worthy of the highest praise. I do not in any way criticize theMILITARY OBLIGATIONS OF CITIZENSHIP 89spirit of the men. I am dealing only with the system under which eachoperates. It is fatally defective. In the volunteers, as a rule, there isan entire lack of training and preparation. They come to the colorsundisciplined, untrained, and of course unequipped. Well-trainedofficers are wanting; the number of men who will respond is uncertain;the entire condition is one of chaos. Indefinite and uncertain preparations of this sort are wholly inadequate to meet the conditions underwhich modern war is initiated and conducted. Dependence upon a system of this kind has resulted and always will result in unnecessary lossof life and in unduly prolonging war. It is a brutally stupid system sofar as the loss of human life is concerned. As a means of defense it isnot dependable under the conditions under which we live today. Thereis only one way to secure adequate preparedness on land consistent withthe principles of true democracy or representative government, and thatis by the training and preparation of all physically fit men so that theymay efficiently and effectively discharge their military obligations.Manhood suffrage means manhood service.As for the militia, I believe this should be transferred absolutely tofederal control. I believe the best officers in the militia are desirous ofsuch transfer. A complete transfer to federal control would greatlyimprove the condition of preparedness and efficiency of the militia.These troops will be available for service wherever needed. Their trainingand development will be wholly in the hands of the federal government.It will be a purely federal force with no relations whatever to the state.States have the power to maintain any state troops they may want.The federal government should not depend upon the troops in any wayunder the control of the state in time of peace. Its force should befederal, absolutely under the control of the federal government. Modernwar comes so suddenly that all preparations for it must be made inadvance. Supplies must be prepared, men trained and disciplined andequipped, plans worked out, and everything in readiness. The regularforce is that portion of the national force which is always organized andready. It does the peace work of the nation in time of peace, garrisonsits seacoast defenses, furnishes officers and men for the training ofcitizen-soldiers, and is so organized and prepared that it is ready to meetpromptly the first shock of war. Back of this must be the great mass ofcitizen-soldiers, consisting of officers and men who have been trainedunder some such system as the Australian or Swiss, and on completionof training have returned to their normal occupations, ready to dischargeeffectively a citizen's duty in time of war.THE ADMINISTRATION OFIDA NOYES HALLAt its meeting on March 14, 1916, the Board of Trustees took actionregarding the administration of the new building to be dedicated inJune:1. The administration of those parts of the building used for physicalculture will be under the exclusive management of the Department ofPhysical Culture.2. The refectory and kitchens will be under the exclusive management of the Director of the University Commons.3. The remainder, or clubhouse part of the building, will be underthe management of a Head, to be appointed by the Board of Trustees,with a Secretary and suitable assistance. Further, there will be anAdvisory Administrative Council, of which the Head will be Chairman;this Advisory Council will be representative of the women in the Faculty,of the women in the Faculty families, and of women students.4. There will be no club organization with dues, but the privilegesof the club will be open to all women members of the University underregulations to be established by the Head and the Advisory Council,with the approval of the General Administrative Board.5. The necessary expense of administration will be provided by theBoard of Trustees.At the same meeting the Board confirmed the appointment ofMrs. George Stephen Goodspeed as Head.908: :oo p.m.8: :i5 p.m.:o: :oo a.m.2: 130 P.M.6 :oo p.m.6 :oo p.m.8 :oo p.m.THE QUARTER-CENTENNIALPROGRAMThe various committees having in charge the arrangements for theQuarter-Centennial celebration of the founding of the University havebeen at work for several months, and while detailed announcementsare not yet ready for publication, the following general outline of theprogram will give an idea of the scope of the celebration:JUNE 1— THURSDAYInter-Class Hop Bartlett GymnasiumFour Short Plays, under the auspices of the English DepartmentLeon Mandel Assembly HallJUNE 2— FRIDAYConference of the Divinity School Haskell Assembly RoomDivinity School Session with Chicago Theological SchoolsHaskell Assembly RoomDivinity School Dinner Hutchinson HallFraternity Dinners and ReunionsUniversity Sing Hutchinson CourtJUNE 3— SATURDAYAlumni DayChicago Alumnae Club Luncheon Ida Noyes HallLuncheon for Men • Hutchinson HallProcession in costume by classes from Bartlett Gymnasium, passingthrough quadrangles and to Stagg Field by 191 2 GatewayCollege Circus Stagg FieldBaseball Game, Waseda vs. Chicago Stagg FieldReunion of Members of Women's Houses Women's HousesAnnual Business Meeting of the Alumni AssociationLeon Mandel Assembly HallAlumni Dinner )Class Reunions )Alumni EntertainmentJUNE 4— SUNDAYConvocation Sunday10:30 A.M. Convocation Chapel Service Harper Assembly Room11:00 a.m. Convocation Religious Service Leon Mandel Assembly HallSermon by Rev. Albert Parker Fitch, D.D., President of theAndover Theological Seminary, Cambridge, Massachusetts11: :3° A.M.12: :oo M.1: :3° P.M.2: :3° P.M.4:30 P.M.5 130 P.M.6 :3Q P.M.8 :oo p.m.9192 THE UNIVERSITY RECORD10: : 00 A.M.11: :oo A.M.12 :30 p.m.2 :oo P.M.2 :oo p.m.2: :oo p.m.6: :i5 p.m.7: :oo p.m.7: :oo p.m.8: :45 P-M.9 :oo p.m.9 :oo p.m.4:30 p.m. Vespers: A Musical Service Hutchinson Court8:00 p.m. The Divinity School and the Churches Leon Mandel Assembly HallJUNE 5— MONDAYClass ExercisesPhi Beta Kappa Address Leon Mandel Assembly HallJohn Huston Finley, LL.D., President of the University of theState of New York, Albany, New YorkPhi Beta Kappa LuncheonClass Day Exercises Senior BenchGeneral Session of the Divinity School Leon Mandel Assembly HallDepartmental ConferencesMasque Women's QuadrangleDepartmental DinnersDivinity School DinnerProcession from the President's House to Ida Noyes HallDedication of Ida Noyes HallPresident's Reception Ida Noyes HallJUNE 6— TUESDAY10:00 a.m. Departmental Conferences10:00 a.m. Divinity School Conference Haskell Assembly Room12 :3o p.m. Luncheon of Doctors of Philosophy Quadrangle Club4:00 p.m. Convocation Hutchinson Court7:00 P.M. University Dinner Ida Noyes HallThe Divinity School, celebrating the fiftieth anniversary of itsfounding, has formulated the following detailed program:JUNE 2— FRIDAY10:00 a.m. Conference Haskell Assembly RoomJ. M. Powis Smith, Ph.D., Professor of the Old Testament Language and Literature, presidingDepartments to be represented:Old Testament, Professor LeRoy Waterman, Ph.D., University of MichiganChurch History, Dean John Frederick Vichert, Ph.D., Theological Seminary, Colgate University, Hamilton, New YorkReligious Education, Rev. Frank Otis Erb, Free Street BaptistChurch, Portland, MaineTHE QUARTER-CENTENNIAL PROGRAM 932:30 p.m. Session with Chicago Theological Schools Haskell Assembly RoomGeneral subject: "Theological Education in Chicago"Short addresses by:President James Gore King McClure, D.D., LL.D.,McCormick Theological Seminary, ChicagoPresident Charles Macaulay Stuart, D.D., Litt.D., LL.D.,Garrett Biblical Institute, Northwestern UniversityDean Shailer Mathews, D.D., LL.D., University of ChicagoDivinity School6:00 p.m. Dinner Hutchinson HallToastmaster, Gerald Birney Smith, D.D., Professor of ChristianTheologySpeakers:President Ozora Stearns Davis, Ph.D., D.D., Chicago Theological SeminaryPresident Albert Parker Fitch, D.D., Andover TheologicalSeminary, Cambridge, MassachusettsJUNE 4— SUNDAY8:00 p.m. The Divinity School and the Churches Leon Mandel Assembly HallSpeakers:Dean John Gordon, D.D., Divinity School of Temple University, PhiladelphiaRev. John Wellington Hoag, Woodward Avenue BaptistChurch, DetroitRev. Cornelius Woelfkin, D.D., LL.D., Litt.D., Fifth AvenueBaptist Church, New York CityJUNE s— MONDAY2:00 p.m. General Session Leon Mandel Assembly HallPresident Harry Pratt Judson, LL.D., presiding"The Religious Progress of the Past Fifty Years," Rev. ArthurCushman McGiffert, D.D., Ph.D., Union Theological Seminary, New York City"Religious Advance in Fifty Years," President William HerbertPerry Faunce, D.D., LL.D., Brown University, Providence,Rhode Island7:00 P.M. DinnerProfessor Ernest DeWitt Burton, D.D., presidingSpeakers:Rev. Frederick Lincoln Anderson, D.D., Newton TheologicalInstitution, Newton Centre, MassachusettsPresident Elijalf Andrews Hanley, D.D., Franklin College,Franklin, IndianaAllan Hoben, Ph.D., Associate Professor of Homiletics94 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDJUNE 6— TUESDAY10:00 a.m. ConferenceDepartments to be represented:Systematic Theology, Douglas Clyde Macintosh, Ph.D., YaleSchool of Religion, New Haven, ConnecticutHomiletics, Rev. Orlo J. Price, First Baptist Church, Lansing,MichiganUNIVERSITY PORTRAITSA CATALOGUE OF SCULPTURED AND PAINTEDPORTRAITS BELONGING TO THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOThe University of Chicago already possesses so many portraits ofmembers of the University that the Board of Trustees at the meetingof July 13, 1915, considered regulations concerning the acceptance andplacing of portraits and other memorials. Mr. Hutchinson, chairmanof the Committee on Buildings and Grounds, reported a recommendation on behalf of the Committee as follows:At a meeting of the Board of Trustees held June 8, the matter of adopting rulesgoverning the acceptance of portraits and other memorials for Hutchinson Hall andother parts of the University was referred to the Committee on Buildings and Grounds.After consideration, the Committee recommends that all the portraits now in the Hall,namely, those of Galusha Anderson by F. P. Vinton; A. C. Bartlett by Ralph Clarkson;Silas Cobb by Ralph Clarkson; T. W. Goodspeed by Louis Betts; F. W. Gunsaulusby Louis Betts; President Harper by Gari Melchers; C. L. Hutchinson by LouisBetts; President Judson by Lawton Parker; Leon Mandel by Ralph Clarkson; JohnD. Rockefeller by Eastman Johnson; M. A. Ryerson by Lawton Parker; MarionTalbot by W. D. Goldmark; George E. Vincent by Louis Betts; H. E. von Hoist byJ. C. Johansen, and G. C. Walker by E. J. Timmons, and also the bronze bust ofJohn D. Rockefeller by William Couper be allowed to remain there. The Committeerecommends that in the future no portraits of members of the faculty be accepted tobe hung in the Hall, during the lifetime of the person depicted, excepting those ofPresidents of the University. The Committee also recommends that the Committeeon Buildings and Grounds be given power to accept portraits of members of thefaculty during their lifetime to be hung in the various buildings of the University,other than the Hall. The Committee also recommends that the Committee onBuildings and Grounds be given power to hang such portraits in the Hall after thedeath of the subject of any portrait thus accepted.This recommendation was adopted by the Board of Trustees.HUTCHINSON HALLWest EndCenterJOHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLERFounder of the University of ChicagoARTIST: EASTMAN JOHNSONFull-length, seated figure turned to right. Mustache. Dark business suit.Left hand rests beside books on table covered with rose velvet.Signed, in lower left corner : E. JOHNSON, 1894.Painted in 1894. Presented in 1894 by friends.Height, 78 in.; width, 56 in.9596 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRightMARTIN ANTOINE RYERSONPresident of the Board of TrusteesARTIST: LAWTON PARKERAgainst a gray background a full-length standing figure turned to left. Mustacheand short beard. Right hand hangs at side; left holds glasses. Gown is that of atrustee of the University of Chicago; on the head is mortar-board with black tassel.Signed, in lower left corner: LAWTON PARKER, 1904.Painted in 1904. Presented by friends.Height, 84 in.; width, 43 in.LeftWILLIAM RAINEY HARPER, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D.1856-1906First President of the University of Chicago, 1891-1906Professor and Head of the Department of Semitic Languages and Literatures,1 891-1906.ARTIST: GARI MELCHERSAgainst gray-green wall full-length standing figure turned to right. The purple-faced gown is that of a Doctor of Laws; the hood is that of a Doctor of Divinity ofColby College. On the head is a gold-tasseled mortar-board. The left hand sholda rolled document.Signed, in lower right corner: GARI MELCHERS.Painted in 1902. Presented in 1902 by friends.Height, 84 in.; width, 44 in.North WallTHOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED, D.D.Secretary of the Board of Trustees, 1890-1913; Registrar, 1897-1913; CorrespondingSecretary of the Board of Trustees, 1913-ARTIST: LOUIS BETTSThree-quarter-length figure, seated, turned to right. White hair; short whitebeard.Signed, in upper left corner: LOUIS BETTS, '09.Painted in 1909. Presented December 27, 1909 by Captain Henry S. Goodspeed.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.UNIVERSITY PORTRAITS 97ADOLPHUS CLAY BARTLETTMember of Board of Trustees. Donor of Frank Dickinson Bartlett GymnasiumARTIST: RALPH CLARKSONThree-quarter-length seated figure turned to left. Gray hair; dark mustache.Dark clothes. Hands rest on arms of carved black chair.Signed, in lower right corner: RALPH CLARKSON.Painted in 1900. Presented January 17, 191 1, by friends.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.HARRY PRATT JUDSON, A.M., LL.D.Second President of the University of Chicago. Professor of Political Science andHead Dean of the Colleges, 1892-94; Professor of International Law and Diplomacy, Head of the Department of Political Science, and Dean of the Facultiesof Arts, Literature, and Science, 1894-1907; Acting President, 1906-7; President, 1907-.ARTIST: LAWTON PARKERThree-quarter-length figure, seated, turned to left. Gray mustache. Purple-faced gown arid hood of a Doctor of Laws of Williams College.Signed, in lower right corner: LAWTON PARKER, 1906.Painted in 1906. Presented November 17, 1908, by friends.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.MARION TALBOT, A.M., LL.D.Dean of Women, 1892-; Assistant Professor of Sanitary Science, 1892-95; AssociateProfessor of Sanitary Science, 1895-1904; Associate Professor of HouseholdAdministration, 1904-5; Professor of Household Administration, 1905-ARTIST: WALTER D. GOLDMARKThree-quarter-length figure, seated facing spectator. Dark blue dress and whitecollar. Gown and hood of Doctor of Laws. Hands rest on lap.Painted in 1913. Presented by friends.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.GEORGE EDGAR VINCENT, Ph.D., LL.D.Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, and Science, 1907-n; Ph.D., University ofChicago, 1896; LL.D., ibid., 191 1; Assistant Professor in the Department ofSociology, 1896-1900; Associate Professor, 1900-1904; Professor, 1904-n; Deanof the Junior Colleges, 1900-1907; Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, andScience 1907-11.ARTIST: LOUIS BETTS98 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDThree-quarter-length figure, seated facing the spectator. Right hand in lap;left supported by mortar-board held on knee. Purple-faced gown and hood of aDoctor of Laws of the Univeristy of Chicago.Signed, in upper right corner: LOUIS BETTS.Painted in 191 1. Presented in 191 1 by colleagues, alumni, and other friends onthe occasion of his departure from this University to become president of the University of Minnesota.Height, 70 in.; width, 45 in.South WallSILAS B. COBB1812-1900Donor of Cobb Lecture HallARTIST: RALPH CLARKSONBust portrait facing left. White hair; mustache and beard.Signed: RALPH CLARKSON.Height, 30 in.; width, 24 in.GEORGE C. WALKER1 838-1905Donor of Walker MuseumARTIST: EDWARD J. TIMMONSBust portrait turned left, almost profile. Brown hair and mustache. Blackbusiness coat. Low collar and bow tie.Signed, in lower left corner: E. J. TIMMONS, Chicago.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.GALUSHA ANDERSON, A.M., S.T.D., LL.D.Professor of Homiletics; President of the Old University of Chicago, 1878-85; Professor of Homiletics, Church Polity and Pastoral Duties, Baptist Union Theological Seminary, 1890-92; Professor and Head of the Department of Homiletics,the University of Chicago, 1892-1904; Professor Emeritus of Homiletics, 1904-.ARTIST: FREDERIC PORTER VINTONThree-quarter-length figure seated, turned to right. White hair and beard.Right hand in breast of frock coat. Mortar-board in left hand. Gown of Doctor.Signed: FREDERIC VINTON.Painted in 1906. Presented June 10, 1906, by alumni and other friends.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.UNIVERSITY PORTRAITS 99JOHN DAVISON ROCKEFELLERFounder of the University of ChicagoARTIST: WILLIAM COUPERBronze bust.Signed: WM. COUPER, New York, 1910.Presented August 22, 191 1, by Members of the Board of Trustees.LEON MANDEL1841-1911Donor of Leon Mandel Assembly HallARTIST: RALPH CLARKSONThree-quarter-length figure, seated in library beside book-laden table on whichrests right elbow. Dark business suit. Turned left, facing spectator. Thin grayhair; mustache.Signed, in lower right corner: RALPH CLARKSON (after photograph).Painted in 191 2. Presented June 26, 191 2, by Mrs. Mandel.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.FRANK WAKELEY GUNSAULUS, D.D., LL.D.Professorial Lecturer on Practical Theology, The Divinity School, 191 2-ARTIST: LOUIS BETTSThree-quarter-length figure standing. Left hand holds red book on table. Thegown is that of a Doctor of Laws. The scarlet hood is that of a Doctor of Divinity,and is lined with the colors of Armour Institute, of which the subject is president.Signed, in lower left corner: LOUIS BETTS, '07.Painted in 1907. Presented February 21, 1911, by Mrs. F. W. Gunsaulus.Height, 66 in.; width, 42 in.East WallHERMANN EDUARD VON HOLST1 841-1904Professor and Head of the Department of HistoryARTIST: JOHN C. JOHANSENThree-quarter-length figure, seated, turned left. Mustache and beard. Brownbusiness suit. Left hand holds documents on lap. Brown background.Signed: J. C. JOHANSEN.Painted in 191 1. Presented by his family and friends.Height, 50 in.; width, 40 in.100 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCHARLES L. HUTCHINSONTreasurer of the Board of Trustees; Donor of Hutchinson HallARTIST: LOUIS BETTSAgainst gray-green background full-length figure, standing. Gown of trustee ofthe University of Chicago. Left hand holds rolled document.Signed, lower left corner: LOUIS BETTS.Painted in 191 1. Presented November 23, 191 1, by friends.Height, 91 in.; width, 50 in.THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS1916-17Ernest Lee Ackiss Practical TheologyA.B., Richmond College, 1910A.M., University of Chicago, 1916Randolph Greenfield Adams HistoryA.B., University of Pennsylvania, 1914Edward Stowe Akeley PhysicsA.B., University of South Dakota, 1915Margaret Anderson RomanceA.B., University of Toronto, 19 15Clarence Edwin Ayres PhilosophyA.B., Brown University, 1912A.M., ibid., 1914Israel Albert Barnett AstronomyS.B., University of Chicago, 1915Ellinor Helen Behre ZoologyA.B., Radcliffe College, 1908Albert William Bellomy ZoologyS.B., Kansas State Agricultural College, 1914Holly Reed Bennett GeologyS.B., University of Chicago, 1914Oswald Hance Blackwood PhysicsA.B., Boston University, 1909Harry A. Blankenship Political EconomyA.B., Marietta College, 1914Walter Blaine Bodenhafer SociologyA.B., Indiana University, 191 1LL.B., ibid., 1912A.M., University of Kansas, 191 5Gustav Adolf von Brauchitsch Old TestamentConcordia College, St. Paul, 191 1Concordia College, St. Louis, 1914(No degrees are given by these institutions)Harry Bretz RomanceA.B., University of Chicago, 1908Josiah Bridge PaleontologyA.B., University of Cincinnati, 19 13Ralph Lyman Brown ChemistryA.B., University of Missouri, 1913John Theodore Buchholz BotanyS.B., Iowa Wesleyan University, 1908A.B., State University of Iowa, 1909S.M., University of Chicago, 1914Reginald Saxon Castleman HistoryPh.B., University of Chicago, 1914Vernon Cook GreekA.B., University of South Carolina, 1907A.M., ibid., 1909102 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDHorace Noble CoryellA.B., Indiana University, 1914A.M., ibid., 1915Esther CraneA.B., Smith College, 19 10A.M., ibid., 1914Allan Gordon CummingA.M., Queen's University, 1914Minna Caroline DentonA.B., University of Michigan, 1900A.M., ibid., 1901Malcolm Howard DeweyA.B., Alleghany College, 1904A.M., Harvard University, 191 1Winfield S. DudgeonS.B., Iowa State College, 1907Edward Albert EberhardtA.B., Indiana University, 1907A.M., Harvard University, 1910William Franklin EdgertonA.B., Cornell University, 191 5Ray Anderson EusdenA.B., Grinnell College, 191 2D.B., Yale University, 1915Nathan FinePh.B., University of Chicago, 191 5Emanuel Bernard FinkS.B., University of Chicago, 1914Ida Capen FlemingA.B., McKendree College, 1884A.M., University of Chicago, 1913Helen GardnerA.B., University of Chicago, 1901Adam Raymond GillilandA.B., Muskingum College, 1913A.M., Ohio State University, 1915Helen Turnbull GilroyA.B., Bryn Mawr College, 1909A.M., ibid., 191 2Homer Ewart GregoryA.B., Washington State College, 1914Carl Fredrich GreveA.B., Northwestern University, 1908Ernest Leslie HighbargerA.B., Mount Morris College, 1908Edwin Powell HubbleS.B., University of Chicago, 1910A.B., Oxford University, 1912Helen Sard HughesPh.B., University of Chicago, 19 10A.M., ibid., 191 1Ira David HyskellA.B., Alleghany College, 1905A.M., Harvard University, 1907 PaleontologyPhilosophyGreekPhysiologyGermanBotanyGermanOld TestamentChurch HistoryPolitical EconomyPathologyGreekHistory of ArtEducationPhysicsPolitical EconomyGermanGreekAstronomyEnglishLatinTHE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPS 103William Andrew IrwinA.B., Victoria College, 191 2Peyton JacobA.B., Mississippi College, 1905A.M., ibid., 1908Howard Eikenberry JensenA.B., Kansas State University, 1914A.M., ibid., 1915Jacob Robert KantorPh.B., University of Chicago, 1914Joseph Bush KingsburyA.B., George Washington University, 1915John Knox KnoxA.B., University of Toronto, 1914Otto KoppiusS.B., University of Chicago, 19 13E. J. KrausS.B., Michigan Agricultural College, 1907Henry Reist KraybillS.B., Pennsylvania State College, 1913S.M., University of Chicago, 1915Hans KurathA.B., University of Texas, 1914Elmer Leslie LaceyS.B., Washington University, 1913Mildred E. LambertA.B., St. Mary's College, 19 14Kenneth Worcester LamsonA.B., Harvard University, 1906James Elazer LebensohnS.B., University of Chicago, 1914S.M., ibid., 1915Flora Elizabeth LeSturgeonA.B., Georgetown College, 1909A.M., University of Chicago, 1913Ralph Gerald LommenA.B., University of South Dakota, 1913Lander MacClintockPh.B., University of Chicago, 191 1A.M., ibid., 1913Paul MacClintockS.B., University of Chicago, 191 2David McLarenA.B., University of Toronto, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Angus McLeodA.B., University of Toronto, 1914Joseph Simeon MagnusonA.B., Bethany College, 1903A.M., University of Kansas, 1914Baldwin MaxwellA.B., University of North Carolina, 1915A.M., ibid., 1915Clarke Owen MelickS.B., Ohio University, 1910 Old TestamentEducationSociologyPhilosophyPolitical ScienceGeologyPhysicsBotanyBotanyGermanPolitical EconomyGreekMathematicsPhysiologyMathematicsEnglishRomanceGeologyChemistryGeologyLatinEnglishBacteriology104 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDRobert Lee Meriwether HistoryA.B., Wofford College, 19 12A.M., University of Chicago, 1915Robert Valentine Merrill RomanceA.B., Oxford University, 1916Shirley Putnam Miller AnatomyS.B., South Dakota State College, 1903A.M., University of Minnesota, 1904Fred Benjamin Millett EnglishA.B., Amherst College, 191 2Albert Burton Moore HistoryS.B., Alabama Polytechnic Institute, 191 2A.M., University of Chicago, 1915Glenn Gaywaine Munn Political EconomyA.B., University of Michigan, 1914A.M., ibid., 1915Andrew Jackson Newman Political EconomyA.B., Washington University, 1910A.M., ibid., 191 1Ivan Seymour Nowlan Practical TheologyA.B., Acadia College, 1910Th.B., ibid., 191 2George Hidejiro Okuda HistoryPh.B., University of Chicago, 1915Julius John Oppenheimer EducationPd.B., Warrensburg State Normal, 1909S.B. in Ed., University of Chicago, 1915Leonard Marion Peairs ZoologyS.B., Kansas State Agricultural College, 1905S.M., ibid., 1907John Christian Peterson PsychologyA.B., University of Utah, 1913Robert Swanton Platt GeographyA.B., Yale University, 1914Emma Feild Pope EnglishA.B., University of Chicago, 191 2A.M., ibid., 1913Lawrence Radford ChemistryA.B., Eureka College, 1908Reginald Irving Raymond PhilosophyS.B., Tulane University, 1905A.B., University of the South, 1909D.B., ibid., 1910A.M., ibid., 191 2Hugh Jackson Reber Political ScienceA.B., University of Wisconsin, 1914Frank Hymes Reed ChemistryA.B., Wabash College, 191 1Chester Lacourt Rich Political EconomyA.B., Boston University, 1915A.M., ibid., 1916Charles James Ritchey New TestamentA.B., Drake University, 1910A.M., ibid., 1911A.M., Yale University, 1913THE AWARD OF FELLOWSHIPSLathrop Emerson RobertsS.B., University of Chicago, 1914Irwin HomanA.B., Washington University, 19 13A.M., University of Chicago, 1915Dean Humboldt RoseA.B., University of Kansas, 1904A.M., Washington University, 1905Edgar Paul RothrockA.B., Oberlin College, 19 12A.M., ibid., 1914Beardsley RumlS.B., Dartmouth College, 1915Edith Leota RundleS.B. in Ed., University of Missouri, 1912A.M., ibid., 1914Frank Barron RussellPh.B., University of Chicago, 191 2A.M., Harvard University, 1914Ezra Dwight SandersonS.B., Michigan Agricultural College, 1897S.B., Cornell Unversity, 1898Olive May SarberA.B., Franklin College, 191 2Noel Gharrett SargentA.B., University of Washington, 1915Ernest Ernshal SaylesA.B., McMaster University, 19 10Th.B., ibid., 191 2D.B., University of Chicago, 1916John Edward SchottS.B., University of Nebraska, 1914A.M., ibid., 19150vn> Rogers SellersA.B., University of Chicago, 1904Thomas McNdder Simpson, Jr.A.B., Randolph-Macon College, 1901A.M., University of Virginia, 1907Sumner Huber SlichterA.B., University of Wisconsin, 1913AM., ibid., 1914Leland Johnson StaceyA.B., St. Lawrence University, 1909Irvine Emerson StewartA.B., McMaster University, 1914A.M., ibid., 1915Raleigh Webster StoneS.B., Valparaiso University, 1910S.M., ibid., 1914Presley Downs StoutA.B., New York University, 1912D.B., Union Theological Seminary, 1915Herman Vance TartarS.B., Oregon Agricultural College, 1902 ChemistryMathematicsBotanyGeologyPsychologyLatinEnglishSociologySanskritPolitical ScienceSystematic TheologyChemistryOld TestamentMathematicsPolitical EconomyPhysicsGeographySociologyPhilosophyChemistryio6 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDCarl Cleveland Taylor SociologyA.B., Drake University, 191 1A.M., Texas State University, 1914John Wilson Taylor GreekA.B., University of Toronto, 1914Thomas Rothwell Taylor GeographyA.B., Swarthmore College, 191 2A.M., ibid., 1913William Albert Tilley Church HistoryA.B., McMaster University, 1910Th.B., ibid., 191 2A.M., University of Chicago, 1915John Sidney Turner MathematicsA.B., Schwyn College, Cambridge, 1906Willis Lemon Uhl EducationA.B., Northwestern University, 191 1Selman Abraham Waksman PhysiologyS.B., Rutgers College, 19 15Warren Gookin Waterman BotanyA.B., Yale University, 1892A.M., ibid., 1907Earnest Charles Watson PhysicsPh.B., Lafayette College, 1914Charles Edward Watts PathologyS.M., University of Idaho, 19 13Thomas Wearing New TestamentA.B., McMaster University, 1909Th.B., ibid., 191 1D.B., ibid., 1912A.M., ibid., 1914Thomas Russell Wilkins PhysicsA.B., McMaster University, 191 2Rutledge T. Wiltbank PsychologyPh.B., Bucknell University, 1898Calvert Johnson Winter .. RomancePh.B., Hiram College, 1905Philip George Worcester GeologyA.B., University of Colorado, 1909A.M., ibid., 1911Kia-Lok Yen PhilosophyA.B., Cornell University, 19 15EVENTS: PAST AND FUTURETHE NINETY-EIGHTH CONVOCATIONJ. Laurence Laughlin, Ph.D., Professorand Head of the Department of PoliticalEconomy, was the Convocation orator onMarch 21, 1916.The Award of Honors included theelection of twenty-eight students to membership in Sigma Xi, and two studentsto membership in the Beta of IllinoisChapter of Phi Beta Kappa.Degrees and titles were conferred asfollows: The Colleges: The Title ofAssociate, 58; the Certificate of theCollege of Education, 1; the degree ofBachelor of Arts, 3; the degree ofBachelor of Philosophy, 28; the degreeof Bachelor of Science, 21. The Divinity School: the degree of Master of Arts,6; the degree of Bachelor of Divinity, 1;the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 1.The Law School: the degree of Doctorof Law, 7. The Graduate Schools ofArts, Literature, and Science: thedegree of Master of Arts, 7; the degreeof Master of Science, 4; the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy, 5. The totalnumber of degrees conferred (not including titles and certificates) was 83.The Convocation Reception was heldin Hutchinson Hall on the evening ofMarch 20. President and Mrs. Judson,and the Convocation orator, Professor J.Laurence Laughlin, were in the receivingline.At the Convocation Religious Servicein Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, Sunday,March 19, the sermon was delivered byRev. Professor Gerald Birney Smith,D.D.GENERAL ITEMSMajor-General Leonard Wood, U.S.A.,Commander of the Department of theEast, delivered a lecture on February 21,in Leon Mandel Assembly Hall. Hisaddress, "Military Obligations of Citizenship," is printed elsewhere in thisissue.On March 11 the Marquis and Marchioness of Aberdeen and Temair gave an illustrated lecture in Leon MandelAssembly Hall. Lord Aberdeen spokeon "The Transformation of Rural Ireland" and Lady Aberdeen on "SocialWork in Ireland."M. Joachim Merlant, Professor ofFrench Literature in the University ofMontpelier, lectured in Harper Assembly Room, April 5. Professor Merlant'slecture was on Balzac's "Le Cure deViUage."Professor G. Lowes Dickinson discussed the problems of "Reconstructionafter the War" in an address in LeonMandel Assembly Hall, April 5. Professor Dickinson is a lecturer and Fellowof King's College, Cambridge, and alecturer at 'the London School of Economics and Political Science.In connection with the celebration ofthe Shakspere Tercentenary the Department of English has arranged foraddresses by Charles Mills Gayley,Litt.D., LL.D., Professor of EnglishLanguage and Literature, University ofCalifornia, and William Allan Neilson,Ph.D., Professor of English, HarvardUniversity. Professor Neilson's subjectwill be "Shakspere and Religion." Hewill lecture in Leon Mandel AssemblyHall at four-thirty, April 27. ProfessorGayley will deliver his lecture at thesame place on April 26.On Tuesday, May 2, at four-fifteen,the Choir of the Russian Cathedral ofSt. Nicholas, New York City, will givea concert of ancient and modern Russianmusic at Leon Mandel Assembly Hall.The choir, which comes to Chicago andother western cities through the kindness of Mr. Charles R. Crane, consistsof thirty men and boys under the leadership of Mr. Ivan T. Gorokoff. Theadult members came from Russia tobecome a part of this choir; the childrenare the sons of immigrants. The appearances of the choir in New Yorkand Boston have called forth muchcomment.107io8 THE UNIVERSITY RECORDATTENDANCE IN WINTER QUARTER, 1916Men Women Total1916 Total1015 Gain LossI. The Departments of Arts,Literature, and Science:1. The Graduate Schools —Arts and Literature 186229 13267 318296 325280 "*l6' 7Science Total 41542265543 1993°342958 6147251,084IOI 6056391,00989 98675122. The Colleges —Senior Junior Unclassified Total 1,120i,535123(3 dup.)8 790989136 1,9102,52413614 ^,7372,34213012 173182Total Arts, Literature, andScience II. The Professional Schools:1. The Divinity School —*Graduate Unclassified English Theological Chicago Theological Seminary. . 43 43 0Total 1745711496 19581 19362122106 1427697134 5i*2. The Courses in Medicine —Graduate Senior Junior. . . . . Unclassified Medical Total 18612339502 143221 20012641523 19013539401 103. The Law School —Graduate *Senior Candidate for LL BUnclassified Total : 214276012,136228 8318359i,34816 2223459603,484244 2152678143,156234 7781463284. The College of Education Total Professional Total University *Deduct for duplication . . .Net totals 1,908 i,332 3,240 2,922 3i8«3H<a