Gbe innivereity of CbicaaoPfice $J.OO FOUNDED BY JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER Single CopiCSPer Year 5 CentsUniversity RecordPUBLISHED BY AUTHORITYCHICAGOtTbe TUniversits ot ^bica^o pressVOL III, NO. 18. PUBLISHED EVERY fRIDAY AT 3:00 P.M. JULY 29, 1898.Entered in the post office Chicago, Illinois, as second-class matter.CONTENTS.I. Principles, Utterances, and Acts of John C. Calhoun, Promotive of the True Union of theStates. By the Hon. J. L. M. Curry, LL.D.(concluded) 109-112II. Official Notices 112III. Special Announcements for the Summer Quarter 113IV. Current Events - 113V. The Calendar 114Principles, Utterances, and Acts of John C. Calhoun,Promotive of the True Union of the States.BY THE HON. J. L. M. CURRY, LL.D., WASHINGTON, D. C.(Concluded.)IX.As confuting the unquestionable historical statements and logical conclusions, it is affirmed thatthe war between the states made a different government, settling disputed questions adversely to thecontention of the Southern states. In 1861, Congressdeclared that the war was to "preserve the Unionwith all. the dignity, equality and rights of the severalstates unimpaired." War or force settles nothing inforo conscientiae, nothing of historic or scientifictruth. The war between the states showed thatthe North and the South could furnish soldiersequal to any in the world for patience, endurance,patriotism, courage and sacrifices, and officers, including Grant and Lee, Sherman and Johnstons,Sheridan and Stuart, Thomas and Jackson, Far-*See Univeksity Recobd, Vol. Ill, Nos. 16 and 17, July 15and 22, 1898. ragut and Semmes, inferior to none who everdrew sword. Whatever judgment may finally prevail as to the expediency of the present war, theneed of its initiation, undertaken to check the disorders and relieve the oppressions in Cuba, it hasdeveloped a high citizenship, obscured offensive linesand sentiments of sectionalism, called out courageousexhibitions of patriotic purposes, illumined biographywith valorous deeds, and cemented the bonds ofnational life. No one who knows Spain, proud, poor,self-satisfied, inert, decadent, dwelling contentedly inthe past, can doubt the issue of her conflict with thetremendous resources of the United States in wealth,in intellect, quick adaptedness to emergencies, in compact patriotism of a united people, and in such illustrations of magnificent courage as displayed by theVermonter and the Alabamian — by Dewey andHobson. But what political questions were settled bythe terrible conflict of 1861-1865? That is ascertainable only by reference to Amendments XIII,XIV and XV. They nationalized the government andbroadened citizenship beyond what the fathersever dreamed of. They emancipated the slaves andplaced them upon equality of citizenship with thewhite people, compelled the seceding states to repudiate all obligations growing out of conflict with theUnited States, and eliminated secession as a stateright or remedy by creating national citizenship, thustransferring paramount allegiance from the state tothe general government. As a legitimate consequence,the right of state interposition to arrest usurpation bythe Federal Government, whether by nullification orsecession, has gone forever, and all granted powers are110 UNIVERSITY RECORDirrevocable by the states, and the general governmenthas become practically the final judge of the measureand extent of the powers conferred upon it. Prior tothe post-bellum amendments, the will of the stateshad not been formulated upon the distinct subject ofnational sovereignty. To the extent of these changes,the rights of states were impaired. Outside theseamendments, " which make no change in the organicdistribution of powers," the Constitution and theresulting Union, and the reserved powers of the states,and the delegated authority of the Federal Government, remain as and 'what they were in 1860. Thestates, when they accepted the Constitution, agreedto a method of amendment, and to limitations uponthe amendments. Having imposed upon themselves aform of government, it can be changed legitimatelyand authoritatively only in a way provided in the pact.Lincoln said, " Whenever they shall grow weary of theexisting government, they have the constitutional rightto amend it, or the revolutionary right to overthrowit." The power to amend is given to certain determinatebodies, and in these bodies quoad hoc rests the sovereignty. In the United States, the ultimate sovereign,the constitution -making power, is a " collegiate sovereign," made up of two-thirds of the two Houses ofCongress and three-fourths of the legislatures or conventions. It is absurd to look elsewhere for the sourceof constitutional law. No provision has been made forchanging our Constitution different from what is contained in Article V, a peculiarly American provision,adopted by the fathers to meet future requirements.This restriction is not adverse to progress, to wiseadaptations to environments, does not mean that ourcountry and institutions are to be hindered by swaddling clothes of the last century. A Chicago paperspeaks of larger population, of progress in invention,machinery, resources, and that we must be wise according to the exigencies and interests of the hour.So be it. Amendments are desirable, and over 1800have been proposed in Congress. Changes shouldoccur. The only question is how, by what process ?By safe evolution, by the healthy and wise means ofprogress provided presciently in the Constitution, orby revolution, by usurpation, by the desire for aggrandizement on the part of the " fierce democratie." Letit be inscribed over doors of Congress and courtsand the executive mansion that in America precedentsdo not make constitutions, and that a constitutionviolated is not a constitution abolished. PresidentJ. Q. Adams closes his defense of himself in the matterof the negotiation of Ghent by giving " solemn warning to the statesmen of the Union, in their conflictwith foreign powers through all future time, never to consider any of the liberties of the nation as abrogatedby a war, or capable of being extinguished by anyother agency than our own express renunciation."X.Since the war some new theories have beenpromulgated as to changes in .the character andauthority of the Federal Government. The doctrineof national political growth is applied, and a government, alterable only by prescribed methods, becomesflexible and elastic, so as to be molded by circumstances, by fluctuating public opinion, or supposedpublic interests. One law professor coolly sets asidethe Tenth Amendment. Another defines state rightsand powers such only as were granted or recognizedby the Constitution. Another measures constitutional law, not by texts, but by faits accomplis andtests constitutional changes by two queries ; werethey in accordance with the standard of the times,have they lasted ? These theories are revolutionaryand efface the well-established distinction betweena constitution and an ordinary statute. Nothingcan be conceived more antipodal to the true end ofour Federal, Constitutional, representative Republic.The Constitution becomes superfluous. Restraintsand reservations are swept into desuetude, not innocuous. Oaths have no binding force. Whim, caprice,the mutable breath of the multitude, whatever fanaticism or hatred, or the vulgar enticements of jingoismor interest may suggest, whether in violation of treaty,despoiling foreign nations, creating fiat money, navigation laws, codfish bounties, tariff robberies, destruction of state autonomy, any injustice or outrage whichambition or greed or demagogism may make to appearpopular, or secure a majority in Congress, supersedes the fundamental law. The Constitution is wipedout. Grants have no significance. Limitations areimpotent. Instead of a stable, solemn, permanent,national will, we have hardly a rope of sand, and theConstitution, as Jefferson feared, becomes "wastepaper by construction," If our fathers made such agovernment, instead of deserving encomiums for wisdom and sagacity as statesmen and publicists, theywere the veriest simpletons.XLIn the reprobation of secession and the "rebellion " and the misapprehension of what changes havebeen wrought, there is danger of fatal reaction fromthe true principles of the government to an approvalof centralization which Gladstone said has been thecurse of Ireland. Slavery and secession being elimi-UNIVERSITY RECORD 111nated from all future controversy, some matters canbe looked at from a broad, patriotic view, without thedisturbing influence of sectionalism. Centripetalism,drawing into the hands of the government a large partof the direct powers of control and administration,aggregation of authority in the central head, mayhave stimulated national pride and vanity and acoarse militarism, but it has not increased nationalhappiness and contentment, nor promoted the generalwelfare. It has originated or intensified problems,difficult and apparently insoluble, arrayed capitalagainst labor, the classes against the masses, stimulated "vast plutocratic combinations of incorporatedwealth," excited foreign ill-will, and created perilswhich menace personal freedom, individual libertyand state autonomy. From frugality and economyour government has lapsed into "Billion Congresses,"the most extravagant expenditures of the people'smoney, and a disposition, on the part of the states, aswell as of persons, to look to a paternal governmentfor protection and support. It was a cardinal maximof Calhoun to keep the government poor, for themost fatal vices have come from a plethoric treasury.As Burke said in his attack on Lord North, Magnum vectigal est parsimonia. Auxiliary to thiswasteful use of public money, a consequence anda cause of it, is the criminal use of money innominating conventions and in presidential andcongressional elections, in paying election expensesand delivering votes to corporations. Enlargedexecutive patronage has been fastened upon thecountry, and unless checked and regulated the debasement and corruption of the community will proceedbeyond cure. Excessive governmental intervention hasbecome the bane of our system, and bounties, subsidies, pensions, rings, trusts, partnership in privatebusiness, break up old party lines and bring into passionate demands the pent up feelings of greed, envy,poverty, and distrust. A mysterious power residingin the state to make money and to direct profitableindustries is inculcated by demagogues. State socialism and perversion of public taxation from its truefunction into an engine for the selfish profit of alliedbeneficiaries and combinations have had incalculableinfluence in fostering class legislation, creatinginequalities of fortune, corrupting public life,* intrenching dishonesty in high places, banishing men ofindependent mind and character from the public* Senator Teller said publicly that the Sherman Silver Purchase Act of July 14, 1890, was the result of a concession to,an agreement with, certain Silver Senators as an inducement to them to support the McKinley tariff. councils, lowering the tone of national representation,blunting public conscience, creating false standardsin the popular mind, familiarizing it with reliance uponstate aid and guardianship in private affairs, divorcing ethics from politics, and placing politics upon thelow level of a mercenary scramble.*]** Under the infatuating influence of centralized power, Washington's advice against entangling alliancewith foreign powers is disregarded, and interferencewith treaties and in foreign disputes finds advocacy inthe press, the house, and the senate. A vicariousphilanthropy is promoted and loud demands are madeto take under our sheltering wings, as the custodiansof the nations of the world, all who are suffering from destitution, or persecution, or misgovern-ment. Jingoism is popular, and the propagandism ofideas, such as disgraced the French Revolution in1792-3, becomes the quintessence of Americanism. Ascorrective of such fallacies, let us hear what thefathers said. Jefferson, in that matchless enumeration of the true principles of our government, in hisInaugural, emphasized " the support of the state governments in all their rights ; the preservation of thegeneral government in its whole constitutional vigor,as the sheet anchor of peace at home and safetyabroad." Madison declared the purposes of the government to be "to support the Constitution, which isthe cement of the Union, as well in its limitations asin its authorities ; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the states." It has been announcedex cathedra to be " the divine purpose that Americashould depart from her isolated position, and take herplace among the foremost nations of the earth."Others, not assuming to speak as "the oracles ofGod," say, " We are going on to the Sandwich Islandsand as much further as duty and destiny call."Whether we can adjust our constitutional, representative, federal system to the outlying, imperial provincesof Cuba, Porto Rico, Hawaii, and the PhilippineIslands, and abandon our republican simplicity, awiser man than I must decide. Unlike the French,Spanish, and other peoples, we may have the Romanand the English aptitude for colonization, but, certainly, colonial aggrandizement upsets, reverses,all the principles and traditions of the fathers.However that may be, manifest destiny, lust ofterritorial aggrandizement, or the irresistible logic ofevents is driving us from our historic policy of isolation, demanding, for the settlement of the political,ethical, and international questions that will growfSee Bayard's Edinburgh Speech in 1895, placed by the Houseof Representatives in the Index Expurgatorius.112 UNIVERSITY RECORDout of these new complications, these enlarged responsibilities, this revolution in theory and policy of government, the wisest and most cultured statesmen. Ourancestors, with almost superhuman sagacity, devised ascheme of governments, which has adjusted itself toevery past expansion of territorial area, and it is beyondquestion that this system, carried out as originallydevised, could cover North America, in impartial vigor,with justice, liberty, equality and fraternity. Consolidation, centralization, begets necessarily assumptionof power, tyrannous and selfish interference withpersonal and local rights, and licenses hurtfulappetites and wickedest passions. Holding the general government in legitimate bounds, allowing homerule, the watchfulness of self -management, and thediscipline of local self-government, enlarges withoutweakening, and secures in just measure, the rightsand liberties, the prosperity and happiness, whichcome from a well-ordered and wisely restrainedgovernment. It is the " E Pluribus Unum" the unityand harmony and strength of the federative whole.The Declaration of Independence is the magnacharta of human liberty, salutary alike for coloniesand the mother country, unfolding, almost for thefirst time, in the history of the race, the possibilitiesof the development and enjoyment of the powers withwhich man has been endowed by a beneficent Creator.That governments derive their just powers from theconsent of the governed, undermines all kingly andpriestly absolutism, is the death-knell of all politicaland ecclesiastical tyranny and the assertion of libertyas the inalienable birthright of man. Our correlatedfederal and state governments, with freedom ofreligion, is America's contribution to the science ofpolitics. "Distinct as the billows and one as the sea,"is a misleading illustration of the true character ofthe system. The two governments, interdependent,each with distinct functions, move in their prescribedorbits, obedient to the laws of justice and right, anddispense order, equality, and freedom, without interference with the duty and prerogative of the other, andwith the pre-adjusted harmony of the spheres. Thisblending of federative supremacy for national and foreign purposes, and of state sovereignty, home rule, forconstitution making and for local and personal matters,is the highest attainment of political wisdom, the mostwonderful achievement ever devised by the brain andpurpose of man. Let us, on this inspiring day, faithfully guard this American idea of free, representative,responsible government, and on some future Fourth ofJuly, if not over "the federation of the world," atleast from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from the Arcticto the Isthmus, inclusive, perhaps, of some adjacent islands, when cured of heterogeneous and unassimila-tive people, we may see "Old Glory" floating in theglad sunlight of liberty, with increasing stars and inever brightening beauty.Official Notices.IMPORTANT TO STUDENTS.Students' bills must be paid before 12:30 p.m., Saturday, July 30. After that hour the extra fee of fivedollars will be exacted in all cases, and until the billand extra fee are paid the delinquent will be excludedfrom his classes. T. W. Goodspeed,Registrar.The Final Examination of Ernest Carroll Moorefor the degree of Ph.D. will be held Saturday, July 30,at 9: 00 a.m. in Room 35 Anatomy Building. Principalsubject, Philosophy ; secondary subject, Pedagogy.Thesis : " The Relation of Education to Philosophyin Greece and the Early Church." Committee : HeadProfessor Dewey and all other instructors of thedepartments immediately concerned.The Final Examination of Frank Burnett Dainsfor the degree of Ph.D. will be held Saturday,August 5, 1898, at 3:00 p.m., in Room 20, Kent Chemical Laboratory. Principal subject, Chemistry ; secondary subject, Physics. Thesis: "On the IsoureaEthers and other Derivatives of Ureas." Committee :Assistant Professors Lengfeld and Stieglitz, HeadProfessor Michelson, and all other instructors of thedepartments immediately concerned.the summer conference op the correspondence-study department.The Summer Conference of the Correspondence-study instructors and students will be held on Monday, August 1, at 4:00 p.m., in the Chapel, Cobb Hall.President Harper, Professor James, Director of theExtension Division, Associate Professor MacClintock(English), Dr. McMurry (Pedagogy), Associate Professor Cutting (German), Dr. Neff (Romance), and Dr.Chamberlain (Botany) will speak briefly of the aimsand methods of this Department, and several of thosewho have taken Correspondence courses and are nowstudents in the University will give their impressionsof the value and adequacy of the work. Ample opportunity will be afforded for any questions, the purposeof the conference being to furnish fullest possibleinformation with reference to the scope and characterof the Correspondence-study Department. The discussion cannot fail to be of interest to all.UNIVERSITY RECORD 113Special Announcements for the Summer Quarter.GENERAL LECTURES.Throughout the Quarter there is given a series ofgeneral lectures by speakers representing the differentdepartments of University work. These lectureswill be given in most cases at 4 : 00 p.m. The roomsand subjects for each week will be published in theUniversity Record of the preceding week and postedon the bulletin boards.Professor Gaston Bonet-Maury, of the Universityof Paris, is giving a series of twelve lectures duringthe second three weeks of the First Term on the" History of the Struggle for Liberty of Conscience inFrance since the Edict of Nantes and among theSlavs." The following are the remaining lectures:4. The War of the Camisards : the Prophets of the Cevennesand the Meetings in the South.5. Peter Cheltsiky and the Bohemian Brothers.6. John Lasky and Protestantism in Poland.7. The Reorganization and Martyrs of the Protestant Church inFrance in the Eighteenth Century.8. Amos Comenius and the Moravians.9. The Edict of Toleration (1787) and the American Assistants.10. J. J. Rousseau and the Triumph of Religious Liberty in 1789.11. Leon Tolstoi and the Martyrs of the Protestant Reformationin Russia-12. The Antisemitic Movement and the Present Struggle forReligious Liberty in France.Professor John Henry Barrows will give a seriesof six lectures during the second term on " The Christian Conquest of Asia." — Observations and studiesof religion in the Orient (The "Haskell Lectures"for 1898) :1. The Cross and the Crescent in Asia. Sunday, August 21.2. Observations of Popular Hinduism. Tuesday, August 23.3. Philosophic Hinduism. Thursday, August 25.4. Some difficulties of the Hindu Mind in acceptingChristianity. Sunday, August 28.5. Christianity and Buddhism in Asia. Tuesday, August 30.6. Confucianism and the Awakening of China.Thursday, September 1.No credit is given for this course.The following course of lectures is being given inthe German language :Me. Almstedt : " Eine Fusstour in Thftringen."De. Keen : " Der Civis academicus im deutschen Heere."The following is the remaining lecture given in theFrench language by Dr. Rene de Poyen-Bellisle :4. La critique d'aujourd'hui.It is hoped also that some lectures in the Frenchlanguage may be given by Professor Bonet-Maury. The following lectures will be given in the Departments of Philosophy and Pedagogy :3. Head Peofessoe Dewey : " Social Factors in EducationalReform."4. Assistant Peofessoe Angell : " Recent Discussions Concerning Experimental Psychology."5. Peofessoe Noah K. Davis " Liberal vs. Practical Education;" ''Aristotle."6. Associate Peofessoe Bulkley : " An Experiment in Jena."These are the remaining lectures on " The Life ofJesus " given by Professor Shailer Mathews :4. The Conflict with Tradition.5. The Jesus of History and the Christ of Experience.Besides the above, it is expected that lectures willbe given on subjects in Political Economy, by HeadProfessor Laughlin, and Professor Bernard Moses ofthe University of California ; on subjects in PoliticalScience, by Head Professor Judson and ProfessorJames ; on subjects in History, by Professor Turner,of the University of Wisconsin ; on subjects connectedwith Hebrew Language and Literature, by AssociateProfessor Price ; on subjects connected with the English Language and Literature, by Associate ProfessorMacClintock, Assistant Professor Reynolds, and Dr.Triggs ; on subjects connected with Astronomy, byProfessors Hale, Frost, and Barnard, of the YerkesObservatory ; on subjects connected with Geology, byProfessor Salisbury ; on subjects connected withBotany, by Head Professor Coulter ; on subjects connected with Theology, by Professor Caspar Rene*Gregory.Other lectures will be announced from time to time.Current Events.The Final Examination of Arthur Tappan Walkerfor the degree of Ph.D. was held Thursday, July 21,at 4:00 p.m., in Room 2 B, Cobb Hall. Principal subject, Latin ; secondary subject, Greek. Thesis : " TheSequence of Tenses in Latin." Committee : HeadProfessor Hale, Associate Professor Capps; and allother instructors of the departments immediatelyconcerned.The Final Examination of Elizabeth Jeffreys forthe degree of Ph.D. was held Monday, July 25, at3:00 p.m., in Room 20, Kent Chemical Laboratory.Principal subject, Chemistry; secondary subject,Physics. Thesis : " On Urethanes." Committee : Assistant Professor Stieglitz, Mr. Millikan, Dr. Slaught ;and all other instructors of the departments immediately concerned.114 UNIVERSITY RECORDCalendar.july 29— august 4, 1898.Friday, July 29.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — - Chapel, CobbHall, 10: 30 a.m.Public Lecture : " The War of the Camisards, theProphets of the Cevennes and the Meetings in theSouth," by Professor Bonet-Maury. Assembly Room,Haskell Museum, 4 : 00 p.m.Public Lecture : " Recent Discussions ConcerningExperimental Psychology," by Assistant ProfessorAngell. Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4 : 00 p.m.Ohio Society Reunion, Campus east of Cobb Hall,6 : 30 p.m.Public Lecture : " British Municipalities," by Associate Professor Zueblin. Assembly Room, HaskellMuseum 8 : 00 p.m.Illustrated by the stereopticon.Public Lecture : " The Stars and NebulaB," by Professor Barnard. Kent Theater, 8 :00 p.m.Illustrated by the stereopticon.Mathematical Club meets in Ryerson Physical Laboratory, Room 36, 8: 00 p.m.Associate Professor Maschke: "The Definition of aGroup."Note — F. A. La Motte: "Concerning Uniform Conver-gency."Saturday, July 30.Final Examination of E. C.Moore, Room 35, AnatomyBuilding, 9:00 a.m. (see p, 112).Sunday, July 31.Vesper Service, Kent Theater, 4:00 p.m.Union meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.,Chapel, Cobb Hall, 7 :00 p.m.Monday, August 1.Chapel-Assembly: Junior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbLecture Hall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Junior CollegeStudents).Summer Conference of the instructors and studentsof the Correspondence-Study Department of theUniversity Extension Division. Chapel, Cobb Hall,4:00 p.m. (see p. 112).Public Lecture : " Peter Cheltsiky and the BohemianBrothers," by Professor Gaston Bonet-Maury. Assembly Room, Haskell Museum, 4: 00 p.m.Public Lecture: " British Municipalities : MunicipalBeauty" by Associate Professor Zueblin. AssemblyRoom, Haskell Museum, 8: 00 p.m.Illustrated by the stereopticon.Public Lecture : " Stellar Motions as revealed by theSpeotroscope," by Professor Frost, Kent Theater,8:00 p.m.Illustrated by the stereopticon.Material for the UNIVERSITY RECORD mustorder to be published in the issue of the same week. Tuesday, August 2.Chapel-Assembly : Senior Colleges. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m. (required of Senior College Students).Public Lecture (in French): "La critique d'aujour-d'hui," by Dr. de Poyen-Bellisle. Lecture Room,Cobb Hall, 4: 00 p.m."Public Lecture : " The Jesus of History and the Christof Experience," by Professor Mathews. AssemblyRoom, Haskell Museum, 4:00 p.m.Public Lecture : " Liberal versus Practical Education," by Professor Noah K. Davis, Chapel, CobbHall, 8:00 p.m.Wednesday, August 3.Public Lecture : "John Lasky and Protestantism inPoland," by Professor Gaston Bonet-Maury. Assembly Room, Haskell Museum, 4:00 p.m.Public Lecture : " Aristotle," by Professor Noah K.Davis. Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4: 00 p.m.Prayer Meeting of the Y. M. C. A. and Y. W. C. A.,east steps, Haskell Museum, 7:00 p.m.Public Lecture : " George Innes, Painter and Mystic,"by Dr. O. L. Triggs. Chapel, Cobb Hall, 8:00 p.m.Thursday, August 4.Graduate Assembly. — Chapel, Cobb Hall, 10:30 a.m.Public Lecture : " The Reorganization and Martyrsof the Protestant Church in France in theEighteenth Century," by Professor Bonet-Maury.Assembly Room, Haskell Museum, 4: 00 p.m.Public Lecture : "Aristotle" (continued), by ProfessorNoah K. Davis. Chapel, Cobb Hall, 4:00 p.m.Public Lecture : " British Municipalities : MunicipalEducation," by Associate Professor Zueblin. Assembly Room, Haskell Museum, 8 : 00 p.m.Illustrated by the stereopticon.Friday, August 5.Chapel-Assembly : Divinity School. — Chapel, CobbHall, 10:30 a.m.Final examination of F. B. Dains. Room 20, KentChemical Laboratory, 3 :00 p.m. (see p. 112).Public Lecture: "Amos Comenius and the Moravians," by Professor Bonet-Maury. AssemblyRoom, Haskell Museum, 4 : 00 p.m.Public Lecture : " British Municipalities : MunicipalMorality" by Associate Professor Zueblin. Assembly Room, Haskell Museum, 8:00 p.m.Illustrated by the stereopticon.Public Lecture : "The Planets," by Professor Barnard.Kent Theater, 8: 00 p.m.Illustrated by the stereopticon.3 sent to the Recorder by THURSDAY, 8:30 A.M., in