WORKINGS OF THE UNIVERSITY: PART TWOUC extension expands community program* by David L. AikenEfforts to increase studentparticipation in the Univer¬sity’s activities and increas¬ingly ambitious programs in¬volving faculty in helping theWood lawn neighbor hood arethe most exciting parts of theUniversity Extension Divi¬sion's expanding program.Students will have the opportunityto help in the work of the UC Exten¬sion under a new plan proposed bySol Tax, Dean of the division. According to Tax, there are manyareas in which students could be ef¬fective in the Extension program,which is designed, he said, to “re¬flect the University to the outsideworld.”The activities of University Exten¬sion are divided into five areas: 1)adult education at the Downtown Cen¬ter and on campus; 2) special con¬ferences at the new Center for Con¬tinuing Education; 3) radio and TVprograms; 4) the Summer quarter;and 5) community programs, in theUniversity neighborlwod and the Chi¬cago metropolitan area. All these efforts attempt to marshalthe resources of the University forthe benefit of the general community.Students, Tax told the Maroon thisweek, can play a part in many areasas “resources” for advice and activeparticipation. Tax explained that therelationship of such students to Ex¬tension would be somewhat analogousto that of the Orientation Board andthe Dean of Students office, that is,a group whose function is to help incertain aspects of the division’s work.The formal structure of such agroup would, of course, be entirelydependent upon what the interestedVol. 72 — No. 32 University of Chicago, Friday, Feb. 7, 1964 rijgpta*. 31Chase will resignCampbell new Education Deanby Dorie SolingerRoald F. Campbell hasI been named Dean of theI Graduate School of Education■ and Chairman of the Depart-I ment of Education at The Univer-I sitv of Chicago.The appointment, effective July 1,1 1964. was announced by President1 Beadle, who acted on the recommen-I dation of the Provost, Edward H.I Levi. Campbell will succeed Francis■ S. Chase, who was appointed DeanI of the Graduate School of EducationI in 1958, Chairman when it was estab-I lished. and Chairman of the Depart-I ment in 1954.Chase asked to be relieved of hisadministrative duties in order togive his time to research and as-and processes. He remains a Pro-L fessor of Education on the faculty.| Campbell holds both a bachelorsI (1930) and a masters degree (1934)Roald F. Campbell^ from Brigham Young University anda Doctor of Education degree fromStanford University (1942). He servedas a teacher and principal in Idahoand Texas schools from 1925 to 1932.From 1933 to 1942, he was superin¬tendent of schools at Preston, Idaho.He was both chairman of the de-^ I partment of elementary educationand director of the William and M.Stewart School at the University ofUtah from 1942 to 1951. He servedas professor of education at OhioStale University from 1952 to 1957.With his appointmentt as directorof the Midwest Administration Cen-ter in 1957, Campbell joined theUniversity faculty. Campbell wasnamed to the William Claude ReamProfessorship of Educational Admin¬istration in 1961.Chase first came to UC in 1945 asDirector of the Rural Editorial Serv¬ice, supported by a tliree-year grantfrom the Kellogg Foundation. Underhis direction, the service was trans¬formed into an international com¬munications network which workedwith educational associations andjournals in the US, Canada, Eng¬land, and five European countries.Chase later organized the MidwestAdministration Center. In 1951, hewa* named Professor of Education, and in 1954, was appointed Chairmanof the Department of Education.In September, 1963, the late Presi¬dent John F. Kennedy appointedChase chairman of a Committee onPublic Higher Education in the Dis¬trict of Columbia.sessment of educational problemsAsked about his opinion of the UCSchool of Education, Chase com¬mented: “We have one of the reallystrong groups of scholars engaged inthe study of education. In fact, it isone of the strongest in the world.The distinction of our faculty is un¬surpassed.” He believes that it pro¬vides a promising experimental pro¬gram for teachers and other educa¬tional specialists. It is a rigorousprogram with exacting requirements.He explained how the school hasdeveloped a number of student re¬search training centers. The first ofthese was the Midwest Administra¬tion Center. A Reading ResearchCenter has also been established be¬sides urban child centers, and metro¬politan centers to study the problemsof children in poor environments. Acenter for the cooperative study ofinstruction has also been inaugurated.Chase feels that Campbell will bea “superb leader,” and that underhis guidance, the organization thusfar created will be carried forwardwith advances in research and ex¬perimentation. He thinks that learn¬ing will increase rapidly, and thatthe program will become more effec¬tive. ‘‘The developments here in thefield of education in the next fiveyears,” said Chase, “will surpassanything done thus far.”According to Chase, educationthroughout the world has before it thegreatest opportunities and the great¬est incentive solve problems thanFrancis S. Chaseever. Due to the increased demandsupon it, it will be necessary to stepup research in order to understandhow to improve thinking, learning,and teaching. As the economy of theworld advances, there is a rapid de¬cline In the Importance of jobs re¬quiring a low level of skill. In short, there is an overall need for a well-educated populace.The basic problem here, as Chasesees it, is that in providing to allan access to education. It is essen¬tial to discover how to help everyoneprofit by education. To quote Chase:“people should go as far and asfast as they can” in order to be equalto the problems man currently faces.Although America has long boasteda system of universal education, ithas, Chase feels, yet to realize sucha program. Generally, merely anelite class of the population has beenreceiving the education which oughtto go to all classes of people. It isalso necessary to educate the cul¬turally deprived, who “lack contactsand expectations.” Education mustcombat the forces of a culture which,Chase feels, through its set of values,reinforces a limited code of behavior.Another problem in present-dayeducation in America is the pressurewhich is directed to learning merelyenough to satisfy the instructor. Sucha method of learning does not tendto develop individual potential.Chase feels that such means asthe use of the library would help toachieve a sense of personal motiva¬tion which would lead to depth instudy. He asserts that all institutionstend to conformity by creating a sta¬bility of expectations on the part ofboth the students and the facultymembers.The idea of flexibility horrifiesmost administrators. The situationcould be improved, Chase believes,by allowing people to follow theirown purposes. In this way they couldlearn more. The role of the facultyought to be helping the students todo this, rather than forcing them topursue the goals of the faculty.Although UC has, according toChase, gone against these generaltrends of anti-intellectualism, he alsomentioned that “we can do morethan we have done. We are just atthe beginning of discovering what theprocess of thinking is.”He equated the idea of reflectivethinking with the concept of a dia¬logue between the sets of ideas oneencounters on the printed page asagainst those encountered in one’s'experience. He stated that we haveyet to determine what contributesto the richness of this dialogue.A problem exists in deciding howto train this trait of correlation inpeople; how to teach them to act onwhat they hear and read. For exam¬ple, making them associate materiallearned with current problems, andto enter imaginatively into other peo¬ple’s conditions.Various innovations which Chaseplans to investigate are such thingsas technological devices (televisionprograms), faculty-tea-team-teaching,and non-graded schools. He would liketo find the uses and limitations ofthese methods, and to “try to reach ajudgment of what the promises areof these new developments are ondifferent conditions for different kindsof people.** students themselves would think best.Tax said he hoped to be able to ar¬range a meeting for such students inthe near future.Students cangive informationOne function Tax thought studentscould perform would be establishinga central office to which informationabout all activities, visitors, meetings,and events on campus could be givenby students and faculty members assoon as it became available,. The purpose of establishing the Ex¬tension Division as such a centralinformation office would be to enableboth the community and the Univer¬sity to take fullest possible advantageof events which might otherwise notbe well publicized in advance.As an example of how such a sys¬tem might work, Tax recalled that ashort time ago he learned of the visitof a scholar from another university,but was unable to organize a publicappearance which would have beendesirable because his time waslimited.If there had been some centralagency to publicize the visit, he felt,the person would have been able toaddress a larger audience, and theUniversity would have gained more.No good agencyfor informationThere is now no agency whichadequately serves the purpose he hasin mind, Tax said, as the Maroondoes not have adequate facilities forgathering such information from alldepartments and faculty members.Students might help organize suchan agency, Tax thought, and couldmake use of it by publicizing student-sponsored events. This would let theExtension Division “help studentsmake their voices heard in the out¬side world, too,” Tax commented.Students now activein communicationsStudents are already participat¬ing in one area of Extension’s ac¬tivities, the radio and TV department.The Documentary Film group hasmade several filmed programs whichhave been shown by Chicago metro¬politan TV stations.Radio and TV activities have beenexpanded recently, with the additionof a second full-time professional staffmember, and improvement of thetechnical facilities.This department tapes lectures, mu¬sic, and other programs, on campus,distributes them to local and nationalbroadcasters, and co-operates withcommercial radio and TV broad¬casters in special programs whichcan utilize UC’s resources.Now under discussion are plans toexpand the working relations betweenUC and WFMT, which now broadcastsmany campus cultural events.Could WUCB be FM?In response to a question, Tax com¬mented that it would be “easier” toexpand student radio station WUCBinto a low-powered FM station, nowthat the Extension division is organ¬ized to be able to provide supervision.Several years ago, a proposal was made to equip WUCB with an FMtransmitter, instead of the presentequipment, which sends AM signalsonly to campus buildings which areespecially wired to connect with thestation's transmitter. The proposalwas rejected by administration offi¬cials, who argued the University couldnot “take responsibility-” for the sta¬tion’s programs if broadcast to thepublic.Charles Packer, manager of WUCB,commented that FM broadcastingwould be an “exciting development,”but that the station staff would notbe prepared to undertake the task ofrunning such a facility for at leastanother year or two.FM broadcasting is still the sta¬tion’s goal, he said, but he cautionedthat the nature of University super¬vision would be an important ques¬tion.Work with TWOAnother important new develop¬ment in the Division’s work isplans to co-operate with The Wood-lawn Organization and its membergroups in an experimental job train¬ing program under the FederalManpower Development TrainingAct (MDTA).Since last April, several membersof the faculty have been meetingregularly, though informally, withleaders of Woodlawn communitygroups to consider possible educa¬tional contributions UC can maketo help that neighborhood solve itsproblems of lack of education, un¬employment, and resulting poverty.Among the suggestion whichemerged from these meetings, onewould investigate a new way oftraining unemployed persons wholack both the skills in demand, andSol Taxthe level of education normally re¬quired to be admitted to the Federalretraining programs now operatingin many parts of the country.Discussions with community lead¬ers and government officials showedthat all parties were interested inlearning whether such men could suc¬cessfully complete a training pro¬gram and hold jobs if they werecounselled and supported by a “gras*(Continued on page 5)UC medical student stabbedA UC student was stabbedlate Monday night near 57thstreet and Kimbark. The girl,a student in the MedicalSchool, is at Billings hospital in goodcondition.Shortly after the incident, a manwas picked up elsewhere in theneighborhood and is being held bypolice. The victim was unable toidentify him.The stabbing occured at about12:45 am Tuesday. According to thevictim, the assailant came up behindher, put an arm on her shoulder,said, “Don’t scream,” and jabbedher.She did not reailze at first that shehad been stabbed, but started to backaway from him. He kept trying tograb at the knife, which had stuckin her back, until she fell to theground and kicked him. The knife re¬mained in her back as she fell. Atthis point the assailant ran away.She told police she thought herattacker had been wearing a coatwhich was red, black, or both redand black. The man picked up waswearing a bright red jacketPolioe said they picked up the manbecause he tried to run away whenthey approached him white combing the whole neighborhood. He deniedbeing near 57th and Kimbark.The suspect was put in a line-upand viewed by several women whohad been victims of attacks in thepast few months, but was identifiedby none of them.The victim had been on her wayhome from working at Billings hos¬pital at the time of the attack.Dean of Students Warner Wick saidthat the general issue of campus se¬curity will be on the agenda at the“President’s meeting” next week.Any change in campus police pro¬tection must be initiated by the ad¬ministration, said Director of Cam¬pus Security Tony Eidson.Eidson said that there seems tohave been no more crime in the areathis year than in the past. And, hecontinued, there has been a higherproportion of arrests.James Newman, Assistant Dean ofStudents, commented that this typeof incident is very unusual. Studentsshouldn’t panic, he said, but theyshould be in the habit of taking pre¬cautions necessary for city life: stay¬ing on well lit streets and not walk¬ing alone late at night—even thoughwe have one of the lowest crimerates in Chicago.ifji;1 ’ SC executive councilfills 2 Assembly vacanciesedAsks Mandel re-decorationTO THE EDITOR:The other day, when the FolkFestival blew into town, I trotteddown to Mandel Hall, where myIriend and I planked down $2 50 forwhat we were quite certain wouldhe an exciting evening.The evening left a rather am¬bivalent impression—first, that thegeneral singing and guitar-tw'ang-ing as rousing (and as inspired)as anything you could find betweenhere and the Midnight Special, and,aecondly, that the general “joie devivre” spirit was, nonetheless,muted by the gloomy contrast ofMandel Hall.Although I am not a member ofthe University, I do go bo its pro¬grams from time to time. Perhapsthis is more readily discernible tothe eye of an outsider than to astudent or other person who hassuch frequent contact with the Hallthat he gets used to the creepingseed:ness. Yet, the visitor may wellwonder how an institution of thewealth and prestige of the Univer¬sity can allow one of its most re¬spected buildings . . . well, to go topot. The lobby and Reynolds loungewere heated to the temperatureof a tropical (or at least subtropical)garden—although, when one of usopened a window about three inchesin the lounge in order to dissipatea little cigarette-smoke fog, therewas an immediate cry, “Close it!”But the Auditorium, by contrast,had no heat. From the balcony,where we sat, muffled in our coats,we could note layers of dust overthe balcony overhangs, on the floors,and on the seats (by the way, doesn’t $2.50 rate at least an up¬holstered seat, like they have inthe downtown theatres for the sameprice or less?). The stage wouldhave been considerably brightenedup by a new coat of paint on thew’alls and a coat of varnish on thefloor.Now, the students use MandelHall for a great many of their pro¬ductions, and, necessarily, want tocontinue to attract audiences tothese. So, can’t the Student Unionenlist a clean-up squad on a regularbasis to keep the Hall in shape,and a paint-up squad—this, for atleast a little re-decorat ion? Other¬wise, people around here are goingto hesitate to pay downtown-theatreprices if they cannot sit in a theatrethat meets at least ordinary stand¬ards of el eariess, comfort, andcheerful appearance.MARIAN WiBBPS—I would also suggest that theLadies Room be kept cleanerand that eating m there beprohibited. Teachers went outwith Chancellor HutchinsTO THE EDITOR:Mr. Ronald P. Hattis has presenteda strong defense of the Hutchins’College as it once existed, but he hasended on a weak note if he thinks a“come on ... let us reverse thetrend” is quite enough. He flattershimself if he thinks such argumentsas he presents will be enough to turnthe tide.When Robert Hutchins came toChicago he started revamping theCollege by hiring teachers, peoplewho wanted to teach and could teachwell, people who learned to guide(sic) an intelligent class discussion.(Cf. Axelrod, et al. Teaching ByDiscussion Method in the College;1949; A report to The College, TheUniversity of Chicago)When Robert Hutchins left and Mr.Kimpton became the chancellor ofthis university the real teachers be¬gan to leave, and they have beenemigrating ever since.RANDY MACK Two vacancies in the Stu¬dent Government ExecutiveCouncil were filled Tuesday.Tom Heagy (GNOSIS-Col-lege) defeated Peter Rabinowitz 12-11for chairman of the Campus ActionCommittee (CAC), and Bruce Rappa-port (POLIT-College) was elected un¬opposed as chairman of the Commu¬nity Relations Committee (CRC).The CAC vote was originally tied11-11 but SG president Don Congdon(GNOSIS-Social Science Div.) brokethe tie in favor of Heagy.In other activity the Elections andRules Committee recommended tothe Assembly thirteen minor By-Laws amendments. Passed wereamendments abolishing the appropria¬tions Committee, abolishing the De¬partments, and remov ing the require¬ment of written committee reportseach meeting. None of the By-Lawprovisions that these amendments re¬pealed had been enforced.Article V of the By-Laws, dealingMiss Wood speaks on public housingSees new social welfare eraAlbert SchweitzerCollegeChurweWen / Grt*on», SwitzerlandIYear Courae on the problems of Westernculture and •odety.motivated bythe ideal#•f Albert Schweitzer. Lectures in German•nd English on philosophy, psychology,history of religion, political science, mo¬dern literature and art. Tutorials. Language'courses. International community.fPoeelble eredlt ee Junior Yoer abroad.for information, write to the aboveoddrevs or comtoct:Anthony OrumTel. 624-2227 “This is the beginning of anew era in social welfare,”said Elizabeth Wood, wellknown authority on publichousing, in a lecture Tuesday nightin Soc Sci 122.Miss Wood’s lecture was the firstof a two part series dealing withpresent problems in public housing.“For the first time since theearly days of F.D.R.’s administra¬tion,” Miss Wood said, “we arehearing purposeful as well as elo¬quent talk on the need to eliminatepoverty.” This is evidenced, MissWood feels, by the fact that Presi¬dent Johnson's only budgetary in¬creases have been in programs di¬rectly related to human welfare.Johnson's “War on Poverty” willconsist, for the most part of test-projects, which will call upon allthe skills of the professional socialworker. Ibis is important because itwill put the skilled professional so¬cial worker into a more influentialrole.In the past, public welfare pro¬grams in the United States havebeen administered by men whoseideas were strongly influenced bythe philosophy of “rags to riches,”Miss Wood said. This has preventedDR. A. ZIMBLER, OptometristIN THENEW HYDE PARK SHOPPING CENTER1510 E. 55th St.DO 3-7644 DO 3-686*EYE EXAMINATIONSPRESCRIPTIONS PILLED CONTACT LENSESNEWEST STYLING IN FRAMESSTUDENT & FACULTY DISCOUNT the development of pxiblic welfareprograms into positive sources oftreatment and cure for social ills.Another factor which has pre¬vented the positive development ofwelfare programs has been the“Theory of Opportunity,” whichholds that if a person sees an oppor¬tunity to better himself and doesnot, he is lacking in character.These views are still commonlyheld today, Miss Wood feels, andform great obstacles to the progressof social welfare.Another very great obstacle toachieving any sort of social reha¬bilitation is the lack of coordinatedplanning among various agencies.An Urban Renewal authority work¬ing completely autonomously w’illonly create as many problems as itwill solve. Therefore, Miss Woodcalled for a welfare planning author¬ity which would coordinate pro¬grams and thus end the tremendouswaste caused by the simultaneoussolution and creation of problems byagencies working completely inde¬pendently.To be effective, Miss Wood be¬lieves, social welfare programs mustdeal with totalities, not piecemealproblems. For instance, if a men¬tally disturbed child is treated andthen sent back home where his prob¬lems originated, nothing is achievedexcept a waste of the taxpayer’smoney. When social welfare pro¬grams begin thinking in totalities,they will be able to achieve con¬crete results and indeed must beheld responsible for achieving them.Although more urban redevelop¬ ment programs are thinking in totali¬ties, a further obstacle remains, ac¬cording to Miss Wood. This is thefact that in pxiblic welfare agencies,there are very few qualified socialworkers.This is a result of patterns estab¬lished in the ’30"s when most of themoney went to public welfare agen¬cies, and most social workers wentto private agencies, where theyworked with really hard core cases.Now that welfare planning is be-gining to be thought of in “totali¬ties.” these social workers must bebrought into pxiblic welfare.The concept of totalities is vital.Miss Wood concluded, in that it willallow social workers, with their spe¬cial knowledge, to participate in pro¬grams which not only will provideopportunity but will also enable thesocial worker to help their casestake advantage of oppx>rtunity. Thisis a funtion completely overlookedin areas where the welfare authori¬ties are dominated by the “Theoryof Opportunity.”Set self-deception talkFrederick Adrian Siegler, assist¬ant professor of Philosophy andHumanities, will follow up lastquarter’s talk on the subject of“Lying” with a lecture on “Self-Deception.”Siegler will speak at the MeadHouse Coffee Hour, to be held inthe Judson (west) Lounge, at 1005E. 60th street, Wednesday, Febru¬ary 12, at 8 pm. with appropriations, was amendedby the Assembly. Appropriations ofunder $10 can now be approvedby the treasurer, appropriations under$50 can be approved by the ExecutiveCouncil, and any appropriation over$50 must be approved by the Assem¬bly.An amendment to increase thenumber of signatures required to runfor SG was defeated. Also defeatedwas an amendment to strike the re¬quirement that bills passed ouf of acommittee must be posted in theSG office by 12 noon the Saturdaybefore the |aext SG meetgjg.An amendment not recommendedby the E&R Committee was passedchanging the dates of tenure of theE&R Committee.During the meeting, it was announced that there will be an openmeeting of the Curriculum Com¬mittee next Wednesday. The onlyother action taken by the Assemblybefore it was adjourned for lack ofa quorum was the election of Ber-nie Grofman (GNOSIS-LibrarvSchool). He defeated Ken Tavlor(GNOSIS-College) 11-3.The Executive Council filled sevenvacancies in the Assembly: JohnWeicher, Med School; Bernic Grof¬man, Library School; Martha Rappa-port, Graeluate Soc. Sci.; Steve Liver-nash. Business School; Barry Schles-linger, Graduate Phy. Sci.; and BobGilman, College.Evans at Coffee PlusEarl A. Evans, Jr. will deliver alecture entitled “Are Viruses Living”at this Monday's Shorey House CoffeePlus.Evans’ lecture will begin at 9 pmin the lounge on the 9th floor ofPierce Tower.Chicago MaroonActing Co-Editors David L. Aiken,Robert F. LeveyEditorin-Chief John T. WilliamsBusiness Manager Harris S. JaffeCulture-Feature EditorSharon GoldmanAssistant to the Editor, Robin KaufmanEditor, Chicago Literary ReviewMarc t'oeanPhoto Coordinator Bill CaffrryEditorial CartoonistGeorge Alexander PopeExecutive SecretaryMarvella AlthcimerCirculation Manager.. .William BennettEditor Emeritus Laura GodofskyCirculation Manager Jan GraysonBusiness Staff Dennis Tomasallo,John Culp, Jan PaynterStaff Ellis Levin, Howard Greenwaid,Joan Phillips, Rick Pollack,Paul Aronson, Mike Silverman.Dick Atlee, Mike Klowden,Diane Friedman, Karen Juslin,Main Greeley, Martha Gross-blatt, Sol Kahan, Pete Rabino-vitlx.. Dave Richter, David Cur¬ley, Bob Sehehr, John Beal, JimServer, Tom Heagy, DeirdreHolloway, Steve Ege, ErichZuesse, Sandy Lewy.Count the Changes in the All-Newhere's a start! New styling, new comfort,new power. Want more? OK go ahead...The MGB's got lots more! Even wind-up j \Bwindows. /*nr mCount 'em all at..,. A BMC CAR,We don't advertise be¬low cost prices butcompare our deliveredprices before you boy! %BOB NELSON MOTORSImport CentroAustin M. G.Healey m SpritePeugeot TriumphFull line on display • new & used • foreign & domestic6040 S. Cottage Grove Midway 3-4501a CHICAGO MAROON • Feb. 7, 1964 INTRODUCINGCASUAL SHOES UNLIMITED(THE MOST UNUSUAL STOREiRR PRFEATURING-PFs & COUNTRY FAIR CASUALSEVERY SIZE, COLOR & STYLE AVAILABLEFOR MEN-WOMEN-CHILDREN9:30 to 6 Monday. Thursday, Friday 9:30-91530 E. 55th ST.IN THENEW HYDE PARK SHOPPING CENTERCalendar of EventsFriday, February 7 Sunday, February 9 Maroon interviews Wilsonqeminitr: "Electron Spin Resonancein Irradiated DNA.” Dr. R. G. Shut-man Beil 'telephone Laboratories. 5640Ellis. Room 480, 1:30 pm.lecture: Third Annual Anton J. Carl¬son Memorial Lecture: "Current Stu¬dies on the Replication of DNA. "Dr.* Arthur Kornberg. professor and chair-mati, department of Biochemistry,Staniord University, Billings P-117,« pmLecture: "Prince A, M. Kurbsky, AnEarly Russian Defector,” John Fen¬nell Oxford University, sponsored bySlavic Area Committee, Foster Com¬mons. Foster Hall, room 103-4, 4 pmLecture Series: "Diagnosis and Treat*^.ment of Cancer”: "Carcinoma of theProstate,” Dr. Cornelius W. Vermeu-K-n, professor and head, Urology sec¬tion, department of Surgery, BillingsP-117, 5 pm.Motion Picture Series: "Suffer, LittleChildren IV”; "Los Olvidados,” Doc.Films. Soc. Sci. 122, 7:15 and 9:15 pm.Lecture: "The Christian’s Responsi¬bility to the Jew,” Laura Martin,speaker, Inter-Varsity Christian Fellow¬ship, Ida Noyes Hall, 7:30 pm.Movie: "Arts and Rites of India.”sponsored by the Indian Civilizationcourse. Rosenwald 2, 7:30 pm.Concert: Collegium Musieum; Musicof the Baroque Period: Handel. Can¬tata "I.ticrezia”; Bach, G MajorGamba sonata; Purcell, Cantata "IfKver More Riches 1 did Desire,”Downtown College, 64 E. Lake Street,S pin111.A. Travelogue: Movies of Skiingin the Alps and Laurentians, theOlympics at Squaw Valley and Rome,rod and reel and tarpon fishing inUS and Canada, Spanish Riding Schoold Vienna, Cruisewear show on boardocean liner; refreshments, students.10c. IHA members 75c, others $1. In¬ternational House home room, 8 15pm.Saturday, February 8Track Meet: Chicago Daily NewsMidget Relay Trials, Field House, 9am.Volunteer Work: Volunteer Institu-tional Service Activity (VISAi at Chi-i ago State Mental Hospital. Bus leavesIda Noyes parking lot at 12:30 pm.Swimming Meet: UC vs. Universityof Illinois (Chicago—Navy Pier! andEastern Illinois University, BartlettGym, 1:30 pm.Bridge Tournament: DuplicateBridge, Fractional Master Points, cof¬fee served, students 25c, others 50c,proceeds to International House Asso-iation Scholarship Fund, InternationalHouse East Lounge, 2 pm.Lecture: "The American Civil War:A Marxist Analysis,” Martin Glaber-‘ man, si>eaker, sponsored by YoungPeoples Socialist League, East Lounge,Ida Noyes Hall, 2:30 pm.Basketball Game: UC "B” team vsKendall College, Field House, 6 pmMovie: "Cry the Beloved Country,”filmed in South Africa, starring SidneyPoitier. sponsored by GNOSIS, IdaNoyes Hall, admission 50c, 6:30, 8 30,and 10:30 pm.Move: "The Kid,” with CharlieChaplin and Jackie Coogan, DocFilins, Maridel Hall, 7 and 9 pmLecture: "Dialectical Materialism.”Martin Glaberman, speaker, at theMyers’, 5325 Dorchester. 7:30 pm.Basketball Game: UC vs. IllinoisInstitute of Technology (IIT>, FieldHouse, 8 pm.Concert: Collegium Musieum. A pro¬gram oi Baroque Music, admissiontree, Frederick Hammond conductingBond Chapei, 8:30 pra. Radio Series: "Faith of Our F«-thers, The Reverend W. BarnettBlake more. Dean of Disciples DivinityHouse and associate dean of Rocke-feller Chapel, WGN, 720 kc., 8:30 am.Radio Series: "The World of thePaperback,” WFMF, J00.3 me,. 10:15am.Radio Series: "From the Midway":'Renaissance Concepts of Man.” PaulOskar Kristellor, professor, departmentof Philosophy, Columbia University,WFMF. 100.3 me., 11 am.Art Fair: Pierce Tower, 3 pm.Radio Series: "The World of the Pa¬perback," WAIT, 820 kc., 5 pin.Radio Series: "From the Midway”;"Thirteen Ways of Looking at Faulk¬ner," Perrin Lowrey, head. Humanitiessection, and chairman of Collegehumanities staff, WAIT’, 820 kc,, 5:15pm.Meeting: UC Youth For GoldwaterCommittee, organizational meeting. AlDrayzak, state chairman of Youth ForGoldwater. stx-akcr, Ida Noyes EastLounge, 7 pm.Bridge Tournament: UC Bridge Club,Ida Noyes Hall, 7:15 pm.Folk Dancing: Ida Noyes Hall. 7:30pm.Meeting: UC CORE: Agenda: Fast forFreedom. School Boycott, Black Feath¬er Campaign, Direct Action supportfor Relief Program protestors, IdaNoyes Hall, 7:30 pm.Radio Series: "The Sacred Note,” aprogram of choral music by the Rocke¬feller Chapel choir. Richard Vikstrom,director of Chapel Music, conducting.WBBM. 780 kc.. 11:15 pm.Monday. February 10Elementary Yiddish: Hillel, 3:45 pm.Amos in Hebrew: Hillel, 4:30 pm.Movie: “The Inspector General,” In¬ternational House, 8 pm.Music, Miss UCto highlight Wash PromThe 69tli Annual Washington Prome¬nade, sponsored by Student Union andInterdub, will take place on Saturday,February 22, in Ida Noyes Hall. Itwill feature the Lane Emery Or¬chestra, the Bob Hodge Jazz Trio,and the crowning of Miss UC.The first Wash Prom was held in1894 at which time President WilliamRainey Harper suggested that thedance become an annual affair. Ithas been lield every year since thenexcept in 1905 and 1906 Tlie firstProm was held in a hotel where In¬ternational House now stands. Sincethen a number of other fiotels andBarilett Gym have housed this an¬nual affair.Tickets are available through fra¬ternity and domitory social cliairmen,members of the Student Union Boardand Interclub, and at the Ida Noyesand Reynolds dub desks.TYPEWRITER SALE CONTINUESSee the fine values in our window orat the Photo dC Typewriter CounterTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BOOKSTORE5802 ELLIS AVE.ad« o o •>10% discount to students with ID cardsSales and Serviceon all hi-fi equip¬ment. foreign anddomestic.TAPE RECORDERSPhonographs - AmplifiersPhono Needles and CartridgesTubes - Batteries24 hr. Service CallsTV—HI-FI $OQ0RADIO— Telefunken & Zenith —AMERICAN RADIO ANDTELEVISION LABORATORY•it. 1929BOO E. 53rd Ml 3-9111lit the 53rd-Kimbark Plaza Police Supt.: restrictions growby Eilis LevinA great many restrictionslimiting the effectiveness ofthe law enforcement agencieshave been growing up overthe past half century, and this trendhas intensified markedly diu-ing thelast few years, according to OrlandoW. Wilson, Superintendent of theChicago Police Department.Wilson was interviewed Thursdayby the Maroon.Wilson thought the limitations uponthe police, including the denial oftheir use of wiretap and other elec¬tronic devices, the permissibility ofillegally obtained evidence in court,and of raids without warrant, had“grown out of court decisions ratherthan through substantive changes inthe law.” A variety of differing inter¬pretations of tlie Bill of Rights bycourts. Wilson feels, has graduallyled to this.Tlie result of these limitations, inWilson’s opinion, was a substantialincrease in the crime ration which was directly proportional to theamount of limitation imposed uponlaw enforcement officials. “Thecrime rate has to be rising manytimes more rapidly than the popula-This is the first of twoarticles an interviews withSuperintendent Wilson. Thesecond wit) appear in Tues¬day's MAROON.tion.” Hie high rate is just a reflec¬tion of this phenomenon.Wilson suggested that this was aproblem in political philosophy andnot one “for the erudite lawyers orjudges. The solution," he said,“should be developed by wise politi¬cal philosophers,” He did not elabo¬rate on what he meant by politicalphilosopher.He was responding to UC sociologi¬cal professor Philip Hauser’s sugges¬tion, made earlier this week, that thelaw be modified to increase the ef¬fectiveness of the police in destroying the syndicate and its operations,through a denial of full protection ofthe law to those associated with or¬ganized crime.Asked whether he thought a syndi¬cate existed and to what extent itwas responsible for the crime rate,Wilson replied that there could beno question of its existence. He thenproceeded to show this reporter amap of bombings which have oc¬curred within the last year.Wilson is a former professor ofCriminology at the University of Cali¬fornia and came to his present postin March of 1960 after tlie Summer-dale scandal exposed the corruptionin the Chicago Police Department.Wliole warehouses full of merchan¬dise were found in the garages ofChicago policemen from robberieswhich had occurred over the years.Wilson came in as chairman of aspecial reorganiaztion committeewhich established the recent policedepartment structure. The committeethen chose him as police superin¬tendent.2000 WORDS A MINUTEWITH EXCELLENT COMPREHENSION AND RETENTIONYou can be taught to read 150-200 pages an hour using the ACCELERATED READING method. You’lllearn to read DOWN the page comprehending at speeds of 1,000 to 2,000 words a minute with excellentretention. This is not a skimming method; you read every word.Apply the ACCELERATED READING method to textbooks and factual material as well as to generalreading. Your accuracy and enjoyment will be increased. No machines or apparatus are used in teachingthe ACCELERATED READING method.An evening class in ACCELERATED READING will be held in the University of Chicago area beginningon March 31. One 2-hour session each week far 10 weeks is all that's necessary for you to be reading 1,000to 2,000 words a minute with good comprehension by the end of May.Be our guest at a 30-minute public demonstrati on of the ACCELERATED READING method on WED.,Feb. 12, at 8:00 P.M. and see how it works.BRING A BOOK!Demonstration will be held at the HOTEL SHERRY IS2rd St. at Lake Share Dr.I Chicago, III.NATIONAL SCHOOL OF ACCELERATED READING INC.507 Fifth Avenue, New York 17, N. Y.MR. PIZZA1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00FIVE SIZES OF PIZZAS TO CHOOSE FROMAll Our Pizzas have a Tomato and Cheese BaseCalifornia Vine Ripened TomatoesServes Serve* Serves Serves Serves2 3 4 4 FortySAUSAGE 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00A Gourmet's DelightDelicately SpicedGREEN PEPPERSelected GardenFresh Bell PeppersMUSHROOM .. 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00French ImportGARLIC 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00Rich & Pure ClovesFinely ground andsprinkled evenly.ONION OR TUNA 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00Each an American BeautyANCHOVY 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00Imported from PortugalCHEESE 1,25 1.75 2.50 3.50 4.50A pure Mozzarella Cheesewith that full creamy flavor.HALF & HALF . 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00OLIVE 1.50 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00Imported from SpainFOR THOSE WHO LIKE SOMETHING DIFFERENTCONEY ISLAND 2.50 3.00PIZZA Sausage,MushroomsGreen Peppers, 5.00 6.00 7.00PEPPER0NI 2.00 2.50For those who likethe spicy things in life. 4.00 5.00 6.09SHRIMP 2.00 2.50The last word—fresh daily 4.00 5.00 6.00BACON 2.00 2.50Crisp, yet tender 4.00 5.00 6.00EACH EXTRA ADDED INGREDIENT TO PIZZAIS EXTRA.50 .50 1.00 1.00 1.00 Platter PleasuresBreasted Chicken Dinner 1.50Shrimp Platter (Jumbo Louisiana Beauties) 1.50Perch Platter (Lake Perch) 1.25ALL OF THE ABOVE INCLUDE FRENCH FRIES,COLE SLAW, BREAD AND SAUCEMr. Pizza's StandoutsBarbecue Baby Back Ribs 2.25YOU ARE PRESENTED WITH A SUCCULENT AND MEATYDINNER INCLUDING FRENCH FRIES, COLE SLAW,AND BREAD.Fabulous BreastedChickenBox of Chicken10 pieces 2.4516 pieces 3.7520 pieces 4.75 Box of Shrimp1 Lb. jumbo 2.25Vi Lb. Jumbo 1.35Vt lb. Lake Perch .801 Lb. Lake Perch 1.50ttalian Dinner PestiralsSPAGHETTI, homemade meat sauce .75with Meat Balls, Sausage or Mushrooms 1.10RAVIOLI, with meat sauce .90with Meat Balls, Sausage or Mushrooms 1.25MOSTACCiOLI, with meat sauce 75with Meat Balls or Mushrooms 1.10A U.C. TRADITION.25AeeessoriesCole Slaw (Pint) .. .50 French FriesPeppers (Order) .50Salad (Garlic or French) Pint . .50Ronsinq RefreshersSpumoni (per pint) 85CannoliHY 3-8282 HRS, Open 7 Days—4 p.m. to l a.m.___ _______ __________ Frl. and Sat. 4 p.m. to 3 a.m.DELIVERY SERVICE ** * •-Delivered Oven Hotto Your Door 1465 HYDE PARK BLVD, .25Soft Drinks and CoffeeSAVE OUR CARD COUPON$2.00 PIZZA FREEOne Card Is given with everyPizza, or one card given withOrder over $1.00 WITHOUT Pizza.Feb. 7,1964 • CHICAGO MAROON •Culture Calendar Beck, authority on Rorschach,will speak at Hillel tonightExhibitsAbstract Paintings by Carole NelsonStodder, January 10-February 10, Cen¬ter for Continuing Education, 60th andKim bark. * February 10, 8:15 pm, Goodman Thea¬tre, Monroe and Columbus, $2 75 and$3.25. HI 6-3831.Program of Contemporary Music,February 10, 8:15 pm, De Paul Uni¬versity, 25 E. Jackson, free. WE 9-3525.South Shore Art League Jurors Ex¬hibition, Clause Bentley, Frances Bie- THCdtrGsel, Harry Bouras, George Buehr,Eleanor Coen, Sy Gordon, Mary ZoeGreene, Harold Haydon, Max Kahn,Neufeld, Rudolph Pen, Victor Perimut-ter, John Richardson, Rosemary Zwick,John Kearney, Misch Kohn, CharlotteJanuary 10-February 10, Daily 10-10,Country Club Hotel, 6930 South Shore.Exhibition by students in the FineArts, sponsored by the department of»rt, Midway Studios, 6010 Ingleside.Medici Gallery and Coffee House,Paintings by Dale McCurdy and Fac¬simile etchings by Rembrandt andDuerer, reasonably priced. Daily noon-midnight. Friday and Saturday till1 am, 1415 E. 57th Street.Francis Bacon Exhibition, throughFebruary 23, Art Institute of Chicago,Michigan and Adams.LecturesThe Music of India, four lectures onvarious aspetus oj. inuiau Music, lirstlecture, February 12, 7:30 pm, IdaNoyes Library, Free. Ext. 3885."International Politics," by HansMorgenthau, Albert A. Mlehelson Dis¬tinguished Service Professor, depart¬ments of political science and history,February 12, 7:30 pm, Loyola Univer¬sity, free."That’s Theory: Reason in SocialRelations,” Dr. Frank H. Knight, pro¬fessor emeritus of economics, February13, 8 pm. South Side Humanists, 5658Woodlawn, BU 8-7867.Films"The Inspector General,” adaptedfrom the original play by Nikolai Go-gal, February 10, 8 pm, InternationalHouse Assembly Hall, $.50.“Grapes of Wrath” (1940), with Hen¬ry Fonda, John Ford, director, Febru¬ary 13, 7:30 pm, Art Institute, Michi¬gan and Adams, $.50, CE 6-7080.Concerts Folk Music, etc.Chicago Svmphony, February 7, PaulKletzlri, conductor, 2 pm, February 8and 13, Paul Kletzki, conductor, GinaBachauer, pianist, 8:15 pm, OrchestraHall, 216 S. Michigan, $1-5.00. HA7-0362.UC Collegium Musieum, a program(A Baroque music, February 8, 8:30pm, Bond Chapel, 1019 E. 59th, throughWieboldt Arch, free.Grace Bumbry, mezzo-soprano. Feb¬ruary 9, 3:30 pm, Orchestra Hall, $2.50-5 50, HA 7-0362.Bach Contata Group, Richard Vik-strom, conductor, February 9, 7:30pm, Bond Chapel, $3.00. Ext. 3387.St. James Cathedral Concert, worksby Hovhaness, Bach, Blow, Handel,Frederick the Great, Langlais, Feb¬ruary 9, 7:30 pm, St. James Cathedral,666 N. Rush, free. SU 7-7360.Fine Arts Quartet Concert Series,works by JoMvet, Mozart, Mendelssohn,BESOINS DE BASE —||| InstructionVous vous £tes peut-htt renducompte que l'expre»»ion "unho name parti de rien” n'est pluscourante aujourd’hui. Un telattribut disparaltra enticement(out peu. Giftce aux octrois ac-cordes aux vCCans, grfUe auxColes du »oir, grSce 5 une plusg£n£reuse repartition des bour¬ses deludes et grace a la sagessedes pf-res de famille qui prepa¬rent l’avenir de leurs enfants,un pourcentage assez eicve denotre jenne peuple pent se per-mettre un plus haut niveau des¬truction. L’assurance-instructionest un des plus importants ser¬vices qu’offrent les compagniesd’assurance-vie. Elle garantitqu’aucune restriction ne feraobstacle aux ambitions d unjeune homme, sauf ses proprescapacites naturelles. Penser queses enfants auront unites leschances possibles k l’avenir, parsuite de sa prevoyance $ leurprocurer une police qui parerak toutes les eventualites, consti-tue une source de fiert6 pour lepere de famille d’aujourd'bui.Permettez moi de causer avecvous de vos besoms d'assurancede base. Je suis associl 4 la SunLife Assurance Company ofCanada, la compagnie qui pos•fcde la police rcpondant k vosigences 1 Ifltphoiiei moiaujourd'huim£nie! II n’yaura aucuneobligationde votre partRALPH J. WOOD. Jr., CLU1 N. LA SALLE, CHICAGO. ILLFR 2-2390 FA 4-6800SUN LIFE DU CANADA "The Connection,” by Jack Gelber,February 7-9. 14-16, 21-23, 28-29, March1, 8:30 pm, Jane Addams Center, 3212N. Broadway, $2 40-3.40, 348-8330."ITie Room” and “A Night Out,” byHarold Pinter, directed by RobertSchneiderman, February 6-9, 8:30 pm,Northwestern University, Speech Build¬ing, 1906 Sheridan, Evanston, 867-1900,ext. 282"The Hollow Crown,” production byand featuring the Royal ShakespeareCompany of Stratford-on-Avon andLondon, February 3-9, 8:30, GoodmanTheatre, Monroe and Columbus, $4.50,CE 6-2337.“New York City is Missing,” satiricalrevue, weeknights except Monday, 9and 11 pm, Saturday 9, 11, and 1 am,Second City, 1846 N. W’ells, $2 2 50.DE 7-3992."The Bad Seed,” by MaxweDI Ander¬son, Charles Largent, director, January31, Feb. 7, 8, 9, Encore Theatre, 1419N. Wells, $1.55-3 00. WH 4-8414."The Leader” and "The Bald So¬prano,” by Eugene Ionesco, directedby Robert A. Johnston. February 6-8.8:15 pm. Wright College Theatre, 3400N. Austin, $1.25. SP 7-7900.National Repertory Theatre, featur¬ing Eva Le G-allienne, Farley Granger,Denholm Elliott and Anne Meachan."The Sea gull,” by Chekov, February12 (matinee), 14. 17, 19, 22 (mat ), 25.27, 29. "The Crucible,” by Miller, Feb¬ruary 11, 13, 15, 19 (mat ). 21. 24. 26 . 29(mat.). "Ring Around the Moon,” byAnouilh, February 10, 12, 15 (mat ).18, 22, 26 (mat.), 28. Nightly 8:30,matinee, 2:30. Civic Theatre. Wackerand Washington, $2 75-6.00. FI 6-0270.Budapest String Quartet, February14, 8:30 pm, Mandel Hall, ext. 3885.“Ihe Devil’s Disciple,” by GeorgeBernard Shaw, February 14-16. 21-22.8:30 pm, International House, FA4 8200 "The Three Sisters,” by Anton Che¬kov, February 14-16, 21-23, 28, 29, andMarch 1, The Last Stage, OA 4-4200."Slice of Paradise,” by StephenBrown and Robert Applebaum, Feb¬ruary 22-23. 28-29, 8:30 pm. Ext. 3581."A Far Country,” by Henry Denker,February 21-March 11, Goodman Thea¬tre. CE 6-2337."Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf,” byEdward Albee, February 28-April 11,Studebaker Theatre, 922-2973.Vienna Symphony Orchestra, Febru¬ary 23, 3 pm, McCormick Place,225-4350Miriam Makeba and Oscar Brown,Jr., February 29, 8:30 pm, McCormickPlace, 225 4350.Robert Joffrey Ballet, March 1, 2.30pm, McCormick Place, 225-4350.UG students eligiblefor bridge tournamentUC will be one of more than 140colleges and universities across thecountry to participate in the 1964National Intercollegiate BridgeTournament, to be held on campusin Ida Noyes Hall at 7:15 pm onFebruary 16.This year's competition, the 15thannual renewal of the tournament,is open to any pair of bridge playingstudents. Students at other localcolleges may enter also.Traveling trophies and plaqueswill be given the college participantswinning the national titled. Thehands, to be played by mail, will bejudged by William Root and Law¬rence Rosier, contract bridge au¬thorities.Further information may be ob¬tained from Max Plager at NO7-2852. Samuel J. Beck, psycholo¬gist and noted authority onltorschacli testing, will dis¬cuss the Biblical account oftlie sacrifice of Isaac at the HillelFireside at 8:30 tonight. A profes¬sorial lecturer in the department ofPsychology and Psychiatry, Beckwill speak on “Abraham’s Ordeal: AHistorical and Psychoanalytic Stu¬dy.”Beck’s analysis has been preparedfor The Psychoanalytic Review,through the application of psychologi¬cal insights to the Biblical story.Beck describes the spiritual break¬through which Abraham’s strugglesand dialogues with God represent.Before coming to UC, Beck wasHead Psychologist at Michael ReeseHospital, where he remains on theconsultant staff. A graduate of Har¬vard University, Beck received hisgraduate training at Columbia Uni¬versity. He is a Fellow and formerPresident of the American Ortho¬psychiatric Association, the Societyfor Projective Techniques, and the Division of Clinical Psychology of theAmerican Psychological Association.Beck was one of the founding edi¬tors of the American Journal ofOrthopsychiatry, and is currently onits editorial board. In 1961, he waspresented with the award for Dis¬tinguished Contribution to ClinicalPsychology from the division oi clin¬ical psychology of the AmericanPsychological Association. Beck haspublished widely, including sevenbooks in tile field of clinical psycholo¬gy, and numerous articles in proles-sional journals.AUH20 club to meetThe UC Youth For Gold waterClub will hold an organizationalmeeting Sunday at Ida Noyes (EastLounge—2nd floor) at 7 pm.The meeting will feature A1 Dray-zak, state chairman of Youth ForGoldwater. When organized, theclub will join the nation-wide move¬ment begun last November.JESSELSON’SSERVING HYDE PARK FOR OVER 30 YEARSWITH THE VERY REST AND FRESHESTFISH AND SEAFOODPL 2-2870, PL 2-8190, DO 3-8190 1340 E. 53rdTHE BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIESSALUTE: CY JOHNSONCy Johnson (M.A., 1959) is a man who knows how to dealwith success. As a specialist in business research for IllinoisBell, he handles communications problems for some of thenation's largest corporations. And Cy’s personal recordwith his company is an impressive success story itself.Shortly after he joined Illinois Bell, he was given theresponsibility of Business Office Supervisor. His perform*anee in this position led to his advancement to Public OfficeManager. Reviewing and writing operating procedures was the next challenging position that Cy was assigned.In January, 1962, he was promoted to Office SectionManager—a job that entailed supervising sixteen employees.Less than a year later, he attained his present position onthe Business Research Staff.Cy Johnson, like many young men, is impatient tomake things happen for his company and himself. Thereare few places where such restlessness is more welcomedor rewarded than in the fast-growing telephone business.BELL TELEPHONE COMPANIESF«b. 7. 19MCHICAGO MAROONLITERARY REVIEWVOL. I, No. 2 FEBRUARY 7, 1964TROTSKY IN EXILEiur PROPHET OUTCAST; Trot-* ,fcv; 1929-1940. Issac Deutscher. New> ork, Loudon: 196). Oxford Uni¬versity Press.T suppose that in reviewingTrotsky’s biography, I mustinevitably say somethingabout politics, but I wouldnither defer that obligation in orderto deal with more important mattersfirst. While it is true that politicalactivity dominated all of Trotsky’slife, from his student days to his lastliours, his accomplishments in theexile years were so puny and insub¬stantial that his biographer can onlyliken him, in a recurring compari¬son, to Sisyphus. His cause was ob¬scure, misunderstood even by his ownfollowers, and in my opinion worth¬less. But the m;inner in which he con-Giieted his struggle must compel any¬one who reads this book to applauda courage and perseverance rare inany generation.This, the third volume in Deut-. seller's biography of Trotsky, chroni¬cles his exile, a painful condition oflife when he might have been expectedto slip into comfortable obscurity. Hechose not to. As one of the originalarchitects of the Soviet order, he re¬mained loyal to the world's only pro-I letarian state; as a victim of Stalin’smachinations, lie opposed Stalin per-* sonaiiy. This posture left him uni¬versally feared; no government in theworld sympathized with this program,and none, including his homeland, feltquite secure with the old revolutionarylion stalking inside its borders. HeL could have found safety at the price of retiring from political activity, buthe never deserted his mission, henever put down his pen nor loweredhis head. Instead he exposed himself,his children, his assistants and hisfollowers to endless indignities, harass¬ment from country to country, variousdegrees of poverty, danger, tortureand internment, and of course, death.The woes of Job were visited uponhim; and for this fanatic materialistthere was no God to restore him hischildren, his maligned reputation, orhis power at the end of the tale. Onlythe assassin's ice-ax remained to endhis labors and his suffering.Trotsky’s wanderings, from Turkeyto France to Norway to Mexico, andhis financial contributions to his owncause, left him penniless, eating up afairly generous income from the manybooks and articles he wrote. “Pero”—“the Pen" had been his first under¬ground pseudonym, and in his lastyears he lived by and with his pen,not only producing works for the gen¬eral public, but also writing volumi¬nous instructions and plans for hisfollowers, and a personal correspon¬dence of enormous projxjrtions. WhileDeutscher makes clear that Trotskywas a tireless and thorough re¬searcher, his finished writings havenothing dry or pedantic about them.They are masterpieces of coastruc-tion, enlivened by a sense of thecomic in man’s existence, and awicked talent for verbal assault.The fact is that Trotsky was uni¬versally gifted. He was a Marxisttheoretician of high caliber, a literarylight of his day, a fine military tech¬nician, and probably the foremost orator of his time. There is the storyt' at, interned in a Canadian POWcamp in 1917, he converted the “ene¬my” German prisoners to world-revolution, and on his release wascarried by a cheering crowd to thegates. His talents would, in a settledsociety, have made him a superblawyer. But there was even moreto Trotsky than this: he was a sports¬man, addicted to hard physical exer¬cise, and a gallant who turned theladies’ heads even when an old man.He spent hours raising rabbits, col¬lecting rare cacti, or fishing in theBosporus with the Greek fishermenwho shared his island retreat, bravingstorms that turned his bodyguards andsecretaries sick with fear and thesea.More than any other Communistleader, Trotskky fulfilled the ideal ofthe socialist man of the future, forwhom manual and mental labor wouldbe equally easy, who would controlhis environment rather than be en¬slaved to it. Yet this ideal was to bebrought about in the presence of con¬ditions of social harmony and mate¬rial abundance. Trotsky was the manhe was despite an uprooted, harriedlife and straitened financial condi¬tions. Unfortunately for the imageand for Trotsky himself, there issomething inhuman about both ofthem. Perhaps I have more than theusual attachment to irrationality inlife, but I am repulsed by intellectualswho club their emotions into submis¬sion. I admit that Trotsky survivedthe process better than most, but heobviously was deeply affected by it.The fact that Deutscher is himself a Marxist thinker adds considerablevalue to his book, and I am sure thata non-Marxist would not have shednearly so much light on Trotsky’sthought. Granting Deutscher his pointof view, and with no intention of slip¬ping the reader an antidote, there arecertain difficulties about the presenta¬tion which are sometimes related tothe Marxist interpretation, while notbeing of it.At the most primitive level ofanalysis, there are simple errors offact. It may be, for instance, thatMartin Dies sat in the U.S. Senateat some time or other, but he wasnot “Senator” Dies on page 482. Iraise this point not to quibble, butbecause any man who bases so muchof Ills story on inaccessible informa¬tion (Deutscher calls on his own ex¬igences in the socialist movement,personal interviews, and especially the“closed” section of the Trotskyarchive at Harvard) should be partic¬ularly careful when dealing with theaccessible material.More generally, there are question¬able interpretations of historical eventsand conditions which are automaticallyTrotskyist and need further explana¬tion. For instance, Deutscher states(p. 113) that Lenin established “thepolitical monopoly of the BolshevikParty, which then gave place to themuch narrower monopoly of Stalinistfaction.” While granting differencesbetween Lenin and Stalin in theirmethods and purposes, I find it hardto draw a line between them in therealm of practical effect. Each facedand beat down important dissentient(continued on page 2) CONTENTSBiography:Wilson R. Augustine: The ProphetOutcast, by Isaac Deutscher ... 1R. T. Bruere: George C. Marshall:The Education of a General, byForrest C. Pogue 5Eugene Goodheart: Born Under Sa¬turn, by Rudolph and Margot Witt-kower 7Current Affairs:Mark Haller: The Southern Case forSchool Segregation, by James J.Kilpatrick 5Morton A. Kaplan: Can AmericanDemocracy Survive Cold War? byHarry Howe Ransom 5Aristide R. Zolberg: Freedom andAfter, by Tom Mboya 2Fiction:G. V. Bobrinskoy: Montenegro, byMilovan Djilas .*. . . 4David Richter: The Collector, byJohn Fow'Ies and Making Do, byPaul Goodman 4Linguistics:William A. Elwood: The AmericanLanguage, by H. L. Mencken,abridged by Raven I. McDavid . . 3Literary Criticism:Wells Chamberlin: Balzac and theHuman Comedy, by Philippe Bertault1Bernard Weinberg: The Art of PaulVerlaine, by Antoine Adam 6Poetry:Frederic E. Faverty: Collected Poems,by Elder Olson and Collected Poems,by Babette Deutsch 7Religion:Gibson Winter: Religion and Free¬dom in the Modern World, by Her¬bert J. Muller 2Science:A. B. I .evi'on: The Anatomy of In¬quiry, by Israel Scheffler 8EXPLICATION OF TEXTS1 BALZAC AND THE HUMANCOMEDY, Philippe Bertault, (Eng¬lish version by Richard Monges; NewYork University Press, 1963; xvi +2U pp.; $2.23).This general study of Bal¬zac is presented in the Goth¬am Library series as “anintroduction to the vastachievement of one of the greatestand most controversial of Frenchnovelists.” The original French ver¬sion, published in 1960 by Hatier, isa slightly revised edition of Balzac,I’homine et l’oeuvre, published in1946 by Boivin.The choice of Bertault’s book fortranslation was a happy one. Therehas been a wealth of publication onS Balzac in France in the last fif’cenyears, but most Balzacians write forother Balzacians. Bertault wrote forwell-read Frenchmen who were notspecialists in Balzac; consequently,the English version of his book willserve very well to acquaint the Eng-^ hsh-speaking reader with the generalproblems which have sent the spe¬cialists along many paths. Nearlyeveryone knows Le Pere Goriot andLugenie Grandet. It would be help-iul, while reading Bertault, to reviewthem quickly and to add the readingof that tiny gem, Le Cure de Tours.Hertault also draws extensively onCesar Birotteau and on Ur sule Mirouet for examples and analyses.Balzac and the Human Comedy isdivided into three parts: “Prepara¬tions,” “Currents of Ideas,” and“Technique.” The first, prefaced bya brief account of Balzac's life, dealswith the effect of environment andheredity on the novelist and hiswork, his early interests in philoso¬phy and poetry, his apprenticeshipin the novel, his business ventures,his first literary successes, and hisdeveloping method of observation.Balzac’s father, one of eleven chil¬dren, had been a shepherd boy inthe south of France; almost entirelyself-educated, he made his way toParis and eventually became a gov¬ernment employee there and later inthe city of Tours. From this sur¬prising demonstration of intelligenceand will power, Balzac would derivehis recurrent theme of the youngprovincial who comes to Paris tostruggle against society, successfully,in the case of Rastignac (Le PereGoriot) or unsuccessfully, in the caseof Lucien de Rubempre (Les Illusionsperdues). To his father Balzac alsoowed his interest in the eighteenthcentury philosophes and some of theliberalism he would later reject. Hismother, thirty-two years youngerthan his father, came from a familyof middle-class merchants andbrought a rather large sum of money to the marriage. Her principal in¬terests were a curious mixture—Swedenborgian mysticism and super¬stitious spiritualism on the one handand a frank, practical worship ofmoney on the other. Balzac adoptedthe mixture. Bertault reminds usthat a paternal uncle, Louis Balssa,was executed for murder in 1819,when Balzac was twenty; this maywell be one of the causes of Balzac’spreoccupation with criminal casesand the machinery of justice, whichprovided recurrent themes sometimesexaggerated beyond the real.Bertault correctly evaluates theOeuvres de jeunesse as the result ofa testing period. Balzac, betweenthe ages of twenty and twenty-five,having all but given up his ambitionto be a poet, turned to the novel,primarily as a source of income, butalso as a kind of apprenticeship inwriting. Alone or in collaborationwith a friend, he tried his hand atmost of the popular types of thenovel—the historical, the comic, thepolice-adventure story, the fantastic— a 11 infused with melodramaticscenes and exaggerated characters.Revealing a sure ability to find thepublic pulse, he created a fund ofsituations and types on which hewould draw during his maturity. Al¬though some of what Bertault callshis “documentary method” can be seen in these early works, the meth¬od was really developed when thenovelist worked on lies Chouans,using his own observations of thelocal scene and his conversationswith local residents. Bertault is care¬ful, however, to point out, as onemust, that Balzac’s powers of imagi¬nation and intuition were so strongthat he could, particularly in hislater work, invent situations andcharacters in such a way that hecreated the impression that he hadreally observed them.In his “philosophical” tales andnovels of the early 1830’s, Balzacexploited the popular theme of thefantastic, elevating it in his ownterminology to the “philosophical.”He believed that ideas, existing inde¬pendently of men, can destroy whencarried to excess (for example, apainter is driven to madness anddeath by the intensity of his effortto find ideal expression in a singleportrait; a musician dies in thestruggle to find a perfect chord; ascientist impoverishes his family byhis search for an absolute chemicalformula). In other cases, Balzacused a magic theme, reminiscent ofpacts with the devil, to destroy hisprotagonist. (In La Peau de chagrin,a young man accepts custody of amagic piece of leather which canbring him riches and love, but as each wish is expressed, or eventhought without being expressed, theskin shrinks visibly; clearly, itswaning circumference symbolizes thehero’s life. When scientists and engi¬neers are helpless to prevent theshrinking of the skin—it actually de¬stroys a hydraulic press—the hero isforced to give up thought and will,to seal himself from every desire,good or bad—in sum, to renouncelife, to achieve death-in life. Ofcourse, he cannot succeed, and diesin a final embrace of his faithfulmistress.) This story illustrates thecombination of magianism, the fan¬tastic, and the pseudo-scientific whichimpressed readers in the 1830's.Bertault points out that this exploit¬ing of the popular interest merelyprovided the mechanical frameworkof the stories; it is possible to readThe Magic Skin in a more modernway by accepting the shrinking skinas a symbol of illness. It seems tome that what Balzac achieved in thisearly work was something like themystification pact achieved in mod¬em science fiction between authorand reader—deceiver and deceivedare conscious of their enjoyable de¬ception.In the chapters devoted to Balzac’silluminism and to his use of Cath¬olicism, Bertault, who published an(continued on page 3)O %• »' . .Wage 2 CHICAGO LITERARY REVIEW, FEBRUARY 7, 1964TROTSKY IN KXILE(continued from page 1)minorities inside the party, using afaction to do so. The fact that Lenin’sfaction was much nx>re (though notentirely) a natural growth than Sta¬in's does not make the base of hispower any broader.Again, Deulseher echoes Trotsky’sCriticism of Stalin for not using foreigntrade in building Russia's capital baseduring the Five Year Plans. I havethe figures before me, and howeverone reads them (there are difficultiesconcerning index numbers, exchangerates of currency, etc.) it is clearthat Russia was importing much morein the early thirties than she had since1913. Not only that, but she was doingso under extremely unfavorable con¬ditions, selling raw materials, espe¬cially cereals, on a depressed worldcommodity market, where comparedto previous years an import of ma¬chinery cost many more bushels ofwheat. I also have a list of 47 Ameri¬ can firms who were rendering techni¬cal assistance to the Soviets in 1931,and of course there were many Euro¬pean firms who did so* as well.At a still more general level, it ismy bad luck to be hypersensitive tomystical statements in Marxian writ¬ings; I suppose their own stem con¬demnation of other people’s momentsof mystical indulgence arouses me.In Deutscher there is a passage where“revolutionary energy” (whatever thatis, especially in this context — butwait and see for yourself) seems toachieve some degree of physical ex¬istence:“It fumed out that the dynamicforce of the Russian Revolutionhad indeed not yet come to arest, although its impulse hadfailed to ignite revolution in Eu¬rope. But having failed to workoutwards and to expand and beingcompressed within the Soviet Union, that dynamic force turnedinwards and began once againto reshape violently the structureof Soviet Society.” (p. Ill)I think that the ordinary bourgeoisreader will have some difficulty withthis work for another reason. Most ofus expect politicians to have some sortof fixed political ideals, and we aresurprised when none are evidenced.Their absence follows from the natureof the Marxist cosmology, which viewseconomic systems, and their relatedtechnologies and social classes as thebasic stuff of human life. On thisfoundation, politics exists as super¬structure, a useful tool for achievinggoals outside of political life, perhaps,but in itself trivial. Communism is inprinciple neither democratic nor un¬democratic, revolutionary nor reform¬ist, constitutional nor arbitrary in itsapproach to jxilitical life — and thispermits the Party, its leaders, and organizations such as the Cominternto switch from one political line toanother with no more concern than acarpenter lias when he lays down ahammer and picks up a chisel.And Trotsky's politics? It was diffi¬cult enough to be both pro-Soviet andanti-Stalinist, but the complexities be¬came even greater when Trotsky cal¬culated that the overthrow of Stalinmight lead to the downhill of the So¬viet Union. No wonder he found diffi¬culty gatliering the world Marxistmovement to his banner; and that thegreatest support he enjoyed was in¬side the Soviet Union, precisely wherehis supporters were least free to act.It was hard for the rest of the worldto swallow Trotsky’s simultaneouscondemnation of Stalin’s foreign poli¬cy, and his approval of Soviet aggres¬sion against Poland, Finland and theBaltics in 1939.To his few followers, Trotsky was the last remaining Ideally cosmoiwli-tan, liberated, unsullied personality ina world Marxist community corrupiedby Stalin’s alley-politics. For Skiin'-internal opposition, Trotsky was aname to be flung in the faces of the irGPU tormentors. For the non-Marxistportion of mankind, he was a buglx-ur,feared and despised and persecutedeven when utterly helpless. And Idrhimself, Trotsky was a fighter whorefused to give up, by some Ibivedeeper and more permanent even ihanhis Marxist beliefs to combat injustice.Deutscher provides excellent materia!on all these aspects of the man: hehas amply met the challenge of hishero’s character. The book is worthyof Trotsky.Wilson R. AugustineMr. Augustine is Instructor in ih>Social Sciences and Acting Chairmanof the Russian Civilization staff ui ilieUniversity of Chicago.RELIGION IN FREE SOCIETY A RECORD OFREVOLUTIONRELIGION AND FREEDOM INTHE MODERN WORLD. HerbertJ. Muller. University of ChicagoPress: Chicago, 1963.These lectures explore thequestion o f Christianity’scontribution to the free so¬ciety in the West and par¬ticularly in the United States. Poli¬ticians have asserted for severaldecades that religion is a bulwarkof the tree society—usually as anantidote to “godless communism.”Mr. Muller shows that the relation¬ship is a good bit more ambiguousthan politicians or religious leadersare prone to think. Organized reli¬gion generally opposed the extensionof freedom of choice in the West.The same can be said of organizedreligion and the expansion of scien¬tific exploration. One could contestthis simplified account of organizedreligion and civil liberty—the radi¬cal reformation and the Puritantradition certainly qualify the pic¬ture. Nevertheless, organized reli¬gion took a generally conservativeposition on freedom, if by or¬ganized religion one means the in¬stitutional adminstrators.Having made the case againstorganized religion, the author takesup the role of religion as beliefsabout the ultimate. Here the rela¬tionship to freedom is far fromsimple; indeed, the relationship toorganized religion itself becomesrather confused. Spokesmen of radi¬cal religion such as Kierkegaard andDostoievski not only question West¬ern cultural values but pose cri¬tiques of organized religion as well.Kierkegaard writes an Attack onChristendom and Dostoievski com¬poses the interview with The GrandInquisitor. In the name of radicalfaith and absolute love, the compro¬mises of worldly religion and poli¬tical organization are subjected toscorn. Now the pendulum has swungto the opposite extreme for Mr.Muller, and he finds that the spokes¬men of the Absolute undermine the“positive values of the liberalspirit.”After an excursus on the operativereligion of America—what men be¬lieve, say and do, the author turnsto the philosophers of history andthe theologians of the modem pe¬riod. If religion in America speakswith contradictory voices to thecause of freedom, the recent theo¬logical revival either diverts atten¬tion from the historical struggle forthe sake of a supramundane con¬cern or subverts the liberal causetrough excessive preoccupation with man’s sin. Here too the pic¬ture is ambiguous at best, sincereligious concerns do not correlatevery well with the aspirations ofa free society.In a concluding lecture on “TheChallenge of the World Crisis,” theauthor sets forth some of PaulTillich’s principal themes as con¬sonant with the liberal cause, al¬though he finds the fundamentalaffirmation of faith on which theyrest to be both unconvincing andinaeeesible. In the light of theolo¬gical reflection, he acknowledgesthe tragic aspect of history whichChristianity holds at the center ofits proclamation, and he affirmsthat the concern for history, in¬cluding its tragic aspects, ”... hasmuch to offer beyond consolation,in steadying men, nerving them,inspiring them to rise to the chal¬lenge of crisis.”This little volume is a helpfulcorrective to the “piety on the Po¬tomac” which has characterized theyears since World War II. It isalso an instructive example of theoperative faith of America—faithin freedom as the “condition of be¬ing able to choose and to carryout purposes,” and faith in “thefree society” which can be equatedwith the democratic way of life orthe American way of life. Althoughthe author does not use these latterterms, his notion of freedom andthe free society fit the pattern ofthis American way. Mr. Muller isreally asking whether the religiousenterprise endorsed the developmentof this American way and whetherthe basic beliefs of the Christiantradition are consonant with thepremises of this “free society.” Mr.Muller acts as “theologian” for theAmerican Way of Life, and assessesthe functions of Christianity in theorigin, maintenance and future sup¬port of these freedoms. To the extentthat freedom is one of the ultimatenotions of human existence, this at¬tempt to determine the relationshipof freedom to religion has a certainlegitimacy, but several questionsarise with reference to the particu¬lar interpretation of freedom whichMr. Muller affirms. His understand¬ing of freedom raises questions inthe political and the theologicalfields—questions which have to dowith his own, operative faith.The author’s interpretation of free¬dom is not in any clear sense nor¬mative for the formation of Ameri¬can democracy. The founding fa¬thers were supporters of liberty, butthey gave no simple endorsementto radical notions of free choice and self-determination. Freedom, as in¬dividual freedom of choice, has animportant place in the total develop- FREEDOM AND AFTER, Tom people in Kenya, and the most ofment of democracy, but Mr. Mul- Mboya. Boston; Little, Broun and looted by the white occupation ofler’s view of freedom is much ^ omPany, 1963. the highlands, were the first to reactnearer to the laissez-faire market- The Cold Coast is now and supplied mass support for almostplace than to the ConstitutionalConvention. This notion of freedomcertainly had a crucial place in thedeveloping capitalism of the latenineteenth century and has a con¬tinuing place as a dimension of free¬dom in any social philosophy; never¬theless. the idea of freedom as “pur¬suing our own good in our ownway,” which the author drawsfrom J. S. Mill, says little aboutreal freedom when men requiremassive capital to develop a pro¬ductive economy, huge institutionsto obtain an education and federalregulations backed by troops in or¬der to enter a school in Little Rock.Even when this freedom is qualifiedby respect lor others, as J. S. Millsuggests, it misses these problems.So this freedom to which Mr. Mulleris ultimately committed reflectsneither the understanding withinwhich our American freedoms tookroot—the rights of Englishmen—northe liberal spirit which is abroad inthe world.The theological question iswhether religion in any authenticsense can be evaluated properly asinstrumental to certain goals suchas ensuring a particular pattern ofcivil liberty Paul Tillich’s theolo¬gical position certainly denies suchan instrumental understanding ofreligion, as the author notes in hisprefatory remarks. There are, to besure, appropriate levels of functionalanalysis on which one may properlymake such utilitarian evaluations ofone institution of another. However,Mr. Muller intends a good bit morethan this; he proposes a fundamen¬tal evaluation of religion in the lightof the true faith—“a laissez-faireunderstanding of freedom.” On thisultimate level, the issue has to beradical monotheism versus idolatry,and the present volume approachesan idolatry of “the free society”;meanwhile, the author has shownthat organized religion has oftenindulged in idolatry of “the estab¬lishment.” This book has the meritof fixing the idolatry of the religiousorganization with a nice clarity butit simultaneously exposes the idola¬try to which Western liberal thoughtis inclined.Gibson WinterMr. Winter is Associate Professor inthe Divinity School at the Universityof Chicago. Gliana, French Sudan is nowMali, Ubangi-Shari is now theCentral African Republic, re¬porters stumble over the two Con-gos, but Kenya, which will be inde¬pendent in December, remains Ken¬ya. The mention of Upper Volta,Sierri Leone, or Uganda seldomevokes vivid images in America,but who does not respond to Kenya?An entire generation brought up dur¬ing Hollywood’s great age anxiouslyset out on safari from Mombassaand followed the exploits of pith-helmeted and jodhpur clad huntersand huntresses. Millions of animallovers have delighted in storiesabout Kenya's lions and their searchfor freedom. During Hollywood's de¬clining years, Kenya came to therescue by providing Mau-Mau as aready-made source of spectaculargore, with the added thrill of anundertone of racial violence and sex¬ual aggression. Although manyAfrican leaders were jailed or exiledduring the rise of nationalism, fewcaptured the imagination of Negromilitants in the United States; buta few years ago, there suddenly ap¬peared on crumbling walls and Illi¬nois Central embankments on Chi¬cago’s South Side, the scribbledshout, FREE JOMO KENYATTA!Kenya! ta’s name has been synony¬mous with the aspirations of Afri¬cans in Kenya for nearly half a cen¬tury. About the time Sekou Toureand Patrice Lumumba were born,when Kwame Nkromah was still astudent-teacher in a Catholic mis¬sion school, Jomo Kenyatta was atthe lead of his country’s struggle forfreedom. From the very beginning,the major issue concerned the land.Unlike West Africa, Kenya, whichwas included in the British Empireprimarily because of the need tolink Uganda with the coast by rail,had become the tome of white set¬tlers who sought to reconstruct in itsattractive highlands the Tory so¬ciety of country squires which diedin England with the end of theEdwardian age. But unlike in South¬ern Rhodesia, for example, theCrown never agreed to give thesesettlers complete control over thefuture of the country and upheld, al¬beit ambiguously, the principle ofthe paramountcy of African interests.The Kikuyu, the largest group of every African movement in Kenyauntil the mid-1950’s. In 1928. Ken¬yatta rekindled their fervor and became General-Secretary of the K;kuyu Central Association. He car¬ried the struggle to Britain wherehe published twenty-five years agothe only anthropological study whichis also a nationalist tract, FacingMount Kenya. This work affordsmajor clue to an understanding "Ipolitics during the next fifteen year-.Frustrated of every opportunity i<obtain satisfaction of their grievances because the settlers virtuallycontrolled all the legitimate channels of political action, the Kiku\sought refuge in the glorified pastpictured in Kenyatta’s book. Alltheir organizational efforts afterWorld War II can be viewed as <search tor identity through the recon¬struction of a purely African society.Because of the complete breakdownof communications across racialgroups, both the Kikuyu and the set¬tlers turned increasingly to violence.The British government, which hadsometimes acted as a mediatingthird force, now openly sided withthe white Kenyans. The militantKikuyu, seeking desperately to en¬hance the solidarity of their ownranks, transformed their movementinto a sect. When the State ofEmergency was declared in 1952and Kenyatta was arrested, alongwith almost every other educatedKikuyu spokesman, their headlessmovement took the form which cameto be known as Mau-Mau.Just one year before, a young Luohad begun to work for the NairobiCity Council and was immediatelyelected secretary of the African Slaf)Association. During the next threeyears of the Emergency, “with theBritish government fighting onelarge section of the Kikuyu . . . andencouraging the rest of the Kikuyuand other tribes to join their sidein this civil war,” Tom Mbo.va or¬ganized a country-wide Kenya LocalGovernment Workers Union, soonthe strongest voluntary associationin the land. Although not a Kikuyu,he became a member of the KenyaAfrican Union (KAU) soon alterKenyatta’s arrest because, he writes,“I was incensed at the manner inwhich this was done and, like many(continued on page 4)CHICAGO LITERARY REVIEW, FEBRUARY 7, 1964 Page 3A HISTORY OF AMERICANISMSTflF AMERICAN LANGUAGE:An Inquiry into the Development ofEnglish in the United States. H. L.Mencken. The Fourth Edition and theT»o Supplements, abridged, with an¬notations and new material, by Ra¬ven I. McDarid, Jr., with the assist¬ance of David W. Maurer. NewYork: Alfred A. Knopf, 1963. $12.95If a classic is a book whichalmost everybody knows ofand those with any preten¬tions to learning: own, but onewhich few read, then H. L.Mencken’s The American Languageis a classic. Most of the literaterightly scorn abridgements, prefer¬ring to read every last word, how¬ever long it takes, rather than turnto some emasculated version, sappedof some of the human juices theexhaustive study on religion in Bal¬zac (1942), is on solid ground overwhich this reviewer is ill-equipped tofollow him. Balzac was still in histeens when he read some of themystic writings in his mother’s col¬lection, among them those of Sweden-borg and Saint-Martin. He describedhis semi-autobiographical LouisLambert and his mystic Seraphita(man risen to the rank of angel) ashaving been created “for myself anda few others;” Bertault sees in thisstatement an indication that Balzacmay indeed have been a mysticinitiate. It is clear in these and inlater novels that he accepted thoughttransference, the capacity of thedead to communicate with the living,and the idea that will (which heequated with thought) is almost afluid, is certainly a magnetic force.(Louis Lambert shows unusual tele¬pathic gifts as a child, becomes in¬terested in contemplation, and even¬tually attains direct communicationwith a strange, superior world. Theordinary observer calls him insane.)There was, of course, a contradic¬tion in Balzac between his illuminismand his Catholicism, but a contradic¬tion which for Bertault was withoutconflict. Balzac’s Catholicism waslimited. He did not accept the dog¬ma. although he loved the Churchfor its protection of the arts and forits moral and social influence. Evenhis views of the Church as a socialforce came to be influenced byLamennais and other socialist Cath¬olic reformers. Bertault quotesstatements by Balzac which showthat consistently, for himself if notfor the French people, the writeriweferred his own kind of mysticreligion.Bertault’s preoccupation with re¬ligious questions occasionally leadshim to criticize the novelist’s workon technical rather than on literarygrounds. For example, he does notaccept the deathbed “reversal” ofMme de Mortsauf in Ice Lys dans lavallee because it contradicts herCatholic faith. Mme de Mortsauf,married to an older man grown illand impotent, has loved a youngerman for nine years in a soul-to-soulrelationship, completely free of physi¬cal expression. Although he acceptedthis “pact,” the young man soughtconsolation with a less transcendentfemale, a situation which allowedBalzac to develop the angelic-sataniccontrast so common in the Roman¬tics. Mme de Mortsauf, in delirium,reveals herself to us as a passionate,jealous, real woman. She “confesses”her error and regrets the love shehas sublimated. She reminds us ofthe protagonists of the “philosoplii-cal" tales, destroyed by their ownidealism; she too has given herself author was able to squeeze into it.Outside of specialists, some fewheroes have probably read TheAmerican Language in the stateMencken left his growing work:three volumes (the fourth edition of1936 with its two supplements of1945 and 1948) of 769. 739, and 890pages—a total of 2.398 pages. A goodabridgement was needed, and Pro¬fessor McDavid (with the assistanceof David W. Maurer) has given usone.Mencken never intended his bookfor just specialists and heroes, andfrom the first—-the edition of 1919—-had intended to bag the generalreading public. He felt that thelearned had mostly sneered at thelanguage of more than a hundredEXPLICATION(continuedan impossible mission—the quest fora viable relationship with her loverwhich will allow her to remainfaithful to her husband. In the moralsense, she has succeeded, but now,in the sense of her own humanity,she would willingly go back, acceptthe pleasure and suffer the damna¬tion, as those earlier characters haddone. I think that the deathbedscene is simply a literary device,used by Balzac to reveal, with dra¬matic irony, the fact that this ap¬parently happy and virtuous womanhas struggled mightily against herown nature. The reader sees thisonly when she dies, when it is re¬vealed to her platonic lover, thenarrator of the story. We must ac¬cept it as we accept all of Balzac;he was not particularly concernedwith ordinary verisimilitude and Idoubt that the question of Mme deMortsaufs faith disturbed him. Ber¬tault might have thought also of thedeathbed scene in Le Pere Goriot—that paragon of fatherly devotion, inhis delirium, denounces his selfishdaughters, and all of his love andsacrifice is revealed as self-decep¬tion. Life is illusion, hallucination istruth. Such reversals may not be“true to life”—often, in Balzac, thepictures are tall and the shadowslong, and to enjoy him as an artist,we must live with him in his kind ofworld. The novelist was capable ofusing the deathbed scene in a dif¬ferent way, but for the same generalpurpose of heightened effect—in Eu¬genie Grandet, the dying miser, in¬stead of “reversing” his character,accentuates it, as he grasps at thegolden crucifix.In an accurate chapter on Balzac’spolitical ideas, Bertault shows theartistic use the novelist made of the,neolegitimist views which he adoptedin the early 1830's. A strong, legiti¬mate monarch, symbolizing an en¬during system of traditional moraland political virtue, would not havepermitted the rise of criminals andexploiters which Balzac saw ascharacteristic of the July regime.Bertault does not consider Balzac arevolutionary in the generally ac¬cepted sense of the term, but rathera moralist seeking to portray politi¬cal corruption in order to bring aboutchange through the indignation ofthinking men.“Technique,” the final part ofBertault’s study, should prove to bethe most interesting for the generalreader. Bertault says that Balzac’scharacters are “the habilments of ageneral idea. Each one is summedup by a maxim, a myth, an aphor¬ism, or perhaps by the evocation ofa historical personage or legendaryhero with whom the fictitious hero isidentified.” (P. 145.) He is per- million vigorous if oftentimes ca¬pricious and self-important people,and yet that it could not fail to showinterest and importance to those will¬ing to investigate. Although protest¬ing his amateur standing, Menckennevertheless qualified for his under¬taking by reason of his wide jour¬nalistic experience, which broughthim in contact with the variety andcolor of the language as it wasspoken, and by virtue of his commonsense, which always spotted thesound while deflating the pompous.For all his protests and jibes againstthe “learned,” he had the largestprivate library of linguistic scholar¬ship in the country, and read it, al¬though he admitted he never mas¬tered phonology. He noted peculiarV OF TEXTSfrom page 1)suaded that these types, these livingideas, are not mechanical becausewe see them controlled by their pas¬sions in situations of stress. Bertaultis less convincing when he attemptsto explain the system of “reappear¬ing” characters as an artistic dis¬covery. He believes that the re-introduction of known characters inBalzac’s novels has a dramatic ef¬fect—the reader knows that thesepeople will act in a predictable wayin the new situation. This might betrue if the so-called “reappearers”were really involved in new situa¬tions. They usually play a major rolein one story and have only secondaryroles in others; sometimes they “re¬appear” merely in a list of spec¬tators. (Une tenebreuse affaire fur¬nishes the clearest example of thisuse of the device. Although the ac¬tion of the novel occurs in the years1803-1806, when most of Balzac’sgreat “reappearing” characters werechildren, he found a way to introducequite a number of them, as guestsin a Paris salon in 1830, when theconversation turns to the earlierevents. The action is already over,and this artificial addition servesmerely to add these characters whosereappearances had become almostan obsession for their creator.) Thedevice had practical advantages. Itgave to Balzac’s whole work a kindof superficial unity; thus with somejustification he could claim in hisfamous Avant-propos (written aftermost of his big novels had beenwritten) that he was presenting soci¬ety as a whole. Even more or lessisolated novels, written before Balzachad fully realized what “reappear¬ing” characters could do for him,could be tied to the general planthrough mere name substitutions, apractice favored by the frequentpublishing of “new” editions. Balzacdid not overlook the device’s adver¬tising value — “reappearers” aresometimes accompanied by a ref¬erence inviting the reader to seeanother novel. Lists of names, aswell as pre-established descriptionsand quirks of character, also servedto fill up space, and space was aproblem, since Balzac’s contractswith publishers usually stipulatednovels of a certain length, sometimeseven before actual writing had be¬gun. (Space could aLso be filled withthe text of handbills or the reproduc¬tion of the speech of stutterers or ofcharacters using foreign accents.)Bertault is not entirely unaware ofthe inconsistencies such a systemcreated. He is particularly criticalof the three appearances of FatherBirotteau, with different explanationsin each for his stupidity. What wereally see in this case is the use of or colorful usages as a habit, jottedthem down when and where heheard them, whether at a politicalconvention or in a cab. If he usedthe method of a scientist—recordingand classifying what he observed—asa journalist he had to write clearlyand interestingly: and The AmericanLanguage has the Mencken trade¬mark — his prejudices, witticisms,and sanity.And he did bag the general readingpublic. The first edition of 1,500copies sold out quickly. In his Pref¬ace Mencken had requested correc¬tions and new material. They pouredin, he tells us, from as diverse per¬sons as “lifers” in various prisonsand archbishops. He brought out asecond edition in 1921 and a third inone name for three essentially dif¬ferent people.The reader who knows one or twoof Balzac’s novels will find in Ber¬tault’s chapter on structure a con¬firmation of his own observations.Bertault emphasizes Balzac’s use ofcontrast, in situations, in characters,even in chapter and novel titles.Description, particularly of interiors,is an essential part of Balzacianexposition: collections of things re¬veal their owners’ tastes and habitsand serve to set moods and colorsfor the ensuing melodrama. Time isanother structural device which Bal¬zac used cleverly (although not al¬ways accurately) in his more matureworks. As Bertault shows us, theendings of the early “philosophical”tales come abruptly, with shock ef¬fect, as the protagonist reaches dis¬solution, but in the greater novels,the ending is prolonged and we ob¬serve the corrosive effect of timeand passions on the characters. Dra¬matic dialogue is another devicewhich Bertault praises.Bertault is displeased with thosewho have failed to admire Balzac’sstyle; he finds it new, different,stimulating. He does concede, how¬ever, that this is one of the con¬troversial points and suggests thatthe reader should read Balzac andcome to his own decision. This re¬viewer endorses the recommendationand would add that some of thereading should be done by thatmethod developed by the Frenchthemselves—explication de textes, orthe intensive study of given passages.This method will reveal admirablepages (the description of M. deValois in La Vieille Fille as he waitsfor his stupid whist-playing friends tomake their plays) and pages whichare in bad taste or impossible tounderstand (Cesar Birotteau com¬pared to a rocket which has reachedits apogee). The reader might thenopen at random his copy of MadameBovary to renew his acquaintancewith style.Bertault and Monges have col¬laborated to make Balzac better un¬derstood by a wider and less spe¬cialized public. Those who read thisstudy will be stimulated to readmore of Balzac. The book is onewhich students will want to keep intheir personal libraries, not becauseit is particularly exciting reading,but because it contains a wealth ofsound factual information as well assome brilliant critical insights intothe artistic talents of an extraordi¬nary man.Wells ChamberlinMr. Chamberlin is Associate Professorin the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures at theUniversity of Chicago. He has pub¬lished two articles on Balzac and is aprofessional translator. 1923.Then came the busy years as editorof The American Mercury, afterwhich, in 1934, he again started an¬other edition. This time he rewroteit, for the social changes of the 20’sand 30's had brought new words andnew ways of using old ones. Also, henow altered his theme. Originally,he had thought that the U.S. andEngland would drift even furtherapart and that the U.S. as the vigor¬ous and changing one would developa separate language, while the stag¬nant English society would retain herking’s English. By 1936. he realizedhe had underestimated the effects ofAmerican movies and other con¬veyors of language on the English.Now he proposed that American—the reflection of a healthy growingsociety—would be the common lan¬guage, infusing what new life waspossible into the otherwise staticEnglish.Following 1936, other significantevents gave Mencken new matter.The Second World War brought addi¬tions and changes in American. TheDictionary of American English onHistorical Principles and the initialstudies of the Linguistic Atlas ap¬peared, along with lesser works per¬tinent to the subject. Mencken madeuse of all these, and of the mountainof material he had accumulated, tosupplement the fourth edition: hisenergies were not up to rewriting,and consequently some repetition gotinto the two supplements. His ma¬terials were still piling up in hisBaltimore files when he suffered astroke and could no longer continuehis work. He died several yearslater, in 1954.The influence of Mencken and hisAmerican Language on general andscholarly attitudes is hard to calcu¬late. The fact remains, however, thatthe important scholarly studies ofour language appeared since 1919,that the scholars who wrote themknew Mencken personally almost toa man, that he was co-founder ofone scholarly journal and aided otherefforts in the field, and that the basicattitude in The American Language—that language reflects the societyof those who use it and cannot beprescribed—is the foundation of pres¬ent scholarship. (And it is a pityMencken didn’t live to enjoy thesport of bringing down some of thesquawking jurists that the Third In¬ternational flushed out.)As The American Language existedat Mencken’s death, it was obviouslya work to browse in rather than toread closely. To weed out the repeti¬tions and to bring it up to date inone volume, the Knopf editorsshowed their customary good tastewhen in 1955 they handed the taskover to Professor McDavid. Hewould not sap any of Mencken fromthe book, and he knew the materialintimately. McDavid’s long associ¬ation with Mencken is one reasonfor this: reading the fourth edition in1938 prompted McDavid to writeMencken — initiating a correspond¬ence which stretched over more thana decade—and then prompted himto turn from Renaissance Englishliterature to the study of the Ameri¬can language. For another reason,McDavid, like Mencken, had practi¬cal experience in gathering languagematerial: he did most of the fieldwork for the Linguist Atlas of theSoutheastern states. He has himselfcontributed over 150 articles on thesubject of American English (tospeak nothing of Mrs. McDavid’scontributions to the field). In addi¬tion, he read Mencken’s manuscriptfor the second supplement for him.A Mencken letter to McDavid (Sept.(continued on page 61 jr > .! ^ rt<T : f r if 'I * A h t t u■CHICAGO LITERARY REVIEW, FEBRUARY 7, 1964.i , Page 4'i.wfeas[,'S BEAUTY ANDTHE BEASTS YUGOSLAV HISTORYMONTENEGRO, Milowan Djilas, tween the policy of loyalty to its the novel the influence of Dostovj@|.:Harcourt, Brace & World. New York. aUies and the fear 0f eventual ab- sky is abundantly clear, and thiSfeTHE COLLECTOR. John Forties.Little Brown, Boston, 1963. $4.95.The Collector has been de¬scribed as a tour de force, andit is just that: a feat of in¬genuity. It is very little more,though, for while the author himselfsuggests analogues, influences, andthemes, the book cannot be madeinto the allegory of satire that Mr.Fowles seems to indicate is present.The collector of the title is Fred¬erick Clegg, a British office clerkwho plays the penny football pools,collects lepidoptera in his sparetime, and observes from the heightof his office building the beautifulMiranda. When Clegg suddenly wins100.000 pounds in the pools, he plansto kidnap the girl and, by enforcingcontact with him, to make her lovehim. Accordingly, he buys a large,isolated house in Sussex, and con¬verts the basement into a pleasantprison-cell for his prey. By a strokeof luck he chloroforms and kidnapsMiranda without being discovered,and installs her in the room in whichshe is to be incarcerated. The re¬mainder of the first section of thebook, which is delivered in mono¬logue by Clegg himself, is concernedwith his attempts to make her lovehim. and with her attempts to freeherself from his domination.The first section ends whenMiranda falls ill. The second largesection is a transcript of Miranda’sdiary of the events of her imprison¬ment, and it ends when she is tooill to write. The book is concludedwith another monologue by Clegg.The ingenuity comes not only Inthe mixture of absurdity and verisi¬militude with respect to the situa¬tion itself, but also in the doggedconsistency with which Mr. Fowlestreats his characters. One may liein wait for the author to trip him¬self up: to have Clegg notice some¬thing his dull mind ought not tohave been picked up; to have Mir¬anda come out of her petty-bour¬geois soul for a moment. But Mr.Fowles has been scrupulously per¬fect in this.- " ~tThis reviewer’s disappointmentwith the novel stems from the con¬tinual starts made towards somemore general application of theevents of the book, starts which al¬ways lead nowhere.Clegg’s given name is Frederick,( which he hates, and so he tellsMiranda that his name is Ferdinand.S This echo of Shakespeare’s TheTempest is dropped immediately:the brave new world is reached byneither character. Neither of themchanges or grows in stature: Clegg; Is drawn into present necessities ofkeeping Miranda comfortable, whilei Mi randa continually broods over herI Inadequacies as a painter.,4( One looks in vain for a meaningful| Social satire. We know Miranda tolie a phony: she continually dropsthe names of books she has read,and in fact gives a three page re¬view of The Catcher In The Rye.We are never to find out the truihabout her artist friends, on thetrther hand. Is G.P., for whom Mir¬anda has a deep respect, a trueartist, or is he just another phonywith ' a’-' distinctive, meretricious■ Style? The most frustrating analogue isthat of Beauty and the Beast. Thesituation corresponds in outline tothe situation in the legend. One istempted to think of Clegg as theartless, ugly man, and Miranda asthe beauty he has long sought afterand needs to keep with him. Butthe characters are much too individ¬ual and particular to admit of suchgeneralization about them.Clegg, to follow the Beauty andthe Beast legend further, is no en¬chanted prince to be freed from hisugliness by tie virgin’s kiss. Miran¬da’s kisses cause little change in therelationship: it continues unchangeduntil the catastrophe, which theauthor has chosen to round out witha probable, but extremely cheapconclusion.The Collector is an exquisitelywrought bauble: pleasing, interest¬ing, but not important. The careMr. Fowles has lavished on his ele¬gant trinket, however, leads one toexpect better things from him. Heis an excellent story-teller, and hemay become as good a novelist whenhe chooses to tell about peoplerather than puppets. $5.75» sorption by Serbia (there was aDjilas, the prominent Yugo- strong party in Montenegro whichslav communist, wlio ll a S ardently desired such a union), de¬formed the habit of refusing cided to surrender, hoping to obtainfavorable conditions from Austria.Thus the heroic troops of the Moj-kovac group were forced to lay downto 'Submit to Party discipline,has produced his first novel, writtenwhile he was in prison (he is inprison again). The book is fictionalhistory. While most of the heroeshave fictional names, their actionsand the atmosphere surrounding them Gallows freely admitted by the author h.jfr-1seif.The third episode, "The Eifiltakes place after the collapseGermany and Austria in the lateof 1918. A Montenegrin Assembghad voted a union with the Serbian^their arms, but they knew that they kingdom and the end of the oldhad saved the Nation’s honor. Montenegrin dynasty. While mwas no organized nation-wide Tf.The second episode, entitled "The sis(ance to this> there were a S,.Kdeals with the last few many local incidents which weffiMAKING DO. Paul Goodman. Mac¬millan, New York, 1963. 276 pp.$4.9 5No one could possibly ac¬cuse Paul Goodman’s newnovel Making Do of failingdue to lack of ambition. Thenovel fails because it tries to do toomuch, but what is surprising about itsfailure is that it fails in many waysat once.The novel is about a "community”(defined by Goodman as "a group ofpeople using one another for re¬sources) in a New Jersey suburb ofNew York City which resemblesHoboken, but is called Vanderzee. In¬cluded in this "community” are Ja¬son, a college instructor who has im¬pregnated one of his students; Harold,an impotent electronics engineer withhomosexual tendencies; Terry, aschizoid hipster wandering from cam¬pus to campus; and the narrator, anold "conference bum” and sociologistwho may well be Paul Goodman him¬self. Suddenly and inexplicably, sev¬eral of the members of the “commu¬nity” are arrested and the paradise ofthe individual dissolves.The plot, usually the supportingstructure of a novel, is in Making Dojust a heap of broken bones. Whilethere is a good deal of action in thebook, it is presented in the form ofvignettes which, although they aresufficiently interesting in themselves,cannot be molded into a unified con¬struct.The characters tend to be one-di¬mensional throughout. Except for thenarrator, whom Goodman knows, Ibelieve, quite well, one might charac¬terize every figure in the novel ina single sentence — a sure mark oflack of depth.The chapters are written alternatelyin the omniscient-author and the firstperson narrative styles. This man¬ages to be as affected as it is confus¬ing. vThe style is both cute and self-conscious. A few examples will showbest what this entails:And now I remember thesyntax! Yes I do. It was Harvard1940 — perhaps he had the asso¬ciate editor of the Lit., a richboy, destined to be a public(continued on page 6) are very definitely historical. The days of three Montenegrins con- suppressed by the new authorities!time of the novel is the period be- demned to death in the days of the appointed from the ranks of Thef“TJ“Iary 1916 and ‘he Austrian occupation. One of them ^•uJ^^s^l0USly "“'Ifend of 1919 or 1920. was an ignorant old peasant whoThe novel is divided into three was captured after murdering an The ^ principal heroes of thjparts. While the individual characters Austrian Soldier. Why he committed {h(? Montenegrin army, who beennVejg.are different in each of them there this mistake is not quite clear to Warm friends during their internment^*is nevertheless a strong underlying himself, except that he instinctively in the days of the Austrian occupalunity binding the whole. The first hated the invaders and had heard of tlon- After, the Austrian collaps||episode entitled ’The Battle begins attacks against them by guerillas posjtions jn territorics ,.|jearly in January 1916 when Austria who were hiding in the woods. The ^ntly added to Montenegro Wit ifand Germany, aided by Bulgaria, second was an army captain arrested the passage of time they find thern§||psucceeded in occupying all of Serbia, for offering resistance when re- selves gradually drawn into hostileSj^lOnly the small mountain kingdom of quested to give up his sidearms. The camPs %hich have formed them3|^, , . . , selves as a result of political strugSpltMontenegro remained unconquered, third, the real hero of the second gJes jn To these are ad(|cdg||Since the remains of the Serbian episode, was Milosh, a student of all kinds of other complications arisfsparmy were already retreating through philosophy, who was accused of as- ing out of struggle for patronage andfAlbania toward the Adriatic coast, it sisting in the escape of his brother, opportunities for pecuniary gains!, , , , ... . made possible by the political powers!seemed clear that Montenegrin re- an army officer, who had killed an -n ^ands. Briefly, a warnffpsistance could not last long. But the Austrian officer, attempting to arrest friendship which in the recent pa>||§§troops in the frontier valley of Moj- him. This episode is simply a fic- was based on the idea of the noceMM-kovac received orders to stop theenemy. Hopeless though the positionseemed, it became a question ofsaving the Nation’s honor. Monte¬negro had been the symbol of Serbi¬an independence since the days ofthe battle at Kosovo (1389) when therest of the united Serbian kingdomhad succumbed to the onslaught ofthe Turks. And so the Austrian attackwas stopped after several days of tionalized account of a true occur¬rence involving a Montenegrin officernamed Veshotic and his brotherVladislav.In “The Gallows” the author gives sity of national union with Serbiatransformed into the bitterest kin)of personal feud. This eventuallyleads to a tragic encounter of thjjtwo former friends, involving alsffa number of their personal retainersThis book is rather fictionalized!us a vivid and gripping account of history than a straight-forward novel?!Nevertheless, precisely because of itshistorical accuracy and the profound!knowledge of the people of the coun|try, we are presented with a rowelful and vivid picture of the Monti*the last days of these three men. Atfirst they hope that they will begranted a reprieve. Actually theAustrian authorities offer them achance of escaping the death sen¬tence provided they sign a declara-desperate and bloody fighting. Un- tion condemning the guerilla move- mosl jjtfieult years of their history.^fortunately this sacrifice did not pro- menf ki Montenegro. Much to their B .. l. . ,. . , , own surprise the three refuse to - '-7- ”• BODrinoKoyduce immediate tangible results tor ^ (his chancc „ lhcir feeltag „( . - , ■„$in the meantime the Montenegrin patriotism proves even stronger than chairman'"o/^the* Department""'Government, sharply divided be- their desire for life. In this part of Linguistics.negrin people during some ofA RECORD OF REVOLUTION(continued from poqe 2)young people, I felt excited at the thropology while Mboya, during his looks confidently toward the futurethought that this was an opportunity year’s fellowship at Ruskin College,for us to play some part in ensuring V. t t .• j . , ....., . „ v ... , ... Oxford, studied economics and politi-that the nationalist movement didnot collapse.”In 1953, he was elected GeneralSecretary of the Consolidated LaborOrganization, which was renamedthe Kenya Federation of Labor(KFL). After the banning of KAU,Mboya found himself virtually atthe helm of the entire nationalistmovement "For the KFL becamethe voice of the African people, inthe absence of any other Africanorganization remaining to speak forthem.” He was then twenty-threeyears old. Five years later he waschosen chairman of the first All-African Peoples Conference in Ac¬cra. A few months before his thir¬tieth birthday, he was a principal He is clearly aware of the immenskproblems of nation-building butpears confident that political intggration and economic achievementscan be achieved, following the modyWprovided by Ghana and GuirieeFrom his discussion of the role b|the press, of labor unions, and ofpolitical opposition, it is evidentThe future of Kenya after inde- thal hc »!eads necessity to advocatecal science. His book not only tracesthe rise of a nationalist movement,but rapidly shifts to an examinationof the problems of government in anew nation.pendence is fraught with danger.In recent years, there has beena polarization of supp»rt fortwo organizations: KANU, headedby Jomo Kenyatta and Tom Mboya,is primarily an alliance of the twomost dynamic ethnic groups, theKikuyu and the Luo; most of theother ethnic groups have coalescedinto a counter-movement, KADU.fFollowing what is now a well estab¬lished pattern in Africa, independ¬ence will be attained before thereis complete agreement on the natureof the political community. KANU,negotiator at the historic Lancaster like the CPP of Ghana, for example,House Conference which .eversed looks toward a centralized unitary nation-buildingthe whole constitutional process by s^e> oriented toward Socialism and states. But I seevery tirm governmental controlthe entire political process. Plaguedby numerous strikes during his teJglL.ure as Minister of Labor, and moiipSlfrecently as Minister of JusticeMboya has already demonstrated'h(political will.Does Kenya have no alternativebut an authoritarian one-party -vtern or chaos? It is difficult, t«||even a sympathetic observer, to offfer a more optimistic conclusion*And yet, it is impossible not to share#--in Mboya’s faith: "It is no easy task-in new Africanit as the mbstjexciting and stimulating challenge;anyone can face in the modern.?world. If the effort is successful)Letter from the editorTO THE READERS:With this' second issue of the Chi-tago Literary Review, we are con-1tin uing with your shaky project ofproviding the University communityWith a serious literary journal of highQuality. And that we hopie that it willbe received as favorably as the firstJs not only prompted by editorialWanity but the same financial diffi¬culties that have hounded us fromHo conception.This issue appears as a generousSill of the University of Chicago Press, but the, truth of the matter isthat there may be no third issue un¬less we can find some continuingmeans of support. r"‘"S.I ■% ■Still, we must plan for the future,however, cloudy it may be. Whilewe are searching for a potron, then,I would like to make the same pleathat I made in our issue. I inviteanyone who is interested in this am¬bitious but uncertain venture to con¬tact me at the office of the ChicagoMaroon.MARC R. COGANEditor . ., , p>an-Africanism; KADU, like thegiving the Africans a majority in oppositjo„ Uniled Party Ghana,the legislature and firmly established concerned with the preservationfor the first time the principle that of community rights and decentrali-Kenya would be an African country, zation. A last minute compromise... . was reached by KANU and KADUFreedom and After is Tom |eadefi at ^ fina] constitulionalMboya’s record of this decade of conference held in London this pastgreat change. But the most signifi- October, but their followers at homecant aspiect of this political trans- are dissatisfied with it and there, .. , , has even been a threat of secession,formation is perhaps nos so much „ .... . .. . , ,The situation is complicated bythe modified outlook of the British rivalries between the Kikuyu and Political Science at the University ^government as the genuine revolu- the Luo in KANU, by the desire of Chicago, member of theKenya’s Somali pieople to rejoin f°r l^,e Comparative Study oftheir heartland in Somalia, by the Nations, and of the newly formed^uncertain future of the white and Committee on African Studies. fyUMtthe Indian communities, and by a book, ONE - PARTY GO\desperate economic crisis. the power of human enthusiasm arkthe strength of mass effort can.,:lkoverwhelming; it can indeedmountains.”Aristide R. Zolberg. ■ .■.iMjwBgMr. Zolberg is Assistant Professor "/oktion in the nature of African politicalorganizations in Kenya, symbolizedby the contrast between Kenyatta’sand Mboya’s books. Facing MountKenya romanticized the past of onetribe in Kenya; Freedom and Afterlooks toward the future of Kenyaas a nation. Kenyatta studied an- Some observers have already be¬gun to ask whether Kenya will be MENT IN THE IVORY COASlf0.based on extensive field work, M'/|,be published in January. He has al'iycontributed to collections and toanother Congo. Tom Mboya, as be- journah ■„ the Vnited states, E»rfits one of Kenya’s founding fathers, auj France.CHICAGO LITERARY REVIEW, FEBRUARY 7, 1964 Page 5BEAURACRACY AND THE DEMOCRATIC IDEALCAS AMERICAN DEMOCRACYSURVIVE COLD WAR, HarryHone Ransom. Doubleday and Com¬pany. New York. 270 pp. $4.50.The title of this book issomewhat misleading. Onewould expect from the titlethat it deals with the relation¬ship between cold war and the prob¬lem of civil liberties, or the problemof the garrison state, a concept thathas been popularized by Harold Lass-well. However, if the book had dealtwith this latter phenomenon, it wouldhave been just as well for it toremain unwritten. In the sense inwhich we use the word democraticin our every day discourse, onemight easily argue that the UnitedStates has never been more demo¬cratic.In an area that concerns us most—the universities—one can easily sup-jKirt this proposition. If we go backto the turn of the century, we canfind instances in many major Ameri¬can universities, including some ofthe great universities, of professorsof Economics being dismissed fortaking positions contrary to thosebelieved in by the business men onthe Boards of Trustees. Today at themajor universities and even at mostof the State universities (and withthe exception of a few small andbackward denominational schools)the Boards of Trustees have beencompletely tamed with respect to theproblem of academic freedom ofprofessors.If there is any problem of freedomin the university today, it stems notfrom pressures from the governmentor from the Boards of Trustees, butfrom within the university itself.And these pressures threaten not theleft but the conservative right. Inmany major American departmentsof Political Science there are noRepublicans on the faculty. In one ofthe great American universities, ateacher of notable intellectual attain¬ ment was forced off the facultypartly, but not completely, because-of his extreme right-wing views. Ido not care to argue the justice orinjustice of the case just alluded to,for there were many extenuatingcircumstances that help to explainthe actions of the university in ques¬tion. But it is also clear that hadthis individual espoused left-wingviews, major issues of civil libertieswould have been raised in respon¬sible circles following his departure.Many other examples could begiven, but they are unnecessary tomake the point. There is no majorthreat from the right, whether stem¬ming from the cold war or othersources, that threatens academicfreedom within the American univer¬sity system. One could cite examplesfrom other institutional structures inthe United States but all would serveto confirm the thesis that conserva¬tive or reactionary pressures areminimal within the existing Americansystem.The basic theme of Mr. Ransom’sbook can be summarized by the fol¬lowing quotation:"But whenever the bureaucracyis institutionalized and centralized,there is the risk of minimizing thediscretion and flexible maneuver¬ability of the Presidency. Andthis, in turn, can adversely affectboth the common defense and thefulfillment of the Democraticideal. Many see too much un¬checked Presidential power as themain threat to freedom, but thisdoes not appear to be the realdanger in modern American gov¬ernment, with the important pos¬sible exception of Executive con¬trol over the flow of information.It is the President's inability torise above the decision-makingmachinery and to exert respon¬sible leadership in the nationalinterest—perceived from the high¬est level—that places the basicdemocratic idea in doubt.” This, however, has little to do withthe problem of the cold war in anydirect sense. It is rather the problemof large government in the modernage. The welfare state, with its con¬cepts of governmental interventionin economic and social affairs, re¬quires a large decision-making ma¬chinery. It requires great technicalexpertise and vast amounts of in¬formation. It shifts extremely largeand important spheres of decision¬making from the private sphere tothe public sphere.As late as President Wilson, thepresident did much of his own typing.In our present large governmentalset up, we have secretaries to secre¬taries to secretaries. Die ExecutiveOffice of the president is a hugeestablishment which tries to overseemuch of the swollen bureaucracies ofthe departments and independentagencies. Except for the most im¬portant decisions the governmentmakes, the decisions are reallymade in the bureaucracy by anony¬mous officials who serve throughboth Democratic and Republican ad¬ministrations. Even the great de¬cisions which affect war and peace,prosperity or depression, often areshaped in major ways by the flow ofinformation and by the policy papersprepared by officials in the $12,000 to$15,000 salary range.This is indeed a problem for apresident who wishes to remain ontop of the decision-making of his ownadministration. And it surely raisesimportant questions of accountability.But these are affected by the coldwar only to the extent that the coldwar is responsible for the size ofseveral of the Washington bureaucra¬cies. That is, in an age in whichimportant decisions are made in themilitary and diplomatic realms,much of the decision-making willoccur in the anonymous bureaucra¬cies of the Department of Defenseand of the State Department. How¬ever the existence of these depart¬ments does not create the problemstheir development is intended tomanage. Nor do these bureaucraciesTHE EARLY YEARSGEORGE C. MARSHALL: THEEDUCATION OF A GENERAL,1880-1939. By Forrest C. Pogue, withthe editorial assistance of GordonHarrison. New York: Viking Press,1963. Pp. xvii-421. $7.50.Unlike many public figuresof his day, General Marshallrefused to write memoirs, pro¬testing that he could not doso "without telling everything andthat such a volume would hurt toomany people” (p. xiii). The presentvolume, the first of three, does nottell everything and will hurt nobody.It is however written with sympathyand professional competence by anexperienced military historian, whonot only scrutinized, all relevantprinted matter but in addition toquestioning a great number of per¬sons who had come into contact w'ithMarshall conducted a series of inter¬views with the reluctant Generalhimself. These interviews, completefor Marshall’s later career but inter¬rupted by the subject’s last illnessfor the years 1924-39 (happily enoughincidental observations bearing onthe 1924 39 period have been notedto make it hard to notice where theinterviews stopped) form the frame¬work of the book. Diis frameworkhas been filled out with sufficientbackground material to enable read¬ers to follow the story, together withoccasional brief and judicious com¬ments by the author. Of the twenty chapters the firstnine set forth Marshall’s activities to1917, when as a thirty-seven year oldCaptain he sailed for France with theFirst Infantry Division, a half-trainedconglomeration of men rushed acrossto hearten the collapsing French.We are given a vivid picture ofMarshall’s troopship casting off, withMarshall contrasting the sprucenessof the Navy gun crew with his ownunpromising troops, only to find thatthe gun crew had forgotten theirammunition on the pier. The chaoticstate of affairs of which this wassymptomatic was set right duringthe next year, with Marshall in aseries of staff posts of increasingimportance in large measure re¬sponsible for the improvement. Noless significant for his future careerthan his effective performance ofduty was his standing up to theCommander of the A.E.F. GeneralPershing, when the latter publiclyupbraided the general on whose staffMarshall was serving. Marshall de¬fended his superior with a forth¬rightness that might well havebrought him before a court martial.At the time Pershing said nothing,but at the end of the war madeMarshall his aide, a position whichhe kept until 1924. The assignmentsas staff officer in France and as aideto Pershing (chaps, ix-xiii) werefollowed by a command in China,and upon Marshall’s return to theUnited States, one with the CivilianConservation Corps. After this Mar¬ shall spent several dreary years inChicago as instructor to the IllinoisNational Guard. At the completionof this tour, Marshall, now in hismid-fifties, was raised to the rank ofbrigadier general, and sent to com¬mand Camp Vancouver in the Stateof Washington. Two years later, aswar broke out in Europe, he wasappointed Chief of Staff.The justification for setting forthMarshall’s early career in such de¬tail (apart from the light it throwson the contemporary scene) is thatit foreshadows and explains his ac¬tions as strategist and statesman dur¬ing and after the 1939-45 war. Afterfollowing Marshall’s experiences inV.M.I. (where he found the instruc¬tion poor), the Philippines, France,Washington, and China, as well asin Staff Colleges and Army Posts,and observing his conduct duringthirty-eight years of regular Armylife, we are not surprised when to¬ward the end of the volume we seehim, a new Chief of Staff, beingasked by President Roosevelt, whois surrounded by deferential ad¬visers, if he does not approve ofsome proposal. Marshall replies thathe does not. "The President gaveme a . . . startled look and when Iwent out they all bade me good-byand said that my tour in Washingtonwas over” (p. 323). But unlike hisBritish German, Italian, and Russianopposite numbers Marshall remainedin command throughout the war.R. T. BruereMr. Bruere is Professor and Chair¬man of the Department of ClassicalLanguages and Literature at the Uni¬versity of Chicago. constitute any major threat to Amer¬ican liberties. The problem is rather,as Mr. Ransom himself expressesit, one of ensuring presidential con¬trol over the bureaucratic apparatus.Mr. Ransom is not concerned withthis problem because he fears sinis¬ter plots in the bureaucracy. He isconcerned because to him democracymeans presidential control of policy—and the corollary of presidentialaccountability at the end of the fouryear term of the president. Onemight also add that human resourcesare so scarce that one is concernedthat many of these decisions must beinfluenced by individuals who do notmeasure up to the highest standardsof intelligence and capability. Thusto the extent that unbiased informa¬tion can be filtered through to thepresident in ways which permit de¬cision-making at this highest level,one might feel that more adequatedecisions would result.Unfortunately there is no evidencethat decision-making on the presi¬dential level is any better than onthe lower level or that good decision¬making is corollated with high intel¬ligence. The first two post-war Presi¬dents of the United States were notmen noted for their high intelligence.And the first of these—at least duringhis first administration—has receivedcredit for important decisions which almost surely thrust him among thefirst rank of American presidents.Though it is somewhat frustrating tolive in a Kafkaesque world in whichdecisions are inexorably ground outby an anonymous and often seeming¬ly irrational bureaucracy, it is notat all clear that any remedy is athand if we desire to retain the bene¬fits of the welfare state.Mr. Ransom surveys a number ofinstitutions which are particularlyconnected with the cold war: insti¬tutions such as the Department ofDefense, National Security Council,and the Central Intelligence Agency.The Central Intelligence Agencyclearly raises profound questions, forit is an agency which is minimallysubject to control either by the presi¬dent or by the Congress. We knowlittle about the actual operations ofthe Central Intelligence Agency. Atleast some of the major criticismsof that agency are probably correct.Still, it is probably true that theseso-called or actual blunders couldhave been prevented by appropriateleadership by the executive branchof the government. In the case ofthe U-2 incident the failure occurredat the highest level—the presidentiallevel. The Bay of Pigs failure oc¬curred because a new and inexperi¬enced administration was unwillingto challenge the conclusions of the(continued on page 6)DELIBERATE SPEEDTHE SOUTHERN CASE FORSCHOOL SEGREGATION, JamesJ. Kilpatrick, (The Crowell-C oilierPress, 1962)Mr. Kilpatrick’s book, TheSouthern Case for School Seg¬regation, is in some ways abetter book than one mightexpect from its title. There aretwo main reasons for this. Firstof all, despite the title, the bookis really a statement of the south¬ern case for gradualism in thepresent integration crisis. Theauthor admits that segregation bylaw, despite what he believes tobe the strength of the case in itsfavor, is legally dead and thatthe South will have to accommo¬date itself to this fact. In the sec¬ond place, the book is not a "hate”book. As the publisher is carefulto point out on the dust jacket, Mr.Kilpatrick is a southern newspapereditor who once won the Univer¬sity of Missouri gold medal fordistinguished service to journal¬ism by campaigning successfullyto free a Negro imprisoned forlife for a murder he did not commit.The book is written with greatclarity, good humor, occasionalexaggeration (as who does notexaggerate a case in which hebelieves?), and compassion forboth the Negroes and Whitescaught up in the present integra¬tion crisis in the South.Nevertheless, despite its excel¬lence for a book of its type, it isalso a very orthodox book, pre¬senting the orthodox case of amoderate segregationist. The bookopens wuth a description of south¬ern society and an analysis of thesouthern (white) temperament.The author attempts to conveysomething of what it means to beraised as a southern white, contin¬ually conscious of the Negro yetnever really knowing or under¬standing the Negro. He then turnsto the heart of his case againstthe validity of the Supreme Court’sdecisions on segregation. On thebasis of the Negro historicalachievement, on the basis of Negrocrime rates, illegitimacy rates,and marital instability, and on thebasis of low Negro educational ap¬titude and I.Q. scores, he arguesthat there is a strong case for Negro inferiority. At any rate, heclaims, the debate over racialequality is still undecided. At thesame time, he argues convincinglythat those who framed and rati¬fied the 14;h amendment to theU. S. Constitution did not intendthe amendment to preclude segre¬gated schooling nor legal segrega¬tion in other areas of life. Thus, hemaintains, the argument in Brownv. Board of Education is a weakone, at best.Yet, as I mentioned above, thebook is not basically an argumentfor continued legal segregation.Admitting that the Court decisionis irreversible, he believes thatthe South should admit intergra-tion in a few areas where this canbe done without hard feelings andshould buttress a generally segre¬gated system outside the law. Inthe area of schools, for instance,he advocated pupil placement lawsand a system of tuition grants forattendance at private schools (asis now done in Virginia). He ar¬gues that the hard realities ofsouthern society make gradualisman inevitable and therefore a wisepolicy — that the existing feelingsof white southerners, the realitiesof the political structure, and thegenerally lower achievements ofNegroes preclude genuine integra¬tion within the foreseeable future.To the extent that the book is di¬rected at those already convincedof the rightness of segregation, itwill serve chiefly to reinforce theiropinions. To the extent that it isdirected at persons attached to theintegration movement, it seems tome to be unconvincing on at leasttwo counts.One of these is practicality. Onthe one hand, the mobilization ofthe integration movement requiressome more compelling goal than"gradualism.” Few persons couldmake the necessary sacrifices anddevote their lives to a cause withsuch a watchword. On the otherhand, most experience indicatesthat the adoption of a nationalpolicy of "gradualism,” as definedby Kilpatrick, would in fact resultin a general maintenance of thestatus quo. With the existing pres¬sure of the integration movement,only gradualism results; withoutthat pressure, even such resultsW'ould be unlikely.'(continued on page 6)CHICAGO LITERARY REVIEW, FEBRUARY 7, 1964Page SCRITICISM AS ASSEMBLAGE BEAUTY AND THE BEASTS. (continued from page 41THE ART OF PAUL VERLAINE,Antoine Adam (translated by CarlMorse). New York: New York Uni¬versity Press, 1963. $1.95, cloth fy.OOEither the publishers or thetranslator of Professor An¬toine Adam’s Verlaine (firstpublished in 1953 and re¬issued Antoine in 1956) made the mis¬take of calling this translation TheArt of Paul Verlaine. To do so isto suggest that the work on Verlainemight belong to a modem traditionin literary study — essentially anAmerican tradition — in which ar¬tistic criteria and a discipline ofanalysis are applied to a body ofworks in the hope of achieving abetter understanding, appreciation,and evaluation of those works. Suchan inference would be misleading.Professor Adam’s book belongs ratherto a French tradition in literary study(now hardly modern), that of the“life and works”; in fact, the originaltitle was Verlaine: I Homme et 1’OEuvre.In the part devoted to the “life”—somewhat over a third of the book—Adam presents a competent but un¬exciting biography of the poet. It isdistinguished neither by the discoveryand revelation of new biographicalmaterials nor by any verve in thenarration. Like other volumes in theseries “Connaissance des Lettres” towhich the study belongs. Adam'sbook is rather a compilation of knowndata, told in a clear and forthrightmanner. These are its main virtues.It does not attempt to exploit thescandalous elements in Verlaine’s life(and there were many) nor does itindulge in an excessive apology forthe man because of Adam’s ad¬miration for the works. There is. andI suppose inevitably, an element ofaswlogetics; but one does not feelthat facts are being deformed orevents distorted in order to serve it.The longer section on the ’’works”is less satisfactory. It is arrangedchronologically in a series of chap¬ters entitled “The First Collections,”“The Crowning Work,” “LastWorks.” Within each chapter the suc¬cessive collections of poetry areordered chronologically, and a gooddeal of space is devoted to the cir¬cumstances of composition, the print¬ing and the publication, the reviewsand the acceptance by the critics.In a way, therefore, this section be¬comes a second biography, a reex¬amination of the literary side of Ver¬laine's life. Facts and figures, datesand events are regrouped around thevarious volumes of verse; the subjectof most statements is “he” rather than “it.” Adam pays a great dealof attention to sources and influences,to Verlaine’s associations with liter¬ary group® and individual poets. Allthis is useful, again, as an introduc¬tion to the man and to the story ofhis liter ary career; but it has littleto do with the “art” of Paul Ver¬laine.One would have difficulty in sayingfrom what critical vantage pointAdam approaches the problem ofunderstanding and evaluating Ver¬laine’s px)etry. There is a suspicion,at least, that much of his procedureconsists merely in the distinguishingof themes or subjects, and thatthemes or subjects take their ownplaces in an evaluative hierarchy.Thus religious topics serve as thebasis, in the volume called Sagesse,for “masterpieces” and “overwhelm¬ing poems.” Of these Adam says:They have the same mystique ofpersonal union with Christ, thesame feeling of trusting humility,the same highly skillful executionin what appears to be a naturaland spontaneous outpouring (p.108).Adam regards Sagesse as Verlaine’smasterpiece, and accounts for thisposition through the volume’s “rich¬ness, variety, and . . . beauty” (p.115). We are not told what theseterms mean, specifically, or in whatways these qualities are exemplifiedin Sagesse; but we are told that thevolume is “original” and “valuable”because, as distinguished from otherFrench poetry of the preceding fif¬teen years, this volume turns awayfrom a description of appearancesand toward the presentation of othermatters:The mysterious reality of the soul,the backgrounds, the perspectives,were lost to this poetry. It re¬mained still and solely a matter ofimpressionism. Sagesse, for the fewmen who read this slim volume,was a message of freedom andresurrection, for it informed themthat beyond the sensible world layanother, and that attaining thatbeyond is the poet’s sole real task,his only duty (pp. 115-16).Behind such a statement, of course,lie all kinds of presuppositions whichwe might well not be willing toaccept; and chief of them is thebelief that a book of poems may be¬come a masterpiece through theselection of its subject matter.We note, in the above quotation,that Adam uses the name of a liter¬ary school or movement, impression-Bl REAUCRACY AND THE DEMOCRATIC IDEAL(continued from page S)entrenched bureaucracy. Other infor¬mation was available; had it beenused, it would have made for betterdecision-making in that situation.Mr. Ransom also generalizes aboutthe information function and assertsthat it is important for the publicto be as fully informed as possibleand that only information which, ifrevealed, would jeopardize the na¬tional security should be withheld.This is undoubtedly desirable as ageneral principle. But all generalprinciples have exceptions. It isquite possible that some information,in the absence of complementary in¬formation of a secret nature, wouldmislead rather than inform the pub¬lic. Although this may not be areason to censor the information, itmay very well be a good reasonnot to volunteer the information. AsMr. Ransom elsewhere states, “itis also true that democratic govern¬ment cannot survive if it cannotprovide for the common defense.”There are situations in which theunwise publication of non-sensitiveinformation may have a serious im¬pact upon the survivability of thedemocratic system by inclining theelectorate toward decisions that theywould not pnake were all informa¬ tion available. In addition, the Rus¬sians discover most of the secretdetails of the American defense es¬tablishment merely by examiningthe daily papers and our journals.Although I would agree with Profes¬sor Edward Teller that secrecy moreoften impedes the development ofweapons by American scientists thanit keeps information from the SovietUnion, it cannot be denied that seri¬ous lapses of security have occurred.The classification system itself, how¬ever, is undermined by the naturaltendency of self-protective bureau¬crats to overclassify documents andthus to discredit the classificationsystem. No one has yet made anyreasonable suggestions as to howto correct this problem.Mr. Ransom has stated a numberof important problems adequately.This book, however, carries us nofurther toward adequate solutions ofthese problems. Nor does the gen¬eral literature of {political sciencedo so.Morton A. KaplanMr. Kaplan is Associate Professor inthe Department of Political Scienceand Chairman of the Committee onInternational Relations. ism, to denigrate the poetry of earlierwriters—“still and solely a matter ofimpressionism.” In the same way,he will praise Verlaine for his dis¬covery and cultivation of anothertendency, symbolism. The approachto criticism here consists in relatingthe work to an -ism and in using the-ism as an evaluative instrument.Speaking again of Sagesse, Adamsays:... in these poems appears, in allits splendor, that genuine sym¬bolism which was the great dis¬covery of 1873, that advance overimpressionism and its too facilecharms. Let us look closely at“Les faux beaux jours ont lui., . . There is no question here ofimpressions gathered on a stormyevening. The subject of these linesis a sinner’s soul, returned tovirtue, which feels old temptationsrumbling. This agitation, this an¬guish, this flight toward the Lordof Mercy are not directly expressedby the poet as formerly the joysand purities of La Bonne Chansonwere. His whole poem is onesingle metaphor (p. 109). spokesman for — A PublicSpokesman, period. The basictexture of his style was old-fash¬ioned frayed Santayana, swee-and-pungent periods with a dash ofirony; bvit rewoven by the Jewishjurists wlio preened themselveson their elegant writing, Cardozo,Frankfurter. . . .They walked along from Rog¬er's to Janson’s. It was halfwaybefore the mystery of the word“community” was solved, thoughhis older friend (the narrator)kept listening for the clue. Terryhad picked it up from Goodman,the anarchist writer, whom he hadnewly added to the pantheon along¬side Neathaniel West and Mailer.. . . “Goodman is it? Hm. Good¬man.” At once his friend becamejealous.The greatest failure of the book isthat Goodman expects the reader tolook upon the passing of the “commu¬nity” with a sense of loss. This re¬viewer, however, found very little of the tragic in the dissolution. While itis described as something of value,the “community” of hopheads, har¬lots, professors, pickups, queers andconference bums is in fact utterlyworthless. If one sympathizes withthe members of the “community”upon occasion, it is only because theyare opposed to the stupid, bunglingand high-handed tactics of the law.Because one cannot put faith in hisexample of “community,” one can¬not believe his conclusions about theproblems of “community” in the ur¬banized American society. And thusthe book's failure as art causes itsfailure as a socio-psychological tract.This reviewer is unacquainted withPaul Goodman’s other works of fic¬tion and poetry. It would not be diffi¬cult to judge, though, that Mr. Good¬man’s forte is not literary, and tliathis reputation might improve if hestayed within the forms of the fieldhe seems to know best.David RichterMr. Richter is a third year student inthe College.DELIBERATE SPEEDIn this statement of Adam’s thereare several misconceptions of poetryin general and of symbolism in par¬ticular. Assuming that the “wholepoem” were a “single metaphor,”we should not need to conclude thatit was necessarily a symbolist poem.In fact, it is not. There is a metaphorpresent. But it is repeated ratherthan developed, it is recurrent ratherthan constantly present, and it hasthe kind of direct statement of eachof the elements constituting the meta¬phor that is never present in truesymbolism.If Adam reads symbolism into thisparticular poem, might he not bereading it into a whole collection ofpoems where it does not exist? Andif the superiority assigned to Sagesseon the basis of its symbolism is ill-founded, on what other grounds arewe to regard it as Verlaine's master-work?In addition to the praise of themesand the approval of literary tenden¬cies, Adam judges Verlaine favor-(continued on page 8) (continuedThe other objection to Kilpat¬rick’s argument for gradualismgoes to the heart of the debateover the rightness of segregation,are not only in keeping with therealities of southern society butare morally justified. “When theNegro race proves itself, in termsof Western, values of maturity andachievement,” he writes, “it willbe time enough to talk of com¬plete social and economic integra¬tion.” (page 101) Elsewhere heasks: “How is the Negro race, asa race, to earn the respect of thewhite race as a race? I shouldimagine that a cultivation of self-respect would offer an excellentstarting place; and I do not seemuch of this now.” (page 97)Basic to such arguments is a be¬lief that a person’s treatment bygovernment or by other individualsmay properly depend not upon theindividual but upon the geographi¬cal region from which his ances- om page S)tors may long ago have emigrated.Yet basic to the case for integra¬tion is the belief that governmentought not to make such distinc¬tions among its citizens in deter¬mining rights and privileges andthat hopefully some day privateindividuals will largely be color¬blind in their social relations. Ob¬viously integrationists will have tosettle for gradualism in manyforms, but Kilpatrick cannot ex¬pect them ever to abandon theprinciples upon which their ulti¬mate goals are based.This book provides the leastpainfully way I know to becomeacquainted with the views of anintelligent and moderate segrega¬tionist.Mark H. HallerMr. Haller is assistant professor ofHistory at the University of Chico-HO.A HISTORY OF AMERICANISMS9, 1946) brings out two final reasons:The long chapter on Pronuncia¬tion has given me more troublethan all the rest of the book. Thisis due mainly to the fact that I amdensely ignorant of phonology, andseem to be unable to learn more.But some of the blame must alsobe laid upon the obscurity of theliterature. Your own writings arecrystal-clear, for which God bepraised.McDavid’s formal training and hisfield work make him at home withphonology. Any who have read hischapter “American English Dialects”in The Structure of American Eng¬lish (by W. Nelson Francis, 1958)know the remarkable clarity of hiswriting. Those who read this abridge¬ment would find themselves passingover the editorial bracket W'hichseparates the Mencken from theMcDavid with scarcely a ripple.Since The American Language is ahistorical survey of Americanisms ofall sorts—parts of speech, punctua¬tion, slang and argot, etc.—as wellas of attitudes toward them, much ofthe book incorporates lists, but inthe usual Mencken manner. Discuss¬ing given names (p. 627) Menckenwrites: “In 1944 E. Pluribus UnumHusted was found in Oklahoma City.. . . In 1936 Willie % Smith was un¬earthed in rural Georgia. In 1901Ix>yal Lodge No. 296 Knights of Py¬thias Ponca City Oklahoma TerritorySmith was baptized at Ponca City;”to which McDavid adds: “In 1949John Hodge Opera House Centennial (continued from poqe 3)Gargling Oil Samuel J. Tilden TenBrink was interviewed for the Lin¬guistic Atlas in upstate New York”to show the continuity of the tradi¬tion. Similarly with the etymology ofplace names (reportedly, “Chicago”meant in a local Indian tongue“ ‘the place of strong smells,’ ofSkunktown”). And so on with theother lists. Mencken also filled bothhis text and his footnotes (whichalso direct the reader to the pertinentscholarship of course) with anecdoteand wit. One of the best, however, isMcDavid’s in the chapter on “Hon-orifics.” Discussing the proliferationof academic degrees and their uses(p. 320), he recounts the following:“Governor James K. Vardamannonce promised a Delta rabbi a Ph.D.from the University of Mississippi inreturn for twelve campaign speeches,but the rabbi declined on the groundthat he already had a doctorate fromHeidelberg.” The section on Ameri¬can slang has much of interest andamusement also, for which McDavidhad the assistance of the leadingauthority on criminal argot, DavidW. Maurer. But length prohibits anyrepresentative examples of this, orreally of any of the other sections,and they are better read in full andin context.The wit forms part of the text notmerely to keep the reader on histoes, but is always there to revealsome aspect of our history, attitudes,or habits, with the assumption thatsuch a broad survey of the language reveals such things, and so is im-jxjrtant to an understanding of our¬selves. The American Language alsoassumes that the basis for languageis the spoken, not the written one.Some still protest this and persist inignorance. As Mencken points out,even our newspapers usually chooseto snub Americanisms editorially,while filling their columns elsewherewith their vigor.At a time when philosophers, soci¬ologists, anthropologists, and psychi¬atrists study the common languagefor insights into their disciplines, thegeneral public still regards a dic¬tionary as the fifth book of theGospels, and most schoolmarms stillprescribe “correct” Latin rules tostudents who apply them only in theclassroom. Most schoolboys stillwaste their time with these andgraduate without knowing even thephonetic alphabet. And as McDavidnotes, Yale and California still sendtheir Ph.D.’s in English forth inno¬cent of any knowledge "of the na¬tional idiom.” Perhaps the nextthree decades of The American Lainguage, however, will see as muchprogress toward a common senseapproach to American as did its firstthree.William A. ElwoodMr. Elwood was an Instructor in Eng¬lish at Northwestern this fall. Atpresent he is working on his disser¬tation in Renaissance literature andis the Assistant to the Editor ofMODERN PHILOLOGY.CHICAGO LITERARY REVIEW, FEBRUARY 7, 1964 Page 7LYRICISM AND PHILOSOPHY( OLLECTED POEMS, by Elder Ol-(Univ. of Chicago Press, 194pages, Phoenix Books, $2.45)COLLECTED POEMS, 1919-1962,Rabette Deutsch (Indiana Univ.Press, 182 pages, $4.50)Elder Olson’s COLLECTEDI'OEMS may seem to be arather small output for a pe¬riod of twenty-five years.But, as he explains, it is really aselection of representative poemsfrom four published volumes andfrom more recent work. By makingsuch a selection he saves future edi¬tors the trouble. He will not. likeWordsworth and Byron, have to berecued from his own profusion.In looking over the volume one isstruck first of all by the absence ofany long, major work. All the piecesare relatively short. The author’spractice evidently confirms the state¬ment of one of his characters: “Now¬adays, I observe, poetry is chieflylyrical.” The AUTHOR’S NOTE in¬dicates, however, that the poems inPart II were originally units in along philosophical poem “dealingwith the history and nature of manand certain moral problems.” Per¬haps through the loss of their unify¬ing thread the poems lose some¬thing of their effectiveness. Olson isless able here than in the four otherparts of the book to rise above argu¬ment into song.Though Olson warns us that he isnot going to “weep or laugh bycalendar,” he reacts to all the sea¬sons, has something to say in andon all weathers. He is good in de¬picting the carnival spirit of skatersin the sun (ICE-SKATERS) and thecoming on of evening in a wintermarketplace (WINTER MARKET¬PLACE). Item by item (SPRINGGHOST) he shows how natural ob¬jects are released by spring thaws,and how spring “Builds up whatautumn has laid waste.”On places, also, he turns an ob¬servant eye. Anyone who has fallenunder the spell of “the marimbasand the mandolins,” the gaudy flow¬ers, the bull fights, and the somno¬lent afternoons of Mexico will enjoyreading and re-reading PLAZAMEXICO and esnecially the elevenstanza poem on the tourist’s dreamcity (TAXCO).The range in subject matter andtreatment is fairly wide. In view ofhis success with lighter themes, itis too bad that Olson does not offermore poems like CHILDE ROLAND,ETC., a humorously disillusionedpicture of what Browing’s heromight have discovered had he en¬tered the dark tower at the end ofhis quest. In EXHIBITION OFMODERN ART there is a clever anddiscerning comment on an exhibit ineach stanza. And THE ARGUMENTABOUT THE DECORATION OFTHE PUNCH TABLE is deft andJimusing.It is by his work on graver sub¬jects, however, that Olson should bejudged. Prevailingly, his is a poetryof meditation, of musings on the na¬ture of things. And these musingstake many forms. There is, for ex-anmple, the romantic schizophrenia(THE MIRROR MEN and THE IM¬PERSONATION) in which the poetas spectator sees the masks tomfrom his other selves until at last,completely disenchanted, he wit¬nesses his own obsequies. Thesepoems strike home. Yet it may be•argued that such inadequacies of theself are more effectively shownthrough symbols, as in the buttonmoulder, the peeled onion, and thewind-driven threadballs of Ibsen’sPEER GYNT.From the ramparts of the wise,Olson, a latter day Lucretius, looksdown with compassion on the doingsof his fellows in the plains below.Or, at midnight be pulls back thecurtains and sees the city falling away into darkness. Thus he ismoved to think of Time and Infinity,and of the Abyss and Nothingnessinto which all things sink at last.In such dialogues of the mind withitself he is at his best. Without theaid of dramatic scene or action (asin Browning), without the use ofmyth or legend (borrowed as inKeats, or invented as in Yeats) heholds the reader enthralled as hechants of first and last things. Athis weakest in these reflections heis more analyst than artist, but athis strongest his verse “Beats asmuch on the mind as on the ear.”In good Wordsworthian fashion hedisturbs the reader with the joy ofelevated thoughts.Like Matthew Arnold. Olson isambidextrous. He has published es¬says in prose criticism as well asfour volumes of verse. One may beforgiven, therefore, in carrying theparallel further. Swinburne reportsthat during a visit with Tennyson,he and the poet laureate fell into adiscussion of Matthew Arnold. Ten¬nyson’s parting injunction was:“When you see Mat, tell him tostop writing those editorials andgive us another FORSAKEN MER- Olson’s TAXCO, equally ambitious,leaves a clearer, more unified, singleimpression on the mind. The con¬trast is unfair, however, since ittakes Miss Deutsch in her worst:md Olson in one of his better per¬formances.The basic distinction between thetwo poets is that Olson is inspiredoften by intellectual concepts, byproblems, philosophical, aesthetic,moral, whereas Miss Deutsch al¬most always is inspired by particu¬lar things or people. This, of course,does not imply that he fails to em¬ploy concrete detail. Nor does itmean that she has no philosophy.She has, but it grows in each caseout of the particular subject.Miss Deutsch’s poetry is remark¬able for one quality especially—theradiance she discovers in all things.She invests even the commonestcommonplace with a glow of signi¬ficance: feeding the chickens; watch¬ing barges, the charwomen of theHudson, move up the river; select¬ ing vegetables at the green grocer’s.Thing that are “too obvious to de¬light” most of us bring her a pleas¬ure that she is able to convey to thereader.It is the “Song of the Senses,” allfive of them, that she sings. Andher tribute to Wallace Stevens canbe applied with justice to herself:The senses admiring the deliciousdrenchOf light, of color, of texture, taste,and sound,Fruit, flower, sail in the sun, awoman’s hand,Her voice, slight and aboundinginstruments.It is not only in the simple andthe common, however, that shefinds joy. She describes sensitivelya string quartet and a piano recital.Her poems on Cezanne, Paul Klee,and Braque are perceptive homagesto these masters. In many a felici¬tous phrase or sentence or stanzashe shows her firm grasp on intrica¬cies of thought and nuances of feel¬ ing. Hers is a “various voice.” Andshe has “many musics.”A final comment must be made onthe twenty translations, too rigorousa selection from the many withwhich she has graced our literatureover the years. From Heraclitus toPasternak she moves with amazingversatility. She gives us with equalease' a tanka, a haiku from theJapenese and a quatrain from Vil¬lon. Finnish holds no terrors for her.But if a preference may be ex¬pressed. it would be for her workwith Rilke. The German poet’s ownimagery best describes the nature ofher translations: her heart, like his,is arrested; her brain is set afire;and on her blood she seems tocarry him.Frederic E. FavertyMr. Faverl-y is Morrison Professor ofEnglish at Northwestern University.He is author of MATTHEW AR¬NOLD: THE ETHNOLOGIST:THE VICTORIAN POETS: AGUIDE TO RESEARCH and YOURLITERARY HERITAGE.THE CREATIVE PERSONALITYMAN.” So in the present instanceone may, indeed one should, say tothe Editor of THE CHICAGO LI¬TERARY REVIEW, “When you seeElder, tell him to quit writing thosearticles on Aristotle and give us an¬other MIDNIGHT MEDITATION.”To get at the differences betweenOlson’s work and that of BabetteDeutsch it is best, perhaps, to usean excellent brief lyric by each, hison Beethoven, hers on Mozart.ON AN ADAGIO BY BEETHOVENWeep, intransigent mourner, weep,Weep, and spurn till comforting;Bitter is the fate of man,Nor is it altered by your woe;But sorrow being ennobled so,And salt tears to such sweetnesswrought,The angels doomed to ParadiseEnvy us our suffering.Here on this hill, beyond the sickworld’s pain.Landscape is legend, from theshadowy plainTo topknots blonde with sun andlakes that shineSoftly as bloom of porcelain or ofwine.The contours of this classic struc¬ture keepThe distance of a dream, where,mocking sleep,They seen to dance, to vanish, torevive,Strict as an archaic smile, andyet alive.No architect on earth was everskilledAs one musician so to plan andbuildA tower true as only number is,So firm in air, so blithe for viewas this.Most heavy heart, be lifted up,and comeTo find yourself in heaven and athome.Olson’s poem Is heavier in lone,deeper in thought, darker in outlook.Babette Deutsch’s poem is lighter,more graceful, more fanciful, moreingenious. It may be objected thatthese are the characteristics of thesubjects rather than of the authors.But the choice of subject is itselfsignificant. Miss Deutsch also ex¬periments more boldly with diction,as in “strict as an archaic smile.”The adjective “archaic” as appliedto “smile” is strange, but not im¬possible. If such a combinationstretches the mind a bit, however,“strict” breaks the elastic. It goestoo far. Olson does not engage inany such antics with the language.Brief as Miss Deutsch’s poems are,they are sometimes too packed withdetails and images. A VIEW OFTHE PIAZZA DI SAN MARCO, forinstance, in trying to bring in every¬thing results in a kind of clutter. BORN UNDER SATURN, by Ru¬dolph and Mar gist Wittkower. Ran¬dom House. 144 pp. $7.50.Some subjects should betreated with daring or not atall. A timid approach—with¬out the courage of a singleidea — will probably result in awork that is confused and sillyrather than sound. Born UnderSaturn is such a book. Its subjectis fascinating and difficult: the con¬duct and character of artists fromclassical antiquity to the FrenchRevolution. Its authors RudolphWittkower, a noted ait historian,and his wife try hard for scholarlyjudiciousness and balance. Theyhave some interesting stories to tellabout painters, sculptors and archi¬tects, but they are mistrustful ofgeneralizations. Thus we are toldthat artists are as various in theircharacter and behavior as otherhuman beings. The safety of thisstatement is somewhat illusory, forthe material often “cries” for moreparticular generalization, and the in¬tellectual “progress” of the book isso desultory that one often wondersduring the course of reading it whyit was ever written.The Wittkowers go over oldground. Until the Renaissance, theartist was regarded as a craftsman,interesting for his work not his per¬son. (Plutarch once remarked: “weenjoy the work and despise themaker.”) The emancipation of theartist begins in the late middle agesand becomes a distinctive phenome¬non of the Renaissance. This eman¬cipation, which results ambiguouslyin freedom and dignity on the onehand, and alienation on the other,makes the personality of the artistan interesting cultural fact. For thisreason, most of the book is givenover to accounts of Renaissance art¬ists. We are treated to anecdotesabout eccentric behavior, melan¬choly, suicide, poverty, envy, miser¬liness, idealism, homicide, etc. —in short, the whole range of humanvice and less frequently virtue. TheWittkowers are understandably re¬luctant to see these vices (or vir¬tues) as peculiar to the artist. Butoccasionally they do attempt a gen¬eralization. Noting that only four¬teen incidents of suicides have beenreported within the course of fourhundred and fifty years and thatfour occurred within sixteen years(during the Werther period of ro¬manticism), the Wittkowers feel itnecessary to conclude that “artistsbehave more normally than ‘ordi¬nary’ people when it comes to sui¬cide.” In keeping with this kindof “speculation” about the characterof the artist the captions of the trulyextraordinary photographs that dis¬ tinguish the volume are often ir¬relevant and banal. It is remarkedof Barocci next to his painting ofa “peaceful scene” that “his pic¬tures scarcely reveal that they werepainted by a deeply disturbed hypo¬chondriac.” A landscape by AdamElsheimer is illuminated by the com¬ment that “few would suspect thatit is the work of a melancholic, in¬capable of coping with reality.”It is perhaps unfair to expose thebook to this kind of view, for thereare charming and instructive bits ofinformation throughout the volume.For instance, this letter from Leon¬ardo Da Vinci to his brother:My beloved brother.This is merely to inform youthat a short time ago I receiveda letter from you from which Ilearned that you have an heir,which circumstance I understandhas afforded you a great deal ofpleasure. Now insofar as I hadjudged you to be possessed of pru¬dence I am now entirely con¬vinced that I am as far removedfrom having an accurate judge¬ment as you are from prudence,seeing that you have been congrat¬ulating yourself on having createda watchful enemy, who will strivewith all his energies after liberty,which can only come into beingat your death.And the photographs alone areworth the price. But the book pre¬tends to be more than for theChristmas trade. Its “argument” byvirtue of its affectation of cautionand scrupulosity may be seductiveto those readers who are seriouslyinterested in the question of thepersonality of the artist and its re¬lation to an artist’s work. The argu¬ment is something like this: Theartist is a product of both his cultureand his unique psychic disposition.Therefore both historical and psycho¬logical evidence is necessary in con¬sidering creative personalities. Italso follows from the complexcharacter of the artist, i.e. hisuniqueness as a person and his so¬cial and cultural conditioning, thatthere is no such thing as a homo¬geneous character type for the art¬ist. So the Wittkowers pile on evi¬dence to prove the diversity ofcharacter types among artists.Michelangelo was tormented andpassionate, Rubens aristocratic andself-possessed, Leonardo reserved tothe point of iciness,etc. etc. To besure. Who would quarrel with theview that the artist and his workare conditioned by society and cul¬ture? Nor would anyone disputeanother argument that the Wittkow¬ers repeatedly make that an artistdoes not directly reveal himself inhis art. He may be sad and produce a happy work. His life may be dis¬orderly and his art serene andordered Indeed, the very fact thata work of art does not directly dis¬close the artist should itself becomethe basis for speculation. What qual¬ity or constellation of qualities doesthe artist possess that enables himto transcend himself, to become inimagination something other thanwhat he is in life? But the Wittkow¬ers don't even conceive the question,because they are victims of a primi¬tive psychology. They are satisfiedthat they know the personalities ofthe artists from chronicle accountsof episodes in their lives and ex¬ternal, though often shrewd, observa¬tions of their behavior. Vasari, withall his gifts, is no substitute for anable psychoanalytic penetration tothe more elusive regions of personal¬ity.The Wittkowers don’t come outexplicitly against the psychoanalyticapproach, but the effect of muchof what.they say is a rejection of it.Thus they deny that art is a clue topersonality, though they will contra¬dict themselves on occasion as whenthey speak of a quality in Pontor¬mo’s work that “reflects the artist’sintrospective nature and anguishedmind.” If the Wittkowers have ex¬tended their speculations, they mighthave seen that the consequence ofrejecting the view that art is anexpression of the personality of theartist is the absurd position that thework of art is produced ex nihilo,that it is radically discontinuous withthe person of the artist. The Witt¬kowers unwittingly come close to thisposition, but there are numerouscontradictions of it throughout. Thebook sutlers from an incoherenceproduced by an inadequate intellec¬tual grasp of the variety and com¬plexity of the material.One cannot, of course, deduce thepsychology of the artist solely fromworks of art. And the Wittkowersare right to argue for the correctiverelevance of historical and culturalevidence. On that argument, Freudis convicted of inaccuracy in hismonograph on Leonardo Da Vinci.Freud unquestionably failed to takesufficient account of historical data.But his errors are easily preferableto the philistine eclecticism of theWittkowers, which results, for exam¬ple, in the concluding paragraph ofthe book.What we see emerging is a pat¬tern valid for all human relations:it is a composite of myth and real¬ity, of conjectures and observa¬tions, of make-believe and experi¬ence, that determined and stilldetermines the image of the art¬ist. There never has been and(continued on page 8)Page 8 CHICAGO LITERARY REVIEW, FEBRUARY 7, 1964FOR A THEORY OF SCIENCETHE ANATOMY OF INQUIRY:Philosophical Studies in the Theoryof Science, by Israel Scheffler, NewYork: Alfred Knopf, 1961, 326 pp.,wtth bibliography and index.In this booh ProfessorScheffler attempts to intro¬duce the reader to fundamen¬tal problems in the philosophyof science as that discipline is un¬derstood and practiced by the major¬ity of contemporary English andAmerican philosopher. He exj>ertlyprovides a comprehensive surveyand critical analysis of the notionsof explanation, significance, andconfirmation, as these are supposedto occur in or be otherwise relevantto science, or as they figure in con¬temporary discussions about science.Whether or not these notions all ac¬tually occur in science (“explana¬tion"’ certainly does), and whetheror not they have the central impor¬tance in the theory of science whichProfessor Scheffler’s account attrib¬utes to them, there is no disputingthe fact that recent philosophicaldiscussion and controversy aboutscience have been concerned almostexclusively with this triad of con¬cepts. Perhaps, however, Profes¬sor Scheffler’s treatment insufficient¬ly emphasizes the fact that at leastone substantial segment of currentphilosophical opinion rejects theview of the centrality of “signifi¬cance” and “confirmation” to thetheory of science; and thus histreatment may run the risk of creat¬ing in the naive reader the impres¬sion that his presentation of the sub¬ject has a greater claim to ortho¬doxy than it in fact does. Onethinks, for example, of the views ofKarl Popper as set forth in TheLogic of Scientific Discovery (Eng¬lish translation 1958) and Conjec¬tures "\nd Refutations (1962). Inthese works Popper constructs co¬gent arguments denying that scien¬tific method can be understood orexplicated in terms of the notionsof “significance” and “confirma¬tion,” and he substitutes in theirplace a theory of “corroboration”based on a distinction between sci¬ence and non-science rather thansignificance and nonsense. I do notwish to suggest that Professor Schef¬fler pays no attention to Popper'stheories. On the contrary, consider¬ing the relative brevity of the book,he devotes ample space to a treat¬ment of Popper’s views. Rather, itis in connection with ProfessorScheffler’s organization of his ma¬terial that the unwarranted impres- of the philosophical implications ofthe scientific picture of the world.This latter question, however, untilsion of orthodoxy is likely to arise;one might say that this organizationmakes his later refutations of Pop¬per logically necessary (p. 137 ff.).Professor Scheffler’s stated aimis to “engage the reader in currentproblems as quickly as possible”(Preface, p. vii); while not refrain¬ing in the con*'?® of his expositionfrom expressing his own views, liequite properly always keeps thesesharply distinguished from his ac¬count of “current problems.” Theresult, however, is not always for¬tunate, for the book sometimesreads like a guide to the currentliterature of the philosophy of sci¬ence, interspersed with critical ob¬servations by the author, ratherthan like an investigation of pri¬mary problems. Nevertheless, thereader who has had no previousformal training in the philosophy ofscience and who really wants tolearn something about the subjectwill surely find here something towhet his teeth on; and providedthat he is willing to exert the neces¬sary effort required to master thespecialized language and to under¬stand the need for the many tech¬nical distinctions which have nocounterpart in ordinary thought andlanguage, he will be amply reward¬ed for his pains, inasmuch as Profes¬sor Scheffler has squeezed within acomparatively few pages a truly re¬markable range of material whichin its original state is not easily tobe obtained, much less comprehend¬ed, by the non-expert. However,this book will probably find its mostsuitable use not in private librariesbut in the classroom, accompaniedboth by the commentary of an ableinstructor and considerable corollaryreading. For such a use the meritsof the book are indisputable, asmight be expected from the factthat the book grew out of Scheffler’sown “lectures and seminars in thephilosophy of science over the pastseveral years . . as he himselfremarks (Preface, p. viii). For pri¬vate use, the potential reader wouldlie well advised to consult some ofProfessor Scheffler’s references, es¬pecially those to which exception istaken, before allowing himself tobe convinced by Scheffler’s account.Even if Professor Scheffler (beingon the side of the angels) is ac¬counted right in the end, the readershould have the experience of en¬countering opposing views in theflesh, and should not just rest con- mulated and taught by philosophers,the same which the positivists want-tent with accounts of them at sec¬ond hand.One of the admirable features ofthis book is Professor Scheffler’s re¬cognition at toe outset of the ambi¬guousness of toe phrase “Philosophyof Science” and his clear indicationthat there are at least three under¬takings which are often groups un¬der this name. He refers to theseas “The Role of Science in Society,”“The World Pictured by Science,”and “The Foundations of Science.”Most popular discussions of sciencefall into the first division. Here be¬longs “the study of relationships be¬tween social factors and scientificideas, for example, the influence ofpolitical constraints upon theorizing,the effects of scientific discoveriesupon religious allegiances . . . theinvestigation of science as an insti¬tution . . . the responsibilities of thescientist to society,” and so on(p. 3). Under the second heading,“ ‘The World Pictured by Science’,belong attempts to describe the orig¬in and structure of the universe assuggested by the best theories andthe various relevant findings to date:cosmology . . . (and) philosopher’interpretations of what they taketo be the most pervasive or human¬ly significant features of the worldrevealed ... by science . . .” (p. 3).Professor Scheffler makes it clearthat his concern is with neither ofthese. Rather, as he explains, heis concerned with the investigationof the “general methods, logicalforms, modes of inference, and basicconcepts of the sciences,” an inves¬tigation which falls under the head¬ing of “Foundations of Science”(p. 4). Even this specification istoo broad, however. Before Profes¬sor Scheffler is finished, he has nar¬rowed down the range of his inquirya quest for a “systematic andilosophically intelligible theory ofscientific structure.” the problem ofwhich is to “provide a clear andsystematic explanation of . . . terms. . . which are . . . used both indescribing the structure of particularscientific domains and in giving anoverall structural picture of sci¬ence” (p. 6).By making clear that he is thitsrestricting himself to the theory ofscience Professor Scheffler avoidsthe appearance of reducing the sub¬ject of the philosophy of science asa whole to his type of formal orstructural inquiry, to the neglect ofthe non formal or material question very recent times, was always re¬garded as the central question ofthe philosophy of science, as opposedto what one might call the logic ofscience, on the one hand, and thesociology of science on the other.Traditionally, logical investigationslike Professor Scheffler’s w’ere al¬ways regarded as preliminary, al¬though necessary, to the main taskof gaining a philosophical under¬standing of scientific truth and thenature of the w'orld revealed by sci¬entific methods. While recent litera¬ture has tended to concentrate al¬most exclusively on the logicalquestions, the old question of under¬standing what sort of world is re¬vealed to us bv modern science isstill there, and it remains an impor¬tant task for someone to connectthe results of recent logical andmethodological investigations withthis more fundamental type of ques¬tion.Possibly the weakest portion ofProfessor Scheffler’s book is his dis¬cussion of Popper’s falsifiabilitycriterion as a criterion of “demar¬cation” between science and non¬science (p. 137 ff.). Scheffler’s argu¬ment here is quite complex but itamounts to showing that Popper’stheory fails to disagree with thetheories Popper wishes to attack,owing to an equivocation with re¬spect to crucial terms. Thus Schef¬fler says: “. . . when the positivistsspeak of empirical science, they re¬fer to toe whole area of non analy-tic significance; science representsfor them the realm of non-formaltruths and falsehoods. When Popperspeaks of science, he refers only topart of this realm, that which, in hisview, has the distinguishing mark ofsystems, of scientific theory. Whenthe positivists deplore metaphysics,they deplore nonsense. When Popperspeaks in praise of metaphysics, hepraises what the positivists havenever deplored. The fact that differ¬ent distinctions are involved meansthat the label ‘metaphysics’ is ambi¬guous and the two attitudes arecompatible” (p. 139).However, Popper’s position on thisissue is much sounder than Schef¬fler makes out. In the first place,Scheffler’s account makes it seemas if the positivists had simply de¬fined “metaphysics” as nonsense,whereas in fact they intended this asa thesis which needed supportingarguments. Secondly, when Popperrefers to metaphysics (whether ornot he praises it), he is referring tobodies of doctrine traditionally for-ed to prove amounted to nonsense. This neither the positivists n<wPopper are concerned with somearbitrary or stipulated definition ofthe term “metaphysics.” Popper’sconcern is merely to discover arigorous criterion whereby metaphys¬ics and other types of non sciencemight be distinguished from empirecal science. To this enterjirise thequestion of tlie significance or lackof significance of metaphysics is ir¬relevant. Thirdly, does Schefflerreally mean to say that by “empirical science” toe positivists intend torefer to the whole area of non analytic (cognitive) significance, i.e. the“realm of non-formal truths andfalsehoods”? If so, then not only ismetaphysics nonsense by this alleg¬edly positivistic account, but so alsois ethics, aesthetics, philosophicaltheology, and the theory of science,i.e. Scheffler’s own book, for in ear¬lier pages Scheffler takes great painsto distinguish his investigations fromempirical science (p. 4 ff ). What¬ever Schcffler’s own views are onthis issue, it is hard to see what isleft of “positivism” after Schefflerfinishes defending it from Popper.Scheffler also argues erroneouslythat “Popper’s intended line of de¬marcation between science andmetaphysics deixmds upon the notionof significancef which is thus presup¬posed by him for the solution of hisown problem” (p. 142). Tills remarkis misleading: it is true if “dependson” means “necessary condition,”for it is also a necessary conditionof Popper’s intended line of demar¬cation that there be such a thingas science for him to draw line ofdemarcation around, but this is nota weakness in his argument. Thepoint is that Popper doesn’t have topresuppose a particular theory ofsignificance, or a particular theoryof science, in order to draw his lineof demarcation. In fact, the notionof significance may very well lietaken as primitive and unanalysable.Considering the distinct lack of suc¬cess of recent attempts to find asatisfactory analysis of this notion,a lack of success which ProfessorScheffler’s book does nothing toremedy, such a strategy might liewell advised. In any case. Popper'stheories no more depend upon thenotion of significance than does any¬thing else in the world which hap¬pens to be written or spoken.A. B. LevisonMr. levison is Assistant Professor ofPhilosophy at Northwestern Univer¬sity. He has published articles andreviews on theory of knowledge,philosophy of science and philosophyof logic.CRITICISM AS ASSEMBLAGE THE CREATIVE PERSONALITY(continued from page &) (continued from paqe 7)ably on the score of his dedication toan ideal of the jioet’s role. This is ina sense not too different from the{raise of themes; for in particularcases, the role is acted through theselection of given subject mattersrather than through their exploita¬tion. Answering the critics who werehostile to Verlaine’s return to “reallife” in a group of “realistic” poems,Adam argues:This will no longer be the path ofservice to the cause of freedom,but rather that of service to manin the form of the converted poet’snotion of truth and salvation. Toturn one’s back on juvenile games,acrobatic feats of prosody, gratu¬itous artifice, to give poetry a con¬crete meaning, to make the poetthe interpreter of our passions andof our hopes, is not necessarily awrong thing to do (p. 78).Again, the argument fails to satisfy;for we wonder what it has to dowith the quality of Verlaine’s verseand what the “service to man” andthe “notion of truth and salvation” can possibly give us in the way ofcriteria.I should not hesitate to say that,when he writes of the “works” orthe “art” of Paul Verlaine, ProfessorAdam has no fixed critical positionfrom which to operate. He dis¬cusses an individual collection interms of those particular common¬place topics—out of a whole range ofcommonplace topics—that seem bestto suit his purposes of descriptionand judgment. If in a given volume,such as F’etes galantes, elements ofversification seem noteworthy, Adamwill speak of prosodic peculiarities,advances, or effects. If another vol¬ume shows a marked difference inthemes or subject matters from itspredecessor, he will try to interpretthe significance of the change inmaterials. If a new literary schoolemerges at a given point in Ver¬laine’s life, Adam seeks manifesta¬tions of that school in the next vol¬ume after the emergence. Whateverthe special approach, Adam’s re¬flections are as unoriginal as theyare unconvincing. They seem to be no more than a collection of stockstatements about Verlaine’s works—just, as the biography is an assem¬blage of long known facts about hislife.The interest and the usefulness ofAdam’s Art of Paul Verlaine arethus highly limited. We may find inthe book the basic materials on Ver¬laine’s life, fortunately told withoutexaggeration or excessive apology.We may also find the chronology ofhis works, facts and figures abouttheir composition and publication,and some descriptive statementsabout their content. But we shouldnot expect to be helped toward thereading, the interpretation, or theevaluation either of individual poemsor of the separate volumes of Ver¬laine’s poetry.Bernard WeinbergMr. Weinberg is Professor and Chair¬man of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures and authorof A HISTORY OF LITERARYCRITICISM IN THE ITALIANRENAISSANCE. THE ART OFJEAN RACINE, and other books inFrench and Italian literature. never will be a final answer to theenigma of the creative personalityfor, to end with a quotation fromthat very great and very ‘mad’painter Turner, ‘Art is a rum busi¬ness.’Other matters. Why confine one¬self to the visual arts? If the Witt-kowers felt 'uncomfortable aboutmaking forays beyond the area oftheir main competence, they shouldhave been more modest about gen¬eralizing or refusing to generalizeabout the artist. For instance, theobsessiveness of the artist disclosesitself with particular clarity in thecase of the novelist or poet: thereturn to certain themes, toe fasci¬nation with a single fable, the recur¬rence of imagery would suggest toan objective critic the presence ofa generic characteristic of the artist.(In a passage or. the artist’s obses¬sion with his work, the Wittkowersspeak of “passionate rugby fans,card players, stamp collectors, etc.”as analogous cases, thereby missingthe special significance that obses¬sion with theme or idea has for art.)Perhaps the visual arts, existing in a static, non-verbal dimension, offerless resistance to scholarly obscu¬rantism than does a verbal art. Fi¬nally, why stop with the FrenchRevolution? Tl)e Wittkowers, intheir preface, remark that “the eraof Romanticism constitutes a dis¬tinct caesura.” Caesura? This issurely wrong. The emancipation ofthe artist that began with the Renais¬sance achieves its consummation inthe romantic conception of the artistas hero. Blake, Wordsworth. Byron,Shelley, Whitman: one could go onnaming the artist-heroes of romanti¬cism. Certainly the period whichbrings into clearest focus the artisticpersonality and makes it toe verysubject matter of art (at least in lit¬erature) should be important for sucha study. The unwillingness of toeWittkowers to treat the period is acurious instance of the unsound will¬fulness of the scholar who has onlyhis information and false caution,but lacks the imagination and graspadequate to his subject.Eugene GoodheartMr. Goodheart is Assistant Professorof English at the University of Chi¬cago and author of THE UTOPIANVISION OF D. H. LAWRENCE.Hess, Lloyd, Meyer engaged in community projects(Continued from page one)roots” community organization suchas TWO.Faculty members would lend theirassistance in organizing an experi¬mental program, and keep records of(he men’s performances during thetraining period and after they starton the job.Mordecai Abromovitz, assistantdean of Extension and instructor o!education at the Downtown Center,told the Maroon he was expecting toreceive detailed proposals from theWoodlawn leaders today.If and when money for the projectis made available, TWO will spreadinformation to Woodlawn residents,and ask for applications. Counsellorswill talk with each applicant to de¬termine his educational needs andbackground, after which a certainnumber will be selected for the pro¬gram.Plan toassign traineesEach trainee will be assigned toa small group of other trainees,which will meet regularly with theircounsellor. In addition, each traineewill be "adopted,” Abromovitz said,by some community organization,such as a block club, church, orfraternal group.Such groups will be responsible formotivating the men, referring themto counselling when it appearsneeded, and trying to help them dealwith their problems so that they donot interfere with the training pro¬gram.There will also be frequent pro¬grams designed to keep the publicacquainted with the program andto keep up the trainees’ morale,Abromovitz continued.UC researchers toanalyze program's resultsUC researchers will analyze theresults of the experimental pro¬gram, first to determine how wellthe special trainees performed com¬pared to trainees who qualified forthe regular program. If the specialtrainees did about as well, or evenbetter, than the others, it wouldindicate that the regular require¬ment that applicants pass an educa¬tional test is unnecessary.Another question which would beinvestigated, if the experimentalprogram is carried out and success¬ful, would be what the communitygroups did that helped the traineessucceed.UC Hospitals and Clinics have al¬ready agreed upon a project whichwould tram high school droo-outs forjobs In hospital work. The jointfaculty-Woodlawn group has con¬sidered the possibility of training other Woodlawn residents, under theMDTA program, for jobs in the newVeterans Administration Hospitalnow being planned for the area. Noaction has yet been taken on thisproposal, however.Hess will work withculturally underprivilegedThe problem of handicaps experi¬enced in school work by childrenfrom underprivileged areas is thetarget of Robert D. Hess, associateprofessor and chairman of the Com¬mittee on Human Develooment, andassociate professor in the depart¬ment of education.He is currently developing tech¬niques to help culturally deprivedmothers prepare their nursery-agechildren start public school careerswithout such handicaps.Hess has obtained the cooperationof several community organizations,and with their heln will establisha number of training centers inWoodlawn. He hopes eventually totrain mothers of all children whoenter the first grade classes of theWoodlawn public schools.A proposal for support of the proj¬ect has been submitted to the Chil¬dren’s Bureau of the US Office ofEducation, and it is due to be re¬viewed this month.Lloyd hopes to startinstitute at Lab SchoolAt the suggestion of the faculty-community groups, Francis Lloyd,director of the University Labora¬tory Schools, is planning to adaptto the Woodlawn situation a success¬ful experiment he conducted forseveral years in St. Louis.He is thinking of a summer insti¬tute at the I^ab School intended toprovide Woodlawn high school stu¬dents with stimulating intellectualexperiences. The project, scheduledto begin bi the summer of 1965,would be financed by a grant andwill be supervised by a board ofeducators and community leaders.A complementary proposal for en¬couraging and preparing studentsfrom Woodlawn and other inner cityareas to undertake careers in scienceand mathematics has been developedby Richard K. Lashof, associate pro¬fessor of mathematics.His plan would involve bringinghigh school students to UC for threesuccessive summers, beginning intheir sophomore year, for specialscience an d math courses. A re¬quest for support of this programhas been submitted to the NationalScience Foundation.Extension also conductsregular classes, programsIn addition to these communityeducational programs involving ac¬tive participation, the Extension divi¬ sion has always conducted classes,seminars, and other programs deal¬ing with the problems of the Chi¬cago Metropolitan area.This year at the Downtown Center,for instance, a number of facultymembers are conducting courses deal¬ing with such things as municipalplanning, the role of churches andsynagogues in society, mental health,and race relations.Programs of educational tours forgroups interested in studying at firsthand special areas of city life havealso been proposed.Meyer works on fact bookHarold M. Mayer, professor ofgeography, is also working on anidea for publishing a ‘‘Chicago FactBook and Metropolitan Index,” whichwould involve a new proposal to tryto indicate the level of communitywell-being with some kind of numeri¬cal index expressing the level of hous¬ing, mental health, planning, land use,etc.These activities in the communityand in the field of radio and TV areonly part of the continuing programof University Extension. The Sum¬mer quarter, which is administeredby administered by the Extension di¬vision, may also undergo several im¬provements under plans now beingdiscussed.This, Tax commented, is anotherarea in which the advice of studentswill be helpful.Ever since UC began, it has oper¬ated under a calendar of four quar¬ters, Tax, said, but when three-quarter sequences were introduced,the summer quarter became limited.Several changes, yet to be made offi¬cial, are planned to increase the at¬tractiveness of summer study.Downtown Center workThe basic work of adult educationcontinues to be centered around theExtension Division’s course offeringsfor adults. Special courses, which donot involve UC credit, are givenmainly at the Downtown Center, 64E. Lake St. in the Loop.The non-credit offerings includessuch specialized programs as Gov¬ernment programs and Union pro¬grams to train labor union leaders.Courses given for credit are heldmostly on campus, and include eve¬ning sections of many regularcourses in the College and other di¬visions.Registration for non-credit courseslast Autumn totalled almost 1700, andalmost 450 persons not seeking UCdegrees were taking courses on theQuadrangles. This totals almost 25%of the total University registration inall programs.The Sixty-ninth AnnualGeorge Washington PromenadeFebruary Twenty-second, Nineteen Hundred and Sixty-fourIDA NOYES HALEEIGHT-THIRTY O'CLOCKLANE EMERY ORCHESTRA, U PiecesROR HODGE JAZZ TRBOCROWNING OF MISS IJ.C.(BY RESULTS OF ALL-CAMPUS ELECTION)REFRESHMENTSFORMAL DRESS OPTIONAL Tax describes historyThis is how Tax described the pur¬pose oi Extension in a report to theBoard of Adult Education, which su¬pervises the Division:William Rainey Harper believed inadult education, and wiien given theopportunity to organize a great Uni¬versity he included University Exten¬sion as one of its four major divi¬sions. In Harper's view Extensionwas to maintain the same high aca¬demic standards as ail other divi¬sions of tiie University. It was neces¬sary therefore, that Extension activ¬ities be directed by men in the Uni¬versity who had "scientific training.”Yet, the regular faculty that Harperwas to bring to Chicago would bedevoted to research and to the train¬ing of scholars who would pursuefurther research. It was, therefore,necessary that special faculty behired to man the University’s Exten¬sion program.Harper’s original conception of Uni¬versity Extension was much moreelaborate (at least in plan) than anyconception in recent years. The Ex¬tension Division was to be composedof six departments, each headed byan administrative secretary. Eachsecretary was responsible to the di¬rector of the Extension Division. Thesix original departments were: lec¬ture - study, correspondence, classwork, examinations, library andtraining. Furthermore, Harper’s planenvisioned the spread of the Univer¬sity’s adult education activities overa wide geographic area.Since 1892 a variety of adult edu¬cation enterprises have sprung upover the country. Most universitieshave “gone into the business,” andso have governments. Indeed, theterms "extension” and ‘‘adult educa¬tion” now refer to such diverse insti¬tutions and programs that they havebecome misleading in usage.During the seventy years sinceHarper initiated University Extensionhere, the University of Chicago hasbeen recognized as a leader in thefield of adult education. It has de¬veloped unique programs in liberaleducation, home study, union educa¬tion, community leadership and par¬ent education. Nevertheless, adult ed¬ucation and extension activities havenot always been held in high regardin the University community. Appar¬ently, Harper’s decision to separateExtension from the rest of the Uni¬versity had undesirable as well asdesirable consequences.As a result during die past twoor three years an effort has beenmade to reverse Harper’s judgmentand relate Extension more closelywith the regular faculty of the Uni¬versity. Programs which had noconnection with an ongoing Univer¬sity activity or which could gain noUniversity support were dropped.University departments were giventhe responsibility for Extension creditcourses, whether they were taughton or off campus, during daytime orevening hours.I have accepted responsibility torebuild Extension in this new pattern.I intend to bring Extension closer tothe faculty. Indeed, as I see it, thepurpose of my office is two-fold:1. To encourage and facilitate thosefaculty activities which have rele¬vance for the larger communities ofwhich the University is a part. Uni¬versity Extension is thus viewed asa means by which the achievementsand talents of our faculty can, withadvantage, be more widely and moredirectly disseminated and used in thecommunity without hindering theWinograd will leaveHillel for U. of Wis.Rabbi Richard W. Winograd, act¬ing director of UC Hillel since thedeath of Rabbi Maurice B. Pekarskyin 1962, has been promoted to thedirectorship of Hillel at the Univer¬sity of Wisconsin, it was announcedtoday.Winograd came to UC as assistantHillel Director in 1961. He is analumnus of the University of Wiscon¬sin, having graduated from the Madi¬son campus as Ford FoundationScholar in 1955. Winograd was or¬dained by the Jewish TheologicalSeminary in 1961.Rabbi Max D. Tiektin, Hillel di¬rector at the University of Wisconsinfor sixteen years, will assume direc¬torship of UC Hillel upon RabbiWinograd’s departure. scholarly work which is the majorfunction of this University.2. To help the departments andprofessional schools of the Universitymore effectively operate within theUniversity in situations which do notconcern their research or degreegranting functions. I accept as given,(a) the scholarly activities of indi¬viduals, departments and profession¬al schools. (University Extensionwill only offer its services and facil¬ities to help make these more effec¬tive beyond present or projectedlimits,) and (b) the degree awardingfunctions of the various parts of theUniversity. (University Extension willdo nothing whatsoever to interferwith these.)Ideally, everything done in Exten¬sion will have the support and activeparticipation of faculty members. Ifsuch support and participation arenot forthcoming in any area, activ¬ities in that area will be droppedfrom our program.Staff Credit UnionElects 1964 officersUniversity Staff Credit Union, avoluntary, cooperative savings andlending association operated by andfor regular employees of UC, electedtlie following as officers for 1964 re¬cently: President William J. VanCleve, Office of the Registrar; VicePresident Eugene Wilkens, Purchas¬ing Department; Treasurer JosephA. Ratuszny, University Press; Sec¬retary J. Harold Bradley, Office ofAdmissions.In addition, the directors of theCredit Union reported that members’savings totaled over $450,000 and out¬standing loans about $365,000, or four-fifths, of that amount.Loans are made to members forworthwhile purposes ranging fromthe purchase of automobiles and pay¬ment of bills to vacation or educa¬tional expenses. Credit Union loanscarry free life insurance. Interestrates are considerably lower thanthose charged by retail stores andusually comparable with thosecharged by commercial lending insti-tions.Over 1800 regular staff and facultyare members of the Credit Union.Pierce art exhibitOpens this SundayFor at least the next month,Pierce Tower residents will no long¬er have to bear the white cinder-block walls of their house lounges.The residents will obtain theircatharsis from the Pierce Tower ArtFair, an exhibition of the works oflocal artists to be hung in the fourmain lounges.The Fair opens officially at 3 pmSunday. At that time, there willbe an opportunity to meet tlieartists.Among the exhibiting artists areMorris Friedlander, Jane Hubby,Evelyn Lewy, Elizabeth Oppenheim,John Richardson, Suzanne Simon,and Joe Szeghy. Watercolors, oils,prints, and woodcuts are among thevarieties of work that will be ondisplay.For those who are interested inmaking a purchase, prices will beavailable on request.Landry and Wade willspeak to UC CORELeaders of the two major socialprotest movements in Chicago willbe speaking at Sunday’s meeting ofUC CORE.Lawrence Landry, Chairman of theFreedom Day Committee of the Co¬ordinating Council of Community Or¬ganizations (CCCO), and Alan D.Wade, of the School of Social ServiceAdministration and a leader of therecent Public Aid Program Protest,will describe the activities of theirorganizations and ways in which stu¬dents could participate in them.Landry has mainly been concernedwith coordinating the upcoming Feb¬ruary 25th School Boycott, and Pro¬fessor Wade was involved in the re¬cent demonstrations on the CookCounty Aid Office by representativesof aid recipients, protesting insuffi¬cient welfare funds.Other items on the agenda of theCORE meeting include the Fast forFreedom Project, the CCCO ‘BlackFeather’ campaign, and the Univer¬sity project.Feb. 7,1964 • CHICAGO MAROON • 5MO VIE REVIEW THEATER REVIEWTorn Jones' frothy and frenetic Gelber's The Connectionconveys rare sublime horrorTOM JONES, produced end dtrected byTony Richardson. Starrtng Albert Fin-tier, Sussanna York, Hugh Griffith,Dame Edith Erans, Diane CHetito,Joyce Redman, Joan Greenwood, Cjro•l\n Kommel.Having- read that object to judging such a movie in- helps the film, like the hero, get offstead of just enjoying it, but there the ground for a while,are others, like me, who will object Despite the dismembering effects ofto giving Best Picture awards to the editing, Albert Finney's perform-“fun” films that, cannot stand a sec- ance in the tide role is unobject ion-ond viewing because of a receding ably deft. Unlike tlie director, he isTom gagline. able to place his accents properly andJohn Osborne's treatment of Field- smoothly on light and serious partsing's novel is less a screenplay than and to be histrionic without becominga racy College Outline. Most of the overwrought. The rest of the cast belchgags and pranks are sure-iire laugh- mug, squeal, drink, and fornicategetters but the self-consciousness of their way from boudoir to meadow-high hope that perhaps one ot the cur- . hroadlv used to gallows 30(1 tock ^ain with suita'—* ----- st°l>shots asides bloadl> used ble energy. Notable character actingJones was named Best Pic¬ture of the Year by the Na¬tional Board of Review andtie New York Film Critics, l heldrent British directors had finally comeup with something really special.Having heard enthusiastic At the beginning of the second andfinal act, Cowboy arrives with aSalvation Army sister in tow, whomhe had brought along to ward offthe narcotics bulls. After the sisterhas been sent on her way, theheroin is dispensed, and tile groupsits down to tell stories and philo¬sophize until Leach, who has notThe moments o[ sublime horror ff,en a “• ** ■*«»»,in the theatre are rare, but when tak“ a'V,her- turn, out to bethey come, they reverberate through an ovor * . nJle "lpThe Connection, by Jack GelberDirected by Bob SickingerJim Dunn—Harvey KublnJaybird—John CondonLeach—Richard LucasSolly—Mike NussbaumSam—Bill TerryKrnie—Stuart EekhausHarry—James MiddletonSister Salvation—Beatrice FredmanCowboy—G. Tito Shawlingers heavily through the rest of is done "'by Hugh Griffith,’ Diaw ^ages. Such moments include ^J|dthe story. After a few reels of spirited Cilento, Joyce Redman, Dame Edith Oedipus's shriek Othello’s lines end- t^j. j j 4 •. r Jpraises camerawork and frenetic narrative, Evans, and Joan Greenwood. ing "And smote him—thus,’? and •. . .trom numerous friends and most it becomes apparent that the director And so, dear moviegoers, our un- sh£*f cad ***life o( desperately ill addict Leach wecritics (except for a few oddballs doesn’t quite know' any more than we rfountAd hemp* tho Rritidi Hedda Gabler. The Connection con- • * •(except for a few oddballs doesnt quite know- any more than we daunted heroes, the British directors, **^“'*** ' *”T, ' ^'e told will recover but the oxlike that infamous snob, Dwight Mac- do iust wbere tbe ^ £oing- examining sources old and new, sad ^ns, a moment like these, around j ovetxj.)ise •Donakt of Esquire), I looked for- Tom j0MS 15 sumptuously and atuti- and gay. continue to seek the proper *1,ich the author has forged a ploy ncj|h(a. ^ characters in the pirnward to more than just a “fun" pic- dir<iCtf v Jictfrdson “metratic object on which to foist of extraordmary power and mean- ^ ^ wffl ^ •-* 1 who approaches his first all-out com- their love of characterization, realism, ing-lure. My high hopes were unfortun- ^ with high spirits and a last zoom sex. and humor. Let as hope and The play concerns four heroin The play is presented as “improately a little misplaced, for ultimately iens. his editing is almost as pica- pray that they wiU soon discover addicts. Leach, Solly, Sam, and vised drama:” the players are purrhe film comes off best for those ivlio resque as his story. and in the frantic what the dickens is missing, before Ernie, who wait in Leach's apart- portedly real addicts and musicians,approach TOM JONES without great deer hunt the speeding horses almost Tony Richardson gets his hands on ment for their “connection.” Cow- who will be paid for their perexpectations. move fast enough to catch up with Jane Austen, boy, to arrive with their narcotics, formances m heroin. The “playThe movie is ribald and bump- the camera. Richardson's chronic■uous, frothy and often funny. As fetish for social-realist touches occas-a "fun" picture it will do well and sionally mars the tone of the film,may even win an Academy' Award. Glimpses of sweat and blood shouldbut as a film there is something have been left for the climactic hang¬missing. There are some who will ing sequence where a little suspenseBOX OFFICE OPEN NOW!the lastRESORTir> musicalcomedq MISFOR RENT, ROOMS, APTS., ETC.OF PARADISEBook and Lyrics bySTEPHEN BROWN Music byROBERT APPIEBAUMDirected byGERALD MAST NEW BOOKS 10-30% DISCOUNTUsed and out of print books—samelow prices. wright,” Jaybird, has given themfiction biographies out of whichthey tire to improvise their parls.but the attempt at theatrical experimentation soon gets out of theauthor’s hands. The characters follow their own personalities ratherthan the ones the “playwright" hasSTUDIO Apt. 1st floor, facing Jeffery Ty^WRiTERS—NEW' arid USED to imagined for them. Soon the auBlvd. Specially suitable for professional 30 OFF modest price. All used type- . •, r j| .t( 1 u^ ,.person. 288-6757. writers fully rebuilt and fully guaran- Oience, in spue Ol liseil. nas Degun1 teed. Discounts average 20-25%. j. tx> believe that the actors arc in fact2-6284 anytime (call late at night). jutikics, and that the character pla\ing Leach has really been adPERSONALS ministered an overdose ai narco! ie.Tlie experience was electrifying toFOR RENT. Avail, immed., lovelylarge, spacious 4fj rm. apt., in eastHyde Park. Dedecorated with sandedfloors. Loads of closets. 5467 S. Everett.Reas, low rental. BU 8-1852 otr PL2-6284 eves, and late at night.WANTED typing: Rapid, reas.. accurate. WiU me and to tlie rest of tlie audienceedit. Call Ronnie or Karen, eves. NO as wej]7-3609.“* FLY TWA. Campus Rep.'. Mike Lavin-One AM or AM FM radio. Please call sky, 745 Linn House. MI 3-6000.ext. 260 and leave word for Egli. — - , . -PART time typist wanted; must type green notebook by mail. J. Parry. 6044German fluently; also must transcribe Ingleside.in good English grammar. Mature per-son pref. CaU MI 3-1784. HAPPY BIRTHDAY SAM!!!!LOST NEED ride to school for 8:30 am classMWF, and from school after 11:30 am.36(H) N. Lake Shore Drive. W’ill shareparadiseFebruary ztMANDEL HALL57th at University8:30 P.M. Ml 3-0800, Ex 3581($2.25; $1.75; $1.2Si; Tickets on sale at Mandel Hall box office, by phone, or mail !; over material> g * ■ ' il FOR SALE Tlie oast was quite talented as awliole, with a few minor exceptions. G. Tito Shaw, as Cowboy.PLEASE return the contents of my was supposed to be “oool,” but wasonly wooden through most of hisrole. He was much better towardsthe end of the play, so he may havemerely been under-rehearsed. JohnCondon, as Jaybird, seemed a bitout of character. These were amplyLOST 1 WEEK AGO: Blue-green Me- gas money. Call at 477-1764 after 5 pm. made UD for ^ the sunerb perGregor Sweater. Please return to ad . . T m,.Build. A clip BOARD and two notebooks formances of Messrs. Lucas, Nuss-were taken from the bookstore noon baum, and Terry'., . . ... _ .... Wednesday. As these contain notes for ’ *BLACK loose-leaf binder. Ui gently p)ur papers. I need them desperately. Tlie play contains about twentyCa" Rya" Tmmy- Rewardlcharle, Berk, atg E..., J Wu. played by At Jen-PART time work desired at night. You kins. Sant Kidd. Roger Wandername it I’ll do it. 363-8462. scheid. and Tom Hilliard. The musicSUZY—come get your underwear at is not just background music, blitthe Maroon office. forms an integral part of the play.Tlie musicians (who. incidentally,are very good performers) set th»-mood in various parts of the play,and contribute a good deal to itspower.The Hattie Callner MemorialTheatre, at 3212 N. Broadway, is an“intimate” playhouse, which is tosay, infinitesimal. A liuge audiencewould destroy the effectiveness ofthe play, but, all tin.* same, I amsorry that a great many more poopie will not be able to experienceone of the most astounding eveningof theatre to be found.BOX-SPRING bed with extra wide mat¬tress (60x75) $25. Call DO 3-3710.BUDDING YOUNG MORTIMERADLERS!Own the Great Books. Cheap. Twoyears old but (alas) like new'. Wortha million in terms of intellectual im- from Ida Noyesprovement, but I'm willing to haggle questions asked.ext CRY THE BELOVED COUNTRY: Sat..Feb. 8. Ida Noyes—first floor, 6:30,8:30. 10-30 Admission: 50c.A LARGE turquoise vase is missingPlease return — novalue. Maureen,2815 or (after 6> MI 3-8434. Meyer does not need God.ii::Multiform — the favorite of professional people.Multiform — the freestanding wall units. Inter¬changeable bookcases, bars, desks, chests withdrawers, endless combinations for a complete wall.Or start with a bookcase unit for as little as $24.00,and add to it later on.SCANDINAVIAN IMPORTSNO 7-40401538 East 53rd StreetFormerly ot the Art Colony12 Noon-3 IP M. Daily; Sunday 12 Noon-6 P.M.Alto at SCANDINAVIAN IMPORTS, INC. BEVERLY HILLS, 11049 S. HALE;When in EvanDo* vltit SCANDINAVIAN DESIGN. 501 CHICAGO AVE,i * CHICAGO M A * O O N • Feb. 7,1964 SPECIAL STUDENT DISCOUNT!IRVING H. GILBERTWholesale JewelersLayaway Diamond PlanDIAMONDS — WATCHES — JEWELRYAND STERLING FLATWAREServing College Students and Facultyat Wholesale Prices tor the Past 35 Tears50% OFF ON ALL DIAMONDS ...Watch and Jewelry Repairing and RemodernizingFOR THE IDEAL VALENTINE DAY S PRESENTSee Me First, Before Buying — Ask For Irving H. GilbertRoom 804 - 67 E. Madison St. ST 2-4626-4627THE TtlcOL (BhDolc COCLEANERS - TAILORS - LAUNDERERSIn a hurry?Don't worryRush Servicewhen neededPHONES: Midway 3-7447HYdc Park 3-6868 1013-17 EAST 61 ST STREETAcross From Burton & Judson Ct. -3 linear (Contact rJLenseiDr. Kurt RosenbaumOptometrist1200 East 53rd St. HY 3-837253-Klmbarb Plain --“IT was a quiet WEEK. The Zanzibarrevolution turned out to have Cubanelements, and we know how to handleCuba, don’t we? Sukarno promisedto limit his war to the three or tourhundred million people moat inti¬mately involved In it. A mere handfulo( Americana were assaulted In theCondo, France recognized Red China.Guerilla conflicts in Burma. PresidentJohnson declared war — on poverty.Peaceful coe*.istence with It I kri frM top/ of 6>»would have been I «“rr*M ,‘*u* ®f NAunthinkable - I TI°NAL REVIEW, writ.of D»pt. CP-1, ISO 8.35 St., N, Y. 14, N, tL A K ItheKE fj p ARK AT S^RD : NO 7 9071 I Cm*-.e ^yde park theatre! Everyone^ 1 EATS! GORDON’SStarts Friday, Feb. 7TRIPLE AWARD WINNER"DAVID & LISA"Marcel Ayme's'THE GREEN MARE★ BOURVIL *STARTS WED. — MIDWEST PREMIEREFree Weekend Patron Parking at 5230 S. Lake ParkSpecial Student Rates WITH Student I.D. CardsFrancisBlanche AdultsOnly!SandroMiloDON JUAN"1321 E. 57thTAhSAM-'YB.NCHINESE • AMERICANRESTAURANTSpecializing i«l ANTONESE ANDAMERICAN DISHESOPEN DAILY11 A M. to 9:45 P.M.ORDERS TO TAKE OUT131* East 43rd St. MU 4-1042 DEARBORN AT DIVISION★ ★★★ Highest Rating!litem(“GONE ARE THE DAYS")RUBY OSSIEDEE DAVIS Chicago's most unusualtheatre, offering onlythe finest foreign anddomestic films.. STUDENTSTake advantage of thespecial discount avail¬able to you. 9G< ony dayexcept Saturday. ShowI.D. card to the cashier.HAVE DORM MEALS BECOME BORINGTASTELESS and UNBEARABLE?Then . . . it's time for a changeland at reasonable prices, too)BREAKFAST O LUNCH O DINNERSTERN’S CAMPUS DRUG STOREServing a Variety of Complete Meals, Snacks andFountain Specialties Until 11 P.M. Every EveningSTERNS 1001 E. 61 STREETTHE FRET SHOPGuitars — Banjos — MandolinsFolk Music Books — Records at Discount1547 E. 53rd ST. NO 7-1060 M a newpto't <0''' world of*»v diningpleasurecharcoal-broiled steaksbroasted chicken*616 E. 71st ST.SAMUEL A. BELL'Buy Shell From Bell'SINCE 19244701 So. Dorchester Ave.KEnwood 8-3150Joseph H. AaronConnecticut MutualLife Insurance Protection135 S. LaSaiie St.Ml 3-5986 RA 6-1060 FOLK SINGERS WANTEDWITH OR WITHOUT EXPERIENCEApply at theART PUBTHURSDAY AT 9:30 P.M.7512 S. Cottage GroveServing the University ofChicago Campus Since 1921SAM MALATTBARBER SHOPBUtferfield 8-09S01011 East 61st StreetChicago 37, IllinoisCo_yBEAUTY SALONExpertPermanent WavingandHair Cuttingby Max and Alfred1350 E. 53rd St. HY 3-8302 NEW BOOKS BY CAMPUS AUTHORSW. I. Blokemore, Ed: THE CHALLEhf&E Of CHRISTIAN UNITY S3.00Martin E. Morby: CHURCH UNITY AND CHURCH MISSION S3.00JUST PUBLISHEDHUMANISTIC EDUCATION AND WESTERN CIVILIZATION ESSAYS byRobert M. Hutchins, Edited vith an Introduction by Arthur A. Cohen ....$5.75THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BOOKSTORE5802 ELLIS AVE.TIKI TOPICSORALS HOUSE OF TIKIPRESENTSFOOD AND DRINKSSPARKLEDWITH A HAWAIIAN SETTINGJUMBO FRIED SHRIMPDEEP FRIED CHICKENBROILED AFRICAN LOBSTER TAILBARBEQUED BACK RIBSAS WELL AS MANY OTHERSELECTIONSCirals House of Tikilist St. and Lake Park Ave.1510 Hyde Park Blvd.LI 8-7585Food Served 11:00 AM. to 3:00 AM.Kitchen Closed Wed. RENT-A-CAR^5 per dayPER MlPER MILEATOMIC CARRENTALS, INC.7057 Stony IslandMl 3-5155 UNIVERSALARMY STORESP0RT-N-W0RK WEAR1459 E. 53rd STREETFA 4-5856IT PAYS TO ADVERTISEVALENTINE'S DAYONLY ONE WEEK AWAYSEE OUR GIFTS AND CARDSTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BOOKSTORE5802 ELLIS AVE.sOF PARADISE CHICAGO MAROONWEEKEND GUIDEin THE BACK ROOM at the1759 RESTAURANT"IF YOU WANT TO CATCH THEBIRTH OF A STAR, CATCHJOSE FELICIANO shelton, n.y. timesALSO NEW JIM JACKSONNO COVER. NO MINIMUM.$1.00 ADMISSIONA Complete Source ofARTISTS' MATERIALSWe Specialize inDuplicating Paper &Envelopes of All SizesDUNCAN’S1305 E. 53rd St.HY 3-4111Koga Gift ShopDistinctive Gift Items From TheOrient and Around The World.1462 E. 53rd St.Chicago 15, IH.MU 4-6856 FIFTH MONTHThe Most Popular BookOn Your Campus Is NowAn Exciting Movie// A ShockerLord Of The Flies #/CINEMAChicogo at Michiga*Students SI .00 with I.D. CardsEvery Doy But SaturdayMJimmy'sand the University RoomRESERVED EXCLUSIVELY FOR UNIVERSITY CLIENTELEFifty Fifth and Woodlawn Ave.HYDE PARK SHOE REPAIR1451 E. 57th ST.HY 3-1247Serving The University Community forwell ever 40 YearsCorona StudiosPobBSpor-t - Identi-fica.ti.oaPhoton15/2 E.53*St ART PUBFOLK SONG FESTFRIDAY and SATURDAY NIGHTSTUESDAY: Chess NightTHURSDAY: ImpromptuFolk Singing 9 P.M.7512 S. Cottage Grove783-9608- shore drive motelFACING LAKE MICHIGANSpecial University of Chicago Rates. Beoutiful Rooms,Free TV, Parking, Courtesy Coffee.Closest Motel to Univ. of Chicago and Museum of Science & Industry.FOR INFORMATION OR RESERVATIONSWRITE OR CALL Ml 3-2300SHORE DRIVE MOTEL56th St. & So. Shore Dr. • Chicogo 37, Illinoisr CAFE ENRICO1411 E. 53rd ST.WE ARE NOW SERVINGMICHELOB ON TAPFOR A LIMITED TIME ONLY100 A GLASSalso LOWENBRAU * 25cUC gets grant of $210,000The University of Chicagohas been awarded grantstotaling over $210,000 forprograms of research andteaching in the School of Medicine,and in the general area of the physi¬cal sciences on both the graduate andundcrgraduate levels.Over $184,000 of this grantedby the United States Public HealthService for a special five-year medi¬cal training program in arthritis andrelated metabolic and rheumatic di¬seases. The program will be underthe direction of Dr. Attallah Kappas,Associate Professor of Medicine andHead of the Section of Metabolismand Arthritis in the UC School ofMedicine.The grant will be used to supportintensive training in patient care andlaboratory research for a selectedgroup of medical students and gradu¬ate physicians each year. In additionit will provide a special lecture pro¬ gram in this area for other membersof the medical faculty and for internsand residents at the University’s hos¬pitals and clinics.Working with Dr. Kappas will bethree other faculty members: Dr.Robert Palmer, Dr. Fred Katz, andDr. Leif Sorensen, all Assistant Pro¬fessors of Medicine in the Section ofMetabolism and Arthritis.The E. I. DuPont De Nemours andCompany’s annual aid to educationprogram brought the University anadditional $30,000: $5,000 for advanc¬ing under-graduate teaching in sci¬ence and engineering; $3,000 to theSchool of Medicine for advancing theteaching of biochemistry: $20,000 forgeneral membership in the BasicResearch Program of the physicalsciences: and $1,200 and tuition, anda contribution of $500 to the Depart¬ment of Chemistry, for a postgradu¬ate teaching assistant in chemistry. Smith speaks on MafiaSicilian psyche basis of successThe Sicilian psychologicalmakeup is the prime reasonfor the success of the SicilianMafia, said Denis MackSmith, visiting professor with theCommittee on Social Thought, in thefirst of three public lectures on thehistory of the Sicilian Mafia.Smith, a Fellow at All Souls Col¬lege, Oxford University, England,discussed the average Sicilian’s atti¬tude toward right and wrong in ex¬plaining why the Mafia has been ableto flourish.The Mafia consists of differentgroups of people, operating largelyin the West of Sicily, who controleither local or larger “rackets.” TheMafia has extensive contacts withthe people in the church, government,and police. It is said, according toSmith, that no one in Western SicilyWUCB to broadcastHandel singing groupWUCB, the campus radio station,announced yesterday that it willbroadcast a concert this weekendof the Nameless Mandel CorridorSingers.The concert will be heard at 8pm on Sunday evening.The Corridor Singers, an informalmadrigal group, are noted for thedisturbances they have caused inthe alcove of Hutchinson Commons,just off the corridor linking MandelHall and the Reynolds Club. can own land or do business without to “do down” one’s neighbor in ordergiving the Mafia a cut. to increase one’s self-respect. 'Mafia members are never actual The Sicilian has a fear of everyoneproducers, Smith asserted. They are, and everything, Smith feels, exc-qxrather, intermediates, parasites that his own relatives and he exhibits alive off the work of others. Smith be- fatalistic acceptance of whateverlieves that it is the basic nature of happens. These factors, combinedthe Sicilians that allows them to per- with a general disrespect for themit the Mafia to operate unmolested, law, have made Sicily perfect forSicilians have very little sense of “elements like the Mafia,” Smithcommunity well-being, according to stated.Smith. They are interested only in In his next two lectures, Smith willindividual and family concerns. To discuss the activities of the Mafia inthe Sicilian, might is right, and the Sicily during the 19th and 20th cen-use of force is not immoral. turies. The lectures will be presentedGetting respect, Smith said, is the from 4 to 6 pm on February 12 andaim that is fundamental to the Sici- 19, in Soc Sci 122. Both lectures willlians, and it is proper and legitimate be open to the public free of charge.Job opportunitiesThe following recruiting organizations will visit the Office ofCareer Counseling and Placement during the week of February in.Interview appointments may be arranged through L. S. Calvin, room200, Reynolds Club, extension 3284.February 11— US Bureau of the Census, Washington, D.C.—Bachelor amiMaster candidates in mathematics, statistics, and economicsprospective graduates in public administration, politicalscience, and business for administrative staff (personnel,management analysis, finance management).February 12— Equitable Life Assurance Society, New York* NY—will inter¬view men for positions as actuaries, management traine. .administrative trainees, and sales. Will speak with secondand third year students in mathematics for summer actuarialprogram.February 13—- Cook County Department of Public Aid, Chicago. Ill.—willinterview prospective graduates of any Department interestedin social work.February 14— Gulf Research and Development Company. Pittsburgh, Pamathematics, physicists, and chemists (all specializations) atall degree levels.February 14 Sc 17—National Security Agency, Fort Meade, Md.—mathematicians,physicists, and statisticians at all degree levels.February 19 A 20—Vinton H. Rambo, director. Faculty Regristry, Cooperat e*College Registry of the Council of Protestant Colleges aidUniversities will interview MA and PhD candidates for teach¬ing positions in some 200 colleges. Call Mrs. Robbins, ext. 32S2,for an appointment.WHERE ARE THEY ALL LOOKING?Why, to that intrepid citadel of immaculate, unforgettable, unforgivable JournalismTHE MAROON OFFICEof course!Positions Open on All StaffsTHIRD FLOOR, IDA NOYES HALLTilra Left When You Reach The-Dark at the Top at the Stairs• • CHICAGOMAkOOK • Feb. 7, 1744