THE UNIVERSITY OF� -: 1",?'\\Je�<fGt�()�ll1/OOKSHAVEAN ENDURING QUALITY. University of Chicago Library. Your gift to the Fund for Books isneeded.Even as electronic information technology expands the borders 'ofscholarship, books remain a vital component of the resources thatsustain research and the quest for knowledge. The rapidlyescalating cost of printed materials makes it increasingly difficult tomaintain and further develop the distinguished collections of the For every $50 donation, a new book will be purchased and identifiedwith a bookplate bearing your name. The Library's Fund for Books is awonderful way to honor or memoralize someone special, in whichcase the bookplate will also bear the name of that person. The Librarywill send a copy of the plate and a note of appreciation to theindividual, or in the case of memorials, to family members.Given in honor of/in memory of (name as it should appear on bookplate) Please make checks payable 10:The U�iversity of Chicago Library A particularly special occasion to celebrate thisyear is the centennial anniversary of theUniversity of Chicago and its Library. Abirthday gift to the Library Fund for Books is anespecially fitting tribute to the Library's pivotalrole in the life of the University and a century ofexcellence in education.-------------------------------------------------------------------------,THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY FUND FOR BOOKSPlease accept this gift of $ for books at $50 per book.On the occasion of (as the wording should appear on the bookplate) Please mail 10: IMr. Martin Runkle, DirectorAttn: Fund for Books_______________________ The University of Chicago LibraryDonor's name (as it should appear on bookplate) 1100 East 57th StreetChicago, IL 60637Donor's Address City /State/Zip Consider a lasting gift to the Fund for Bookswhen you wish to honor friends and loved oneSon special occasions such asbirthdays - graduatr(Yns-=al1111VerstFr-i8&retirements - gestures of appreciationPlease inform_Your contribution is taxdeductible and may be eligible for a_____________ � matching gift from your employer.NameAddress City /State/Zip162227 FEATURESFifty years of finding out whatpeople thinkHarry H. Field had a vision: a nonprofit, social scienceresearch center conducting surveys in the public interest.Today, it's called NORC.TIM OBERMILLERThe ideas of the UniversityTo celebrate the Centennial, the Magazine asked its readersto write about the best ideas to come out of Chicago.A new breed of social worker?Twenty years ago, only three in 100 social workers had jobsin the private sector. Now, one in five do. As the profession'sdemographics change, are its values changing too?DEBRA LADESTROCover: The view into the Oriental Institute library;photograph by Dan Dry, whose photographs ofcampus appear in The University of Chicago(Harmony House), to be published in late April.2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 Editors NotesTo QUOTE AN 18TH-CENTURY PRINTERfrom Philadelphia, one truth that edi­tors soon learn is "That if all Printerswere determin'd not to print any thing till theywere sure it would offend no body, therewould be very little printed."The words are Benjamin Franklin's, andthey come from his ''Apology for Printers, "published in a 1731 issue of The PennsylvaniaGazette. Franklin had printed an advertise­ment for a ship sailing to Barbados, an ad thatended "No ... Black Gowns will be admittedon any Terms." "Black Gowns" referred to theebony-frocked clergy of the Church of Eng­land, and as a result of the ad, Franklin noted,"Several good Men are very angry withme .... "As the result of a letter published in theOctober issue of the University of ChicagoMagazine, several good readers are very an­gry with us. The letter we published criticizedthe Magazine's decision to report on lastspring's Gay and Lesbian Awareness Fort­night. In its entirety, the comunication read:"Marvelous! Be sure to let us know when thefoot fetishists and the enema enthusiasts holdtheir next hoedown."We printed the letter because it is our policyto print letters about the Magazine's contents.We feel a special responsbility to print letterswhich disagree with our editorial decisions,and we read the letter as a criticism of our de­cision to publish a report on gay activities aspart of the mainstream of campus life. Manyreaders, however, saw the matter differently:Some argued that homophobic letters shouldnever be printed; still others wrote that whilethe Magazine has an obligation to publishconflicting opinions, this particular letterwent beyond the bounds of civil discourse, in­flicting hurt on a large group of people.Like Franklin, the Magazine's editors were"educated in the Belief, that when Men differin Opinion, both Sides ought equally to havethe Advantage of being heard by the Publick;and that when Truth and Error have fairPlay, the former is always an overmatch forthe latter .... " Nevertheless, Franklin ac­knowledged, "I believe it had been better if!had refused to print the said Advertisement. "And in the case of this particular letter, theMagazine's editors concur.Again, we turn to Franklin, who wrote that, despite his belief in airing all sides of an issue,"I have also always refus'd to print such thingsas might do real Injury to any Person .... "Personal epithets are injurious, and, as suchthey have no place in a university community.It's a matter of "academic etiquette," as Ju­dith Martin ("Miss Manners") and GuntherStent (a molecular and cell biologist at theUniversity of California at Berkeley) wrote ina 1990 essay in The New York Times. "Theuniversity," they argued, "should be obligedto provide a forum for anyone who wants to ar­gue for or against an idea, provided the argu­ment is made in good faith and a politemanner."This standard of academic etiquette mustbe required not only in the classroom and lec­ture hall," they continued, "but wherever thecommunity of scholars gathers-residencehalls, dining commons, recreational facilit­ies." And the letters section of the alumnimagazine.Academic etiquette is not, however, to beconfused with what has come to be called"political correctness." Like the rest of theUniversity, the Magazine encourages free in­quiry within a context of civil discourse.Thus, we will continue to print letters whicbcriticize the decisions of the editors or the de­cisions of the University, as well as lettersfrom readers whose views do not match thoSeof the editors or those of the University-­provided such views are expressed in rea­soned terms.Such a policy eliminates neither free speecbnor- unfortunatel y-disagreement aboutwhat should or shouldn't be printed. Thereare always cases where one person's ide�of reasoned prose may be another person sidea of invective. Once again, we turn to Bell"jamin Franklin, who concluded his ''ApologYfor Printers" this way: "I consider the variet�of Humours among Men, and despair 0pleasing every Body; yet I shall not thereforoeleave off Printing. I shall continue my Bust-ness. I shall not burn my Press and melt mYLetters."-M.R. Y.To correct an item in February's "ChicagOJournal" Angel Ferrer AB'57 is the alum-, " t-nus sponsoring a contest for the best studen dwritten short play connecting the U of C anChristopher Columbus.Letters"H" is for hamenlasch, "b" for biasThank you so much for publishing JohnEaston's description of the 1991 Latkevs. Hamentasch Debate ("ChicagoJournal," Feb/92). Itis, however, unfortunatethat Mr. Easton's hamentasch prejudicesshow so clearly in his piece. As is customaryamong hamentasch proponents, his facts areconfused, poorly researched, and designedto fit his bias. His use of the alliterative "h's"in the song "Hernando's Hideaway" clearlydisplays his favor of the "h" food.Mr. Easton describes "Hernando's Hide­away" as being "a toe-tapping tango from the20s." However, had he been less befuddledand a bit more akin to.latke lovers, he wouldhave determined that the tune in questioncame from a New York Broadway musical,The Pajama Game. This show opened at theSt. James Theater on May 13, 1954, to favor­able reviews. With lyrics and music by Rich­ard Adler and Jerry Ross, both well-knownfor their love of latkes, their sarcastic slur onthe" h" food was incorporated into their scorefor the show. .The proof for this statement, and one whichMr. Easton should take to heart, comes in theopening lines of the lyrics to that same song:"I know a dark, secluded place, / A placeWhere no one knows your face." Thus alwaysto hamentasch lovers.EDWARD S. LOWENSTERN,PHB' 45, MBA' 46CHICAGOAddiDg gay and lesbian voicesWe would like to announce the es­tablishment of the University ofChicago Gay and Lesbian AlumniAssociation, which is open to gay, lesbian,and bisexual members of the U of C commu­nity, whether they be alumni, faculty, or staff.We were deeply troubled to hear of the inci­dents of violence against three gay graduatestudents lastspring. In 1986, many of us werestudents during the first incarnation of the"Great White Brotherhood of the Iron Fist"and, indeed, some of us were victims of theBrotherhood's actions. We feel strongly thatWe need to add our voice in support of the gayand lesbian community on campus. We have also heard reports that attendance atGALA (Gay and Lesbian Alliance) meetingshas dropped off, in part because of increasedincidents of harassment in the house system.Consequently, many gay and lesbian studentsfeel intimidated about attending meetings atIda Noyes Hall, for fear that they will be ha­rassed by their fellow students.But there is also positive news. 'For the pasttwo years, the University has funded a flour­ishing gay and lesbian studies workshop thathas brought to campus such scholars as EveKosofsky Sedgwick and David Halperin. Gayand lesbian alumni of the Law School andtheir friends have raised over $50,000 to fundthe Stonewall Scholarship.A group of faculty, staff, and students hascome together to form the ad hoc committeefor domestic partnership rights. In that vein, agay student currently has a case pending be­fore the Chicago human relations commis­sion, asking that the commission decidewhether the University is in violation of Chi­cago's human rights ordinance and its ownnon-discrimination policy.In San Francisco, the University's alumniclub recently sponsored a well-attended con­cert by the San Francisco Gay Men's Chorus.And, for the third reunion in a row, the Alum­ni Association, together with GALA, willsponsor a reception for gay and lesbian alum­ni who are returning to campus. We wouldlike to expand on these opportunities for so­cial and professional activities, both on cam­pus and in our local communities.As our University celebrates its Centennial,we would be well served to remember a com­ment about diversity made by William RaineyHarper at the first meeting of the University'sfaculty. He said then that "the question beforeus is how to become one in spirit, not neces­sarily in opinion." We represent alumni allover the world whose ties to the Universitygo back over 50 years; who come from theCollege, the divisions, and the professionalschools; and who have a variety of opinionsabout how best to address the issues we havementioned above. Weare, in other words, typ­ical U of C graduates.However, while we celebrate our diversity,we are united in our commitment to the fairand equal treatment of all members of the The Centerfor Middle EasternStudiesUniversity of ChicagoandDr. John E. WoodsofferFrom the Black Seaand Mt. Araratto the Bosphorous:An Anatolian Adventure20 Days-September 5-24, 1992Tour Price from Chicago:$2,950 per personA spectacular journey to regions ofTurkey few visitors experience: the lushpine forests, beaches, and colorful townsof the Black Sea coast; the austere,serene majesty of the TranscaucasusMountains with the never-melting snow­cap of biblical Mt. Ararat; the torrid plainof Upper Mesopotamia, headlands ofthe Tigris and Euphrates rivers. This is ajourney for the adventurous traveler,student or scholar of any age, interest, orbackground who wishes to explore aland of geographical diversity, hiddenhistorical treasures, and to meet agenerous and hospitable people.For informationand the detailed itinerary,write or call:TOPKAPI640 South Federal St 0, Suite 706Chicago, I L 60605Telephone: (312) 939-3194Specializing inTravel and Tours to TurkeyUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 34 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 University community, regardless of theirsexual orientation, or, in the University's ownwords, "other factors irrelevant to study orwork at the University."We invite those members of the Universitycommunity who wish to join the University ofChicago Gay and Lesbian Alumni Associa­tion to contact us at UC/GALAA, Box 541,11301 Olympic Boulevard, Los Angeles, Cal-r ifornia 90064. Eventually, we hope to circu­late a directory and a newsletter among our­selves. (Please let us know if you wish toremain anonymous.)MICHELE BONNARENS, AB'84, AM'86; TIMCHILD, AM'85; MICHAEL ELLARD, AB'88;JAMES C. HORMEL, JD'58; WAYNE JOHNSON,ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR, GSB DEVELOPMENT;LAWRENCER. KATZIN,JD'89; CHRISTOPHERLOOBY, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH;SCOTT MENDEL, GRADUATE STUDENTIN ENGLISH; STEPHEN PHILLIPS, JD'81;LAURIE SHANNON, AM'85Measuring impactI have now three times read "The SilentGavel" ("Investigations," Feb/92),describing the work of Gerald Rosen­berg, thinking I must be missing something. Iam no social scientist, but I would havethought we would judge the impact ofSupreme Court decisions not by how oftenpeople talk about them, but by changes theyfoster in the way people and governments act.It may be true that southern schools re­mained largely segregated after Brown. But itis also true, is it not, that the best-funded pub­lic schools, to which blacks were denied en­trance before Brown, even though their taxeShelped pay for them, became open to blacks"Is that not a substantial change?Do we measure the impact of Roe v. Uilde bYthe fact that the pro-life movement organizedto reverse it, or by the increase in the numberof abortions performed, the decrease in thenumber of women harmed by botched "bac)<:alley" abortions, the number of well-run andwell-financed clinics offering abortions andrelated services, the feelings of women on thesubject of their rights, etc? As a matter of fact,it seems to me that the growth of the pro-lifemovement since Roe does not support the RO­senberg thesis but tends to disprove it: if thedecision produced no social change, why haSthe effort to reverse it "expanded rapidly," ashe points out? Am I missing the point? 4. THOMAS 1. SCHWAB, AM'SHOLYOKE, MASSACHUSETTS·sGerald Rosenberg responds: Mr. Schwab 11<:missing what only a reading of the entire booIcan provide; the development of a careftland detailed argument. Schools did not opeJ]their doors to blacks in response to Brown,and evidence is lacking that the decision influ­enced people to think about civil rights morepositively, or led to supportive governmentaction.With abortion, Roe made a large differencein providing women access to safe abortions,but substantially less than Mr. Schwab sug­gests. It did not change opinions, or influencethinking about the nature of women's rights.The book explores these findings, andshows why the Court plays a generally incon­sequential role in producing liberal socialchange. I invite Mr. Schwab, and other scep­tics, to read it.Willtbe real centennial please rise?In response to a letter from George Handythat appeared in the Dec/91 "Letters"section; I believe he is wrong about hisclass [1942] being the l00th from Rush.My husband, Louis B. Silverman, MD'37,has a gold key from Rush dated 1937. He isalso still in practice at the Grand Forks (ND)Clinic. After 40 years of pediatrics, for thepast 15 years he has been an allergist.THELMA K. SILVERMANGRAND FORKS, NEBRASKAStuart Campbell, archivist at the Rush­Presbyterian-St. Lukes Archives, tells us that,although much was lost in the Chicago Fire of1871, at least two printed sources verify thatRush s charter dates to 1837. December 4,1843 was when the first session opened, and1844 saw the first graduating class. -Ed.(W)rigbting wrongsI am a 1959 graduate of the College, andwas on campus from 1955 through 1959.In the interest of historical accuracy,which I have noted in past issues is somewhatlacking, and to correct your October /91 issue,I would like to point out the following:Page XIII, "The Midway Monster" -I thinkthe first Football "Class" was in the fall of1956, not 1955. The reason: I was a memberof the class and played "end" in the first (andonly) scrimmage that year, against (if memo­ry serves) North Park College, wearing num­ber "69." There was no mention of rejoiningthe "Big Ten" in my days-only to have somefun and compete with other small colleges,which was, in fact, what happened.Page X, "Hey, Kids, Let's Put on a Show!"+the first Blackfriars Show/Revival was atthe Festival of the Arts in (again if memoryserves) Spring of 1956, not 1955. The showWas a series of skits written by a group of un­dergrads and performed as an "entre-act"during the Beaux Arts Masquerade Ball.The timeline, 1957- You state that "The THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI ASSOCIATIONInvites you to join distinguished faculty and alumni friendsparticipating in the alumni travel/study programs scheduled for 1992Greenland and theCanadian ArcticJuly 30 to August 17-27Co-sponsored with theCalifornia Instituteof TechnologyOur summer study tour willexplore the area above theArctic Circle, traveling first tothe fjords and coastal islands ofGreenland and then across Baffin Bayto Baffin, Bylot, and Devon islands.Professor James Hopson of theDepartment of Organismal Biologyand Anatomy and the Committeeon Evolutionary Biology will focuson the ways in which animalssurvive in harsh climates andthe history of Arctic exploration.Centennial Study TripsFor further information and brochures or to be added to our travel/studymailing list, call or write to Laura Gruen, Associate Director, University ofChicago Alumni Association, 5757 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago,IL60637. 312/702-2160. In the Wake ofLewis and ClarkOctober 24-31Co-sponsored withColumbia UniversityOur autumn cruise on theColumbia and Snake Rivers beginsin Portland and explores the history,geology, and nature of theremarkable river system thatplayed a vital part in the openingof the American West. Our facultyexpert will be Alfred Anderson,professor of Geophysical Sciencesand an expert on the fascinatinggeology of the region.Mississippi River CruiseApril 15-25Co-sponsored withDartmouth College,Columbia University�and Brown univ�� \')A riverboat cruise fronfNA� eansto Memphi�e� ueenwill s ��h. 0 �e an.d influenc.et r ruversity geologist. Ken Burns and BarbaraI s of the award-winning PBSdocumentary Civil War willbe on board to talk about theCampaign in the West.Voyage to East Asia: Japan,South Korea, and ChinaMay 6-23Co-sponsored withSwarthmore CollegeOur cruise on the splendid newAurora I will visit three Asiancountries that are meeting thecultural, economic, and politicalchallenges of the West. ProfessorGregory Lee will share knowledgehe gathered living in Chinaand as a BBC broadcaster onFar Eastern affairs.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 5CHICAGOWE GET IN SOMEVERY SPECIAL GIFT ITEMSEVERY HUNDRED YEARS OR SO.Celebrate the Centennial with the Bookstore. We have a fullline of one-of-a-kind keepsakes and collectibles,such as a set of twelve Spode Commemora­tive Plates (first issued in 1931), the Liberty'U""''''''< Mint Silver Coin, a pewter medallion/• L \ paperweight_featUring[ , � reliefs of nine Univer-..' ,-'.• '. 'IIsity buildings, a - brass and -green marble desk . lamp, a ceramic tilejewelry box, and a cherry wood foot-stool by Hitchcock emblazoned with a full-colorCentennial seal. We also carry a full line ofCentennial sportswear, rings, caps, ties, jewelry,mugs, books, keyrings andstationery. Don't miss thisopportunity to obtain a memento of this special timein the history of The University of Chicago! Formore information about the productspictured or to receive the com­plete Centennial Gift Catalogue,call (800) 723-6236.B�;hi�;�970 E. 58th Street • Chicago, Illinois 60637 • (312) 702-8729TOTAL PRICEDDiscover6 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 Chicago Theological Seminary, owner ofFrank Lloyd Wright's Robie House at the cor­ner of 58th and Woodlawn, announces plansto raze the house to make way for a dormitory.The University steps in to save the 'PrairieSchool' masterpiece" (italics added).What a crock! The University cared not onewhit about the decrepit Robie House. Whenthe destruction was announced, James Valen­tino, AB' 59, JD' 61, and I, as officers of PhiDelta Theta, decided to stage a two-mangrandstand play in an attempt to save RobieHouse. We went to the University and sug­gested that they buy new fraternity houses forPhi Delta Theta and Zeta Beta Tau (whichwere adjacent to the Seminary property), oreven to let Phi Delta Theta have the RobieHouse for a fraternity house in exchange forour property. We made the same offer to thedirector of the Seminary and we were laughedout of both places .We then contacted Frank Lloyd Wright, whowas in fact a Phi Delta of years ago, and heagreed-cane and all-to come to Chicagofrom Wisconsin and lobby with us to save Ro­bie House. It hit all the newspapers and radioprograms, and all of a sudden we and FrankLloyd Wright were big news-uncomfortablenews to the Seminary and the University. In awild moment, the Seminary found newhouses for Phi Delta Theta and Zeta Beta Tau,took our properties plus the one lot theyowned next to the Robie House, and built theirnew married housing. After much, much re­luctance, the University accepted the RobieHouse more or less as a gift and retained it asan architectural monument, which it is.PHILIP COLEMAN, AB'59NORTHFIELD, ILLINOISMr. Coleman points out the dangers of writingcapsule histories. Not everything gets put in·For example, we reported that the first foot�ball class was held in 1955, but not that thefirst class scrimmage was in 1956; that Black�friars reorganized late in 1955, but not that itsfirst show came the following spring. With thetimeline's mention of Robie House, we con­densed a lengthy process, with efforts on thepart of individuals and institutions (a processdetailed in the May/57 and October/66 issueSof the Magazine), into a single sentence, withpredictable results. -Ed.The University of Chicago Magazine inviteSletters from readers on the contents of th.emagazine or on topics related to the Universl'ty. Letters for publication, which must b�signed, may be edited for length and/or clar��ty. To ensure the widest range of voices poSSI�ble, preference will be given to letters of 50.words or less. Letters should be addressed ia.Editor, University of Chicago Magazine,5757 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL 60637.EventsExhibitionsThe University and the City: A Centennial Viewof the University of Chicago, through June 9. The fi­nal historical exhibition in a series drawn from Uni­versity Archives materials focuses on principal areasof research affecting the city-including literature,public education, urban sociology, and science andmedicine. Department of Special Collections at theJoseph Regenstein Library; call 702-8705.Imagining an Irish Past: The Celtic Revival,1840-1940, through June 16. An international loanexhibition which traces the beginning and dissemina­tion of the last great 19th-century historical revival inthe visual arts. Smart Museum of Art; call 702-0200.Sifting the Sands of Time: The Oriental Instituteand the Ancient Near East, through December 31.Tracing the history of the Oriental Institute, this exhib­it documents the University's early commitment to an­cient Near Easte�n studies, looks at specific excava­tions carried out by the Institute, and examines suchprojects as the Assyrian Dictionary. Oriental Institute;call 702-1062.Depth Studies: Illustrated Anatomies from Vesa­lius to Vicq d' Azyr, through June 7. This exhibition ofillustrated anatomy texts from the 16th through the19th centuries examines how the body was presentedas knowledge of anatomy increased and printmakingtechniques became available. Smart Museum of Art;call 702-0200.Isa Genzken, May 14-June 21. The RenaissanceSociety will exhibit sculptural works by this Dus­seldorf artist, and will also premiere her first film,which is about Chicago architecture. Bergman Gal­lery, 4th floor Cobb Hall; call 702-8670.LecturesPre-Concert Lecture on Alexander Nevsky, May3 at 7 p.m. Miriam Hansen, director of the U of C'sCenter for Film Studies, discusses Sergei Eisenstein'srole in film history in conjunction with the music de­partment's production of the 1938 film classic. Rey­nolds Club North Lounge; call 702-8484.Carpenter Lecture, May6, 8, and 14at4p.m. Fre­dric Jameson, Duke University. Max Palevsky Cine­ma; call 702-8537.Schwartz Lecture, May 8 at 4 p. m. Douglas Gins­berg, 10'73, U.S. Court of Appeals, D.C. Circuit.Law School; call 702-9494.Centennial Lecture, May 11 at 5:30 p.m. RobertNozick, Harvard University; call 702-9192.Kovler Fellow Lecture, May 15 at 4 p.m. ThomasFlanagan, S.U.N.Y. at Stony Brook, Department ofEnglish. Kent Hall 120; call 702-8808.Moody Lecture, May 27 at 5:30 p.m. NovelistEudora Welty. Mandel Hall; call 702-8495.11th Annual Helen Harris Perlman Lecture,June 5 at 3:30 p.m. John Chancellor, NBC news com­mentator and author. Reception will follow. Max Pa­lev sky Cinema and Ida Noyes Hall; call 702-1172. Todros Geller's woodcut illustrates Louis Wirth'sThe Ghetto, from "The University and the City. "TheaterComedians, through May 17. In adapting TrevorGriffiths' play about aspiring comics in England to re­flect America's comedy circuit, Griffiths and BarneySimon, artistic director of South Africa's Market The­ater, collaborate with Chicagoan Aaron Freeman in anextended workshop project, featuring a multi-ethnic,Chicago cast. Court Theatre; call 753-4472.Off-Off-Campus: Spring Quarter Revue, Fri­days, April 24- May 29. Original sketches and impro­visations by University Theater's student comedy en­semble. The Blue Gargoyle; call 702-3414.A Midsummer Night's Dream, May 6-9 at 8 p.m.University Theater presents Shakespeare's tale oftwoworlds: a human world in which four unhappy loversplot their happy futures; and a spirit world ruled by apowerful king and queen. Reynolds Club; call702-3414.The Children's Hour, May 15-17 and 22-24 at 8p.m. Shoestring Theatre presents Lillian Hellman'sclassic, directed by Gaye Jeffers, associate directorwith the Goodman Theater. Ida Noyes Library; call363-8511.Into the Woods, May 21-23 and May 27-30 at 8p.m. In this University Theater production, a musicalcrew of classic fairy tale characters romps through a"happily ever after" kingdom. Reynolds Club; call702-3414.The American Dream with Graceland and Asleepon the Wind, June 5-6 at 8 p.m. Edward Albee'sscathing indictment of bourgeois complacency is pre­sented by University Theater with two one-act plays byEllon Byron about Elvis Presley fans camped outsideGraceland. Reynolds Club; call 702-3414.ConferencesSociology and the Public Agenda: Into the Sec­ond Century, May 1-3. The conference discusses thepast, prospective, and comparative contributions ofsociology to public policy and to broader academicaudiences. Ida Noyes Hall; call 702-0239.A Celebration of Excellence: African-AmericanWomen at the U of C in the First Fifty Years, May 3at 3 p.m. Cosponsored by the Coordinating Councilfor Minority Issues, this symposium recognizes thecontributions these pioneering women have made asartists, writers, and educators. Reynolds Club NorthLounge; call 702-0161.University of Chicago Hospitals Centennial Con­ference: What Should National Health CoverageInclude? May 4. Ida Noyes Hall; call 702-6928.The Research University and the International Student, May 18. This International House confer­ence looks at the role of research-oriented universities-such as the U of C-in educating foreign scholars.International House Assembly Hall; call 753-2286.U of C Interdisciplinary Conference on Human/Animal Interaction, May 29. Cosponsored by Acad­emicians for Animal Welfare, aU ofC student group,this conference promotes critical analysis and aware­ness of animal use in research labs and dissectionclasses. Ida Noyes Hall; call 752-4155.Journal of Geology Centennial Symposium: Ev­olution of the Earth's Surface, June 4-5. KerstenPhysics Teaching Center Auditorium; call 702-8137.MusicAlexander Nevsky, May 2-3. The 1938 Russianfilm by Sergei Eisenstein, representing the first wed­ding of musical and visual images on film, is per­formed with the complete Prokofiev score by the Uni­versity Symphony Orchestra and the UniversityChorus. Mandel Hall; call 702-8484.African-American Unity Ensemble, May 3 at 1p. m. As part of the Ethnic Music Festival, RockefellerMemorial Chapel presents a program of West Africandrumming and dance; call 702-2100.University Wind Ensemble Concert, May 17 at 8p.m. A centennial program entitled "Something Old,Something New, Something Borrowed, SomethingMaroon." Mandel Hall; call 702-7628.Jazz Pianist Marian McPartland and Friends,May 23 at 8 p. m. Benefit for the U of C Jazz Archive.Mandel Hall; call 702-8068.University Motet Choir and Collegium MusicumConcert, May 24 at 8 p.m. Bruce Tammen and KevinMason conduct a vocal and instrumental concert of16th-century Spanish music. Rockefeller MemorialChapel; call 702-6063.John Eaton: Computer Composition Concert,May 29 at 8 p.m. A program of works by John Eaton,including "Genesis (1991)" which features the worldpremiere of the Multiple- Touch-Sensitive Keyboard,a new instrument built for John Eaton by RobertMoog. Mandel Hall; call 702-8068.University Symphony Orchestra Concert, May30 at 8 p. m. Program includes the premiere of AmeliaKaplan's Fanfarrago: A Fanfare for the CommonCore, as well as works by Tchaikovsky, Saint-Saens,and Ilya Levinson. Mandel Hall; call 702-7628.OntheOuads24th Annual Chicago Special Olympics, May6-8. Mayor Richard Daley opens this event, which hasbeen held on campus for the past few years. StaggField; call 753-4680.In the CityMexico: A Vision of the Cosmos-3,000 Years ofCreativity, through May 31. This exhibition of pre­Columbian Mexican artifacts covers 3,000 years be­fore the arrival of Spanish conquistadors, and includesmaterials from excavations which were sponsored byFrederick Starr, the first anthropologist at the U of C.Mexican Fine Arts Center Museum; call 738-1503.Chicago Day, May 3. City attractions such as HullHouse, the Museum of Science and Industry, and theArt Institute open their doors for free, and are linkedby bus service around the city. U ofC activities includecampus tours by trolley and a jazz brunch with WilliePickens. Call 702-9192.Chicago White Sox vs. Baltimore Orioles, May15 at 7 p. m. In celebration of the Centennial, PresidentGray will throw out the first ball, discounted ticketswill be available to the University community, and theU of C Motet Choir will sing the national anthem; call702-7300. .UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 7ourseWork that of the reader and the writer engaged in adialogue.Midway through the course, Joe Williamsstarts a Thursday afternoon lecture with aquestion. He asks the students-most injeans, but a few in suits and business garb­who have assembled in Kent 107, a largechemistry lecture hall, "Why write? What'sthe whole point of writing?"- Before anyone can answer, he edits himself.Text AppealTeaching in the "Little RedSchoolhouse," Joe Williamsconvinces student writersthat readers come first.8 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 If professors can be said to resembletalk show hosts, then Joseph M. Wil­liams, one of three professors team­teaching the "Little Red School­house, " is an academic Phil Donahue.He has the same shock of silvery-white hair,though it's shaggy rather than blown dry, andpaired with a professorial beard. Addressingthe 150 or so undergraduate and graduate stu­dents enrolled in the Schoolhouse, a ten-weekwinter quarter course known officially as''Academic and Professional Writing" (forundergraduates) and ''Advanced ProfessionalWriting" (for graduate students), he usessome of the same gestures: arms crossed as heawaits a response; a shoulder shrug of politedisbelief; a hand raised high to draw attentionto the text from which he's reading.And, like Donahue, he'll often put on a per­sona to make a point. But where Donahue'srole-playing changes with the issue du jour,Williams, professor in English, linguistics,and the College, always plays the same parts- He's asked the question from the point of vieWof the writer, but, in fact, "I want to put thequestion from the point of view of the reader-which is to say, not why you write, but whYyou think I should read it."After all, he claims, "It is not until you con­vince me that I ought to read that you have anYreason to write. "Williams temporarily retreats from thiSstance, arguing from the writer's point of vieWthat the reader is not a writer's reason for be­ing: "You might say, 'I write to learn.'"Williams, the reader, counterattacks: -jrngoing to say, 'Frankly, my dear, I don't give adamn. I encourage you to go on doing that, botwhy are you wasting my time-asking me toread the stuff that you've written simply SOyou can learn it?' "He stops, reversing his stride both literallYand figuratively, to supply the writer with a�:other argument. "I write to express myself.Back to the reader's side: "What claim ar�you making on my time here? Why shouldread the expression of your thoughts?"The hypothetical writer plays a trump card:"I have this information that 1 want to giveyou."But in the real world, Williams counters, thereader gets deluged with information everyday. So, "I'm going to say, 'That's fine ... butI'm only going to be able in my lifetime togo through a very small amount ofinformation.' "Step by step, Williams leads the students to arealization that the reader must come first."'I have this information,'" the enlightenedwriter says. '''I've thought about it and madethis generalization, and I want to persuadeyou about it, because' you have a problem thatI think I can solve.'"At last, the two lines of reasoning intersect."It's not until you can sell me your problem­either because I share the same problem, orbecause you can persuade me that I've got aproblem that I didn't know 1 have, " Williamsconcludes, "that you can claim my attentionas a reader. "This intersection of writer and reader lies at theheart of the Little Red Schoolhouse, the coursethat Williams-along with Frank Kinahan, as­sociate professor in English, and Gregory' Col­omb, who now teaches at Georgia Tech­founded in 1981. From the beginning, thecourse downplayed the subject of how experi­enced writers write, preferring instead to focuson how people process those words. To thatend, the Schoolhouse's teachers emphasize thetheory of language and discourse. On the firstday of class, Williams informs the students,"We're not going to tell you how to write, we'regoing to tell you how people read."His use of "we" underscores the School­house's collaborative nature, a logisticalstructure developed to give a large group ofstudents the close attention that improvedwriting demands. The whole class meets forthe Thursday lectures, given in turn by Kina­han, Williams, or Larry McEnerney, AM'80,director of the University's Writing Pro­grams. After the lecture, undergraduates at­tend tutorials on the issues just covered. OnTuesdays, all students meet in small groupsWith their "lector" (doctoral students whohave had ten weeks of training in the School­house method) to discuss short weekly writ­ing assignments.While the Schoolhouse can hardly be calleda one-man show, it is inextricably associatedWith its cofounder. Williams is a winner of a1987 Quantrell award for excellence in under­graduate teaching. He's also a communica­tions consultant to law firms, corporations,and government agencies, and the author ofStyle: Toward Grace and Clarity (Universityof Chicago Press, 1990), the fourth incarna­tion of a 1981 textbook on writing. Style, says Williams, "uses the same approach we use inthe Little Red Schoolhouse. "At first, that approach can seem almost al­gebraically axiomatic. "A lot of what we dohere in the first few weeks, " Williams admitsduring one Schoolhouse lecture, "is prettymuch give you a formula." But by quarter'send, the students' maroon, three-ring binders-with the Schoolhouse motto, Crescat Clari­tas, Veritas Excolatur, engraved on the outercover, the "Ten Commandments of Readableo D the fint day 01class, Joe Williams informshis students, "We're notgoing to tell you how towrite, we're going to tellyou how people read."Writing" printed inside-are filled with morethan rules. Sheet after sheet of photocopiedprose provide "honest-to-God examples" ofhow people write-in term papers, businessmemos, academic journals, and Schoolhouseassignments.Armed with Schoolhouse rules and terms,students go in search of Topic Strings, PointSentences, Thematic Strings. As they dissectsentences, paragraphs, and passages, they'relearning a way to talk about how they write­and learning how a text's structure governs thereader's response. Writing becomes nothingmore, nothing less, than trying to make apoint.Today, Joe Williams' issue du jour is prob­lems. He distinguishes between brute prob­lems-your car breaks down on the way toyour wedding, the devastation caused byAIDS-and conceptual problems-say, thebest way to measure literacy in the 15th centu­ry. That's a problem, he notes, tapping hishead, "for which the consequences are all uphere."Which brings him to the problem facing hisstudents: "The brute problem we have as writ­ers is how to get our conceptual problem in­side someone else's head."Conceptual problems-the stuff of term pa­pers, theses, dissertations-make up "99 per­cent of the problems we deal with aroundhere." Such problems, Williams says, havetheir own set of conditions. "There's a gap inknowledge, a puzzle, a confusion, a contra­diction-evidence that contradicts the gen­eralization." In short, "Something seemsdifficult to understand."But a conceptual problem is more than apuzzle. "Before you can have a really interest- , ing rhetorical conceptual problem, you haveto explain to me," he says, slipping back intohis reader-role, "what the consequences areof leaving that problem unresolved." Onlythen will the puzzle be worth solving, thepaper worth reading.Leaning back against the black-toppedtable, the professor confides, "The biggestproblem you have in becoming an academicthese days is trying to find out what problemsare considered worth solving."It's somewhat easier in the sciences, heconcedes. "Over here-in places like Kent­everybody knows what the major problemsare. Over here, problems line up in the hall,waiting to be solved."At the other extreme, the humanities, prob­lems don't line up to be solved. You have to in­vent problems."Then, it's back to the problem at hand. Apaper without a point, Williams says, is likelyto be a paper without a problem. "If someonehands you a paper back, with 'I didn't see thepoint,' where you want to look is where youdid or didn't state the problem. "He looks quickly around the lecture hall."Now, I can hear some of you thinking, 'Thisis making me very nervous! I don't have aproblem, I've got a topic. I've got subject mat­ter' .I've got something to write about, but Idon't have any reason to write this paper, oth­er than to get my degree. What do I donow?'"He strokes his beard, lets a beat pass, thencomes to the rescue. "Well, I'll tell you."His answer, however, is labor-intensive."Look at other articles, look at your ownpapers." Identify the puzzle-the mystery,the thing that doesn't fit. Then find theconsequences."Okay," he says, rustling through a sheaf ofpapers. "Take a look at one of the handouts,the introduction to the paper on FlanneryO'Connor. What's the puzzle there?""Don't look at me," he admonishes shortly."It's not going to appear on my forehead likethe Goodyear blimp. It's on the page.""There's an ambiguity-" a be-jeaned stu­dent begins."No, read it from the page."'''But the ambiguous treatment of racialsubject matter that we see here and through­out O'Connor's work is a difficult subject forher harshest critics and most ardent admir­ers, ,,, comes the response, as Williams nodsin approval."An ambiguity, " the professor pronounces,"is what every academic dies to find. Find anambiguity and you've got a paper. "It sounds like an academic's axiom, but, inthe next breath, Joe Williams adds the stan­dard Schoolhouse rider:"Maybe. Maybe-if you can persuade methat that ambiguity matters." -M.R. Y.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 9FOR THE RECORDOn board: JosephNeubauer, MBA'65, chair­man and president of ARAServices, Inc., was electedto the University's boardof trustees in February.Neubauer immigrated tothe U. S. from Tel Aviv in1956, received his B.S. inchemical engineering fromTufts University in 1963,and has been with ARAServices since 1979. He isthe chairman and CEO ofthe Philadelphia OrchestraAssociation, a boardmember of the Mann.Music Center, and trusteeof both the Museum ofAmerican Jewish Historyand the University of theArts. Neubauer's son,Lawrence, is afirst-yearstudent in the Law School. University provost electedto. Stanford's top postIN MID-MARCH, THE UNIVER­sity of Chicago's provost wasnamed the ninth president ofStanford University. Gerhard Cas­per-the William B. Graham distin­guished service professor in theLaw School and provost since thefall of 1989-was selected for thepresidency by Stanford's board oftrustees on March 16.The search for a replacement forDonald Kennedy-who announcedhis resignation as Stanford's presi­dent last July amid a controversyover the university's use of federalresearch funds-began last fall.Reviewing more than 500 nomina­tions, Stanford's trustees made a"unanimous and enthusiastic" de­cision for Casper, according to JohnLillie, search committee chair."Stanford is wonderfully fortu­nate in its new leadership," said Uof C President Hanna Gray, "as allof us at the University of Chicagohave every reason to know .... Weshall miss Gerhard very much forhis wisdom and vision, his finesense of academic values and stand­ards, his collegial and effectiveguidance, his superb humanqualities."I know of no one better preparedto be a first-rate leader and spokes­man," Gray continued, "not onlyfor Stanford University, but forhigher education in this countrymore generally. It is a splendidchoice, and all our universities willbe among the beneficiaries."James C. Gaither, president ofStanford's board of trustees, said10 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 To Stanford: Provost Casperthat Casper's "intellectual breadthand depth, his commitment to ex­cellence, his love for know ledge andteaching," and his appreciation forthe challenges facing higher educa­tion made him "a perfect match"for Stanford."Gerhard Casper is the right per­son to lead Stanford into the nextcentury," said Gaither.Casper's greatest challenge as heassumes the Stanford presidencywill be rebuilding its confidenceand financial situation, which haveboth been on shaky ground since as­sertions made by federal auditorsthat the university had overchargedthe government by as much as $231million for indirect costs of doinggovernment research.Casper, 54, joined the Universityof Chicago faculty in 1966, and served as dean of the Law Schoolfrom 1979 to 1987. Born in Ham­burg, Germany, he studied law atYale. Law School and the Universityof Freiburg.He has written and taught primari­ly in the fields of constitutional law,constitutional history, comparativelaw, and jurisprudence. From 1977to 1981, he was an editor of The Su­preme Court Review.Casper is married to Dr. ReginaClaire Hanna Casper, a psychiatristand professor at the University ofChicago. They have a 24-year-olddaughter, Hanna, who is a second­year law student at the University ofVirginia.-T. 0.Campus reacts tostudent's assaultT HEABDUCTIONANDRAPEOfa College student became anemotionally wrenching eX­perience for the University commu­nity, causing both administraw'"and students to reconsider the issUeof security on campus.The student was seized by threemen about midnight on Feb. 4 as shewalked on 57th Street betweenWoodlawn and University avenueS.She was placed in a car and taken toan abandoned building outside tb�area, where she was raped anreleased.The abduction was witnessed bYanother student who called tbepolice. Although the University po-Over 150 people attended a candlelight vigil that marked the area-57thSt. near Woodlawn-where a College student was abducted.lice responded within two minutes,the car was gone when officers ar­rived, said Rudolph Nimocks, Uni­versity Police director. When therape was reported a day later, Chi­cago police assigned detectives andpatrol officers to a vigorous investi­gation of the area to which they be­lieved the student had been taken,and suspects were taken into custo­dy and held for a witness's identifi­cation. Those suspects were re­leased, with no charges filed in thecase, although investigation iscontinuing.News of the assault was not re­leased for several days, said Ni­mocks, at the request of city policedetectives, to avoid impeding the in­vestigation. It was this delay in re­porting the incident to the Univer­sity community that upset manystudents.University administrators circu­lated a confidential memo to dormi­tory masters and resident heads afew days after the incident was re­ported, and a general announce­ment to the community was madethrough the student newspaper, TheMaroon, on Feb. 14. Students an­gered at the limited distribution ofthe information voiced their com­plaints at a rally Feb. 19 in front ofthe Administration Building.For their part, administrators saidthat they could have done a betterjob in announcing the assault, butthat the circumstances of the casehad caused them to delay. Still, U ni­versity Dean of Students Edward Cook-in a Feb. 17 memo to theUniversity community-said that"the events surrounding this crimehave raised difficult questions con­cerning the delicate balance be­tween the need to inform the com­munity of criminal events ... and theneed to aid the victims of such inci­dents." Cook called for the forma­tion of a special task force­appointed by the provost, and com­prised of students, staff, and faculty-to review and recommend guide­lines for making information aboutcriminal activity public.The task force, chaired by JeanneAltmann, PhD'79, ecology and ev­olution professor, began meeting inlate February. Among its immediateplans: a questionnaire to be sent tomembers of the University commu­nity regarding crime information."We want to find out what peoplewant to know, and where peoplewant to look" for such information,said Jessica Fleischmann, a gradu­ate student in Latin American Stu­dies, who is a member of the taskforce.Immediately after the rape was re­ported, University Police added ad­ditional coverage during the eve­ning hours on both 57th and 55thstreets, and added a "special rovingpolice patrol," said Nimocks, togive the police "more flexibilityand a better handle on protection."Community meetings were heldsimultaneously Feb. 18 at five loca­tions on campus, each involving aUniversity administrative repre- sentative and a University police of­ficer. The Dean of Students Officeand the University Police also heldan additional 23 meetings in the res­idence halls.In the meetings, students wereurged to take safety measures, suchas using the free minibus service,which runs four routes from campusaround Hyde Park from 6 p.m. to 1a.m. Sunday through Thursday anduntil 2 a.m. Friday and Saturday.Campus police also offer an umbrel­la service in which students, faculty,and staff can request an escort whenwalking in the community. There arealso 115 white emergency phonesthroughout the campus and sur­rounding community connected di­recVy to the University police. - T. 0.Rewriting thebook on mathN afHING ABOUT THE GROUPis glamorous. Its acronymisn't catchy, its headquar­ters is a dark basement in Judd Hall,and the cover of its latest brochure isa dignified dark-green. Yet, theUniversity of Chicago SchoolMathematics Project (UCSMP) isrevolutionizing the way children inthe U.S. learn math.Even the focus of UCSMP's workis rather unglamorous. The groupdoesn't strive to make the best andthe brightest even better; it doesn'ttake the much-publicized, back-to­basics approach with remedial stu­dents. Instead, UCSMP has aimedfor the middle and hit a bull's-eye.The most fundamental feature of theUCSMP is its focus on the averagestudent.Since 1983, the University of Chi­cago School Mathematics Projecthas been researching and writingnew curricula for the teaching ofmath to students from kindergartenthrough 12th grade. Currently, itstextbooks boast over three-quartersof a million users. When the projectrecently applied for more fundingfrom the National Science Founda­tion, the foundation asked to see alist of users. The list-a computer­generated spreadsheet-was over200 pages long. School districts inevery state, plus the District of Co­lumbia and Puerto Rico, now usethe curriculum. Going up: The Collegeterm bill will increase by6.3 percent next fall, from$21,897 to $23,286. The1992-93 bill includes$17,061 for tuition, $5,940for room and board, and$285 for health service andstudent activities fees. Thetuition increase will beaccompanied by a substan­tial increase in financialaid, with the Universityproviding $20.4 million inundergraduate scholar­ships, upfrom $18.1million this year. Chicagowill also continue its need­blind admissions policy,President Hanna Grayemphasized, noting that57 percent of Chicago'sundergraduates receivedirect grants from theUniversity.Retirement's end: Continu­ing preparations for a 1994change in federal law thatwill end mandatory retire­ment for tenured faculty,the University has estab­lished a task force toconsider recommendationspertaining to the pensionsystem, health benefits forretired faculty, and incen­tives for early retirement.The task force will includefaculty, staff, and trustees.Model champions: AUniversity delegation tookfirst place at the HarvardNational Model UnitedNations conference inFebruary, making it thesecond time in three yearsthat a University team wontop honors. Some 2,000students from more than90 institutions competed.Student delegations simu­lated countries' positionson international issuesand, through debate andnegotiation, tried to passunanimous resolutions onthe issues.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 11I,In the news: Biologyprofessor Lorna P. Straus,SM'60, PhD'62, has'gotten a lot of press lately.'Straus chairs the NationalCollegiate Athletic Associ­ation's academic require­ments committee that'recently increased require­ments for incoming,�tudent-athletes. The newstandards will require high'school seniors to have a 2.5grade-point average (upfrom 2.0) and score at least'fl 700 on the SAT (out of a'possible 1600) to be eligible'to play and receive athleticfinancial aid in college.'The new measures takeeffect in August 1995.I#edical might: The Uni­versity's Pritzker School of'Medicine received an all­time record 5,331 applica­tions for the class of 1995,up more than 40 percentfrom the previous year. Thei1995 class includes the'frighest number of women}(39 percent) and underre­presented minorities (eightpercent) of any enteringclass in the past five years.And, by early winter,applications for the classof 1996 were running 15'percent ahead of 1995.Making a difference: FourCollege students havereceived Morton-Murphyawards for outstanding'contributions to studentlife. Adam Alonso and KateMendendez. were recog­nized for their efforts infounding the Giving Tree,p. group dedicated to help­ing the homeless, while,Anne Hollister and ChrisScanlan were honored asfounding members of the UpfC chapter of Habitatfor'Humanity, an organizationthat builds houses forpeople with low incomes. No cheating: Calculators are required in the UCSMP curriculum."Certainly by next year, we'll haveover a million students using thesebooks," says Zalman Usiskin, edu­cation professor and director of theUCSMP.Funded by the Amoco Foundation($6.4 million over the first six yearsand an additional $2 million overthe next five years), the project hasalso received $l-million-plusgrants from the Carnegie Corpora­tion of New York, the Ford MotorCompany, and the National ScienceFoundation. With such large andlong-term grants, the education andmathematics faculty members who, comprise UCSMP were able to plana project on a grand scale, saysUsiskiri. "We decided to take on anagenda that no project had taken onsince the New Math of the 1950sand '60s."That agenda was to redo the entireelementary and secondary mathcurriculum. The only kindergarten­through-12th grade mathematicsproject in the U.S., the UCSMP isalso the largest university-basedmath education project in the coun­try, enlisting the aid of classroomi,J 2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 teachers and school personnel, andserving as an international clearing­house on math education. And it isone of the few, if not the only, mathprojects that targets the averagestudent."We had seen people try to changethe curriculum for the best stu­dents," Usiskin explains. "Butwhen that curriculum was used withall students, it would only kind ofwork with average students and itwould completely wipe out thepoorer students."Our strategy was, aim for the av­erage kid. Let people adapt our ma­terials for the better and the poorerstudents if they want."Onecentral tenet of the UCSMPapproach is that the existing mathcurriculum wastes time: it underes­timates what students know whenthey enter the classroom, spendingtoo much time on review. For exam­ple, previously covered material oc­cupies much of the sixth, seventh,and eighth grades-with an abruptswitch to algebra in the eighth orninth grades that often confuses oralienates students. In contrast, the project's curriculum replaces thecustomary seventh-grade reviewcourse with Transition Mathemat­ics-a text that prepares the studentfor algebra-and introduces alge­bra in the eigth grade.On all levels, the UCSMP empha­sizes practical, realistic, and appli­cable math. It stresses problem­solving and statistics, and not onlyrecommends but requires the use ofcomputers and calculators. The rea­son for this emphasis, says Usiskin,is that society has become saturatedwith numerical information. Peo­ple need to be able to read and inter­pret statistics and graphs accuratelyjust to read a newspaper. TheUCSMP operates on the assump­tion that the existing mathematicscurriculum, relatively unchangedsince the 1960s, isn't preparing stu­dents for practical demands of thefuture.Banished from the UCSMP text­books are the old teasers of the"M ary- is - hal f- as-oj d - as - her­father" variety. Instead, UCSMPproblems give real data first, andask questions later. "What we'retrying to do," Usiskin says, "is saytimes have changed. ""Say, for example, you're a secre­tary working in the office of the ele­mentary school," U siskin says,"and you have to figure out the num­ber of students per class, per year. Ifyou did your division by hand, theprincipal would come out and say,'What are you doing? You're wast­ing your time. We have calculato'"to do that. ' " Yet in the same schoo},says Usiskin, a teacher might ac­cuse a student of cheating if he ofshe pulled out a calculator to solve aproblem during math class.That's not to say students don'tlearn basic math skills. "With re­gards to arithmetic, everyone inmathematics education distin­guishes three things," Usiskin says."One is the material studentSshould know by memory. Anotherare the skills they should be able �odo with paper and pencil. A third ISthe arithmetic they should do with acalculator. I don't know anyone whOsays kids don't have to learn thememory stuff, the basic facts."In Cathy Feldman's "Functions,Statistics, and Trigonometry" claSSat University High School (based o�versions of aU CSMP textbook useto'by the school since 1987), sdents are asked to find the two num­bers where the cube of the first plusthe square of the second equals2,222. But they don't have to strug­gle with paper and pencil and trialand error. Instead, in keeping withthe UCSMP's emphasis on technol­ogy, they write a computer programto find the answer.Feldman, a 20-year veteran at theU of C Lab Schools, can vouch forthe effectiveness of the UCSMP ap­proach. "On the end-of-the-yearevaluations," she says, "I have had alot of students write, 'I really didn'trealize math would be so useful. ' ""I think the kids are liking mathmore," Feldman adds. "And theylike math, so they take more math.And the more math they take, themore math they learn."The success of the project aston­ishes even U siskin. "Our goal at thebeginning was to have an effectivecurriculum that would be imple­mentable," Usiskin says, "but notnecessarily implemented."Despite UCSMP's' unexpectedsuccess, the project's leaders don'tplan to rest on their laurels. In fact,they're ready to start anotherchapter."On a Tuesday last summer the fi­nal secondary-level book cameout," Usiskin says, a sense of ac­complishment evident in his voice."On Friday of that same week, I hadlunch with the publishing compa­ny's president to talk about starting asecond edition." -D.L.Astronomers sharepeace dividendPOLITICAL COMMENTATORGeorge F. Will recently pro­claimed: "The Cold War isover and the University of Chicagowon it." Whether or not this tributeto the Chicago School of Econom­ics is an overstatement, Universityastronomers have been awarded asmall peace dividend of their own.Equipment .originally designedfor use in Strategic Defense Initia­tive Organization tests aboard theSpace Shuttle will come to the Uni­versity in the form of a long-termloan. The equipment-an $85 mil­lion, high-tech optics system-willbe used by astronomy and astro­physics professor Edward Kib- blewhite in his work to design affor­dable, adaptive optics systems forastronomers.The SDI equipment, known as the"Wavefront Control Experiment,"measures distortions in the path ofincoming light and compensates forthem with small adjustments in a'computer-controlled, flexible mir­ror. Basically, this equipmentwould allow the "Star Wars" ma­chinery to focus more clearly on itstargets. This summer, after Kib­blewhite adapts the system for astro­nomical use, it will be installed onthe Astronomical Research Con­sortium telescope that Chicago andseveral other universities are con­structing in Apache Point, NewMexico. There, astronomers willuse it to study the planets and stars."This will be the best adaptive op- tics system available on a large as­tronomical telescope," Kibble­white says. "The equipment willteach us how to do adaptive opticsand it will be terribly important fordesigning better adaptive opticssystems."Most astronomers see adaptiveoptics as the future for ground­based astronomy because the sys­tems compensate for the distortionsin light caused by air pockets inthe earth's atmosphere. "What youget [with adaptive optics] is essen­tially the same," says Kibblewhite,"as before it went through theatmosphere. "The equipment was to be used aspart of a larger experiment in thespace administration's "Star Lab"program. When Star Lab was can­celed, the Strategic Defense Initia- Lab Schools award: NBCnews anchor Garrick Utleywas awarded the LabSchools 1992 Distin­guished Alumnus Awardat a March dinner atHutchinson Commons. Amember of the U-Highclass of1956, Utley wasrecognized for his contri­butions to public under­standing of internationalevents through his work asajournalist.Constitutional partners:The Law School will joinforces with Central Euro­pean University, which hascampuses in Prague andBudapest, to establishstudent and faculty ex­changes and hold confer­ences and seminars onproblems facing EasternEurope and former Sovietbloc countries. They havealso agreed to establish atthe Central EuropeanUniversity a repository formaterials collected by theLaw School's Center forthe Study of Constitutional­ism in Eastern Europe.Da truth: "Da Bears, DaBulls "-that's how comedi­ans spoof Second Cityspeech, but the ChicagoTribune recently asked Uof C linguist Jerrold Sa­dock ifnatives really talkthat way. His answer:Chicagoans say somethingbetween "da" and "the. "The best way to tell a trueChicagoan, he said, is tolisten to how they say"Chicago. " Natives say the"ca" with the same vowelas in "caught" or "hog."Outsiders say it as if they'resaying "ah" to a physician.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 13England bound: FrancesRosenfeld, afourth-yearhistory major in the Col­lege, has been awarded the1992-93 Cambridge Ex­change Scholarship. AtCambridge University'sPembroke College, she'llstudy modern Europeanhistory. The award-forwhich second-, third-, andfourth-year students canapply-includes full tui­tion, a living stipend,travel allowance, and tworoundtrip tickets to Eng­land. It is endowed by ananonymous benefactor.Ameritech professorship:A $1.5 million gift from theAmeritech Foundation tothe Irving B. Harris Grad­uate School of PublicPolicy Studies will establishthe school's first endowedprofessorship. The postwill be filled by a leadingscholar in regulatorypolicy. The grant, an­nounced in February, wasmade in conjunction withthe University's Campaignfor the Next Century.Smart move: On April 2,Richard Born, AM'75,became acting director ofthe David and Alfred SmartMuseum, effective April 1.Born-who has beencurator of the Smart Muse­um for 12 years-replacesDirector Teri Edelstein,who has joined the ArtInstitute of Chicago asdeputy director. In addi­tion to organizing numer­ous exhibitions, Bornoversaw the recent publica­tion of "Guide to theCollection, " the museum'sfirst general catalog,researched and written by60 faculty members,graduate students, andalumni. tive Organizaton had no use for theoptics system. Not wanting the ex­pensive experiment to go to waste,the organizaton invited proposalsfor the system's use and then trans­ferred the equipment to the Nation­al Science Foundation, which, inturn, chose Kibblewhite's proposal.When the optics system is mount­ed on the Apache Point telescope,astronomers should be able to ob­serve the weather of Venus, Mars,Jupiter and Saturn. They will alsobe able to search regions aroundbright stars, looking for gases, dust,and even planets. -D.L.Shapers ofinformationWHEN HANS DIETER BETZwent to the University ofTiibingen in 1987-88 as avisiting professor, he expected touse his time there to finish a manu­script. But he didn't expect the stayto lead to his appointment this Janu­ary as an editor of the latest editionof the preeminent Protestant schol­arly lexicon in religion andtheology.Betz, the Shailer Mathews pro­fessor in the Divinity School, andDon Browning, DB'59, AM'62,PHD'64, the Alexander Campbellprofessor in the Divinity School,make up the American half of afour-person editorial board namedto direct the new edition of Die ReU­gion in Geschichte und Gegenwart(RGG) or, Religion Past andPresent.This new edition, expected to becompleted in six to seven years, willmark a number of firsts: the firsttime since the 1950s that the RGGhas been revised, the first time inthe work's nearly 80-year historythat it will be translated into Eng­lish, and the first time Americanscholars have been on the editorialboard."The RGG stands in regal splen­dor in almost every theological li­brary in the world," says Browning."Sadly, it's not very extensivelyused by American theological stu­dents because it's in German. Thisnew edition will be tremendouslyhelpful."The RGG is published by J.C.B.Mohr/Paul Siebeck, an old German14 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 publishing house. While Betz wasin Germany, he became friendswith Georg Siebeck, the company'scurrent owner. "Each generation ofthis publisher brings out anotheredition of the RGG," says Betz."[Siebeck 's] father did the previousedition, his grandfather did the onebefore, and so on to the first edi­tion." Siebeck, who has publishedsome of Betz's work in the past,asked Betz to sign on as an editorialboard member. He agreed and alsorecommended Browning.Together, the editorial board­which also includes EberhardJiingel, a professor from the Uni­versity of Tiibingen, and BerudJanowski, professor at the Universi­ty of Heidelberg-oversees 23 areaeditors, who, in turn, direct thework of hundreds of internationalscholars reviewing all periods of re­ligious history and related subjects.The work is organized much like anencyclopedia with alphabetical en­tries on each subject. Betz andBrowning expect it to encompassseven, tightly printed volumes ofover 1,000 pages each, plus an in­dex. In addition, it will include a bi­ographical section highlightinghundreds of figures from antiquityto the present.This new edition will not renderthe earlier RGG editions obsolete,says Betz, since each edition re­flects a certain time and generationof scholarship. "If you want to knowthe state of Gospel research after World War II, you go to the thirdedition. Each edition has its ownhistorical value, " he explains. "Thefourth edition will sum up wherethings have been and where they areheading since 1960."In some areas, new texts have beendiscovered. "Take for example,the Dead Sea Scrolls," says Betz."In the last edition there was an arti­cle but the scrolls had just been dis­covered and most texts wereunknown."More international in focus thanthe earlier editions, the new editionwill also include distinctly Ameri­can subjects, and, forthe first time,a substantial number of the area edi­tors and article authors are Ameri­can. For example, Martin Marty,PhD'56, the Fairfax M. Cone dis­tinguished service professor in theDivinity School, will edit a sectionon American church history.That both Americans on the edito­rial board are from the University ofChicago reflects, says Browning, acertain influence the University hasin the field. "We've been aroundlong enough," Browning says. "Weknow what people are doing. Insome ways we function as shapers ofinformation."You're always a product of yourinstitution. We won't be leaving aBetz-Browning stamp on this edi­tion," he adds. "We'll leave a Uni­versity of Chicago stamp. And thathas some symbolic significance fofthe institution." -D.L.'Voices fr�m the Quads" e are turning Martin LutherKing, Jr., from what he was��d who he was into what our men­'M frameworks can accommodate.e WOn't let King be King, becauseWe can't handle who King was. King;as a black preacher, a product andc�ogeny of the African-Americank Urch .... Yes, he knew Gandhi, hee�ew the philosophy. The boy, how-d er, Was a deep down-homeYed' , ,-lO-the-wool black BaptistPr 'th�acher, .",:ho was perfectly withinA traditIOn of the African­'l.ll1e·Je ncan church. - The Rev. Dr.re .t rnzah Wright Jr. AM'75 pas-Or ' ., ,Ch �f the Trinity United Church ofrisi sp ki h T T' .,Co ' ea zngatt e University sb' rnrnernoration of King'slrthday.__ early 70 percent of collegehalf basketball teams and nearlyare of football teams in Division Ilete ll1ade up of black student ath­of t� A.nd yet, less than six percente cOllective student bodies- total-are black. I have to believethat colleges love us as athletes butare indifferent to us academically.And to have artificially lowered theadmissions standards for all ath­letes, to accommodate black maleathletes, was embarrassing to me.­Arthur Ashe, 1975 Wimbledonchampion and author of A HardRoad to Glory, speaking as a Marjo­rie Kovler fellow on "Academics andAthletics: Have We Gone TooFar?".. ulticulturalism as it's re­,T. fleeted in the curricula ofU. S.college campuses is here to stay, andthat is probably the worst possiblething that could have happened.Why? Because it's become a form ofhighly unreflective populism in theway we think, and congratulate our­selves about the way we think, aboutdifference and others .... By placingall the cultures of the world as if theywere around some kind of ency­clopedic table, in treating them as folklore-and folklore, let me tellyou, is one of the most dangerouswords in the English language­what we do is obscure the power re­lations which allow some culturesto express themselves in some waysand others to be silenced .... Mu­seums and folklore are too often theepithets of cultural struggle. Whatdo museums allow us to do? Theyallow us to be voyeurs, to look in andnot be disturbed and not be vexed bythe differences.The second form of muticultural­ism-critical multiculturalism-isfar less comfortable. The point [be­comes] not to study difference, butrather to de-center ourselves by ask­ing what it is that the confrontationwith other cultural contexts revealsof our taken-for-granted, our com­monsensical axioms about the na­ture of our own world.-Iohn Com­aroff, professor and chair ofanthropology, speaking on multi­culturalism at the Division of SocialSciences centennial open house. Winning on the Midway:Fourth-year student PeterWang won his secondconsecutive national title inthe 177 lb. weight class atthe NCAA Division IIIWrestling Championshipheld in Trenton, N.J. inMarch. In all, the Maroonsplaced 13th in their divi­sion. In February, the teamwon the University AthleticAssociation (UAA) champi­onship for the third time inthree years, while thecoaching staff was namedbest in the UAA.Traveling scholar: Fourth­year student Alec Din­woodie has been awarded atwo-year Marshall Schol­arship, which will allowhim to study at New Col­lege, Oxford University,where he will pursue amaster's degree in philoso­phy. Dinwoodie, an Eng­lish major, is editor of theChicago Literary Reviewand a disc jockey atWHPK-FM, the studentradio station.Board trio: The Universityof Chicago Hospitals hasthree new trustees. PaulaWolff, AM'69, PhD'72, isa visiting distinguishedfellow of the John D. andCatherine T. MacArthurFoundation, president ofChicago Cluster Initiative,which coordinates youthservices, and chair of theboard of the LaboratorySchools; James Frank ispresident of Frank Consoli­dated Enterprises, Chica­go's ninth largest privatelyheld company; and RodneyGoldstein is a generalpartner of the FrontenacCompany, a venture capitaland private equity invest­mentfirm.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 15Equipped with equal amounts offussiness and daring, for more than halflnsiders consider it a faux pas to say "NORC" as a word. Perhapsit's just too bouncy, too rubbery, too whimsical a word to describesuch a large and serious operation.Instead, you spell it out - N, 0, R, C-and then you've only gotit half right. The letters stand for "National Opinion ResearchCenter," but the organization's chiefs shy away from the "opin­ion" part, preferring a more panoramic title: "NORC: A Social ScienceResearch Center.""That's how I prefer to look at it," says NORC Director Norman Bradburn,AB'52, who is also a distinguished service professor at the University ofChicago and its former provost. "It's kind ofthe analog of a research institute for physicsand chemistry, a laboratory facility whichthe University would not be able to afford onits own."It may be, too, that NORC sweeps its "na�tional opinion" handle under the carpet be­cause it conjures up images of "1-900" nuII1�bers surveying viewer response to the latestMichael Jackson video. Or toupeed men inshining polyester who corner you at the localmall to ask how much Captain Crunch your2.5 children consume. NORC doesn't delveinto market research, not even pre-electionpolls. Instead, it has revised and expandedsurvey methodology to examine the major Is­sues of the day: education, health care, AIDS,mental illness, homelessness. Based uponNORC's analysis of such problems, millionsof tax dollars might be spent-or saved. Notreally movers and shakers, NORC's peopleare more the seers and feelers in Americansociety, using empirical methods to confirf}1suspicions, but more often to tell us hOwwrong we are about what we think we know.NORC is not-for-profit, although it receivesenough money through government contractSand foundation support to sustain its large op�eration: 300 permanent employees at tWOHyde Park locations (including headquartersat the "1155 Building" on the Midway) andof�fices in Washington and New York, as well �sa national field staff of more than 1,000. rh1s,academic year, the organization turned 50. AMarch symposium recognized its contribu�tions to survey research; a 50th anniversarYBY TIM OBERMILLERILLUSTRATIONS BYALLEN CARROLLA Nighl allheWirelessIn 1945, when NORC undertook thefirst nation wide survey of publicattitudes towards commercial radio,critics charged that the survey,sponsored by the National Associa­tion of Broadcasters, was biased.Two years later, NORC did a follow­up survey, taking p;u"s to involvethose earlier critics in the question­naire's planning.Perhaps the critics simply could notaccept the truths about popularculture the surveys revealed-suchas the 74 percent of respondents (in1947) who said they hadn't read onebook in the last month, compared to59 percent who listened to more thanthree hours of radio a day. Still,listeners had a "serious" appetite:news broadcasts topped programpreferences in both surveys,with comedies a distant second.16 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992:entury NORC has locked its methodological radar onto American society.logo is emblazoned on its stationery; evenspecial coffee mugs were issued.Yet, Bradburn admits. "I don't really likeanniversaries. They make me superstitious"+-an unusual statement to come from the headof such an eminently practical organization.It's just that he would rather look ahead, heexplains. But to understand what NORC istoday, it's necessary to look backwards just abh. .What really paved the way forsurvey methodology-andhence, for NORC-say.s Nor­man Bradburn, was the adventof telephones, automobiles, and, especially,radio, which "changed the way people thinkabout each other" and through which millionsof people could all focus on the same event..Manufacturers soon took advantage of ra­dIo's power, sending their messages outacross the country. "But" says Bradburn"the question then becam�, how do you get �message back?" The answer was audience re­search, as programmers and advertisers triedto find how big and what kirid of an audiencethey really had.When politicians began to use radio in theirCampaigns, the sample survey technique was�fined. Survey pioneers Elmo Roper andth eorge Gallup received a boost in 1936, wheney accurately predicted-with a few thou­�nd respondents-that Franklin Delanob oosevelt would win the presidential electionY a comfortable margin. Meanwhile, Liter­ary Digest obtained two million responses in ar�aders' poll-and predicted an easy win forc ,�llenger Alf Landon.c It Was like magic," says Bradburn. "Hows oUld a few thousand people give you a better�� of results than two million?" Roper andy lup proved it was not how many, but howy?U sample. Their technique had the samej��ue as quality control in a bolt factory: toIe se overall quality, inspectors randomly se­sect a certain percentage of bolts off the as-cambly line, thus minimizing the distortionused·Unte .If the bolt were able somehow to vol-er Itself for checking. THREATS AND PROBLEMSNORC compared a cross-section of the general population to community leaders, asking, "What kindsof things do you worry about most?" (More than one answer was permitted.)Personalor FamilyEconomicProblems Cross-Section: 43%Personal orFamily HealthProblems Cross-Section: 24%Not To WorryIn May 1954, NORC launched asurvey to examine whether thethreat of the Cold War and theinfluence of McCarthyism hadundermined public support forcivil liberties. Directed by NORCresearcher Samuel Stouffer,PhB '30, the survey featured open­ended questions, without hintingat its ultimate purpose.When asked, "What kind of thingsdo you worry about most?" thenumber of citizens who said theywere worried about an internalcommunist threat was less than onepercent. In a survey supplement ofsome 1,500 community leaders,Stouffer found they tended to worrymore about the communist threat,and world problems in general, thandid the general public. But, whenasked specifically whether anadmitted communist should beallowed "to make a speech in yourcommunity, " 51 percent of theleaders answered "yes, " comparedto only 27 percent of the generalpopulation.Cross-Section:OtherPersonal orFamilyProblemsLeaders: 38%WorldProblems,IncludingWarUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 17Asked to describe their "very deepest 1-----­feelings" upon first learning of theassassination, people emphasizedthe tragedy's personal dimensionrather than its possible politicalimplications: 61 percent felt deeply"sorry for his wife and children, "50 percent were deeply "ashamedthis could happen in our cOl{.ntry, "and only 19 percent worried greatlyhow the death would affect thecountry politically.One anomaly in the survey: 62percent of the public suspected"other people" besides Oswald wereinvolved in the shooting-yet in afollow-up survey one month lateralmost no one mentioned theapprehension of these plotters asan important national problem.Within hours after President JohnF. Kennedy was assassinated onNov. 22, 1963, NORC director PeterRossi began a comprehensivenational study of public reaction tothe event. Eight days later theresults were in.When IFK.wasShotIMMEDIATE REACTIONSGiven a range of 17 choices, peoplewere asked to describe their "verydeepest feelings" about the assassi­nation. Below are the top ninereactions (respondents could choosemore than one).Worried about how his deathwould affect the politicalsituation in this country: 19%Felt angry that anyoneshould have done such aterrible deed: 44%Felt the loss of someone veryclose and dear: 45%Felt ashamed that this couldhappen in our country: 50%Felt sorry that a strong youngman had been killed at theheight of his powers: 52%Felt so sorry for his wife andchildren: 61%18 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 While Roper and Gallup were proving thepower of random surveys, an employee inGallup's London office was dreaming of newways that power could be applied. Harry H.Field would become the founder of NORC,and his vision was to establish a nonprofit re­search center, affiliated with a university, thatcould conduct surveys in the public interest.Such a center, writes former NORC survey-director Paul Sheatsley in his brief history,"NORC: The First Forty Years," would give"the people a voice in political, social, andeconomic decision-making."Field was not a scholar-he joined the Brit­ish army at age 17, sold door-to-door, andworked as an ad agency's account representa­tive before joining Gallup in 1935. But hisbold, populist philosophy and personal charmappealed to George Gallup-who found nothreat in Field's not - for-profit goals and intro­duced him to several scholars also interestedin the potential academic applications of so­cial research. With funding from the FieldFoundation (no relation) and the University ofDenver-which also agreed to house NORC- Field hired a senior staff in the summer of1941.Months later, America entered World WarII, and the Office of War Information draftedNORC to conduct public surveys of morale onthe home front. Most of this work was donefrom the New York office, while the Denverhome-and Field's vision of an academic re­search center-languished. Still, the war pro­vided NORC with its first opportunities toconduct large-scale surveys, as well as finan­cial footing in its fledgling years.When the war ended, Field resumed his plansfor a research center "in the public interest."Ever the missionary, Field was traveling over­seas in 1946 to encourage academic surveycenters in Europe when he died in a planecrash. The following year, NORC changedboth its location and direction when Universityof Iowa sociologist Clyde Hart was named asField's successor. "Whereas Field saw NORCas a sort of nonprofit, public interest pollingcenter," writes Sheatsley, "Hart envisioned amajor social research institution," guided .bYuniversity-trained social scientists. Hart con­vinced NORC's board of trustees that the ceWter should be based at a major research univer­sity; Cornell, Princeton, and Columbia wereinterested, but the U of C-with its prestigioUSsociology department, and where Hart hadseveral friends-won out.At Chicago, Hart began recruiting a moreacademically oriented staff, including severalUniversity graduate students. During the1950s, most of the research under his direc­tion was done with foundation support .......highlights were Shirley Star's pioneer study ofpublic attitudes toward mental illness, the firstoccupational prestige survey, early researcbon race relations, and the first comprehensiveSurvey of family medical costs.With Hart's successor, sociologist PeterRossi, survey research in the 1960s grewmore sophisticated, complex, and costly.Meanwhile, foundation grants dwindled. Al­though NORC won work related to LyndonJohnson's "War on Poverty" -which createda boom in government -sponsored survey re­search-its cash flow problems eventuallyreached crisis level. On the verge of collapse,NORC received a long-term loan from theUniversity of Chicago. NORC's board oftrustees brought in a professional manage­ment team to reorganize administrative pro­cedures, and Bradburn was appointed direc­tor-his first of three intermittent terms in thatPosition. That was 1966-coincidentally,NORC's 25th anniversary.Ina 1985 experiment in question word­ing, NORC researchers found thatpublic support for increased "assis­tance to the poor" was 39 percentagepoints higher than support for increased"welfare."'''Assistance to the poor' is essentially thedefinition of welfare;" points out NORC re­search associate Tom W. Smith, PhD'79."v.ret there's obviously a negative connotationthat the public attaches to the word 'welfare'Which dramatically affected their response."The study was one of many victories forNORC in its long and adamant insistence onPlacing as much scrutiny on the methodologyused to obtain results as on the results them­selves. "We don't like to take shortcuts " ad­lllits Smith. "Which means our results �re of­ten better-more complete and accurate- Waiting for theEnd of theWorld?10:30 p.m., September 22, 1959.The White Sox beat the Indians atCleveland to take the AmericanLeague pennant. To celebrate,Chicago's fire commissionerordered that 106 of the city's airraid sirens be sounded, full blast,for five minutes.The next day, newspapers reportedthe panic that ensued amongresidents who misunderstood thesirens' purpose. Seeing a chance tostudy people's reaction in a panic­situation, NORC surveyed cityresidents-and found that fullyhalf of those who heard the sirensthought, at least for a moment,that World War III had begun.What did they do? This was, afterall, at the height of the Cold War,when bomb shelters were fashion­able and children learned to "duckand cover" under school desks.Still, only six (out of250) personssurveyed took any protective action."If bombed, "the survey reported,"60 percent of Chicagoans do notexpect themselves, or indeed anyoneelse, to survive an atomic auact:' NOTHING MORE THANFEELINGSThose who were "certain" that thecelebratory sirens signified an airraid were asked to describe theiremotional reactions. (Respondentscould pick more than one.)than other survey groups." And, often, moreexpensive.How do NORC's high standards survive inthis era of government belt -tightening-an erawhich has also seen an explosion of new com­mercial survey groups vying for a piece of theaction?"To be honest," says Bradburn, "I was con­cerned in the early 1980s that the demand forthe kind of work NORC was doing was goingDEATH ROW? Percentage of respondents who answered "yes" when asked, '�reyou in favor of capital punishment for murder?" Crime andPunishmentThe NORC General Social Survey(GSS), sponsored by the NationalScience Foundation and otherorganizations, has been conducted17 times since 1972. A 90-minuteinterview with people chosen torepresent the nation's demographicprofile, the GSS has replicatedquestions about attitudes andbehavior from national surveysdating back to the 1930s to provide awealth of longitudinal data.One interesting shift of opinion overthe past six decades has been inattitudes towards capital punish­ment for murder. It's unusual, saysGSS director Tom W. Smith,because most attitudes, if theychange, tend to move steadily in onedirection, "but here you have onethat has actually reverseddirection."It's clear, says Smith, that the shifttowards increased approval of thedeath penalty in the 1960s waslargely the result of that decade'sincrease in homicides. In thegeneral category of "punitiveness, "capital punishment differs fromother examples-such as punishingpolitical extremists or spankingchildren-which, says the GSS,have steadily declrned in publicacceptance.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 19DISCIPLINARY ACTIONHigh school administrators andsophomores in public and Catholicschools were asked to assessdisciplinary problems in theirschools (1980 results).Report CardTo NORC Director NormanBradburn, "High School andBeyond" represents "our idealresearch project." It has a U of Cconnection: sociologist JamesColeman was the principal investi­gator. And, although it was federallyfunded (by the U. S. Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare),Coleman and NORC had almostcomplete freedom to design whatbecame, in 1980, the largest everAmerican survey on the effectsof schooling, querying 58,000sophomores and seniors andthousands of administrators inpublic, Catholic, and other privateschools across the country.That study made waves for conclud­ing, among other things, thatCatholic schools were superior, insome respects, to public schools­conclusions that Bradburn says arenow taken as "received wisdom."This spring, NORC will launch itsfourth follow-up to "High Schooland Beyond. " Computer-assistedtelephone interviews of 15,000people first interviewed as highschool sophomores during the 1980study will compare those respon­dents' earlier attitudes towardschool and future employment withtheir current educational andprofessional status. Student AbsenteeismAdministrators: percentagereporting it is a "serious ormoderate problem"Sophomores: percentagereporting "students oftendon't attend school"Cutting ClassesAdministrators: percentagereporting it is a "serious ormoderate problem"Sophomores: percentagereporting "students oftencut classes"Verbal Abuse of TeachersAdministrators: percentagereporting "verbal abuse is aserious or moderate problem" Public 9.6Iic4.7Sophomores: percentagereporting "students oftentalk back to teachers"to disappear." As part of its general plan toshrink the federal government, the Reaganadministration had made deep cuts in fundingstatistical evaluations. "But then," says Brad­burn, "they discovered they were flyingblind."In programs where billions of tax dollars areat stake, flying blind is a risky business. As an-example, Bradburn cites statistics on the fed­eral trade deficit. A superficial analysis of thatdeficit might overlook situations where, say,Honda makes a car in America and sells it toJapan. By calculating these types of sales as"exports" instead of "imports, "thetradedef­icit actually might be far less than is currentlythought."That, to my mind, is what surveys are real­ly all about," says Bradburn. "If individuals,corporations, universities, and governmentsact incorrectly, based on a diagnosis of the sit­uation that's wrong, they can make thingsworse. Or spend a lot of money for no goodwhatsoever, because they're chasing a prob­lem that doesn't exist." In that respect,NORC's current government research is notso far from Harry Field's populist vision ofimproving democratic government throughsurveys. It acknowledges the vastness of thecurrent bureaucratic structure, while offeringthe tools to make it more responsive to theneeds of private citizens.20 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 The need for NORC has been reaffirmed byPresident Bush's Council of Economic Advis­ers, who launched an initiative to boost statis­tics research at a federal level. Funding is al­ready on the rise, particularly in health care,which is now NORC's single biggest area ofresearch. Studies are underway on health careexpenditures and utilization; health-relatedbehavior, including sexual behavior and sub­stance abuse; attitudes and behaviors ofhealth care professionals; and health policyquestions.NORC is also deep in several long-term edU­cation studies, including follow-ups to "HigbSchool and Beyond," a landmark 1980 studyconducted by NORC with University sociolo­gist James Coleman. More recently, Univer­sity sociologist William Julius Wilson collab­orated with NORC in a widely publicizedsurvey of Chicago's inner-city. Not all ofNORC's work specifically relates to academ­ic research, although its survey results oftenbecome a resource for sociologists, politicalscientists, economists, and psychologists."We're very selective in our acceptance ofprojects," says Bradburn. "We're interestedin working on things that are methodological­ly or technically challenging. Is it pushingfrontiers? Can we bring in academic corrcerns? We also ask, do we have any compara­tive advantage" to other research groupswhich might be bidding on a project? "Thatadvantage," Bradburn says, "is usually relat­ed to the complexity of the project. "For example, while most survey groupsabandoned personal (face-to-face) inter­viewing in the 1980s in favor of cheaper andeasier telephone surveys, NaRC maintains alarge personal-interview field staff-just assurveyors are realizing that telephone inter­Views don't work for many kinds of projects."If you're going to do a study on, say, hungerin America, doing a telephone interviewmight create a huge bias," points out TomSmith, "because if you're running out ofmoney, before you stop buying food you stoppaying the phone bill. "Personal interviews also increase a sample's"randomness," says Smith. Unless threat­ened with firearms, NaRC field surveyorswill go back to a home where they've initiallybeen turned down, "converting" over half oftheir initial refusals. In 1990, NaRC con­dUcted the first successful national computer­assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) sur­Vey; Bradburn predicts that researchersarmed with laptops may completely usurppencil and paper in the field, increasing accu-racy and efficiency. ',NaRC also does its share of telephone sur­�eyS, often as 'a supplement to other fo�ms ofInformation gathering. Indeed, a buzzwordnow is "triangulation," that is, bringing to­?ether respondents' interviews, by phone orIn person, with other resources-such as doc­tors' records for health surveys or school tran­scripts for educational studies-to provide a�eeper, more objective understanding of theirIVes. For the same reason, more longitudinaltYpes of studies are planned. For example,YOuths aged 14-21 interviewed in NaRC's�979 National Longitudinal' Study of Youthh aVe been followed into high school and adult-OOd-the study was even expanded to in­cl�de data on their offspring.Maybe more than ever, a lot of people are�ery excited about NaRC right now, in Wash­Ington in particular," says Richard Kulka, as­So .G Clate director of NaRC's Survey Researchroup. "Because we're such an old and distin­gU�shed organization, they regard the changes�e re making as serious efforts to bring thist nd of research into the future-not just at­��Pts to be trendy or look 'cutting edge.'h' ere Cutting-edge, but with a long history be­�nd Us. That gives our current efforts a lot2re credibility. "N6 don'� think it's a question of whethers Rc WIll go away or whether this kind of re­i;arCh will go away," says Bradburn. "I thinkly s � question of how it will be done different­he �n the future. That's why," he adds­an S�tating as he sips from a gleaming, 50th-10 nI�ersary coffee mug- "we should keepOking ahead." 1989196419891964 Life's WorkNORC'sfirst survey on occupation­al prestige had a specific purpose,but soon took on a life of its own. In1947, the President's ScientificResearch Board asked NORC tofind out whether there was decliningpublic prestige for governmentscientists that could hamperrecruitment. In the process, NORCobtained ratings on 90 widely variedoccupations-and then added abattery of questions, such asattitudes about education, andoccupations o/both the respondentsand their fathers. The surveybecame a classic source on socialstratification, replicated in 1964 andagain in 1989 as part of NORC'sGeneral Social Survey.Respondents in 1964 and 1989 wereasked to rank occupations accordingto "social standing, "from one tonine, with the nine rungs convertedinto a prestige score from 0 (lowest)to 100 (highest). In both surveys,physicians ranked highest. Blue­collar jobs tended to receive higherscores in 1989, presumably becausesuch jobs were harder to obtain thanin 1964. The lowest-prestige job in1964 was "shoe shiner" (9.3) whichwasn't even included on the 1989list, where dishwasher (16. 78) tookthe bottom rung.What a teacher isNorman Maclean said it in my Wordsworth class inOctober 1970, and I wrote it down, on the assump­tion that one day someone. would ask the very ques­tion you have now asked, about ideas that have made theUniversity of Chicago a special place:A good teacher is a tough guy who cares very deeplyabout something that is hard to understand.This is among the most enduring thoughts I recall fromgraduate school. It takes eight seconds to say (in New York,knock off a second)-a marvel of efficiency, yielding a con­siderably higher return on investment than, say, the hoursspent verifying the placement of a comma in Keats, andmore than enough justification for the faculty's sometimesannoying commitment to quality control.BRIAN R. ALM, AM'71The eve of ecologyIn 1899, having had his doctoral dissertation approvedby the Department of Botany, Henry Chandler Cowlessaw it published in the Botanical Gazette (one of thetwo major botanical journals of the period). In his disserta­tion, Cowles described the plant communities of the Indi­ana sand dunes fringing Lake Michigan. More important,he showed how those seemingly haphazardly placed andapparently unrelated patches of vegetation were indeed in­timately related through the dynamic process of ecologicalplant succession.The variegated patches of open beach, dune, grass,shrubs, and trees were stages in the multi-year transforma­tion of bare ground to forest. Each stage was normallycharacterized by one or a few dominant plant species andmany commonly associated species of animals and otherplants, all living in numerous complex interrelationshipswith the biological and physical environment. In the courseof each stage, the soil and microclimate conditions were somodified by the flora and fauna that the stage could not per­petuate itself; it gave way, instead, to another stage on theroad to the climax association. In the Chicago area, the cli­max forest is dominated by the beech and sugar maple.Typically associated with these "dominants" were numer­ous other plants and animals. All these creatures lived in adynamic balance among themselves and with the climate.So long as the climate remained stable, the trend toward thesame climax forest would be manifest, regardless ofwhetherthe starting point was sandy dune or swamp.Cowles' study dates from the very infancy of the scienceof plant ecology, long before "ecology" became a fad, a22 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 When the Magazineannounced acontest for itsreaders, askingthem to write aboutimportant ideasassociated with theUniversity ofChicago, thewinning answersgot down to basics:advice on teachinglInd learning, aswell as new waysof thinking aboutpolitics, music,the environment-and life.slogan, a movement, and an ethic. Of 1 ,035 literature cita­tions in Weaver and Clements' 1938 landmark compen­diumand survey of the field, Plant Ecology, only 13 pre­date Cowles' publication. Hundreds of ecological studiesworldwide have served to amplify and build on his find­ings. Every study of tropical rain forests, for example, isfollowing in the footsteps Cowles left on the sands ofIndiana.PAUL E .. GRAYSON, SB'380UIflHilttJ;!I8l11Wm III §}!j i. Ub;;;;:y\#Uiil__ U I.. .JtlK"Uncoiling the double helixMolecular medicine. Gene therapy. Designergenes. The Human Genome Project. Such terI11Sbombard us almost daily on television and in t�eheadlines. Another disease found to be genetic in origlnone day, fresh insights into how our genes create us thenext. Indeed, much of medical research today is concerned• •lliversitWith genetic defects which lead to disease, and biology it­self has an increasingly molecular, genetic focus. This ex­Plo�ion of interest in genes-the hereditary messageswhIch reside in our cells on chromosomes composed of de­OXyribonucleic acid (DNA)-has been intensifying for�ver�l decades. In fact, it was ignited by the ideas of anll1encan geneticist -James D. Watson, PhB' 46, SB' 47-and the British biophysicist Francis H. C. Crick nearly 40�ears ago. Together, they deciphered the structure ofN A, paving the way for the birth of molecular biology, re­cOll1b'.. tnan] DNA technology, and the most rapid progressl;bIOlogical research in history.th Ort� years ago, it was generally accepted that DNA wasd'� ullIversal genetic material, that it was made up of fourd � �erent components called nucleotides, and that when in­�V�dual cells divided, each daughter cell was built and[I amtained using its own set of molecular blueprints in thei��ll1 of DNA, indicating that the DNA was somehow cop-. However, it was still unclear how this acidic polymer was able to accommodate all ofthis. Unclear, that is, until1953, when Watson and Crick published a short report inNature in which they proposed a structure for DNA, basedlargely on X-ray crystallographic data and their owninsights.Instead of one strand, they reasoned, DNA had two inparallel, coiled into a helix-the now legendary "doublehelix." It resembled a long, twisted ladder where each rung, was composed of nucleotides-one from each strand­which could only pair in a certain way. The sequence of nu­cleotides itself encoded the information necessary for thedevelopment and survival of the organism. Instantly, sever­al perplexing questions had explanations. To replicate, thestrands could first unwind and pull apart; each could thenserve as template for synthesis of another strand, creatingtwo separate helices identical to the parental helix. If errorsin pairing occurred, those changes that were advantageouswere preserved over time, explaining at a molecular levelthe process of evolution; disadvantageous changes couldresult in death or impairment, as in the plethora of humangenetic disorders. Studies over the years have borne outthese notions, presented concisely in only a few pages in1953-and appropriately recognized with the Nobel Prize .. 'for Physiology or Medicine in 1962.Inescapably, much of what we are and will be is deter­mined by our genes, messages encoded using a molecularalphabet, written into double helices of DNA. Some mes­sages give bright blue eyes, others disabling disease. JamesD. Watson's remarkable insight was instrumental in show­ing us how much of what makes us what we are-goodas well as bad-is encoded in our DNA, our own doublehelices, our own "twists" of fate.CRAIG DAVID BLACKSTONE, SB'87, SM'87The ideas of a classroomFifty-five years ago, I was a student in a class called"Classics of the Western World," taught by RobertMaynard Hutchins, president of the University, andMortimer 1. Adler, professor of the philosophy of law. Theclass was held once a week (Tuesday evening) in HarperMemorial Library, first floor. Because this class was ex­tremely popular and filled early with students, I attended asa visitor.Basically a course in great ideas, suggested by famous lit­erary selections, it turned out to be a fascinating combina­tion of philosophy, intellectual history, cultural trends, vo­cabulary enrichment, and applied semantics. All werestrikingly mingled. Participation in discussion wasstrongly encouraged. Intellectual curiosity was boldlystimulated. Spontaneous communication was vibrantlyunleashed. The result became an ingenious unraveling ofUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 23everything from the obvious to the obscure. � were taughtto think for ourselves.The other night, like an ideological archaeologist, Ithumbed through my ancient, yellowed, crumbling notesand rediscovered a rich variety of cultural terms, technicalexpressions, and emotionally charged words.In philosophy, there were truth, goodness, and beauty. Inethics, a branch of philosophy: morality, virtue, and evil.In another branch of philosophy, aesthetics, there werestyle, technique, and form. In political science, there weredemocracy, imperialism, and socialism-and, more par­ticularly, senate, tyrant, and demagogue. In literature, art,and music, there were classicism, romanticism, and real­ism-and, more particularly, baroque, art for art's sake,and streamof consciousness. In psychology: behaviorism,repression, and subconscious. In biology: heredity, phy­logeny, and phagocyte. There were-even consequential ex­amples of human emotion: hate, fear, and happiness-and,with connotations related to society: avarice, ambition,and hypocrisy.Never since have I been exposed to such a meaningfulpursuit of ideology. Never since have I been initiated intosuch fruitful associations of ideas and movements ofthought. Never since have I been so tempted to compare re­lated and unrelated concepts. The professors' content wasboth intellectual and affective; they evaluated thinking andfeeling. They explored-exhaustively, eagerly, and warm­ly-all nuances.Each professor excelled in certain areas. Hutchins con­centrated on how expressions reach into other disciplines:history, government, law, diplomacy, international rela­tions; how words change in different historical settings;how meanings become ambiguous; how context influencesideas. Adler focused on the roots of words and on theircomponent parts; how inaccuracy and inconsistency are in­herently parts of verbal usage; how persuasive techniquesand propaganda distort vocabulary; how humans choose tointerpret words according to their own interests anddesires.Neither professor was authoritarian, inflexible, dogmat­ic. Neither pretended to be infallible. Neither ridiculedstudents' questions, comments, or differences of opinion.The class was essentially democracy in action. That was itsindividuality and its appeal.JACK D. HESS, AB'37The evolution of a theoryCurrent evolution. ary theory has been fundamentallyshaped by Sewall Wright (Department of Zoology,1926-1955) and his shifting balance theory ofevolution.Evolution is the change of populations or species throughtime. The idea that all life arose through the process of evo­lution was one of the profound innovations of the 19th cen­tury; all of modern biology rests on this fundamental no­tion. Its acceptance in the 20th century came about by whatis now called the Modern Synthesis.Central to this endeavor was the work of Sewall Wright.(For a complete version of this story, see the marvelous bi­ography, Sewall Wright and Evolutionary Biology, by WillProvine, AB' 62, AM' 65, PhD '70, published by the U of CPress in 1986.) The primary ideas of Wright's shifting bal-24 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 ance theory were first published in 1931 (Genetics,16:97-159) and summarized in his four-volume work, Ev­olution and the Genetics of Populations (U of C Press,1968-1978). The theory's central components are asfollows:All traits of an organism come about from the complex in­teraction of genes; only certain gene combinations lead tohigh fitness, while others result in low fitness. Simple massselection of a species will not necessarily lead to the genecombination with the highest fitness; the species may get"stuck" with a gene combination that is more fit than othercombinations, but is not the most fit possible combination.The resolution of this dilemma comes about if the species issubdivided into smaller populations that are linked by mi­gration. Then a three-phase shifting balance process canoccur.Phase one-genetic drift, or changes due to sampling ef­fects-will cause different subpopulations to have differentgene combinations. In phase two, a subpopulation that con­tains a favorable gene combination experiences local massselection, increasing the frequency of that combination. Inphase three, migration from the subpopulation with the fa-e vorable gene combination will cause it to spread to the rest� of the species. Finally, the entire process repeats with new,aeven more favorable, gene combinations. Thus, maximalevolution will come about by the balance of three proc­esses: genetic drift, selection, and migration.Wright's ideas were immediately embraced by the lead­ing evolutionary biologists of his day. Their influence isseen in the first major book on the Modern Synthesis,Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin ofSpe­des (Columbia University Press, 1937), and they are per­vasive in the culminating symposium of the synthesis, TheEvolution of Life (editor, Sol Tax, PhD'35, published bythe U of C Press in 1960). Today we are still testing, ex­ploring, and extending the ideas that Sewall Wright first de­veloped over 60 years ago.SAM SCHEINER, AB'78, SM'80, PHD'83illlIRIUFUi . 11t1'�IU!lIIlC7m; lllszaa i llIIii1'_JIU Ii lWElf"A poet of the agesFerdinand Schevill and Thornton Wilder admired thepoet Jeremy Ingalls, and highly valued her epic po­em, Tahl (1945), completed while she used her Gug­genheimfellowship to work at the University, with the re­sources of Harper Library and the Oriental Institute (whereshe studied Classical Chinese).Schevill once told her, "You must be at least a thousandyears old to have compressed all that history into your po­em." But Jeremy Ingalls is a poet, not a historian, and "allthat history" is not for itself, nor for ornament, but for de­velopment of an integral idea of the whole: that in time theinfluence unconsciously exerted by some rare persons up­on many of the" small" people around them is more signif­icant for the quality of human life than all the famous bat­tles of kings and "heroes."With her lively consciousness of the struggles in theSpanish civil war and the imminence of World War II, shecombined wide knowledge of the idea of culture carriers inold civilizations. Her perception that valuable "insightsand opinions ... stubbornly keep on traveling despite therises and falls of economic systems or particular empires"led her to conclude that" If Spengler was right that the WestWas doomed .... the continuity of civilized values wouldnot be cut off entirely. These values would merely drop un­derground in the sense of being sustained by small groupsof obscure individuals, real forces, though forces unno­ticed by conventional historians. "Such as the "obscure individuals" brought to vigorouslife through the tremendous variety of verse forms, tradi­tional and non-traditional, for giving expression to the veryvarious voices of musicians and children, stonecutters andold women, farmers and painters, who have known TahlWell or at a distance, and have felt the impact of his strug­gles and searches in their own lives. Through them is re­created the poet's perception that "essential human surviv­al, the humanness which survives, has always rested on theSUrvival of people with active wills and informed imagina­tions controlled by the humility of love."FRANCES ELDREDGE, PHD'47measure of qualityWithout the U of C, there would be no fundamentalmeasurement in social science. Why has therebeen almost no progress in understanding andSolVing social problems in the last 100 years? BenjaminDrake Wright's diagnosis is that the fuzzy nature of data inthe social sciences inhibits clarity of thought. To Wright,PhD'57, professor in education and psychology, the diffi­culty lies in the fact that social science data are often countsof qualitative events (e.g., absences from school, teenagepregnancies) that lack the quantitative structure needed form�aningful, simple arithmetic. "It is almost impossible tothlUk about numbers that are not equal interval," Wrightdeclares. He then proposes the obvious, deceptively sim­Ple, first step: produce better measurement-fundamentalm�asurement. In other words, construct interval measuresWIth the characteristics of the carpenter's yardstick, butObtained from the counts of qualitative events familiar tosOcial scientists.In the spring of 1960, Wright was the sole participant toa�end all of a series oflectures given at the University by an� SCUre Danish mathematician, Georg Rasch. These lee­t�res . introduced him to the apparently incredible notionat linear quantitative measures-fundamental measure­ment of the type on which the physical sciences are based­can be derived from examinees' right/wrong answers to�estions on intelligence tests. Wright has taken this idearther. As an internationally known exponent of funda­:ental measurement, he has broadened its theoreticale�se, �idening its practical applications (the Australianab ��atlOnal system, medical researchers in pain and dis­ri Ihty, and physical scientists analyzing qualitative data oni IVer Pollution levels-all employ Wright's insights), andnstructing practitioners in its use.JOHN MICHAEL LINACRE, AM'87, PHD'89P***' 'to> .. __ .-."'-- .... '1;OWer, politics, and therules of the gameT ?e title of a panel discussion at the 1955 annual meet­lUg of the American Political Science Associationthe Was "Morgenthau and His Critics." As director ofCenter for the Study of American Policy, Hans J. Morgenthau 'was a moving force behind the creation of theUniversity'S Committee on International Relations; and, assignified by the title of the discussion, one of the foremostscholars in the development and study of internationalpolitics.In 1946, Morgenthau's Scientific Man vs. Power Politicsset out the broad outlines of his philosophy. He contended,on the one hand, that political behavior could not be studiedby using the methodology of natural science: to assume apredictable and rational world could be imposed on the un­certainties of politics was, at best, a questionable ap­proach. On the other hand, Morgenthau believed it possi­ble to develop a sociology of politics that eliminated moralabsolutes and broad and sweeping solutions. He contendedthat political man seeks power and that conflict -the resultof others engaged in that same quest, with all the power­seekers using moral justifications to explain their aspira­tions-was kept within bounds on a national level throughadherence to constitutional devices or agreed-upon rules of, the game. Therefore, a minimum of consensus, or appro­priate agreement of goals, could be achieved. The interna­tional arena, however, was marked by disorder, conflict,c and uncertainty, which the moralists and idealists striving� to resolve and eliminate the power rivalries between nationc states-through the application of universal disarmament,international sanctions, and free trade-could noteliminate.In 1948, Morgenthau's Politics Among Nations set forth arealist theory of international politics. In distinction to le­gal, historical, or economic inquires into international pol­itics, Morgenthau used the concepts of power and self­interest as a basis for the study and conduct of affairsbetween national states. In 1950 his In Defense of the Na­tional Interest applied this general conception to Americanforeign policy, arguing that the United States, by virtue ofits geography, history, and relationship to other nationalstates, had identifiable strategic interests vital to its security-and that, in considering alternatives to action in the inter­national arena, its foreign policy must concentrate on theseinterests.Morgenthau recognized that certain critical aspects of thenation state were becoming obsolete; nevertheless, he be­lieved that the true statesman must consider the security ofone's own country above all else. He recognized that debatewould rage over a definition of the national interest, andthat leaders would often see political events and circum­stances in contradictory and conflicting ways; however, hebelieved that rational individuals, measuring the times,could achieve a rough approximation of national securityon a global scale.DON W. LEVY, AM'66�U_!��i\iIaurliIJ,�,��in', I\\WII 1.�IIUIIIII!fm!1R"'lf "_Unexpected notesLeonard Meyer's theory of implications was foundedwith the first of his five books, Emotion and Mean­ing in Music-recognized when it came out in 1956as one of the most innovative applications of Gestalt psy­chology to music. In its main thrust, the theory breaks outof the traditional mold in which musical ideas are catego­rized according to classical forms or standard structuralpatterns. In a manner that is still contemporary, the theoryportrays traditional Western art -music as subject to a push-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 25pull of conflicting tendencies that leads to complexity with­in a larger order._ The theory developed by Meyer, PhD'54, who taught atthe University from 1946 to 1975, can be cast either interms of the expectations of the listener or the implicationsseated in the music itself. The basic paradigm, which Mey­er illustrated with many detailed musical examples, is thatby manipulating perceptual closure within the framework 'of stylistic norms the composer leads us to expect a certain_turn of events. Deviation from that expectation arouses a 'necessary anxiety, required to set up the final satisfactionthat is granted when the music eventually fulfills ourexpectations.The question can be raised, ''Are not our expectationschanged on rehearing music?" There are various re­sponses, but the key distinction is that a "deviation fromexpectation" in Meyer's sense is a structural complexitythat can be appreciated as such-not to be confused withmere novelty. I prefer to think of a composer as a stage ma­gician, a master of sleight-of-hand, who so entrains ourthought that he beguiles us into expecting things against ourwill. No matter how many times we see a magician's illu­sions, we are always surprised. It is the apparent contradic­tion in the illusions that delights us. Similarly, in music thatbears rehearing, the surprises are built in and do not fade.JOHN CHESNUT, SB'64, PHD'76Explaining Americans tothemselves and the worldShelby Steele uses the words of Martin Luther King,Jr., to title his recent work on race in America, TheContent of Our Character. And, indeed, it was Kingwho dreamt of the time when African- Americans would befairly judged on the basis of their character. If King's wordsand moral vision provided Steele's immediate inspiration,however, it is the analysis propounded by David Riesman inhis protogenic 1950 study, The Lonely Crowd, that pro­vides the intellectual ground upon which Steele has so ably- if controversially-built.That Steele makes no acknowledgment of this is unsurpris­ing; there is no reason he should be aware, in any immediatesense, of his debt to Riesman; his generation grew to intellec­tual maturity-as did King himself-in a climate in whichRiesman's idea of the relationship between character and so­ciety was taken for granted. Steele's book is only a most re­cent example of innumerable volumes, articles, and com­mentaries, popular and scholarly, whose provenance may, inlarge part, be traced to Riesman's work. From mid-century,literate men and women, worldwide, have been acquaintedwith the personality typology brilliantly elucidated by Ries­man and his collaborators, Reuel Denney and Nathan Gla­zer, and labeled by them "tradition-directed," "inner­directed," and "other-directed."Masterfully interweaving Freudian theory and sociologi­cal method, Riesman-then professor of social sciences inthe College-and his fellows explained Americans tothemselves and to the world in a way quickly recognized byordinary people everywhere as enormously important tothe understanding of the unfolding story of modernsociety.E. L. PATTULLO, AB'4926 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 A question of methodI nmy first year in law. school in 1935, I took a requiredcourse on contracts taught by Professor Malcolm P.Sharp.After a couple of weeks, I raised my hand to ask a ques­tion. His response was that it was a very good question and Ishould think about it some more. I did just that for threeweeks in a row, and each time I asked a new question, hiscomment remained the same.My response to what I considered his demeaning attitudewas to march into his office with my letter of resignation. Itold him-in no uncertain terms-that I had come to lawschool, not to ask questions, but to get answers. He thenspent two hours with me; he told me that in the discipline oflaw, as well as other disciplines, if you ask the right ques­tion the answer will become obvious.We took our one and only contracts examination at theend ofthe year. I made the highest grade. My responses tothe written exam about a number of hypothetical legal situ­ations were nothing but a series of questions.g MARCUS COHN, AB'35, JD'38The pursuit of happinessThe cashier at my local Waldenbooks has a tacitagreement with me. Whenever I order more copiesof my favorite book, neither one of us ever attemptsto pronounce the name of the author. The name is MihalyCsikszentmihalyi, AB'60, PhD'65, author of Flow: ThePsychology of Optimal Experience. Fortunately, U niversi­ty of Chicago professor Csikszentmihalyi's name is theonly obstacle in his otherwise readily approachable book.Flow is my favorite book because it describes the processof reaching the one goal that is universal to all humans: tomake life worth living. The goal ofliving a worthwhile lifestands so far above every other temporal or mundane goalthat the exploration of the steps necessary to reach it consti­tutes the best idea emerging from the University. Advancesin science, economics, law, and so on are wonderfulachievements for the University, but teaching us how tolearn how to become happy-that is a special gift.Flow presents general principles "to transform boringand meaningless lives into ones full of enjoyment." In thisage, when so many of us have been unable to cultivate a pur­pose in life, these principles can be galvanizing. If we fol­low them, we may be able to improve our happiness at workand in our relationships with others. Achieving happinesSis neither easy nor direct. It cannot be reached passively,merely by being entertained. Achieving happiness requiresgenuine, time-consuming effort. In the last year, I have fol­lowed some of the suggestions in the book. For example, Ihave resumed writing (not a passive pursuit) at a time in mYlife when I do not have time to write. Yet the effort alwaySbrings internal rewards, which bring happiness.Everybody wants to be happy. Because he has made mehappier and because he can make you happier, Csikszent­mihalyi's ideas are the best to come from the University.But with a name like Csikszentmihalyi, don't count on aufprofessor becoming a household name.SUSAN PATTON ALTMAN, JD'83So] ,;3enteUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 27homes in tough neighborhoods.As with most stereotypes, that's not an en­tirely accurate picture. Social work is a vastfield; there are about 400,000 social workersin the U.S., 135,000 of whom belong to theNational Association of Social Workers(NASW). While seven out often are womenand a majority work in the public sector (oneout of four NASW members practices in a so­cial service agency), more and more socialworkers are finding new ways and new set-28 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 tings in which to use their skills. The numbersmight be small, but they're growing. In 1982only 10.9 percent of NASW members hadtheir own private psychotherapy or counsel­ing practices; by 1990, 16.1 percent practicedprivately. Twenty percent now work in for­profit settings, compared to only three per­cent in 1972.These increases are a result of a number offactors. First, private practice is more of anoption now because states have made it easier for social workers to practice autonomously,Where in the past social workers wanting tocounsel patients privately had to rely on refer�rals from psychologists or psychiatrists fortheir clients, they are now legally recognizedin all states except Wisconsin as counselors.In addition, 27 states now require third parties(i.e., insurance companies) to reimbursetheir clients for social work treatment. In al�,65 percent of all psychotherapy in the U. S. ISnow performed by social workers.thSeco�d, according to Jeanne Marsh, dean ofof� D�lversity of Chicago's graduate Schoolp oClal Service Administration (SSA), "op-Ortunities have resulted from the fact that thecorpi orate sector itself has become much more:V�lved in what you might call the 'privateStae fare state' or the 'corporate welfarete '" Igu' n other words, corporations have be-Sa n to provide for their workers some of thetr:� .resources the social service agency has1honally provided the needy, which, in turn, has opened up a lot of new jobs.Many in the profession believe even moreprivate sector jobs will open up. "I don't thinkwe have a full grasp of the dimensions ofchange, " comments Ronald Feldman, dean ofColumbia University School of Social Work.Indeed, the field is experiencing a rise in pop­ularity. Everywhere, applications to schoolsof social work are up. The SSA, for example,received 463 applications to its master's anddoctoral programs for the 1991-92 academic year, compared with only 344 applicationsfor 1990-91-a 34.6 percent increase. Theupswing is even more dramatic for master'sprograms alone, where SSA received 42.9percent more applications for 1991-92 thanfor the previous year.Barbara White, NASW president, reportsthat schools across the nation are experienc­ing the same increases. It could be a sign of thetimes-some in the profession believe that so­ciety's social conscience surfaces in 30-yearUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 29cycles. Thus, according to this theory, the1930s were characterized by reform, so werethe 1960s, and the 1990s will be too. Othersargue the increase in applications could be aresult of the increased opportunities socialworkers find when they graduate. the changing needs of society. "This profes­sion has gone through different phases linkedto things going on in society," says White."Even though our roots have always been withthe poor, in the 1960s social work tended to befocused more on community organization. Inthe early 1970s we saw a shift to the manage­ment or administration arena," she contin­ues. ''And, based on my observation, in the '80s and now the '90s, we're moving toward amore entrepreneurial, private-sector kind ofmodel."But even in a field used to change, this latesttransformation seems to have caused soJ1le�thing of an identity crisis. "The tension rigbtnow about these new opportunities is wbatthey mean for the profession's traditional V�dues," says Marsh. Many leaders in the fieCHANGING ROLES are very much in the tradi­tion of a profession which responds to30 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992�ear that social workers taking jobs in the pri­l:te S�ctor, or opting for private practice, willth Se SIght of the profession's mission: servingw e underserved. Some even argue that socialinorke�s have betrayed their heritage by turn­ol theIr backs on the public agencies in favoroft work in private realms where salaries arepu�� higher (1987 NASW figures show thatrc agency social workers earned on aver- age $26,800, while those in private practiceearned $31,(00).Donald Beliss, executive director of theCouncil on Social Work Education and deanof students at SSA from 1971 to 1980, agreesthat social workers have moved away frompublic agencies-to a degree. "But that's not acompletely voluntary move," he says. Beliss-and others, like Charles O'Reilly, dean of the School of Social Work at Loyola U niversi­ty of Chicago-contends that social workerswere forced out of public agencies in the late1970s and' 80s by those agencies, which, in aneffort to cut costs and fill positions, "declassi­fied" jobs that had previously required a so­cial work degree, and hired people withoutdegrees at lower salaries.And, as social workers' job opportunitiesUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 31have changed, so have their clients. Inextrica­bly tied to the definition of traditional socialwork is a commitment to serving the poor anddisadvantaged. But in private practice and inthe for-profit realm, clients are inevitablypeople who are able to pay. University ofMichigan professors Charles Garvin andJohn Tropman, write in their new book SocialUVrk in Contemporary Society (Prentice­Hall, 1992), that the traditional missionof social work has been "to improve the quali­ty of life for persons individually and in or­ganizations, communities, and societiesthrough social intervention." In the U.S., thesocial work profession was established in theearly part of the 20th century. Until that time,social reform was the realm of individualcharity organizations or private foundations.(The SSA was a leader in making social worka true discipline: it was one of the first socialwork schools to be affiliated with a universi­ty.) And it was during these early years, sayGarvin and Tropman, that "social work'sidentification as a profession concerned pri­marily with the disadvantaged becamefixed."While no one is directly accusing socialworkers who opt for working in the privatesector of selling out, many in the professionworry that the disadvantaged may be forgot �ten. "All I'm interested in," says Beliss, "isthat the option of staffing public agencies isnot lost. We have to maintain and make viableto our students the option of public service."As Garvin, AM'SI, PhD'68, puts it, "we'rehappy social workers have new opportunitiesbecause they'll carry the social work under­standing into other fields." But, at the same32 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 time, the profession's leaders want to makesure the field's commitment to the under­served remains intact.ONE WAY TO MAINTAIN thatcommitment and to ensure thetransmission of traditionalvalues is through education.In that sense, the nature of theeducation social workers get today hasn'tchanged much at all. Indeed, in many cases, ifschools have changed it has been to increasetheir emphasis on preparation for traditionalpublic welfare work. The SSA is only one ex�ample. "The first year I became dean, in1988," says Marsh, "I asked the faculty toconsider their sense of what this institutionshould look like in ten years. I wanted to knowwhat were the values and goals that shouldhelp us direct our activities. And the facultydecided to recommit themselves, in someways, to refocusing on preparing social work­ers to work with the disadvantaged."That's not to say that the SSA discourages itsstudents from pursuing nontraditional fields,Marsh is quick to point out. But the schoolwants all of its graduates to have an under­standing of the profession's mission that willstay with them in whatever field they decide toenter. Many other social work schools, in­cluding Columbia and the University of Cali­fornia at Berkeley, are also reemphasizingtheir commitment to traditional social work.This kind of emphasis seems to have workedfor SSA in the past. Pat Dowell-Cerasoli,AM'80, deputy commissioner of neighbor­hoods for the city of Chicago, recalls that shewent to SSA planning to study administration and policy. When she got to the school, shefound she was required to make one of her twofield work quarters a traditional agency case­work experience. She was distraught, shesays. She did not want to be a caseworker andeven thought about quitting the program.Now, she says, "I'm much more appreciativeof my U of C experience. I think the traininggets you to understand the value of people. Be-ring able to listen to people is important. Myjob is not just taking a pen to paper and plan­ning an area the way I think it should be. I real­ly have to understand what people want."Marsh says she does not think SSA gradu­ates, even those in untraditional jobs, are indanger oflosing their traditional values. "Myview is not that social workers are abandoningtheir commitment to the disadvantaged, or toa system of social welfare," says Marsh."They're pursuing their careers under differ­ent auspices than they have in the past." A.careful examination of the "untraditional"jobs social workers have now, she says, willshow that the new breed of social workers areusing the same skills they always have-skillsdistinguished by a need to understand a per­son in his or her social context, and that helpsolve problems that arise between the individ­ual and community. They're just meeting thatneed in new places or new contexts.Like Dowell-Cerasoli they are working ingovernment, or in private corporations. Or,like Laura Pleasants, AM'81, who does mar­keting and public relations for a non-profitadoption information center, they use theirsocial work backgrounds to perform jobs notnormally associated with social workers.They are also finding work with nontradi­tional populations: like Noe Torres, AM'91.who works at Children's Memorial Hospitalwith Chicago's growing Hispanic population;and like Rory Gilbert, AM'79, who special­izes in counseling police officers. And, as al­ways, says Marsh, social workers find theIll­selves confronting new, emerging probleIllS,such as AIDS and HIV infection, probleIllSsociety has not yet learned to deal with.Take, for example, Joan Palmer, AM'8Z,who works on a medical research project �the University of Illinois in Chicago. Fundeby the National Institutes of Health, the studY"is trying to understand how the HIV virus is ofisn't passed from mother to baby during preg­nancy. "Social work reinvents itself all wetime," says Palmer. "We're always trying todeal with new problems creatively. But tbesame basic social work perspective on the b�­man being and social order is always there.Barbara White of the NASW agrees. "IfY��talk to the mainstream social worker, yOOb"1' efind the values are still there, " she says. rprofession's mission is still foremost to 00tmembers, even though we work in differensettings."The College's centennial symposium looks beyond the canon wars.Special ReportCommonEnemies,CommonGround The undergraduate College of theUniversity of Chicago is, accord­ing to its dean, Ralph Nicholas,characterized by classrooms filledwith people "who have a passion for conceptsand for the agreeable sounds of our own voic­es talking about them."Nicholas, AM'58, PhD'62, was talking toseveral hundred academics, students, andalumni who had gathered for the opening ses­sion of a February 9-12 centennial symposi­um on "The Fate of Liberal Education"(which included a series of special workshopson the Hutchins College).The University's l00th birthday celebra­tion, Nicholas cautioned, "has brought usdangerously close to hubris." Amid the con­genial pleasures a conference or symposiumprovides, "we need to stand back and take acold-eyed look" at the state of liberal educa­tion-in the College and nationwide.Nicholas himself defined two threats to lib­eral education-threats linked, but not identi­cal, to current charges that American univer­sities are guilty of "intellectual faddishness"and a "failure to teach undergraduates." Heworried first about the" expectations studentsbring with them to college: that college is sup­posed to prepare them to do ajob." That nar­rowness of focus is, he said, at odds with thebreadth that is a byword of liberal education.But he also worried about a narrow­mindedness in campus politics, suggestingthat as professors take up arms in the canonwars, they are in danger of forgetting "ourcollective responsibility for who should beappointed to the faculty and what shouldbe taught," decisions that "should be madewith the needs of our college students inmind."By their nature, said John W. Boyer,AM'69, PhD'75, master of the SocialSciences Collegiate Division andmoderator of the opening session, "LiberalEducation and the Colleges in America, " col­leges are "communities which anticipatethe future," both because they are in thebusiness of educating young people andbecause they think about what the futureshould be.Indeed, the students ofthe immediate futurewere very much on the mind of the first speak­er' Wellesley College president Nannerl 0.Keohane. Those incoming students are dif­ferent, she said, in ways that require differentteaching strategies. While almost all studentsarrive on campus computer literate, most "have not acquired the habit of reading forpleasure." And while "deferred gratificationis essential to good scholarship at any level, "Keohane noted, "it is not a hallmark of oursociety today." Finally, while a college's stu­dent body is almost certain to be demograph­ically diverse, individual students "may verywell come from a relatively segregated envi­ronment." As a result, students will increas­ingly "need an education in diversity," in­cluding more emphasis on geopolitics andlanguages.The issue of what should be taught also un­derlies what Keohane saw as the challenge tocolleges posed by the current canon wars."Critics who are worried about a dilution ofvalues" have an image of the college as "atransmitter of sacred truths from generationto generation-of the college as cult," with"ritual guardians dispensing the holy myster­ies." Such critics err, Keohane said, in seeingit as a matter of old versus new texts. Ratherthan discarding classic texts, colleges mustfoster an awareness of "the absences and thesilences in those texts."A finite canon is an impossibility, Keohaneimplied, in a world where knowledge contin­ues to expand. Because "there are morethings worth knowing than any of us couldpossibly know," a liberal education's tradi­tional commitment to teaching "people howto think, how to find out what they need toknow, " will be increasingly central.The process of knowing was also the focus ofthe day's second speaker, Jack Meiland,AB'54, AB'56, AM' 57, a professor and asso­ciate dean for undergraduate education at theUniversity of Michigan. Meiland chose to ad­dress what he called "perhaps the most im­portant challenge of all: defining and carryingout the mission of the teacher." His own defi­nition of that mission, he said, can be found inthe College's 1952-53 catalog and its insis­tence on the importance of teaching under­graduates "how knowledge is acquired andtested."Today that mission, he remarked, is less aptto be honored in college classrooms than inthe rhetoric of college admissions materials.At the same time, he argued, many colleges,administrators, teachers, and students rou­tinely confuse liberal education with liberalarts education. The two enterprises" sound somuch alike that you can engage in one andthink you're engaging in the other. "But the difference is great: "Liberal educa­tion deals with intellectual skills and atti­tudes," the stuff of the 1952-53 catalog, whileUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 33I don't think the Hutchins Collegewas ever a "Great Books" college .. . . There was a concern in theCollege with a general education- not in the sense that you haveto read this, this, and this book;but that you ought to be awaresomehow of what the thinkingof human beings is when theythink about nature, when theythink about society, when theythink about art, and so on.-Karl Weintraub, AB'49, AM'52,PhD'57, the Thomas E. Donnelleydistinguished service professor.The boundary between academicand public spheres no longerseems distinct. Increasingly, wemust consider the relationshipsbetween who and what we teachand the social and politicaltransformations that shape ourinstitutionallives.- Valerie Smith,associate professor of English atUCLA.The Moby Dick that was taught tostudents in the 1920s is not theMoby Dick that was taught in the1950s, is not the Moby Dick that istaught now."-Linda Kerber, visitingprofessor of history.I don't think there's anythingwrong with teaching your researchif you define your research inbroad, generalized ways .... That'swhy I don't like the HutchinsCollege ideal because it definedgenerality in opposition toprofessionalism and research, andtherefore doomed itself from thebeginning. Not enough peoplewanted to teach it.-Gerald Graff,AB'59, the George M. Pullmanprofessor in English.34 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 "liberal arts education is knowledge-coverededucation," a list of courses completed, in­formation transmitted.Today's college teachers need to rededicatethemselves to teaching their students "what atheory is, what an argument is, and how to testthem." This will not be easy: "We really knowvery little about liberal education," saidMeiland, adding that what's needed is a na­tional center for liberal education, where fac­ulty members could go "to learn how to teachin a liberal educative style."P hilosopherand University of Virginiaprofessor Richard Rorty began thesymposium's concluding roundtable,"Liberal Arts and the American College, " byadmitting he'd lost patience with battles overcurriculum, canon, and political correctness.On that point, all of the afternoon's speakersseemed in agreement."It seems to me we can brush this kind ofcultural politics to one side, " said Rorty, "andget back to real politics" -which, in regardsto liberal education, he argued, is the politicsof the left. To Rorty-a graduate of the Hut­chins College, AB'49, AM'52-being "po­litically liberal and liberally educated" natu­rally go together.A truly liberal education, he said, "opensyour eyes to the possibility of a world in whichhuman beings will be freer and more equalthan they were before." Therefore, a leftistideology will always be the outcome of thekind of "free and open encounters" inspiredby liberal education, he claimed, "because insuch encounters you learn about kinds of un­necessary human suffering that you weren'taware of before."The high point of this brand ofliberal educa­tion, said Rorty, came in the Sixties, when themajority of students voted for McGovern, andwhen African-Americans, women, and gaysset up campus "power bases, " creating a uni­versity community "in which conversation isat this point more free and open." Such gains,he said, are now "endangered by these silly,canting canon wars."Rather than forming curriculum commit­tees and requiring texts, Rorty said, universi­ties should simply concentrate on maintain­ing a diverse student body and faculty. Bymaking sure that "people are free to teachwhatever turns them on and whatever theythink their students will be turned on by, " thecurriculum and canon "will pretty much takecare of itself."Like Rorty, Jonathan Z. Smith, a distin- guished service professor in the Humanitiesand former dean of the College, expressed im­patience with the seemingly endless debate.inspired by the canon wars, reminding educa­tors "that the buck stops here." It's one thing,said Smith, "to strive to overcome naive,taken-for-granted positions .... It is anotherthing to resist all decision.""There arises a point after all," said Smith,"when business commits to a decision, whenjustice reaches a verdict, when medicineproffers a diagnosis." Such decisions aremade with a full realization of "social con­texts ... of varying pressures of rank, status,and power which must be carefullynegotiated. "While curricular decisions must be made,Smith did not believe they can be made withinthe context of an unchanging set of culturalvalues. Rather, Smith, like Rorty, describedculture "as a set of highly contested con­structs and values that continually must be ne­gotiated and re-negotiated by activeparticipants. ""Education is, or should be, one of the prin­cipal forums for performing this function,"said Smith. By recalling this function, he sug­gested, those entrenched in the current canonwars could take solace that such struggles area natural result of the process of" education asforum."Continuing this theme of "education as fo­rum," Gerald Graff, AB'59, asked the audi­ence to look at this forum from the vantagepoint of most students. Graff-who leftNorthwestern University to join Chicago'SEnglish department last fall-shared a "reve­lation" he had while teaching excerpts frortlAllan Bloom, PhB'49, AM'53, PhD'55, andMarxist critic Terry Eagleton to a class ofthird-year students-realizing that theycouldn't see the difference in the tWOarguments."First I was taken aback" said Graff,, 'd"but I realized that, to them, it was very hardto see a difference" because Bloom anEagleton-speaking in an intellectual diS­course which the uninitiated find "intimidat­ing and alien" -were, in a sense, much closerto each other than they were to Graff'sstudents. }<:He gave another example. A student toOtwo classes: one from an art professor whO e"­plained that the myth of objective knowledg�had been exploded by post_modernisthought, and one from a professor who sP?�confidently about the objectivity of polItICscience. The student resolved the dilemrtla,Graff said, by "trashing" objectivity in arthistory and presupposing it in politicalScience.Graff said we shouldn't blame students forthis cynical attitude. Rather, we should recog­nize that they aren't being encouraged to joinIn the intellectual community of debate anddissent, because that community is presentedto them in seemingly unrelated fragments."The courses being given at any moment on ac.ampus represent any number of rich poten­hal conversations within and across disci­plines, " said Graff, but students only experi­ence these conversations as "a series oflllonologues. ". To provide students with a big picture of theIntellectual community, Graff recommendedlllore curricular connections across disci­Plines, and large public events, "like this sym­Posium." He concluded with one more exam­ple drawn from the classroom: that of a friendWho "team-taught" for the first time and dis­covered his students "were able to argue withUs because they saw us arguing with eachother."Speaking from her experience as a professorand adminisrator at Brooklyn College, wheresh .e IS provost emerita, Ethyle Wolfe found thegreatest threat to liberal education in "the in­creaSing specialization demanded for pre­Professional training," a demand that hastUrned undergraduate colleges into "prepara­tory career academies."ti The only means for returning liberal educa-10� to colleges, said Wolfe, ate general edu­�ahon requirements, which build "a shared�dy of knowledge, significant concepts, ter­�nology, and critical skills" that makes pos­S�.le a "community of discourse across disci­ih Ines." Such a return-if accomplished. rOugh the involvement of faculty from a va­rIety of backgrounds and disciplines-need�t be antithetical to multiculturalism, said�lfe, Who regards general education re­iUIre�ents as the "only mechanism we haved�r �fInging new ethnic groups into the aca-llliC mainstream."U �ike Smith, Wolfe believes that college andb��versity faculties must face their responsi­/ uy by making hard decisions about the cur-lculum "D' . h f . hh . issent IS t e un; consensus IS t egard work," she said. ''And now it's time toetto work"In th di .111 e Iscussions that followed, the panel'speOderator - U ni versity provost Gerhard Cas­Cu r -asked the speakers to consider anotherco�;ent threat to liberal education. How caneges, particularly private ones, justify their "ever higher tuition?" Won'tthere be aday, he asked, when the public's patience willsimply wear out?Graff agreed with those who felt there was agreat deal of waste in higher education-thesource of which, he felt, was the problem he'dspoken of earlier: courses taught in isolation,creating a lack of coordination and efficiencyamong the faculty. ''Any business that ran thisway would be out of business. "Smith suggested that a real problem in just­ifying the benefits of a liberal education is thatthe grading system does very little to show astudent's actual progress. "You get B's thisyear, B's the next year-does this say nothinghas happened? Everything has happened,"said Smith, adding, "I think that institutionsthat think of better ways of measuring and dis­cussing progress ... are going to do extremelywell."The talk moved from money to missionwhen a member of the audience complainedthat he'd heard very little about the role of aliberal education in instilling morals and val­ues to students. To that complaint, Rorty an­swered, "I think that what you want to do ismake the student dissatisfied with his orher society." At the same time, Rorty ac­knowledged, "experience suggests that a rea­sonable number of the students will never seea need to be dissatisfied .... I think that col­leges are places where students divide up intothe dissatisfied, interesting ones and the satis­fied, dull ones."Although Smith found the idea of transmit­ting values to students "a bit too solemn," heagreed there was a something about a liberalarts education that should transcend practi­cal, "real world" concerns. "We try on per­sonas, we tryon notions, we're blissfully pro­tected from bearing the full consequences ofthe things we try on. It's, in a sense, a refugeand society has paid an enormous amount ofmoney to let us do this sort of thing-with thenotion that fooling around like this is in someway useful. ""Universities have to really work muchharder at explaining to the world outside whatwe are doing and why," concluded GerhardCasper. Without such explanations, Caspersaid, the outside world will increasingly de­mand that higher education become more vo­cational and practical. At the same time, itwill lose sight of the importance of a general,liberalarts education. The present danger,Casper concluded, is that universities and theworld outside them "will become ever morethe same." One of my rules is that all ofthe interesting questions areprocedural questions, and I thinkthe real question to answer aboutthe curriculum is, under what rulesof order are these questions goingto be answered?-James Redfield,AB'54, PhD'61, professor in theCommittee on Social Thought.What is the purpose of auniversity? Is it really there tomake knowledge about the natureof the world as widely known aspossible? ... I would argue thatthe function of the universityis precisely to reproduce thehierarchy of knowledge and powerthat society has as its base. I wouldargue that if you really want torevolutionize knowledge, you haveto revolutionize society.-RichardLewontin, professor of biology atHarvard University.Even if you argue that there's nosuch thing as Western civilization,there's an awful lot of people whothought there was, and that itself isreasonable grounds to continue thediscussion.-Leon Botstein, AB'67,president of Bard College.The great educational tragedy ofmodem times is the artificialseparation that occurred betweenthe natural sciences and the othersubjects in the curriculum.-LordPorter, professor of chemistryat the Imperial College of Scienceand Technology and the 1967Nobelist in chemistry.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 35lumni ChronicleCenlenniol reunionIn honor of the University's 100th anniversa­ry, staff and volunteers for the Alumni Asso­ciation are gearing up to make the reunion­held on Thursday, June 4 through Sunday,June 7-an especially memorable event, byoffering a wide range of special features.The class of 1942 has issued a challenge toall other classes to turn out the biggest groupfor the All-Alumni Cavalcade of Classes. Arelatively new tradition, the cavalcade will as­semble on Saturday at 10: 15 a.m. at BotanyPond, and will march-to the sounds of theAlumni Association Pipe Band-to Rockefel­ler Memorial Chapel. The chapel assemblywill include a greeting from President HannaGray, presentations of alumni awards, and aUniversity Motet Choir performance.The keynote lecturer this year is Merton Miller, co-recipient of the 1990 Nobel Prizein Economics, and the Robert R. McCormickdistinguished service professor in the Gradu­ate School of Business. He will deliver hisspeech-a set of reflections drawn from his 31years on the faculty-on Saturday before thecavalcade. John Chancellor, the NBC-TVnews anchor and a longtime friend of the U ni­versity, will deliver the SSA's annual HelenHarris Perlman lecture on Friday afternoon.Alumni can meet the Dean of the College onThursday when Ralph Nicholas, AM'58,PhD'62, will lead a discussion entitled "Gen­eral Education is Alive and Well .... "Affinity receptions, open to all alumni, willbe held on Friday and Saturday afternoons byindividual groups ranging from the AcademicTeams to the Women's Clubs. And, all alumniare invited to participate in alumni-led discus­sions on a variety of issues. These forums will36 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 be held on Thursday and Friday afternoons.For more information, contact the AlumniAssociation, 5757 Woodlawn Avenue, Chica­go, IL 60637, or call 3121702-2160. A dis­count is being offered to those who registerbefore May 1.Inquiring minds.Nearly 100 alumni of the Hutchins College re­turned to the University to attend "The Cen­tennial Symposium: The Fate of Liberal Edu­cation," held February 9 through 12 (see"Special Report," p. 33). The alumni wereinvited by the symposium's organizers to helpconfront the issues facing liberal arts collegestoday-including the question of canons,multiculturalism, and science in generaleducation.Hutchins College alumni from across thecountry returned for the symposium to dis­cuss their experiences and contribute theirperspectives on liberal education in specialroundtable discussions each afternoon, saysLaura Gruen, Alumni Association associatedirector. And there was lots of spirited discUS­sion at sessions like "The Hutchins College:The Humanities and the Canons in Scholar­ship and Teaching," led by professorsHerman Sinaiko, AB'47, PhD'61, and KarlWeintraub, AB'49, AM'52, PhD'57.A special guest, F. Champion Ward, dean ofthe College from 1947 through 1953, spoke ata dinner for Hutchins College alumni, facultyand friends. In his address, titled "Lessonsfrom the Hutchins College: Remarks of a Re­proachful Apparition," Ward reminded hisaudience that" one ofthe most salient charaC­teristics of the Hutchins College was the ex­tension of its intellectual life beyond the clasS­room into the dining and residence halls-andto 'Jimmy's. ' " They were" rare and memora­ble years," Ward added. "But for the passageof time, I would gladly do most of it again. ""The extent of continuity between theHutchins era and today's College is impres­sive, " says Ralph Nicholas, AM'58, PhD'62,dean of the College. "Our discussions movedwith ease between nostalgia and the present.Participation by younger faculty and currentstudents put the Hutchins College alumni i�tOdirect contact with this College. This meetInghelped both groups understand the stron;sense we all have of Chicago's unity througthe last 50 years as well as over the entire ceIl-tury of its existence. "Cenlennial Syllabus noleIn the list of persons willing to lead or organ;ize discussions of the Centennial syllablldbooks, (February/92), one name was list��incorrectly. That person's correct name, a{(dress, and telephone number are: Jane BoOMyers, 9842 Singleton Court, Bethesda, MD20817,301/530-7840.Great debatesUniversity professors have taken to the road.In an effort to bring a taste of University schol­arship and debate to alumni across the coun­try, the Alumni Association is sponsoring aseries of Centennial Forums.The first forum, "Back to the Future: Un­derstanding the Soviet Collapse, " will look atthe end of the cold war and what the currentchanges in the former Soviet Union couldtnean for Europe and the United States. Theforum will be held in Philadelphia on Sunday,April 26, where it will be led by political sci­ence chair John Mearsheimer and politicalscience professor Stephen Walt.Mearsheimer will then take the forum to Bos­ton, on Saturday, May 2. Its final stop will beDetroit on Sunday, May 3, whereMearsheimer will be joined by Soviet historyprofessor Sheila Fitzpatrick.The second forum, "Who's Afraid of thePundamentalists? A World Survey ofTrends," will be held in Ft. .Lauderdale onSUnday, April 26; and 'in Denver on Sunday,�ay .17. Led by Divinity School professorb a�tm Marty, PhD'56, and psychology andUSllless school professor Marvin Zonis, the�rum will cover the research to date of theUndamentalism Project of the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences, which studiesCOtnparative fundamentalist religious move­tnents worldwide.APor more information contact the Alumni- ssociation, 3121702-2150, or see the Cen­tennial Forums advertisement at right.Centennial show news2ckets are selling fast for Miracle on 59thtreet, a lighthearted musical comedy on thecentennial theme scheduled for four perform­ances in Mandel Hall during reunion week­end. Sponsored by the Alumni Association�nd its. Governing Board, the show-writtenY bUsmess school professor and University�arshal Robert Ashenhurst and English pro­�ssor emeritus Edward Rosenheim, AB'39,M'46, PhD'53-features an all-volunteerCast of 40.c Drawn from every part of the Universityc Otnmunity, cast members include a dozend���e�t students in the College and graduates ISlons; faculty members and theirIfoUses; alumni of all ages; and friends affi-ated . h' £ .g Wit vanous campus per ormmga��UPs. Directors are Marcia Edison, AB '71,$15 Raymond Cullom, AB'88. Tickets costCo ' but can be purchased at a ten-percent dis­fo Unt before May 1. For ticket and dining in-rtnation call 3121702-4456. University of Chicago Alumni AssociationCentennial ForumsThe Alumni Association will bring the celebration ofthe University's centennial to alumni and friendsacross the country this spring. You are invited to jointhe lively interchange between expert faculty andinformed audience, followed by a festive reception:"Back to the Future:Understanding the Soviet Collapse"Professors John Mearsheimer, Sheila Fitzpatrick, andStephen WaltPhiladelphiaSunday, April 26, 1992Info: 215/946-2773BostonSaturday, May 2, 1992Info: 508/369-4857DetroitSunday, May 3, 1992Info: 313/661 -2456""Who's Afraid of the Fundamentalists?A Wor-ld Survey of Trends"Professors Martin Marty and Marvin ZonisFt. LauderdaleSunday, April 26, 1992Info: 407/997-8820DenverSunday, May 17, 1992Info: 303/753-9606UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE! APRIL 1992 37lass News"No news is good news" is one cliche to which we donot subscribe at the Magazine. Please send some ofyour news to the Class News Editor, University ofChicago Magazine, 5757 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago,IL 60637. No engagements, please. Items may beedited for space.18 Helen McWorter Simpson, PhB'18, 97years old, writes that she will, unfortunately,be unable to attend the centennial celebrations.19 Dorothy Dorsett Fisher, PhB' 19, notesthat, as the spouse of the late D. Jerome Fish­er, SB'17, SM'20, PhD'22, she was a "faculty wife"for 41 years-mostly at the U of C. Her son, David L.Fisher, SB'42, turned 70 last summer.23 Joseph F. Bohrer, PhB'23, JD'24, see1948, Stanley M. Heggen. Virginia AultTapley, PhB '23, celebrated her 90th birthday last Au­gust. She plays bridge and is treasurer of the women'sclub at her church in St. Petersburg, FL.24 Alice Crandall Park, SB '24, writes that sheenjoys gardening, researching her family ge­nealogy, and cooking.25 Helen Sisson Redefer, PhB'25, is workingon a book about Chicago, and hopes to have asigning party by the time she's 90.27 Tom D. Paul, SB'27, MD'32, writes, "I'mstill alive and doing the best I can to avoid thealternative!" Mildred Schieber Standish, PhB'27,spent her 1990 Thanksgiving in Spain and Algeria.2� 8 Babette Schoenberg Brody, PhB'28, see1987, Thomas McKibben II. Leo R. Brown,SB'28, MD'35, writes that his grandson plans to ap­ply to the U of C after high school. Allan Filek,SB'28, MD'33, is the medical director of a nursinghome in Sun City, AZ. His family recently held areunion at the La Jolla, CA, Beach & Tennis Club.Elliott A. Johnson, PhB'28, JD'31, chair of theboard at South Texas College of Law, also practiceslaw and runs a ranch.30 DarolFroman, PhD'30, married and livingin a retirement residence in Albuquerque,NM, writes, "having passed the examination, I am al­lowed to volunteer at putting books on shelves in thelocal city library." Leonard Landwirth, PhB'30, re­cently returned froma trip around the world. He playsgolf, tennis, bridge, and backgammon. Edward J.Lawler, PhB'30, a lawyer with his own practice, re­cently celebrated his 83rd birthday. Bertha Heimer­dinger Wadt, PhB' 30, writes that her granddaughter,Susan, expects to graduate from the U of C in June.31 GeorgeH.Otto,SB'31,PhD'42,isworkingon his memoirs, and has just completed achapter on International House life in the 1930s.32 Albert R. Kramer, PhB'32, a retired air­line executive, lives in Fort Myers, FL, and38 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 spends his summers in Martha's Vineyard, MA.Maurice B. Olenick, SB'32, is retired in PalmSprings, CA. William Kir-Stimon, PhB'32, a clini­cal psychologist in Evanston, is the editor of J.iJices,the journal of the American Academy ofPsychotherapists.33 George F. Dale, SB'33, writes that he is"still going strong, feeling great, and busierthan ever. Who said retirement meant leisure??"Adelle Lamphor, PhB'33, has spent the last yeartraveling to Florida, England, and northernMichigan.34 Craig C. Wales, MD'34, retired in 1988.Lawrence Lewy, AB'34, JD'36, practiceslaw in Virginia and in the U.S. Supreme Court.35 Charles A. Bane, AB'35, has made itthrough quadruple-bypass surgery and theinstallation of a pacemaker. Philip C. Doolittle,PhB'35, enjoyed a week at the Elderhostel at TaylorUniversity in Upland, IN. Edward D. Friedman,AB'35, JD'37, retired from a litigation practice, hasfully recovered from open heart surgery. He is cur­rently serving as a neutral arbitrator specializing in la­bor management relations. D.G. Hall, MD'35, waselected a senator of the Academy of Senior Profession­als at Eckerd College. Helen Rosenberg Weigle,AB' 35, writes that her grandson, Michael Maltenfurt,is working on his doctoral degree in the U of C mathdepartment. Philip C. White, SB'35, PhD'38, ispresident of the board of the International StudentHouse in Washington, D.C. He also volunteers withthe American Association for the Advancement ofScience to work with inner-city fifth and sixth gradersto encourage their interest in science and math.36 Hal Bauer, X'36, is retired after 29 years inreal estate law and trust at First InterstateBank of California. Herbert C. Brown, SB'36,PhD'38, 80 years old, continues to do research at Pur­due University. Harold J, Brumm, MD'36, is profes­sor emeritus of medicine. at Stanford University.Eleanor Sharts Cumings, AB'36, is living in Evan­ston and doing volunteer work-reading aloud to chil­dren at a local day-care center. Betty Cooke EvansGaston, AB'36, writes that she went to the 55th re­union, which was "a great one!"Zalmon Goldsmith, AB'36, JD'38, recently wonthe Kane County Bar Association Community ServiceAward. He and his wife, Anne Holtzman Goldsmith,AB'38, are very involved in community service in Au­rora, IL. He serves on the board of directors at MercyCenter, Heartland Blood Centers, and Sunnymere.Anne's current project is raising money for the Para­mount Arts Center Endowment Fund. Stanley W.Marion, X'36, is retired, after 50 years, from thepractice oflaw. Norman W. Masterson, AB'36, re­tired since 1981, participates in the Long Beach YachtClub and Congressional Cup Yacht Race. Edith Mc­Carthy Spencer, SB'36, see 1943, Robert C.Spencer. 37 A. Caroline Hutcheson Acree, AB'37,AM'40, is living in Norwalk, OH, and in­volved with her church, Eastern Star, and the Ameri­can Association of University Women. Aaron Bell,AB'37, is retired from the English teaching program atthe Parliament of Finland. Joseph J. Ceithaml.SB'37, PhD'41, retired after 44 years on the U of Cfaculty, and is now helping arrange medical class re-, unions in the BSD alumni office. Verrill J. Fischer,MD' 37, retired in 1984 but notes that medicine is "stillmy life, and still exciting." Doris M. Hunter, SB'37,is a certified general and child psychiatrist.Ruth Shapiro Kadish, AB'37, was honored by theSan Francisco YWCA during its tenth anniversarycelebration. John G. Morris, AB'37, writes that hehas reached chapter 26 in his autobiography-the firstten of which chronicle growing up in Hyde Park. OliveWalker Swinney, AM'37, keeps busy volunteeringfor Common Cause, Planned Parenthood, NationalOrganization of Women, National Peace Foundation,and her church. D. Throop Vaughan, AB'37, and hiswife, Betty, have moved to Zionsville, IN, to be neartheir children and grandchildren. They celebratedtheir 50th wedding anniversary with friends and rela­tives in Flossmoor, IL. Forrest H. Whitney, AB'37,AM'51, has retired from volunteering as chair of hislocal, five-county Long-Term Care OmbudsmanCouncil, which inspects and investigates 132 facilitiesproviding nursing home and adult congregate livingservices in Florida.38 Frances Burns Burnham, X'39, see 1940Joffre A. Heineck. Annette Young Feld­man, SB'38, SM'40, is in the 22nd edition of »1zoJWho in the west for her work in the community of Hay­ward, CA. Anne Holtzman Goldsmith, AB'38, see1936, Zalmon Goldsmith. Helen Peterson JohnsoJl,AB'38, is retired from teaching in the Oak ValleySchools in Joliet and now spends her time travelingwith her husband, Robert. Edwin B. Libbey, X'38,writes that his son, Michael, is working on his master'sdegree in the School of Social Service Administrativ'':Retha Jane Rosenheimer Mason, AB'38, AM'4�,writes that her trio for flute, clarinet, and bassoon, 'Irt:ad, was performed several times by principals frofllthe Tucson Symphony last year. She has also writtensongs for voice and harp which will be performed atthe Women's Museum in Washington. George E·Reedy, AB'38, retired Nieman professor of journal­ism at Marquette University, is still teaching part ti�ethere. He is also a member of the International MedIaFund Advisory Committee. Emma Genevieve Dll�Stanton, SM'38, is professor emeritus in portlanState University's mathematics department. .39 Virginia Kenny Lamer, X'39, is dO.1ngcasework at Red Cross with service famihes,refugees, and veterans. She was in Hawaii to vieW �eeclipse last July. Burton B. Moyer, Jr., AB'3 'writes, "Greetings from a kid who grew up in AvaiollPark, three miles south of the Midway, with paren�who didn't have enough money to send him and hItwin brother [the late Robert R.Moyer, AB '39] awaYto college-a lucky break for both of us!" Robert.�·Reynolds, SB'39, is retired and enjoying his hob�le5dwhich include golf. Cheves Walling, PhD '39, reureschemistry professor at the University of Utah, h�moved with his family to the country in �e nHampshire. Robert O. Wright, AB' 42, and Maril\Leonard Wright, AB'42, went to Hungary for 51.1. nil'weeks when Robert volunteered as an Intern�Uo theExecutive Service Corps member, to work wtth Iltcity of Keszthely on ways to improve governrne�rvic� �40 w. James Atkins, AB'40, writes that he's"proud to have been a member of the U ofrfamily for 56 of its 100 years." Elizabeth ZiJ1lJlleIllan Burkhart, PhD'40, has recently traveled toFlorida, Michigan, and Las Vegas-where she joined� tour going to Zion, Bryce, and the Grand Canyon na­�onal parks. Joffre A. Heineck, SB'40, and Joanalllmerer Heineck, SB'40, visited some U of CalUmni on a recent trip west: Frances BurnsBUrnham, X'39, and Bryson Burnham, JD'40, in�urango, CO. Elise Byfield Gilden, AB'40, is work­�ng on art projects in a newly built studio behind herOUse, studying art, and training to be a volunteer do­cent at the Art Museum in Thcson.Ruth Young Lebow, SB' 40, SM' 41, wrote the tele­C?urse guide to accompany the instructional televi­SIon series "The Earth Revealed, " a series of 26 pro­grams in beginning geology. Marjorie Kuh Morray,AB'40, went as a volunteer last May to Romania andBUlgaria; while there she worked with English teach­ers under the sponsorship of the U.S. Information�gency and the University Consortium of Intensivenglish Programs. John O. Punderson, SB'40, has�Ompleted 30 overseas trips for the Internationaltandards Organization and the International Electro­�chnical Commission. Janet Cameron Solomon,B'40, X'49, and Ezra Solomon, PhD'50, attendedreUnion in 1991, and write that "it was great to see solllany classmates! "41 Robert B. Baum, SB'41, district courtjudge, 314th Family District Court of HarrisP'X) County, was chosen as "Man of the Year" for?90 by the Independent Order of Foresters, a cornmu­n? �ervice organization dedicated to the preventiono chIld abuse, in recognition of Baum's work withju­ve '1M 1lI e.s both in and out of t�e courtroom. MargaretVi errlfield Clark, AB'39, received a "Woman of thetar" award in Denver for community service. She� So took her first U of C cruise trip to Baffin" Bay,Lreenland, and the Canadian Northwest Territory.at .p er In the year she headed to Ecuador and the Gala-Sag?S Islands. Norman N. Greenman, AB'41,s� 48, PhD' 51, writes that he had a great time at theA�� re�nion last June. Sara Richman Harris,St 41, IS executive director of the Center for thec .�dy of Aging in Albany, NY; secretary for the Coun­T�_on Geriatric Cardiology; and coordinator of theA �rd International Conference on Physical Activity,�ng, and Sports.1I . \lelyn Geiger Jones, AB' 41, attended the 50th re­c�IO? last June and writes that it was" a memory I willp' erlsh forever. I was especially impressed by the bag­LPe band that escorted the cavalcade of classes." Bobtealll�tie, AB'48, and his wife have just returned fromC a�lhIng .English for two years at the Foreign Affairsceo ege In Beijing. Hyman P. Minsky, SB'41, re­"W�tly completed an around-the-world excursion insp ich he made presentations at Central Bank­th��ored conferences in New Zealand and Turkey, toat V�vernment of Singapore Investment Office, andan� fi Ienna meeting of European teachers of bankingLev mance. He is now back in residence at the JeromeA.B'� Ec.onomics Institute. Caroline Grabo Moyer,enj .1, IS working part time, traveling, reading, and°Ymg her grandchildren.42 Muriel Frodin English, AB'42, tutors inty of M English at the writing center at the Universi­bor aryland. David L. Fisher, SB'42, see 1919,Jb,��hy �orsett Fisher. James J. McClure, AB'42,50th ' WrItes that he is working on the class of 1942'sllhb'sreunion. Norman Rudy, SB'42, MBA'47,centl 2, and Phyllis Greenburg Rudy, SB'43, re­a saf�r�el�brated their 50th wedding anniversary withretiredl trIp to Kenya. Russell H. Savage, AM'42, isChari after 38 years of teaching in California.EXPI es A. Werner, SB'42, led 11 members of thelast �rers Club through Siberia's Northeast PassagelImmer, aboard a Soviet nuclear-powered ice- A PersonalCentennialStrong punch and fond memoriessweetened a celebration of GladysCampbell's life.Several days before the February17th celebration, Gladys Campbell,PhB'18, AM'37, had her hair cut.Silvestre Vigilante, the barber at the Rey­nolds Club, made a house call to the cooper­ative apartment building on the corner of56th and University where Gladys has livedsince it was built in the 1920s."Isn't it amazing," he said, as he trimmedher hair, "that both you and the Universityare turning one hundred years old in thesame year?""Yes," she replied, "but the University isholding up much better than I am."The remark-exact, unsentimental, funny- is characteristic. "Gladys tells it like itis," a friend recently observed. "She falsi­fies nothing. " Her mobility has been limitedsince she broke her leg several years ago.Her hearing is poor; her eyesight is failing.Yet what draws friends, old and new, to thewelcoming warmth of her apartment is thatwhich has survived the erosions of age.Robust and wide-awake, she is excellentcompany. Her appetites-for food anddrink, conversation and laughter-remainundiminished.As birthday guests entered the building,they passed under a six-foot-Iong centennialbanner contributed by the University. Themood inside the apartment was festive. Abowl of punch-deceptively powerful stuff-had been concocted according to Gladys'recipe. There were flowers, balloons, and abulletin board covered with cards and letters- including congratulations from PresidentBush, Mayor Daley, and President Gray.The guests included people Gladys hadknown for more than 70 years and others shehad met in the last few months. An ll-year­old friend of Gladys', knowing of her pas­sion for baseball, gave her a Chicago Cubscap, which she received with peals oflaugh­ter and immediately put on. One had the im­pression everyone came less to pay tribute toher years than to celebrate her as a friend.Gladys arrived at the University in 1916 asan undergraduate. She began teaching at the Lab Schools in 1922 and in 1936 was draftedby President Hutchins to teach in the hu­manities program in the College. A poet,she was active in the Poetry Society, whichoften met in her apartment. When ThortonWilder came to the University in 1931, hejoined them. He was, Gladys recalled,charming company; they used to go dancingtogether.Gladys' poems appeared frequently inPoetry and were collected in The Momen­tary Beach. It has been many years nowsince she last wrote a poem. Her right handcan no longer hold a pen; her eyes havedeteriorated to the point where she cannotread. Yet she still lives in language-honorsit by the aptness of her speech and the inten­sity of her listening.Toward the end of the afternoon, Univer­sity President Emeritus Edward Levi,PhB'32, JD'35, came by. He had been herfavorite student at the Lab Schools and hasdescribed her as his favorite teacher. HaroldHaydon, PhB'30, AM'31, art professoremeritus and another former student, alsoclimbed the stairs to her apartment. MerlinBowen, AB'36, AM'47, PhD'57, Englishprofessor emeritus, and his wife, Ruth, ar­rived, as did Knox Hill, SB'30, AM'36,PhD'54, philosophy professor emeritus.There was a moment when Gladys satin her chair by the window, surroundedby former students and colleagues, friendsand family. "Everything I know aboutwriting," remarked Haydon, "I learnedfrom Gladys.""What did she do?" someone asked."You'll have to ask her," he replied.Gladys said that she read their papers, not-ed what was good in them, and pointed outwhat needed to be fixed."Mostly," she said, "I was encouraging. Ithink people do better when they're en­couraged." -J. K.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/APRIL 1992 39breaker. Barbara Heiberg Wolkoff, SB'42, SM'44,writes that she used the story "Make Way for Duck­lings" (Editor's Notes, June/91) at a recent Toastmas­ters' meeting. Marilyn Leonard Wright, AB' 42, see1939, Robert O. Wright.43 Barbara Reece Anderson, PhB'43, SB'44,attended her 50th U. High reunion last Juneand was reminded of many family graduations whenshe attended services at Rockefeller Chapel. WilmaAbeles Iggers, AM'43, PhD'52, and Georg Iggers,AM' 45, PhD' 51, usually spend half the year doing re­search and teaching in Germany-this summer Georgwill teach a course in intellectual history in Leipzig.Wilma teaches German language and literature atCanisius College in Buffalo, NY. Jean Clark Miller,X'43, a retired teacher, stays active with handball, pi­ano and clarinet, choir, and a Bible study class. EdwinS. Munger, SB' 43, SM' 48, PhD' 51, has been electedpresident of the International Visitors Council of LosAngeles. He continues as president of the Cape ofGood Hope Foundation, which aids predominatelyblack universities in South Africa. Phyllis Green­burg Rudy, SB'43, see 1942, Norman Rudy. RobertC. Spencer, AB'43, AM'52, PhD'55, andEdithMc­Carthy Spencer, SB'36, celebrated their 50th wed­ding anniversary last September. Robertis now teach­ing part time and doing research at the LocalGovernment Center at Montana State University.44 Lois Davis Atwood, AB'44, has retiredafter 23 years at Brown University. SusanHubbell Dawson, AM'44, see 1947, Joseph Dawson.Walter Lawrence, Jr., PhB'44, SB'46, MD'48, ispresident of the American Cancer Society. Robert A.Satten, SB' 44, retired as professor of physics and vicechair for academic affairs, department of physics, atthe University of California at Los Angeles.45 Marge Jaffe Deitelbaum, PhB'45, AM'48,works with emotionally disturbed students atEvanston High School, and is part of the new NorthShore UC Alumni Book Group, which meets monthly.Jeanne Grant, PhB' 45, met George De Vos, AB' 46,AM'48, PhD'51, while on vacation in San Francisco.De Vos is a professor of anthropology at the Universityof California at Berkeley. Francine Stogis Larson,PhB'45, SB'46, is director of a psychiatric unit at theKalamazoo Regional Psychiatric Hospital. Lois WellsReed, SB'45, SM'51, writes that she is "worriedabout the world, but on a personal basis the goldenyears are not too bad." Betty Gitelman Yorburg,PhB'45, AM'48, professor of sociology at the CityCollege of New York, recently completed a book onfamily relationships.46 Carol Schultz Bardin, PhB'46, SB'48, hasbecome a substitute teacher and letter writersince her return from a 1975-81 stint in Finland,where she taught pre-school and proofread articlesdestined for English-language journals. Nicholas J.Melas, PhB'46, SB'48, MBA'50, is serving his 29thyear as commissioner of the Metropolitan Water Rec­lamation District of Greater Chicago. Ruth ThomasWeinard, MAT' 46, gives everyone her best wishesfor the next century.47 Emilie Cooper Boguchwal, AB'47, recent­ly retired as a technical writer/editor at theNaval Weapons Center. Joseph Dawson, AM'47,PhD' 49, received the distinguished career awardfrom the Louisiana Psychological Association andwrites that Susan Hubbell Dawson, AM'44, re­ceived the distinguished career award from the wom­en's faculty at Louisiana State University. AI Dem­mler, PhB'47, X'48, is now senior editor of bothAutomotive Engineering and Aerospace Engineeringwith the Society of Automotive Engineers. David S.Dennis, AB'47, -retired after 35 years as a systemsanalyst with IBM-is enjoying travel, bridge, and40 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 family. Laurel Sacks Fischer, PhB' 4 7, has an RV inFlorida where she and her husband spend the winter­cycling, fishing, and beachcombing. Donald R.Gerth, AB'47, AM'51, PhD'63, has spent 34 yearson the faculty at California State University at Sacra­mento, 16 of those years as president. John K Hard­er, AM'47, and his wife, Lucille, are living in NewHaven, CT, where they are active in several communi­ty projects. Leland F. Leinweber, PhB'47, SB'49, isenjoying retirement with his wife, Kathryn. NancyTrowbridge Merchat, AM'47, spent three-and-one­half months traveling in Italy, Greece, Hungary, andAlbania last summer. The Albanian portion of the tripwas organized by the Archaeological Institute ofAmerica-the first group of Americans to travel in Al­bania in over 40 years.48 JayD�wley, SM'48, retired from a career inoperations research systems, now runs asmall business appraising and selling coins, stamps,and collectibles. John T. Dwyer, PhB' 48, writes thathe "discovered our tenth planet in 1991, and is writingthe world's greatest poem (in unbreakable code) .... "Charles E. Foley, Jr., AB' 48, is retired after 20 yearswith the Massachusetts Rehabilitation Commission.Stanley M. Heggen, MBA'48, writes with news thatthe McLean (IL) Historical Society'S Old Courtroomhas been renamed the Joseph and Margaret BohrerRoom, in recognition of the support received from Jo­seph F. Bohrer, PhB'23, JD'24, and MargaretBohrer. David Krinsley, PhB'48, SB'50, SM'50,PhD'56, has moved from Arizona to the central­Oregon coast. Morris J. LeVine, PhB'48, MD'52,and Marilyn Fisher LeVine, PhB'48, SB'50,AM'51, are living in St. Petersburg, FL, whereMorris and two of their sons have a surgical practice,and another son has a family practice-all in a buildingowned and managed by Marilyn.Kenneth C. Mulcahy, AB' 48, MBA'50, and hiswife are enjoying retirement in California. He playsgolf and meets with a Great Books discussion group.Herbert H. Paper, AM'48, PhD'51, was electedpresident of the Association for Jewish Studies at itsannual meeting in Boston. Thomas Payne, AM'48,PhD' 51, and his wife were in Chicago for some of thecentennial celebrations, and he writes that "being oncampus ... confirmed my conviction that the U of C isa great university .... " F. Martin Post, MBA'48, isprofessor emeritus at Orange Coast College in CostaMesa, CA. William J. Wolfe, AB'48, established ascholarship endowment fund at the University of Ari­zona School of Music for graduate and undergraduatestudents.49 Norman Elkin, AM'49, retired after 20years with Urban Investment & Develop­ment Co. and JMB Realty Corp., and is currently anindependent urban planning consultant. Harry E.Groves, JD'49, was elected both to the National BarAssociation Hall of Fame and as a fellow of the Ameri­can Bar Association. Ramon Mendez-Perez,MBA' 49, has retired after 40 years with his own busi­ness and is doing philanthropic work. Murray A.Newman, SB'49, recently attended a conference inSingapore-and then went diving off the coast of Bali.Meyer E. Pollack, PhB'49, has retired as executivedirector of senior citizens' activities at Kinneret, Inc.,an apartment complex. Lincoln Y. Reed, DB' 49, a re­tired congregational minister, is active in volunteerwork with the homeless for the Church Council ofGreater Seattle, the First Avenue Service Center, andthe Pilgrim Referral Center. Jack Fay Robinson,AM' 49, received the president's award from the Con­gressional Historical Society in Boston for his "Histo­ry of the Illinois Conference United Church ofChrist." Philip Stetson, AM' 49, is spending most ofthe year in Paris, where he has a pied-it-terre in theTenth Arrondisssement. Evelyn Weinberg Tabach­nick, AM' 49, received her Ph.D. in child psychologylast June. 50 Ralph L. Anderson, AB'50, and his wife,Betty, are co-authors of a chapter, "Biofeed­back and Pain Management," in Innovations in PainManagement: A Practical Guide for Clinicians. Ira S.Cohen, AM'50, PhD'55, visited Terry Trozzolo,SM'57, PhD'60, and his wife, Dolly, in South Bend,IN, last summer. FredL. Ribe, SM'50, PhD'51,pro­fessor emeritus of nuclear engineering at the U niversi­ty of Washington, is now living in Santa Fe. Ezra Solo­mon, PhD'50, see 1940, Janet Cameron Solomon.51 George W. Connelly, PhD'51, retired su-r perintendent of Chicago public schools, isenjoying retirement with his spouse, Marguerite, inCape Coral, FL. Robert G. Du Val, MBA'51, trav­eled to the Antarctic with the Lindblad expedition inJanuary 1991. Abraham J. Falick, MBA' 51, is chairof the board, navigator press division, of Geo­Economic Associates. Vivian Margaris Kallen,AM'51, is editor of the Northern Virginia Review, thepublication of the five campuses of Northern VirginiaCommunity College, where she teaches political sci­ence. She writes that her husband, Arthur D. Kallen,AM' 57, left as director of the budget and planning forthe Treasury Department for the life of a consultant,volunteer, and board member at the Arlington CivilService Commission, American Association forBudget and Program Analysis, and the Arlington ArtSCenter. Their son, Jeffrey Kallen, x'n, teaches lin­guistics at Trinity College, Dublin.Robert E. Pollack, MBA' 51, is president of TempleShaare Zedek in New York. Grosvenor C. Rust,AM'51, PhD'n, professor emeritus at MontclairState College, NJ, continues to write, serve on tWOboards, and travel. John L. Sever, AB' 51, is a profes­sor of pediatrics, obstetrics, and gynecology, and rni­crobiology and immunology at George WashingtonUniversity. He writes that his wife, Gerane WerleSever, AB' 51, is a systems analyst at the National In­stitutes of Health. Charles Van Buskirk, AB'51.PhD'59, served as a workshop leader for a session onrural psychological practice and, with his wife,Kathryn, presented a talk on the advantages of cO­couple marital therapy at the annual meeting of theMinnesota Psychologists in Private Practice, inBloomington, MN, last November.52 Patricia Frank Altman, AM'52, receivedthe 1986 Oskar R. Foster award for excel­lence in high school chemistry teaching from tbeChemistry Teacher's Club in New York City. RalpltM. Goren, JD'52, a lawyer and arbitrator for tbeAmerican Arbitration Association, NASD, and oth­ers, retired from the board of trustees of Oakton Com­munity College after serving 11 years, including o�eas chair. Sally G. Goren, BSS'53, AM'54, is a clini­cal associate professor at the Jane Addams School ofSocial Work at the University ofIllinois, Chicago. S�is also the second-year field work supervisor. GilbeC. Hornung, AB' 52, SM' 54, is retired from ChevronOverseas Petroleum Inc., and living in Ft. Myers, fl.Hubert C. Huebl, AB'52, continues to practice sur­gery in Dearborn, MI, with partners in the DearbornSurgical Association. .Arnold Richards, AB' 52, is chair of the comrnun�ty outreach and extension division of the New yorPsychoanalytic Society, editor of the American psy­choanalyst, and a director of the Yivo Institute of Je�­is� Research. William M: Yoffee, A�'52,. and ��WIfe, Barbara, have estabhshed an antIquanan bo.business, The Children's Book Adoption Ag�ncy, I�Kensington, MD. The store specializes in chMre�sillustrated and African-American literature and boOespecially for child development centers. !d'1l53 Pearl Hsia Chen, PhD' 53, and Fran .1Hi­S. C. Chen, presented a paper at the AssO�z;a_tion of Human Resources Management and Orgallltional Behavior, held in Philadelphia. Paul H. Reitan,AB'53, writes that Sisir K. Sen, SM'56, PhD'57, ageochemist/petrologist, is on a lecture tour of about adozen major universities, including the U of C.54 Annice Mills Alt, AM'54, is director ofchild care resources and referral at the DayCare Council of New York. Vincent W. Erickson,�BA'54, was elected to the Chicago Hall of Fame forhiS Contributions to the community. Justin M. John­son, AB'54, JD'62, a trustee of Carnegie Mellon Uni­verSity, received an honorary doctor of business ad­ministration degree from Robert Morris College, and�elivered the commencement address there last May.orothy Greey Van Bortel, PhD'54, was back on�mpus to help celebrate the 50th anniversary of theofC's Committee on Human Development.55 Zvi Griliches, AM'55, PhD'57, ispresident -elect of the American Economics(ssociation. JamesP. Rosenblum, AB'55, is chair of�e board of trustees of the Graduate Center for Childevelopment and Psychotherapy in California.56 Harriet Horowitz Blodgett, AM'56, was. awarded the Modem Language Associa­hon's Prize for Independent Scholars at the annual�on;ention in December 1989. Michael J. Harrison,M 56, PhD'60, climbed Mt. Fuji along the�aw�gUChi-ko route, after giving a paper in Kyoto at;e tne�nial World Congress on Medical Physics andS��medlCal Engineering last July. Sisir K. Sen,S 56, PhD'57, see 1953, Paul H. Reitan. William/ltzer, AB' 56, director of the United Nations Statis­lcal Office since 1986, was recently elected an honor-W fellow of the Royal Statistical Society. Wilford F.leeks, PhD'56, spent three months in the Antarcticast year.57 Lampis D. Anagnostopoulos, SB'57,a �D'61, recently visited the Soviet Union ass member of a delegation of cardiologists and cardiacaurgeons. He has two daughters, Nikki and Athena,S�d two sons, Demetrios and Alexander Phillip. Maryh one Dale, AM'57, who writes as Alzina Stone Dale,asth .le ree book contracts for 1992-93. Arthur D. Kal-�' AM' 57, see 1951, Vivian Margalis Kallen. Terryozzolo, SM'57, PhD'60, see 1950, Ira S. Cohen.Sa JUlia Moon Jennings, AB'58, and her hus­ti . band attended their church's general conven­��I� Phoenix and then went on to Yosemite Nationalth r In California and Oregon-where they attendedA.�,Ashland Shakespeare Festival. Peter Langrock,(d 58, JD'60, writes that his team of Percheronsse�aft ho�ses) pulled wagons full of senior citizens inle eral bicentennial parades in Vermont. William A.Of s�er, .SB'58, SM'59, associate dean for the collegeis �l ernlstry at the University of California, Berkeley,l1'r So on the Federal Networking Advisory Council.SUI�nz W: SChneider, SM'58, is a management con­l)o nt With Coopers & Lybrand, in Princeton, NJ.era�ald C. Trauscht, AM' 58, president and chief op­Co Ing o�ficer since September of the Borg-Warnercornrporahon, has been named chief executive of thepany.S9 Morton H. Goldstein, MD'59, is clinicalSity of as�o�iate professor of surgery at the Univer­Wo d Medlcme and Dentistry of New Jersey, RobertA.�'5 johnson Medical School. Marion H. Rose,illemb9, �hD'72, is retired after 15 years as a facultyWash' er In the School of Nursing at the University of6 Ington in Seattle.o Robert L. Beisner, AM'60, PhD '65, is ondepa leave after completing nine years as historyl)anirtrent chair at the American University. KenYearse son, MBA'60, is 78 and has been retired for fiveclinic'IAlan D. Entin, AB'60, AM'62, PhD'67, aillond a �sychologist in independent practice in Rich-, l\, has been reelected treasurer of the Divi- sion of Media Psychology of the American Psycholog­ical Association. Don Fagin, AM'60, chair and CEOof Hurst Enterprises, Inc. , has four children and threegrandchildren, and is active in community and churchorganizations. Irene Gagaoudaki, AM'60, partici­pated in a child welfare delegation from the U. S. toPoland, Russia, and Czechoslovakia.61 Priscilla Rand Baker, AM'61, writes thather U of C training in political science isproving useful as she pursues a government career.Since graduation, she has worked at the departmentsof Transportation, Treasury, and the Interior. Elois R.Field, PhD'61, is retired after 43 years in higher edu­cation and administration. She is busy with church ac­tivities and does individual counseling. Paul Geller,AB'61, who writes, teaches, and consults in the fieldof international copyright, lives in Topanga, CA, withhis wife, Susan, who designs costumes for theater, tel­evision, and the movies. Jo Rita Marrs Jordan,SB' 61, is publishing Analytical Consumer, a monthlynewsletter devoted to customer satisfaction for analyt­ical chemists. Phillip Kimble, DB'61, vice presidentof the California Association of Non-Profit Organiza­tions, also teaches in the psychology department atCalifornia State University, Fresno.62 Garry M. Crane, AB'62, has been workingsince 1983 on long-range planning for Seat­tle City Light. John M. Fritz, AB'62, AM'68,PhD'74, has begun his second decade of research atthe medieval Hindu capital of Vijayanagara-the sitehas recently been added to UNESCO's World Heri­tage List. With archaeology and architecture studentsfrom the U.S., u.K., Australia, and India, he super­vises the drawing and mapping of the surface remainsof what was once the tenth largest city in the world.Brunson McKinley, AB'62, is working on refugeeaffairs at the U. S. State Department. Robert A. Moss,SM' 62, PhD' 63, professor of chemistry at RutgersUniversity, is the Hans Wynberg visiting lecturer atthe University of Groningen, the Netherlands, andwill present the Wynberg Lectures this month. DanielRosenblum, SB'62, MD'66, medical director of thecancer program at Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, MD,is working on a book about the non-technical side ofcancer care.63 John Bonner, MD'63, has a private practicein neurological surgery in Fresno, CA, and isvice chair ofthe sixth district California Medical As­sociation House of Delegates. Kenneth Gordon,AM'63, PhD'73, chair of the Maine Public UtilitiesCommission, was recently elected president of theNational Association of Regulatory Utility Commis­sioners. Sally Sheedy Marchessault, X' 63, is the co­ordinator of Volunteer and Community Resources forMontgomery County (MD) public schools.64 Joan Nennstrom Bennett, SM'64, PhD'67,is on sabbatical at Leiden University, theNetherlands, in the department of plant molecular bi­ology. Mojzesz B. Goldgraber, SM'64, spent De­cember 6, 1991, with other U of C alumni atthe Shera­ton Plaza Hotel in Boston where they had coffee, cake,conversation, and a viewing of a video of the history ofthe University. Philip A. Mason, AB'64, JD'67, andCharlotte Sanford Mason, AB'66, went on a safariin East Africa with their children last summer, endingwith a climb of Mount Kilimanjaro. Barry H. Ru­mack, SB'64, clinical professor of pediatrics at theUniversity of Colorado Health Sciences Center anddirector emeritus of the Rocky Mountain Poison andDrug Center, recently received the Thienes award ofthe American Academy of Clinical Toxicology. Bar­bara Sherman Sussman, AB'64, AM'65, writesthat she prepares students for their Bar and Bat Mitz­vah ceremonies at the local reform congregations inAllentown, PA. ,65 Jerry J. Felmley, MBA'65, celebrated thetenth anniversary of his business, CatalystAssociates, an aerospace management consultingfirm in Arizona. Wayne Fields, AM'65, PhD'72, isdean of continuing education for Washington Univer­sity in St. Louis. His book, What the River Knows, hasjust been released in paperback by Poseidon Press.66 Joseph S. Dickstein, SB'66, MD'70, anobstetrics-gynecology practitioner in Hills­boro, IL, writes that he enjoyed his 25th College re­union last year. Richard H. Freer, SB' 66, is about todevelop phase II of an office/warehouse complex. Hewrites that his son, David, is taking advanced coursesin seventh grade and his son, Jonathan, is enjoyingthird grade. His wife, Roberta, recently received a 20-year life award as a state of Florida vocational counsel­or. Robert G. Greaves, MBA'66, attended a meetingof the Naval Mine Warfare Association in Norfolk,VA, last September. While there, he and wife Alisonmet fellow crew members of the U. S. S. Execute, AM-232, and their wives, whom they had not seen sinceWWII.Kenneth T. Jackson, AM'63, PhD'66, is the firstJacques Barzun professor of history and the social sci­ences at Columbia University, where he has taughtsince 1968. Charlotte Sanford Mason, AB'66, see1964, Philip A. Mason. Gerald C. Mattran, AM'66,is retired from the foreign service after serving in theSudan, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, and the Baha­mas. Virginia Finnegan Maurer, AM'66, taughtrhetoric for 11 years at the College of Du Page in GlenEllyn, IL. Harry J. Pappas, X'66, is retired as gener­al manager of Zenith Parenterals, Inc. Anne StudleyPetersen, AB'66, SM'72, PhD'73, is vice presidentfor research and dean of the Graduate School at theUniversity of Minnesota. Jean Sitterly Treese,AB'66, see 1987, Thomas McKibben II.67 Charles James N. Bailey, AM'67, PhD'69,is retired as professor emeritus ofTechnischeUniversitaet, Berlin, and living in Kea'au, HI. He isworking on a book to be published by the Oxford Uni­versity Press. Larry B. Coffey, MCL'67, has openedhis own law office for international trade and invest­ment in Charlotte, NC. Stanley R. Hunt, MBA'67,was elected president and CEO of Powerex, Inc., ajoint venture company of General Electric, Wes­tinghouse, and Mitsubishi, which manufacturerslarge-power semiconductors.Mike Klowden, AB'67, and Pat Doede Klowden,AB'67, write, "Our 25th reunion is June 7, 1992, andwe hope you'll all be there! " Philip C. Kolin, AM' 67,has been appointed the first distinguished professor inthe humanities at the University of Southern Missis­sippi, where he has taught for the last 17 years. In addi­tion, he has written or edited 14 books and more than90 articles and notes. Patricia O'Grady, AM'67, hashelped edit the text of Above Chicago, a book of aerialphotographs published by Cameron & Company. Sis­ter Joyce Schladweiler, AM' 67, will be a delegate forthe citizen ambassador program of People to PeopleInternational, which is developing a team of readingeducators to travel to Budapest, Moscow, and St. Pe­tersburg. Ina Winston, AB'67, is the head assistant at­torney at the Metropolitan Water Reclamation Districtof Greater Chicago. She is in charge of the legislativedivision and is the district's lobbyist in Springfield.68 Robert L. Chevalier, SB'68, MD'72, isprofessor and vice chair of the department ofpediatrics at University of Virginia, Charlottesville.He has also been appointed director of research anddevelopment at the Children's Medical Center, and iscurrently president of the American Society ofPediat­ric Nephrology. DavidL. Colton, PhD'68, is directorof the bureau of educational planning and develop­ment at the University of New Mexico, after servingUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 41eight years as dean of the College of Education there.Joanna Lycett Dalton, AM'68, librarian-in-chargeof a Brisbane city branch library, lives in Australia,and has two children. She completed an education di­ploma at the University of Queensland and a librarydiploma at Queensland University of Technology, andhas an interest in local and family history.Rosella McCullum Labroi, AM'68, is the admin­istrator in charge of 28 elementary schools in Gary,IN. James K. Lahr, X'68, retired from St. LouisCommunity College, where he had served as dean ofthe Institute for Continuing Education. In addition,Blackburn College presented him with the Ziegleraward for community service. Traute MaassMarshall, AM'68, PhD'74, is managing director ofLigature, an educational research and developmentfirm in Boston, which recently developed a social stu­dies series for kindergarten through eighth grade,published by Houghton Mifflin. Jack C. Sipe,MD' 68, is head of the division of neurology at ScrippsClinic and Research Foundation in La Jolla, CA. Wil­lard E. White, AM'68, PhD'75, received the 1991Benjamin Franklin award from the National Society ofFund Raising Executives for career achievement indevelopment for the Chicago area-200 nonprofitorganizations.69 Abe Aamidor, AB '69, a feature writer at theIndianapolis News, won third place in the1991 Hoosier State Press Association's best featurecontest and second place in the 1991 Indiana chapter ofthe Society of Professional Journalists' best sports sto­ry contest. Grace Pachman Allison, MAT' 69 ,JD'79, is tax counsel at the Northern Trust Company.Tom Emerson, X'69, has moved to California andworks in computer software development for AundahlCorp. He is working on his Ph.D. in mathematics andis active in community theater in the San Franciscoarea.Bob Hambourger, AB'69, and his wife, Lynda,celebrated their 20th wedding anniversary in Febru­ary. He is teaching philosophy at North Carolina StateUniversity. EdwardA. Riedinger, AM'69, PhD'78,gave a paper at UCLA's Symposium on PortugueseTraditions last year. He has also been nominated to theColumbian Quincentenary Committee of Ohio StateUniversity. James Marshall Unger, AB'69, AM'71,chair of East Asian languages and literatures at theUniversity of Hawaii, heads a task force producing thefirst college board Japanese achievement test andguidelines for high school Japanese programs. TheJapanese version of his book, The Fifth Fallacy, willbe published this year by SIMUL Press.70 AndrewH. Connor, AB'70, JD'79, and hiswife, Cathy, lead two dens of Cub Scouts andone troop of Girl Scouts this year. Bob Gilbertson,MBA'70, president and CEO of Data Switch Corp., isalso chair of the American Electronics Association for1992. Harry Greenwald, AB'70, joined BRP Publi­cations, in Manhattan, as vice president and chief fi­nancial officer. John McLees, AB'70, MBA' 73 ,JD'74, is a manager in the international tax practice ofCoopers & Lybrand in Chicago. William L. Phillips,AB'70, announces the birth of his second son, Ross,last July. William's Chicago law practice includes thegeneral counselship of a national railroad labor union.Jim Rebhan, AB'70, had his original piece, "ILUILU" performed by a 50-piece Klezmer orchestra in aconcert in Oakland, CA, last December.71 Henry Balikov, JD '71, delivered a paper onpollution prevention at the 1991 meeting ofthe International Air and Waste Management Associa­tion in Vancouver, Canada, and was named a memberof the Citizen Ambassador Program for 1992. JudithA. Griffin, MBA' 71 , established a general manage­ment consulting firm last summer, with offices inManhattan and St. Paul, MN. Richard A. Hutch,AM'71, PhD'74, was promoted to reader in religionand psychological studies at the University of42 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 Queensland, Brisbane, Australia. Mark Wasser­man, AM'71, PhD'75, was elected to a third three­year term on the Highland Park, NJ, board of educa­tion, and vice president and president-elect of theMiddle Atlantic Council of Latin American Studies.Gail Whitman-Elia, AB'71, MD'76, assistant pro­fessor of obstetrics and gynecology at the MedicalCollege of Georgia, is married to Martin Elia and livesin Augusta, GA.7 2 Anne E. Crowley, PhD'72, retired from theAmerican Medical Association, is currentlythe chair of the board of trustees of Older Adult KareServices, Inc. -an adult day-care program for the frailelderly of the Ellwood, PA, area. Claudio Haddad,AM'72, PhD'74, moved to Sao Paulo, Brazil, and is apartner and director of Banco de Investimentos Ga­rautia. Gary Kahn, AB'72, MST'74, PhD'82, re­turned to the Chicago area as director of artificial in­telligence and advanced application development forA.C. Nielsen. Jeffrey Kallen, X'72, see 1951, VivianMargaris Kallen.Mark Malcolm, AB'72, and Christine LehtoMalcolm, AB'72, MBA'78, are living in Chicago'swestern suburbs. He is a vice president at EnvirodyneEngineers and she is vice president for planning forcorporate development at the University of ChicagoHospitals. They have two children, Justine and Ben.Dennis F. Miller, AM'72, represented the U.S. De­partment of Energy's office of environmental restora­tion and waste management at an international meet­ing on environmental management and energyefficiency in Stockholm, Sweden. Emanuel Pariser,AB'72, is working on a book of interviews and photo­graphs of 19 years of students who have graduatedfrom the Community School, an alternative school inPortland, ME, he helped found and currently directs.73 James Eleson Adams, MBA'73, is directorof health consulting and administrative ser­vices for the Administrative Management Group,Inc., in Arlington Heights, IL. Jeffrey A. Barash,AM'73, PhD'82, is a Maitre de Conferences in thephilosophy department at the Universite de Picardie­Amiens. Ann Cory Bretz, PhD '73, is on the board oftrustees of the University oflndianapolis as an alumnitrustee.Kathleen Ezolt Carle, AB '73, MBA' 81, has movedto Chicago and is working as a business analyst forLiquid Carbonic Specialty Gas Corp. E. Tyna Coles,AM '73, works for the Occupational Safety and HealthAdministration at the U. S. Department of Labor. Shemarried John F. Karl, and they have two children.Jim Collora, MBA'73, is a partner with AndersonConsulting in San Diego, and spends the weekendssailing. Thomas M. Harlan, MBA' 73 , is CEO of Chi­nese Hospital in San Francisco. Bill Hoag, MBA'73,president of Glyptal Inc., has acquired the assets ofAppropriate Technology Corp., the world's largestmanufacturer of thermal insulating shades. JeromeMay, AB'73, is a senior physicist at the Joseph C.Wilson Center for Technology of Xerox Corp. He hashad nine U.S. patents.74 William Best, MBA'74, is in his fifth year ofsetting up A.T. Kearney's office in Tokyo­the company's largest in Asia. Nicholas R. Fanella,MBA'74, is president and CEO of the mortgage bank­ing subsidiary of the First National Bank of Blue Is­land. Jonathan Harris, AB'74, practices neurologyin Fort Lauderdale, FL. He has three children. GizellRossetti Larson, AB'74, and her husband, Curtis,had a son, Austin Fitzloff, in March, 1991. JeanetteSt. Clair Martin, MBA'74, is completing her doctor­ate of education in intercultural business communica­tion at Memphis State University. Gerald McDer­mott, AB'74, assistant professor of religion atRoanoke College, has been chosen to participate in the Young Scholars program of the Center for the Study ofReligion and American Culture at Indiana U niversity­Purdue University.75 Charles M. Adelman, PhD'75, associateprofessor of art history at the University ofNorthern Iowa, continues his work as ceramics ana­lyst for the Ashkelo, Israel, excavations. Sharon Staf­ford Baldwin, JD'75, is an assistant corporate coun­sel for the City of Chicago. Michael J. Cleary,MAT'75, a high school science teacher, is marriedwith three children and living in LaGrange. He re­turned to campus last summer to participate in a semi-r nar on the history of physics and its impact on society.Rodney Rothstein, PhD'75, is on sabbatical at In­stitut Pasteur in Paris until August, studying mousegenetics.76 Ed Derman, AB'76, and Deirdre Downes,AB'76, traveled to Fuzhou, China, last No­vember to bring home their new daughter, JoannaYang-Qing Derman, born in July 1991. Michael L.Goodman, AB'76, is a research scientist at NASA'sGoddard Space Flight Center. Jonathan Jacobs,SB'76, who lives in Piedmont, CA, with his wife, Joy,and two children, appeared on Jeopardy ! in Decemberand January. He won four times and went to the tour­nament of champions, where he made it to thesemifinals.Madonna Murphy, AB'76, is an assistant profes­sor of education and education department coordina­tor at Aurora (IL) University. Randall Rowlett,AB'76, MD'80, has moved from "urban academia tosuburban private practice." Dale M. Willis, AB'76,has finished his Ph.D. in physiology and is in his thirdyear of a pediatric endocrinology fellowship at theUniversity of Minnesota. He and his wife, AliciaKavka, have two sons, Joseph and Joshua.77 Audrey L. Altstadt, AM'77, PhD'83,teaches in the history department at the Uni­versity of Massachusetts, Amherst. Her first booK,based on her doctoral dissertation, was accepted by theHoover Institution Press. Andrew Krakauer,MBA'77, is general manager of Ohmeda Critical Care-Maryland, in Columbia, MD. Daniel A. Sumner,AM'77, PhD'78, will be returning to North CaroliO�State University from the U.S. Department 0Agriculture.78 Ruth Ann Francis, AB'78, MBA' 83 , andher husband, James L. Puralewski, had ason, Jacob, last April. Jacob joins brother Joseph, tW.oand one-half years old. Ken Frieden, AM'78, is di­recting the new undergraduate literature program .��Emory University. During the summer of 1992 he w�teach at the Hochschule fiir Jiidische srudien 10Heidelberg as a visiting associate professor. 1-Josh Lipsman, AB'78, SM'79, is director of the Aexandria, VA, Health Department. Anthony F. 1\19r-tin, AB'78, AM'79, is a partner with Coopers & �y­brand's actuarial, benefits, and compensat10�consulting group. He is president of Friends 0the Parks in Chicago. Russell Plain, AB'78, waS amember of a July 1991 technical (computer science)delegation to the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe·Don Rosdil, AM'78, PhD'85, see 1987, ThomasMcKibben II. t-Buzz Spector, MFA' 78 , an artist who uses pos.cards as the basis for his art, received a felloWsh;ftfrom the National Endowment for the Arts, and Wtshave a solo exhibit with the Boyd Gallery in sanr­Monica, CA, in the fall of 1992. David L. Warbtlr­ton, PhD '78, is associate professor of geology at floida Atlantic University. d79 Chi-Keung Leung, PhD'79, was reel�C!:ddean of the faculty of arts and reappOIO athead of the department of geography and geolOgYedthe University of Hong Kong. He was also namchair of the Transport Advisory Committee for twoyears by the governor of Hong Kong. Fanny Craw­ford, AB'79, is the technical assistance director atWestern Maryland Child Care Resource Center. SheWrites that she would love to hear from friends andacquaintances: P.O. Box 26, Braddock Heights,MD 21714.Michael Donnella, JD'79, writes that "I might beabout to give up basketball after two operations on myheel, but am not giving up jogging!" William David�urdoch, AB'79, is teaching new U.S. Air ForcePilots how to fly the KC-135 tanker in California.80 Henry L. Henderson, AM'80, is the head ofChicago's new Department of the Environ­ment, established by Mayor Daley to improve the city'scoordination on environmental matters. RebeccaJones-Biirk, AB'80, MST'89, and her husband,Christopher, had their first child, Faye Kathleen, lastOctober. They are now .living in Quetta, Pakistan,where Christopher is heading a consulting firm.81 James Graff, AB' 81, married Frances An­T . derson last November in Ottawa, Canada.hey live in Vienna, Austria.83 Taylor J. Crouch, MBA'83, is vice presi­G dent of marketing and sales for Parexel-AFBT mbH. John Hand, MBA' 83 , PhD' 87, see 1987,homas McKibben II.84 Sharon Blanchette, AB'84, married Ri­I chard De Vault on September 21 in Blue Is­and,IL. Guests included Cindy Johnston,AB'85;�aryn Corso Lusskin, AB'86; Stephanie Hetz Tal­�t, !D'85; Virginia Garcia Richardson, AB'85;aVldCinabro AB'85' Bruce Richardson AB'84'a " "l�d Derek Buzasi, AB'85. Ed Dunphy, AB'84, see88, SUjata Roy. Gene S. Han, MD'84, has beenpracticing ophthalmology in Los Angeles for four�e�r�. He and his wife, Song, have a 16-month old son,thhllhp. Lisa Meulbroek, AB' 84, joined the faculty atfe Harvard Business School as an assistant professor° finance. Arturo J. Tagle, MBA' 84 , the generaln:anager of the Chilean Bankers Association, is mar­fled to Consuelo and has three children.8S Erik Burke, AB' 84, has completed his mas-ter's of finearts at Columbia University in�reenwriting/directing, and is living in New York.C�rek Buzasi, AB'85; David Cinabro, AB'85; andatndy Johnston, AB'85, see 1984, Sharonanchette.I Susan Pavloska, AB'85, married Yoda Yoshimarukst October in New York. They will live in Katata ands·�be, Japan. Pavloska will teach at Doshisha Univer­��,and Kobe College. Virginia Garcia Richardson,Sh 85, and Stephanie Hetz Tallet, JD'85, see 1984,is �ron Blanchette. Martin Zelder, AM' 85, PhD' 89,N appy to return to Chicago as a visiting scholar atan°rthwestern Law School, and urges old acquaint-ces to Contact him at 312/573-0377.86 Karyn Corso Lusskin, AB'86, see 1984,Sharon Blanchette.87 Sam Gassel, AB'87, see 1988, Sujata Roy.Sent Bennett Lovett-Graff, AB '87, recently pre­Bo ed � paper entitled "Popular Appeal in 1845: Thean rgettlUg of an American Bestselling Novel" at the1\s��a� c?nference of the Northeast Popular Culturedie Clation. He also led a workshop on "Jewish Stu­C\ll:\l�n� the Canon" at a conference entitled "Multi­lh ahsm, Jews, and the Campus: A Symposium."1\a�ias McKibben II, AB'87, and Grace Chan,Cha 0, AM'90, were married last November in Bond1\�.l;l. Guests included Ken Cordes, AB'91,Sch 1; Maryann Nawrocki, AB'91; Babette1\a,���berg Brody, PhB'28; Jean Sitterley Treese,Cbu ' Demetrios Braddock, AB'88; Georgetes E��g, AB'90; Stuart Creason, AM'91; Herodo-Inas, AB'88; John Hand, MBA'83, PhD'87; WordPlayA lexicographer who specializes innew words, Jesse Sheidlowerspends his days reading, writing,and calling around.Words like "Post-it" and "dis"have a way of entering languagesunpredictably and almost sur­reptitiously-before you know it, they're ev­erywhere. But would you think to look up"Post-it" in the dictionary?Well, that particular lexical unit made itinto the 1992 Random House Jtebsters Col­lege Dictionary, and Jesse Sheidlower,AB' 89, did a lot of work to make sure it gotthere. It's Sheidlower's job at RandomHouse to keep abreast of the current state oflanguage-to find out what new words peo­ple are using and how. For Sheidlower, thistranslates to days spent poring over news­papers and magazines, from The New YorkTimes to Rolling Stone, to document newwords and their usages. When Sheidlowerand his fellow editors feel there is enoughevidence of widespread and lasting usage,they begin writing a definition.Once in print, dictionary definitions ap­pear authoritative and incontestable, butSheidlower emphasizes that defining a newword is not a simple, clear-cut process.While writing a definition for "bungeejumping, " for example, Sheidlower discov­ered that, despite numerous references inprint (the word has been around since 1977)almost none gave sufficient explanations asto what-exactly-bungee jumping is.With no written definitions to go on,Sheidlower says, "You can either give up onthis particular word for a while-or call uppeople and ask them." So that's what he did.He called businesses and groups involved inthe sport and asked them about its essentialcharacteristics.After numerous revisions, the definitionhe finally included in the 1992 RandomHouse Jtebsters College Dictionary is "Thesport of jumping off a high structure towhich one is attached by bungee cords, sothat the body springs back just short ofhitting the ground or water."And while Sheidlower feels this capturesthe essence of the sport, he doesn't attemptto answer the question of why people do it.''A good definition," he says, "doesn't havetoo much detail, isn't exclusive, and doesn'texplain what doesn't need to be explained." While many people regard the dictionaryas a sanctioning device, one which some­how legitimizes the words which it includes,Sheidlower's occupation lends him a some­what different perspective: "We don't giveour blessing to words, we just reflect what'sout there in the language. Dictionaries aredescriptive, not prescriptive."At the same time, he describes what hecalls the "Heisenberg Principle of Lexicog­raphy." Just as the act of participating in andobserving an experiment can have an effecton the results, including a word in a dic­tionary can affect usage-despite the lexi­cographer's purely descriptive intent."Hopefully," which has been aroundsince the 17th century, began to be used tomean "it is hoped" or "one hopes" in the1930s-and people have been arguing aboutit ever since, Sheidlower says. "The word isincluded in the dictionary because peopleuse it, not because we're trying to convincepeople it's okay to use." But Sheidlower ac­knowledges that some people use the word,and feel comfortable using the word, be­cause it's in the dictionary.Sheidlower has always been interested inwords, languages, and their history. Al­though an English major in the College, hepreferred linguistics over literature classesand studied Old and Middle English. Afterone year at Cambridge Unversity in Eng­land, taking classes in Anglo-Saxon, Norse,and Celtic, he knew academia was not forhim. He returned to New York and beganwork in publishing. He ended up in lexicog­raphy and knows he is in the field to stay."I'm doing serious stuff, working withlanguage, which is what I wanted," saysSheidlower. And even though there's somecontroversy, and some words and defini­tions that he personally doesn't like,Sheidlower emphasizes that "people have torealize that a dictionary isn't a collection ofopinions, it's a collection of facts." -M. T.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 43Greg Jao, AB'90; Delilah Jones, AB'89; MarkKo­lodny, AB'88; Dave Larson, MBA' 88; WilliamMarsh, AM'87; Keith Privett, AB'90, AM'90;Don Rosdil, AM'78, PhD'85; Xochitl Salvador,AB'89; Steve Seung, AB'87; Minh Tran, SM'91;John D. Wong, AB'90; and John Yukawa,AB'91. Jay Woldenberg, AB'87, MBA'89, see 1988,Sujata Roy,88 Demetrios Braddock, AB'88, and Hero­dotos Ellinas, AB'88, see 1987, ThomasMcKibben II. John P. Garvey, MBA'88, is a partnerat Deloitte & Touche, practicing in litigation supportservices. Marianne A. Grin, AB'88, AM'88, is at­tending Harvard Law School and teaching philosophyat Harvard College. She worked at the Paris law firmof S. G. Archibald last summer and will work in NYCthis summer. Hans Juergen Georg Guido, AB'88, isparticipating in a two-year management training pro­gram at General Electric Aircraft Engines in Boston.Dawn Michelle Hirakawa, AB' 88, is attending the Uof C Graduate School of Business. Mark Kolodny,AB'88, and Dave Larson, MBA'88, see 1987, Tho­mas McKibben II.Sujata Roy , AB'88, married Peter Chines, AB'89,last August. The couple lives in Maryland, where Su­jata attends the University of Maryland GraduateSchool of Business. Peter works in Washington, D. C.,for the Investor Responsibility Research Center.Guests at the wedding included: Alexandra Bo­zovich, AB'88; Cheryl Hunt, AB'88; Sonia Acha­rya, AB'88; Lynn Reed, AB'88; Evelyn Ann Czy­zewski Dunphy, AB'88; Edward Dunphy, AB'84;Sam Gassel, AB'87; Shoshana Waskow, AB'89;Jeannine Coscia, AB'89; Mario Longoni, X'89;andJayWoldenberg, AB'87, MBA'89.89 Peter Chines, AB'89, and Jeannine Cos­cia, AB'89, see 1988, Sujata Roy. 'IarekAhmed Elmasry, AB' 89, was promoted to associateat the management consulting firm of A.T. Kearney.Navy Lt. j.g. Tamara Gull, AB'89, is serving withFleet Air Reconnaissance Squadron-One at the NavalAir Station in Agana, Guam. Anton Kast, AB' 89, is agraduate student in physics at the University of Cali­fornia at Berkeley, specializing in subjects at the inter­face between physics and math. Mario Longoni,X'89, see 1988, Sujata Roy. Linda S. Law, AB'89,began law school at Lewis & Clark, NorthwesternSchool of Law, in Portland, OR. She traveled to Bajafor the July 1991 eclipse. Delilah Jones, AB'89, see1987, Thomas McKibben II. Darshpaul Singh Pad­da, AB' 89, earned a master's degree in social anthro­pology from Oxford University before enrolling inlaw school at the University of Illinois. Xochitl Salva­dor, AB'89, see 1987, Thomas McKibben II.Jill Sulzberg, AB'89, AM'90, married SethLeopold last June. Guests included Shannon Gaff­ney, AB'89; Howard Wolfson, AB'89; LucindaEa­gle,AB'89; TonyScherer,AB'89; and Les MUDSon,AB' 89. The couple spent their honeymoon hiking inthe Costa Rican rain forest and are now living in Man­hattan, where Jill is an advocate at the Eastern Para­lyzed Veterans Association. Raymond Svider,MBA' 89, and Catherine Del Guercio, MBA' 89, weremarried June 1990, and are now residing in Paris.Shoshana Waskow, AB'89, see 1988, Sujata Roy,90 Karla Jeanine Allen, AB'90, is completingher final year at Vanderbilt University'sGraduate School of Business. Michael E. Bronfin,AB'90, is the legislative assistant for domestic issuesto U.S. Congressman Les Aspin. George Chuang,AB'90, see 1987, Thomas McKibben II. SapnaGup­ta, AB'90, is a research assistant at ICF, Inc., inVirginia.Matthew J. Hower, MBA'90, is controller of theBurgess-Norton Mfg. Co., a division of Chicago­based AMSTED Industries. He and his wife, Lisa,have three sons. Greg Jao, AB'90, see 1987, ThomasMcKibben II. Anna Sanghie Mah, AB'90, is a44 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 second-year medical student at Columbia UniversityCollege of Physicians and Surgeons. She was the pro­ducer of the school's theater group production of TheBest Little Whorehouse in Texas in the fall of 1991.Grace Chan, AB'90, AM'90, see 1987, ThomasMcKibben II. Nichelle Nicholes, AB'90, AM'90,and Igal Litovsky, AB'90, AM'90, are working as aresearch analyst and assistant research analyst, re­spectively, in the research department at Leo Burnettin Chicago. Nichelle writes that John McGinn, AB '90, is working at the Federal Reserve Bank. KeithPrivett, AB'90, AM'90, and John D. Wong, AB'90,see 1987, Thomas McKibben II.91 Ken Cordes, AB'91, AM'91, and StuartCreason, AM'91, see 1987, Thomas McK­ibben II. Julie Ann Filip, AB'91, is working for theoffice of the Lieutenant Governor for the State of Illi­nois. Maryann Nawrocki, AB '91; Minh Tran,SM'91; and John Yukawa, AB'91, see 1987, ThomasMcKibben II.DEATHSTRUSTEESJames F.Bere, trustee since 1977 and life trusteesince 1988, died January 3 after a heart attack. Thechair and chief executive of Borg- Warner Corp. , he es­tablished the James F. Bere scholarship fund in theCollege just before his death. Survivors include hiswife, Barbara Van Dellen Bere; three sons; twodaugh­ters; and 16 grandchildren.Porter M. Jarvis, life trustee and former chair ofSwift & Co., died December 23 at the age of 89. Atrustee since 1953 and a life trustee since 1970, he wasalso a trustee of the Museum of Science and Industryand a board member of the Iowa State Foundation, theCrusade of Mercy, and the United Negro CollegeFund. Survivors include his wife, Dorothy; a daugh­ter; a son, Hugh Jarvis, MBA'62; two stepsons; andnine grandchildren.FACULTYGOsta W. Ahlstrom, professor emeritus of Old Tes­tament and ancient Palestinian studies in the DivinitySchool and in Near Eastern languages and civiliza­tions, died January 17 attheageof73. Heauthorednu­merous publications and monographs, including hislast book, The History of Ancient Palestine, for whichhe received a Guggenheim fellowship in 1985. Survi­vors include his wife, Maria; a son; and a daughter.H. Gregg Lewis, AB'36, PhD'47, former professorin economics, died January 25 at his home in ChapelHill, NC. He taught at the U of C fromJ939 to 1975,when he joined the faculty at Duke University. In 1981he was made a distinguished fellow of the AmericanEconomic Association. Survivors include his wife,Julia Elliott Lewis, AB'38; three sons; five grand­children; and two brothers.19105Sarah Reinwald Levinson, PhB' 14, died May 4 atthe age of98. Survivors include a son, Daniel Levin­son, PhB'48, SB'54, MD'54, and a brother, LesterReinwald, PhB'26, JD'27.Joseph Chada, PhB'19, PhD'32, died January 18in North Miami Beach; FL. Professor of Europeanhistory and chair of the Slavic center at Illinois Bene­dictine, he was knighted in 1954 by Pope Pius XII forhis work on behalf of displaced persons. He was also apast director of the Catholic Charities of Chicago, anda founding member and past president of the Czecho­slovak Society of Arts and Sciences. Survivors includea son, Joseph; six grandchildren; and a nephew, Phil­lip Dlouhy, MBA'69.19205Hans Kurath, PhD'20, professor emeritus of Eng­lish and editor emeritus of the Middle English Diction­ary at the University of Michigan, died January 2. Survivors include his wife, Gertrude; a daughter; tWOsons, including Dieter Kurath, SM'49, PhD'51; sixgrandchildren; and six great-grandchildren.Carl S. Lloyd, LLB'20, PhB'26, a lawyer withKirkland & Ellis who started their intellectual proper­ties department, died January 21. He was president ofthe U of C Law School Alumni Association from 1978to 1980, a village president of Winnetka from 1952 to1956, and a director of American National Bank for 30years. Survivors include his nephew, Mark Lloyd,AB'74.Zok- Tsung Wang Nyi, SB '21, a medical educatorin China, died November 2 at age 92. Survivors in­clude her husband, Pao-Chun Nyi, SB '21; a son; sixgrandchildren; and nine great-grandchildren.EarIO. Latimer, SM'25, MD'28, professoremer-itus of surgery at Northwestern University MedicalSchool, died December 29 in Peoria, AZ. He was as­sociated with the Wesley Pavilion branch of North­western Memorial Hospital for more than 40 years,serving both as senior attending surgeon and head ofthe surgical service. Survivors include his wife,Mildred; a son; and a daughter.Roberta Cannell Keniston, PhB'27, former asso­ciate director oflibraries at Eastern Michigan Univer­sity, died on December 21 at age 83. Survivors includea son, Kenneth; a daughter, Marjorie; and six grand­children, including Ann Keniston, AB'83.. edGeorge O.Baumrucker, SB'27, MD'32, a renrBerwyn urologist, died at his home in Sun City, A�'November 16. Past president of the Chicago UrologICSociety, he was also a teacher, writer, and inventor:Survivors include his wife, Sarah; two sons; a sister,and four grandchildren.Lavinia Schulman Schwartz, X'27, former direC­tor of the Advertising Council's Midwest Bureau, diedDecember 4 in Bernard Mitchell Hospital. survivo;'include a daughter; two sons, including Charles .Schwartz, Jr., AB'45; 19 grandchildren; and fivegreat-grandchildren.Arnold I. Shure, PhB'27, JD'29, a Chicago la�:yer, died January 24. In 1945 he and his wife estatlished the Frieda and Arnold Shure Research �und �_the U of C for legal studies pertaining to pubhc wefare. Last July, Shure created a new scholarship pro-en­gram through the fund to underwrite research by seior faculty members and help in the acquisition o! r� abooks and documents. Survivors include his wIfe'eedaughter; two grandchildren; a brother; and ��9cousins, including Robert R. Bentley, sa 'SM'44, and Milton J. Fink, PhD'31.. fieEdward L. Barry, X'28, a retired Chicago TribUltiSmusic critic and art editor, died December 18 atS.home. Survivors include his wife, Jeanne; three son,a daughter; a sister; and five grandchildren. 0-John H. Garland, PhB'28, SM'29, Ph�'40, �li­fessor emeritus of geography at the Universl� of 'fe,nois, died November 9. Survivors include hIS w�dDorothy; a daughter; a son; three grandchildren;four great -grandchildren.1930sHUbert H. Anderson, PhB'30, a retired teacher�nd investor, died December 6 at his Los Gatos, CA,ome. Survivors include his wife, Betty, and a son.Sam W. Banks, SB'30, MD'35, an orthopaedic�urgeon who helped develop national paramedic train­;ng co�rses for the Red Cross, died November 16,';90, In Sun City, AZ. Survivors include his wife,1\.Uth.Mary Klieman Satinover, PhB'30, AM'42, a for­merteacher atthe U ofC Extension College, died Jan­�ary 27. Survivors include her husband, Charles D.atinover PhB'28 JD'30' a daughter TerryS·' , '. 'atlllover Fagen AB'55 JD'58' four grandchil-d· ' , ,ren, Including Ruth Fagen, AB'81; two great-grandchildren; and a sister.27'Yilliam M. Kincheloe, PhB'31, died December\\I In Sarasota, FL. Survivors include his wife, Ruthhorks Kincheloe, PhB'34, and a sister, Isabel Kin­e eloe Engelhart, PhB'25, AM'36.Dorothy Cohen Frank, PhB'32, a writer who�a�ed national attention for championing UNESCOd�nng the anti-communist fervor of the early 1950s,led of cancer July 26. Survivors include a daughter, ason, and four grandchildren.d AlbertG. Chenicek, SB'34, PhD' 37, formerpresi­dent �fUnifilm Corporation, which manufactures in-Ustnal finishes and pigments, died November 29 at�ge 77. Survivors include his wife, Beth Mackeyc�en�cek, AM'39; two daughters; a brother, Josephth enlcek, SB'32, PhD'35; three grandchildren;F,rehe stepgrandchildren, and a cousin, DorothyIS man Martin, PhB'43.'d,Helen Holt, MD'34, a retired ophthalmologist,l�ed January 11. She had offices in Chicago and High­\\I nd Park for 40 years, and was on the staffs of North­a:�tern Memorial Hospital, Highland Park Hospital,n' . Lake Forest Hospital. Survivors include twoleces.M�rancis O. Allen IV, X'37, an Egyptologist andgr 1 dIe East specialist, died December 26. He didjo �duate work at the Oriental Institute and in 1936volne,d the U of C expedition to Luxor, Egypt. Survi­b/shInClude his wife, Priscilla; four children; and twoot ers.Sta�a� Bernstein, SB'37, MD'37, former chief ofin L WIth Edgewater Medical Center, died January 13vo u�eran General Hospital in Park Ridge. Survi­�h�' Include three sons; a sister, Ida Bernstein,gran 33;. a brother, Jacob Bernstein, SB'32; twoMD,dchlidren; and a nephew, Joel Bernstein,69.Sh;lara Tappe Knudson, AM'39, died in February.and wa� the first school social worker in Minnesota,1974rebred from the Duluth public school district inson . Survivors include her husband, a daughter, aF' and a granddaughter.diedrank Yerby, X'39, author of32 historical novels,\\Iifi November 29 in Madrid. Survivors include hissev:� Blanca Calle-Perez; two sons; two daughters;grandchildren; and two brothers.1940sDebn Withe t a ells Caldwell, MD'41, who researchedinsti�atment of diabetes and alcoholism and helpedamon � the u.se of stress tests for cardiac diseaseta, :pt mdu�tnal workers, died January 7 in a Saraso­trial M n�rsIng home. He was president of the Indus­mate edlcal Association of New Jersey and a diplo­Medi ?f the American Board of Occupationaleight c�ne. SU:vivors include two daughters, a son,,l!:lI�;ndc�lldren, and four great-grandchildren.tlSt and c· Ste�nberg, SB' 41, PhD' 47, a nuclear scien­and \\I hemlst who worked on the Manhattan ProjectA.rgon� rese�rch director of the chemistry division ofe NatlOnal Laboratory from 1982 to 1988, died December 22 in Bernard Mitchell Hospital. A pastpresident of the South Suburban Board of Jewish Edu­cation, he also played clarinet for the Park Forest Sym­phony Orchestra. Survivors include his wife, Esther;a son; and two daughters.John Massillon Norris, PhD'42, died November15 in Winston-Salem, NC, at the age of93. Survivorsinclude his wife, Gertrude.Augusta K. Davis Dingman, AM'43, a lifelonglibrarian, died in September. Survivors include a son,a daughter, five grandchildren, and two brothers.Milton Hyman, AM'47, died in December, whileon a cruise in the Caribbean. The founder and firstpresident of the National Kidney Cancer Association,he served on the board of directors of Parental StressServices. Survivors include his wife, Anne Kopp Hy­man, BSS'47; a son; two daughters, including ArnieHyman, AM'83; and two grandchildren.Eunice Millstone Tobin, X' 49,' a Chicago politicalsatirist who helped create satirical revues, died De­cember 29 while visiting friends in Santa Barbara,CA. She and her partner, Grace Mary Stern, beganproducing and performing in satirical musical revuesin the early 1960s. Survivors include her husband,Arnold; four sons; five grandchildren; and a sister.19505Nicholas Nicolaides, PhD'50, died December 7,1988. Survivors include his wife, Elizabeth, and anephew, George Papas, MD'74.Herbert Taylor, Jr., PhD'51, distinguished ser­vice professor emeritus at Western Washington Uni­versity, died of a heart attack January 27. Survivors in­clude his wife, Carol, and two children.Annemarie E. Krause, PhD'52, professor of ge­ography at Southern Illinois University and AndrewsUniversity, died January 6. Survivors include fivenieces and nephews, 13 great nieces and nephews, andsix great-great nieces and nephews.Thomas McDade, X'52, a realty management ex­ecutive and planner, died February 3 in OlympiaFields Osteopathic Medical Center. He worked in thelate 1950s for the Chicago Housing Authority and thenjoined the Urban Division of JMB Properties, Inc. Ac­tive in community affairs in Park Forest, IL, he be­came vice president of the Park Forest Historical Soci­ety. Survivors include his wife, Mignon; a son; adaughter; a stepdaughter; a brother; a sister; and twograndchildren.Timoteo Oracion, AM' 53, professor of anthropol­ogy at Silliman and Foundacion Universities and deanof the graduate school at Foundacion University in thePhilippines, died in June 1990. Oracion was aFulbright scholar at the U of C. Survivors include hiswife, Rosario Granada Oracion, X' 49. 19605Orace E. Johnson, MBA'60, PhD'66, professorof accountancy at the University of Illinois, died inNovember in Urbana. He was the regional director forthe Great Books Foundation in 1953 and trained dis­cussion leaders in 20 states. Survivors include hiswife, Roberta.Ellida Earnhart, X'62, founder of Duneland Re­cycling and Bailly Alliance in Michigan, died August3 at her home in Porter. Survivors include her hus­band, Alton; her parents; a daughter; a son; a brother;and an uncle.19705Richard Baker, MBA' 70 , died November 22 inMercy Center Hospital in Aurora. A pension planningconsultant for the medical profession with XelanCorp., he also owned Arlington Flagg Sales. Survi­vors include his wife, Lois; two daughters; a son; abrother; a sister; and a grandchild.Peter Warren Mackinlay, AM'71, PhD'77, diedin October. At the time of his death, he was teachingcourses on Gertrude Stein, Virginia Woolf and theBloomsbury Group, and the literature of AIDS. Hehelped found the Lyceum Program of adult educationseminars at the Newberry Library in Chicago.NOTICE or DEATHRECEIVEDFlorence E. Webster, PhB'22, December.Eleanor Pickett Hamrick, PhB '25.Kurt F. Leidecker, PhD'27, November.Kenneth W. Stott, SB'27, October.Mary Louise Wright Wilson, SB'27.Ernest S. Roberts, MD'28.Grace E. Wertenberger, SB'29, SM'32, PhD'39,March 1991.Einar L. Bjorklund, PhB'30, MBA'33, December.Francesca Siegel Meucci, X'33.Katherine Kiesling Van Metre, AB'33, November.Eugenia M. Beneventi, AB'36.Paul E. Twining, PhD'38.Marion S. Lew, SB' 41, May.Geraldine Francisco, X'42, December.Dorothee Friedlander Mindlin, AB' 42, AM' 43.Martha Scarlett, AM'42.Dorothy Williams Collings, PhD' 47.Dalton E. McFarland, MBA'47, February.JohnA. Woodford, PhB'47, October.James H. McCown, MBA'50, December.Gene Samuelson, MD'64.AdineL. Simmons, AB'69, AM'73, December.BOOKS by AlumDiARTS a LETTERSBela Petheo, MFA'63 , Mission and Commissions:Oskar Kokoschka in Minnesota, 1949-1957 (St.John's University Press). Written by a former pupil,this book provides an overview of Kokoschka's por­traiture and teaching while in Minneapolis.Martin J, Powers, AM'74, PhD'78, Art and Politi­cal Expression in Early China (Yale UniversityPress). The author examines the art and politics of theHan dynasty (206 B. C. -220 A. D.) and shows that bothwere shaped by the rise of an educated, non­aristocratic public that questioned the authority of therich and royal at all levels.Paul Saenger, AM'67, PhD'72, AM'73, A Cata- logue of the Pre-1500 J#stern Manuscript Books atthe Newberry Library (University of Chicago Press).This book gives precise bibliographical and codicolo­gical descriptions of the Newberry Library's collec­tion of over 200 medieval manuscript books.Russell Stinson, AM'81, PhD'85, The Bach Man­uscripts of Johann Peter Kellner and His Circle: ACase Study in Reception History (Duke UniversityPress). The author places the manuscript copies ofBach's keyboard works by Kellner (1705-72) and hiscircle within the context of Bach 's reception in the later18th century.Aubrey S. Garlington, AM' 56, Confraternity and'Carnevale' at San Giovanni Evangelista, Florence,1820-1924 (Pendragon Press).UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/APRIL 1992 45BIOGRAPHYWhabiz D. Merchant, AM'76, Home on the Hill:A Bombay Girlhood (Three Continents). This anthro­pological autobiography describes the author's earlyyears in Bombay and the trials and tribulations of herfamily's struggle to stay together.BUSINESS a ECONOMICSKym Anderson, AM'75, and Rod Tyers, Disarrayin World Food Markets: A Quantitative Assessment(Cambridge University Press). The centerpiece of thebook is the estimation of the economic effects of poli­cies which distort food markets and their incidenceacross countries and among groups within countries.Arnold A. DeLuca, MBA'75, Advertising Sales­manship (Dynamo International, Inc.). This textbookdiscusses how to sell merchants display advertisingspace in print publications. There is a companionworkbook.Floreal H. Forni, AM'69� PhD'73, RobertaBenencia, and Guillermo Neiman, Empleo, Estrate­gias de Vida y Reproduccion: Hogares Rurales en San­tiago del Estero (Centro Editor de America Latina).This study of the demographic strategy of domesticunits in a rural, underdeveloped area of Argentinadeals with peasant economy and seasonal migrations.JohnC. Glidewell, AM'49, PhD'53, andErwinC.Hargrove, Impossible Jobs in Public Management(University Press of Kansas). Drawing on leadershiptheory and social psychology, the authors provide ananalysis of the factors that determine why some publicmanagement jobs move from being difficult to beingimpossible.RaymondL. Gorden, AM'49, PhD'54, Basic In­terviewing Skills (F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.). Thebook's exercises teach such skills as formulating ques­tions, listening, observing, evaluating, probing, andrecording and analyzing results.David E. Gumpert, AB'6S, How to Really Createa Successful Business Plan (Inc. Publishing). The au­thor goes step-by-step through the process of writing abusiness plan and includes examples from several suc­cessful businesses.David E. Gumpert, AB'6S, How to Really StartYour Own Business (Inc. Publishing). This bookpresents the experiences of nine successful entrepre­neurs, and addresses the question of where the bestnew business ideas really come from, with techniquesfor determining if customers like an idea.Hiroki Kato, PhD'74, and Joan Stern Kato,AM'69, Understanding and Working with the Japa­nese Business World (Prentice Hall). This book pro­vides an understanding of how the disparate customsand social and cultural histories of America and Japanhave produced separate Weltanschauungs.Howard Putnam, MBA'66, with Gene Busnar, TheWinds of Turbulence: A CEO's Reflections on Surviv­ing and Thriving on the Cutting Edge of Crisis (Har­perCollins). The authors focus on Putnam's two-yeareffort to bring Braniff Airlines back from bankruptcy.A. David Silver, AB' 62, MBA' 63, The TurnaroundSurvival Guide (Dearborn Financial Publishing,Inc.). This book provides a guide to saving troubledcompanies.Alden T. Solovy, MBA'90, editor, Hospital CapitalFormation: Strategies and Tactics for the 1990s(American Hospital Publishing, Inc.). An examina­tion of the major issues of hospital capital formation,written by a team of hospital financial officers, bank­ers' lawyers, and financial advisors.Terra Ziporyn Snider, AM'SI, PhD'S5, and JimSnider, Future Shop: How New Technologies WillChange the ffily We Shop and What We Buy (St. Mar­tin's Press). Using observations about the influence ofconsumer confusion on our moral, social, and eco­nomic world, the authors argue for the importance of46 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/APRIL 1992 building a high-quality information infrastructure inAmerica.CRITICISMJ. Scott Colley, AM'65, PhD'69, Richard's Him­self Again: A Stage History of Shakespeare's RichardIII (Greenwood Press). Drawing on eyewitness ac­counts, memoirs, diaries, reviews, promptbooks, andother evidence, the author explains how Richard IIIhas been interpreted on the stage and viewed by specta­tors over the years.Giles Gunn, AM'63, PhD'67, Thinking Across theAmerican Grain: Ideology, Intellect, and the NewPragmatism (University of Chicago Press). The au­thor explores the way pragmatism responds to concep­tual and methodological controversies, from the re­birth of ideology, the spread of interdisciplinarity, andthe development of the new historicism, to the revoltagainst theory, the erosion of public discourse, and theproblematics of American civil religion.Thomas Meade Harwell, AM'47, Ranges of Ro­manticism (Longwood). Ten studies on five aspects ofromanticism: nature, the poet, the romantic outlaw,the English gothic novel, and folklore.Thomas Meade Harwell, AM'47, South by South­west (Hollowbrook). Belles-Lettristics on the Southand Southwest, with an emphasis on Arkansas, Mrs.Wolfe's Old Kentucky Home, and progress in theSouth.Lawrence S. Rainey, AM'SI, PhD'S6, EzraPound and the Monuments of Culture: Text, History,and the Malatesta Cantos (University of ChicagoPress). In the summer of 1922, Pound first saw thechurch of San Francesco in Rimini, Italy. Rainey re­counts Pound's subsequent obsession with the church,an obsession that links the whole of the poet's careerand thought.Claude J. Summers, AM'67, PhD'70, and Ted­Larry Pebworth, editors, On the Celebrated and Ne­glected Poems of Andrew Marvell (University of Mis­souri Press). The 12 essays in this volume examine amajor Renaissance figure from a number of vantagepoints.EDUCATIONJune Roediger Chapin, AB'52, AM'54, Elemen­tary Social Studies: A Practical Guide (Longman).Focusing on what is basic to the teaching of social stu­dies in elementary grades, the second edition of thisbook updates information on educational reform pro­posals, cooperative learning, and multiculturaleducation.Paul Hsien Lu, AM' 57, Federal Role in Education(The American Press). This book offers a comprehen­sive study of the federal government's involvement ineducation and offers recommendations for change.Dorothy L. Waggoner, AM'46, Undereducationin America: The Demography of High School Drop­outs (Auburn House). This description of high schooldropouts in America examines and compares the num­bers, rates, and characteristics of undereducated youthamong the white majority, African Americans, His­panics, American Indians and Alaskans, and Asianand Pacific Islander youth, and among non-Hispanicwhites from language- minority homes.FEMINIST STUDIESHarriet Horowitz Blodgett, AM'56, editor andcompiler, Capacious Hold-All, An Anthology ofEnglishwomen's Diary Writings (University of Virgin­ia Press). In speaking of their daily lives, the 30diarists included range from the late 16th to the 20thcenturies and span the social classes.Harriet Horowitz Blodgett, AM'56, Centuries ofFemale Days: Englishwomen's Private Diaries (Rutgers University Press). A study of women's dia­ries from 1599 to 1939-including both well-knownand obscure women-this book demonstrates that thetradition of female diary-keeping reflects not only fe­male lives but also habits of mind remarkably persis­tent for centuries.Kathleen D. McCarthy, AM'73, PhD'SO, Wom­en's Culture: Philanthropy & Art in the United States,1830-1930 (University of Chicago Press). Since theturn of the century, a myth has flourished that womenare the nation's cultural custodians. In this first book­length treatment of women in cultural philanthropy,however, the author demonstrates that female patronswere only marginally involved in the creation ofAmerica's first galleries, art unions, and museums.FICTION a POETRYBarbara Diamond Goldin, AB'6S, A Child's Bookof Midrash: 52 Jewish Stories from the Sagas (JasonAronson, Inc.). In retelling each story, the authorkeeps close to the original versions, relying on back­ground research into the times and lives of the peoplein the stories to fill in the often very brief originals.HISTORY ICURRENT EVENTSSally Anderson Kitt Chappell, AM'63, Architec­ture and Planning of Graham, Anderson, Probst andWhite, 1912-1936 (University of Chicago Press). In­terpreting buildings as cultural artifacts as well as ar­chitectural monuments, the author shows how the fiflllof Graham, et al, solved some of the most challengingproblems of turn-of-the-century America and alter�dthe hierarchy of the American city while working Inthe architectural mainstream.Edward De Grazia, AB'4S, JD'51, Girls LeanBack Everywhere: The Law of Obscenity and the As­sault of Genius (Random House). A history of �estruggle for freedom of literary and artistiCexpression.Howard N. Rabinowitz, AM'67, PhD'73, TheFirst New South, 1865-1920 (Harlan Davidson). Inthe aftermath of the Civil War, white southernersclung to the hope that a "New South" wouldarisefrorJlthe ashes of the old. In this book Rabinowitz examineSthe myth and the reality of the period in which theSouth sought to adjust to the political, economical,and social upheavals of the post-Civil War years.Dorothy J. Solinger, AB'67, China's Transitionfrom Socialism: Static Legacies and Market Rejo(TflS(M.E. Sharpe). This collection of essays written onChina's urban reforms from 19S0 to 1990 shows hO�the reform process has been heavily shaped-and atimes even dominated-by habits, institutions, and ad­ministrative and personal relationships left over frorJlthe time of state planning.Dorothy J. Solinger, AB'67, From Lathes toLooms: China's Industrial Policy in Comparative per­spective, 1979-1982 (Stanford University Press). onthe basis of interviews in China and documentary rJlIgterials, this book looks at the politics of China's 19rYshift in industrial investment from heavy indust(machinery and metallurgy) to light industry (con­sumer goods and textiles). _Donald Stevens, AM'76, PhD'S4, Origins of l�_stability in Early Republican Mexico (Duke Uni�e�s�ty Press). This revisionist account examines eXls�n nhypotheses and evidence for Mexico's instability, �_dissects the relationship between instability and,ec 0-nomic cycles; contradicts the notion that Me�ico s �e­cial elite could have increased political stabihty by. alcoming more active; and argues that the pr�nclhlltpolitical fissures were not liberal vs. conservativeradical, moderate, and conservative. s-Anne Walthall, AM'73, PhD'79, editor and tr�o_lator, Peasant Uprisings in Japan: A Critical AnthO s).gy of Peasant Histories (University of Chicago presThe Japanese texts presented here for the first time inEnglish embody the voice of peasant resistance todomination by the Tokugawa shogunate. Among theselections, written between 1650 and 1866, are ac­counts of peasant martyrs, uprisings, and riots, as wellas details of daily life and social practices that put thepeasant discourse of the time in a new perspective.MEDICINE a HEALTHPeter S. Amenta, PhD'58, Histology and HumanMicroanatomy (Piccin Nuova Libraria). This text­book is designed for graduate students and first-yearmedical students.Peter S. Amenta, PhD'58, Histology (Medical Ex­amination Publishing Company). This is an outlinetext, geared to medical students taking histology andstudents studying for part one of the National BoardExams.Mark L. Batshaw, MD '71, Your Child Has A Dis­ability: A Complete Sourcebook of Daily and MedicalCare (Little, Brown & Co.). A "Dr. Spock" for par­ents of children with developmental disabilities, thisbook provides parents with practical information tomeet their child's daily medical and emotional needs.Helen Murphy Donovan, AM'53, Nursing Ser­vice Administration: Managing the Enterprise (C. V.Mosby Company). This is a basic nursing administra­tion text based on the classic model developed at the Uof C under the tutelage of Dr. Herman Finer and underthe aegis of the W.K. Kellogg Foundation.POLITICAL SCIENCE a LAWBernard Grofman, SB'66, AM'68, PhD'72, andChandler Davidson, editors, Controversies in Minori­ty Voting: A 25-lear Perspective on the Voting RightsAct (Brookings Institute). A collection of essays deal­ing with the major normative and legal controversiesabout black and Hispanic voting rights.Dorothy Vincent Jones, PhD'79, Code of Peace:Ethics and Security in the World of the Warlord States(University of Chicago Press). The author focuses onthe progressive development of international law todisclose an underlying code of ethics that enjoys broadsupport in the world community.Michael Loriaux, AB'69, France After Hege­mony: International Change and Financial Reform(Cornell University Press). By examining monetaryand credit policy in postwar France, and tracing the re­lationship of domestic economic reform to specificChanges in the international political economy (result­ing from U. S. hegemonic decline), the author address­es the question of how this decline affects middle-levelnations.Benjamin C. Ostrov, AM'77, PhD'87, Conquer­ing Resources: The Growth and Decline of the PLA'sScience and Technology Commission for National De­fense (M.E. Sharpe, Inc.). From a case study of theunit which was in charge of China's advanced (espe­cially nuclear) weapons research and developmentfrom 1958 to 1982, this book extrapolates a theory oforganizational growth .Thomas L. Pangle, PhD'72, The Ennobling of De­mocracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age(Johns Hopkins University Press). A critique of post­modernism and its implications for political life andthought, this book examines the political dimensionsof postmodernist teachings and argues that a seriouschallenge has been posed to postmodernism by theemerging democracies of Eastern Europe.RELIGION a PHILOSOPHYRichard H. Davis, AB'73, PhD'86, Ritual in anOscillating Universe: Worshipping Siva in MedievalIndia (Princeton University Press). In this account ofHindu temple ritual, the author argues that worship Mutiny in Japan (see History/Current Events)acts as a daily catechism, putting into action all themajor themes 'of Saiva philosophy.Winston Davis, AM'69, PhD'73, Japanese Reli­gion and Society: Paradigms of Structure and Change(SUNY Press). The book deals with a wide varietyof movements and institutions from the Kokugawaperiod to the present, focusing on the relationshipbetween Japanese religion, society, and economicdevelopment.J. Howard Kauffman, PhD '60, and Leo Driedger,The Mennonite Mosaic: Identity and Modernization(Herald Press). Based on findings from surveys in1972 and 1989 of thousands of members of five Men­nonite and Brethren in Christ denominations, thisbook attempts to discover what Mennonites' currentbeliefs, practices, and social attitudes are, and whathappens when they become urban, geographicallymobile, and achieve higher educational and socioeco­nomic status.MartinE. Marty, PhD'56, andR. Scott Appleby,editors, Fundamentalism Observed (University ofChicago Press). This first volume of the Fundamental­ism Project is an encyclopedic introduction to interna­tional movements of religious reaction that haveemerged in the 20th century. The contributors includesociologists, cultural anthropologists, and historians,who describe the historical background and contem­porary appearance of many religions.David L. Schaefer, AM'67, PhD'71, The PoliticalPhilosophy of Montaigne'(Cornell University Press).The first comprehensive study of Montaigne's Essaysas a work of political philosophy.SCIENCE a TECHNOLOGYSusanna Samuels Epp, SM'65, PhD'68, DiscreteMathematics with Applications (Wadsworth Publish­ing Company). An introductory college textbook inthe mathematical foundations of computer scienceand of fields such as number theory, linear and ab­stract algebra, and combinatorics.Susanna Samuels Epp, SM'65, PhD'68, Pre­calculus and Discrete Mathematics (Scott Foresman).The sixth and final book in the 7th-12th grade curricu­lum developed by the U of C School MathematicsProject. Poobhalan Pillay, SM'70, and Carl Faith, Classi­fication of Commutative FPE Rings (Universidad deMurcia). This text attempts to classify a specializedgroup of algebraic structures-commutative ringswhich have in common the fact that each finitelygenerated module generates the module category.Steven Viktora, SB'69, MAT'76; John McCon­nell, SB'64, MAT'66; and Sharon Senk, PhD'83;Functions, Statistics, and Trigonometry (Scott Fores­man). This textbook in the 7th-12th grade curriculumdesigned by the U of C School Mathematics Project isintended for college-bound students and requires theuse of technology to learn mathematics.SOCIAL SCIENCESDean W. Collinwood, PhD'79, The Bahamas Be­tween Worlds (White Sound Press). This book dis­cusses the Bahamas' response to the U.S. invasion ofGrenada, and such domestic issues as the moderniza­tion of Bahamian life and the tensions surrounding theprovision of public education.Dean W. Collinwood, PhD'79, Japan and the Pa­cific Rim (Dushkin Publishing Group). The newestvolume in the Global Studies series includes politicaland social analyses of 20 Pacific Rim countries, withan emphasis on Japan's regional influence.Dean W. Collinwood, PhD '79, Modern BahamianSociety (Caribbean Books). A discussion ofliteratureand the cultural arts, tourism, political parties, socialchange, and other key aspects of the modern, indepen­dent Bahamas.Carol Delaney, AM'78, PhD'84, The Seed and theSoil: Gender and Cosmology in Turkish Village Soci­ety (University of California Press). Drawing on herwork in a small Turkish village of Sunni Muslims, theauthor examines the metaphors used to describe pro­creation and discusses how they affect one's view ofthe relative worth of each gender, showing that the im­ages of "seed" and "soil" are categorically different,hierarchically ordered, and unequally valued.John D. Kelly, AM'82, PhD'88, A Politics of Vir­tue: Hinduism, Sexuality, and Countercolonial Dis­course in Fiji (University of Chicago Press). Thisbook examines the connection between politics andsexual morality in a colonial context. Through hisanalysis of competing conceptions of virtue, civiliza­tion, and citizenship, the author shows how these cate­gories were used to shape social relations in colonialsocieties.Thomas Kuehn, AM'73, PhD'77, Law, Family,and Women: Toward a Legal Anthropology of Renais­sance Italy (University of Chicago Press). Focusingon Florence, the author demonstrates the formativeinfluence of law on Italian society during the Renais­sance, especially in the spheres of family and women.His use oflegal sources along with letters, diaries, andcontemporary accounts allows him to present a com­pelling image of the social processes that affected theshape and function of the law.Charles W. Meister, AM'42, PhD'48, The Worldof Columbus (Hollowbrook Publishers). The bookcontains studies of several leading Renaissance fig­ures, including Columbus, Erasmus, Pico dellaMirandola, and Lorenzo de Medici.Ezat O. Negahban, AM'54, Excavations at HaftTepe, Iran (The University Museum, University ofPennsylvania). Excavations at this site (revealingcourtyards, storerooms, and workshops associatedwith two ziggurats, as well as over 600 inscribed tab­lets and two stelae) helped to illuminate the poorlyknown Middle Elamite period (1450-1100 s.c.i.For inclusion in "Books by Alumni," pleasesend the name of the book, its author, its pub­lisher, and a short synopsis to the Books Editor,University of Chicago Magazine, 5757 WoodlawnAve., Chicago, IL ,60637.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 47TakingWing FOR THE MILITARY, IT WAS AN"experiment." For the 450African- Americans who flew incombat as Tuskegee Airmen inWorld War II, it was a chance, in the wordsof Richard Highbaugh, MBA'49, "topersevere. "Highbaugh and his fellow Airmen provedwrong a pre-war military assessment=thatblacks were incapable of piloting combat air­craft-flying 1,578 missions and destroyingmore than 400 enemy aircraft. By war's end,150 of the Airmen received DistinguishedFlying Crosses; 66 were killed in action.At least 20 of the Tuskegee Airmen (namedafter the Alabama base where they trained)attended the University of Chicago, includingBenjamin 0. Davis, Jr., X'33, who was thefirst African-American graduate of WestPoint, later rising to the rank of general. Jo­seph LaRue, AM' 59-a Tuskegee Airmanwho joined late in the war effort -says that theArmy Air Corps demanded college experi­ence of its pilots; and because the U of C, un­like many other universities, welcomedblacks as students, the Chicago connection toIn World War II, a group ofAfrican-American combalpUols-including severalU of C alumni-proved IhemUilary experts wrong.48 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ApRIL 1992 the Airmen was natural.As a result of a 1939 congressional actpushed through by then senator Harry Tru­man, a skeptical Army Air Corps began train­ing black pilots on an experimental basis.With the" separate but equal" doctrine still ineffect for blacks, the Airmen were segregatedfrom whites, although they were trained atTuskegee by white officers. Judge John W.Rogers, JD'48, recalls that, long after com-..pleting their training in early 1942, the Air­men were kept at Tuskegee.More political pressure finally resulted in aMediterranean combat mission for the Air­men. As Rogers freely admits now, the pilotswere green and made some mistakes at first­errors blown out of proportion in a Time mag­azine article that eventually led to a Senate in­vestigation. With his testimony, then colonelBenjamin Davis successfully won a reprievefor the Airmen, who-ignoring the debateback home-were quickly gaining the experi­ence they needed to be effective pilots.U. S. generals took notice when-out­numbered two to one-Tuskegee pilotsdowned five enemy aircrafts in less than fourminutes on Jan. 27, 1944-and brought downthree more that afternoon. Merged for a timewith the all-white 79th Fighter Group, theywere later split again into the all-black 332nd,with Davis placed in command. The Airmen'Sperformance grew from effective to dazzling:in a wild dogfight March 31, 1945, they shOtdown 17 German aircraft on a bomber escort,without loss to themselves. Indeed, the Air­men could boast of never having lost a bomberto enemy aircraft.When the war was over, the Airmen discOV­ered, so was the military "experiment."Stateside, Tuskegee officers found they werepassed over for promotions given to less expe­rienced white officers. Many left -some, ljl(eRogers and Highbaugh returning to school 011the GI Bill. Davis was among those who stuck:it out-in 1954, he became the first black gell­eral in the U.S. Air Force.The Tuskegee Airmen have continued life­long friendships, and are asked to speak fre­quently at inner-city public schools. In Febru­ary, Highbaugh and Rogers were among �eTuskegee alumni who appeared at a specl�program on campus, sponsored by the V�l­versity's Coordinating Council of MinofltYIssues, to honor their achievements. alSays Highbaugh, "I have heard GenerDavis say that there is one important charaC­teristic that all the fellows shared. They want;ed to fly. They persevered at that. That'S wb:_we tell youngsters today. Set a goal fo� YOUc_self, work at it, persevere-and you wdl suceed." - T. 0.ideDazzling: Airmen (above left) stand beSa B-U bomber.•JOIN THECENTENNm CELEBRATIONOF THE PASTBY SELECTING FROM THESECOURSE OFFERINGS OF THE PRESENT•Academic and Professional Writing • African­American Women Writers· African Civilization• African Drama • African Oral Literature •Anthropology of Art • Apes and Human Evolution·Arabic· Archeological Field School in Kampsville,Illinois . Archeological Field School in Spain •Asymptotics • Biochemistry· Black Athena and theIdeology of Classics • Buddhist Psychology .Calculus· Cell Biology. Cervantes' Don Quixote·Chaucer: Canterbury Tales • Choices of Life in18th-Century Fiction· Classical Greek· ComputerProgramming· Culture and Personality· CurrentCrisis in American Society· Developing Tests ofKnowledge and Attitude- Early Child Development• Ecology and Field Biology· Economi�s· ElementaryLogic· Evolution and Natural Selection· FigureDrawing • Figure in Color· French • German •Hebrew· History of Western Civilization· Homerand Tolstoy • Human Physiology in Health andDisease· International Relations of the Middle East• Israel: Society, Politics and Culture • Italian •[apanese > Language Change· Latin . Le FrancaisDe L' Entreprise • Linear Algebra· Literature andSociety in 19th-Century France· Medicine andLiterature· Medieval Religious Experience:Monasticism . Modern German Novel· Music ofAftica • Paul and the Invention of Christianity •Philosophical Chinese· Philosophy and Literature·Photography • Plato s Republic • Poetry of PaulCelan • Portuguese • Preventing Mental andEmotional Disorders· Psychotherapy with Families• Recombinant DNA Technology> Russian· Self,Culture and Society • Sex Roles and Society .Short Fiction by Latin American Women Writers· Social Contract Theory: Hobbes, Locke, Rosseau·Social Structure· Spanish • Statistics· Thought ofHannah Arendt· US and USSR in the MiddleEast· Visual Language· Western Music· WhoseCulture is this, Anyway?· World Music· Writingof Fiction' Writing of Poetry· Year of 'Gatsby':American Literature in 1925 THE UNIVERSI1YOF CHICAGO'SUMMER SESSION 1992After William RaineyHarper founded theUniversity of Chicago in 1892,he instituted a year-roundacademic calendar whichchallenged the tradition ofsending students home inthe summertime. He arguedthat the growth of urbaniza­tion and a decline in thedemand for students' farmlabor during the summermonths warranted keeping the University open through­out the year. Harper also felt that a year-round academiccalendar offered the faculty a special advantage-flexibilityin planning annual research and teaching schedules. Thislong-standing tradition of regular faculty membersteaching during the summer continues to characterize thespecial strength of Summer Quarter. We invite you to sharein the centennial spirit this summer by participating in thepassionate inquiry that defines our intellectual heritage. Toreceive the 1992 Summer Session Bulletin, write or call:OFFICE OF SUMMER SESSIONTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO5835 KIMBARK AVENUECHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60637(312) 702-7854Up in lights: As part of the citY's salute to the University's Centennial, the Chicago Theater, aLoop landmark at 1�5 N. State Street, put a birthday message on its marquee ...********CAR-RT-SORT**CR042318977of Chicago -----____..THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERobie House, 5757 WoodlawnChicago, IL 60637ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED