nUri\,eys r t.,>l oF­G-Ucaao �Q:e�ne./�lVOLUME 84, NUMBER 2 DECEMBER 199116202631Cover: FEATURESThe hole truthWhen lightning strikes, says U of C researcher Raphael Lee,it does its damage by poking tiny holes in the celFs outermembrane. The (soapy) solution may be Polaxamer-188.JOHN EASTONThe best bookstore west of Blackwell'sA 30-year-old Hyde Park institution, the Seminary Co-opBookstore is far more than a place to buy books.JAMIE KALVENPomp meets circumstanceA procession of colorful events led the University into itscentennial year.MARY RUTH YOETo be a gentlewoman and a scholarAs one of Chicago's first female graduate students, MadelineWallin faced great-and conflicting-expectations.TIM OBERMILLERCentennial fanfare wasprovided by (from left) LutherDidrickson; Bette Eilers,AB'62; andJames Mattern ofthe Fort Dearborn Brass;photo by James L. Ballard.Opposite: On Arts Day (Oct.6), Hutchinson Commonsturned into a jazz club; photoby Robert C. V Lieberman.Inside back cover: reading at57th Street Books (page 20);photo by Patricia Evans.2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991Editors NotesTHE DAY AFTER THE CENTENNIAL KICK­off, the lead editorial in the October 4issue of the student newspaper, theMaroon, would have made William RaineyHarper proud. It argued that while "thiscentury-old institution has certainly earned aday offestivity," there is work still to be done:"Parties are fun, but they must not distract usfrom the fundamental tradition of excellencein education that should remain first and fore­most on the University's agenda."Rewriting HistoryWe're glad to report that many readers wroteto say that they enjoyed October's special100th-birthday issue. And in the interests ofscholarly accuracy, we're equally glad to re­port that a number of those writers read the is­sue closely enough to point out some placeswhere we went wrong (or, at least, not totallyright) in our look back at Chicago's past. Mostof those clarifications or corrections arepublished in this month's "Letters" section;others will appear in February.Centennial ReportageOn page 26, you'll find an account of the offi­cial opening of the University's centennialcelebration=-an academic convocation, acampus-wide picnic, and a downtown civicdinner. The report quotes briefly from the re­marks made by the six convocation speak­ers, but the complete texts of those remarkswill be included in the next issue of The Uni­versity of Chicago Record-available in earlyJanuary. If you'd like to receive a copy, pleasewrite us ("Centennial Record," University ofChicago Magazine, 5757 Woodlawn Avenue,Chicago, IL 60637), and we'll send onealong.Magazine Comings and GoingsSince the October issue, several names on ourmasthead have changed. Associate editorSteven I. Benowitz, who wrote on-amongother things-Leon Lederman's science liter­acy crusade, has moved back to his alma ma­ter, Pennsylvania State University, where heis a science and health writer for the Milton S.Hershey Medical Center. Succeeding Steve is Debra Ladestro. Debbie, a graduate of twoBig Ten schools (she has a bachelor's in Eng­lish from Michigan and a master's in journal­ism from Northwestern's Medill School), wasmost recently a staff writer for the Washing­ton, D.C.-based Teacher Magazine.Meanwhile, editorial assistant Jane Chap­man, AM'90, has left Chicago for marriageand free-lance writing in Utah. Michele Tho­mas, who has a B.A. in anthropology fromBard College, takes over Jane's duties, editingthe class news. One other name is new to themasthead, but not to our readers. JamieKalven, whose article on the Seminary Co-opBookstore appears in this issue, has joined thestaff as a contributing editor. Also new to themasthead is Jeanette Harrison, who's in hersecond year as our student assistant. One finalnote: Tim Obermiller is now managing editor.Postcards and Other GiftsOnce again, with feeling: Thank you. Overthe past three months, some 5,200 readershave sent the Magazine gifts totaling over$85,000. Along with the checks come otherenclosures, which, being mail vultures of thefirst order, we hover over with equal interest.A number of notes had to do with the small"birthday gift" that went out with our fund­raising letter. "Thanks for the postcard,"wrote one alumnus. "It's proof that somethings are older than I am."Another alumna, Bertha Schweitzer Dar­row, SB'33, SM'36, sent along several of herown postcards, part of a collection from herfather's old drugstore: "My dad, JosephSchweitzer, had the drugstore from 1907 to1917 at the corner of 57th and Kimbark wherethe playground of the Ray School (formerlyHyde Park High) is now .... Dr. Michelsonused to shoot the breeze with my dad, who hada good German education, until 3:00 a.m. al­most every night while he waited for the cablecar on 55th Street to stop running, so he couldgo back to his lab and continue ruling the dif­fraction grating for the measurement of thespeed of light without vibrations from thetrolley."And for those of you who can empathizewith the alumna who confessed, "I give up!What corner is the picture taken from?" reliefcan be found on the back cover.-M.R. Y.LettersAlphabetical orderI enjoyed the special. centennial issue andespecially the "100 Years in the Life of aUniversity" panorama.As a former graduate student at the OrientalInstitute, the 1920 notice about the Assyriandictionary caught my eye. For the record, af­ter 70 years, how many letters of the Assyrianalphabet are finished and how many remain?MIRIAM STEINBERG GALSTON, PHD'73WASHINGTON, D.C.The Oriental Institute has published 17 lettersin 19 volumes of the Assyrian dictionary todate. They have four letters in five volumes leftto publish. -Ed.Another school o.f thoughtIn the October "birthday" issue you list"three schools of thought" originating atthe University-the School of Sociology,the School of Economics, and the School ofCriticism. I was surprised that no referencewas made to the Chicago School of PoliticalScience. Modern political science, in thesense of rigorous, empirical research, tookoff at the U of C in the 1920s and 1930s­under Charles E. Merriam, Harold D.Lasswell, Harold Gosnell, L.D. White, andQuincy Wright. Three of these (Merriam,Lasswell, and Wright) are celebrated in Re­membering the University of Chicago (Uni­versity of Chicago Press). Ten U ofC alumni,products of that school, became president ofthe American Political Science Associationin the decades that followed.Instead of "three schools, " there were four,and three of them were social science schools.The larger story you don't quite tell in your ar­ticle on page IV is that modern social sciencein the national and international sense wasborn at the U of C in the first half of its centuryof existence.GABRIEL A. ALMOND, PHB'32, PHD'38STANFORD, CALIFORNIANot the way it wasI would like to make two comments on theOctober centennial issue. First, Natha­niel Kleitman was a professor in the de­partment of physiology, not psychology (page 54, column 1). He may have held a joint ap­pointment in the department of psychology (Idoubt it), but his office and laboratory were inthe department of physiology in Abbott Hall.Second, the painting captioned Moment ofTruth (pages VI-VII) hardly reflects the truth.Because of the graphite blocks used to buildthe pile, everyone was covered with black duston that day; and physicists (then as now) werenot, as those men in the painting, dressed asneatly as business executives. Except for Fer­mi (and one or two others), none of the facesin the painting are recognizable, and therewere not 18 people in the room. If I am wrongI stand corrected, but I am surprised that thepainter did not talk or correspond with theparticipants on that day-quite a few of whomare still living-or read Laura Fermi's Atomsin the Family.GERALD FONG, SM'61ELMoNTE, CALIFORNIA..Fong is correct: Kleitman is professor emeri­tus in physiology. -Ed.Clearer view of Yerkes' pastI was pleased to see that the Yerkes Obser­vatory wasn't overlooked in the 100th an­niversary issue; however, two pointsshould be clarified.Charles Yerkes didn't exactly offer to buythe University the 40-inch refracting tele­scope. Yerkes was cajoled by George Hale­newly recruited to the faculty-and PresidentHarper, after Hale learned of the availabilityof the 42-inch lens blanks. The blanks hadoriginally been commissioned by a Californiagroup, whose funding had evaporated. Haleurged Yerkes to purchase the blanks, pay fortheir finishing, and fund the construction of afully-equipped observatory. Yerkes laterbalked at the cost, even though the total wasbelow Hale's original estimate, but insistedthat, even if other donors were found, the fa­cility should bear only his name. He eventual­ly came around; supplementary fundingcame from other sources, but Yerkesbankrolled the bulk ofthe project.The second point: your article refers toGeorge Hale's father as "astronomer WilliamHale." In fact, William Hale's profession wasthe manufacture of elevators. George Hale CentennialWinterWeekendThe MysteryCycle: Creation. January 17-19A medieval play in amodern context?Court Theatre's groundbreakingproduction of Creation bringsthe earthy, rustic drama to life inthe grandeur of RockefellerChapel. Spend a weekend withnoted scholars and theaterprofessionals learning howCreation comes with its powerintact from the middle ages tothe modern stage.• Seminars, discussions, anddemonstrations by DavidBevington, Nicholas Rudall,Bernard Sahlins, andmembers of the productioncompany• Behind-the-scenes tours ofCourt Theatre and theCreation set at RockefellerMemorial Chapel• Performances of The MysteryCycle: Creation and, as achange of pace, The SecondCity's Centennial Salute toThe University of ChicagoAccommodations have beenreserved for you at Chicago'sluxurious Ritz-Carlton Hotel.Deadline for registration:January 3, 1992. Space islimited, so register early toensure your place.��,iI��M�¥«�"1,.��Please send me a detailedbrochure on The Mystery Cycle:CreationName �----Address _City State __Zipcode _Daytime Telephone _Return to Winter Weekends,Robie House, 5757 WoodlawnAvenue, Chicago, IL 60637312/702-2160.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 34 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991was the first astronomer in the family. The tel­escopes the Hale family donated (along withassorted other equipment) were originallypart of the Kenwood Observatory, which Wil­liam Hale built for his son, George, who be­gan to acquire a reputation in the field whilestill a student at MIT. But that's another story.PAMELA D. HODGSON, AB'90CHICAGORush and the U of CThe 100th birthday issue is exceptional­ly well done and covers the history­with the exception of my point of inter­est. There is no mention of the long associa-tion with the Rush Medical College, and theonly two physicians mentioned are Drs. A.1.Carlson and Edward Compere. Both were ourinstructors and truly giants of their times.They had the capacity for being friends aswell as instructors.We were in the 1942 graduating class, andreceived our M.D. degree at RockefellerChapel from the "Rush Medical College ofthe University of Chicago." We were theIOOth and last graduating class until the re­forming of the Rush Medical College in 1971.There are more living graduates post-1971than those prior to 1942.The staffs of the respective Medical SchoolAlumni Organizations are cooperating in try­ing to arrange a truly memorable occasionnext June 1992 and I hope that your publica­tion will support the endeavor. Many of thetwo-year students came from the West, andopted to go to Rush for the last two years;many became family physicians as opposed tothe fine academicians and specialists trainedby the University Clinics. We hope that the re­union period will enable old-time friends tomeet and communicate.GEORGE H. HANDY, MD'42SUN CITY, ARIZONABroadcast newsThe special 100th birthday issue wasmagnificent! Congratulations andthanks. But a historical correctionneeds to be made. On page XII, the followingthree-ways-wrong sentence appears: "RadioMidway went on the air in the fall of 1949,broadcasting, Bach and be-bop from theBurton-Judson Basement." I was on the origi­nal staff of Radio Midway and can testify that(1) we did not go "on the air;" (2) we begantransmitting during the academic year1947-48; and (3) we played little if any be­bop. To take the last and smallest point first,be-bop was called re-bop at the time and wasscarcely known except to the very in of NewYork and Los Angeles. Our popular musicprogramming was heavy on swing (e.g., Ben- ny Goodman), and was limited to the morningwake-up show, whose D.1. was a humorousfellow named "Cig" Cigletti.We didn't go "on the air" because we were'not a broadcasting station in the usual sense.We sent our signal piggyback along the regu­lar electrical wiring which carried the house­hold current for lighting, etc. Thus, we did notneed the approval of, or a license from, theFederal Communications Commission. (Onthe night we commenced operations, Bob Zit­ter, AB'50, SM'52, SM'58, PhD'62, aBurton-Judsonian and a fellow of infinite jest,threw us into a panic with a phone, call inwhich he pretended to be an FCC inspectorand ordered us to shut down, saying that hewas picking up our signal over the air on theFar North Side.) At first, we could only beheard in "Burton Junction, " but our technicalwizards soon ran a line under the Midway, us­ing the steam pipe tunnels system, to repeatertransmitters in the girls' dorms, thus giving uscoverage of all dormitories.As to when all this was, it happened while Iwas living in Meade House in B-J, and thatwas only during my first year atthe U ofC, fallto spring 1947-48. In 1948-49, I commutedand was thereafter off campus until I returnedfrom my Korean War service in 1953. Whatwith marriage, three children, and other di­versions, I didn't take my last comp and re­ceive my degree until 1959-the last of TheQueer Kids, the category established byChancellor Kimpton's best-remembered ut­terance for those who matriculated under theoriginal Hutchins plan.R.o. YOUNG, AB'59NEW ORLEANSNot quite our alumnusIn the centennial issue" you list NoamChomsky as AM'51, PhD'55, and thusas a noteworthy alumnus. While I wouldlove it-having written Noam Chomsky: APhilosophical Overview (St. Martin's Press)-if Noam were a U of C grad, it just is nottrue. The years are right, but it is the U niversi­ty of Pennsylvania, not the U of C.JUSTIN LEIBER, AB'58, AM'60, PHD'67HOUSTONAlthough Noam Chomsky received an honor­ary doctorate of humane letters from the Uni­versity in 1967, all three of his earned degreesare from Penn.Two other errors need to be corrected: Onpage XlI of the Octoberl91 issue, there is anerror in the "Student Numbers" pie chartshowing enrollment for the 1990-91 fall quar­ter. Of the University's matriculated students,26.32 percent were enrolled in the Downtowt!Graduate School of Business program, and1. 75 percent in Continuing Education pro-grams (only a small proportion of the thou­sands of students who participate in Continu­ing Education courses each quarter do so asmatriculated students}.In "Class Newsworthies" on page XXXIX,Bernardine Dohrn s occupation was incorrect­ly given. Dohm, AB'63, ID'67, lives in HydePark and directs a juvenile-court project atNorthwestern University's law school. -Ed.Compact historyI want to congratulate you on the excellent100th Anniversary issue. Yours was thedifficult task of putting together an 100-year history of the University. You managedto \\leave a profile of the University that gavealumni a varied picture of each era in the Uni­versity's history-in just 72 pages.Although each of us might have desiredmore delineation of the period we spent at theUniversity, you managed a nice balance.PHILIP 1. COHEN, AB'53, AM'56BROOKLYN, NEW YORKApology requestedV nder any circumstances it wouldhave been wrong of you to print thehomophobic letter from Alan Whit-ney [in response to the August issue's short re­POrt on the "Gay and Lesbian AwarenessFortnight," sponsored by the Gay and Lesbi­an Alliance last May.] that appeared in theSpecial 100th Birthday Issue. But in the con­text of the recent campaign of violence andh.arassment against gay people at the Univer­SIty of Chicago, your publication of such in­sults is a dreadful offense.Whitney's letter likened gay and lesbian stu­dents to "foot fetishists and ... enema enthusi­asts." I am not sure that foot fetishists and ene­�a enthusiasts are automatically despicableeIth�r, but Whitney's point was clearly to stig­�ahze gay and lesbian students by lumpingt em together with other groups he considersob .Viously unworthy of respect. The phony jo-�ularity of his tone does not lessen the insult.ty and lesbian students, employees, and fac­u t� are discriminated against by the universi­�y 10 such areas as housing, access to facilit­��s, and .employment benefits; in addition,h ey routmely suffer intimidation and verbal/rassment, and in recent years have severalImes been subjected to violent physical as-rS�d�lt on campus. Allowing Mr. Whitney toI I I .and cu e, �n your pages, the efforts of the Gays LesbIan Alliance to counteract such pres­a u�es and indignities is an act for which I musts You to apologize.CHRISTOPHER LOOBYASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF ENGLISHCO-CHAIR, GAY AND LESBIAN STUDIESWORKSHOP THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI ASSOCIATIONInvites you to join distinguished faculty and alumni friendsparticipating in the alumni travel/study programs scheduled for 1992Mississippi River CruiseApril 15-25A riverboat cruise from New Orleansto Memphis on the Delta Queenwill study the course and influenceof the river with University geologistPeter Crane. Ken Burns and BarbaraFields of the award-winning PBSdocumentary Civil War willbe on board to talk about theCampaign in the West.Centennial Study TripsFor further information and brochures or to be added to our travell studymailing list, call or write to Laura Gruen, Associate Director, University ofChicago Alumni Association, 5757 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL60637. 3121702-2160. Voyage to East Asia: Japan,South Korea, and ChinaMay 6-23Our cruise on the splendid newAurora I will visit three Asiancountries that are meeting thecultural, economic, and politicalchallenges of the West. ProfessorGregory Lee will share knowledgehe gathered living in Chinaand as a BBC broadcaster onFar Eastern affairs.Also planned for 1992Autumn study trips to cities of theMediterranean and down theColumbia and Snake Rivers.Voyage to AntarcticaJanuary 5-19A cruise aboard the M. V. Illiria tothe world's last frontier,accompanied by the snip's staff ofnaturalists and our faculty lecturersBarbara Block of the Department ofOrganismal Biology and Anatomyand Bruce Sidell, on sabbatical atthe University, who has spent fiveresearch seasons at the PalmerStation in Antarctica.Egypt: Ancient Landin a Modern WorldMarch 16-29Led by Professor Lanny Bell of theOriental Institute, the trip willexplore both the country's ancientheritage and its struggles as a modernIslamic nation. Included are a cruiseaboard the Nile Princess and a visitto Chicago House in Luxor to viewthe salvage archeology done by theUniversity's Epigraphic Survey.The Island Worldof IndonesiaMarch 28-April 12Komodo dragons, Barong dancers,the Green Revolution-we willdiscover them all in this spring tripto the islands of the Java Sea,Singapore, and Bali. Faculty leaderwill be Paul Griffiths, an expert onthe remarkable cultural and religiousdiversity of the region.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 5PLEASE DETACH AND MAIL TO:The University of Chicago Bookstore, 970 E. 58th St., Chicago, IL 60637Please send me__ copy(ies) at $10 each (includes shipping and handling).Subtotal: $_Ill, residents add 8% sales tax: +_� _TOTAL AMOUNT OF PURCHASE: $_D Check enclosed made out to The University of Chicago BookstorePlease charge my D Visa D MasteICard D American Express D DiscoverAccount Number Exp. Date_Signature Daytime Phone_Name as it appears on credit card or check'--- -' __Address City State_ Zip __• NO CODs • NO POST OFFICE BOXES • STREET ADDRESSES ONLY •6 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 An issue to addressI was very happy to receive the splendid100th Birthday issue of your usually ex­cellent magazine. But I was deeply sad­dened and upset by the letter on page 9 titled"Expanded Coverage?" As an openly gaysenior faculty member of six years at the U ni­versity, involved both in GALA and the newGay and Lesbian Studies Workshop, I was ap­palled that you should even contemplate pub­lishing a letter in such bad taste, especially inthe light of the recent harassment of gay stu­dents at the University.Is it so important for you to court the nowwealthy class of '49 that you undermine andhumiliate the classes of the future?I am speaking for many of my friends andcolleagues at the University who wereshocked by this, and I am sure that you havereceived numerous other letters. This hatefulbut petulantly joking letter of prejudice mis­represents the University of Chicago and allthat it has stood for during the past 100 years,and I do not know why you published it:Would you publish a "joking" racist or mis­ogynist letter ofthis type? Perhaps you wouldif it served your needs.I want to see this issue addressed not only inthe letters page but in editorial writing or cov­erage ofthe productive and positive aspects ofgay life and studies at the University. Only thiswould restore my faith in your magazine andprevent me from making much more of thisugly episode to all my friends, other faculty,and students throughout the University.MICHAEL CAMILLEASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF ARTContinuing educ:ationYour October/91 article, "Looking fora Few Great Books" was wonderful. Ican't tell you how much it means to meto get this spur to my own adult education, andto continue the splendid opening of the worldwhich started at the U of C.DAvmJIcKLING, AB'48, AM'51, PHD'53WASHINGTON, D.C.Footnoting the c:entennial syllabusRegarding the proposed list of ''A FeWGreat Books" (a much shorter listthanthe "authorized" and beautifullybound collection that resides in my library),two comments:This list omits the single most influentialbook in Western civilization.Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species be­longs on the list, but it is in the wrong catego�ry. Its thesis, established (and maintained) onphilosophical presuppositions and supportedat its roots with neither laboratory demonsrrstion nor fossil evidence, more properly be­longs to the philosophy category. For the bestexposition of this analysis, see Darwin on Tri­al, by Berkeley law professor Philip E. John­son, JD'65.LEWIS FLAGG III, MBA'71MILFORD, MASSACHUSETTSWhy the Bible's missingI read with great interest "Looking for aFew Great Books." I must admit I wassurprised that the Bible failed to make thelist. But, then again, I was not surprised. Thehostility of academia to Jewish and Christianthought and its embrace of Eastern thoughtwas simply further demonstrated by the se­lected "common core." Even the failed theol­ogy of Marx takes precedence.JAMES STUART, MBA'77CHICAGORalph Nicholas, AM'58, PhD'62, dean of theCollege and convenerofthe Centennial Sylla­bus committee, responds: When we sat downto compile the Centennial Syllabus we knewthat we would sin both by omission and bycommission. We thought we would learnfrom our readers, and we have.Speaking now for myself, and not for myfaculty colleagues in the undertaking, I judgethat the Bible constitutes one of the most con­sequential omissions. Some of us said that theBible had to be assumed to be part of the com­mon core of knowledge. Others-while morerealistic about how widely that knowledgemight be shared-were put off by the difficul­ty of decidingon selections.Yet a very strong case can be made for ad­ding Genesis, Exodus, the Gospel of Luke,and the Letter to the Romans. But those addi­tions seem almost too modest: What about in­cluding a Hebrew prophet -or the Acts? Thatis what always happens in these discussions:We find it easy-even apparently essential­to add to the list, and difficult to subtract.I should add that I have occasionally taughtLeviticus, with the aim of understanding thesystem of classification embodied in it, andEsther, with the aim of demonstrating the re­lation between a narrative and a ritual. How­ever, if! were picking books that have exerteda major influence on our civilization, TheRevelation would be the one additional book Iwould include in my personal version of theCentennial Syllabus. Both the images and theprophecies of this book have inspired spectac­ular developments during times of trouble inChristianity. As an anthropologist, I find itmost useful to use the Revised Standard trans­lation, such as that contained in The NewEnglish Bible Oxford Study Edition (OxfordUniversity Press, 1976) or The New OxfordAnnotated Bible (2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 1977). Were I to teach with an eye to lit­erary influences, I would prescribe the KingJames Version.Minority memories requestedAs we glance through old U of C cata­logs and magazines, we, unfortunate­ly, find that not much remains fromthe early years of the University on the minor­ity experiences of the past. As a contributionto the University's centennial celebration, theCoordinating Council for Minority Issues iscollecting stories, pictures, and other memo­rabilia from African American, Hispanic,and Native American members of the Univer­sity community, including alumni.Through a collaborative effort, we hope torecord and preserve the experiences of the un­derrepresented minorities at the U of C. Ideal­ly, CCMI would like to document the experi­ences of minority students, faculty, and staffthroughout the University's 100-year history.We invite alumni members to send us theirthoughts and memories as well as photocop­ies of any records and artifacts that they mayhave saved from their years here. We alsoinvite those who may have left the Univer­sity before an organized Black or Hispanicorganization was formed to send us theirmemorabilia.If you have any contributions for the project,please contact the Coordinating Council forMinority Issues at 5801 S. Ellis, Room 219,Chicago, IL 60637; or call 702-0161.KAREN LOWE GRAHAMDIRECTOR, CCMICalling Brent House alumniBrent House, the Episcopal center at theUniversity, is especially desirous ofre-establishing contact with alumni inthis University centennial year. Our work inthis community, begun in 1929, has played animportant part in the lives of students, manynow living abroad. We would be pleased tohave news of them , and their reminiscences ofBrent House. Replies may be directed to BrentHouse, 5540 S. Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL60637 -1690; or call 947-8744.SAMPORTAROCHAPLAIN, BRENT HOUSEThe University of Chicago Magazine invitesletters from readers on the contents of themagazine or on topics related to the Universi­ty. Letters for publication, which must besigned, may be editedfor length and/or clari­ty. To ensure the widest range of voices, pre}erence will be given to letters of 500 words orless. Letters should be addressed to: Editor,University of Chicago Magazine, 5757Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL 60637. FocusOn theHutchinsCollegeFebruary 10-12Centennial is the time to reflecton the value and continuedlegacy of the Hutchins College.Join alumni, faculty, and friendsto celebrate the College of theCentury.• Daily workshops led byprofessors Herman Sinaiko,Donald Levine, Karl Weintraub,and others• Dinner with F. Champion Wardand Hutchins College faculty• Reception and panel discussionfor alumni with faculty nowteaching the Common Core• Participation in the CentennialSymposium: The Future ofLiberal Education, a nationalconference to set the agendafor general education into thenext centuryAll Focus workshops and theCentennial Symposium are freeand open to the public. Dinnerand reception require advanceregistration and payment byJanuary 24.----------------Please send meo A detailed brochure andregistration form for theFocus On the HutchinsCollege, February 10-12o Conference program for theCentennial Symposium: TheFuture of Liberal Education,February 9-12Name _Address __City State _Zip code _Daytime Telephone _Return to Hutchins CollegeFocus, Robie House,5757 Woodlawn Avenue,Chicago, IL 60637312/702-2160.Photo credit: Berea College ArchivesUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 7EventsExhibitionsPortrait Prints from Nolde to Dine: Selectionsfrom the Joseph P. Shure Collection, December 3through March 8. Major works from the collection ofJoseph P. Shure, PhB' 48, MBA' 50, are gathered in anexhibition of 17 prints in various media. Artists in­clude Max Beckmann, Georges Rouault, and JimDine. Smart Museum of Art; call 702-0200.Life on the Quads: A Centennial View of the Stu­dent Experience at the University of Chicago, Janu­ary 15 through March 17. The second in a series of ar­chival exhibitions presents a look at student life at theUniversity, focusing on both academicdevelopmentand extracurricular activities. Department of SpecialCollections at the Joseph Regenstein Library; call702-8705.Gaylen Gerber, Paintings, January 19 throughMarch 1. Gerber's trademark-same-size paintings ofa single still life from the same viewpoint and in thesame three shades of gray-generates surprising rang­es of variation and subtlety. The Renaissance Society;call 702-8670.Vanished Kingdoms ofthe Nile: The Rediscoveryof Ancient Nubia, February 4 through December 31,1992. The Oriental Institute offers an overview of theland and people of Ancient Nubia through items ex­cavated between 1960 and 1968. The objects, whichdocument 4000 years of Nubian culture, include pot­tery, metalwork, jewelry, basketry, and sculpture. A"Discover Nubia" day, with activities for children andadults, will be held at the Oriental Institute on Satur­day, February 8; call 702-9520.Imagining an Irish Past: the Celtic Revival,1840-1940, February 5 through June 16. An interna­tional loan exhibition which traces-through nearly300 objects, including metalwork, ceramics, stainedglass, and illustrated books-the beginning and dis­semination of the last great 19th-century historical re­vival in the visual arts. Smart Museum of Art; call702-0200.LecturesThe Second Russian Revolution: Is This the LastOne? January 16at5:30p.m. Roald Sagdeev, Univer­sity of Maryland, department of physics and astrono­my, will give the second of the Centennial Lectures atBreasted Hall; call 702-9192.Multiculturism at Home and Abroad: Anthro­pology and Others, January 29, 11:30-1:00 p.m.John Comaroff, professor of anthropology, lecturesat the social sciences division open house; call702-8799.TheaterThe Second City, January 8 through February 2.The Chicago improvisational comedy group willpresent a series of University-related skits under thedirection of Bernard Sahlins, AB'43, co-founder ofthe company. Court Theatre; call 753-4472.The Mystery Cycle, January 10 through February16. A modern adaptation of the York Cycle Plays ex­plores Creation through bawdy, rustic versions of8 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991American Jim Dine's 1971 "Self Portrait, " from theJoseph p. Shure Col�ection at the Smart Museum.stories from the Old and New Testaments. RockefellerMemorial Chapel; call 753-4472. See also, On theQuads. 'University Theater's Dance Studio, January16-18 at 8 p. m. This evening of dance will display thework of five choreographers and will include ballet,point, tap, and modern pieces. The Reynolds Clubthird-floor theater; call 702-3414.Off-Off-Campus Winter Quarter Revue, Janu­ary 31 through February 28. Original comedy sketch­es by University Theater's student comedy group. TheBlue Gargoyle; call 702-3414.King of Hearts, February 14-16 and February21-23 at 8 p.m. A Shoestring Theater production di­rected by Jim Radloff, this anti-war comedy set inFrance during World War I compares the inhabitantsof an insane asylum with military leaders, posing thequestion of who is really insane. Ida Noyes Hall; call363-8511.Steel Magnolias, February 14-15 and February19-22 at 8 p.m. University Theater's production ofRobert Harling's original play-which was later turn­ed into a major motion picture-looks at the life of agroup of southern ladies who gossip in a small-townbeauty parlor. Reynolds Club; call 702-3414.ConferencesEurope and America in 1992 and Beyond: Com­mon Problems ... Common Solutions, January30- 31. Distinguished scholars and government offi­cials from the U. S. and Europe will compare andassess the legal, political, and economic responses toproblems shared by these countries, Law School; call702-9832.College Centennial Symposium: The Fate of Lib­eral Education, February 9-12. The symposium will confront the major scholarly and pedagogical issuesfacing liberal arts colleges in the late 20th century. IdaNoyes Hall; call 702-7923. Alumni of the HutchinsCollege have beep. invited to participate in the confer­ence and contribute their special experiences and per­spectives; for more information call 702-2150.The D.R. Sharpe Centennial Conference: Real­ism and Responsibility, February 14,21, and 28. Aninternational conference on ethics. Swift LectureHall; call 702-8200.Laboratory Schools Conference: Parenting inthe '90s, February 28-29. Law School Auditoriumand Lab Schools; call 702-0578.MusicCecilia Bartoli, January 10 at 8 p. m. As part of theChamber Music Series, the University presents theChicago debut of mezzo-soprano Cecilia Bartoli. Ac­companied by pianist Martin Katz, she will performItalian, Spanish, and French songs by Rossini in honorof his 200th birthday. Mandel Hall; call 702-8068.Ralph Shapey Retrospective, January 26 at 8 p.m.At this celebration of composer Shapey's 70th birth­day-and the opening night of the ContemporaryChamber Players' 28th season-the repertoire in­cludes the world premiere of Shapey 's Centennial Cel­ebration. Mandel Hall; call 702-8068.University Symphony Orchestra Winter PopsConcert, February 1 at 8 p.m. Mandel Hall; call702-7628.Guest Artist Recital I, February 7 at 8 p. m. PianistEasley Blackwood's performance includes the 20th­century masterworks of Alfredo Casella and KarolSzymanowski. Mandel Hall; call 702-8068.Guest Artist Recital II, February 21 at 8 p.m. Fea­turing cellist Kim Scholes and pianist Easley Black­wood. Mandel Hall; call 702-8068.Chamber Music Series, February 28 at 8 p.m.Clarinetist Richard Stoltzman is joined by Irma Valle­cillo, pianist, and John Sharp, principal cellist of theChicago Symphony Orchestra. This evening includesthe music of Brahms, Beethoven, Poulenc, and Nicho­las Thorne. Mandel Hall; call 702-8068.On the GuadsCentennial Winter Weekend: The Mystery Cy­cle: "Creation," January 17-19. A weekend of per­formances, tours, demonstrations, lectures, and dis­cussions, all centered around Court Theatre'sproduction of plays originally performed by medievalcraft or "mystery" guilds. Participants include Eng­lish professor David Bevington; Nicholas Rudall, ar­tistic director of Court Theatre; and producer-directorBernie Sahlins. Reservations required; call 702-2150.Martin Luther King, Jr. Ceremony, January 20 at1 p.m. Featuring Rev. JeremiahA. Wright, AM'75, asguest speaker, and the Chicago Children's Choir.Rockefeller Memorial Chapel; call 702-0161.Tuskegee Airmen, February 13 at 4 p.m. The firstblack pilots in the armed services-including severalU ofC alumni-will talk and share memorabilia. MaxPalevsky Cinema; call 702-0161.Centennial Winter Weekend: Extinctions in theHistory of Life, March 13-15. Was it bad genes, badluck, or chaos in space that led to mass extinctions inthe past-and what about the future? Professors DavidM. Raup, Paul Sereno, and Peter O. Vandervoort willadd lectures-illustrated by films and slides of theirwork-and demonstrations-on campus and back­stage at the Field Museum-to the discussions. Reser­vations required; call 702-2150.This section highlights some of the Centennial year'smany events. Telephone numbers are listedfor specificofferings; for general and updated informatiot­please call the Centennial Office at 3121702-9192.T s TH u I v E R Ihink of the thousands of thoughtful and inventive people who, over the course of thepast 100 years, have done all or some of their thinking and invention at the Universityof Chicago. 'Next, think of some of the ideas they've had. 'Now comes the hardpart. Pick what you think is the most important of those ideas. Then write a short es­say to support your choice. ,To get you thinking, here are some guidelines: It couldbe a book, it could be a theory. It could be famous, it could be ahead of its time. Itcould be the work of a professor (or two) or the work of an alumnus. It could be some­thing that was mentioned in October's centennial section. Or it could be one of themany ideas that weren't. ,Those whose essays are chosen to appear in these pages will receive$100. The Magazine will accept essays until January 3, 1992. We'd like writers to remember thatnot only is brevity the soul of wit, it also allows more essays to be printed. Thus, we suggest an up­per limit of 500 words. Please send essays to the University of Chicago Magazine, in care of theeditor, and marked "The Ideas ofthe University." yUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 9FOR THE RECORDPulitzer Prize-winningnovelist Toni Morrison wasawarded the University'sRosenberger Medal byPresident Hanna Gray in aNov. 9 ceremony. Estab­lished in 1917 by Mr: andMrs. Jesse Rosenberger,the medal recognizedMorrison for her outstand­ing achievement in thecreative arts. A professor inhumanities at Princeton,Morrison has written Jivenovels, including Beloved.A space all their own: U ofC astronomers are the starsin the Adler Planetarium'sshow, "Chicago's OwnSpace Explorers." Timed tocoincide with the Universi­ty's centennial, the showruns through Jan. 2, andfeatures 11 great Universityscientists, past andpresent. Law professor wiDSNobel iD EcoDomicsWHEN MEMBERS OF THEfourth estate convenedin the University's LawSchool courtroom for an Oct. 15thpress conference, they found thestar witness absent: University pro­fessor Ronald Coase, winner of the1991 Nobel Prize in Economics,was thought to be somewhere in thesouth of France, where he spendshis summers and autumns, quixoti­cally returning to Chicago just intime for winter.Speaking on his behalf at the newsconference were a bevy of Un ivers i­ty scholars who have known andworked with Coase, including LawSchool Dean Geoffrey Stone. Fromthe start, one thing obviously puz­zling reporters was why Coase wonhis prize in economics, but was amember of the Law School faculty.Indeed, he is the only member of alaw school faculty to receive a No­bel Prize in economics (or in anycategory).The hybrid nature of Coase's re­search is reflected in the name of thefield born at the University andwhich he helped pioneer: Law andEconomics. As Dean Stone ex­plained, Coase "has enabled us tounderstand the effects of legal ruleson economic behavior in a waythat has provided new insightand generated-as many studentsof this law school know-enormousscholarship and research, contro­versy, and, most importantly,understanding. "In awarding the prize, the Royal10 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 Two of Coase's papers, written 23 years apart, shook the academic world.Swedish Academy of Sciencescalled Coase's theories "a break­through in understanding the insti­tutional structure of the economy."His "radical extension of micro­economic theory ... provided legalscience, economic history, and or­ganization theory with powerfulimpulses and are therefore alsohighly significant in an interdisci­plinary context. Today Coase's the­ories are among the most dynamicforces behind research in economicscience and jurisprudence. "Still, when a reporter for Reutersfinally caught up with Coase in Tu­nisia-where he was touring the ruins of the ancient city of Carthagewith his wife, Marian-the 80-year-old professor emeritus ex­pressed genuine surprise that he hadwon the nearly $1 million prize,saying he hadn't expected to receivesuch recognition in his lifetime.It's the second year in a row that aUniversity faculty member has wonthe economics prize. (Last year,Merton Miller, the Robert R. Me­Cormick distinguished service pro­fessor in the Graduate School ofBusiness, shared the award.) In­deed, since the economics prizewas first awarded in 1969, 14 of therecipients have been either facultyor alumni of the University.Coase was born in London onDec. 29, 1910, and received hisbachelor's and doctoral degrees in1932 and 1951 from the Universityof London. He taught at the U niver­sity of Buffalo from 1951 to 1958and on the faculty of the Universityof Virginia from 1958 until 1964,when he came to Chicago as a pro­fessor of economics. From 1965 to1972, he also held an appointmentin the Graduate School of Business.In 1971 he became the Clifton R.Musser professor in the LawSchool. From 1964 to 1982, Coaseedited the Law School's Journal ofLaw and Economics.Coase made his first major markin economics long before coming toChicago. In 1937, he published"The Nature of the Firm," in whichhe tried to answer a question thathad puzzled economists: why it isthat a firm chooses to do somethinginternally rather than through out­side contracts: for example, a shoemanufacturer who must decidewhether to make his own laces. orbuy them on the' marketplace.Coase offered a simple-and, now,seemingly obvious-solution byapplying the principle of transac­tion costs: the manufacturer's deci­sion turns on the relative costs ofthetwo different means of production-if it's cheaper to make the laces"in-house," that will be the "opti­mum solution" for the shoemaker.In was in his 1960 paper "TheProblem of Social Cost" that Coasepointed out the potential oftransaction-cost analysis as a meansof analyzing the complex relation­ships among property rights and re­lated legal rights. To illustrate, hegave the following hypotheticalexample:A rancher and a farmer share acommon border. Sometimes thecattle stray and eat the farmer'scorn. A lawmaker can require therancher to build a fence to order toavoid liability to the farmer for anycorn eaten. Yet the outcomeachieved "may not be optimal,"Coase wrote. Assume, for example,that the damage the cattle would doto the corn is $500 and the cost of thefence is $100. If the rancher is not li­able by law-and therefore not obli­gated to build the fence-the farmerwill convince him to do so by payinghim between $100 and $500. Thus, the two strike a bargain that makesthem both better off.Assume, however, that the cost ofthe fence is $500, and the cattle onlydo $100 damage to the corn. If the. law imposed no liability on therancher, he would not build thefence. Even if the law did make therancher liable to the farmer, insteadof building the fence, the rancherwould simply negotiate someamount between $100 and $500 torelease him from the obligation tobuild it.Coase's point is that, no matterwhat the legal rule, the fence doesnot get built if it costs more than thedamage caused by the rancher's cat­tle. He is not saying that legal rulesdo not matter; only that lawmakersshould be careful about creatinglaws that could discourage privateparties from negotiating mutuallybeneficial settlements to disputes.Regulating harmful behavior cancreate or shift transaction costs andprevent optimal settlements.As Richard Epstein, the JamesParker Hall distinguished serviceprofessor in the Law School, ex­plained to reporters at the press con­ference: "The way to figure out thatoptimal pattern of property rightswas one which had resulted in largefrustration before Ronald enteredthe field, and his simple genius wasto say, 'You've got to do it back­wards.' First you try to figure outnot where you want to begin but where you want to end up, and thenwhat you do is choose that system ofproperty rights which imposes thefewest transactional barriers toreach the ideal. "Epstein said this method of analy­sis, now known as the Coase Theo­rem, has "influenced the way inwhich a generation oflegal scholarshave thought about their work on arange of substantive areas," frompollution regulation to corporatetakeovers to property rights. Ironi­cally, when Coase first introducedhis theory, he could find virtually noone who would agree with him.Nobel Prize winner and econom­ics professor emeritus GeorgeStigler, PhD'38, tells the story inhis book Memoirs of an Unregu­lated Economist of how, in 1960,Coase was invited to present "TheProblem of Social Cost" before agroup of economic scholars, in­cluding Stigler and fellow-NobelistMilton Friedman, AM'33. "In thecourse of two hours of argument,the vote went from 20 against andone for Coase to 21 for Coase,"wrote Stigler. "What an exhilarat­ing event!"The story, said Richard Epstein, isa perfect example of Coase's "intel­lectual tenacity and enormous per­sonal courage. What is so remark­able about Ronald is that he took aseries of intuitions that were socounter-intuitive to the rest of theworld, and by means of very persua- Disappearing objects: InNovember, the FBI enteredan investigation of theftfrom the David and AlfredSmart Museum of Art.Police were alerted inOctober when severalrelatively small pieces ofsculpture and silver, as wellas late 19th-century jewelryfrom India, were reportedmissing from the museum'sstorage areas. A policespokesperson noted that"the museum itselfis well­secured" -there was nosign offorced entry. Lloydsof London has 'offered a$5,000 reward forinformation.Promoted: Thomas Holt,one of the nation's leadingscholars in African­American history, has beennamed the James WestfallThomas professor inhistory. Holt received hisdoctoral degree at Yale andtaught history at Howard,Harvard, and the Universi­ty of Michigan beforejoining Chicago's facultyas professor of history andAfrican-American studiesin 1983. He was named aMacArthur Fellow in1990.Elbow room: The Labora­tory Schools' board hasapproved construction of athree-story addition to thefacade of University HighSchool to provide a newhome for Middle Schoolclasses and relieve over­crowding. Construction ofthe addition, which willconnect Blaine and Bel­field halls, is expected to becompleted by the start ofthe 1993 school year at aprojected cost of between$4- and $5-million.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 11Professorships launched:Catherine Dobson,MD'32, clinical associatein obstetrics and gynecolo­gy, has established a chairin gynecology for scientistsespecially interested ininfertility problems. Mean­while, insurance executiveMarlin Boyer has funded aprofessorship to supportresearch in gastroenterolo­gy. The chair bears Boyer'sname, but recognizes thepivotal role that JosephKirsner, Louis Blockdistinguished serviceprofessor in medicine, hasplayed in the field.Gerald Graff, AB'59, theGeorge M. Pullman profes­sor in English, has writtenextensively on literarycriticism and theory, but inrecent months has gottenmore attention as cofoun­der of Teachers for aDemocratic Culture. Morethan 60 scholars, includingWayne Booth, AM'47,PhD'50, and Stanley Fish,have joined the new group,created to defend the rightof scholars to raise ques­tions about the relations ofculture, scholarship, andeducation to politics and tocorrect the "distorted" viewof so-called "politicalcorrectness" portrayed inthe media and elsewhere.Graff joined the facultythis fall after teaching 25years at Northwestern. sive, precise, remarkably ableprose was able to take what was es­sentially an outlandish position andconvert it into the mainstream."We need even more of Ronald, "said Epstein. "We don't have quiteenough of him out there in theworld, and if we did we'd have lessshrill, less strident, more informeddebate, and probably we'd have ahigher level of human satisfaction­not only in goods and services, butin non-material things-than wehave today. "How Coase would maximize theoptimum potential of his nearly $1million prize caused the economista bit of consternation when he wasasked by a reporter how exactly heplanned to spend the Nobel money.''At my age, " Coase told the report­er' "I'm not going to spend it on my­self.T'rn going to help research inthe field of economics. I don't knowhow yet, but I'll find some way."-T.o.U of C Medal goesto four trusteesTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOmedal, the highest awardgiven by the University'sboard of trustees, was presented tofour Chicago civic leaders, all lifetrustees, during a centennial black­tie dinner Oct. 5 in the Palmer Houseattended by 1,400 guests, includingthe largest -ever gathering of ChicagoNobel laureates. (For more on theevent, see page 26.)Gaylord Donnelley, William Gra­ham, Irving B. Harris, and JosephRegenstein, Jr., received the Med­als-which were presented by fourmembers of the board: John Bryan,Jr.; Weston Christopherson; Rich­ard Morrow; and B. Kenneth West,MBA' 60.Elected to the board of trustees in1947, Donnelley served as its chair­man from 1970 to 1976. Among themany board committees he chaired,the Campaign for Chicago raisedmore than $160 million in the1960s.Elected to the board of trustees in1969, Graham, SB'32, JD'36, hasserved as national chair of theAlumni Fund, and chaired the visit­ing committee to the Division ofHumanities from 1981 to 1983.12 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 University of Chicago Medal winners (first row) William Graham,Gaylord Donnelley, Joseph Regenstein, and Irving Harris. Presenters(top row) were President Gray, John Bryan, B. Kenneth West, WestonChristopherson, Richard Morrow, and Barry R Sullivan.Graham also chaired the successful50th Reunion Gift Committee forthe Class of 1932 and was a memberof the Major Gifts Committee forthe five-year, $150 million Cam­paign for the Arts & Sciences.Harris, elected to the board in1970, currently serves on the visit­ing committees to the School of So­cial Service Administration and theIrving B. Harris Graduate School ofPublic Policy Studies. His gifts tothe University total $17 million, in­cluding $10 million to the HarrisSchool, and funding of scholarshipsfor minority students attending theSSA.Regenstein's work for the Univer­sity began in 1964, when he joinedthe Citizens Board. Three years lat­er, he was elected a trustee, and hasserved on the visiting committee tothe SSA. He also chaired the finan­cial planning committee from 1980to 1987, and has served on the Li­brary Council of the Joseph Regen­stein Library, named for his father.The University of Chicago Medalwas created in 1976 to recognize of"distinguished service of the high­est order to the University" over anextended period. The three pre­vious recipients were Helen Regen­stein and Florence Miller, and JohnU. Nef.Honored guestsA WORD OFTEN ABUSED INhyperbole, "extraordi­nary" sounded entirely ap­propriate when used by PresidentHanna Gray to summarize the ac- complishments of 20 scholars­including one alumnus and threeformer faculty members-whowere awarded honorary degreesduring Oct. 3 convocation ceremo­nies celebrating the start of the U ni­versity's centennial year.Receiving the honorary degree ofDoctor of Science were:E. Margaret Burbidge, Universityprofessor, Department of Physics,University of California, SanDiego. A former University of Chi­cago professor, Burbidge is notedfor her studies of quasars, and forcontributing to the understanding ofhow stars' nuclear reactions createdmost chemical elements.George Contopoulos, professor ofastronomy, University of Athensand University of Florida. With hiswork on the structure of galaxies,and the orbits of stars within them,Contopoulos has changed astrono­mers' understanding of the MilkyWay.James F. Crow, professor of genet­ics, University of Wisconsin , Madi­son. One of the world's leading ge­neticists, Crown showed thenecessity of mixing theoretical andexperimental approaches to geneticresearch.Alfred G. Gilman, the Raymondand Ellen Willie professor of molec­ular neuropharmacology, Universityof Texas Southwestern Medical Cen­ter at Dallas. He is especially knownfor his work establishing how G­proteins communicate biologicalsignals across cell membranes.Erich L. Lehmann, professor ofstatistics, University of California,Berkeley. Since the late 1940s,Lehmann has played a leading rolein the application of decision theoryto statistical problems.Harden M. McConnell, the Ro­bert Eckles Swain professor ofchemistry, Stanford University. Hiswork in magnetic resonance spec­troscopy led to the widely-used"spin-label" technique for studyinglarge biological molecules.Victor A. McKusick, Universityprofessor of medical genetics, JohnsHopkins University. McKusick wasthe first scientist to assign a specificgene to a specific chromosome in hu­mans. His knowledge of human ge­netic disorders helped lead to the hu­man genome project and to hisappointment as president of the Hu­man Genome Organization.Michael Rutter, professor of childpsychiatry, University of London.Rutter is one of the world's leadingauthorities on child development,and an early advocate of multidisci­plinary study of the field.Valentine L. Telegdi, professor ofphysics, ETH Zurich. From 1951 to1976, Telegdi served on Chicago'sfaculty as the first Enrico Fermi dis­tinguished service professor. He is aparticle physicist, known for hiswork on "weak" interactions in ra­dioactive decay and for his discov­ery of parity violation.Eight scholars were awarded thehonorary degree of Doctor of Hu­mane Letters:Bernard Bailyn, the Adams Uni­versity professor of history, Har­vard University. Twice awarded thePulitzer Prize in history, Bailyn isone of the nation's leading historiansof the American Colonial and Revo­lutionary periods.Hubert Damisch, professor of thehistory and theory of art, Ecole deshautes Etudes en Science Sociale,Paris. As a pioneer in emphasizingthe visual aspects of art, Damischplayed a fundamental role in the the­ory of art history.Oliver R. Gurney, emeritus pro­fessor of Assyriology, University ofOxford. In Near Eastern studies,Gurney's expertise in the history ofMesopotamia and Anatolia, as wellas the Semitic language of the areaand Hittite, is considered unique.Albert Hourani, emeritus fellow,St. Antony's College, University ofOxford. His work has profoundlyshaped Middle East historiographyand his book Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age, 1798-1939 remains aclassic study of intellectual life inthe Arab world.Michel Huglo, professor of musi­cology, emeritus, Ecole Pratiquedes hautes Etudes, Paris, has guidedthe way medieval musicologistswork during the past 35 years, leav­ing an indelible mark both on thefield of musicology and on generalmedieval studies.Thomas S. Kuhn, the Laurance S.Rockefeller professor emeritus ofphilosophy, Massachusetts Instituteof Technology. Kuhn's books calledinto question conventional po­sitivist views of scientific develop­ment, and offered a powerful alter­native conception of the nature ofscientific progress and inquiry.Jaroslav Pelikan, PhD'46, theSterling professor .of history, YaleUniversity. The only alumnusamong the degree recipients, Peli­kan was a member of Chicago's fac­ulty from 1953 to 1962. Pelikan isrecognized as the foremost histori­an of Christian thought.The honorary degree of Doctor ofLaws was conferred upon:Lionel W McKenzie, the Wilsonprofessor emeritus of economics,University of Rochester. A leadingeconomic theorist, Mckenzie has particularly focused on internation­al trade, public finance, and finan­cial asset financing.Jacob Mincer, the Joseph L. But­tenwieser professor of economicsand social relations, Columbia Uni­versity. A former postdoctoralfellow and visiting professor at Chi­cago, Mincer pioneered the devel­opment of theories of humancapital.2091: Will therebe university lifeas we know it?"0 NE OF THE TRADITIONSof universities is the reg-ular performance oflectures on the traditions of univer­sities .... " So Walter Ruegg, profes­sor emeritus of the University ofBerne, began his remarks whichopened the Centennial Conferenceon the University of the Twenty­First Century, organized by EdwardShils, distinguished service profes­sor. The October 4-5 gatheringnumbered among its participantspresidents, chancellors, deans, andacademics from research universi- Alberto Calderon, PhD'50,University professorEmeritus in Mathematics,received the NationalMedal of Science-thenation's highest award forscientific achievement­from President Bush at aWhite House ceremony inSeptember. A member ofthe faculty since 1959,Calderon is a leadingexpert in mathematicalanalysis-a large branchthat includes calculus andthe study offunctions. Heis one of 20 recipients ofthe award, first given in1962.New coach: Pat Cun­ningham assumes duties asmen's basketball headcoach this season. Theformer head coach atManchester College inIndiana replaces JohnAngelus, who decided togive up coaching to con­centrate full time on hisduties as assistant directorof athletics. Angeluscompiled a 146-175 recordduring his 16 years as theMaroons'mentor.Smart choice: RichardGray, director of the Chica­go art gallery that bears hisname, was named chair ofthe David and Alfred SmartMuseum of Art. Gray hasserved on the museum'sboard since 1987. He is alsopresident of the board ofthe Chicago InternationalTheatre Festival and vice­president of the Art DealersAssociation of America'sboard.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 13Fantastique premiere:Ralph Shapey's "ConcertoFantastique, " a symphonicwork commissioned by theUniversity and the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra,premiered Nov. 21 atOrchestra Hall, with CSOmusic director DanielBarenboim conducting.Shapey is professor emeri­tus in music and director ofthe Contemporary Cham­ber Players.Rewards of youth:Heinrich Jaeger, assistantprofessor in physics, wasamong 20 promising youngU. S. scientists who eachreceived a $500,000 fellow­ship from the PackardFoundation. Jaeger, whojoined the faculty inMarch, studies phasetransitions in materialsranging from sand piles tosuperconductors.NASA's $617-millionorbiting Gamma RayObservatory has beenrenamed to honor Univer­sity physicist Arthur HollyCompton. Compton, whodied in 1962, won the 1927Nobel Prize for demon­strating that light hadcharacteristics of both awave and a particle, and hedirected the MetallurgicalProject which led in 1942 tothe first controlled, self­sustained nuclear chainreaction. Henceforth, the17-ton spacecraft will beknown as the ComptonObservatory. ties around the world."If anything can be predicted withrelative confidence," Ruegg said,"it is the further increase in scientif­ic research and professional train­ing." That increase, he said, leadsto an increase in service occupa­tions concerned with the processingof information, which in turn "re­quires that even more persons mas­ter the rational use of symbols. Evenmore than in the High Middle Ages,these changes are caught up in se­vere political and spiritual criseswhich are not only relieved by thegrowth of scientific knowledge butare, in fact, generated and mademore acute by it. Thus the demandswhich are nowadays addressed tothe university and which will con­tinue to be so, are extended andmade rp.ore urgent by the perme­ation of scientific knowledge into allspheres of life. "In the face of such pressures,Ruegg said, "The university in the21 st century will develop only if itadheres to the fundamental tradi­tions which have been in the courseof development ever since its firstestablishment." Among those fun­damental traditions he regards asworth preserving are: openness inadmitting students, appointing fac­ulty, and publishing research; theuniversity as "ivory tower," provid­ing the freedom from distractionnecessary for the pursuit of knowl­edge; and the academic ethic, withresearch governed by ethicalnorms, and university teachers andresearchers meeting high ethicalstandards.In the roundtable discussion thatfollowed, Wang Gangwu, vicechancellor of the University ofHong Kong, argued, that the "vic­tory of science and technology hasmade the university the most uni­versal of institutions." But AndreBeteille, professor of sociology atthe University of Delhi, asked thegroup, "What will be the fate of theuniversities in the 21st century? Nodoubt they will continue to exist andwill continue to spread, but I'm notreally sure they will remain thedominant institutions for the trans­mission and criticism of existingknowledge. "That sense of lurking danger wasfaced head-on in the next session,when Michael Shattock, registrarof the University of Warwick , spoke14 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 of threats to the university. Beware,said Shattock, of the dangers posedby the state, as governments seek todirect university systems-oftenthrough financial incentives ratherthan administrative intervention­and to exploit their usefulness fornational ends. "Instead of an arm'slength relationship, " Shattock said,"universities risk becoming just an­other arm of the state. "Governmental pressures may gohand in hand with economic consid­erations, Shattuck observed: "Thesuccess of universities in researchinto the new technologies, unen­cumbered by state direction, has re­inforced the belief that universitiescan serve as the engine of economicgrowth." The danger is that "no in­stitution so deeply intermeshedwith external interests can ultimate­ly resist the pressures of both stateand commerce for even greater inte­gration and the subordination ofuniversity interests to those of its ex­ternal collaborators."As the need for advanced educa­tion increases and university enroll­ment grows, Shattock predicted,there will be strong pressures toabandon what can be seen as an elit­ist approach to undergraduate edu­cation. "In America, " he observed,"there is clear evidence of consum­er resistance to private universities'fee levels, and in all countries thereis resistance within governments torising public expenditures on high­er education." With rising costs,Shattock said, comes an increased public scrutiny of university finan­cial management (witness the re­cent attention to overhead charges)-and a greater concentration of re­search at fewer institutions.Change-and its resulting dis­comfort-is, of course, a constant,for both university and society. Inthe conference's final session,"Functions and Resources,"Harold Shapiro, president of Prin­ceton University, talked first aboutthe functions of the modern univer­sity, noting that all research univer­sities are now marked by the new orrenewed emphasis on graduate edu­cation and research that followedWorld War II."Yet, despite all this excitementand progress, one does not sense inthe university environment that anew millennium is arriving," Sha­piro said. "Indeed, to some observ­ers, concerns and tensions regard­ing the viability and future ofwestern technology and culturegrow more acute every day. Al­though many men and women ofletters=-noting the daily ironic con­frontation of human discovery andhuman destruction-have been de­spairing of the characteristics ofindustrial society ever since the In­dustrial Revolution, even in thehalls of science one now hears ech­oes of this concern. "Within academe, societal con­cerns are paralleled by institutionalissues. "At universities we are con­cerned about whether the impera­tives of frontier work in suchareas as chemistry, biology, phys­ics, and engineering are consistentwith a joint commitment to under­graduate education and the sharedlife of a coherent intellectual com­munity. Moreover, some of theseconcerns are related not only totechnological and financial issues,but also to the meaning and sus­tainability of Western values in ourrapidly changing world. In particu­lar, the values of the Enlightenment,which support a special devotion toVoices from the quadsI firmly believe the framers of theConstitution expected and in­tended the vast open spaces in ourcharter of government to be fillednot only by legislative enactmentbut also by the common-law pro­cess of step-by-step adjudication­... That is the process that has large­ly eliminated the use of coercedconfessions in criminal trials, cur­tailed racial discrimination in theselection of juries, and extendedFirst Amendmentprotection to ar­tistic expression as well as political'speech ....For the work of federal judges,from the days of John Marshall tothe present ... sometimes requiresthe exercise of judgment, a facultythat inevitably calls into play no­tions of justice, fairness, and con­cern about the future impact of a de­cision. The fact that such concernsplaya role in the decisional processdoes not undermine the legitimacyof the process that, for the mostpart, has served this country wellfor two centuries.-U S. SupremeCourt Justice John Paul Stevens,AB'41, featured speaker at a LawSchool symposium celebrating thebicentennial of the Bill of Rights.If you took a poll of reporterswho were involved in [the Senatehearings on the Supreme Courtnomination of Clarence Thomas], Ithink you'd find the percentage whobelieved Thomas was not telling thetruth is staggering. I think that thereporters who believed that [CIAdirector 1 Robert Gates did not tellthe truth about his involvement inIran-Contra is staggering. And soyou have this incredible disparitybetween what reporters understandthe truth to be, and what they actual- openness, individual liberty, and tothe products of rational thinking­precisely those values so criticalto the research university as weknow it-are being criticallyreexamined. "Shapiro, an economist by training,turned to the bottom-line issue:financing the American universityof the future. "The basic capacity tosupport the resource claims of thenation's universities," he con­tended, "is likely to remain highlyJustice Stevens, AB'41ly end up writing.-Pulitzer Prize­winning journalist and MarjorieKovler fellow Seymour Hersh,AB'58.Can you tell us, what is it aboutthe University of Chicago, thatit continues to grab these NobelPrizes like trophies off a dimes toreshelf?-Reporter's question duringthe Law School press conferenceannouncing the 1991 Nobel Prize inEconomics awarded to Universityprofessor emeritus Ronald Coase.I structured my narrative verydeliberately to be anti-romantic.I could have ended the story twoyears later, whenl met my husbandof 30 years at Harvard, but thatwould have turned the story into aromance. It's meant to be a storyabout a woman progressively takingcharge of her life. A lot of people seeit as a very romantic story nonethe­less; but that's not what I intended.-Jill Conway-feminist scholar,former president of Smith College,and a Marjorie Kovler fellow­speaking about her best-selling dependent on the continued robust­ness of national economic growth."In coming years, Shapiro said,most research universities will becompelled to question both their in­dividual goals and the nature oftheir relationship to peer institu­tions. "We will not be able to sustainthe quality of what we do if eachuniversity plans on maintaining orexpanding the full scope of theircurrent set of commitments. "-Debra Shoreautobiography, The Road fromCoorain.The social sciences today arevastly more sophisticated inmethod and in theory than they werein the 1920s, but their aspirations tosocial influences and political rele­vance have become less grand. Par­adoxically, the more that has beenlearned about the subtleties of hu­man behavior and the complexitiesof social structure, the deeper is theappreciation of the limits to "sys­tematic social intelligence. "-Kenneth Prewitt, vice president ofthe Rockefeller Foundation andfor­mer chair of the U of C's politicalscience department, speaking at"Foundations, the Research Uni­versity, and the Creation of Knowl­edge, "the first of this year's centen­nial conferences.The left wishes to forget the onegreat underlying premise andpromise of revolutionary socialismand communism: that a socialist so­ciety would outproduce its capitalistrival and thereby provide the mate­rial foundations for an unprecedent­ed human liberation. The woefulfailure of socialism as an economicsystem has laid bare the delusive na­ture of that dream. For better andworse, capitalism-not socialism­has once again emerged as theworld's greatest revolutionary andself-revolutionizing system, and inso doing it has established its claimsto being immeasurably more con­gruent with human nature.­Eugene Genovese, University Cen­ter of Georgia, speaking at the OlinCenter's series, "Liberal Educationand the Problem of Multicultural­ism in a Democratic Culture. " Getting the word out:Copies of a pamphlet titled"Sexual Harassment:What Can We Do" weredistributed this fall tostudents, faculty, and staffin an effort to make mem­bers of the Universitycommunity aware ofresources available forcombating sexual harass­ment-including the namesof the eight sexual harass­ment complaint advisers oncampus.J. Paul Hunter, the ChesterD. Tripp professor in thehumanities, was awardedthe Gottschalk Prize by theAmerican Society forEighteenth-Century Stu­dies. Hunter's book ;itBe­fore Novels;rg was pickedas the best book on aneighteenth-century topicpublished in 1990.Time change: In its De­cember issue, the Bulletinof the Atomic Scientists setthe minute hand of its"bulletin clock" backanother seven minutes, to17 minutes before midnight-an hour symbolizing all­out nuclear war. It's thefarthest the minute handhas been from midnight inthe clock's 46-year historyand reflects the Bulletinboard of directors' asses­ment of recent changes insuperpower relations andresulting unilateral disar­mament moves. The Bulle­tin is published at theUniversity.Jan. 23, 1992: That's theday that the U. S. PostOffice will begin sales of apostcard-with an illustra­tion of Cobb Hall-inhonor of the University'sCentennial. The first day ofissue will be celebrated in a10 a.m. ceremony at SwiftHall-those attending willreceive a card stamped withits first day of issue held inafour-color program. TheI9-cent card should beavailable in post officesacross the country startingJan. 24.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 15LECTROCUTED TURKEYS "EAT UNCOMMONLY TEN­der" noted Benjamin Franklin, a pioneer in the studyof electricity. On December 23, 1750, however,while killing his Christmas dinner, Franklin per­formed" an Experiment in Electricity which I desirenever to repeat." He accidentally took the shockhimself."The Company present Say that the flash was verygreat and the crack as loud as a pistol," Franklin re­ported, "yet my Senses being instantly gone, I nei­ther Saw the one nor heard the other; nor did I feelthe Stroke on my hand, though I afterwards found itraised a round swelling where the fire enter'd."Franklin's "fire" turned out to have a number ofother uses. And as electrical power has become ubiq­uitous in industrial societies, so have electrical inju­ries. As early as 1890, only 11 years after the inven­tion of electric light, an estimated 40 to 50 people inthe United States suffered fatal injuries from hand­ling live wires. By 1913, the English physician A.J.lex-Blake had upped that estimate to 200 fatalities ayear. "One must remember," he cautioned his Brit­ish audience, "that in America life is held verycheap, and that safeguards and protective legislationtend to be regarded as undue restrictions upon indus­try and commerce. "Although safeguards eventually caught on, ap­proximately 3 ,500 people will be hospitalized forelectrical injuries in 1991. "More than 85 percent ofthose who are hospitalized will have permanentdamage and never return to work," says electricaltrauma expert Raphael Lee. "Half of those who sur­vive direct contact with high-tension wires will loseat least one limb. Even those with seemingly minorinjuries can suffer lasting and often unpredictablelong-term effects."What's shocking, says Lee, is "how little we reallyknow about electrical trauma. Fundamental re­search into the precise mechanism that causes theseinjuries is still in its infancy." Like Franklin, Raphael Lee, a compact man with alight surgical touch, an advancing mustache, and areceding hairline, may be on to something far biggerthan he expected when he first began his studies ofhow electrical injuries do their damage to the cell.THE REAL PROBLEM, AND ONE THAT HAS LONG MYS­tified burn specialists, is the resolute refusal of elec­trical injuries to act like normal burns. A typicalflame burn is primarily a surface injury: surround­ing the irreparably damaged skin are regions of pro­gressively less damaged tissue. Electrical injuries,on the other hand, are frequently compared to an ice­berg, with obvious damage at the skin-surface con­tact points and a much more extensive, hidden injuryfollowing the current's circuitous path through thebody.Muscle and nerve tissue that looks normal andhealthy hours after the shock can slowly break down,becoming a feeding ground for infections. Conse­quently, most shock victims must return to the oper­ating room at 48-hour intervals for exploratory sur­gery and removal of dying tissue. Even in patientswho have left the hospital, late complications inseemingly unaffected organ systems are not unusual.Cataracts can occur weeks or months later, andneurologic complications, even paralysis, have beenreported years later.In 1928, a landmark study attributed the damagefrom a current's passage through the body to jouleheating, the buildup of thermal energy as the currentfought its way through resistant tissues. Electricalforces, the study suggested, were unimportant."That was an appealing theory," says Lee, "espe­cially for people who were accustomed to dealingwith heat-related injuries, but over the past half­century many manifestations have been describedwhich cannot be readily explained by thermal effectsalone."For instance, skeletal muscle and nerve tissues,Raphael Lee has found a way to repair the damage thathigh-voltage electrical shocks wreak on the cell. It's asoapy substance called poloxamer 188-and it also holdspromise for genetic therapy.By John Easton16 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 Photograph by Robert Drea•�trlwith relatively large cells, were most fre­quently damaged. Anatomical locationswhere the heating. should have been uniformhad fluctuating patterns of injury. Nor did thethermal theory explain the frequency of latecomplications. "Something else was zappingthese tissues, " says Lee, "and before we couldstart thinking about how to treat them, we hadto find out what was causing the damage. "Lee started with several clues, but perhapsthe most important lay in the types of tissue af­fected: long, thin muscle and nerve cells.While heat should affect all cells equally, Leesuspected that an electrical field might causemore damage to longer cells because thestresses it created as it passed along the cellwould "be proportional, in a non-linear way,to the cell's length."The 42-year-old Lee tends to move towardpristine mathematical explanations for messyclinical quandaries. It's an approach that re­flects his bipolar education. He earned a mas­ter's in engineering from Drexel Universitywhile attending medical school at Temple. Hecompleted a doctorate in electrical engineer­ing at the Massachusetts Institute of Technol­ogy as a part of his residency in general sur­gery at the University of Chicago.Back in Boston, he worked as a research sci­entist at MIT (where he won a MacArthurPrizein 1981), while wrapping up a two-yearresidency in plastic surgery at MassachusettsGeneral Hospital. After simultaneous ap­pointments at MIT and Harvard, in 1989 hereturned to the University of Chicago as anassociate professor in the organismal biologyand anatomy and the surgery departments."The biggest problem in the study of high­tension injuries," says Lee, "is that it's so in­terdisciplinary in nature. The physics and bio­chempeople aren't generally connected to thelevels of anguish and human loss that are day­to-day occurrences in burn units,' and notmany physicians are conversant in molecularbiophysics, cell physiology, field strengths,and polarization stresses."In fact, it was by combining insights fromhis clinical experience with computationalsimulations and basic research in the biophys­ics ofthese injuries that Lee was able to refutethe pure thermal theory of electric trauma andreplace it with a more complex view.The turning point was one simple but cleverexperiment. In 1986, struck by the similaritybetween his computer model of how currentshould flow through living. tissues and thesorts of injuries he was seeing, Lee, with col­leagues at MIT and Harvard, decided to try toseparate the effects of heat from current bypassing dozens of short bursts of electricityJohn Easton, AM '77, works for the U of CMedical Center's public affairs office as di­rector of media affairs.18 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991through isolated muscle cells. Short bursts,instead of one longer blast, would deliver thesame field strength and current amplitude as atypical electric shock but without the thermalbuildup that accompanies longer shocks.What the researchers found was that evenat normal temperatures the shocked cellsstill suffered the key harmful effects previous­ly attributed to heat. The cells weren't cookedbut, like Franklin's turkey, were tenderized.If heat wasn't doing all the damage, thenelectrical forces were once again the primesuspect. But to prove it, the researchers stillneeded the smoking gun, the mechanism ofcell damage. The likely place to look was onthe cell membrane, the part of the cell thatpresents the greatest resistance to an electricalcurrent. Although membranes areonly aboutten millionths of a millimeter across, they are,says Lee, "where the action is."The cell membrane protects the complexchemistry within from the radically differentchemical environment outside. Any break ormalfunction could trigger a cascade of events-an influx of calcium ions, rigid contractionof intracellular proteins, loss of some of thecell's contents-that could be lethal if notquickly repaired. When Lee compared cellsexposed to electrical current to cells damagedby a detergent known to perforate the mem­brane, the results were identical. He had asmoking gun: electroporation.Electrical fields .seemed to be causing tinyholes in the cell's outer membrane. In fact,follow-up studies using fluorescent dyes thatglow when exposed to chemicals inside cellssuggested that cellular damage followed theelectroporation model exactly. Pores openedup, ions flowed across the membrane. Thecell tried to maintain its normal chemistry bypumping ions out but became overwhelmed,The Dexllogical slep, of .course, is 10lesl P·188·iDhumaDs,aDdRaphael Leehas alreadylaid IhegrouDdwork. �. : I � ", ': IJ, ,': ::. L' .�losing ce,l1ular proteins.and collapsing l�ke:awater balloon' pricked �ith 'a pin. · ':": ,:' :\Now all L�e needed was' � bullet hole) 'BUt,,":,spotting a series of pordiP'a membrane it�e}f:·:I. .'. :',: '. ":' �., " .'r-too tiny to.detect even under the most power-: .ful Iightrnioroscope wasn't simple. It toqkthree years before, using: an electron �it;m�':scope to magnify the surface about 20',,900 ';:times, Lee found the anticipated micropbres .'in the membranes of electrically damaged=-',but .unhea��d-n1uscle c�lls.:"We were pretl>' :';'excIted to see those pores," recalls 'Lee,"since they confirmed :th¢ idea we had be'�nsuggesting for years. ", , r: ':'.Even more exciting were the clinical p0ssl-.bilities s,,�ggested by �p ,t,hose little leak:&. ."We're liot likely to repair cells charred bX, �heat," explains Lee. The, temperatures 'tha,tcan rapidly kill cells tend to disrupt moretBa-n .the mem�rarie; they also damage the prot)ids ,:inside the-cell, On the other hand, if cells can:repair a minor membrane defect, they:.�£fbsurvive .temporary rupture. "Thus," {d�;wrote in a monograph that proudly displayed "the first photomicrographs·of electroporated "muscle tissue, "if electroporation is the'pri'� ,mary mechanism of damage, then the chal- -.lenge is to identify a technique to promptlyre- .:seal the damaged membranes." ,But no one accepted that challenge. "Mpst .ofthe cl�nicians Who were established in burnresearch were v�ry skeptical. that this couldever be done," recalls Lee. "No one had even 'tried it. It-seemed farfetched." ,\ ',\.'. ,'.1. I , \I.t IW...... �.�S.... 'left to Lee. :. to pioneer, and <)o .•. ceagam, he seemed to follow 'BenFranklin's trail.' In a famous experi­ment-performed in 1765 but not i,:ld­equately explained until 1913-Franklin had poured oil onto a pond at·Clapham Common and watched it spread:over the surface until it became" so thin as to ;'produce prismatic Colours for a considerable :Space and beyond them so much thinner as to!' ,be invisible except in its effect of smoothing "waters at a much greater distance. ", .'The oil was .a surfactant, a compound that Freduces the tension between two surfaces (in',this case, water and air). Surfactant mole- ,:cules have one surface that is attracted to wa- !"ter and one surface that is repelled by it. As"Franklin's oil spread and seemed to disappear,it formed a film one molecule thick, with the:water-loving,' or hydrophilic, end down and',the water-avoiding, or hydrophobic, end up:Cell membranes consist primarily of twosheets-called a lipid bilayer-of similar'molecules, with the hydrophilic ends facing .out and the hydrophobic ends sequestered inthe middle. When placed in water, certain sur­factants will actually form a lipid bilayer ontheir own, as the attractive and repellentforces of water molecules push the surfactantmolecules into neat little structures.After coming to Chicago in 1989, Lee begansearching for a surfactant with the right shapeto fit into pores in a cell membrane. The goodnews was that there are hundreds to choosefrom. Surfactants are found in everythingfrom detergents and water repellents, lubri­cants and glues, fertilizers and weed killers tocosmetics and paint. One that appeared to beabout the right size and shape-and non-toxic-was poloxamer 188, P-188 for short. Infact, P-188 has been used as an emulsifier fordecades in everything from mouthwash andlaxatives to blood products and drugs. Onestudy even suggested that intravenous P-188could prevent the spread of tumors in rats.When Lee and technician Li Ji, SM'89,shocked some isolated rat-muscle cells in cul­ture and then doused them with P-188, the sur­factant appeared to repair the damage, search­ing out membrane defects and plugging theholes. Injected dyes that normally couldn'tcross the membrane would gush out immedi­ately after a shock, but quickly stopped whenP-188 was added. "So far, so good," recallsLee, "especially on the first try." .P-188 appeared also to repair isolated hu­man cells, which are even longer and moresensitive to currents. With those encouragingresults, Lee and colleagues spent the next tenIllonths refining the dose, studying how thechemical bound to the cells, and measuringthe cells' response. "It kept working," mar­vels Lee, "so we decided to try it in vivo."Working with Fu-Shih Pan, PhD'86,MD'89, and Philip River, AB'79, Lee devel­oped a way to use an animal model of electri­cal trauma to' measure P-188's effects. Care­fUlly maintaining the blood supply, theyUncovered one muscle from the hind leg of ananesthetized rat, bathed the tissue to keep itIlloist, and attached electrodes to evaluate thetiSSue's electrical impedance, a sensitive mea­SUre of cell-membrane damage.When the muscle was exposed to 60 briefPulses of high-voltage electric current-theequivalent of a typical industrial accident-itshowed immediate evidence of tissue dam­age. Electrical impedance plummeted by 50Percent or more-a decline that is alwaysassociated with cell death.Twenty minutes after the, shock, the rats;_ere injected in the opposite leg with either1 188 In a saline solution, the saline solutiona one, or a solution of saline plus dextran-an?n-toxic polymer with a molecular weightSl '1dIllI ar to P-188. The last, Lee explains, wasa ded simply to rule out what he calls "goo"��erapy. "We wanted to demonstrate that P-.8 Was healing the membrane, not just gum­mIng up the process."a Indeed, rats given P-188 made a dramaticelnd lasting recovery. Within 15 minutes, theect .ttcal impedance of the shocked muscle returned to 80 percent of normal, enough of arecovery to salvage the tissue. Rats receivingthe saline solution showed no recovery; theirelectrically damaged cells continued to de­cline over time. Saline plus dextran onlybriefly slowed the loss of impedence."This is the first time," Lee emphasizeswith real satisfaction, "that anyone has dem­onstrated the ability to repair electrically da­maged cells in the body." He concedes that"the recovery of P-188-treated cells is notquite complete, but the critical defect, dam­age to the cell membrane, is apparently re­paired and the cells remain viable. It works."While the incomplete recovery can proba­bly be explained by a loss of some of the cells'contents' in the time between exposure andsurfactant injection, rats injected with P-188before being shocked showed virtually nodamage. Subsequent studies showed thatelectrically perforated cells can be salvagedby P-188 given as much as a few hours after theshock. Lee also experimented with fractionsof the dosage, finding that even as little as onepercent of the dose could still trigger mem­brane repair; it just took longer.The next logical step, of course, is to testP-188 in humans, and Lee has already laid thegroundwork. First, there was the need to get asteady supply of the drug. Lee's research al­most ground to a halt last spring when a largepharmaceutical corporation bought out Lee'sP-188 supplier. The new owners refused to re­lease the drug without absolute control andprolonged review of all P-188 research. ButLee found another source, the giant BASFchemical corporation. When he called andexplained his project, BASF offered to send aboxcar of powdered, medical-grade P-188;with lab and storage space at a premium, Leesettled for ten pounds by mail.But using P-188 for clinical tests means thatLee needs to see victims within two hours ofthe injury. Although electrical trauma victimsare often referred to his care, they seldom ar­rive during the window for cellular repair.That changed this fall, when the nation's firstelectrical trauma program opened at the U ofC Hospitals, supported in part by the ElectricPower Research Institute and several privateutility companies. Using either its medicalhelicopter or a specially equipped jet kept atMidway Airport, the University of ChicagoAeromedical Network can fetch a shock vic­tim from anywhere in the Midwest to its roof­top helipad and Lee's care within a few hours.Before he can treat those victims with P-188,however, Lee needs precise and non-invasivetechniques both to assess electrical injuriesand to measure the effects of poloxamer thera­py. Characteristically, he's attacking the prob­lem on several fronts.Working with U of C radiologist GregoryKarczmar, Lee hopes to use magnetic reso- nance spectroscopy to measure levels ofadenosine triphosphate (ATP) , an energy­storage chemical that membrane-damagedcells consume as they try to pump out an in­flux of calcium ions. With the help of nuclearmedicine specialist Chin- Tu Chen, Lee wantsto find and radioactively tag chemicals ab­sorbed by electroporated cells, then use a spe­cially designed PET scanner to map out da­maged but viable tissue. And Lee and recent. Soviet emigre Gregory Abramov, a cardiolo­gist by training, are revamping a sensitivetechnique to measure nerve response. "Dif­ferent nerves respond at different speeds,"says Lee. "When we find gaps in the normalcurve, it gives us a clue about which typeshave been damaged by electrical current. "The promise of Lee's work mayextend far beyond electrical trau­ma treatment. "High-tension in­juries are the paradigm for mem­brane injuries," he says, "butmembrane damage is looking more and morelike the source of a number of disorders."Much of the destruction caused by chemicalburns or ionizing radiation can be attributedto membrane damage. Socan some thermalinjuries, both hot and cold. Reperfusion inju­ries-damage to cardiac or brain cells after aheart attack or stroke-appear to involvemembrane damage. Duchenne muscular dys­trophy, one theory runs, may be caused by thefact that muscle cells without dystrophin arestructurally weakened-and thus prone to le­thal membrane tears."Clinical medicine in 1991 still treats onlythe consequences of membrane damage at thetissue or organ system level," laments Lee."It's time we began to attack membrane dam­age at the molecular level. "Besides its direct role in treatment of injuryand disease, P-188 also shows promise in theburgeoning field of genetic therapy. To insertforeign DNA into a cell, genetic researchersuse electroporation to open a pathway. Butcreating pores large enough to admit an entiregene seriously endangers many types of cells.By bathing electroporated cells in poloxamerafter exposure to foreign DNA, Lee has in­creased the effectiveness of gene transfectionby more than a thousand-fold, letting re­searchers insert foreign DNA into cell typeswhere the technique once could not be used."If you asked Raphael a few years ago, whatsingle drug would he want in his bag ifhe werestranded on a desert island, " says his researchassistant, Philip River, "he would have giventhe standard reply of aspirin. A few monthsago he started saying poloxamer-ifthere wasa power line on the island."Then he dropped the qualifier; he just saidpoloxamer. Now," Rivers jokes, "he tells usto carry some with us wherever we go."UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 19Browsing iD the Ja!��i�'---&\�II!i he handsome, red brickcomplex of the ChicagoTheological Seminary is lo­cated across the street fromthe .Oriental Institute andopposite the entrance to theUniversity'smain quadrangle. Its bell towerstands near the center of campus. Yet an evenbetter perspective on the surrounding com­munity is afforded by a bookstore rangingthrough its basement.It announces its presence softly. A discreetsign on the door bears the appealing conjunc­tion of words: Seminary Co-op Bookstore.Beyond the door, one enters softly-lit, clois­tered space. Stairs descend, past a book-filleddisplay case, into the basement. It must be20 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991strange, perhaps even a bit unnerving, to standat the top of those stairs for the first time, notyet knowing where they lead. For those whodo know, this is a moment to savor: one isabout to enter one of the finest bookstores inNorth America-a subterranean labyrinth ofbooks, world upon world, as intellectuallyspacious as it is physically dense.The Seminary Co-op has been described as"the best bookstore west of Blackwell's"-areference to the great English bookstore thatserves Oxford University and, through itshuge mail-order business, the world. The Co­op has grown from its origins, in 1961, as abook-buying club of a handful of seminariansinto an enterprise that last year had more than$4 million in sales. In a very real sense-both literally and inspirit -the Seminary Co-op is owned by itsmembers. (Anyone is welcome to use thestore, but as a member you gain a number ofbenefits: members get a 10 percent discounton almost all purchases, may special orderany book in print, and may order through themail.) The Co-op is not formally affiliatedwith either the U of Cor CTS. The communi­ty it serves, embraces these institutions butalso extends far beyond them. Over time,more than 37,000 people have joined; ofthese, 28,000 are currently members.The Seminary store occupies some 2,500square feet and has an inventory of 110,000 ti­tles, most in the humanities and social sci­ences. Yet it is not the size of the Co-op's in-.....CD..o....II)...oo•D-O•oU;a.....•a••aCDellCD..a....�riDlhlh��ventory alone that makes it such an importantinstitution in the lives of so many. It's easy toimagine a bookstore with a larger inventorybut without the special qualities of the Co-op.Its role in the community is larger, more mys­terious, than simply a place to get books.n a good bookstore, possi­bilities abound; in a greatone, your fate awaits you.The shelves contain booksthat were written just foryou, books with the powerto carry you deeper into the world, books thatcould change your life. The knowledge thatthey are there-but where?-gives a hungryedge to one's attention. To browse in such a By Jamie KalvenPhotographsby Patricia Evans, setting is to take a ramble among books thatmight at any moment quicken into an adven­ture, a fateful encounter, an epiphany; it is across between loitering and prayer.The Co-op store is so dense that one has thesensation of moving through a medium ofbooks. One sees books not only in isolationbut in relation to other books-and falls into arich web of connections. Solitary figuresstudy the shelves and peer into books. Theirpostures testify to the difference betweenreading an already chosen text- "curling upwith a book" -and browsing among booksone may chose to read (or, at any rate, buy).They are, variously, tentative, carefree, ex­ploratory, on guard, aggressive, coy, resist­ant, inquiring-as they consider the question ...:rCDICD-=1ft....aDI1:1....a......ft!CDGCDoG..DI..,a-o...aoI....a­oor....DI1:1D.-••D.-CDDIfit•UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 21of whether to spend a portion of their life inthe company of the book in their hands.The Co-op staff understands what a seriousactivity browsing is. It seems to be an unspok­en principle that customers carry into thestore the privacy that encloses the act of read­ing. The staff stands ready to help, but they donot bear down on you. They ask only, as ananti-theft measure, that you check your bagwhen you enter. As a claim check, they giveyou a numbered clothespin. The typical Co­op customer, clothespin in hand, thus appearsto have been overcome by the need for a bookwhile hanging up the wash. Having surren­dered your bag, you are on your own.The quiet that prevails in the store is not a li­brary hush; it is laced with conversation andlaughter. This is space at once utterly privateand convivial.The atmosphere of the bookstore recalls anopen-air market offering the yields of manyharvests-a place serving those for whombooks are a necessity oflife-but the reality isa basement, the substructure of a large build­ing. There are pipes everywhere, including abig steam pipe that snakes through the storeand occasionally hisses ominously.Like peasants farming difficult terrain whowould never consider building their houses onarable land, thestaff have created office spacein parts of the basement that are not suitablefor displaying books. They work in tight,cramped areas, with low ceilings and pipesone must duck under-"watch your head"­as if entering a cave.Ever hungry for space, the bookstore has,over time, expanded by degrees-adding thisroom and that corridor, hitting on ways tomake productive use of those odd scraps ofleftover space typical of basements. The re­sulting geography is intricate. (Concernedperhaps that browsers will become lost andnever emerge from the maze of books , the Co­op provides maps.) To enter a particular sec­tion is to pass into a distinctive space with itsown character.Sociology and political science titles, for ex­ample, are housed along a long corridor. Lit­erature is centrally located-an expansiveopen space-while literary criticism is alongan aisle so narrow that only one person at atime can occupy it. 111 the philosophy section,located in the far reaches of the store, there is acomfortable. chair with leather upholsterywhich you can position so that all you see inany direction are intersecting planes of books.The basement space seems almost to oper­ate like a literary form, creating impasses thatsummon forth innovations. BookshelvesHyde Parkers Jamie Kalven and PatriciaEvans previously collaborated on "Trash Ac­tion, "a profile of Ken Dunn, AM'70, whichappeared in the April/9J Magazine.22 III is an unspoken principle that, �USliwrap around pipes and are strategically posi­tioned to create inviting spaces and pleasingperspectives. Painted red or yellow .or blue,the pipes seem less practical problems thanaesthetic enhancements. Yellow tennis balls,slit open and placed on knobs protruding fromawkwardly located pipes, not only protect theheads oftall browsers but also amuse with vis­ual wit. The floors, painted black, heightenthe riot of color from the massed book jackets.Everywhere there is sharp articulation ofspace and attention to detail.The first two rooms are largely devoted tothe display of recently published work. Thereare hundreds of titles on display. They are notorganized according to subject matter orgenre.The centerpiece of the display area is a large,low table on which books are displayed faceup. "The front table" provides a point of fo­cus, a center for the bookstore. The latest in­tellectual currents and fashions in academiaare all represented, yet in this setting thebrowser does not feel (as one sometimes doesin others) that the community of letters hasdisintegrated into warring factions, narrow and insular, each with its grandiose projectyet lacking a common language. Despite­perhaps because of-the eccentric basementspace in which different sections elide intoone another and flow back into the commonarea defined by the front table, the bookstorerestores an impression of the unity of intellec­tuallife.he distinctive qualities ofthe bookstore have much todo with the stewardship ofJack Cella, manager of theCo-op for the last eighteenyears. Working closely witha management team that includes RichardBarnard, AM'74, and Katy O'Brien Wein­traub, AB'75, AM'76, who have worked atthe Co-op almost as long as he has, and Rod­ney Powell, AM'70, Cella has guided thedevelopment of the Seminary Co-op into thesingular institution it is today.His biography reflects a hungry, restless in­tellect. Several years in a Catholic seminary.A year studying physics at the University ofColorado. Graduate work at the University oftiers carry into the store the privacySf!.gs.­oUICDUISfCDDIsa.a.aDID-Ei·eI• lack Cella's desk (belowright), located near thefront table, is coveredwith notes. He and achanging undergraduatestaff (above left) keep aconstant, unobtrusiveeye on the Co-op'scustomers as theybrowse. Chicago Divinity School with Paul Ricoeur.Soon after his arrival in Hyde Park in 1967, hebegan to work part time at the bookstore.Within a couple of years, he had abandonedhis graduate studies and was working at thebookstore full time. In 1973 he became itsmanager.Cella does all the hiring and-sgently, quiet­ly-exerts a powerful influence on the staff.Many are undergraduates. From year to year,their faces change, but their demeanor, the'quality of their presence, remains a constant.Cella's desk is located near the front tableunder a large vent. It is positioned so he cansee who is coming into the store and they cansee him. There are stacks of catalogs and a mi­crofiche reader close at hand. The daily ava­lanche of mail covers the surface of his desk,threatening an ever-present Styrofoam coffeecup. (Unless a publisher's sales representativetakes him out to lunch, he rarely leaves thestore for any purpose except to get a refill.)The computer monitor on his desk and theneighboring wall are covered with scraps ofpaper-notes to himself bearing, among oth­er things, the names of staff and customers hefears he might forget.When the store is busy, he is constantly mon­itoring things, fielding questions from cus­tomers and staff, interrupting himself to takethe phone. While talking, he reaches out tostraighten books on a shelf. The impression isnot one of distraction but of a juggler's atten­tion-at once intense and divided. Luredaway during store hours to discuss booksell­ing over coffee, Cella gives the impression ofan amphibious creature out of its primary me­dium. He responds to questions politely andthoughtfully, but there is a discernible pull toget back to the store and dive in.Soft-spoken and retiring, Cella neverthelessspends most of his day talking-to publisher's'representatives, to staff, and to the steadystream of customers who come to him withUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEIDECEMBER 1991 23questions. "So much of the work day," he ob­serves, "is spent reacting to people who call,to people who walk through the door." Hisknowledge of books is encyclopedic; his re­call instantaneous. He readily answers mostqueries from customers by directing them tothe book on the shelf. Questions about bookscompletely engage him. This is his passion:bringing reader and book together.Cella speaks of having been "educated bythe store's customers." Many of those whofrequent the Co-op are specialists in theirfields, some are commanding figures in con­temporary intellectual life. The Co-op's stockhas been enriched and refined by their inquir­ies, special orders, complaints, and sugges­tions to Cella over the years.The process is circular, for the Co-op notonly serves various education institutions, itis itself an educational institution. Each yeartens of thousands of new books are published.The problem this figure suggests is not one ofscarcity but of an abundance that threatens toobscure works of quality. The critical judg­ments Cella and his colleagues make-whatthey order, how they present it, the ways theydirect our attention-give shape to this ava­lanche of material. For those who depend onit, the Co-op is more than a supplier of books.It is a major cultural institution-bringing thenews, shaping perceptions and expectations,giving an ongoing account of the culture.It is also a business. Cella has a speech hesometimes gives new employees. "I tell themthat bookselling is like a lot of other retailbusinesses. It involves a lot of repetitive work-things you have to do over and over again."Booksellers necessarily operate in two econo­mies: the gift economy of passions and soulhunger and the market economy in whichbooks are commodities. It is by means ofskilled operation in the latter that the Co-opsustains the former."When you look at it from the outside, " Cel­la remarks at the end of a long day in the store,"the operation may seem solid and stable, butin fact it is precariously balanced." The ongo­ing challenge is "to run a small business witha large inventory but limited capital. There re­ally is not enough invested capital in relationto what we try to stock." The bookseller'schronic problem is that his capital sits inert onthe shelves. "You don't turn inventory veryfast, while operating on a small margin," ex­plains Cella. "A supermarket also operates ona small margin, but it turns inventory veryfast. "The chain stores like Waldenbooks addressthis problem by becoming like supermarkets-stocking only titles that turn over fast, as ifbooks were perishables with limited shelflives. The excellence of the Co-op, by con­trast, resides precisely in having on its shelvesbooks that will sell only very occasionally.24 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991According to Cella, there are several meansby which the Co-op seeks to maintain and en­rich its inventory. In addition to the time­honored practice among booksellers of jug­gling accounts, the Co-op, like otherindependent bookstores, has in recent yearsadopted an innovation pioneered by the bookchains: the use of computers to track invento­ry. As used by the chains, this tends to driveout variety: if a book does not move immedi­ately, it is swept off the shelves. As used by theCo-op, it contributes to the breadth of titles byrelieving the problem of having too many cop­ies of a particular title, thereby freeing capitaland space for other titles.The Co-op has also increased its workingcapital by another means: In 1990, for the firsttime since its inception, the Co-op raised theminimum investment required to become amember from one $10 share to three.An unlikely businessman ("I never reallythought of selling anything but books"), JackCella is, in his way, a formidable entrepre­neur. Yet there is a tension between his appe­tite for new initiatives and the nature ofthe in­stitution he has played such a central role inshaping. This great bookstore is a local insti­tution, embedded in a complex ecology thatsustains it and is, in turn, enriched by it. Cer­tain obvious avenues of growth-to franchise,to become a chain, etc.-are closed.Thus, when in 1983 the Co-op opened abranch, it did so three blocks away. The newstore, 57th Street Books-managed by Rod­ney Powell-was conceived as a kindred butdistinct space, serving different needs of thesame community. It, too, is located in a base­ment, but, unlike the Seminary store, it is vis­ible from the street and has inviting, if small,display windows. Less dense and more openthan the Seminary store, it affords a differentkind of browsing experience. In addition to astrong literature section, it offers mainstreamtitles not available at the Seminary; amongthem, mysteries and science fiction, cook­books, books on nature and travel, and-thebiggest draw-children's books. And it pro­vides a comfortable setting for storytelling,poetry readings, and book signings. IIIa"IVE;o.......=r"�l.....Eftft"81is Ihe degree 10 which ifIn the end, the best measure of the Co-op'ssuccess is not sales volume or membershipgrowth, but rather the degree to which it has ex­tended itself into the collective reading life ofthe community: from the small children at 57thStreet Books, passionately involved withbooks before they learn to read, to the scholarsand apprentice-scholars poring over new titleson the front table in the Seminary basement.n the spring of 1989 the bigseller at the Co-op, as else­where in the nation and inthose parts of the worldwhere it could be sold, wasSalman Rushdie's The Sa­tanic Jines. What, I wondered at the time,would those calling for Rushdie's death makeof a bookstore that sells his novel, yet also car­ries a dozen editions of the Koran, The Cam-a extended itself into the collective reading life of the community.bridge History of Iran (four volumes), A Liter­ary History of Persia (four volumes), and TheEncyclopedia of Islam (five volumes)?After the Ayatollah Khomeini placed a boun­ty on Rushdie's head, there was a period of con­fusion in the West. During those first days,there was a certain amount of posturing, as if itWas an act of daring to come out against mur­dering storytellers. That the initial reaction inthe West to the Rushdie affair was somewhatOff-balance was due, in part, I suspect, to ourbeing stunned that in this day and age a writercould be sentenced to death for blasphemy.But there was also something else to absorb:We were confronted with our own sense of the�acred. The burning of books and the bomb­Ing of bookstores are, for us, we discovered,as others have before us, acts of sacrilege.If it is a sacrilege to burn a book, then it fol­lows that a bookstore is, in some sense, sacred space. Few bookstores can in fact be sodescribed, but the Seminary Co-op can. It is ahealing space, encompassing divisions, re­storing our splintered discourse. To conceiveof the books on its shelves as engaged in civi­lized conversation is half-truth, half­delusion. (Or, to put the point differently, itdepends on which shelf.) War, not conversa­tion, is the mode of interaction between manybooks. Yet the place that houses all these con­tending visions and impassioned quarrelsstands-in its quiet, cheerful, serious way­for the possibilities of understanding and con­ciliation. It is a touchstone."A lot of people come in every day, " reportsCella. "Some come in several times a week;others, every Saturday." Sometimes they buya book. Often they don't. They browse for awhile. Then, grounded and restored, theyclimb the stairs and reenter the world. In lieu of the nooks and pipes of the Co-op(top left and above), 57th Street Books hasspace for book signings, like this one (topright) by U of C professor emeritus WayneC. Booth, AM'47, PhD'50.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 25�---MEETS--CircumslaA procession of colorful events-both ceremonial andfestive-led the University into its centennial year.t began with that speciesof birthday party knownas an academic convoca­tion. To the happy strainsof Vivaldi's Concerto forTwo Trumpets in C Ma­jor, hundreds of University pro­fessors-along with delegatesfrom learned societies, colleges,and universities; Chicago's trust­ees, deans, and officers; the con­vocation speakers and candidatesfor honorary degrees-marchedtwo by two into Rockefeller Chap­el on the first Thursday in Octo­ber, dressed in their birthday best,the academic gowns of their almamaters.Robes in crimson, deep green,bright orange, blue-and black­banded maroon. Robes trimmedwith ermine, lace, and braid. Andheadgear that would be at home ona Paris runway: velvet beret withgolden tassels, blue fez, beige tur­ban, black top hat, and a duckbill­like sombrero in Sherwood Forestgreen.The faces under the finery werenever far from smiles, as themarchers greeted friends alongthe aisle. President HannaHolborn Gray-who, with ProvostGerhard Casper, formed the pro­cession's maroon coda-paused inmid-march to hug one of the Uni­versity's oldest alumnae, LoraineGreen, PhB'18, AM'19. Greenhugged back, and Gray resumedher progress.26 By Mary Ruth YoeBernard O. Brown, DB'55,AM'65, PhD'73, as dean of thechapel, gave the invocation, andBarry F. Sullivan, MBA'57, chairof the University's board of trust­ees, welcomed the chapel audi­ence (and those watching viaclosed-circuit television at fourother campus locations) to "a momentous occasion in the life ofthe University and, indeed, of oursociety."That occasion was celebrated ina convocation much like the 422ceremonies before it. The Rock­efeller Chapel Choir soaredthrough Hayden, Bach, and theAlma Mater. A score of scholarswere draped with gold-, white-,and blue-lined hoods signifyinghonorary doctorates in science,humane letters, and law (see"Chicago Journal"). And six dig­nitaries-three from the Universi­ty, three from the larger academiccommunity-seasoned historicalnotes and lofty goals with gentlewit.Like good hosts, the campusspeakers were reluctant to toottheir own horns; like good guests,the outside speakers were gener­ous in their praise."My grandfather understand­ably was himself extremely proudof the University," began lifetrustee David Rockeller, PhD' 40.University founder John D. Rock­efeller was, his grandson said,"truly persuaded that education,and, indeed, higher education inparticular, held the key to the solu­tion of most problems."His grandfather's beliefs "re­main just as valid today. Universi­ties have traditionally carried thebanner for social justice and hu­man rights. They provide continu­ity between the past and the futureRobert L. Ashenhurst,the University marshalI (left) led off the• academic procession toRockefeller; a quartetof heralds posed1 outside the chapel;inside, the 423rdConvocation featuredthe awarding of ascore of honorarydoctorates.and a transition from one genera­tion to the next. Most importantly,they shed light on our prioritiesand force us to reflect on and eval­uate our basic moral standards,which are the glue that holds oursociety together. "The Convocation address, deliv­ered by Barry D. Karl, AM' 51,the Norman and Edna FreehlingProfessor in History and the Col­lege, was just such an exercise inreflection and evaluation, as Karlturned the exhortation of the Uni­versity's motto into a question:"Let Knowledge Grow?"Although the dictum optimisti­cally concludes, ''And so be hu­man life enriched," Karl notedthat over the past century "the as­sumption that what is new will au­tomatically be what is good hasbeen opened to question in everyarea of critical research," as "theold confidence in research hasbeen replaced by a very unpoeticcaution. Who would rewrite our'Let knowledge grow from more to more. And ifwe are careful and protect our­selves from the side effects of thatknowledge, it is possible-justpossible, mind you-that life maybe enriched'?"And yet, Karl said, "We're gath­ered here to celebrate, not to an­guish and certainly not to apolo­gize." Although "the educationalrevolution that has taken place inthe last century may require us torethink our role in the world ofideas," he argued, the expansionof knowledge is "the only route tosurvival. It remains the promise ofthe future, and this institutionmust point the way." The questiononce more became an exhorta­tion: "Let knowledge grow."Growth was also the themesounded by Lord Jenkins, thechancellor of Oxford University:"In its first 50 years, the Universi­ty of Chicago had to run hard tokeep pace with its city. From Har­per to Hutchins, it abundantly did.so. In the 1930s, the Chicago planUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 27Photography by James L. Ballardfor four-year liberal studies hadworld resonance, and, in 1942,scientific advancements herechanged the world balance."In the first 50 years, Chicagoborrowed heavily from Oxford­particularly in architectural inspi­ration. But in the second 50 years,and particularly, perhaps, in thelast couple of decades, we havefelt that we have much to learnfrom you."Like Oxford's chancellor, DerekBok, president emeritus of Har­vard University, saw Chicago asan exemplar. Bok began with theobservation that while most uni­versities-his own included­measure their age by the datewhen students first enrolled inclasses, Chicago chose instead tocelebrate the centennial of its aca­demic plan-produced a full yearbefore classes actually began.This choice was" not entirely ac­cidental," said Bok, "for amongAmerica's leading universities,Chicago has consistently been theone most concerned with thinkingcarefully about what it means to bea university, what a universityshould and should not do, andwhat its essence is and must re­main. That is not an easy or a com­fortable niche for a university tofill, but taking seriously what itmeans to be a university is a pains­taking and difficult process, espe­cially now that these institutionshave become so large and so intri­cately entangled with the outsideworld."N or is it al ways comfortable forother universities to have one oftheir kind think so seriously aboutthese matters, " Bok admitted witha rueful grin. "As the presiding of­ficer of a sister university, well­known for its wayward and erraticways ,'I felton more than one occa- sion a chilly breeze emanatingfrom the Windy City, a sort ofmagisterial reproof reminding meof how far my university had stray­ed from its proper path. And yet,if one looks objectively at the cur­rent state of higher education inAmerica, it is hard not to concludethat what we need the most is pre­cisely this capacity to think criti­cally about what a university isand what its proper limits oughtto be."Indeed, he.said, the "barrage ofcriticisms" now being leveledagainst American higher educa­tion "only underscores the impor­tance of doing more of what the28 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 University of Chicago has beendoing all along."If you harbor any doubt on thatscore," Bok told his audience,"look carefully at Chicago's expe­rience during these last severalyears of criticism. You will notfind a chapter by Dinesh D'Souzaon political correctness at the U ni­versity of Chicago. You will lookin vain for investigations by theNCAA into recruiting violationsby the Chicago coaching staff.You will find no speakers disinvi­ted by the University to accommo­date protesting students. And I donot think these omissions are acci­dental. Rather they result from along tradition of careful reflectionon the nature of a university. Thereis much in this to admire and muchto emulate as well."If Bok stressed what was owedChicago, his University counter­parts emphasized what Chicagoowed to others. University presi­dent emeritus Edward H. Levi,PhB'32, JD'35-whose grandfa­ther served on Harper's first facul­ty-went back before the begin- ning, to the Old University ofChicago, to recall the foundationsupon which both old and new uni­versities were founded. "The service of the Old University was sig�nificant, but its financial base wasinadequate and the Old Universityclosed its doors in 1886."Yet in the remains of the old werethe seeds of the new: Rockefellerhad served on the board and Har�per on the faculty of its theologicalseminary. Both men were soughtThe quads blossomed for acentennial birthday party.Among the sights, sounds, andtastes offered were (clockwisefrom left) accordion tunes, hotbuttered popcorn, a two-storyhelium phoenix, stilt walkersproviding quick pick-me-ups,the Redmoon Theater's Punchand Judy show, and that picnicbasic-hot dogs.after by the American Baptist So­ciety in its planning for a new Bap­tist college in Chicago, a plan putbefore the society at its annualmeeting on May 18, 1889, whenthe society's secretary, FrederickGates, arose to announce that heheld a letter from Mr. Rockefeller,pledging $600,000 toward theventure. "The minutes of themeeting," said Levi, "record thatthe secretary's further remarkswere not heard. There was too much tumultuous cheering andapplause."As the convocation's final speak­er, President Gray began with a de­tail from the school's first assem­bly: "The very first hymn that wassung at the very first chapel assem­bly of the University of Chicagowas' Nearer My God to Thee. ' Theoccasion took place at the northend of Cobb Hall rather than on thedeck of an ocean liner. Fortunately,the new ship, captained by Mr.Harper, managed to avoid runninginto any of the looming icebergsthat surrounded it. "And so that ship continued itsinstitutional voyage, through"some unexpected mid-coursecorrections" on its way to its "cen­tennial port." Emblematic of thevoyage's underlying "fixed desti­nation," said Gray, were the 20 ci­tations read out during the convo­cation, citations that referred notonly to the recipients' own scholar­ship "but also to the students whohave been their beneficiaries andwho are in turn carrying on the work of research and teaching."That sense of transmission andcollaboration, of the movement ofgenerations within and across thedisciplines and universities theyinhabit, conveys better than any­thing I know what it is that we cele­brate at this centennial convoca­tion, and it describes our besthopes and intentions for the futureof our University."Concluding her remarks, Presi­dent Gray brought the academicportion of the birthday party to aclose with a reminder of work stillto be done: "President Harper,when contemplating the first startof classes, proposed that there beno special opening exercises forthe occasion," Gray said. "In­stead, he said that 'the University[should] begin as if it were thecontinuation of a work that hadbeen conducted for a thousandyears.' We can now go forwardconfidently as though it were thework of a hundred years."But we'd better get going, andright away, because we have a longway to go to hit a thousand."ut first, lunch. Be­hind a phalanx ofheralders and bag­pipers, the convo­cation's partici­pants paraded to themain quadrangles, quickly merg­ing into the largest picnic in Uni­versity history.With the day's classes canceledand a University-wide holiday be­gun at noon, thousands of stu­dents, staff members, and neigh­bors were already crowding thequads when-wielding a over­sized pair of pasteboard scissors­President Gray snipped a maroonribbon, and a two-story heliumphoenix rose in an unseasonablyUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 29balmy breeze to officially launchanother birthday party, this onedesigned for all generations of theUniversity family.The party-goers' mood was gen­erally as festive as the weather. Ifsome guests were· disappointedthat only the icing on the 12-foot­high birthday "cake" standing instate near the center of the quadswas real, they could find some so­lace in taking a turn as a balloonhandler for the phoenix. ("It's alittle like flying a kite," said onevolunteer.) Or by greeting BigBertha, back on her home turf andall gussied up for the centennialyear. (On loan from the Universi­ty . of Texas, the world's largest professorial chat at the QuadClub.) Or by getting a fracturedhistory lesson via the Punch andJudy show put on by the RedmoonTheater (whose U of C themefound Judy complaining to Punch,"You don't stimulate me intellec­tuallyanymore").The party was to end promptly at4 o'clock. By 3:45, although thecrowds were still thick, the sky haddarkened and thunder rumbledominously. The day seemed des­tined to end on a bang, and it did.For, making her debut as guestsoloist with the University of Chi­cago Symphony Orchestra in the1812 Overture, President Graystood by her instrument -a wood- it "as distinguished a future as itspast-and a happy birthday! "Over salad, the guests saw ashort film profiling some of theUniversity's stellar faculty. As thelights went back up, Sullivan roseto introduce 17 guests of honor,representing almost a third of theNobel Laureates who have beenassociated with the University:"Ladies and gentlemen, ourNobelists. "After birthday congratulationsfrom Chicago Mayor Richard M.Daley ("Over the past 100 years,you have made the people of Chi­cago very proud many times"),four of the city's civic leaders wereawarded the University of Chi-,f�­.. '.,f..II ..--:-:=. ..�I President Gray provided thepercussive punctuation forthe U of C SymphonyOrchestra's rendition of the1812 Overture.drum-once the pride of the U ofC's marching band-boasted afreshly painted 100th-birthdaylogo.)Or by watching the dizzyingspins of a city phenomenon, theJesse White tumblers. Or by call­ing out suggestions for an im­provisational skit by Off-Off­Campus. (When the studenttroupe asked for "typical emo­tions that you feel at the U of Cduring a normal day, " the quicklyshouted replies- "fear," "para­noia," "surprise," "angst," and"lust" -propelled an imaginary en cannon+ preparing to "fire" itwith a tissue-paper torch. Presi­dent, cannon, and orchestra mem­ber in charge of the sound system,all performed on cue, and to loudapplause, President Gray took herbows. As conductor BarbaraSchubert proclaimed, "HappyBirthday, University of Chicago! "the day reached its finale.ut not the birthdayparties. On Satur­day evening, assome 1,400 civicleaders and alum­ni gathered for ablack-tie dinner at Chicago'sPalmer House, master of ceremo­nies Barry Sullivan rose to pro­pose a toast to the University as itentered a second century, wishing cago Medal. Given just threetimes since they were establishedin 1976, the medals recognize ser­vice "of the highest order." Theevening's recipients were GaylordDonnelley; William B. Graham,SB'32, JD'36; Irving B. Harris;and Joseph Regenstein, Jr. (See"Chicago Journal.")Then came the main course (ten­derloin of beef, potatoes Anna,spinach souffle). Over dessert(coupe Romanoff, although the12-foot-high birthday cake, trans­ported from the quads, toweredgrandly in a corner of the ball­room), President Gray welcomedthe University's guests, echoingPresident Hutchins' remarks dur­ing the University's 50th anniver­sary celebration: "The Universitycould have been established only in Chicago." The city is, she said,"a place of openness, a place ofboldness ... a place that encour­ages risk-taking and indepen­dence in action. ""Why was one university so pro­ductive?" asked economistMilton Friedman, AM'33, one ofthe two U of C Nobelists who ad­dressed the assembled diners. "Inorder to be a rich seedbed for newdevelopment, you do have to havea respect for diversity and a re­spect for innovation." At Chica­go, he said, the seeds for that di­versity were sown both in "thevision of the first president, Har­per, and the extraordinary peoplehe gathered around him, with lit­tle regard for their personalidiosyncrasies or their personalvices," and in Chicago's positionas "the first major university, withthe possible exception of JohnsHopkins, not established as a fin­ishing school for the children ofthe upper classes.""There was Churchill, there wasRoosevelt, and there was RobertHutchins, " said laureate James D.Watson, PB'46, SB'47. As a stu­dent in the Hutchins College, Wat­son said, he learned three things:"You were supposed to read theGreat Books. The importantthings were ideas, not facts. Youhad to think, not memorize."These rules, the man who unrav­eled the secrets of DNA joked,"worked very well for philosophy­not too well for science. "What made Chicago "a won­derful place," said Watson, waSthat "It really taught the best,"not "trivia or dull things." Justas importantly, "Chicago haSnever been pompous or preten­tious, unlike many other institu­tions .... There really should besome place that just tells the trutband doesn't worry about thepolitics."One last announcement cappedthe evening. Diners put down deS­sert spoons and coffee cups to ap­plaud as Barry Sullivan turnedthoughts back to the future, aIYnouncing a $117 million head starton the University'S new $500 mil-'lion Campaign for the Next CeIYtury. "The past is prologue," SU!­livandeclared. "The UniversitylSproud of that prologue, " but "tbenext century awaits."30 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991T H E E D c ATuIT'S xor CLEAR WHY Madeline Wallindecided to bundle away these sheets ofcracked and yellowed stationery. As oneof the University'S first students, shemay have anticipated that they would oneday end up in the University'S archives, shelvedamidst the papers of Chicago's researchers andscholars. Madeline Wallin founded no schoolof thought, published no significant body of re­search. Her contribution to University historylies, in fact, in the very letters contained in herfile, and the intimate glimpse they provide ofan institution newly born."N othing could have been more informal, "Wallin writes of the opening ceremonies forthe University, Oct. 1, 1892, "and yet there isabout the whole institution an air of quietstrength, a consciousness of power, that ismarvelous. "At the University of Minnesota, where shereceived her bachelor's degree in 1892, Wal­lin studied history under (future UniversityPresident) Harry Pratt Judson, whom Wil­liam Rainey Harper persuaded to join Chica­go's faculty as head dean of the colleges andchair of the department of political science.Judson, in turn, convinced Wallin to continueher education at Chicago as his "fellow." U n- I o FoNder the arrangement, she was to receive $300for her first year-with "the tuition (about$100) carried out of the sum," Madeline ex­plains to a friend, "so it nets only $200, butthat is better than nothing, andit is an honorbesides."In an Oct. 23 letter, she shares with hermother the experience of attending a recep­tion at President Harper's house "last Mon­day evening-a very pleasant affair. I met agood many people, and we had delicious re­freshments. There was such a crush I couldn'tFor one student attendingthe University in itsfirst years, the pursuitof knowledge became astruggle of family againstself, mind against heart.By Tim Obermiller see the house much. Dr. Harper's father andmother live with him-nice looking old peo­ple-and not so old, either, as he is only thirty­six." Of Harper's wife, she observes, "I don'tthink [she] is his equal, [though] I think she isan excellent woman-Looks rather heavy.Certainly not a society woman."Perhaps the fact that her father, Alfred Wal­lin, held the esteemed position of SupremeCourt judge for the state ofN orth Dakota gaveMadeline the confidence to make such pro­nouncements. In any case, she must have car­ried herself with an assurance that broughther swift recognition among her peers, whohonored her early in the school year by elect­ing her to serve on the board of directors of anewly formed Christian Union.The union was, writes Madeline, "the reli­gious organization of this whole University... broad enough to take in all shades of be­liefs." But she confesses feeling uncomforta­ble with her election- "like a very normalpeg in a very square hole" -and asks to beplaced in charge of a specifically non­religious subcommittee on philanthropy as"best suited to my abilities and tastes-in factthe only one I would find at all natural inundertaking .... "Madeline's dorm mates in 1892: No archival photos exist of Wallin herself.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 31MADELINE'S AMBIVALENCE isexplained in a selection ofletters, included in the file,written before she enrolledat the University, in whichshe asked friends to clarify their religiousconvictions-while expressing her ownuncertainties."You call it a great mistake not to developyour intellect -think of the terrible mistake ofallowing your soul to remain undeveloped,"warns one friend. Writes another: "I almostthought - from what you said about braincells and the emotions-that you had perhapswandered into the dreary desert of material­ism ... it is better to die in utter ignorance ofthe truth than to live with such a blightingtruth as materialism. "Madeline's religious doubts, coupled withher avid pursuit of education, served as asource of both alarm and attraction to her fu­ture husband, George Sikes. She and Sikesmet as students at Minnesota, and continuedtheir courtship, via letters, through the sum­mer before her departure for Chicago, whenGeorge paid her a series of Sunday visits (thecouple's families lived in close proximity).In a 1896 note to George, she playfully re­calls these interludes: "You remember whenyou first left the path of righteousness andtook the primrose path of dalliance?-whenyou began coming to see me on the very nightswhen there were special meetings of the Stu­dents' Christian Association-or was it theY.M.C.A.? Anyway, you ought to have beenthere and instead you were up in my room: andsometimes you found it necessary to take offyour glasses! You openly consorted with anunbeliever You proposed correspondencewith that unbeliever: you went out of your wayto visit her at her house. "Although Madeline was amused by thiserotic role-playing-her Eve temptingGeorge's moral Adam-she was deadly seri­ous when the subject turned to marriage. Herresponse is solemn and direct when Georgesends her an article clipped from the LadiesHomeJournal, "Why Young Men Defer Mar­riage," with its message that "women are agood deal to blame" for this phenomenon,"or at least their education is."Madeline responds: "Like everything else,concessions on both sides are needed here.The woman should identify herself with herhusband's interest; should in every sense be ahelp-mate, and in no sense a dead-weight;should renounce her pleasure when it's for thecommon interest. ... And the man should seeto it that in her zeal for his interests she is notwearing out her life, ... should regard her asan individual, with tastes, convictions, anddesires as strong and as worthy of respect and32 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 Early photographs ofUniversity women willbe part of a Departmentof Special Collectionsexhibit on student life atthe University. Althoughthe Jan. 1S-March 17exhibit will featurephotos, studentcorrespondence will alsobe included. The letter atright is from MadelineWallin to her father.gratification as his own. "That first fall at Chicago, Madeline alsoconfronted her father's fears that she was be­ing "overeducated," and that her cultivationof mind might drive an emotional wedge be­tween them. In a rather formal epistle, she re­sponds to these concerns."To receive [wisdom] we must go to thesources of light, and that means separationfrom home-the surrendering of family ties. "And yet, she reassures him, "I think that it isnot education in the highest sense, whichtends in any measure ... to deaden the sym­pathies, and to make us less keen and tender... For after all, it is true [that] the end of alleducation is the making of character. And that. is no true character which forgets to love ... ."Madeline goes on to defend the worth of ed­ucation on moral grounds: "College settle­ments, university extension work among thelower classes-all manner of social reformsand improvements are being instituted, not bysentimental and ill-trained philanthropists,but by men and women of the highest cultureand intelligence."As her first year wears on, the optimism ofMadeline's early correspondence is replacedby a tone of fatigue and anxiety. In one letter,she confides that "once in a while the vastnessof the undertaking and the uncertainty of suc­cess appall me." She tells her mother aboutthe cancellation of a debate scheduled in herPolitical Science Club between her and an- other student, who "begged off as he is notwell. He says he is on the verge of nervousprostration-can't eat or sleep much .... Ev­eryone is driven about as far as he can go, buteveryone takes more work. Dr. Harper is aman of inexhaustible strength and tireless en­ergy, and everything seems to be planned onhis scale .... must study now. "INA LETTER INFORMED by some appar­ently fashionable medical notion aboutthe conservation of "nerve fluids,"Judge Wallin writes back to his daugh­ter: "I hope neither regular work norcorrespondence will [cause] you to study late.It saps life, destroys beauty to do so; besides Ithink no substantial progress can be made inthat way .... the nerves will one day determineyour standing, and usefulness as a scholar.Husband these nerves forever-give themthought and what is harder to do, give themattention."I know that education is valuable," he con­tinues, but "judging from my own experi­ence, there is far higher instruction in a pur­pose formed: to do some valuable and worthything .... this self-formed soul purpose is thedynamic power which enables men and wom­en to do what they are doing in this world.... Such purposes may be suggested by a lec­turer or by a book; but its true genesis is withinthe aspiring soul. "If Judge Wallin was ambiguous concerninghis daughter's education, Madeline's 88-year­old grandfather (the judge's father) was posi­tively bellicose. She describes to her motheran unpleasant meeting with the family patri­arch at her uncle's house in Elgin. After sheexplained her intention to take a certain trainback to Hyde Park, the grandfather and unclebegan a lengthy discussion of the attributes ofa different train, and informed Madeline"that I didn't know anything about the plain,everyday affairs oflife, anyway. Grandpa saidit couldn't be wondered at ... for of course theydidn't teach such things at the 'Varsity' [as hecalls the U ni versity ] .."I never go anywhere near them but theymanage to turn the seamy side of my igno­rance out," she continues, "and .. .in someway or other the deficiencies in my charactermost distressing to them are dragged forth andturned this way or that, and either commentedon with unsparing exactness, or left to sufferthe scarcely less severe censure of a loud si­lence." However, Madeline says of her grand­father, "I don't think he disapproves of memore than he would of anyone who was per­Verse enough to go to a 'Varsity. ' "Yet Madeline herself was capable of wither­ing evaluations of those who she believedWere taking the value of their education too se­riously. She describes a Professor Nulter asa "somewhat blase and cynical youngUlan ... rather easily bored, and seems todwell on an inaccessible height of intellectualsuperiority .... He extracts results from peo­ple by a kind of mental compulsion; he carvesOut knowledge, exact and clear-cut, in glit­tering, polished blocks ... .It is," she says,"the difference between a nature ruled by loveand one ruled by intellect."This dichotomy between love and intellect,so firmly entrenched in her mind, may help ex­plain why Madeline abandoned a promisingacademic career after graduating from theUniversity with honors in 1893. Although sheaccepted a post as professor of history at SmithCollege, she carried on her long-distancecourtship with George Sikes, as he climbed the career ladder as a journalist in Chicago.Madeline agonized over their separation,and over her own lack of satisfaction at Smith,despite a promotion to acting chair of the De­partment of Education. A friend tells her"that she didn't think I would ever be married-that it wasn't necessary I should be. Shethought I was sufficient unto myself, that I wasfitted for another life, and that I didn't needmarriage. Maybe so; but yet. ... "In a despondent letter to George, written in1895, Madeline confesses, "I do wish, myDear, that someone would show me how touse whatever small power I have, to the verybest advantage, so that I might feel that I wasserving God in the wisest way, and to the ut­most of my ability. Do you suppose anyonewill ever show me?"GEORGE EMERGES more andmore as Madeline's "savior,"delivering her from her owndespondent state of mind:"The only thing is, there wouldnot be complete satisfaction in our union. Per­haps it is vain to expect that. But of course it isthe ideal and the dream when people arethinking of the infinitely solemn relation ofmarried life. When I see you again we will talkvery seriously, and perhaps it will comestraight. You are good, My Dear, and youhave done me good, put something into mylife that I hope will never leave it. God Blessyou. Madeline."By 1896, Madeline had accepted George'slatest offer, agreeing to give up her career tojoin him in Chicago as man and wife. In a letterof congratulations, her former mentor, HarryPratt Judson, writes to her: "I am heartilypleased at the news you send me. In fact, I amold-fashioned enough to think that no avoca­tion for a good woman is higher than being agood wife to a good man-and it is my notionthat only abnormal women think otherwise­in her heart of hearts no woman thinks other­wise. For you see the higher education in myopinion is by no means merely a device for fitting girls to teach or to write. It is intendedto make a woman more of a woman .... "Only sketchy facts can be assembled aboutthe rest of Madeline Wallin's life: her husbanddied in 1928; Madeline lived until 1955, bothin Chicago and in Texas; and was active in sev­eral charitable organizations. Concluding the3 file are a handful of letters, written to her son�� and daughter in the 1940s, up to 1950.� Iri the last of these, dated Aug. 18, 1950, shee writes to her son from a hospital, where she is'Ci being treated for a broken leg. "I had my firsta 'walk' this morning, in a devil's invention:>� called the walker. .. the whole thing being de-signed to cushion my first feeble attempts touse nearly atrophied muscles and preparethem for the 'next step' .... sweat drippedfrom every pore, rained down my face anddrenched my nightgown and robe. But as Itold Dr. Day-Tm of English stock-andthere will always be an England.'"She then recounts her reactions to severalbooks and periodicals sent by her son: shesays she "floundered through the statistics of'Who Are the American Poor?' -coming tothe conclusion very soon that I am certainlyone of them;" she speculates on the possiblegood that may one day come from the "evil"of atomic weapons; and knocks those "so­called modern 'emancipated' writers in bend­ing much too far each word in an attempt to getrid of the bogey of mid-Victorian hideboundconventionality which was bound to disap­pear anyway." Of a piece by Shaw, she con­demns his attempts to describe, "with inex­cusable irreverence (I think) all the crudetypes of anthropomorphic gods which peoplehave imagined in their search for the Some­thing outside themselves which we allneed .... "In the elderly Madeline Wallin, those inter­nal battles of her youth-religion vs. rationalthought, love against intellect -seem to havelived on, as did the sparkle of vitality so evi­dent in her earlier letters-teasing Georgeabout his ill-spent Sundays, challengingfriends with her heretical views, describingfor her father the joys of being part of "thisgreat and glorious" enterprise oflearning.Perhaps the most vibrant message these let­ters carry into the University's hundredth yearis that learning is never embodied in an insti­tution so much as in a state of mind. As shewrote in 1892: "The air of this place is vitalwith progress. New thoughts, new experi­ences, old thoughts and experiences in a newform, throng upon the mind and press for an­swers. We cannot answer them, no; but theystimulate to activity; they keep our mindstense and keen for answering what they can;they breathe into us the breath of life and ofprogress. Verily, it is good to be here."UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 33nvestigationsABardLookal Bard TimesTo learn more about inner-citypoverty, the Chicago Projectwent straight to the source:asking the poor themselvesabout their lives.THE ONE IDEA OF WILLIAM JULIUSWilson's upon which nearly everyonewho studies poverty can agree is thatinner-city blacks, as a group, are increasinglycut off from mainstream America and fromtheir share of the American dream: a home, ajob, a stable and rewarding family life.Turn to the question of why, and the debatebegins. In his 1987 book, The Truly Disad­vantaged, Wilson-the Lucy Flower Univer­sity Professor in sociology and public policy-traced the worsening plight of inner-cityblacks to 1970s economic shifts which putmany blacks out of work and caused a flight ofworking- and middle-class blacks to the sub­urbs, while those left behind were geographi­cally isolated from the new labor markets ofthe 1980s. This isolation, in turn, had a pro­found effect on family structure and attitudesabout work and home life.Although Wilson changed some minds, moretraditional attitudes persisted. From the left,blame for inner-city poverty was placedsquarely on the racist attitudes of white middle­class society, leading to systematic segregationof blacks and other minority groups. The right,in turn, blamed federal-aid dependency and theperpetuation of a welfare state.To resolve this impasse, Wilson did, he said,what any good scientist would do: went backand looked at the data. What he found missingfrom the census-track analysis used in mostlarge-scale poverty studies were the thoughtsand experiences of people who had actuallyexperienced poverty first-hand. What wasmissing was the voice of the poor.34 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991The project sought a broader vision of processes affecting poor persons' chances in life.It was an omission Wilson set out to correct.In 1986, he launched the Chicago Urban Pov­erty and Family Life. Project (informallyknown as the Chicago Project), with $2.7 mil­lion in foundation support, and with the helpof the National Opinion Research Center(NORC), University graduate students, andseveral of Wilson's colleagues, both at Chica­go and other universities.Five years later, Wilson invited sociolo­gists, bureaucrats, journalists, and philan­thropic representatives from around the coun­try for a conference Oct. 10-12 in Ida NoyesHall, to hear and discuss 15 papers(three ofwhich are summarized below). Each of thosepapers endeavored to bring out specific pointsthat could be learned from the Chicago Pro- ject's massive array of data. (The confer­ence, sponsored jointly by the Social ScienceResearch Council Committee for Researchon the· Urban U nderclass and the Irving B.Harris Graduate School of Public Policy, waSone of a series of academic conferencesscheduled in connection with the University'scentennial year.)The Chicago Project included lengthy, face­to-face interviews conducted by NORC with2,490 persons (1,186 black, 368 white, 484Mexican, and 453 Puerto Ricanj=mostlrparents, aged 18 to 45, and nearly all living inneighborhoods where at least 20 percent ofthe residents had incomes below the 1980 fed­eral poverty line. More in-depth, open-endedinterviews were conducted with a smallergroup of 161 respondents covering the samerace, ethnic, and gender variation as the gen­eral survey. Reponses from this "mini­survey" provided richly textured informationthat aided researchers in interpreting the larg­er survey's more empirical data. The project'sfield-workers also interviewed 187 local em­ployers of inner-city labor.Perhaps recollecting Daniel Patrick Moyni­han's controversial 1965 report on the blackfamily-which was attacked by many civil­rights leaders for "blaming the victim"­Wilson admitted that "there is an element ofrisk" in a project that deals "openly and can­didly" with issues like welfare, parenthoodwithout marriage, or the relative success ofpoor Mexicans, compared to inner-cityblacks, in obtaining employment.Wilson said he was willing to take that riskfor the sake of establishing a foundation ofstudy of urban poverty "that attempts to ex­plain experiences of inner-city poor people"through a combination of variables that havepreviously been discussed only in isolation:race, social structure, and culture. "I believecurrent theories on urban poverty ought to bereexamined," said Wilson, just prior to theconference's opening. "We need a broader vi­sion of the processes that affect a poor per­son's chances in life. " ,If, in the end, the conference participantsdid not leave with the impression that such a"broader vision" had been achieved, at leastthey were certain that some major cans ofWorms had been opened, and that any futurediscussions on poverty will have to reckonwith the results of the Chicago Project. As forWilson: he is crafting an analysis of the pro­ject's findings in book form=-if the attentiongiven his last work is any indication, the voic­es of poverty heard at the conference willreach a very wide audience.A Fair Comparison?MARTHA VAN HAITSMA, A DOCTORALstudent in sociology at the Univer­sity, has heard the comment manytimes."When I was interviewing Mexican immi­grants they always wanted to know why it wasthat blacks were on welfare when they couldsee that there were jobs everywhere. After all,blacks spoke English and they didn't speak�at was the problem? .. What'swrong with blacks?"Such comments could be dismissed as ill­informed, or even biased, were it not for onestartling fact uncovered in the Chicago sur­vey: that Chicago's inner-city blacks aremuch less often employed than the city's Mex­ican immigrant population, despite the factthat the Mexican Americans surveyed had far Almost half of the black mothers surveyedpresided over single-parent homes.less education, with a low percentage able toread and write English. The employment rateis 94.1 percent among Mexican immigrantmales, compared to 67.5 percent of blackmen; 39.8 percent of black women are em­ployed, compared to 47.6 percent of the fe­male Mexican immigrants surveyed.Van Haitsma and others presenting papers atthe conference had to reckon with this impor­tant finding, and the questions it raised: Wasthere, in fact, something "wrong" with inner­city blacks-that is, something about their at­titudes, beliefs, or cultures that would causethis high level of unemployment? Or wasthere, instead, something wrong with the situ­ation these blacks find themselves in?Van Haitsma conceded that attitudes couldbe a factor. The Mexicans surveyed, she said,are immigrants who, like all immigrantgroups, "have come to the city to improvetheir lives-or else, presumably, theywouldn't come. And if things didn't work out,presumably, they would leave. Whereasblacks who live in poverty areas are there,presumably, because they can't leave, or themost successful have moved out."But to Van Haitsma, the true bulk of evi­dence derived from the Chicago Project sug­gests that extreme differences in employmentbetween the blacks and Mexican respondents are more the result of "situational factors"that place blacks at a disadvantage.She outlined some of those "situational"differences in black and Mexican households,starting with the fact that "of those blackwomen living with their children, 44 percenthave no other adults in the household," com­pared to only 6.2 percent of Mexican immi­grant women.That fact is crucial, Van Haitsma believes,because of the many advantages afforded tohomes with more than one adult present: Theyare, she said, more able to divide childcare andhousekeeping duties so that at least one adultcan seek outside employment; they have morejob information networks; and partners in a'home can compensate for each other duringperiods of sporadic employment."Without supplementary income fromsome source, a single mother is likely to find itimpossible to meet rent, food, and clothingexpenses-let alone childcare-with aminimum-wage job," says Van Haitsma.Combining minimum-wage employmentwith government assistance was also mucheasier in the multi-adult household."Daytime hours of travel and standing inline are usually required for eating at soupkitchens, obtaining government surplus food,WIC, or food from area pantries" -incomesupplements which any single parent wouldfind difficult to juggle with employment.Having a car and phone (which those workingrespondents called vital to their employabili­ty) are also more likely to be affordable inhouseholds with more than one earner,according to the survey results.At another level of the social environment­neighborhoods-blacks are also disadvan­taged, being" far more likely to live in areas ofvery high poverty concentration than are im­migrant Mexicans, and similarly more likelyto live in public housing": a fact that poverty­tract residents and employers agree hurtschances of being hired, because ghetto ad­dresses are used as a signal of undesirableworker characteristics.Also hurting blacks' chances for employ­ment, Van Haitsma says, is their isolationfrom "job networks" relative to Mexicans.For example, they are less likely than Mexi­cans to have at least one close friend who isemployed. Of those employed, 42.7 percentof black males, compared to 64.2 percent ofMexican males, got their current job througha friend. Mexicans also carpool more thanblacks, both facts indicating "that Mexicanworkers often work with friends."The Mexicans surveyed "didn't seem tohave a lot of trouble getting jobs becausethey're extremely well-tied to job networks,"Van Haitsma says. "They come in as a laborgroup. They come up here because they knowpeople who are employed and can put them upUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 35and bring them to work and get them jobs."Still, Van Haitsma emphasizes, "Mexicanimmigrants are not what I would call an ad­vantaged group of people. They're by andlarge very poor and they're working very hardunder difficult circumstances. But their prob­lems are different from the problems of inner­city blacks. "A Question of HonorSOCIAL SCIENCES PROFESSOR RICHARDTaub asked conference participants tothink about a model. That model beginswith "an overarching, dominant culture," en­capsulating a certain set of "beliefs about cor­rect patterns of behavior."Other groups come into the system withtheir own sets of beliefs and values .... To theextent that their values are congruent withthose of the larger society, they are likely tosucceed." But if their values don't fit, saysTaub, "it will be more difficult for them."Taub uses this model to explain why someracial or ethnic groups have an easier timethan others in gaining access-especially em­ployment access-into mainstream Ameri­can society. For his investigation, he used ex­tensive interviews by the Chicago Project'sfield-workers with poor blacks and Mexican­American immigrants-two groups Taub wasinterested in as representing "polar perspec­tives" in the way they fit into the model he hadproposed.In his comparison of the two groups, Taubfocused on both work and marriage attitudesof respondents. "One question is why dosome people fail to marry even when theyconceive a child. Another is about orienta­tions to work and jobs, and the impact of com­mitments to family on them."Among Mexican-American immigrants,Taub says, "marriage and family ties loomlarge." This does not mean that there are nodivorces or adultery- "It means that in talkand behavior, family ties of all sorts are im­portant, a subject of frequent and intense dis­course .... In this setting, a pregnant, unmar­ried woman is a source of opprobrium,anguish, or great concern." Also, Taub says,"the immigrant men define their responsibi­lity as providing adequate funds for theirfamilies."Among the African-Americans surveyed,"the husband-wife centered family does notcome up spontaneously in many of these inter­views." Indeed, marriage bonds can seem "on­erous and even threatening." Some of the mentalked about "the balance of power in relation­ships .... A commitment to marriage some­times means that suddenly women get bossy.If they [the women] get better jobs, they getsnobbish and insulting." For their part,36 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991Among poor black men, Taub noted a heightened sensitivity to issues of exploitation.black women saw black men, especially thosewithout stable employment, as potentially" ex­ploitative and untrustworthy.""Another way to think about this is that peo­ple do not want to get married until they aresure it is going to work out." Given the eco­nomic uncertainties of poor blacks, that, saysTaub, "is a tough order .... First, people oftensay they do not get married because they can­not afford it. Second, the relative incomes ofspouses do have clearly felt or perceived con­sequences for the sensitive balance of powerin relationships. Third, for those who havejobs there is fear of exploitation."This "fear of exploitation" carries over intothe work arena, Taub says, again using the re­sponses of Mexican-Americans as a point ofcontrast. Taub quotes one immigrant whotalked about how he was hired as a restaurantbusboy but soon became a "jack of all trades."When asked if he knew how to do a certain skill, his answer was always "yes" -he learned by watching others. Yet in a somewhat sim�ilar situation, a black man working as a waiterdescribed his resentment at being asked to dowork like busing or stocking. "lfI'm going tobe doing the job for four people, I think 1should be getting paid for four people.""In these interviews there is the overwheltt"ing sense that black men are discriminatedagainst and that they are natural targets for eX�ploitation-that is, overwork and underpay,"says Taub. "The Mexican-American mellalso report that they feel exploited, but some­how that comes with the territory. For tbeAfrican-American men, there is a heightenedsensitivity to issues of exploitation."These attitudes among poor inner-city blac�men, says Taub, derive from a history of dis�crimination and exploitation and may bebound up in conceptions of honor originall�learned from whites in the South allheightened because other paths to respecthave been unavailable.In making the connection between South­ern-white and urban-black honor, Taub notessimilar "preoccupations with valor, mascu­linity, respect, violence, appearance, andcommunity identification and accept­ance .... In this world of honor, offenses andslights are noticed and must be appropriatelyresponded to .... "Placed in a job with a boss who has not beenbrought up in a similar code, blacks can feelthey are being treated in a degrading or insult­ing manner, and simply walk off the job, saysTaub; and, indeed, that was "continually thereported work experience ofthese black men.They are being, in their minds, publiclyhumiliated. "Taub points out that "it is a fear based on acertain amount of reality. This is a societywhich has not solved the problems of preju­dice and discrimination" which deprive thesemen of" a chance of honor in the occupationalworld of achievement and of positions of pow­er in the nuclear family."Beyond simply pointing out the need forAmerican society to address persisting preju­dices against blacks, Taub believes that his pa­per suggested implementations of public poli­cy that would make use of black males'?onception of honor in a positive way byIdentifying work opportunities consistent�ith that concept, and by training and recruit -Ing young men for those positions. Jobs such�s over-the-road trucking, or "quasi­Independent trades," such as electrician orcarpenter, (although such trades continue to�xclUde minorities) hold potential, as do otherJobs that are structured to be "independentand free of close supervision."Responding to the paper, Elijah Anderson of�e University of Pennsylvania agreed withaub that the issue of honor "is very importantto African-American men, and poor young�en in particular .... What I think [ the paper]�esn't address is the fact that black men int .is society operate with a pervasivestigma.""I think that darker-complexioned blacksare somehow less trusted by a lot of people�ho see them on the streets," said Anderson,�ause when these blacks are compared by� .lte society to lighter-skinned Hispanics orSians "there are whites who are willing toseead·fI ference, and to interpret a difference"�lely on the basis of skin color, "and thisakes all the difference in their lives."q Ta�b said he hadn't dismissed this factor,A_uotIn? from his paper that the African­h �encan's conception of honor "isw�ghtened by the sense of being black, andtOI:� that means in American society." Whenid y another conference participant that hisea of a Southern-based honor would be en- hanced by actually comparing black workersin the South to those in the North, Taub re­sponded, "I have a study going now in Arkan- 'sas in which I'm going to do exactly that."When the CollarWon't FitINNER-CITY WORKERS FROM BLUE­collar backgrounds may have a hard timeadjusting to white-collar employment,even if they are lucky enough to get such jobs,according to Kathryn Neckerman, AM'88, agraduate student in sociology.Her paper, "What Getting Ahead Means toEmployers and Disadvantaged Workers,"was inspired by data which suggests that, asmanufacturing firms have left the central cit­ies over the past 30 years, blue-collar workersin the inner city have had to 190k for otherkinds of employment, particularly in thewhite-collar sectors. As Neckerman pointsout, most inner-city workers seeking white­collar jobs grew up around and were influ­enced by parents, friends, and neighbors whoheld blue-collar jobs such as machine opera­tors, construction workers, or housekeepers."They gained their first understandings ofrights, appropriate behavior, and means of ad­vancement at work primarily from these rela- tives, peers, and neighbors." The implica­tion, she says, is that workers who move fromblue-collar or service jobs to white-collarcontexts may face an unfamiliar set of expec­tations, incentives, and opportunities oncethey are on the job. Neckerman used inter­views of Chicago employers to illustrate thesecontrasts between blue-collar, service, andwhite-collar jobs.Blue-collar labor is often unionized, withrules governing what specific duties are partof each job. Training typically occurs infor­mally and on-the-job. Except for a unioncard, formal credentials are not obviously re­warded. Hands-on experience is preferredover schooling. Although blue-collar jobshave low rates of promotion-usually basedon seniority rather than skills- "severalrespondents observed that workers may notwant to trade the security and high pay ofunion membership for the status of a higher­level or salaried position," says Neckerman.Service positions are often what workerstake while they're waiting for better blue­collar jobs. Prerequisites are minimal. Ex­cept for sales, training is usually informal-asbasic in some jobs as learning "where themops are." Most service employees have lim­ited chances to improve their payor occupa­tional status-as a result, turnover rates of 50to 100 percent are common. Promotion ismore common than in blue-collar positions,Children from blue-collar homes may find it hard adjusting to white-collar expectations.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 37Among Mexican-American immigrants, "marriage and family ties loom large."but is typically limited to supervisor.White-collar jobs involve more non­routinized tasks, and proficiency is equatedwith an ability to work under less supervision."Not only does white-collar work requiremore training than blue-collar or servicework at the outset," says Neckerman, "butemployees are encouraged, in a few casesrequired, to continue training for possiblepromotion. "Perhaps the biggest contrast to blue-collarjobs is this matter of promotion. "Entry-levelwhite-collar workers are more likely to bepromoted than their blue-collar or servicecounterparts; in fact, in some settings it is ex­pected that employees will progress from lev­el to the next at regular intervals." White­collar employers promote less on senioritythan on whether the employee seems "smart,energetic, and has solid language skills."Neckerman compared employers' re­sponses to data from the Chicago Project in­terviews with inner-city residents-almost all38 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991of whom , Neckerman noted, had parents whodid blue-collar or service work (some of theMexican immigrants also had farmingbackgrounds) .The respondents generally described a strat­egy of "getting ahead"thatinvolved taking "alow-wage job until a good job comes along."Getting a good job was seen as "a matter ofpersonal connections, luck, and patience."Education was also acknowledged as moreimportant now than before, but education inthe sense of "taking up a trade." The path tosuccess was thus finishing high school, andafterwards a trade. "College isn't important, "the respondents generally felt.A common perception among the respon­dents was that white-collar jobs were "easyjobs," because they did not require hard la­bor. Although many of the respondentsshared with white-collar employers the con­cept of self-improvement and working one'sway up as important attitudes in gettingahead, the two groups saw very differently the means towards that end. Blue-collar workerstalked about acquiring "skills'; -technicalknowledge of a piece of machinery, like acomputer or typewriter. They "said littleabout language skills, which preoccupywhite-collar employers. ""The emphasis on technical know-how rath­er than language skills may also reflect a sub­tle rejection of skills that are subject to adjudi­cation by those of a dominant class andperhaps race," Neckerman speculates. Dis­advantaged respondents often identified man­ner of speech as one distinction between theupper, or "uppity, " class and the lower class­es, and further, rejected the validity of thesedistinctions=-all of which "might lead em­ployees to reject or at least resent conformityto middle-class ways of speaking andwriting."Responding to Neckerman, Ronald Mincyof the Urban Institute told conference partici­pants that he thought the idea that inner-cityblacks "have to learn how to speak correctEnglish is, from a policy standpoint, an inap­propriate way to phrase the dialogue. ""It's not that young blacks have to learn how-to speak correct English," Mincy said, "butthat they have to learn how to code-switch" tothe language of white, middle-class society."You don't have to tell inner-city black youththat their language is bad-you have to tellthem that it's not the same language. That is amore powerful message to motivate thoseyoung people to acquire communicationskills. "Neckerman defended the inclusion of herpoint about communications skills in her pa­per, arguing that it greatly concerned poten­tial white-collar. employers. That concern,she said, is "just not recognized" by a lot ofinner-city residents, and therefore isn't con­veyed to their children, so that by the time thechild grows into adulthood and tries to seekwhite-collar employment, it may be too late."On the other hand," she said, "I'm veryambivalent about a public policy prescriptionthat says, in order to get a good job, you haveto learn to talk like a white person .... I hopethat what is termed correct English can be ne­gotiated among all the groups living in oursociety."Neckerman added that she hoped to focuSmore specifically in future work on how dif­ferences in race, ethnic background, and gen­der may also benefit or work against inner:city residents in their attempts to succeed inwhite-collar employment. Indeed, like mostof the researchers presenting papers at theChicago Urban and Family Life Conference,she called her work "preliminary ... but itpoints to some interesting directions for fu­ture study."Compiled by Tim Obermillerlumni ChronicleA Stylish LaunchThe centennial season was started in stylewith the first of the Alumni Association's GalaCentennial Dinner Dances on November 12in New York City.Over 300 guests attended the black-tie din­ner, held at the Rainbow Suites in Manhattan'sRockefeller Center. And, according to Alum­ni Association associate director DannyFrohman, response to the event was over­whelming. "It was a standing-room-onlyevent. We had to turn people away, " Frohmansays.A swing band played tunes from the 1940sand '50s as guests in sequins and tuxedosdanced through dinner. The night was clearand the windows of the dining room framedthe Manhattan sky line, providing an excep­tional view.A cocktail reception started the evening at6:30 pm, dinner was. served at 7:30, and theevening's program followed the dinner, withAlumni Association President John Lyon,AB'55, greeting the diners. Other speakersincluded James Evans, JD'48, life trustee ofthe University arid honorary chair of the din­ner's planning committee; David Rockefeller,PhD'40; James Watson, PhB'46, SB'47; andPresident Hanna Gray. "The University of Chicago: At the Fore­front, " a short documentary film produced bytelevision journalist Bill Kurtis, was alsoshown. And a student a capella quartet enter­tained with old fight songs and a rendition ofthe Alma Mater.With the first dinner a success, Frohmanpredicts the next ones will live up to its stand­ard. Over 300 guests were expected for theWashington, D.C. dinner on November 23 atthe Ritz-Carlton. Scheduled to 'speak at theD. C. dinner were Lyon; Charles H. Percy,AB' 41, and Sharon Percy Rockefeller, honor­ary co-chairs of the dinner committee; veter­an NBC-TV news anchor John Chancellor;Edward Rosenheim, the David B. and ClaraE. Stern professor emeritus in English lan­guage and literature; and Hanna Gray.Other dinners are scheduled for February21, at the San Francisco Sheraton Palace Ho­tel; February 22, at the Beverly Hills Hotel;and October 3, in Chicago.Hail to the ChiefAlumni of the Hutchins College are invited totake a special part in a meeting of the minds.As part of the University's centennial celebra­tion, the College has organized a nationalsymposium to be held February 9 through 12.In the black tie and white nametag that was de rigueur for the evening, Jim Evans, JD' 48; MaryEvans; and David Rockefeller, PhD'40, converse at New York's Gala Centennial Dinner. "The Centennial Symposium: The Fate ofLiberal Education" will confront the issuesfacing liberal arts colleges today. During thesymposium, special workshops led by currentfaculty members who graduated from theHutchins College will discuss the College'sinfluence on those issues. For example, onMonday, February 10, the conference plenarysession will address "The Question of Can­ons." An afternoon workshop led by Hutchinsgraduates, "The Hutchins College: The Hu­manities and the Canons in Scholarship andTeaching," will discuss the role of the canonin the Hutchins College.The conference and all Hutchins work­shops, open to anyone, are free. A special din­ner ($35 per person) is planned for HutchinsCollege alumni, faculty, and friends on Mon­day, February 10. The featured speaker willbe F. Champion Ward, dean of the Collegefrom 1947 to 1953. Ward will be joined by oth­er Hutchins faculty. Deadline for registrationis January 24, 1992. For more informationcontact the U of C Alumni Association, 5757Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.Or call 3121702-2150.Centennial Syllohus UpdateWith the first stage ofthe Centennial Syllabus-dissemination-accomplished in the Octo­ber issue of the Magazine, the second stage­reading and discussion-is set to begin. Al­ready three of the faculty who helped compilethe syllabus-a list of 35 great books selectedby Dean of the College Ralph Nicholas andother core curriculum faculty (see October/91, page 14)-have agreed to lead discussiongroups during the Centennial Reunion. Her­man Sinaiko, professor of humanities, willlead a discussion on Plato's The Apology. Ni­cholas will lead a discussion on Freud's TheInterpretation of Dreams. And David Be­vington, the Phyllis Fay Horton professor inthe humanities and a professor of English lan­guage and literature, will lead a talk onpoetry.Alumni are also responding to the call to or­ganize discussion groups in their own areas.The Alumni Association has received lettersfrom individuals in Ohio, Maryland, and Illi­nois. Contact names will be printed in theMagazine's February issue.In the meantime, the Seminary Co-opBookstore, the official bookstore for thesyllabus, notes that a number of readershave already headed over to cash in on theirspecial alumni discounts. Co-op Bookstoremanager Jack Cella reports that "a goodnumber of people have come in and severalpeople have asked to mail or fax price listsand place orders. Several people have boughtthe entire price list, which is quite aninvestment. "UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 39lass News"No news is good news" is one cliche to which wedo not subscribe at the Magazine. Please send someof your news to the Class News Editor, University ofChicago Magazine, 5757 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago,IL 60637. No engagements, please. Items may beedited for space.19 Charles C. Greene, PhB' 19, JD '21, will be95 in June 1992 and lives in Hyde. Park.24 Berenice Davis Fligman, AM'24, is enjoy­ing retirement after 50 years in the interiordesign field. Marion Stone Kerwick, PhB'24, isstarting a literature discussion group after teaching for19 years at the University of Illinois at Chicago.25 Helen Ullman Bibas, PhB'25, writes thatshe is still proud of being a U of C alumna,and has many fond memories of her time on campus.Felix Caruso, SB'25, notes that he has "had 66 yearsof good health due mainly to some habits of living agood life learned while at the University." ErnestHocking Runyon, SB'25, PhD'34, notesthatatthe Uof C "students learned to learn throughout life." JackH. Sloan, SB'25, SM'26, MD'31, is retired and vol­unteers for many causes.26 Pauline Shadko Elliott, PhB'26, is current­ly volunteering in a Tampa, FL, elementaryschool and a Tampa Community Hospital. VidaBroadbent Wentz, PhB'26, SM'27, MD'35, retiredfrom practice in June. She will be taking a trip aroundthe world-this time by air after two trips by water andland. Louis Winer, PhB '26, is an honorary presidentof both the Solomon Schechter Day Schools in Chica­go and the Foundation for Conservative Judaism in Is­rael. He is also a member of the board of the AmericanJewish Theological Seminary in NY.27 Louise Steger Garrett, PhB'27, writes thatshe would" love to hear from any of my class­mates who still remember me!"28 Beatrice Feingold Levy, PhB'28, is nowliving at the North Shore retirement home inEvanston, has made many friends, and is taking ad­vantage of all the activities the home offers. MildredBryan Marion, PhB'28, is 87 and still working-sheis the national executive secretary for the Delta MuDelta Honor Society. William Nash, X'28, is a re­tired lawyer. Loh Seng Tsai, PhD'28, has publishedan article in Psychological Reports, in honor of theUniversity's Centennial, dedicated to the memory ofprofessors Carr, Herrick, and Lashley.29 John M. Jackson, SB'29, PhD'32, attend­ed the International Food Science and Tech­nology conference in Toronto and planned to visitFranklin Newhall, SB'39, X'43, in Maryland.30 Rosamond Martin McClain, PhB'30, tu­tors in her local literacy program, serves inthe Austin, TX, visitor center, and belongs to the localStork Club. John T. Sites, AM'30, of Kansas City,MO, is a retired professor of chemistry.31 Julian Jackson, PhB'31, publicist and for­mer president of the Alumni Association,and his wife celebrated their 50th wedding anniversa-40 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991ry. Guests came from as far away as Amman, Jordan.DaleA. Letts, PhB'31, JD'35, and his wife celebrat­ed their 45th wedding anniversary in August.32 Friedericka Maurer Mayers, PhB'32,AM' 55, PhD' 65, worked as a psychiatric so­cial worker at the Illinois Department of Health untilher retirement in 1971.33 Harold T.V. Johnson, PhB'33, is still mar­ried, after 56 years, to his high school sweet­heart; they have three children and six grandchildren.He enjoys playing golf, and can play year-round, sincethey winter in Naples, FL.34 Charles Darwin Andersen, PhB'34,AM'35, received an Outstanding VolunteersAward from the Montgomery County (MD) Commu­nity Service Partnership, Inc. and the Volunteer Cen­ter. He is the chair of the library board, the leader of aGreat Books group, and a lecturer on opera and na­tional parks. Jane B. Brady, PhB'34, SM'36, hasmoved to Silver Spring, MD, and is happy to be closerto her family there. Allan E. Sachs, SB'34, MD'37,has just retired from surgery. Wendell A. Smith,AB'34, retired from running his own insurance agen­cy in 1969. He spends six months a year in Sarasota,FL, and six months in Grand Rapids, MI.35 Agnes Murphy Harriss, AM'35, see 1938,C. Lowell Harriss. Harold Saffir, SB'35,celebrated his 51 st wedding anniversary in June.36 Virginia Atherton Watson, PhB'36, is do­ing volunteer church work, having served athree-year term as Second Reader in the Tenth Churchof Christ, Scientist, in Chicago. WilliamH. Weaver,AB'36, writes that he greatly enjoyed working on the55th reunion committee.37 RalphO.Baird, SB'37, writesthatheis."84years old and still going upright." John M.Beal, SB'37, MD'41, writes that he visited AudreySmith Thomas, AB'39, and her husband in EstesPark, CO. They are both active in the community, andhave elk and deer grazing in their yard. Woodrow W.Eddins, MD'37, is semi-retired from family practiceand a member of his local hospital board. He is cur­rently interested in issues concerning timber land, oilleases, and farm land. J. DeWitt Worcester, PhB'37,MBA'40, just spent three weeks in Switzerland andwill go to Honolulu in the spring of 1992.38 c. Lowell Harriss, X'38, professor emeri­tus of economics at Columbia University, re­cently participated in the Conference of the Interna­tional Union for Land Taxation and Free Trade. Theconference was held in London where he and his wife,Agnes Murphy Harriss, AM'35, also enjoyed beingtourists. Murray Senkus, PhD'38, works at WombleCarlyle as a consultant. He is still active in the Ameri­can Chemical Society and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He adds that hewould like to hear from 1938 Ph.D. grads in chemistry.Hurst Shoemaker, PhD'38, is "still hanging in thereat age 84." He is doing oil painting and teaches a classin ballroom dancing.39 Martin Bronfenbrenner, PhD'39, afterseveral years in the Far East, is professoremeritus at Duke University, teaching part time in ec­onomics and at the Asian-Pacific Studies Institute.William K. Kuhlman, MD'39, has practiced oph­thalmology for 44 years in Colorado Springs and stillworks two days a week-helping his younger col­leagues at surgery. Franklin Newhall, SB'39, X'43,see 1929, John M. Jackson. Audrey Smith Thomas,AB'39, see 1937, John M. Beal.40 Norma Yerger Queen, AM'40, has been in­. volved in volunteer work and communityservice in Canton, OH, since 1959. She has been hon­ored with emeritus standing as a Canton Art Institutetrustee. C. Richey Sims, AB'40, recently took anElderhostel trip to Mexico City, Irapuatra, Patzcuaro,and Morelia. He says, "three weeks and every day fas­cinating-[I] recommend it highly."41 Sheldon Dray, SB' 41, is now a professoremeritus at the University of Illinois Collegeof Medicine where he continues research on cancertherapy, funded by the National Cancer Institute.42 Naomi Smith Devoe, AB'42, is working onthe 50th reunion committee, as well as vari­ous centennial activities for the Chicago SymphonyOrchestra. Jane Sekema Rishel, AB'42, retired in1984 and now works for a private foundation whichmakes grants to charitable organizations. She and herhusband traveled most recently to Alaska. ShirleyBuro Robeson, AB'42, AM'43, is teaching Latin atLane Tech High School in Chicago. This past year,one of her students wrote the top paper in the IllinoisLatin Tournament, and two of her students receivedperfect scores in the National Latin Test. Joanne Ku­per Zimmerman, AB'42, has had 54 storiespublished, one of which won the 1991 Illinois ArtsCouncil Award and the Daniel Curley Award.43 Marjorie Bivins Hopper, AB'43, AM'62,is waiting to hear from a publisher about hermanuscript -a nonfiction book on life as the wife of asuccessful artist. David R. Krathwohl, SB'43,AM' 47, PhD' 53, has retired as the Hannah Hammondprofessor of education at Syracuse University. Ruth I.Mitchell, SB'43, MD'50, is retired. Harold H. Mo­sak, AB'43, PhD'50, was just appointed distin­guished service professor of clinical psychology at theAlfred Adler Institute of Chicago.44 Henry L. Wildberger, PhB'44, SB'49,MD'51, practices medicine at Northwest­ern, where he is an assistant professor of clinical medi­cine. Chamber music is still one of his interests.45 Jeanne Grant, PhB'45, has just returnedfrom leading a Catholic pilgrimage tour ofPortugal, France, and Spain. Dorothy Granquist pe­tersen, SB'45, MBA'47, offers this memory: "MYgrandparents [including William Radebaugb,PhB' 19] went to Vespers in Kent (yes, Kent, not Cobb)when they were newlyweds in 1896 taking doctoralwork under Harper and Dewey!" Idabel BowleSWaddy, AM'45, is volunteering as a Protestant LayVisitor to patients at the hospital of the FitzsimmonsArmy Medical Center in Colorado.46 Dorothy Duft Johnson, AB'46, AM'56,and her husband spend part of each year inHillsboro Beach, FL. They continue to enjoy musiC.Evan Hugh Kelley, AM' 46, has retired after 40 yearsin university and public school administration. He re­sides in Berwyn, IL. Virginia M. Ohlson, SB'�6iAM'55, PhD'69, recently received an Impefl�Award, conferred by the Emperor of Japan, in recognl-tion of her contributions to nursing education andpractice following World War II. Mabel K.L.Staudinger, PhB'24, AM'25, PhD'46, is "active andhappy" in a retirement community in Evanston.47 Beatrice Cummings Mayer, X'47, re­ceived a Distinguished Alumnus Awardfrom the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.48 George Anastaplo, AB'48, JD'51,PhD'64, was given a bronze plaque from hisLaw School classmates at their 40th reunion this year.Stanley M. Heggen, MBA'48, writes that he waspleased to see William R. Brandt, JD'50, giving aboost to the Bloomington, IN, public schools in a bro­chure put out by the school district. Edward L.Henry, AM' 48, MBA' 48, PhD' 55, is doing freelancewriting and educational consulting in Cold Spring,MN, after serving as president at four colleges. TheRev. John Stone Jenkins, AM'48, received an honor­ary Doctor of Divinity degree from Sewanee Univer­sity. Robert H. Snyder, PhD'48, spent most of hisprofessional life in the tire and rubber industry devel­oping better synthetic rubber and more indestructibletires. Recently, he has begun a second career in scraptire disposal-how to use scrap tires effectively andconstructively. RobertN. Stewart, X'48, is mayor ofColumbus, IN-the first mayor in Columbus to rununopposed and to serve three terms.49 James J. Monge, AB' 49, is a surgeonwith the. Duluth Clinic, a multi specialityclinic with 175 physicians, and is married with fourchildren.50 William R. Brandt, JD'50, see 1948, Stan­ley M. Heggen ..52 James J. Kocsis, SM'52, PhD'56, profes­sor of pharmacology at Thomas JeffersonUniversity in Philadelphia for 35 years, has retired,but continues to teach with adjunct status at Jefferson.5 3 Jean McGuire Allard, JD' 53, after leavingSonnenschein, Nath & Rosenthal, is thepresident of the Metropolitan Planning Council inChicago. Clayton Reitan, SM'53, has retired fromNorthern Illinois University in DeKalb, where hetaught in the meteorology program. Alfred A. Ro­senbloom, AM'53, has been appointed chair of theAmerican Optometric Association's optometry geri­atric committee.56 Thomas L. Harris, AM'56, has started hisown public relations management consultingcompany. Richard D. Heimbach, AB'56, SB'57,MD'60, is director of hyperbaric medicine at South­west Texas Methodist Hospital and Nix Medical Cen­ter in San Antonio, TX. He is the vice president ofAerospace Medical Association and past president ofthe Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. He ismarried and has six children and two grandchildren.57 Louis Aarons, PhD'57, has spent 15 yearsworking on a new method for learning aforeign language: an invention involving a tape thatplays the English word in one ear and the foreignin the other.58 Charles E. Griffith III, AB'58, is in Aus­tin, TX, where he is an attorney for the city.E. Thomas Lawson, DB'58, AM'61, PhD'63,chair­person and professor of religion, was one of two pro­fessors receiving Western Michigan University's dis­tinguished faculty scholar award. Leong T. Tan,MD'58, was recently given the William Smart awardfor excellence in clinical teaching by the urologyhousestaff at the University of California School of Great BooksRevisitedInspired by his classes in theHutchins College, Curtis Crawfordnow leads his own version of aGreat Books discussion group.T h. e University of Chicago didn't pre­pare Curtis Crawford, PhB'46,DB'51, for a reality that hit himsoon after graduation. "I was surprised bythe fact that [most] adults don't sit aroundand talk about books and ethics, " Crawfordsays. "They give up reading and thinkingupon graduation. There's no place for thesediscussions." Twenty-four years laterCrawford still felt that way, so, in 1975, hedecided to supply a place. He is the founderof SEARCH, a nonprofit center in Char­lottesville, Virginia, for educational andcultural activities, where people of all agesand occupations gather to read, and think,and talk.Crawford started SEARCH out of hishome with a Sunday evening group orga­nized around the discussion of "problems inthe conduct oflife." The group spent severalweeks on each "problem," following theSocratic method of thesis, antithesis, andsynthesis-a dialect that moves from opin­ion to objection to revision. In 1979, afterfour years, the group disbanded.SEARCH 2 (as Crawford refers to it) be­gan in 1988 and is called "Conversationswith Great Teachers on the Conduct ofLife." This program stresses reading theclassics and shaping the discussions aroundthose books. Austen's Pride and Prejudice,The Gospel of Matthew, Plato's Symposi­um, Moliere's Le Misanthrope, and bothPlutarch's and Shakespeare's version of thestory of Coriolanus are on this year's read­ing list.Asking the participants to first discusswhat the author is really saying about issuesin his or her own work before attempting toapply those ideas to their own life is Craw­ford's way of bringing the author into theconversation. "Remember the last time youwere angry-did that feeling agree withAristotle's discussion of anger in Rhetoric ?"is the kind of question Crawford is likely toask the group. It appears that this approachkeeps interest alive; most participants areregulars, and some group members havebeen involved since 1988. Arriving at the U of C during the heyday ofRobert Hutchins' and Mortimer Adler'sGreat Books Program, Crawford remem­bers best the classes that were inspired bythe Hutchins-Adler format. "Like the GreatBooks Program, those courses were orga­nized so that everyone in the second yearwas reading the same books, and, more im­portantly, the classes were bringing togethera wide variety of books, rather than havingseparate courses that would allocate some ofthe books to literature, others to psychology,philosophy, history, poetry, rhetoric, etc."After graduation, Crawford went on to acareer that included university teaching andadministration, the ministry, and free-lancelecturing. Whenever he could, he incorpo­rated the kind of spirited discussions he hadenjoyed at the College. In his last term as apastor of a Unitarian church in Charlottes­ville, he offered a seminar on Plato andDostoevsky.Crawford recalls the excitement "in the1950s and 1960s, when the Great BooksProgram was everywhere-you could see anotice for a discussion group in the librarywindow of every town. Not any more." Hewould like to see that enthusiasm for discus­sion groups develop again, and hopes thathis program will grow and stimulate othersto start similar programs.Crawford feels strongly that, no matterwhat one's age, "Everyone should read thebest books because there is a different un­derstanding of issues at different stages in aperson's life." He concludes, "The bestbooks are the books that show the best think­ing on the most important issues, eloquentlyexpressed. I don't have to always agree withthem, but they should be intelligent andshow a mind well-used." -M. T.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 41Medicine, San Francisco. He was also recognized asVolunteer of the Year by a community health clinic inSan Francisco.59 Donald C. Richards, AB'59, AM'62, re­joined Leo Burnett Advertising in 1990as senior vice president and director of resourcesdevelopment.60 Judy Schram Cottle, AB'60, coordinated. the Bill of Rights symposium for the U of CLaw School, celebrating the Bicentennial of the Bill ofRights and the Centennial of the U of C. Robert W.Kates, AM'60, PhD'62, was recently awarded theNational Medal of Science. Kates directs the AlanShawn Feinstein World Hunger Program at BrownUniversity. Harold M. Maller, MD'60, has beenhappily re-married for three years, and the couple isjust moving into their "dream home." He became agrandfather in September when his grandson wasborn.62 Dennis Dalton, AM'62, a professor of po lit­ical science at Barnard and Columbia, wasincluded in the Superstar Teachers lecture seriescreated by the Teaching Company and preserved in theSmithsonian Archives. D. Martin Jenni, AM'62,was reappointed head of the music theory and compo­sition department at the University ofIowa. His essay,"Fetis and the Sens Musical," was included in a fest­schrift for Leonard Ratner, published by Pendragon in1990.63 William L. Richter, AM'63, PhD '68, headof Kansas State University's political sciencedepartment, has been selected interim provost forinternational programs.64 Will Cooper, MBA'64, is the first presidentof Pacific Islands Development Bank. WiI­liamD. Dean, AM'64, PhD'67, professor of religionat Gustavus Adolphus College, will spend a year and ahalf as scholar-in-residence at the Indiana UniversityCenter on Philanthropy. Robert J. Poor, PhD'64,professor of Chinese and Japanese art history at theUniversity of Minnesota, has been invited to join thefirst joint Chinese and U. S. archaeology expedition.Frank K. Reilly, MBA'64, PhD'68, was awardedan honorary degree from St. Michael's College inVermont.65 Susan Lees, AB'65, is on sabbatical in Eng­land after a second term as chair of the de­partment of anthropology at Hunter College, CUNY.She is now working on a book. John J. Wiorkowski,SB'65, SM'66, PhD'72, is associate vice presidentfor academic affairs at the University of Texas atDallas.66 Ann Brommelsiek Litow, MAT'66, recent­ly received her Ph.D. from Northern IllinoisUniversity in English. Litow now teaches at National­Louis University in Evanston. Houston H. Stokes,AM'66, PhD'69, is a professor of economics at theUniversity of Illinois at Chicago.67 Deanna Dragunas Bennett, AB'67, re­ceived her master's degree in public adminis­tration from Harvard's Kennedy School of Govern­ment in June. She is now the tech base programmanager at the Special Operations Research, Devel­opment, and Acquisition Center in Tampa, FL. Sheand her husband are" collecting" Caribbean islands­they have visited 20 so far. Rena Pancheri Krizmis,AM'67, is semi-retired-she's teaching part time atChicago State University, doing some consulting, andhas a small private practice.68 Tom Kessinger, AM'68, PhD'72, was re­cently appointed to a one-year term on thenational advisory council of the U. S. Peace Corps.42 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991Edward Navakas, AB'68, PhD'72, earned his M.D.from Loyola University in 1987 and completed his res­idency in psychiatry in June. He will be joining a prac­tice in Joliet while continuing to teach English andmedical humanities at North Central College in Na­perville. His wife, Francine Glasberg Navakas,AB'68, PhD'72, received North Central's award foroutstanding teaching and service; she is professor ofEnglish and chair of the humanities at the school.Charles D. Patton, MBA'68, is director of businessdevelopment for the Disney Vacation Club, part of theDisney Development Company. Vincent Kelly Pol­lard, AM'68, accepted a teaching assistantship at theUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa and has begun study­ing there for his Ph.D. in political science.69 Toni Reed Preckwinkle, AB'69, MAT'77,was elected 4th ward alderman in Chicago.Kay Pomerance Torshen, PhD'69, is senior vicepresident, specialist operations, at Rodman & Ren­shaw Capital Group, Inc. Steven Viktora, SB'69,MAT'76, is chair of the mathematics department atNew Trier High School in Winnetka, IL.70 William H. Coffenberry, MBA'70, is re­tired from federal civil service after 34years. He is now self-employed as a small businessconsultant in federal government contracting. HarryGreenwald, AB'70, now living in Brooklyn Heights,NY, is vice president and chief financial officer ofBRP Publications, Inc. in New York City. John Hack­man, AM'70, practices individual, marital, and fami­ly therapy in the north suburbs of Chicago. LawrenceH.N. Kinet, MBA' 70, is chair and CEO of OcularCorporation-a pharmaceutical company in Cam­bridge, MA, working on anti-cataract drug develop­ment. Bob Sheahan, MBA' 70, is a lawyer in NorthCarolina specializing in representation of manage­ment in labor and employment matters.71 Lawrence J, Corneck, JD'71, has opened acorporate and commercial law office in NewYork City. StevenD. Korenblat,AM'71, PhD'78, isa partner at Bryan, Cave, McPheeters & McRoberts inSt. Louis. AgnesA. Roach, AM'71, MBA'80, presi­dent of A.A. Roach Financial Planning inNorthbrook, IL, was elected to the Institute of Certi­fied Financial Planners' 1991-92 national board of di­rectors. Michael Andrew Williams, AM'71, recent­ly gave a reading at the Martin Luther King MemorialLibrary. Albert A. Zagotta, MBA' 71 , is presidentand chief executive officer of Sealed Power Technolo­gies Limited Partnership. Leonard Zax, AB '71, wasin Chicago this summer, but missed the reunion. Helooks forward to seeing classmates at the 25th reunion.72 John A. Edwardson, MBA'72, is executivevice president and chief financial officer ofAmeritech. James Huffman, JD'72, is professor oflaw and the director of the Natural Resources Law In­stitute at the Lewis & Clark Law School. He recentlyspent a Fulbright semester at Athens University.Glenna Lang, AB'72, has illustrated James Whit­comb Riley's When the Frost is on the Punkin, a bookfor children. James T. Peterson, AM'72, is manag­ing his family's income property, writing a book aboutcontemporary spiritual life, and working for worldpeace through activities in the Sri Chimnoy Center inChicago. Peggy Sullivan, PhD'72, the interim direc­tor of libraries at Northern Illinois University, hasbeen a storyteller for more than 40 years. This summershe led a group to Ireland to study storytelling there.73 Thomas Pawlik, AM'73, is vice presidentof marketing for the hospital division ofMedline Industries, Inc. Charles Phelps, PhD'73,professor of political science and economics at theUniversity of Rochester, also chairs the department ofpreventive medicine at the school. This year he waselected to the Institute of Medicine. Elspeth Revere, AB'73, has been named as program director of theJohn D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation'sGeneral Program. Tom H. Sleeter, MBA'73, is vicepresident and chief financial officer of Health Direc­tions, Inc., a subsidiary ofIngalls Health System.For the last two years, George Van Cleve, AB'73,was the principal deputy assistant attorney general forthe Justice Department's environment and national re­sources division, supervising civil environmental en­forcement-including litigation against Exxon for theValdez oil spill. He has now left the post and plans towrite a book about the next 20 years of American poli­tics. He'll be writing from his home in Alexandria,VA, and encourages classmates to send him theirthoughts on the changing political landscape. CharlesL. Wallace, MBA'73, is vice president and chief fi­nancial officer at Grucon Corporation. Creath S.Thorne, AM'73, PhD'77, is a partner in the firm ofMorton, Reed & Counts of Saint Joseph, MO.74 Ronald Ellis, AB '74, is the executive direc­tor of cellular and molecular biology forMerck Sharp & Dohme Research Laboratories. Tho­mas J. McKearn, PhD'74, MD'76, is president ofCytogen Corporation which, with an emphasis oncancer, is developing products to link diagnostic andtherapeutic agents to monoclonal antibodies.75 Robert P. Bapes, MBA'75, has opened anew products consulting business, Bapes &Associates. John G. Carlson, MBA'75, has startedRHM Consulting, specializing in risk and health man­agement. Carlson recently served as president of a na­tional rehabilitation provider, and remains active inbrain-injury advocacy and disability issues. AlanGilbert, JD'75, an attorney with Sonnenschein,Nath, and Rosenthal, was recently honored by theAmerican Bar Association Young Lawyers Divisionas one of 20 young attorneys in 1991 who "have donesomething with their lives and legal skills that hasmade a difference." Ellen Lupovich Maddock,MBA'75, has joined the health care consulting branchof Coopers & Lybrand in New York, after becomingthe first non-health care professional to completeNYU's advanced management program for clinicians.Amy Persky, AM'75, and Phillip Waldoks,JD '76, announce the arrival of their daughter, Talia, inSeptember 1991. Talia joins her older brothers, Ehudand Noam, and her older sister, Brianna. Carlos Ri­zowy, AM'75, PhD'81, a lawyer at the firm of Got­tlieb & Schwartz, was appointed to the board of direc­tors of the Hispanic Coalition for Jobs; he was akeynote speaker at the Governors' Conference on theUniversal Implications of the Holocaust in Reno, NV.Kim Williams, AB'75, MD'79, and StephanieKonodi Williams, AB'77, MD'81, are both on thefaculty of medicine at the University of Chicago. Theyhave three children: Kim, Jr.; Kelley; and Kurt.76 Elizabeth Gault Harrison, AM'76, in­structor in East Asian languages and litera­ture at the University of Arizona, and Bardwell Smitbhave been awarded a National Endowment for the Hu­manities grant to support their three-year study of tbeJapanese ritual of mizuko kuyo, a memorial service fordead, primarily aborted, infants. Yolanda Garcia­Walls, AM'76, graduated from the first annual HeadStart/Johnson & Johnson fellows graduate program atthe University of California. George Nardin, AB'76,head of a nonprofit medical charity, organized a groUPof nurses and physicians to visit the Jiangxi MedicalCollege in Nanchang, People's Republic of China.Barbara Pinsky, AM'76, teaches freshman Eng­lish and composition in Atlanta, GA. She has taught atGeorgia Tech, Dekalb College, and other Atlanta areacolleges. She was a delegate to the Modern LanguagesAssociation, and a founder of the Society of Indepell'dent Scholars at Radcliffe College. She asks tbatfriends contact her at P.O. Box 468332, Perimet�rMall Branch, Atlanta, Georgia 30346. L. Fran St�­la, MBA'76, is president of Northern White GM .Phillip Waldoks, JD'76, see 1975, Amy Persky. Ja­mes David Winship, MBA'76, and Bobbie Jo Quim­by Winship, JD '78, MBA'78, are relocating to the Pa­cific Northwest.7 7 Leah Shifrin Averick, AM'77, is collectingdata for her next book. Marvin J. Berz,AM'77, was admitted to the city of Chicago's SeniorCitizens Hall of Fame. Steve Gillenwater, AB'77,AM'85, and Nancy Alexander AB'80, had a son,Miles Glen, in May. Steve is director of the adolescentfamily center at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medi­cal Center. Nancy has returned full time to her ESLclassroom of middle-school students in Evanston.Stephanie Konodi Williams, AB'77, MD'81, see1975, Kim Williams.78 Kevin Bain, MBA'78, is general manager ofBristol Myers Squibb, nutritional division,in Hong Kong. Linda Yorick Brown, AB'78, andSteve Brown, AB'78, are living in Seattle and havetwo daughters, Carol and Ann. George Eckard,MBA'78, is married with two daughters and lives inOrinda, CA. He is a senior vice president at WellsFargo Realty Finance and is regional manager of itsNorthern California Commercial Mortgage Bankingand Investment Groups. Judith A. Mills-Cerny,AM'78, is teaching geography at Joliet Junior Col­lege. Barbara Pinsky, AM'78, see 1976. SamScheiner, AB'78, SM'80, PhD'83, was granted ten­ure in the department of biological science at Northernlllinois University. Bobbie Jo Quimby Winship,JD'78, MBA'78, see 1976, James David Winship.79 Neil E. Fackler, MBA' 79 , has left the corpo­rate world to become the business managerfor St. Mary's Catholic Church in Buffalo Grove, IL.Roger Humphreville, AB'79, and Deborah BoylanHumphreville, AB'80, have a new daughter, Aman­da Astri. Lyonette Louis-Jacques, AB'79, JD'86,teaches an international and foreign legal researchseminar at the University of Minnesota Law School.Steven Post, AB'79, is teaching math at EdgewoodCollege in Madison, WI. He is married and has twochildren, Holly and Sam. Robert S. Williams,MBA'79, is a partner with Cooper & Lybrand in Chi­cago. He is married and has three sons. Steven Wil­liams, AB'79, married Yvonne Christian on June 1.He is a physician at the burn unit of Cook County Hos­pital and she is a corporate counsel for the City ofChicago.80 Nancy Alexander, AB'80, see 1977, SteveGillenwater. John Isaac Delgado, AB'80,had a review article published in a recent issue of theJournal of Hospital Formulary which he co-authoredWith James Cerda. Jack Helbig, AB'80, see 1985,Mark Hollmann. Deborah Boylan Humphreville,AB'80, see 1979, Roger Humphreville. RachelStark-Inch, AM'80, co-presented a workshop at theAssociation of Child Psychotherapists conference.Her son, Martin, was born in May, 1990. Miles DavidSamson, AB'80, is teaching art history and architec­ture as assistant professor of humanities at WorcesterPolytechnic Institute. Constance Tasker Sims,AM'80, is program coordinator of the family assis­tance and home-based support service program for theIllinois Dept. of Mental Health and DevelopmentalDisabilities. Marlene E. Stern, AM' 80, is the execu­tive director of the Citizen's Committee on the Juve­nile Court. She enjoys backpacking, cycling, andcross country skiing. Mark Winston, AB'80, is anassistant U.S. district attorney in New Jersey.81 PatrickColeman,AM'81,sharedaCharlesA. Dana Award for his role in pioneering in­ternational mass-media entertainment campaigns thatare reaching millions of young adults in 40 countrieswith messages about behavior that affects their repro­ductive health. Doctor Do RightChicago physidan Andrew Davisfinds his life's work after a visit tothe radiation-contaminated areassurrounding the Chernobylnuclear reactor.Thanks to some rather quirky timing,Andrew M. Davis, MD'80, is aphysician with a cause. In 1986,Davis, an internist at Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's Medical Center in Chicago, and tenother American doctors, all members of thegroup International Physicians for the Pre­vention of Nuclear War, were planning a vis­it to the Soviet Union to lecture on currentmedical topics. Their trip had been plannedfor months.Then in April, five short weeks before thegroup was to depart, the Chernobyl nuclearpower plant erupted in a disastrous acci­dent. Though the group went on the trip asplanned, once in Moscow they had a slight. departure from their itinerary. They wereinvited to visit Hospital Number Six, thehospital where the most desperately illChernobyl victims were being cared for."Our group had discussed the horrors ofnuclear war for many years," Davis says.''And to be confronted with patients dying ofradiation illness was a haunting, but power­ful, experience."Although the hospital visit was only oneday out of a ten-day trip, it prompted him totake classes at the Oak Ridge National Lab­oratory in Tennessee on the evaluation andtreatment of radiation accidents when he re­turned home.Then, in the late 1980s, reports of increas­ing incidents of illness in the contaminatedareas around the Chernobyl reactor spreadthrough the medical community. In re­sponse, a number of relief organizationsfrom around the globe began to deliver med­ical supplies to Chernobyl-area hospitals."I had seen a magazine article with photosof patients and doctors visited by a groupcalled Citihope," Davis says. He contactedthe group and offered to help. With Citi­hope's sponsorship, Davis and two othermedical professionals from the U.S. trav­elled to Minsk and the contaminated regionsof Byelorussia in the summer of 1991. Andthe three didn't go empty-handed. Theybrought several tons of desperately neededmedical supplies, including such basics asstethoscopes, syringes, and antibiotics. They toured clinics and hospitals inByelorussia and saw where entire villageshad been bulldozed and buried. (Buryingthe town kept people from moving back totheir contaminated homes and minimizedthe chance of fires that would spread cloudsof radioactive smoke.)"The strongest impression I have of thattrip was of the great need of the Soviet medi­cal system," says Davis. "In an operatingroom in a small village near the reactor, thesuture was floating in a mayonnaise jar filledwith formaldehyde. "The shortages were not the only aspect ofthe trip that affected him. "There was someexhilaration in finally being able to get closeto something I had studied so much about.But it was mixed with a sadness for the suf­fering of the people affected by it. "Now back in the U.S., Davis is alreadyplanning more ways to help. He has orga­nized another shipment of donated medicalsupplies-120 tons worth-sent off in mid­November. And he's "exploring the possi­bilities" of establishing an organizationalong the lines of food relief groups that askrestaurants to donate leftover food to feed thehomeless. "There's an enormous degree ofpotential there," says Davis. "Because thereis an enormous degree of waste in the aver­age American hospital. "While he hopes to go back to Chernobylagain next year, Davis has other projectscloser to home. He works at the St. Basil'sfree clinic on Chicago's South Side once amonth, teaches classes in environmentalmedicine, and is editing a book on toxicchemical-radiation exposure."World problems are like one great bigball of twine," Davis says, laughing at theanalogy. ''And all of us have a responsibilityto take one strand and tug on it for a while, tosee if we can improve it." -D. L.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 4382 Peter Gustafson, AB'82, is working to­wards a Ph.D. in political philosophy at theUniversity of Kansas. Bruce R. Lifka, MBA'82,works for A.H. Robins as a group product manager inthe consumer products division's marketing depart­ment. James A. O'Neill, MD'82, has a private prac­tice in orthopaedic surgery in Lima, OH. He and hiswife have three children. Marie Breaux Stroud,AB'82, see 1990, Diane Kelly.83 Connie R. Kanter, MBA'83, is vice presi­dent of finance at Physico-Control Corpora­tion. Michael Lichter, AB'83, has a dermatologypractice in Elk Grove Village, IL. Geoff Potter,AB'83, who works for Illinois Bell, married MaureenKidder in October 1990. Together they wrote Suffer­ing Fools, a two-act comedy which they are producingin Chicago in November and December. Leonid Sa­galovsky, AB'83, received his doctorate in physicsfrom the University of Illinois in 1989 and now worksfor Argonne National Laboratory. His wife, Julia,gave birth to their first child, Ariel David, this pastJune.84 Betsy Curtis D'Angelo, MST'84, has beenselected for the Chicago-area Golden Appleaward for teaching. John P. Davidson, III, MBA'84,is senior vice president ofthe clearing-house divisionof the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. He was recentlyappointed to the payments and settlements committeeof the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. PenelopeVillarica Flores, PhD' 84, director of research at theAsian-American Information Institute and professorof education at San Francisco State University, wasone of five Filipinos honored by the Thomasians, theUniversity of Santo Tomas alumni association, fortheir accomplishments in education. She is also a con­sultant for the U of C Mathematics Project. Stan For­tuna, MBA' 84, has been named superintendent ofschools in Muskegon, MI. He formerly worked in theadministrations of Caledonia and Forest Hills publicschools and was an instructor at Western MichiganUniversity. Bob Fritz, MBA'84, and Susan Guten­berg, AM'84, were married in San Francisco in No­vember 1990. They live in Washington, DC, whereBob works for a consulting group and Susan works onappropriations issues for a member of Congress.Mark Nootens, AB'84, MD'88, began a cardiologyfellowship at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Heand Natalie Nootens, X'87, have three sons, John,David, and Daniel.85 Susan K. Bonar, AB' 85, is a third-year res­ident in orthopaedic surgery at the Universi­ty ofIowa hospital and clinic in Iowa City. She present­ed a paper at the American Orthopaedic Foot andAnkle Society summer meeting in Boston.Steve Bowsher, MBA'85, is president of RyersonCoil Processing. Matthew J. Cordery, SB'85, is apostdoctoral research scientist at the Institute of Geol­ogy, Uppsala University, Sweden, studying the fluiddynamics of mid-ocean ridges and magma chambers.Donald Charles Dosch, PhD' 85, is a visiting profes­sor of biology at Carleton College. Veronica Drake,AB'85, has recently started her own desktoppublishing/computer graphics consulting firm, Drake& Associates. Mark Hollmann, AB'85, is teaching acourse in music composition at Columbia College inChicago. A musical that he wrote with Jack Helbig,AB'80, Complaining Well, was given a staged readingby the National Alliance of Musical Theatre Produc­ers at the 1991 Festival of First Stage Musicals in NewYork City. Aziz Khan, MBA'85, had a daughter bornin August; her name is Alia. Catherine Kim, AB'85,was married August 2nd to Jack Penny. Members ofthe bridal party included Mary Ellen Menken,AB' 85; Mimi Lee Rodman, AB' 85; Linda MangadSteen, AB'85, MBA'87; and Melissa Tanklefsky,44 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991AB'85, MBA'90. Cathy is an assistant vice presidentat Heller Financial Inc. and lives in Menlo Park, CAwith her husband. ScottD. King, AB'85, is starting atPurdue University in the Department of Earth andAtmospheric Sciences in January.Randy Millikan, PhD' 85, does pharmacology re­search as part of a fellowship in medical oncology atthe Mayo Clinic. Karl Mueller, AB' 85, and MichelleWard Mueller, AB' 85, are living in Michigan whereKarl has a MacArthur Foundation postdoctoral fel­lowship at the University of Michigan Center for Polit­ical Studies. Michelle is doing graduate work in theU of Michigan sociology department. Hugh O'Don­nell, AB'85, see 1987, Diane Hill. Louis F. RodewigII, MBA'85, has been promoted to principal of Booz,Allen & Hamilton. Mitchell Rogatz, MBA'85, is thepublisher of the Arthur Anderson European Commu­nity Sourcebook. Claudia Soldano, AB'85, see 1987,Diane Hill.86 Mark P. Becker, MBA'86, is a manager atDeloitte & Touche. Barrett Buss, X'86, see1990, Diane Kelly. Jim Danbury, AB'86, see 1987,Diane Hill. Alan M. Kanter, AB' 86, and Terry Tro­janek, AB'86, are starting a videotape business inKenosha, WI. James J, Sanderson, AB'86, has livedin France since 1989, working as an administrator foran intergovernmental organization.87 Diane L. Hill, AB'87, married Jim Dan­bury, AB'86, in July in Chicago. Attendantsincluded: Claudia Soldano, AB'85; Michelle Yar­ber, AB'88; Chris Hill, AB'87; and Hugh O'Don­nell, AB' 85. The couple spent their honeymoon in Ita­ly and Austria. Eugene F. May, MD'87, is currentlyin a neuro-ophthalmology fellowship at Walter ReedArmy Medical Center. Natalie Nootens, X'87, see1984, Mark Nootens. Navy Lt. Thomas J. Novak,AB'87, has completed the officer indoctrinationschool at the Naval Education and Training Center inNewport, RI, as has Navy ensign Keith K. Vaux,AB'87.88 K. Page Boyer, MBA'88, rejoined MerrillLynch (atthe Chicago Board of Trade ) as a fi­nancial consultant. Her sister, Shereen D. Boyer, willreceive her M.B.A. from the U ofC in 1992. NicholasG. Hahn, Jr., MBA'88, is senior vice president andcontroller of First Options of Chicago, Inc. and chairof the Industry and Business Forum of the O'Harechapter of the Illinois CPA Society. Alan Harris,JD'88, had a daughter, Jasmine II Halm Harris in June. Michelle Yarber, AB' 88, see 1987, Diane Hill.Holger Brandt, AB'88, MBA'89; James Cambias,AB'88; Viktoras Kaufmann, AB'88; Lora Przy­bysz, AB'88; Christopher Straus, AB'88; and JohnWalker, SB'88, see 1990, Diane Kelly.89 Navy ensign Stephen Pratt Hokanson,AM'89, recently returned from deploymentto the Middle East and Operation Desert Storm. Mar­cia Liebrecht, MBA' 89, is senior vice president of as­set management at Hawthorn Realty Group. KennethScudder, AB'89, see 1990, Diane Kelly. KatherineHarris Wortley, PhD' 89, is a research biochemist atAbbott Laboratories in Abbott Park, IL.90 Laura C. Burgener, AB'90, is living inGermany with her husband. They plan to re­turn to the U.S. after a few years. Daniel Crane,AB '90, is in his first year of University of Pittsburgh'sdoctoral program in philosophy; last year he workedin Dublin and London. Diane Kelly, AB'90, marriedJames Cambias, AB'88, in May. Attendants atthe wedding were Christopher Straus, AB'88, andCassandra Scharff, AB'90. Also attending wereHolger Brandt, AB'88, MBA'89; Barrett Buss,X'86; Robert Hallberg, AB'90; Viktoras Kauf­mann, AB'88; Lora Przybysz, AB'88; KennethScudder, AB'89; Marie Breaux Stroud, AB'82;John Walker, SB'88; and Michael Wendling,AB'91. The couple lives in Durham, NC, whereDiane is working on her Ph.D. in zoology at DukeUniversity and Jim is working as a freelance writerand game designer.Vitus Leung, AM '90, is a full-time doctoral studentin ethnic studies at the University of California atBerkeley and a part-time research analyst at Art, Re­search & Curriculum Associates, Inc. in Oakland,CA. Brian Ogilvie, AB'90, has begun work towardshis Ph.D. in history at the U of C. His studies on thehistory of natural history are being supported by anNSF grant, a Mellon fellowship, and a U of C Centuryscholarship.91 Douglas Arnts, AM'91, is an assistant in­structor of English at Columbia College inChicago. Scott Gillespie, MBA'91, is an associatewith the management consulting firm of A. T. Kearneyin Minneapolis. Mark A. Hoffman, MBA'91, is anassociate at Booz, Allen & Hamilton. Sei J. Lee,AB'91, a recent Teacher Corps volunteer, will beteaching physics and chemistry at Clarksdale HighSchool in Mississippi. Walter Scott Sen del,MBA'91, married Rebecca Shapiro in April. Walter isa consultant for Deloitte & Touche. Michael Wen­dling, AB'91, see 1990, Diane Kelly.DEATHSFACULTYHerman Ries, Jr., SB'33, PhD'36, research asso­ciate in molecular genetics and cell biology, died inOctober at the age of80. He was a pioneer in lubrica­tion and pollution control at Sinclair Research Labo­ratories and at Standard Oil of Indiana before comingto the University. While here, he worked on studies ofthe physical chemistry of cell membrane structures.Ries won the American Chemical Society'S IpatieffPrize in 1950 and chaired a Gordon Research Confer­ence in 1960. He was captain of the University tennisteam when they were the Big Ten champions in 1933.Survivors include his wife, Mildred; two sons; abrother, Milton Ries, X'35; and a nephew, JohnHamburger, AB'70.Florence Seibert died in St. Petersburg, FL, at the age of 93. While teaching and performing research atthe U of C in the 1920s, she devised a method for I. V.transfusions that did not cause sudden high fevers. Af­ter isolating the active substance in tuberculin, she im­proved the first accurate skin test for tuberculosis. Shewas inducted into the Women's Hall of Fame in 1991.Survivors include her sister, Mabel, who was her co­worker and assistant throughout her life.1910sWalter T. Fisher, X' 17, long-time Chicago lawyerand past president of the Illinois Commerce Commis'sion, died in July at the age of99. He twice argued tbenoted Bartkus double-jeopardy case before the u.S·Supreme Court. Fisher served as president ofthe CityClub of Chicago, the Legal Club, and the Council oJ)Foreign Relations. Survivors include his wife, Laura;five sons; a daughter; five stepchildren; ten grandchil­dren; and ten great-grandchildrem.Anna Koutecky Kadlec, PhB'17, died in Rich­mond, KY, at the age of 97. Survivors include adaughter.1920sJeanette Ensworth Finley, PhB '21, died in Au­gust. Survivors include her daughter, Joan.Sydney Shire, SB'22, died in July at the age of95.He is survived by a stepson and daughter-in-law.Milton Gordon, PhB'23, JD'25, died in March.Survivors include two cousins, Ruth Kraines,AM'60, PhD'63, and Eugene Telser, AM'50.Jackson F. Moore, PhB'23, died in Naples, FL, inJuly.Edward J. McAdams, PhB'23, president of Ar­mour & Co. from 1965 to 1967, died in September. Healso served on the boards of MCI and Federal SignalCorp. Survivors include his wife, Catherine; twodaughters; two sons, including Edward J. Mc­Adams, Jr., MBA'70; two sisters; and eight grand­children.Charlotte Kathryn Fasold Shuman, PhB'23,died in February. Survivors include a daughter.Newton E. Turney, SB '24, died in Sun City, AZ, inJune. He and Marie Taylor Turney, AB'25, celebrat­ed their 60th wedding anniversary in October 1990.Survivors also include a son, a daughter, four grand­Children, and four great-grandchildren.Ellen Hayes Harks, PhB'25, died in February.Survivors include a daughter, and two sisters,Margaret Hayes, PhB'16, and Eugenia Bremmer,PhB'25.Rollin A. Stearns, PhB'26, MBA'36, founder andformer owner of R.A. Stearns and Co. and GraphicManagement Services Inc. in Hinsdale, died August 2in Portland, OR. Survivors include a son, RollinStearns, Jr., AB '60; a daughter, Kathryn Herndon,AB'55; a sister; a brother, William Stearns, AB'35;nine grandchildren; and ten great-grandchildren.Ethel Verry Knight, X'27, executive secretary ofthe Chicago Child Care Society for 20 years, died inAugust at age 92. Survivors include two sons and threegrandchildren.Fred G. Jones, PhB'28, died in February. Survi­vors include his wife, VirginiaH.Jones, PhB'28, anda son.Irving T. Zemans, JD '29, a retired attorney, died athis Hyde Park home in August. Zemans was thefounder and first president of Beth AM Synagogue.Survivors include a son, Joel Zemans, AB'63;a nephew, Jon Zemans, MBA'64; and threegrandchildren.1930sSamuel A. Cartledge, PhD'30, died in April. Sur­vivors include his wife.Marion F. Green, SM'30, MD'35, died in Augustat age 83. He taught physiology at the University ofArkansas School of Medicine and, with his brother,owned Green Hospital and Clinic. Survivors includehis wife, Geraldine; three sons; nine grandchildren;and seven great-grandchildren.J. Robert Van Pelt, X'30, died in May. Survivorsinclude a daughter, Ellen Price, X'61.Helen Joffe Bailey, PhB'32, a Chicago publicschool teacher for more than four decades, died inMay at her home. She was a member of the ChicagoTeachers Union and many Jewish charitable organiza­tions. Survivors include her husband, John; a son; anda grandchild.George R. Balling, PhB'33, AM'38, died in Janu­ary. Survivors include his wife and a sister, Edna Sul­livan, PhB'24. Richard H. Deutsch, PhB'33, JD'35, died earlierthis year. Survivors include a daughter.Eaton V.W. Read, MBA'36, PhD'38, of Bridge­port, CT, died in March at his home. Survivors includehis wife, Virginia.Josephine Zitella, PhB'35, died in September atthe age of 79 . She worked as a librarian for the ChicagoPublic Library until retiring in 1978. She was a mem­ber of the ministering circle of King's Daughters andSons, Wesleyan Guild of Methodist Women, SpecialLibraries Association, and American Association ofUniversity Women. Survivors include a sister, a neph­ew, an aunt, and a close friend, Viola Smith.EdwardG. Kominek, SB'37, MBA'49, died in Au­gust. He was an engineer in Arizona, Illinois, Ohio,and Utah and the author of numerous articles on wastetreatment. Kominek was a past member of the Ameri­can Institute of Chemical Engineers, the AmericanSociety for Testing Materials, and the AmericanChemical Society. Survivors include his wife, Beth;one son; two daughters; and seven grandchildren.19405Arthur L. Broida, AB'40, PhD'63, died in Au­gust. Survivors include a sister, Elsa Broida Rich­mond, PhB'32; and two nieces: Pearl RichmondSalotto, AB'56, and Marlene Richmond Kamish,AB'58.Everett Doede, SB'40, died in January. Survivorsinclude his wife, Mirta.Dino D' Angelo, AB'42, JD'44, died in Septemberof a heart attack. He was 70. A Chicago lawyer, realestate investor, and philanthropist, he gave $4 millionfor an extension to the Law School library-laternamed the D' Angelo Law Library. He was a benefac­tor of the Lyric Opera and Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's Medical Center, and was a trustee of the arts ad­vising board of the Harold Washington Library Cen­ter. Survivors include his wife, Becky; three daugh­ters; a son, Louis D'Angelo, JD'91; a brother; andsix grandchildren.Donald Day, PhD'42, died in July at the age of92.Survivors include his wife, Clara.Margaret Zimmer Fiser, AB' 43, died this April inSeattle while visiting her daughter, Rebecca. Othersurvivors include her husband, Webb Fiser, AB'42,AM'47, PhD'50.Edward N. Horner, SB'43, MD'45, died in Au­gust of cancer at age 69. A medical officer in the U. S.Navy from 1943-1948, he practiced obstetrics andgynecology in Arcadia, CA, for more than 25 yearsbefore becoming clinical professor of obstetrics andgynecology at the University of Southern California -,He served as medical director of Pasadena PlannedParenthood for many years. Survivors include hiswife, Dr. Althea Horner, SB'52; two sons; twodaughters, including Martha Horner Hartley,AB'70; seven grandchildren; and a sister. The familywishes to thank Bruce Tammen and the Motet Choirfor recording "Wave the Flag of Old Chicago" to beplayed at the funeral, at Dr. Horner's request.Phyllis Helen Colnon Mankus, X'46, died Sep­tember in an auto accident while visiting family inBoston. She was 64. She was a Wilmette, IL, artist andcalligrapher. Survivors include her husband, twosons, two daughters, two sisters, a brother, and fivegrandchildren.Mary Zinn Prasuhn, X'48, chair of the ChicagoCommission of Animal Care and Control and presi­dent of the Lake Shore Animal Foundation, died inMay. She and her husband began the foundation in1971. Survivors include her father.C. Carter Colwell, AB' 49, chair of the English de­partment at Stetson University and movie reviewer forthe Daytona Beach News-Journal, died of cancer inAugust. He was 59. He was the author of four books,including Whats the Usage? A Writers Guide to Eng- lisb Grammer and Rhetoric and The Complete TermPaper. Survivors include his wife, Ann; three sons; a, sister, Ann Askren, AB'47; and six grandchildren.1950sJames H. Rule, MD'50, died in September at hishome in California. He retired from his surgery prac­tice in 1989, and was a diplomate of the American Col­lege of Surgeons. Survivors include his wife, Hazel,and three daughters.Warren H. Bacon, MBA' 51, a civic leader'in Chi­cago, died in June at the age of68. He was a member ofthe Board of Education from 1963 to 1973; presidentof Chicago United, a multiracial consortium of busi­ness and professional leaders ; and a chair of the educa­tional committee of the American Iron and Steel Insti­tute. Survivors include his wife, Mary Lou; threesons, including Warren Hollis Bacon, Jr., MBA'71;three sisters; and four grandchildren.Joseph M. Gilde, AM'51, PhD'64, died in Au­gust. Survivors include his wife, Penelope.Joseph Benson, AM'55, a retired librarian, died inSeptember. He helped develop three special Chicagolibraries: the Municipal Reference Library, the JointReference Library of Public Administration Service,and the Chicago Transit Library. Survivors include hiswife, Martha.Kathleen Winterbauer Kukral, AM'57, died inJuly. Survivors include her husband.John O'Mara, MBA'58, died earlier this year. Sur­vivors include his wife.George V. Bobrinskoy Jr., JD'59, a partner in thelaw firm of Mayer, Brown & Platt, died in August oflung cancer at age 57. He represented the families inhandling the estates of author Ernest Hemingway andcomposer Igor Stravinsky. Bobrinskoy was a memberof the Morton Arboretum and the visiting committeeof the University of Chicago library. Survivors includehis wife, Elizabeth; two sons, including Charles Bo­brinskoy, MBA' 83; four grandchildren; and a sister.LeonardA. Rapping, AM'59, PhD'61, anecono­mist who advised several federal agencies and helpeddevelop theories on the interaction between human be­havior and business cycles, died of heart failure in Oc­tober. The author of numerous books and journal arti­cles, he was 57. Survivors include his wife, Judith;a daughter; a son; two stepchildren; a brother; anda sister.Emil H. Ruprecht, AM'59, died in April at theage of 88. Survivors include his wife and a nephew,Jeffrey C. Ruprecht, AB'67.1960sYoshihisa Tsuda, SM'64, PhD'70, died recently.He is survived by his wife, Hiroko, and a son, Takey­uki Tsuda, AB'90.Richard Jamgochian, PhD'64, died in April inCalifornia. Since 1971 he had been head of the Univer­sity of California at Santa Barbara's teacher educationprogram. He is survived by his wife, Sue; two sons; adaughter; two granddaughters and a sister.Joseph H. Stevens, Jr., AB'65, professor of earlychildhood education at Georgia State University in At­lanta, died in September. He received the AmericanPsychological Association's Young Scientist Awardand numerous research grants from various sources;he published widely in the field of social support net­works for black families. Stevens served on the edito­rial boards of five professional journals and consultedwith many family support research projects. He is sur­vived by his father.Gilbert W. Bassett, MBA'68, died of a heart attackin July. He retired after 14 years as executive directorof the Graphic Arts Technical Foundation in Pitts­burgh. Survivors include his wife, Jean; four sons, in­cluding Robert Bassett, MBA'84; and two sisters.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 451970sJohn William Fenton, MBA'70, died in Septem­ber. He served as an officer in the Royal Canadian AirForce and was retired from Borg Warner. Fenton was aboard member of the Myasthenia Gravis Foundation,Houston, and a member of Holland Lodge No.1 AF &AM, Ruthven Commandry, and Arabia Temple Le­gion of Honor and Sojourners. Survivors include hiswife, Lorna; a son; and a brother.Russell W. Meyers, PhD'71, died in May. Survi­vors include his wife.Kenneth Krivickas, AM'71, died in December1990. He was a visual impairment service team coor­dinator for the Westside Department of VeteransAffairs in Chicago.NOTICE OF DEATHRECEIVEDMarie Farnsworth, SB'18, PhD'22, June.E. Virginia Watts, SM'20, September.Beulah Ennis Glasgow, X'21.Gerald Hahn, X '21.Jean Blach Adams, PhB'22.Doris MacManigill Fryer, X'22.Laurence M. Ackley, PhB'23, March.David H. Fryer, X'23.Hubert O. Robertson, JD'23, April.Ruth Thomson, PhB'24, May.Elsa Louise Gault Way, PhB'24, March.Ruth Ann Tait Baker, PhB'25, April.William H. Heineke, X'25.Guy B. Ely, X'26.Joan Hofeller Klee, PhB'27, October 1990.Donald T. Robb, SB'27, February.Mary O'Brien Severson, PhB'27, June. Leonard W. Stearns, PhB'27, JD'28.Francis E. Lord, MAT'28,June.Wade H. Schroeder, X'28, July.William L. Brand, PhB'29, September.Ethel L. Nelson, SB'29, March.Lester Plotkin, PhB'29, JD'29, September.Ruth Silverman Friedinberg, PhB' 31.Floyd W. Hendricks, AM'31, June.Clarence H. Webb, SM'31, January.Matthew Peelen, MD'32, April.Donald P. McFadyen, JD'33, May.Dorothy Ashton Vaught, X'33.Sarah Lowenstein Blum, AB'34, AM'49,September.Alice Brunsvold, SB'35, March.Elizabeth M. Huff, MD'37, February.Warren Taylor, PhD'37, February.Virginia L. Clary, AM'38.Anna Fitzpatrick Martin, PhB'38, April.Mary A. Ranney, AB'38, April.Margaret Ronnerud Sorenson, AM'39, March.Jeanne R. Lepine, AM'40, July.Blanche Graver Middleton, X' 41, September.Marjorie Greene Campbell, X'42.Ruth Arvey Kasman, AM'44.Elinor Phillips Berke, PhB' 46, August.Henry T. Dybvig, PhB'47, February.MarthaL. Smiley, X'48, April.Houston T. Robison, PhD'49, July.Maxwell Dauer, PhD'51, November 1990.David E. Honnold, AB' 51, September.John M. Derrig, AM'54.Roy Weinrach, PhD'57, March.Donald R. Thursh, MD'58.Frederick B. Abramson, JD'59, June.Kenneth R. Mitchell, PhD'65, February.Lawrence John Reinsch, Jr., MBA'83, March.BOOKS by AluDlDiARTS a LETTERSFred Cogelow, AB '71, Sculptor in Wood: The Col­lected Woodcarvings of Fred Cogelow (WoodcarvingArt). The artist describes his career as a sculptor andhis woodcarvings.Judy Crosby Ivy, AB'67, AM'68, Constable andthe Critics, IB02-IB37 (Boydell & Brewer Ltd.). Thisannotated catalog of early 19th-century criticism ofJohn Constable's art includes his response to the criti­cism and its place in the continuing evaluation of hiswork.Ernest Samuels, PhB'23, JD'26, AM'31,PhD'42, Henry Adams: Selected Letters (HarvardUniversity Press). This selection of 240 letters spansthe critical decades from 1858-1918. Uncut and fullyannotated, the letters are drawn from the authorativesix-volume edition, completed in 1988, published bythe Harvard University Press.Thomas Sebeok, AB' 41, A Sign is Just a Sign (In­diana University Press). This collection of essaysdeals with fundamental problems of contemporary se­miotics, or the study of signs, including the evolutionof semiosis and speculations about the future ofsemiotics.Thomas Sebeok, AB'41, Semiotics in the UnitedStates (Indiana University Press). The author exam­ines the application of semiotics to aspects of modern .life, including theater, television, conversation, archi­tecture, and business. He also discusses the roots ofsemiotics and the pioneers in the field.Morris J. Vogel, AM'68, PhD'74, Cultural Con­nections: Museums and Libraries of Philadelphia andthe Delaware Valley (Temple University Press). The46 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991author explores over 80 collections in the greater Phil­adelphia area, from the Philadelphia Museum of Artto a Germantown arboretum. In addition, he looks atthe relationship between these museums and librariesand the area's cultural history.Steven Young, AM'74, PhD'84, The ProsodicStructure of Lithuanian (University Press of Ameri­ca). This college textbook covers Lithuanian grammarfrom the noun to colloquial stress displacements.BIOGRAPHYKiyoaki Murata, AM'47, An Enemy AmongFriends (Kodansha International). Murata's memoirscover the years during and after World War II when hetraveled and studied in the United States.Edward W. Wood, PhB'47, On Being Wounded(Fulcrum Publishing). Wood chronicles his experi­ence fighting-and being wounded-in World War IIand describes his attempts to understand the ways inwhich these traumatic experiences have changedhim.BUSINESS a ECONOMICSAndre Gunder Frank, AM'52, PhD'57, The Un­derdevelopment of Development (Bethany Books). Areexamination of development theory focusing on therise and decline of dependence theory by the author ofThe Development of Underdevelopment, published byFrank in 1966.Andre Gunder Frank, AM'52, PhD'57, and Mar­ta Fuentes, Resistance in the World System: CapitalistAccumulation, State Policy, Social Movement (Pro- media Verlag). An analysis of the formation and func­tion of various social movements and their relation­ship to world economy.George Javaras, JD'64, Todd Maynes, and KentWisner, Start-Up Expenses (Commerce ClearingHouse). This volume focuses on the tax treatment ofcosts associated with starting a new business.Dorothy Cooperman Kavka, AB'62, Selling YourBook: The Writers Guide to Publishing and Market­ing (Evanston Publishing Inc.). A guide for the personwith a manuscript and a strong desire to publish.CRITICISMChristopher Herbert, AM'65, Culture and Ano­mie: Ethnographic Imagination in the NineteenthCentury (University of Chicago Press). Using thewritirigs of 20th-century anthropologists and 19th­century social theorists, the author investigates theconcept of culture, asserting that the whole idea of cul­ture is philosophically dubious and unstable.EricJ. Ziolkowski, AM'81, PhD' 87, The Sanctifi­cation of Don Quixote (Pennsylvania State UniversityPress). Ziolkowski explores the religious implicationssurrounding the figure of Don Quixote in Western lit­erature by examining a lineage of characters in whomthe images of the Christ figure and the mad knight arecombined.EDUCATIONPeter W. Airasian, AM'67, PhD'69, ClassroomAssessment (McGraw Hill). This book describes themany assessment tasks faced by classroom teachersand ways to use the assessment procedure to improveclassroom decision making.Alan Mandell, AB'72, and ElanaMichelson, Port­folio Development and Adult Learning: Purposes andStrategies (The Council for Adult Learning). Citingexamples from college programs that offer "portfoliodevelopment" courses, this book provides new ap­proaches to the orientation of adult undergraduates.FICTION a POETRYJean Prussing Burden, AB'36, Taking Light fromEach Other (University of Florida Press). The poemscomprising this, Burden's tenth, book of poetry, wereindividually published in Poetry, Georgia Review,Southern Review, Ploughshares, Hudson Review,Salmagundi, and other journals.William Daryl Hine, AM'65, PhD'67, translator,Ovid s Heroines (Yale University Press). A translationof Ovid's Heroides, which consists of a series of imag­inary letters from legendary females-including He­len, Medea, Penelope, Dido, and Sappho-to theirhapless lovers or husbands.William F. Love, MBA'72, Bloody Ten (Donald 1.Fine). Love's third book again follows the adventuresof the provocative detective team of Bishop Regan andDavey Goldman as they trail a murderer-who may bepart of the family.HISTORY a CURRENTEVENTSDaniel Bluestone, PhD'84, Constructing Chicag/'(Yale University Press). In this reassessment of Chica­go's urban history focusing on the metropolis' spectacular growth from 1830 to 1909, Bluestone examinesthe creation of the city's parks, churches, skyscrapers.and civic and cultural institutions.Arden Bucholz, AM'65, PhD'72, Moltke, Schlieffen, and Pruss ian War Planning (St. Martin's Press)·This introduction to the historical study of modern warplanning describes the first future-oriented war planning system, which originated in Prussia in the earlY1800s. Validated in the wars of German unification-the system was later used during both World Wars.Edwin Diamond, PhB'47, AM'49, The MediaShow (The MIT Press). Since the mid-1980s, net­works have been rethinking their agendas for thenightly news. This book takes a look at the changes innetwork news since the second Reagan administra­tion, and considers the consequences of the networks'decreasing expenditures for news and public affairscoverage and the resulting conflict between the publicgood and the network budget.James A. Morone, AM'76, PhD'82, The Demo­cratic Wish: Popular Participation and the Limits ofAmerican Government (Basic Books). This book fol­lows democratic movements throughout Americanhistory and illustrates how a populist myth-that pow­er can be taken from the state and restored to the people-ironically affects policy-making and creates a "big"government that is weak.Lamar Riley Murphy, AM'77, PhD'8S, Enter thePhysician: The Transformation of Domestic Medi­cine, 1700-1860 (University of Alabama Press). Thisstudy of early medical advice-drawn from popular,professional, and private sources-seeks to prove thatthe roles of doctors and lay persons began to changemuch earlier than the usually accepted date of 1870.Robert J, Richards, PhD'78, The MeaningofEvo­lution: The Morphological Construction and Ideolog­ical Reconstruction of Darwin's Theory (Universityof Chicago Press). Richards argues against currentperspectives and holds that Darwin saw evolution asprogressive, directed toward producing ever more ad­vanced forms of life.Deena Rosenberg, AB'73, Fascinating Rhythm:The Collaboration of George and Ira Gershwin (Dut­ton). Music historian Deena Rosenberg provides aninterpretation and critical history of the Gershwinopus. This work draws on extensive interviews withIra Gershwin and unpublished material from hisarchives.Larzer Ziff, AM'SO, PhD'SS, Writing in the NewNation (Yale University Press). A commentary on andexamination of the relationship between literature andsociety during the formative years of the American re­pUblic. Ziff argues that the rapid spread of printingpresses changed the nature of authorship and the writ­ten text and widened the reading public.MEDICINE a HEALTHSally Pickhardt Duncan, AB'67, principal writerand editor, Getting Sober, Getting Well, (The Women'sProgram of the Cambridge and Somerville Programfor Alcoholism and Drug Abuse Rehabilitation). Thisbook is a treatment guide for caregivers who workWith alcohol- and drug-abusing women.BernardG. Sarnat, SB'33, MD'37, andDanielM.Laskin, The Temporomandibular Joint: A BiologicalBasis for Clinical Practice, 4th edition (W.B. Saun­ders Co.). An examination of the origin and anatomyof the TMJ and its related regions, and a discussion ofpossible application for diagnosis and treatment.Harold E. Simmons, X'S4, Cancer and AIDS: APsychogenic Theory and Case Report (Haag & Her­chen). The author develops a unified theory of diseasethat traces pathology from its source in the psychethrough the physiological route to the disease site.Harold E. Simmons, X'S4, Asthma and Epilepsy:A Psychogenic Theory and Case Report (Haag & Her­chen). The psychogenic theory presented in this bookis composed of three parts: personality at risk, chronicstress, and physiological reaction leading to adversephysical symptoms.POLITICAL SCIENCE a LAWHerbert J, Gans, PhB'47, AM'SO, Middle Ameri­can Individualism: Political Participation and LiberalDemocracy (Oxford University Press). With a new Broadcast news (see History)subtitle and a new preface, this paperback edition of a1988 book argues that middle- and working-classAmericans resist joining formal organizations­including political ones-thus leaving too much of thepolitical arena to the wealthy.Richard F. Hamilton, AB'SO, The Bourgeois Ep­och: Marx and Engels on Britain, France, and Ger­many (University of North Carolina Press). This cri­tique of Marx's and Engels' writings reexamines thelogic of their historical arguments and challengesmany of their assertions-which, Hamilton claims,are often simply taken for granted.H. Douglas Laycock, JD'73, The Death of the Ir­reparable Injury Rule (Oxford University Press).Based on a survey of 1 ,400 state and federal cases, thisbook reexamines the relationship between law andequity, and identifies the functional reasons that ex­plain judicial choices among damages, injunctions,and other remedies.Daniel P. Westman, JD'81, Whistleblowing: TheLaw of Retaliatory Discharge (BNA Books). Thiscompilation oflegal protections for "whistleblowers"-those who uncover wrongdoing at work-looks atthe contrasting views of whistleblowers: as heroessacrificing their careers for public good, or as alarm­ists willing to embarrass coworkers and their owncompanies.RELIGION a PHILOSOPHYStuart Zane Charme, AM'7S, PhD'80, Vulgarityand Authenticity: Dimensions of Otherness in Jean­Paul Sartre (University of Massachusetts Press). Us­ing the concept of "vulgarity, " the author attempts tounderstand the interaction of Sartre's social back­ground and his analysis of existential authenticity.David Hein, X'79, Readings in Anglican Spiritual­ity (Forward Movement Publications). This bookpresents spiritual counseling on a range of topics byHannah More, Dorothy L. Sayers, John Donne, C.S.Lewis, Austin Farrer, William Law, E.B. Pusey, Wil­liam Temple, and others.Alf Hiltebeitel, AM'66, PhD'73, The Cult ofDraupadi: On Hindu Ritual and the Goddess, Volume2 (University of Chicago Press). The second ofa pro­jected three-volume study of this Hindu cult, Hilte­beitel's book looks at the cult's rituals, arguing thatthey cannot be interpreted independently of other Hin­du traditions. Bruce Lincoln, AM'73, PhD'76, Death, Uilr, andSacrifice (U niversity of Chicago Press). In this collec-, tion of essays, the author argues against the popularhypothesis of a prototypical Indo-European religion,exploring topics of death, violence, and sacrifice incultures and religions throughout history and theworld.Richard B. Miller, PhD'8S, Interpretations ofConflict: Ethics, Pacifism, and the Just- Uilr Tradition(University of Chicago Press). Miller brings togetherthe opposed traditions of pacifism and just -war theoryand puts them into a dialogue on the ethics of war.Daniel C. Noel, AM'60, editor, Paths to the Powerof Myth: Joseph Campbell and the Study of Religion(Crossroad Publishers). In ten original essays and tworeprinted reviews, religious studies scholars interpretand assess the popular myth theories of the late JosephCampbell.SOCIAL SCIENCESRoger Axford, AM'49, PhD'61, The Best Fourthof Life (Enlightenment Press). Contains advice forolder couples who have the health and financial secu­rity to travel.Lynn Davidman, AM'78, Tradition in a RootlessWorld (University of California Press). Davidman ex­plores the reasons a small but growing group of wom­en are turning toward a Jewish Orthodoxy that setsstrict and rigid guidelines for its followers.Alan Duben, AM'68, PhD'73, and Cem Behar, Is­tanbul Households: Marriage, Family, and Fertility,1880-1940 (Cambridge University Press). This studyof family, population, and westernization during thetransition from Ottoman Empire to Turkish Republiccombines the methods and approaches of social an­thropology, historical demography, and social history.James R. Flynn, AB'S2, AM'SS, PhD'S8, AsianAmericans: Achievement Beyond IQ (LawrenceErlbaum). Arguing that Asian-Americans-withouthigher IQs-outachieve whites academically and oc­cupationally, this book attempts to identify the non-IQfactors responsible.David J, Pittman, PhD'S6, and Helene White, edi­tors, Society, Culture, and Drinking Patterns Reexa­mined (Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies). This up­dated version of a book published in 1962 includesreviews of research, empirical studies, and reprints ofclassic articles.Juliet Zion Saltman, AM'48, A Fragile Move­ment: The Struggle for Neighborhood Stabilization(Greenwood Press). This socio-historical analysis ofthe neighborhood stabilization movement -an at­tempt to maintain racial integration-discusses thefactors which determined success or failure of themovement in individual neighborhoods.Nathan Szajnberg, AB'74, MD'74, Educating theEmotions: Bruno Bettelheim and Psychoanalytic De­velopment (Plenum Books). This collection of essaysexamines the implications of Bettleheim's works for anumber of other fields in social science and the hu­manities. (This title was given incorrectly in theOctober/91 issue.)WOMEN'S STUDIESJoanna Frueh, AM'71, PhD'81, CassandraLanger, and Arlene Raven, editors, Feminist Art Criti­cism: An Anthology (HarperCollins). This collection,written by art critics, historians, and artists, providesan overview of a continuous feminist discourse in artfrom the early 1970s to the present.For inclusion in "Books by Alumni," pleasesend the name of the book, its author, its pub­lisher, and a short synopsis to the Books Editor,University of Chicago Magazine, 5757 WoodlawnAve., Chicago, IL 60637.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/DECEMBER 1991 47BacLife is long,art short THEY STARTED AS A ROW OF sroas­fronts: twenty-six small shops,each capped with a gaily embossed,triangular "roof." They weremeant to be temporary homes to vendors un­able to establish shops on the grounds of theWorld's Columbian Exposition, and like theother buildings of that 1893 "City White,"they weren't built to last.When the Exposition ended and the shops'occupants followed the departing crowds, therow of shops at 57th Street and Stony IslandAvenue-a few blocks to the east of the youngUniversity of Chicago campus-were board­ed up and almost forgotten.But two decades later, the street was flour-.ishing, reborn as a home for artists and writers-from the University community andDesigned to last only a yearor two, a street of cheerfulstorefronts endured for afew decades more as ahome to Hyde Park'sartistic fringe.48 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE!DECEMBER 1991 throughout the city-who were attracted bythe reasonable rents (about $12.50 a monthfor ample studio space) and congenial neigh­bors. The Hyde Park Art Colony was born.The surroundings emphasized asceticismover luxury. In 1913, one of the first colonists,critic and writer Floyd Dell, described hisdomicile to a friend this way:"It is 11:30 P.M. I have just returned fromthe north side ... to my ice cold studio, where Ihave built a fire with scraps of linoleum, apiece of wainscoting, and the contents of anelaborate filing system of four years creation.I am writing at a desk spattered withkalsomine, and lighted by four candles. Theroom contains one bookcase and nine Fels­Naphtha soap boxes full of books counting theone full of books I am giving away to get rid ofthem-a typewriter stand, a fireless cooker, apatent coat and trouser hanger, and a couchwith mattress and blanket. In this blanket Iroll myself securely and sleep till 5:30 A.M.,when I am wakened by a flood of daylight,also by the fact that my shoulders are cold. Iwrap myself tight, and sleep till 8 o'clockwhen I get up, take a sketchy bath at a faucet,and go round the corner for breakfast. "Among the Art Colony's denizens andguests over the next decade-what writer BenHecht once described as the city's "quick andvivid years" from 1913 to 1922-were Thor­stein Veblen, Theodore Dreiser, Edgar LeeMasters, Sherwood Anderson, Margaret An­derson of the Little Review, Carl Sandburg,Vachel Lindsay, and Hecht himself. Later, asthose luminaries moved on, others took theirplace, including Clarence Darrow, HarrietMonroe, James T. Farrell, and SterlingNorth. There were readings and outdoor artshows, curio shops and colorful characters, abit of Bohemia at Hyde Park's door.But time passed, and by 1961-several yearsbefore the long-condemned wooden buildingswere razed to make way for urban renewalprojects-a Magazine article had alreadyshifted to an elegiac tone:"Today the art colony is older, less comfort­able, and the rents are higher. Yet, the propri­etor of a bookstore plays his recorder amonghis stacks. The bust of Lorado Taft basks illthe sun in the window of the studio home ofone of Taft's former assistants. And, out in oneof the backyards another stone face musesMona-Lisa-like over a long-ago party. In oneof the storefronts plastic doilys and 'antiques'are sold; another garishly advertises 'Hick'SLive Baits'; one has been empty for months>on its broken window is scrawled 'Free Ken­ya.' Sometimes people gather in the cornerlunch room, talking-mostly about othertimes."-M.R. Y.Artistic capital: a 1950s sidewalk sale (abo<veleft) in the Hyde Park Art Colony.-IE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEibie House, 5757 Woodlawnricago, IL 60637>DRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED ����************CAR-RT-SORT**CR042318977The University of ChicagolibrarySerial Records Department111(; East 59 til 5 It eet'Chicago, Il 60637