February 9-12College Centennial Symposium:The Fate of Liberal EducationThis four-day symposium will confrontthe major scholarly and pedagogicalissues facing liberal arts colleges today.April 11The Maroons Meet the BearsThe Chicago Maroons have challengedthe Chicago Bears to determine the trueMonsters of the Midway.May 3Chicago DayCity-wide open house. Entertainmenton campus will include Alexander Neusky,Prokofiev's musical masterpiece per­formed by a full orchestra and chorusaccompanying the epic film byEisenstein.Join lOur Fellow Alumni in Celebrating the CentennialOctober 3Opening Convocationand University-wide Quad PartyJoin us on the Quadrangles foran afternoon of entertainment andrefreshmen ts.October 4-5The University of the 21st CenturyThe symposium will examine emergingproblems that will affect universities inthe next century.October 6Arts DayFall exhibitions open at the Departmentof Special Collections, the OrientalInstitute, the Renaissance Society, andthe Smart Museum of Art. An openhouse at Court Theatre and jazz inHutchinson Commons will add to thefestivities. To close the day, the silentmovie, Phantom of the Opera, will beshown at Rockefeller Memorial Chapelwith Wolfgang Rubsam at the organ.October 16Pianist Paul Badura-SkodaThe renowned Austrian pianist joins theQuadrangle Chamber Players, leadingperformers of the Chicago SymphonyOrchestra, for an evening of Mozartand Bach.October 18-20HomecomingPLUS November 26Latke- Hamentasch DebateProfessor Ted Cohen will moderate thissymposium in search of the relativemerits of the Iatke and the hamentasch.President Hanna Gray, Dean PhilipGossett, and Professor Wendy Donigerwill participate.January 8 through February 2Second City at Court TheatreIn celebration of the University'sCentennial, Second City brings itsvibrant wit and music to Court Theatre.January 10 through February 16The Mystery Cycle at RockefellerMemorial ChapelCourt Theatre has adapted one of themedieval "mystery" plays into a distinctlyAmerican idiom.June 4-7University AlumniCentennial ReunionAn expanded reunion, including theAlumni Association Centennial Show, inthe tradition of the Faculty Revels.Look for more details in thecentennial newsletter andcalendar, Celebrate Chicago,Vol. II, to be mailed in August.For additional informationabout centennial events,call (312) 702-9192.FEATURES16 Birds of passion do itPractice sexual selection, that is. In Papua New Guinea,biologist Stephen Pruett-Jones studies the mating rites ofbirds to learn about the evolution of social behavior.STEVEN 1. BENOWITZ20 The making of apartheidTracing the interaction of European missionaries andSouth African villagers, anthropologists Jean and JohnComaroff have used history to move beyond thetraditional boundaries of their discipline.JAY PRIDMORE24 Under wrapsIt took four weeks-and lots of plaster-to make alife-sized mold of the Oriental Institute's most famousartifact, the Assyrian bull.JANE CHAPMAN28 This legal theory went to marketOnce considered a crackpot notion, the University ofChicago's brand of Law and Economics is now part of themainstream of American legal life.THEODORE P ROTHCover Illustration by Allen Carroll.2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 ditors NotesON A THURSDAY EVENING LATE IN THEspring quarter, I settle into a woodenchair in the Pierce Tower cafeteria.A floor fan languidly blows hot air across theroom. Pulling out notebook, pen, and tape re­corder, I sit back to watch the audience build.''Aren't these two white men?" someoneasks. "Should this really be a debate betweentwo white men?""This" is the third annual Pierce Tower de­bate. This year's topic is "Political Correct­ness: The New Orthodoxy?" The combatantsare David Strauss, professor in the LawSchool, and Michael Silverstein, the SamuelN. Harper Professor in anthropology, linguis­tics, and psychology. "We would have liked toget people whose views were a bit moredivergent," an organizer tells us ruefully,"but .... " In other words, don't expect theverbal pyrotechnics that might be sparkedby a meeting between, say, Illiberal Educa­tion author Dinesh D'Souza and IlliberalEducation target, Duke professor of EnglishStanley Fish.Indeed it's soon apparent that, beyond raceand gender, the speakers share a professorialdistrust of easy slogans, and that, they furtheragree, is what "PC" has become.Michael Silverstein sees the term as a "ban­ner" waved by those who try to "draw a falsecausal connection" among several trends inhigher education. One is "the way in whichinstitutions like universities and colleges tryto act in what used to be called in loco paren­tis." Only now, instead of rules about visitinghours, he says, there are "guidelines for ob­serving non-insulting ways of referring toeach other."Such guidelines, he notes, often reach be­yond the classroom to "what happens on acollege crosswalk where people pass eachother." Whether that reach constitutes "athreat to what people outside the universityhave called free speech, whatever that is,"Silverstein admits, "is unclear. "Before turning the podium over to Strauss,Silverstein suggests that those who criticizehigher education for being "PC" may beaided by the reaction of the accused. ''Admin­istrations of universities and colleges seem ingeneral to be silent and complicitous in this at­tack from the outside."If Silverstein has couched the debate in insider-outsider terms, David Strauss takesthe intramural view. "What we're seeing is athreatened orthodoxy trying to protect itself"against "insurgents" who are claiming theirplace in the academic sun. The academic or­thodoxy-the ones who want to conserve acanon with which they are comfortable­accuses the insurgents of being political, but,he says, "Insurgents are forced to be overtlypolitical. Defenders of the status quo can af­ford to claim to be apolitical. "As far as "hate speech" goes, Strauss main­tains that it's not a free-speech issue. "Univer­sities have always to some extent enforcedcanons of civility on their members, " he says."They ought to. That's part oftheir mission."He draws an attorney's analogy: "The univer­sity is not like society in the same way that atrial is not like society. It is not the case thatanything goes, and it ought not to be. "A more serious charge, he says, is the ques­tion of whether "scholarly speech," and thusscholarly work, "is chilled by the climate oncampus. This, I think, is at the core of thecomplaints about 'political correctness.'"It's true that "it's no longer comfortable" tosay things that, under the old rules, were per­missible. Instead, Strauss says, "You mightget called some pretty harsh names." But isthat, he grins, so different from how academ­ics customarily interact? "There's a lot ofharsh language, a lot of intimidating peo­pie .... It's part of the back-and-forth of seri­ous intellectual debate."The first question from the audience bringswhat, for me at least, turns out to be the eve­ning's final word on "PC" at the U of C: Doprofessors here use the term, and if so, how dothey use it?Michael Silverstein has the answer: "Inquotation marks."We laugh, but he is serious. "'PC' is an in­version of 'CP, ", he says, "which for peoplewho remember back 30 or 40 years is an ab­breviation for 'Communist Party." Like thenew term, "'CP' was used in the adjectiveform." It meant a "lefty-leaning pinko." To­day's reference back to the earlier term "isnot, in fact, by chance," Silverstein says."Hence, no respectable member of an aca­demic community=especially not this one­would ever use it except in quotationmarks."-M.R. YLettersRecycling O. and A.I greatly enjoy receiving the Magazine,and especially enjoyed the feature on KenDunn in the APRILl91 issue.Why doesn't the Magazine switch to recy­cled paper? Many less well-endowed collegesand universities are making an effort to buyrecycled.PHIL CAFARO, AB'84BROOKLINE, MASSACHUSETTSAlthough the University's newspaper, theChronicle, and other campus publicationsuse recycled paper, for the type of paper weuse (45 lb. web), the stocks we've found thatadvertise themselves as recycled are really nomore than 10 percent post-consumer waste(and more expensive). While waiting to seewhat improvements develop on that side of thetechnological fence, we're heartened to seethe advent of paper mills that are able to recy­cle coated paper like that currently used forthe Magazine.Dates and ducksI do value antiquity, but the error made inyour fine magazine in June on page 46("Books by Alumni") needs a bit of cor­rection. My class was 1929, not 1921.J appreciate the notice you gave the book,and especially want to compliment you on thatdelightful letter about the ducks!EVELYN OPPENHEIMER, PHB'29DALLAS, TEXASCongo captiveI was fascinated by Debra Shore's articleon Gary Ebersole's research on captives(JUNE/91). Perhaps you did not knowthat this native son of Chicago (I grew up at1223 E. 57th Street) and alumnus was a cap­tive of rebel "natives" in the Congo for threeand a half months in 1964. As U.S. consul inStanleyville, I was held hostage by rebelforces until rescued by a joint U.S.-Belgianparadrop.I am writing a book about the experience,based in part on a journal my vice consul and Iwrote for the State Department shortly afterthe events. I agree that the journal and mybook are, as Ebersole states, "products of acomplex process of retrospective reconstruc- tion" which "reflect our own age and soci­ety. " I was immersed for a time in the" other. "Hopefully, Iam better able to define myself asa result of that experience.MICHAEL P.E. HOYT, PHB'50, AB'55LAS CRUCES, NEW MEXICOPraise and questionsDebra Shore's "Our Captors, OurSelves" was good enough to be ofHarper's or Atlantic caliber. I hopeshe or Gary Ebersole plan to write a longerversion for submission to a wider market. Es­pecially after the tragic fiasco of Bush's "Warfor Reelection" and the destruction of somany innocent Iraqis, we Americans need tosee ourselves in a truly historical manner.However, from "Greeks Survive TenseYear" ("Chicago Journal"), I was amazed tohear that fraternities still survive on the cam­pus of such a meaningful institution as Chica­go. Along with semi-professional athletics,they carried such a negative reputation when Iwas in school I thought serious students wouldget juvenile antics out of their systems by thisdate.Incidentally, what a joke to call themselves"Greek." Surely they don't mean the GreekClassical tradition? I suspect that any realGreeks I have known would be ashamed to bea part of the bigotry of seeking only "theirown kind." Do the fraternities still breakdown pretty well by religion, race, orethnicity?WILLIAM WILKERSON, AB' 40FLORIDA CITY, FLORIDAOn the question of religious and ethnic repre­sentation, Joe Manning, Greek student liai­son, comments: "As far as it reflects the make­up of the College itself, the University's Greeksystem is extremely heterogeneous. Comparedto other universities, I think that's the most re­markable thing about our Greek system. "Stop arts fundingI write to express complete agreementwith the three critics of arts funding­Victor Tripp, Paul Jackson, and ArthurWeitzman-whose comments appeared in theJune issue.The key point, I believe, is that there is nolonger any national consensus as to what con- June 4-71 9 9 2UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 3stitutes "art." This is in marked contrast to the19th century, when various European govern­ments could represent the bulk of their re­spective citizens in supporting art museums,opera companies, symphony orchestras, andother artistic creators and outlets. The happysituation of 100 or more years ago disap­peared with World War I. Increasingly since,the so-called "avant-garde" has grown intowhat Weitzman has so eloquently describedas "experimental, adversarial, confessional,and let-it-all-hang-out art .... "I agree with Mr. Jackson that the FederalGovernment should withdraw from art fund­ing and spend our taxes on things on whichour citizens can reach a consensus-e.g.,food and shelter for the poorest among us.LEONARD STEIN, AM'49, PHD'62EVANSTON, ILLINOISThe bigger pictureOften I have felt indebted to my under­. graduate instructors at the U of C forurging me to make connections be­tween ideas and think synthetically. But nevermore than when I read your article on MonteLloyd ("The Big Picture") in the June issue.My career and perspective as a biologistwere shaped early in Dr. Lloyd's courses. Amaster storyteller, he lured me into the field ofevolutionary ecology with slide lecturesabout camouflaged insects, tropical rain­forests, and the sand dunes of Lake Michigan.The course covered a tremendous amount ofmaterial, but it all made sense because he in­tegrated the what and how with the why.Moreover, he challenged his students to do thesame with those infamous slide exams. Myown students now murmur anxiously when Iuse this "screwy kind of exam." Thank youfor reminding me of my roots.TOM D. SCHULTZ, AB'77GRANVILLE, OHIOISLvs. SRPIt is flattering to have your one-time ad­versaries later claim credit for what youachieved over their opposition. Your arti­cle, "Before the '60s" (APRILl91), glorifiesthe ISL. But it is a rewrite of history; the truthis quite otherwise.A small group of students tried to arouse thecampus to the threats of the Broyles Bills in1949. We turned mimeograph machinesthrough the night and passed out leaflets, butno one from ISL or Student Government wasinterested. We went to Springfield to lobbyagainst the bills. While there, because wewere an interracial group, we were deniedservice in the restaurant of the Abraham Lin­coln Hotel. We held a sit-in and were there­upon roundly attacked by the legislators as4 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 communists. In the spirit of McCarthyism,they targeted the University for an investiga­tion. One legislator, Horace Velde, called usunkempt, "dirty on the outside, so how could[we] be clean on the inside?"We called for a meeting to protest both theBroyles Bills and the threatened investiga­tion. Over 1,000 students appeared, so wemarched to Rockefeller Chapel and filled it.We formed the ''All Campus CommitteeAgainst the Broyles Bills and the Broyles In­vestigation." Only then, as one of over 100groups, did the ISL join us.I suggested we make fun of the investiga­tors: have a mock book-burning on the Mid­way, display American flags, come to classesin black tie, and sponsor a contest for the"Most American Looking Boy and Girl."Chicago papers picked up on the theme; theeffect was to laugh the legislators out of town.The "Great Investigation," as it was subse­quently described, took place in Springfield.Robert Hutchins was brilliant, articulate, anda passionate supporter of academic freedom.It may have cost him the chancellorship. AnISL-run Student Government was silent onHutchins' departure.In your article, Woodworth praised an ISL­run housing service. In 1950, the campuschapter of the NAACP exposed the fact thatthe University-run housing office assignedstudents by the race of the landlord, evenwhen a landlord stated that he didn't care whatrace a tenant was. We urged the University touse its leverage to ask landlords to acceptwhomever was sent to them as a condition forusing the campus service. ISL, instead,created its alternative, voluntary housing of­fice (which could not compete with the betterfunded administration service), pitched justfor those who were already willing to acceptblacks. ISL thus undercut our efforts to com­mit the University to a policy of integration.In 1951, the staff of the Maroon elected as itseditor a student suspected of being a commu­nist. The administration canceled the electionand the ISL was silent. In 1952, in response tothat and to the outrage against the ISL's han­dling of the housing service, a few of usformed the Student Representative Party.We were immediately red-baited, and I wascalled a communist. But U of C students in1952 reacted to the red-baiting and gave SRPmajority control of Student Government.SRP initiated actions to secure student partic­ipation on faculty committees; returned thehousing services to the administration, moni­toring it to ensure non-discrimination; andbegan a commission on the Universityneighborhood.SRP saw the overriding threat to academicfreedom as emerging from anti-communisthysteria. It mobilized student support for U ofC faculty members called before the US. Senate's Jenner committee. But it wanted to gobeyond that, to the roots of the investigationswhich biennially threatened the campus.Roger Woodworth accurately recounted theISL theme of the day, that" there were cases ofinjustice throughout the country," but that"we felt that there were enough problems oncampus for us to worry about." SRP, on theother hand, argued that students had an obli­gation to speak out against the forces in thebroader community that would restrict theirright to hear controversial points of view evenon their campus.ISL was, indeed, as my old colleague RogerWoodworth put it, fascinated by the whole po­litical process. Its absorption with the processhelped elect and sustain the ISL. There werethose of us, however, who were far more con­cerned with the purposes and goals to beserved by a political capability. It is delicious,40 years later, to hear the "pragmatists" claimthe same principle.RALPH FERTIG, AB' 50, X' 54Los ANGELESFaculty in the nation's serviceYour APRILl91 issue carries a nostal­gic piece on the pioneering radio pro­gram "University of Chicago RoundTable." But you do not identify the three par­ticipants in the photo that accompanies thenarrative.Although I do not recognize two of the three,I am certain about the moderator. Many alum­ni from the' 30s and' 40s will remember himas Professor Walter Laves, a member of thepolitical science department. During the late'30s, he was also Midwest Director of theLeague of Nations Association in Chicago. In1941, Laves left Chicago for Washington,where I had the pleasure of serving as his as­sistant when he became director of the Divi­sion of Inter-American Activities in the US.under Nelson Rockefeller.Later, Laves became a high-ranking officialin the U S. Bureau of the Budget and woundup his public service career as the first DeputySecretary General of UNESCO. He thenresumed his academic interests and wasappointed chair of the political science de­partment at the University of Indiana atBloomington.Many other faculty members as well asalumni have carved out distinguished andsometimes highly visible national and inter­national public service careers in a wide vari­ety of fields. I hope the University's upcomingCentennial will provide an opportunity foridentifying them and acknowledging theircontributions to academic as well as local,state, national, or international service. Suchcontributions are illustrative of the spirit ofservice Woodrow Wilson had in mind whenhe wrote and talked about "The University inthe Service of the Nation." Serving hasbecome a tradition at the University ofChicago.LoUIS T. OLOM, AB'37FALLS CHURCH, VIRGINIAThe original Round Table photograph carriedno identification of the three men. Readers?An allegorical mallardI write to congratulate Jamie Kalven forthe brilliant and profound essay ("Edi­tor's Notes," June 1991) which appearedwithout a title but which I will call "The Para­ble of the Ducklings." In the guise of a light­hearted column about a brood of ducklingsmaking their way from University Avenue toWooded Island, the Magazine has issued achallenging, in some ways devastating, butultimately redemptive critique of currentundergraduate and graduate education at theUniversity of Chicago. Surely the essay'sallegorical content, its evocations of Plato,Hobbes, Rousseau, and Bunyan's Pilgrim sProgress, will be evident to all alumni of theCollege who were educated in the CommonCore and all alumni of the graduate schoolswho were educated by teaching in it. But forthe sake of non-alumni readers, I offer the fol­lowing reading.The female mallard who makes the appar­ently perverse choice of Professor Sahlins'front steps for her nest is clearly the archetyp­ical student who chooses to study the socialsciences in the urban jungle of Hyde Parkrather than be seduced by the lawns of the IvyLeague or the views of the American West.She knows, or will soon find out, that thepolitical order and change required for the re­discovery of the state of nature ("WoodedIsland") can be achieved only through athorough engagement with self, culture, andsociety. The student thus undertakes her questfor Wooded Island, together with the runninginterference of a "Sahlins" or a "Redfield,"in tandem with her legacy for the future: her • ALBANY • ATLANTA • BOSTON • CHICAGO • CLEVELAND • DALLAS • DENVER • DETROIT •oczoI­oz3:CI);•:Eocez52cwl-i:::>•oI­Zoa:ol-•o>:.:::oI-•WIl.�•CI)5o_,...:U)•_,:::;)owCI)•w_,l­I­et:wCI)•ooU)ozc:ta:LL.zc:tU)•oewCzc:tCI)•CI)wi=occ:t:::;)e•czc:t_,I­a:oIl. Celebrate Chicagowith your local Alumni Clubduring the Centennial yearOctober 3, 1991 to October 5, 1992GALA DINNER DANCES will be held in: NewYork, November 12, 1991 ..... WashingtonDC, November 23, 1991... Los Angeles,February 22, 1992..... Boston, April 4,1992 ... Chicago, October 3, 1992 .... and SanFrancisco, date pending confirmation.FACULTY PROGRAMS will include VisitingLecturers... Centennial Discussions withadvance reading and study questions ...Centennial Seminars covering three monthlysessions with a faculty member leading thefinal discussion... a special CentennialSyllabus of uniquely University of Chicagoreadings ... and Centennial Forums featuringtwo faculty members presenting opposingviewpoints on a timely issue.Watch your mail for further details fromTHE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION ec:(I)(I)m,...Co2J"•mc:G)mZm•::toZG)�zG)•::toZo,...c:,...c:•::toc:fI)-toZ••,...o(I)»zG)m,...m(I)•i:s!;•i:=�c:;0::mm•i:Zzm»."o,...en•Zm�o2J,...m»z(I)•Zm�-<o::1:1�•z(=)o(I)s• HDlmBSl.lld • XIN30Hd • VIHd130Vl1Hd • SI1:IVd • VNVIONI MN • VNIlO1:lV:> H.11:10N •UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 5The Best TiIneof Your Life isAbout to Begin.Breathtaking views ofLake Michigan ...This exceptional lifestyleawaits you at Hyde Park'sonly continuing careretirement community -Montgomery Place.Immediate access to the richcultural life of Hyde Park ...Exclusively designed forthose 60 and over,Montgomery Place features agracious dining room, safetyand security, scheduledtransportation and more!Beautiful apartment homes andhealth care under one roof ...Call to make an appointmentat our on-site rental office.Don't delay - units are goingfast!MoJ!;wceHyde Park's Only ContinuingCare Retirement Community(312) 288-3300Sponsored by the Church Home, a member of theEpiscopal Charities of the Diocese of Chicago.6 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE! AUGUST 1991 ducklings, which may stand for her ideas, hertexts, her interlocutors.The journey begins on 57th Street; this is,after all, where the U of C intelligentsia buysits books. The itinerary's path along 58thStreet is clearly a flashback to the mallard'sown past, in particular to her high school edu­cation, which may have taken place at theLaboratory Schools. Here, the first perilpresents itself: her duckling falls into a sewerdrain. Oh, the threat of imprisonment in one'spast!The two subsequent perils provide the argu­ment's crux. They represent intellectual dog­mas which may threaten the educational pro­cess. "The duck honked and spread her wingsin alarm: a cat." This particular cat surelyrecalls the closing image of Claude Levi­Strauss's great work Tristes Tropiques; sherepresents the temptations of structuralism."Then a more serious danger presented itself:a woman with a cardboard box .... " Now thenon-Chicago reader might assume this dan­ger to be the logical successor to the first one,namely post-structuralism. But this peril hasno great presence at the University of Chica­go. No, at this moment of the parable's great­est elegance, the danger is clearly revealed asStraussianism, or the political ideology of thenew right. The woman with the box is theSphinx, in the spirit of Nietzsche's great open­ing line, "Let's assume that truth is a woman;what then?" The "box" this false sphinxbrandishes is the myth of the cave from Plato'sRepublic, Book 7. Rather than allow the mal­lard and her brood to rediscover the state ofnature by their own devices, this authoritarianeducator would throw them into the cavewhile pretending to guide them to the sun.How we must hope that the humanistic part­nerofthe social sciences ("Barbara Sahlins")will continue to aid future ducklings in the re­sistance of this path.With great wisdom, the parable's author rec­ommends "common sense and literary prece­dent" as the guides to Wooded Island. Thesevalues are of course those of John Dewey andRobert Maynard Hutchins. Good luck to theirlegacies and all future ducklings in the Uni­versity of Chicago's second century.MICHAEL P. STEINBERG, PHD'85ITHACA, NEW YORKWar and remembranceI am curious to know if any alumni hadsuch varied experience as I. In March1921 I received my Ph.B. degree. In Au­gust I sailed to Copenhagen and on to Poland,where I taught high school for two years. Imarried a Polish officer in 1925 and lived hap­pil y until World War II started in Poland. Naziflyers dropped four bombs in the vicinity ofmy home, and I was evacuated with two of my children and my mother to a village 50 milesaway, where we stayed until ordered to returnto our homes.My husband was taken prisoner and I neversaw him again. For two and a half years welived a life of anguish, fear, and poverty. In1942, two guards came in the dead of night toarrest me and take me to a police station. Wewere passed through many prisons before ar­riving in Germany, where we spent anotherfew years. We were repatriated in 1945 andbrought safely by ship to New York.In April 1945 I applied to the U of C for ateaching position: the next day I was working.My degree was my reference. I taught 14 yearsat Chicago and 10 years in California, retiringat age 70 in 1969. I have traveled to Polandmany times. I have written of my experiences,and wonder if any other alumni share them.RADZIA NIEWIAROWSKI, PHB'21LA MESA, CALIFORNIADoc Films anniversaryThe Documentary Film Group will cel­ebrate its 60th birthday during the1991-92 academic year. We are in theprocess of compiling a history of the organi­zation, which is the oldest student-run filmsociety in the country.Our current staff would greatly appreciatehearing from past members or film-goersabout their memories of Doc Films. Pleasecontact us as soon as possible at Ida NoyesHall, 1212 East 59th Street, so that we can in­clude you in our history project and invite youto the special events we have planned for thisbirthday/Centennial year.ANNE FLUECKIGER, '92CHAIR, Doc FILMSRequest for informationFor a career biography of Ralph Tyler,PhD'27, I would be grateful indeed forinformation having to do with his workas departmental chair of education, as dean ofsocial sciences, and his contributions to edu­cation generally. Please write me at 51 Plat­toon Place, Loudonville, NY, 12211, or call(518) 434-6914.MORRIS FINDER, AM'49, PHD'60LOUDONVILLE, NEW YORKThe University of Chicago Magazine invitesletters from readers on the contents of themagazine or on topics related to the Universi­ty. Letters for publication, which must besigned, may be edited for length and/or clari­ty. To ensure the widest range of voices, pref­erence will be given to letters of 300 words orless. Letters should be addressed to: Editor,University of Chicago Magazine, 5757Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL 60637.Celebrate the Centennial withHom IusOctober 18-20, 1991FEATURING:The U of C Maroons vs. Case Western Reserve Spartans*Humanities Open House*Pianist Paul Badura-Skoda andthe University Symphony Orchestra*Bonfire and Fireworks*Humanities Open House Book Fair*All-Campus Tailgate Party*Blues and Ribs FestFor additional information call The Alumni AS&lnvestigationsVirus BunlerBernard Roizman has spent acareer unraveling the geneticmysteries of the herpes sim­plex virus. Along the way,he's developed some tools formolecular biologists andhelped engineer a vaccine.WHEN VIROLOGIST BERNARD ROIZ­man began chasing his scientificHoly Grail thirty-plus years ago,he literally had to invent some molecular biol­ogy as he went along. He wanted to study theelusive herpes simplex viruses at a time whenanimal virology was in its infancy, and littlewas known about herpesviruses.Today, thanks to "modern manipulativemethods," says Roizman, the Joseph Regen­stein Distinguished Service Professor in mo­lecular genetics and cell biology and bio­chemistry and molecular biology, he and histeam are able to tease apart the herpes ge­nome, peering deep within the viral DNAcore, attempting to turn its secrets outward.Of the approximately 80 known herpes­viruses, only a half-dozen infect humans.Most people harbor a herpesvirus or two­chicken pox, for example, and its painfulcousin, shingles, are caused by the varicella­zoster virus. The worst of all may be herpessimplex-I, the source of recurring genitalblisters. There's also simplex-2, which causesannoying cold sores, and Epstein-Barr virus(associated with infectious mononucleosis),as well as cytomegalovirus and human herpesvirus-6.Herpesviruses are different from otherviruses: they can remain latent. The symp­toms of infection eventually subside, but theherpesvirus hibernates within the body untilsome physical or emotional stress awakens it.Roizman's work has focused on mapping thegenome of the herpes simplex virus, and un­derstanding the role of each of its 73 known8 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 Bernard Roizman: mapping the genome of the herpes simplex virus.genes. Specifically, that entails getting a bet­ter grasp of four basic systems: how the virusreproduces; how it makes the structural pro­teins that allow it to intrude upon haplesscells; how it reproduces once inside the cell;and how it stays latent and untouched.Roizman and his team have methodicallyforced the herpes simplex virus to tell many ofits genetic tales. They have characterized theproteins produced by virus infection, andwere the first to identify the genes responsiblefor early events in virus infection, and forlater replication and latency. In a studypublished last year in Science, Roizman andhis colleagues proved that a particular gene­"alpha-l 34.5"-was needed for the herpessimplex virus-l to grow within the mousecentral nervous system. "Potentially this geneis responsible for the virus causing encephali­tis" in humans, he says. But the discovery isonly a first step. "It's only one gene," henotes, "and other genes are involved. Somegene products transport proteins, others helpthe virus enter and exit the cell. In a sense, allof the genes are responsible for the disease."To find out what each gene does, he and hiscoworkers systematically delete each gene,one at a time, then analyze the resultingviruses to see what proteins they make. "Thegenetic techniques we developed were nov- el, " he says. "To specifically make insertionsand deletions of actual viral genes-thatcouldn't be done before the last decade be­cause there were no tools to do it. "In Roizman's first-floor office in KovlerViral Oncology Laboratories, a herpesvirusgene map hangs from a bookcase shelf. It's arecord of his lab's progress to date. A third ofthe spaces are colored green, representinggenes that can be deleted without hurting thevirus' ability to reproduce. Another third are. red-genes essential to viral reproduction.The few that are orange are duplicates of thereds. The white-colored spaces remain to beexplained. He believes that roughly half of allthe genes are involved in replication, and thatthe "green" genes, the ones whose deletionsdon't seem to interfere with replication, areprobably involved in other activities­dormancy, perhaps, or infection.Already, his team's work has been crucial tothe creation of a potential herpes vaccine. Forthe past year, a prototype vaccine has been inclinical trials in France. But Roizman calls thevaccine "only a small part of our work, aspinoff. " The larger work goes on: "I suspectthat in about ten years we will know what eachherpesvirus gene does," says Roizman."There are no breakthroughs. It's just puttingone brick on top of another. "The Ears Have IIUSED TO BE THAT THE LOWLY EARLOBEwasn't good for much, just a flap offlimsy flesh to hang an earring on.Not anymore. Hypertension specialist Wil­liamElliott, PhD'76, MD'79, armed withre­sults from an eight-year study of 108 sets ofears, has proposed a new wrinkle on earlobeutility: a diagonal crease in an earlobe mayforetell heart disease.Elliott, assistant professor in medicine andpharmacological and physiological sciences,found that persons with a crease in at least oneearlobe were much more likely to die fromheart disease than those with nary a crinkle.He divided his study into 27 sets of four pa­tients, each of whom were admitted under hiscare from 1979 to 1982 at three St. Louis hos­pitals. Each set had four people of the sameage (which ranged from 54 to 72), sex, race,and known risk factors such as diabetes, highblood pressure, smoking, and family historyof heart disease.One person in each set had a crease and cor­onary artery disease (CAD). Another personhad a crease but no symptoms of CAD. A thirdperson had no crease but had disease; thefourth had neither a crease nor any signs ofdisease.By the time Elliott's follow-up ended, 54 ofthe 108 patients had died, including 34 of 54with earlobe creases. Patients with heart dis­ease and an earlobe crease were nearly threetimes as likely to suffer a "cardiac event"­sudden death, a non-fatal heart attack, oremergency bypass-as those with known dis­ease but no crease. Among patients with nodiagnosed disease, those with a crease werenearly eight times as likely to experience acardiac event as those without.Physicians have pondered-anecdotally, atleast -an earlobe crease-CAD connectionsince the 1950s, Elliott says, but scientificproof has been hard to come by. While dozensof epidemiological studies in the UnitedStates and Europe have found an association,several have not. Elliott first ignited a contro­versy in 1983, when he published a study ofSt. Louis hospital patients, showing a high de­gree of correlation between creases and heartdisease. "It was far from a perfect correla­tion," he recalls. Only 74 percent with acreased ear had detectable heart disease, andonly 72 percent with disease had a crease.Still, the evidence was strong enough forElliott to urge physicians to watch for craggylobes-a plea that was largely ignored.Creases were merely a phenomenon of aging,doubters said. Elliott's latest study, however,removes age as a variable.The mechanism of the earlobe-heart con­nection is unclear. One possible explanation A new slant on predicting heart disease.may involve a loss of elastin, the substancethat lets tissue stretch. As elastin drops withage, skin wrinkles. Studies in Finland and Is­rael showed that losing earlobe elastin causeda crease; similarly, a drop in elastin contrib­utes to hardened arteries, and atherosclerosis.Elliott suggests that anatomical similaritiesbetween the earlobe and heart-both are feddirectly with blood from "end-arteries,"without help from collateral circulation­may make the earlobe an easily monitoredmarker for CAD.Elliott first heard of the CAD-earlobe con­nection in his last year of medical school atChicago. After examining his first patient fortwo-and-a-half hours, he diagnosed CAD,and suggested immediate cardiac catheteriza­tion. The next day, when the chief resident sawthe patient, he asked Elliott, "When is this mangoing in for cardiac catheterization?""I was flabbergasted," Elliott says. "Ihadn't even written a report yet." The pa­tient's earlobe crease had alerted the resident."Here was a phenomenon which made nosense to me," Elliott says, "but so intriguedme, that I decided to keep track of all of my pa­tients-843 people during my internship andresidency in St. Louis."Reactions from the medical community havebeen mixed, and Elliott doesn't claim that thecrease is a sure predictor of future heart trou­bles. "There may be an inkling of truth in whatthe results appear to show," he says, "but weneed clearer data, and on more patients. "Why Abuse?"Y OD'RE AT A PARTY," BEGINSHarriet de Wit, "and you take a pea-nut. And then you take another. Andanother. It's difficult to stop at just one." Forsome people, she says, drugs are like peanuts. "There's a lore in Alcoholics Anonymous, "she continues, "that a single drink can lead toa drinking binge." But no one had ever shown-under controlled conditions-if this wastrue for the so-called average drinker. Earlierthis year, de Wit, assistant professor of psy­chiatry, and her coworkers decided to findout. In a double-blind study, the researchersgave a placebo drink or a little bit of alcohol toa small group of volunteers-mostly graduatestudents-who were "light to moderatedrinkers." A short while later, the team askedthe volunteers to choose between a seconddrink or a small amount of money-usuallyabout $10. The people who had received thealcohol "pre-load" were twice as likely tochoose alcohol. She notes a similar occur­rence in a recent Johns Hopkins Universitystudy of smokers and nicotine; after one ciga­rette, the smokers wanted more.De Wit's specialty is drug abuse; she wantsto know why people abuse drugs, and if theyreally enjoy the effects. What kinds of drugsare most likely to be abused, and how? Is theresuch a thing as an "addictive personality"?Where might heredity fit in?She began tackling such questions in 1981,with a series of studies to find out whetherbenzodiazepines-which include commontranquilizers such as diazepam, or Valium­were likely candidates for abuse, and if so,who would abuse them."Public concern prompted us to study theiruse, " she says. Though some 11 percent of thepopulation had reported using such drugs asanti-anxiety agents within the preceding year,she discovered that under double-blind condi­tions, most normal people-those without ahistory of drug or alcohol abuse- "found theeffects of diazepam quite aversive." Given thechoice between Valium and a placebo, mostchose the placebo. Comparing a group ofyoung men who had a family history of alco­holism with a group who did not producedsimilar results; the placebo won.Yet, there was a dramatic turnaround whenher team gave a group of moderate alcoholdrinkers (about ten drinks a week) the choiceof diazepam or placebo. "They preferred thediazepam in every instance, " she says. De Witalso noticed that they reported feelingfriendlier and more elated than usual-not thetypical effects of a sedative."Although these results need to be tested in abroader population," she notes, "this sug­gested that if anyone might be at risk of abus­ing a drug, then prior history of drug and alco­hol use might help predict it. "Even as common a drug as alcohol seemedto affect individuals in different ways. A 1987behavioral study of social drinkers showedthat after a few drinks, one-third of the sub­jects were "elated and vigorous," while an­other third "lost energy, and their mood wors-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 9Harriet de Wit: the biology of abuse. pharmacological effects, in every case, theentire brain's metabolic rate declined, ratherthan those of particular regions.De Wit hopes to get around that difficulty byrunning PET scans on two very different pop­ulations. She says the next step is "to comparemetabolic brain activity in populations basedon their response to alcohol-a group that wasstimulated by alcohol, and one that showed asedative response." She hopes such studieswill begin later this year.Radiology Unwrapsr.!ummy IlysieryTHANKS TO MODERN TECHNOLOGY,University archaeologists have ac­quired some intimate knowledgeabout one of the Oriental Institute's firstresidents.On May 30, researchers wheeled a 2,600-year-old mummy into the U of C HospitalsRadiology laboratory for a four-hour check­up. Louis Kircos, associate professor of radi­ology and surgery, had agreed to perform acomputer tomography (CT) scan of the mum­my, one of four purchased in 1894 by Institutefounder James Henry Breasted while on hishoneymoon on the Nile. Researchers wantedto know some of the mummy's vital statistics,such as gender (though the male name "Peto­siris" is inscribed on its coffin), possible age at death, and cause of death.The technique is a breakthrough, infinitelymore advanced than the old method of simplyunwrapping remains-which destroyed theevidence of the wrapping pattern and the orig­inal appearance of the mummy-and an im­provement over X -rays, which provide only asingle horizontal plane of view that yields lit­tie conclusive evidence. In contrast, the CT­scan provided hundreds of cross-sections­each one-and-a-half millimeters thick­which can be reassembled by computer into acoherent, three-dimensional image.Analysis of CT-scan data on Petosiris so farhas shown that he is indeed a "him" -five­feet tall, approximately 50 years old, sans in­ternal organs, including the brain and heart.Several teeth remained in the jaw, though Pe­tosiris was missing all of his molars. Anotherclue: he wore no jewelry.Based on this evidence, Emily Teeter,PhD'90, assistant curator of the Oriental In­stitute, concludes that Petosiris "was mostlikely an upper middle-class mummy, but hewas no king."University Egyptologists, anthropologists,and radiologists will continue to review thecomputer-generated evidence to learn howPetosiris died and, perhaps, how he lived. Inthe meantime, the Institute plans eventually toscan the remaining four mummies in itscollection.ened." Those who liked the alcohol continuedto choose it instead of a placebo, while thosewho didn't like the effects avoided the alcohol."It makes sense, " de Wit says now, "that therewould be such wide individual responses, andthat the stimulant effects were so closely asso­ciated with alcohol." These mood variationssuggested possible biological differences­especially in the brain-in processing thedrug.Drug abuse, de Wit believes, has a strong bi­ological component. "Our best evidence forthat is in animal studies, " she says. "The samedrugs that are abused by people are taken byanimals when made available in a laboratorysituation. You can't say that humans takedrugs because of some sort of expectation ofthe effects, and that animals take it because it'sa biologically rewarding stimulus," she says."What's more plausible is that both take drugsbecause they work on primary biological sys­tems in the brain."To test a possible biological connection, in1987, the researchers turned to positron emis­sion tomography, or PET, to measure thebrain's metabolic activity. De Wit and col­league John Metz, PhD'78, studied theeffects of certain psychoactive drugs­diazepam, alcohol, and amphetamines-ondifferent areas of the brain in a group ofhealthy men. The initial results were disap­pointing-although each drug acts by quitedifferent mechanisms and has quite different Using a CT scan to demystify a mummy from the Oriental Institute.10 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 Compiled by Steven I. BenowitzABSTRACTSSPIN DOCTORS: SOME UNIVERSITY PHYSI­cians, working with engineers fromMicromedical Technologies, of Chatham, Il­linois, have added a new twist to dizziness ex­aminations. They've developed and installeda rotating chair to gauge dizziness and balancedisorders.The chair lets physicians measure a patient'sreaction to being swiveled back and forth asfast as five times a second, to test how well thebalance sensors of the inner ear work. As thechair is rotated, the patient's eye movements-which can be an indication of dizziness­are recorded and analyzed by computer. Oth­er chair-based tests detect flaws in the centralnervous system by measuring the patient'sability to track a laser-generated light aroundthe room's walls.Because many forms of dizziness have simi­lar symptoms, the trick is to track down thecause and then treat it. Fluid in the inner earand a tumor may bring on similar symptoms,for example, but treatments are vastly dif­ferent. While most cases of dizziness arebrought on by inner ear problems, other typesmay be caused by different, subtle abnormali­ties, ranging from ear infections to tumors toimmune disorders in the inner ear, middleear, the acoustic nerve, and the brain.Chair rotation is only part of the standarddizziness checkup, which may take a littlemore than an hour. "Testing in the chair is notuncomfortable for the patient," claims VijayDayal, professor of surgery and director of thebalance and hearing disorders program at theUniversity Medical Center, who's taken aspin or two himself. "It's like a mild ride on amerry-go-round, and it provides informationwe cannot get any other way."EXPLODING THEORY: A GEOLOGY GRAD­uate student is causing some minor trem­ors in a common theory of why volcanoeserupt. Molten rock, or magma, from deepwithin the earth gathers in chambers near thesurface, cooling for thousands of years beforesuddenly erupting. It's been theorized thatfresh magma entering the chamber from be­low would cause a buildup of internal pres­sures, and within months, perhaps, triggerthese eruptions. But Fanquiong Lu's data tellsa different story: some of the old molten rockmay stay in the ground for as long as a thou­sand years after new magma enters thechamber.Lu examined hundreds of volcanic rocksamples from the area around Bishop, Cali­fornia, where 700,000 years ago a massiveeruption occurred. Using sophisticatedprobes-including an X-ray synchrotron-tostudy the rock, she found minerals that formonly at 800-degree Celsius temperatures side- Solar-motion model: Velocity in a box offluid heated from below. Downward motion isrepresented by dark areas, upward by light. The square shows the box's base.by-side minerals that form at cooler (approxi­mately 700-degree Celsius) temperatures. Itmeant that the chamber had been stirred byfresh, hot magma-but that the mixture didn'timmediately erupt.Lu discovered this when she compared iron­rich minerals called magnetites trapped inquartz to those that had floated in liquid mag­ma. The quartz-bound magnetites wereshielded from the new, hot magma enteringthe chamber and retained their cooler compo­sition. Loose magnetites, however, reactedwith the hot magma, which changed theircomposition. These changes were slow; Lucalculates that some magnetites reacted withhot magma for at least 1 ,000 years before themixture erupted.Lu and co-author Alfred Anderson, profes­sor of geophysics, "backed into" their discov­ery while studying magma changes prior toeruption. Says Anderson: "The work bears onhow we view these huge volcanic systems­which include a still-active system in Yellow­stone National Park-and how we forecasttheir behavior."SUNSCREEN: THOUGH THE VIDEO ISN'Tready as yet, University astrophysicistsare capturing the sun's turbulent nature on thecomputer screen. Robert Rosner, professor ofastronomy and astrophysics, and his co­workers are simulating the churning motioncaused as heat rises from the sun's centerthrough its outer convection zone.This convection zone, Rosner explains,consists of the outer third of the sun-mostly hydrogen and helium. These swirling gasescause the sun's heat to be carried outward."We can't simulate the sun as is-it's toocomplex," he says, "so we simulate an artifi­cial fluid that has many of the same proper­ties" of the sun's whirling gases. Rosner'steam is using a supercomputer to find outwhat effect the smallest whirls of gases haveon the larger motions that astronomers actual­ly can see on the sun's surface.Still, physical limits to computer speed andsize mean that computers can't calculate di­rectly how heat applied below the sun's sur­face can effect the motion of fluid on thesmallest scale. Instead, senior research asso­ciate Fausto Cattaneo and research associateAndrea Malagoli, scientists in Rosner'sgroup, are calculating motions beginning onthe smallest scale, and using these approxi­mations to calculate motions on progressivelylarger scales, perhaps across several thousandkilometers. The researchers already havesimulated small-scale convection in a fluidwith many characteristics of the sun's outerlayer. The calculations produce images thatlook like the convection cells, or eddies, onthe sun's surface: dark veins of sinking, coolerfluid surrounding rising, warmer areas.A closer look at these calculations hasbrought at least one surprise. While the sink­ing motions are visually striking, the down­ward movement carries little energy. Thatmay be the case on the sun as well, thoughRosner's team can't 'tell for sure, since astron­omers' telescopes see larger veins than thoseshown in the simulations.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 11FOR THE RECORDThe National Academy ofSciences has elected fourUniversity professors­biologist Robert Hasel­kom, economist D. GaleJohnson, anthropologistMarshall Sahlins, andsociologist William JuliusWilson-to its 1,626-member organization.University professorselected to the AmericanAcademy of Arts & Sci­ences are: John Brinkman,PhD'62, of the OrientalInsitute; James Fernandezand Richard Klein,AM'S4, PhD'66, both inanthropology; AdamPrzeworski, politicalscience; Graham Fleming,chemistry; EugeneGoldwasser, SB'43,PhD'SO, biochemistry &molecular biology; RogerHildebrand, physics;Richard H. Helmholz; law;Bernard Roizman andEdwin Taylor, PhD'S7,both molecular genetics &cell biology; Janet Rowley,PhB'4S, SB'46, MD'48,medicine; and MichaelSilverstein, linguistics. More women amongCollege applicantsTHE COLLEGE ADMISSIONS OF­fice received more first-yearapplications than last year,and more women applicants than atany time since the early 1970s.According to Ted O'Neill, AM'70,dean of College Admissions, therewere 6,037 applications this spring,up 504-or a nine percent increase-from last year. Right now,O'Neill is anticipating an incomingfirst-year class of between 850 and860, but won't know the exact num­ber until the first week of classes inSeptember.The number of applicants reverseslast year's slight decline, and con­tradicts a general trend at peer insti- tutions, which O'Neill says have ex­perienced "from minor to major"drops in applications, caused by ageneral decline in the available poolof high school seniors since themid-1980s. Why is the College do­ing so well in comparison? O'Neillbelieves that "word about us isgetting out farther and farther ....Our serious commitment to generaleducation is something that is seenas desirable by more and morepeople."He describes the general qualityof this year's applicants as "unusu­ally high," both academically andin extracurricular activities, noting"especially strong" interests in mu-12 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991Almost half of the incoming first-year class will be women. sic and sports. Most striking toO'Neill is the number of womenwho applied, and who have been ac­cepted. He anticipates their per­centage in the incoming class willbe at 44.5 percent, "which is thehighest it's been in at least 20, prob­ably 25 years."The increase in women applicantssignifies an almost complete recov­ery of the number of quality womenapplicants lost in the 1960s and1970s, when Ivy League schools be­came coeducational. AlthoughO'Neill credits the increase to thesame factors that led to the generalboost in applications, he speculatesthat families may also be less waryabout sending their daughters tocolleges in larger metropolitanareas, or that more women are mak­ing that decision for themselves.With a final deadline ofJan. 1, theAdmissions Office began receivingapplicants last fall. Applications arefirst read by an admissions officer­preferably one familiar with theregion, or even the high school,from which the applicant comes.College faculty members are alsoinvited to participate; "some do,"O'Neill comments, "so the applica­tion can be, but isn't always, read bya faculty member. "The application is passed on to an­other admissions officer, generallyrandomly assigned, then on to anassociate director for a third read­ing. If there is a clear consensusamong all three readers, a decisionon the application is made; if not,the application is forwarded for re­view by the entire admissions staff,which meets as a group from Janu­ary through late March. Letters in­forming applicants of the decisiongo out in the last week of March,and information concerning finan­cial aid is sent" almost immediatelyafterwards," says O'Neill. Ac­cepted applicants are asked tQ givetheir decision by May 1.Although there have been no addi­tions to O'Neill's staff of nine forSQme time, "there is certainly agreater intensity on our part," hecomments. "We feel we must CQm­pete and recruit very hard." Still, heis quick to add, "I wouldn't want totake full credit for our success, byany means. We rely a great deal up­on the good will of our students,parents, and alumni in spreading theword about us."Trio of corporateleaders joinboardTHE UNIVERSITY ANNOUNCEDthe election in June of threenew members to its Board ofTrustees. They are: Robert Feitler,James Glasser, and John Ong.Robert Feitler is president of Wey­co Group, Inc., of Milwaukee andalso serves as chair of the HyniteCorporation. A graduate of the Uni­versity'S Laboratory Schools, he at­tended the College before earning aB.S. from the University of Penn­sylvania and an LL.B. from Har­vard. Feitler is a member of the gQV­erning board of the David andAlfred Smart Museum of Art, andchairs the Visiting Committee onVisual Arts at the University. A di-John Ong rector for numerous corporations,he is current president of the boardof the Milwaukee Art Museum.Afterreceiving his A.B. from YaleUniversity and a ID. from HarvardLaw School, James Glasser spentthree years as assistant state's attor­ney for CQQk County, In 1961, hejoined GATX Corporation, becom­ing president in 1974; four years lat­er he was elected to his current posi­tion as chair and chief executiveofficer, Vice-chair of the North­western Memorial Foundation, anda director for several other organi­zations, Glasser is also a trusteefor the Chicago Zoological Societyand the Better Government ASSQci­ation, and on the Council of" theUniversity's Graduate SchQQI ofBusiness.John Ong received both his B.A.and M.A. from Ohio State, andearned an LL.B. from Harvard in1957. Beginning his career at B.F.Goodrich in 1961 as assistant coun­sel, Ong was elected chair and CEOin 1979. Chairman of the board ofthe National Alliance of Business,he is also director of the ChemicalManufacturers Association, a sen­ior member of the ConferenceBoard, and a member of the Busi­ness Roundtable and the BusinessCouncil.There are currently 39 trustees; an­other 46 life trustees; and one honor­ary trustee, President Emeritus Ed­ward Levi, PhB'32, JD'35, the GlenA. Lloyd Distinguished Service Pro­fessor Emeritus. The board's presi­dent is Barry Sullivan, MBA'57.Robert Feitler Fermi hurdles. funding hitchFTER A ROLLER-COASTERround of decision-makingon Capitol Hill, the Senatevoted July 10 to appropriate $25million for Fermi National Acceler­ator Laboratory (Fermilab) to beginupgrading.its Tevatron=-the world'smost powerful atom smasher.The House of Representatives ap­proved an initial $10 million for the$177.8 million project in late May;but the Senate appropriations sub­committee on Energy and WaterDevelopment recommended thatanother $15 million be added to theproject. A House-Senate confer­ence committee is expected tQ workout the final funding amount some­time this summer.With the money, Fermilab will be­gin construction of a "main injec­tor," designed to store particles andincrease their energy before hurlingthem into the main accelerator, Thisimprovement, Fermi officials say,should greatly improve chances offinding an elusive subnuclear parti­cle called the "tQP quark, " provid­ing important confirmation of theStandard Model theory of matter.The tQP quark is the only particle ina six-member family of quarks thatphysicists have failed to find.FQr a time, it looked as if the pro­posal would receive no funding atall. In May, the House Appropria­tions Subcommittee accepted arecommendation from its subcom-James Glasser Mudd Club: Universitylecturers are well repre­sented in a national weeklyradio series, "SpeakersCorner, " hosted by NBCnews veteran Roger Mudd.Wuh the goal of presentingthe most interesting lec­tures heard at the U of C,Oxford, and the Smithso­nian Institution, talks byChicago faculty membershave already been selected=Marvin Zonis, JohnMearsheimer, ChristineCassel, AB'67, and RashidKhalidi among them. TheWilliam Benton BroadcastProject is a member of theproduction team.Needing and getting: TheU. S. Department of Educa­tion has awarded a littleover $2. 3 million to thephysical sciences divisionfor what it calls "NationalNeeds Awards. " The moneywill provide fellowships forgraduate students in math,physics, chemistry, andstatistics. The educationdepartment hopes suchfunding will help abate apredicted shortage of U. S.teachers and researchers inthe physical sciences.Midway all the way: It tookmore than a century, butplans for landscaping theMidway should be imple­mented in time for theCentennial. As part ofthose plans, 200 trees wereplanted this spring alongthe Midway, as designerFrederick Law Olmsteadrequested in his original1870 design.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 13A GALA/ortnight: TheGay and Lesbian Alliance(GALA) held a "Gay andLesbian Awareness Fort­night" in May. There was aperformance by lesbiancomic Marcia Wilkie; aworkshop to "educate andsensitize" non-gays to dailyissues faced by gays andlesbians; an interfaithworkshop that focused onreconciling gay identitywith religious traditions;and a GALA-sponsoreddance, open to gays,straights, bi's, and the"confused. "College masters: In July,two professors-RobertPerlman, AB'57, SB'58,MD'6I, pediatrics, andPeter Vandervoort, AB'54,SB'55, SM'56, astronomy-began three-year termsas masters, respectively,of the biological and thephysical sciences' colle­giate divisions. mittee on Energy and Water Devel­opment that $43.5 million for theproject be deleted from its fiscal1992 budget.This cut was linked with a pro­posed budget cut in financing amuch larger high-energy physicsproject, the superconducting super­collider, which is to be built in Texasat a cost officially estimated at $8.3billion. In the end, the Senate votedto appropriate $508.7 million forthe Texas supercollider, less thanwhat the Bush administration hadrequested but $75 million more thanthe amount approved by the House.Although the money proposed tobegin the Fermilab project is lessthan the $43 million amount recom­mended by the Bush administra­tion, Fermi officials are optimisticthat having achieved a formal cate­gory in the federal budget willgreatly improve chances for futurefunding.With funding from the Depart­ment of Energy, Fermilab-Iocated in Batavia, Ill. -is a consortium op­erated by 77 universities, includingthe University of Chicago. Severalkey members of Fermilab's team ofphysicists searching for the topquark are University professors.Motive soughtin professor'smurderLAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERSare still searching for clues toexplain why visiting Divini­ty School professor loan Culianuwas murdered in Swift Hall; thepossibility that the murder was po­litically motivated has not beenruled out."We are all in shock," DivinitySchool Dean W. Clark Gilpin com­mented in early June. "He was ahighly respected and well-lovedmember of the community." In theweeks following the muder, flowerswere left daily in the darkened hall-Fermilab's collider detector, above, is used in search of a subnuclear particle, the "top quark." Anewly-funded main injector should help physicists find the elusive quark.14 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 way outside the door of Culianu'sSwift Hall office. A memorial ser­vice was held June 3 in Rockefeller"Chapel.The 41-year-old professor wasfound slain May 21 in a locked lava­tory stall by a student around 1p. m. , shortly after a secretary hearda gunshot from her office down thehall. An autopsy revealed he hadbeen shot in the head by someonestanding in an adjacent stall. A cas­ing and pellet from a .25 caliberweapon were found on the floor; butthe gun itself was missing, and noeyewitnesses have been identified toassist police in their search for a sus­pect, or a motive.Since a wallet and other valuableswere left on the body, robbery wasdismissed as a probable goal of theassailant. Police detectives have sofar interviewed dozens of the popu­lar professor's students, friends,and colleagues to determine a mo­tive for the shooting, and FBI agentsare investigating whether the casemay be related to Culianu's politicalwritings and activities concerninghis native Romania. In a June 17 in­terview with Associated Press writ­er Sharon Cohen, Chicago detec­tive commander Fred Miller wouldnot comment on the political angle,except to say that it didn't appear tobe a professional "hit," since onlyone shot was fired.However, Culianu's sister, TheresePetrescu, told Cohen, "We are con­vinced-all my friends and family-that it is a political crime." In a se­ries of articles written last year forthe Romanian exile newspaperLumea Libera, Culianu had beensharply critical of Romania's post­revolutionary government. How­ever, Culianu was better known oncampus for his prolific scholarlywritings: more than 150 articles and18 books spanning a wide rangeof topics.Culianu defected from Romania toMilan, Italy, at age 22. After receiv­ing degrees from the Catholic U ni­versity in Milan and the Universityof Paris-Sorbonne, Culianu studiedwith the late Mircea Eliade at theUniversity'S Divinity School in1975 as a post-doctoral scholarbefore joining the faculty of theUniversity of Groningen in theNetherlands, where he claimed citi­zenship. In 1986, he returned to theUniversity as a guest lecturer, andhas been a visiting professor heresince 1988. He was scheduled to be­come a permanent member of thefaculty July 1.Culianu's last book, Out of ThisWorld: Otherworldly Journeys fromGilgamesb to Albert Einstein, waspublished posthumously in June.The weekend before his death, theDivinity School was host to anational conference on "OtherRealms: Death, Ecstasy and Other­worldly Journeys in Recent Schol­arship," organized by Culianu.Frank Reynolds, AM'63, PhD'71,professor in the Divinity School,said of Culianu, "he was breakingsignificant new ground in applyingapproaches to the history of religionto the study of Christian materials.He was studying aspects of theChristian tradition, including theinfluence of myths, that are oftenignored."Compiled by Tim ObermillerVoices from the quadsNot long ago a friend called andtold about the number of ill­nesses in her family and she asked,"Why me?" It struck me, how curi­ous it was that I'd never heard thatfrom a person who had been thepossessor of some great good for­tune. You never hear them ask,"Why me?" -Helen HarrisPerlman, the Samuel Deutsch Dis­tinguished Service Professor Emer­itus in the School of Social ServiceAdministration, giving the 1991 Re­union lecture in Max PalevskyCinema.I srael �s now facing the s�co�dmost Important opportunity Inthe history of Zionism-the first, ofcourse, being the creation of an in­dependent Jewish state at the end ofthe Second World War. This secondopportunity is for Israel to attractand incorporate into its vibrant eco­nomic and political life millions ofSoviet Jewish citizens-citizenswho would transform the nature ofthe Jewish state by introducing anew element of Westernized, tech­nically trained, scientifically com­petent men and women.Rather than seizing this opportu­nity, the current Israeli government Culianu, above, was to become a permanent faculty member July 1.is so taken with the problems ofdealing with the Palestinian intifadaand controlling the West Bank... thai they have fallen down on theproblem of incorporating these newimmigrants, to the extent that thou­sands of those immigrants are nowtrying to convince the governmentof Germany to allow them to settlein Berlin, which, under the presentcircumstances of the state of Israel,they view as a more desirable placeto live. =-Marvin Zonis, professor inthe Department on Psychology, aspart of a panel of Middle East ex­perts discussing "The Middle Eastin the 1990s, " during Reunionweekend.In my middle years I feel ready tomeditate on life and its mean­ings. I feel newly generous towardmy mother as I experience the ex­traordinary challenges of being amother myself. I feel newly inter­ested in issues of vulnerability, loss,the large and small casualties ofaging.I no longer believe in nor strivefor perfection, pure joy, or stridentachievement. I no longer thinkthose are humanly possible, I nolonger even find them interesting. I want to use these middle years totake stock, to honor my elders, toexperience the continuities and dis­continuities from one generation tothe next. I want to use these middleyears to become wise, not justsmart.-Sara Lawrence Lightfoot,professor of education at HarvardUniversity and the author of Balmin Gilead: Journal of a Healer,speaking as the School of SocialService Administration s 1991Helen Harris Perlman lecturer.Many physicians now realizethat information on treatmenteffectiveness is a cornerstone formodem practice. Yet there is mount­ing evidence that much of the healthcare that we receive is unnecessaryor inappropriate. Some estimatesclaim that up to 40 percent of theprocedures we use to treat certaindiseases are inappropriate. Theproblem is, for many medical treat­ments' we don't know what worksand what doesn't, and for whom itworks and for whom it doesn't.­Dr. Louis W. Sullivan, Secretary ofHealth and Human Services, speak­ing on "Medical Treatment Effec­tiveness" at the Max PalevksyCinema. Centennial Tv.. JohnCalloway's "ChicagoTonight"-broadcast onWTTWIChannelll-willdevote an entire show Oct.3 to the University, focus­ing on celebrations ofChicago's first one­hundred years, with inter­views of some of the cam­pus community's "keyplayers. " WTTW is alsoplanning to air the pre­miere of a film produced byChicago anchor Bill Kurtisfor the Centennial, aboutthe work of several youngfaculty members. The exacttime of the Oct. 6 programis to be announced.A College student wascharged with allegedlystriking another studentduring a May 3 rallycondemning gay harass­ment on campus (reportedin the JUNEI91 Maga­zine). Charged with simplebattery and intimidation,the student was granted acourt continuance andreleased. The matter wasalso referred to the CollegeDisciplinary Committee.The rally was a response toharassment of three gaystudents, including aphysical attack on one ofthe men, this past schoolyear. Investigation of thatharassment is continuing,with no charges filed todate.Changing places: Twowell-known faCUlty mem­bers have left the University-political science profes­sor Gary Orfield, AM'65,PhD'68, who accepted anoffer to teach next fall atHarvard; and ChristophBroelsch, former directorof the Hospitals' living­donor liver transplantprogram, who returned toGermany and now chairsHanover University'sdepartment of surgery.John Emond, who hasalready overseen severalliving-donor transplants,replaces Broelsch as the Uof C program's head.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 15His guinea pig is a bird, hislaboratory a mountain rainforest. Biologist StephenPrueH·Jones watches avianrites of passion, where beautybeats brawn, and females callthe shots. Their choices, hesays, may drive evolution.By Steven I. Benowitz mates, like jousting medieval knights or fron­tier gunslingers. The winning males tend to bebigger and stronger, with exaggerated fea­tures-larger horns, tusks, or canines. Inter­sexual selection, on the other hand, mayac­count for the dazzling plumage of birds ofparadise. The flashy, colorful males competefor the females' attentions, who appear to de­cide who is the .showiest-and may fatherhealthy offspring. Sexual selection often re­sults in only the strongest or most ornatemales-depending on the species-passingon their genes to the next generation.Darwin wrote that the advantages derivedfrom "conquering other males in battle orcourtship, and thus leaving numerous proge­ny are in the long run greater than those de­rived from rather more perfect adaptation tothe conditions of life." And the power to"charm the female," he theorized, "hasHAT'S LOVlTHE GAUDYSix-Wired Bird of Paradise, Parotia lawesii,lacks in humility, he makes up in sexual chutz­pah. For a few stolen moments of passion, thisavian Don Juan is apt to brazenly prance,preen, and shake his brightly colored tail­feathers, just a sampling of a carefully chor­eographed, six-part dance to charm a femaleinto mating.But the female is picky, and the reasons forher choosiness are at the center of several con­troversies in evolutionary biology. She'llprobably see what a range of males have tooffer before deciding on the winner.Stephen Pruett-Jones has watched suchcareful selections unfold dozens of times,with dozens of bird species. "Birds have so­cial organizations that are readily observable,and they are wonderful living laboratoriesthrough which to study evolution," says the38-year-old assistant professor in the Depart­ment of Ecology and Evolution, who special­izes in the promiscuous-and often bizarre­mating behavior of birds. By studying suchelaborate behavior, he hopes to understandhow sexual selection works, and to learn moreabout the evolution of social behavior.Sexual selection, a term Charles Darwincoined in his 1871 treatise, The Descent ofMan, and Selection in Relation to Sex, de­scribes the choices made when members ofone sex, usually males, gain an advantageover other members of that sex in obtainingmates.Darwin pictured sexual selection as happen­ing in one of two ways. In intra sexual selec­tion, males compete among themselves foraccess to females; they duke it out for their16 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE! AUGUST 1991 sometimes been more important than thepower to conquer other males in battle. "Though biologists generally agree on theimportance of sexual selection as an evolu­tionary agent, there is less agreement on theway it operates. Take the birds of paradise, forexample. Sexual selection results from com­petition for mates and the winner of the com­petition will gain the lion's share of matings.The question is, which has a greater influenceon mating-males competing for access andthe opportunity to entice the female, or the fe­male's decision itself?To answer that question, then-Berkeley doc­toral student Pruett-Jones and his fellow biol­ogist and wife, Melinda-who had graduateresearch designs of her own-shared a tropi­cal rain forest study site at Mount Missim,a 9,OOO-ft. mountain in remote Pap au NewGuinea. For two-and-a-half years, from 1980to 1983, each was the other's chief assistant.While Stephen sought out birds of paradise,Melinda-now at the Field Museum of Natu­ral History-followed bowerbirds, peculiarcreatures that base romance on architecturaltalent.Pruett-Jones focused on the mating habits ofParotia lawesii, also dubbed the Six-WiredBird of Paradise, so named for its six headplumes. During the breeding season, malesgather at lek sites, which are avian communaldisplay areas. Some 10 or so males congregateat a time, each bird in his own cleared space,with an appropriate viewing perch for the in­terested female. "It's a singles bar that hasonly men," he says, where females visit, oneat a time, to select a mate.While the males show off their plumage,E GOT rIn a Papua New Cuinean rain forest,Stephen and Melinda PrueH·Jones(boHom) watched as male birds ofparadise (inset, right) wooed mateswith ritual dances (below).performing ritualized dances, females size upprospective partners. In 28 months of observ­ing 144 individually marked birds (coloredbands around a leg), the researchers seldomsaw male-to-male combat; males mostly yell­ed for female attention, and pranced and wav­ed in their display courts, hoping to catch a fe­male's fancy. "There's no doubt that malescompete with each other to some extent-forLabor of lovePERHAPS THE ODDEST OF ALL THE BIRDSUniversity biologist Stephen Pruett-Jonesand partner Melinda Pruett-Jones of theField Museum of Natural History havestudied are the bowerbirds, so named fortheir bizarre penchant for building bowersas monuments of love. To woo prospectivemates, the male bowerbird devotes at leasthalf his waking hours during the springmating season to constructing, attending,and defending his lot of twigs, leaves, andornaments, including bits of charcoal,fungi, seeds, fruit, leaves, lichens, andparts of insects-perhapsas many as 500 decora­tions in a single bower.Architectural prowesscounts for much in thebowerbird universe. In astrange twist of sexual se­lection, females appar­ently choose mates by thequality of their bowers. Awell-constructed, deco­rated bower may send themessage that its owner is astrong male with primebreeding potential anda territory to match."Though female choiceis at work, we couldn't female is just as choosy; she might visit abower 100 times before making up hermind."The bowerbird fascinates people be­cause it exhibits behaviors reminiscent ofwhat we do to advertise ourselves. andattract mates, " Melinda says. "The bower­bird can extend what nature gave it byusing secondary sex characteristics the wayyoung men wear special clothing and drivefancy cars to attract girls. "BetweenJ980 and 1987; the Pruett­Joneses spent thousands of hours at theirJ follow their interactions closely" enough tosee the extent of male competition, Melin­da Pruett-Jones says, though males oftensabotage each other's bowers. Like "littleinterior decorators" the males may laborover their bowers for hours at a time. The The female Macgregor's bowerbirdchooses a Dlale partner (lefl) for hisbower-buildiDg abilities. A bower(above) Dlay look like a pile oftwigs, bul illook hoars of work.Mount Missim campsite in eastern PapuaNew Guinea observing the Macgregor'sbowerbird, an olive-brown, robin-sizedcreature. The male lures his quarry with amaypole-shaped bower, usually surround­ing a sapling, perhaps reaching ten feet inheight. Other bower shapes resemble tinyhuts, tunnels, or platforms.But bowers alone aren't enough to winlovers. When the male Macgregor's bower­bird wants attention, he performs an elabo­rate routine, bouncing from perch to perchto ground, strutting around his bower,sometimes taunting and teasing his femalevisitor, who is perched above. He mightcontinue his haughty display for only sec­onds or for up to half-an-hour. As thepotential lovers size up one another, sheplays it cool, eventually deciding to eithermate or leave-with the option of a returnengagement. -So B.18 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 position in the lek, for example, " the research­er admits, "but that doesn't explain who mateswith whom." Clearly, Pruett-Jones concludedin a scientific paper, for this species" sexual se­lection occurs through female choice. "It was the first time that researchers haddemonstrated conclusively that female choicewas the prime mover of sexual selection in aspecies of bird of paradise. "That means thatat least for this one species, " he says, "evolu­tion appears to work the way that Darwin sug­gested it did for birds of paradise. "Still, questions about male competition re­main. "One controversy is, do birds of para­dise have a male hierarchy of dominance?Even in a lek, it's not clear-cut," MelindaPruett-Jones says. "In leks, males try to getthe best space and positioning, while femalesappear to copy one another's choices formates. So only a few-say one or two out often males, for example-might engage in asmany as 90 percent of the copulations. Themajority don't get any," she says. "Yet wehaven't seen males fighting, and no one's beenable to show whether or not a dominance hier­archy exists."In New Guinea, the hours were long, thework meticulous and difficult. The annual re­search crew-which typically included fiveAustralian students and three Papua NewGuineans-left camp once a week for civili­zation, and the rest of the time depended onhelicopter-delivered supplies. "For fourmonths of the year, usually late autumn to ear-1y winter, we camped on the study area withour banded population of birds," StephenPruett-Jones explains. "Depending on whatwe were doing-radio-tracking [via tiny radiotransmitters attached to the birds' backs],mist-netting [a see-through, nylon-mesh netused for trapping], or doing behavioral obser­vations, we'd wake up at 4:30 to 5:30 a.m.,and disperse throughout a study area ofroughly four square miles."Sitting, hidden as we were, perhaps sixyards away, and watching a bird display-withit oblivious to your being there ... it's incred­ible when you realize that few Western eyeshave ever seen this," Pruett-Jones says."Considering how physically demanding thework was, you needed these types of personalsatisfactions. "It was his interest in sexual selection and theevolution of social behavior that led him in1988 to Black Mountain Reserve in Canberra,the Australian capital, to study the superbfairy-wren. Pruett-Jones was intrigued by thefact that the birds were dimorphic-that is,males and females look substantially differ­ent, like the birds of paradise. "Dimorphism,with the exaggerated features and differencesbetween the sexes, typically implies sexualselection, " he notes. It also suggests that themales-which "look like little birds of para-dise," he says-may be promiscuous andcompete for female attentions. Indeed, usinggel electrophoresis, other researchers hadfound that some 65 to 70 percent of youngbirds in a fairy-wren nest were not fathered bythe resident territorial daddy.Their promiscuity notwithstanding, fairy­wrens also have an unusual social organiza­tion, known as "cooperative breeding." Ado­lescent males don't leave their home territoryupon reaching sexual maturity, but insteadhang around for an extra season and help rearyounger brothers and sisters. "The best expla­nation is that the young want to leave, butthere's a shortage of either females or suitablehabitat," says Pruett-Jones. "Rather thanleave and live alone under threat of predators,the young males stay home, " he explains. '�ssoon as the opportunity arises, these malesleave-it appears to be an adaptive strategy,"and a rare one, occurring in only perhapsthree to five percent of all bird species.To study delayed dispersal by young males,Pruett-Jones and an Australian colleaguetried to prod the young males to leave the nestearly. First, they removed breeding couplesfrom fairy-wren mating territories, openingup vacancies for the non-breeding, youngmales. The males wouldn't budge. Without afemale, males saw no advantage in leavinghome cooking. But when the researchers re­turned the females to the breeding territories-sans males-the young bucks didn't wait forinvitations. Of 32 such males the researcherskept track of over a two-year period, 31 tookup new residences."Suddenly, people in the field are saying,'Maybe cooperative breeding is a system inwhich sexual selection plays a role too,'"Pruett-Jones says. "We're finally beginning tounderstand what causes sexual selection, andhow pervasive it is, " he adds. "Sexual selec­tion-and male competition-likely operateto some extent in all species. They may bemore pervasive than previously thought, andpart of the reason for morphological differ­ences in many species."If sexual selection and female choice are in­deed widespread phenomena, then the nextquestion is, how do females choose? Do theysize up the available males, and tap their fa­vorite? Or do they watch what other femalesdo? Though scientists haven't actually docu­mented female copying in a population,Pruett-Jones says, "when you see groups offemale birds of paradise come into a lek situa­tion and mate with only a few males, again andagain, it suggests that copying may be occur­ring." Last August, he and University col­league Michael Wade, PhD'75, argued in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sci­ences that females choosing randomly, basedon physical appearance, probably wouldn'tmake much reproductive sense. Better to watch which males other females pick beforemaking a hasty decision.Pruett-Jones suggests that copying is anadaptive strategy triggered by the "cost ofmate choice." A female that lays only one egga year can't afford to guess; she has to makethe best choice possible.Using an algebraic model, Wade and Pruett­Jones were able to theoretically demonstratefor the first time that "if females copy eachother, the mating success of certain males in­creases," promoting evolutionary change.Pruett-Jones plans to test the theory both inthe field-by watching a population of birds ofparadise choose mates, and testing paternitythrough DNA fingerprinting-and in an avi­ary, where matings can be controlled. He alsowants to use similar methods in examiningfemale choice in fairy-wrens.Despite these efforts, Pruett-Jones hardlyexpects to find one grand solution to the ques­tion of what drives evolution. "All we can becontent with is to find small answers," hesays, "and contribute to knowledge about thediversity of life. " "Cooperative breeding" makes thefairy-wren (top) a rara avis. MountMissim is also home to (from above>the brown sicklebill, the superb bird ofparadise, and the buff-tailed sicklebill.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/ AUGUST 1991 19To explain the baffling complexitiesof South African culture, Jeanand Iohn Comaroff undertook arisky journey -one that ultimatelychanged the way they viewed theirhomeland, their discipline,and themselves.By Jay PridmorePhotograph byRobert Drea NTHROPOLOGISTS JOHN AND JEAN COMAROFFare fascinated by a turning point in the careerof Dr. David Livingstone. In 1841 Living­stone joined a virtual army of British mission­aries in Southern Africa. Most came heavilyladen with European values, values that slow­ly insinuated themselves into the native vil­lages. But-unexpectedly-Livingstone's af­finity for African culture overshadowed hisevangelical zeal. He left his mission to go offby himself into Africa's interior-not lost, butlater to be "found" in 1871 by the journalist­explorer Henry Morton Stanley."Livingstone was one of the few who under­stood absolutely the irony of missionarywork," says Jean Comaroff. "One of the rea­sons he gave up the mission for the relativelyless complicated business of questing for thesource of the Nile was that he was too much ofa relativist to convert anybody. He kept seeingvirtues in the arguments of the other."In their new book, Of Revelation and Revo­lution: Christianity, Colonialism, and Con­sciousness in South Africa (published in Mayby the University of Chicago Press), the Com­aroffs, both professors of anthropology at theUniversity, elaborate on this irony. Mission­aries injected the Bible into African villages,"and undermined a highly developed cosmolo­gy as a result. They preached a work ethic thatclashed with the African concept of self­worth. Innocently enough, missionaries useda kind of linguistic ethnography to divide Af­ricans into ethnic groups that did not previ­ously exist; many of these divisions persist to­day in an apartheid system obsessed withracial classification.The latter irony is particularly poignant forthe Comaroffs. As young students in SouthAfrica, anthropology galvanized their oppo­sition to apartheid. Yet, even then, they real­ized that the Pretoria government employed"ethnologists" to support the basis of "ethnichomelands." It was an unpleasant associa­tion, and if the Comaroffs had been more likeLivingstone, they might have migrated to oth­er professions. Instead, they stayed put inanthropology.In books and papers over the last decade­written individually and as co-authors-theyhave examined the history and cultural dy-20 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 namics of South Africa (from which countrythey have emigrated; he now holds U.S. citi­zenship; she, British). Their techniques gobeyond the normal boundaries of anthropolo­gy; indeed, Manning Nash, AM'52, PhD'55,chair of Chicago's anthropology department,says that "the Comaroffs are at the forefront ofa wave in anthropology that makes historicalresearch integral to the study of culture. "''Anthropology has been accustomed tolooking at life under a microscope, " says JeanComaroff. "Societies were understood as so­cial organisms with parts that functioned, thatwere healthy or not healthy." In the Com­aroffs' view, anthropologists have concentrat­ed too much on "static" and "closed" so­cieties, and thus the discipline has been untilrecently little concerned with history andchange. For this reason, they claim, standard"structuralist" or "functionalist" approachesto anthropology have done little to address thepolitical struggle in South Africa.The Comaroffs' book has its roots in fieldwork among the Southern Tswana, in theSouth African homeland of Bophuthatswana.For them, it became a vivid laboratory inwhich to study and witness apartheid."Tswana, " they point out, is mostly a crea­tion of Europeans, and the African groupshave no written record. Nevertheless, thelong history of contact between whites andblacks is documented in the diaries of earlymissionaries and other literature of 19th­century Britain. In this material, the Com­aroffs find that modern apartheid was usheredin by something far more complex than eco­nomic domination of one group over another.Rather, their reading of history reveals "acontest of conscience and consciousness."They argue that in many ways white mission­aries' messages set the psychological stage forapartheid.The Comaroffs interpret this as a subtle, of­ten unintentional, process. Sifting throughold journals and travelogues, they uncoverpassages and turning points that make the pro­cess vivid. For example, their book quotesfrom one missionary, Samuel Broadbent,who perceptively notes why black chiefs al­lowed white missionaries among them: "I saynot that the good will they have hitherto dis- TheAIlIakingof�ARTREIDplayed toward us is because we are ambassa­dors of Christ, for they know not that .... I be­lieve, in some principal men, it is ambitionand covetousness .... They consider our namea defence, they have the means of obtainingmany things of which they are proud throughus." Whites had guns, books, clocks, andmirrors-things that fascinated Africans whohad never seen them before.Throughout Of Revelation and Revolution,the Comaroffs refer to the long encounter be­tween the missionaries and Tswana as a "con­versation." They introduce this metaphor witha quote from Livingstone: "In our relationswith this people we were simply strangersexer­cising no authority or control whatever. Our in­fluence depended entirely on persuasion; andhaving taught them by kind conversation aswell as by public instruction."Examining this "conversation," the Com­aroffs search for what, in a 1988 paper on"The Historical Anthropology of Apart­heid," they call the "synapses," or communi­cative loci that "link the colonial past to theneo-colonial present." In their book, they goon to trace a continuous series of such syn­apses, beginning with 19th-century Englishwriters who romanticized the African. "Hu­manists and abolitionists ... invoked him topersonify the tragic figure of the slave-an in­nocent witness to, and victim of, Europeandebauchery, " they write. "The critique ofEu­rope an worldliness appealed to Puritan sensi­bilities, and missionaries were hopeful thatthe savage wilderness might be made to yielda new Christian Arcadia."The British imagination elaborated on thisimage of Africa. Adventure stories cast thecontinent as a bereft woman, "waiting formoral and material insemination of the heroicEuropean male," John explains. After thefeminization of Africa, it was an easy jump­given gender casting at the time-to build animage of unmitigated passion and associateddangers. ''As the air is, so are the inhabitants,"one naturalists wrote of Africa. Traveloguescontained illustrations of explorers in Africacoming to the aid of native women. "In thislegacy," the Comaroffs write, "'southernclimes' were repeatedly associated with heatand fecundity, sensuality, and decay."UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 21Nor was it a great leap for the European toportray sexual intimacy between themselvesand Africans as a particular "abomination."Missionaries were cast out of the church andotherwise handled harshly for fathering chil­dren with black women. This cultural prohi­bition was later codified in one of South Afri­ca's most notorious apartheid laws, theImmorality Act, which prohibited sexual re­lations between races and was only recentlyrepealed.In the beginning of British missionary work,the Comaroffs note, missionaries werewelcomed heartily by many Tswana villages.The early 1820s were a period of great unrestand hostility among African chiefdoms, andan alliance with whites often meant immunityfrom enemy attack. Nevertheless, the "wordof God" did not easily persuade the Tswana inthe early years. In 1842, one missionarydescribed, in what seem to be realistic terms,a service in a mission church. Natives werenot accustomed to chairs, so they sat on make­shift pews with "their knees, according totheir usual mode of sitting, drawn up to theirchins. In this position one would fall asleepand tumble over, to the great merriment of hisfellows."Tswana thought, the Comaroffs say, tends tobe "relativist," open to diverse ways of think­ing and worshipping. Christian faith, on theother hand, is "universalist," exclusive of allothers. Little by little, however, missionariesdid influence African thinking, often as a re­sult of direct, but complex, confrontations.Rainmaking ceremonies, for instance, be­came a point of contention. The missionariesdenied that rain was the result of rainmakersperforming on the local chieftain's behalf.The Africans argued that they were. Predict­ably enough, missionaries then concocted"Christian" rain ceremonies, which were oc­casionally successful, to the consternation oflocal rainmakers.For the Comaroffs, the important point isnot that the Christians "produced" rain.Rather, the very act of arguing about wherewater came from was disorienting to theTswana. "Even to respond to the arguments of[whites] meant using some of its [the whites']signs and adopting some of its practices, " theComaroffs observe. Tswana rain magic­which had the practical effect of preservingthe chief's hegemony-was undermined by arationalistic debate.In this manner, the presence of the mission­aries gradually contributed to a breakdown in"the sovereignty of the basic tenets of Tswanalife, " documented in the Comaroffs' book. Inone episode, recorded in an 1858 English mis-Jay Pridmore is a Chicago journalist whosearticle, "Inside John Gunther, " appeared inthe Decemberl90 issue of the Magazine.22 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991sionary magazine, a Tswana chief named Ma­hura broke into the local mission chapel andseized the church bell. He carried it to his owncourt. After summoning his villagers, he cer­emonially returned the bell to the church.This event baffled the missionary who re­corded it, but in light of Tswana culture, theComaroffs say that the chief's behavior madeperfect sense: The bell's power to assemblethe village previously belonged only to thechief. Although he knew that he could noteliminate the Christians, Mahura believedthat his act could restore a measure of his pres­tige-albeit in a fragmented world.The African world would continue to be al­tered. Resistance on the part of chieftains, ''A tremendous number" of students "wereradicalized by their encounter with anthro­pology," says John. Both John and Jean tookpart in marches on and near the campus,where police lines and dogs were used tobreak up otherwise peaceful demonstrations.They remember listening to older friendsplanning their future based on the possibilitythat they would be deprived of normal rightsof citizenship-or even banned-for their po­litical beliefs. "There was a surreal quality toall this," John muses, "that at the timeseemed perfectly normal."In 1967 the Comaroffs were married andwent off to graduate studies at the LondonSchool of Economics, then becoming a hot-Southern Tswana return to their homewhich grew more resolute as the 19th centuryprogressed, inevitably resulted with the whitecolonial government stepping in to protectwhite and Christian interests. Moreover, mis­sionaries were teaching the work ethic (andthe related European practice of monetary ex­change) as the way to salvation. One resultwas that when diamonds and gold were dis­covered, many blacks became migrant labor­ers, an economic pattern which inspired leg­islation governing relations between masterand servant. Many more laws formalizingwhat the Comaroffs term "the grotesqueendgame" of apartheid were to come.The Comaroffs' efforts to under­stand South African culture be­gan in 1964 when they both werein a University of Cape Townanthropology class taught byfamed South African anthropologist MonicaWilson. "She stood up there in her Cam­bridge gown and robes-nothing could havebeen more elite, "recalls Jean. Yet "she beganto layout, in absolutely non-prejudicialterms, what African culture might be about.There, she opened up a whole new world." bed of radical activity on many fronts. Whilestudying for their doctorates in anthropology,the couple took part in a range of protest poli­tics. They joined a community of South Afri­can exiles and emigres, and worked with theanti-apartheid movement, then in its forma­tive years.Even in England, the long arm of South Af­rican law touched them. At meetings and ral­lies, they were observed by spies from thePretoria government, or by the British police,who were then doing the bidding of SouthAfrica against dissidents. At a political meet­ing in South Manchester one evening, Johnwas with a friend who suddenly charged an in­dividual with a camera. The photographerwas a South African agent, the friend cried,and his pictures would be sent back to securitypolice in Pretoria. "These were trivialevents, " says John, "but they were all a part ofthe conjuring of the times. "The Comaroffs' "radicalization" becamecomplete duringfield work for their disserta­tion-among the Tswana in. the Bophu­thatswana. They chose the area partly for itsproximity to South Africa's border withBotswana-they could cross if they were for-bidden to continue in South Africa. The pros­pect was not unlikely, even for academics.''Anyone to the left of Attila the Hun was con­sidered a communist," John remarks. Al­though the Comaroffs' political problemsnever came to a border crossing, they wereunder constant police surveillance.For 19 months they worked in andaround the town of Makefing,keeping an apartment in thewhite section there, but spend­ing much of their time in blackdistricts, which were technically off-limits tothem after dark. They became convinced thatwhite neighbors were reporting their move-village.ments to the police, and while they were nevercharged with crimes, the couple was fre­quently harassed, their passports constantlychecked. Jean was pulled over when seen inan auto alone with any black male; such mix­ing was forbidden at any time.The Comaroffs worked to immerse them­selves in Tswana society, at times more deep­ly than was wise. As they became privy to thecomings and goings of dissidents across theBotswana border, they became increasinglyconcerned for their own safety. Sympatheticfriends told them that their fears were notwithout foundation-that the potentially ruth­less security police were indeed suspicious ofthem. A black friend who was also an Angli­can priest suggested an intriguing solution totheir plight: a ritual washing.While they laughingly recall that thisstrange ablution, conducted in a private cere­mony, caused their skin to itch for days after­wards, it had a practical benefit: It under­scored to them that the information they hadwas dangerous. It also reminded the blackcommunity that the Comaroffs deservedwhatever protection the community couldgive. As it turned out, the Comaroffs were not harmed. "That in itself was proof of the effi­ciency of the washing," John says. They wereseeing the world through Tswana eyes.Another of the washing's lessons pertainedto the "relativism"· and openness of theTswana. "They have a very different view ofcomprehending and juxtaposing culturalpower of all kinds," explains John. That ablack Anglican could endorse indigenous re­ligion highlighted this important point. It ex­plained how Tswana culture opened itselflessto rationalist explanations, and more to differ­ent forms of ceremony and magic. The Com­aroffs believe that it also helped to explainhow villagers long ago had allowed the mis­sionaries to insinuate themselves into theirworld.Their work had not yet becomehistorical anthropology. Thatcame later. By the early 1970s,both had teaching positions atthe University of Manchester.John was in the anthropology department,studying and teaching the ways in which whiteand black legal systems interacted and com­pared. Because of nepotism rules againstspouses in the same department, Jean taughtin the university'S medical school, where shestudied "Western medicine as culture." Partof her work involved examining similaritiesbetween Tswana divination and modernpsychiatry.But they were unsettled at Manchester, theirown ennui affected by what they saw as a simi­lar malaise in their discipline. "British an­thropology had been so tied to the imperialworld," Jean says, "that it didn't know what todo with itself." There was also a perceptionthat" social science was a particular hatred ofthe new Tories." For whatever reason, re­search funding was receding dramatically.When, in 1978, an offer came to join the Uni­versity of Chicago as assistant professors ofanthropology, the choice seemed obvious."There were hordes of interesting studentshere," says Jean, "and the feeling that anthro­pology was at the center of an intellectualmovement." They found themselves workingin a "wider intellectual paradigm," she says,wherein religious healing and politics wererelated in more interesting ways.The couple began "talking more about con­vergent things," says John. One area of con­vergence had to do with language, an area ofparticular richness among the Tswana. "TheTswana see poetics as pervading everything, "Jean explains. In healing, for example, herbalsmells are joined with words and other quali­ties to construct "a concrete poem." InTswana politics, oratory is regarded as aweapon of great power and is highly cultivat­ed. John compares Tswana rhetoric to West­ern literature: "Tolstoy was a great narrative novelist, but his control of the puns andidiophones and tonal structures of the Russianlanguage doesn't even begin to compare toaverage-to-good [Tswana] praise poets."Their fascination with language led themback to the linguistic history of the mission­aries, who in the early 1800s attempted to re­duce "setswana" (Tswana language) to gram­matical rules and translated the Bible intosetswana. (Such translations were filled withconceptual errors; one, for example, used thesetswana word for "ancestors" to denote"demons.")As the Comaroffs began to chart the ways inwhich the missionaries' written word clashedin interesting ways with Tswana spiritual andpolitical life, they began to look for culture inhistorical records and to develop their brandof historical anthropology-the sense thatculture lives in time and changes in dynamicways. As their interests continued to overlap,they began-after both achieved tenurein 1987 -to sign their publications asco-authors.The focus of their current work is not somuch South Africa's past as its present. OfRevelation and Revolution s second volumewill, the authors note at the close of VolumeOne, analyze the missionaries' "sustainedcampaign to remake the everyday world of theTswana by refashioning such 'external things'as modes of production and personhood, ar­chitecture and aesthetics, clothing and socialcalendars." The book will, they say, elaborateon how naturally and easily apartheid wassuperimposed on value systems, like the workethic, that were originally promoted by Chris­tian liberal humanists.In a constant search for" synapses" and met­aphors of culture, the new book will also dem­onstrate how the African fight for liberationhas itself taken on symbols of European cul­ture. The Protestant hymns of the white mis­sionaries, for example, are sung generationslater as revolutionary anthems of black na­tionalism. So much, they say, for a ChristianArcadia.Not confined to black versus white, politicalturmoil in South Africa is also rampant be­tween different black groups-witness theZulu "Inkathha" movement and the AfricanNational Congress. Keeping in mind that theconcept of distinct black "nationalities" wascreated by whites, the situation is incalculablytangled."Historical anthropology" has providedJean and John Comaroff with a clearer insightinto the culture of South Africa. Yet, seeking asolution to South African politics, they are"racked between hubris and modesty," Johnsays. What he calls the process of "decon­structing" apartheid will be no less complex,they agree, than the web of conversation andaction that created it.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 23Text by Jane ChapmanPhotography byRobert C.V LiebermanScaffolding, bucketsand brushes, bales ofhemp, and bags of plas­ter attracted crowds atthe Oriental Institutethis spring-as themuseum covered upits signature artifact.It's May 9, and the OrientalInstitute is throwing acoming-out party. The usu­ally Spartan museum isdecked out for the occasion, itsrafters festooned with blue andsilver balloons. A crowd of a hun­dred people-half of them chat­ting in French-are gathered be­fore the museum's largest andbest-known exhibit. But the As­syrian bull is so swathed in plasterbandages that its usually awe­inspiring features are indistin­guishable. Nervous tension fillsthe air, as the audience awaits theremoval of the gargantuan cast.It's the end of the beginning of aplan by France's Louvre Museumto create a copy of the Institute'scolossus. For three weeks thisspring, a crew hired by the Lou­vre worked almost night and dayto create a silicone rubber moldof the Assyrian bull, a 16-foothigh, 40-ton sculpture that datesback to the 7th century B. C.The bull-which has the face ofthe king it was designed for,Sargon II, and the wings of an ea­gle-has stood stolidly at theHow the Bull Got PlasteredDividing the bull into sections(above right) is one of the firststeps to creating the moldcommissioned by the Louvre.Workers (above) apply siliconerubber to the bull's surface.French sculptor and restorerMichel Bourbon (right) clipsexcess silicone drips from themold.24 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991head of the first hall of the Insti­tute's museum since 1932. It wasdiscovered in 1929 by Assyriolo­gy professor Edward Chiera inKhorsabad, Iraq, at the site oftheancient Assyrian city of Dur­Sharrukin, where the sculpturestood to the right of Sargon'sthrone room, guarding its royaldoorway.Curators at the Louvre want alife-sized copy of the bull to com­plete a reproduction of that door­way, which is to be part of a newexhibit-"The Courtyard ofKhorsabad" -scheduled to openin 1993 as part of a major renova­tion of the museum's Near East galleries. The French alreadypossess many pieces from thecourtyard, relics from excava­tions carried out in the 1830s, butfelt they needed the bull to com­plete the scene accurately.When the Louvre first proposedmaking a duplicate several yearsago, recalls Karen Wilson, cura­tor of the Institute's museum, thestaff's collective response wasone of amused incredulity. "Weall said, ha, ha, ha, who couldpossibly do that?" Neither theOriental Institute nor the Louvrehad ever attempted such a moldbefore. But Wilson and then­director Janet Johnson, AB'67, The ancient features of the bulltake on an intriguing new look,masked in brightly coloredsilicone (above). The varyinghues distinguish the differentstrengths of the individualrubber layers.PhD'72, at last agreed to the pro­posal, provided the Louvre findsomeone who could do the pro­ject in "a totally safe way."That someone proved to beMichel Bourbon, 54, Frenchrenaissance man. A sculptor,painter, restorer, and engineer,Bourbon is known for his repro­ductions of antiquities and valu­able sculptures, most recentlyduplicating Donatello's SaintMark, in the Church of Saint Mi­chael in Florence. Bourbon visit­ed Chicago last January to test hissilicone rubber-the soft, flexi­ble material of the mold-on thebull. As museum conservator Laura D' Alessandro points out,there is always some danger in us­ing chemicals on antiquities be­cause of the unknowns in theircomposition. The bull is thoughtto be made of gypsum, a porousstone into which chemicals couldeasily sink. So, Bourbon explainsthrough a translator, "Before do­ing this project, we tested every-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 25Afinal silicone coat (below) isapplied. Four days later, a hoist(right) is readied to remove theplaster, and the bull's head(below right) is uncovered. Afterthe grand unveiling (bottom),spectators relax.where with silicone. Everythingwas fine."Bourbon's extensive trials alsoproved to the Institute staff that hecould be trusted with their prizeantiquity. "We got to know him assomeone we thought was ex­tremely careful, professional,and reliable," says Wilson. "Wewould never have let him do it ifwe didn't have the utmost confi­dence in him."The artist himself believes thatthe making of molds and castsshould only be a very small partof the larger work of preservationand restoration of the originals."It's like surgery," Bourbon ex­plains. "There are millions ofsurgeons in the world, but thereare only a couple capable of per­forming a certain kind of headsurgery. For the bull, it's thesame: there are many, many peo­ple who make casts, but there arenot many who maintain the ideaof restoration and preservation. Iam always careful, for it is theoriginal that is most important."Bourbon's molding processtakes two basic steps: the fashion­ing of the rubber mold and itsplaster support, the intricate pro­cess taking place in Chicago, andthe pouring of the cast, whichwill be done in Paris next year. During the Chicago portion of theproject, Bourbon and his team ofthree-two young men and ayoung woman, uniform in theirT-shirts and Levi 's- first washedthe surface of the bull with aconservation-quality, neutral pHsoap.With small brushes, they thenswabbed on a more concentratedsolution of the soap to act as a re­lease agent for the mold, protect­ing the bull's sensitive -surfaceand ensuring that the siliconerubber would not adhere directlyto the stone. Next, they fitted Sty­rofoam dividers on the bull, por­tioning the sculpture into six sec­tions (the bull is too large to use asingle mold).Speaking only occasionally toeach other in softly murmuredFrench, the crew speedilybrushed on several layers of thepink silicone rubber. Each coatwas allowed to "cure" overnight.Before applying the final rubberlayer, the workers reinforced itwith hemp, to add mechanicalstrength; this is not usually nec­essary, according to conservatorD' Alessandro, but was a precau­tion suggested by the sculpture'ssize.At this point the energetic squadbecame chefs for a day, chopping26 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991common, grocery-store varietypotatoes into hand-sized wedges.Rubbing the bull all over with thepommes de terre created a starchycoating, which, like the soap forthe stone, acted as a release agentfor the rubber, readying it for thenext-and final-step: wrappingplaster bandages around the stat­ue. Hardened, the bandages forma cast not unlike that for a brokenbone. Too heavy to be transportedin a single piece, this plaster cas­ing-designed to be separatefrom the flexible, detailed mold-will support and provide aguide for the thin rubber moldduring the actual casting at theLouvre.During that part of the under­taking, the plaster casing will belaid face down, back open, andthe detailed sections of the rubberwill be carefully positioned in­side, lined up with the markers Michel Bourbon and two ofhis assistants (left) use acompressed-air gun to peel therubber mold from the head.After the unveiling, the successof the mask (bottom) is seen inits fine detail.even the French building materi­als company sponsoring the ven­ture, Michel Bourbon, nattilydressed as always in his floppybow tie, gets to work.The crew quickly removes asection of previously preparedplaster from the enormous head,allowing it to hang for the mo­ment off the side of a mechanicalhoist. Up on the creaking scaf­folding, Bourbon begins to stead­ily peel off the delicately detailedrubber, using a compressed-airgun to separate the mold from thebare stone. He handles the moldalmost cavalierly as it slowly fallsaway; he seems certain of its in­herent strength. The audiencewatches anxiously, while a wit inthe back relieves some of the ten­sion by cooing "ooooh" and"aaaaah" in a stage whisper asthe artisans work. Injust ten min­utes, the mask is removed-andthe head of the bull stands re­vealed, staring down on itsdwarfed audience with the samecondescending, but benevolent,smile it has worn for nearly 3,000and keys which Bourbon's teamhas studiously placed all over thestatue. A compound of lime,stone, and powder, called "re­constructed stone," will bepoured in to create the copy,which will be just as heavy andunwieldy as the original.When the Chicagomolding is com­plete, right on .schedule, theOriental Institute's nervous un­masking party begins. The spec­tators, seemingly unmindful ofthe salmon and Moet Chandonbrunch that awaits them, specu­late curiously about the unveil­ing. Photographers and TV crewsfrom all over the world feverishlyjockey for position, angling forthe perfect shot. After speechesby representatives from the Lou­vre, the Oriental Institute, andUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 27"Law and Economics is at a fork in the road," says Richard Epstein, professorof law at the University of Chicago and an advocate of the controversial andinfluential movement in legal studies. As usual, Epstein's analysis is conser­vative. Law and Economics has entered a five-tiered cloverleaf where two ex­pressways, two major arteries, and the international airport spur all join.Twenty years ago, Law and Economics-the application of market-orientedeconomics to the law-was still considered a crackpot theory espoused byneo-reactionaries in Hyde Park These days even its harshest critics say Lawand Economics is the most cogent and influential legal theory that exists.Along the way, Law and Economics has found advocates, practitioners, andsympathetic ears in the Reagan and Bush administrations, and gained a solidbeachhead on the federal bench, including the 1986 appointment of US. Su­preme Court Justice Antonin Scalia.It has become an influential part of the curriculum at top law schools: Allmajor law schools have at least one person teaching the discipline; most haveseveral. And where there is no Law and Economics instruction, it is not forlack of interest. "We've been trying to find the right person to teach Law andEconomics for a couple of years now," admits a chaired law professor at asecond-tier university. "If a law school doesn't have one, it's looking for one."Indeed, a knowledge of economics has become a must for legal scholars. "Inacademic discourse," says Epstein, the James Parker Hall Distinguished Ser­vice Professor in the Law School, "those people who can't do economic anal­ysis are at a tremendous disadvantage." Daniel Fischel, JD'77, who from Jan­uary 1984 until this past Iune was director of the U of Cs Law and Economicsprogram, goes further: "It's impossible to be considered a serious scholar in afield without integrating Law and Economics into your work"In the courts, Law and Economics got its biggest boost when Ronald Reaganwas elected president. As an offshoot of the intellectual grounding forReagan's belief in the sanctity of self-interest in open and free markets, thetheory fit Reaganomics like a glove. By the mid-1980s, Law and Economicsbecame the legal expression of the Reagan administration's economic theor­ies, and seemed destined to sweep aside all competing theories on its way tothe Supreme Court.Nowhere did the Law and Economics approach become stronger than onthe Seventh US. Circuit Court of Appeals in Chicago, where U of C law pro­fessor Richard Posner was appointed in 1981, to be joined four years later byhis U of C colleague Frank Easterbrook, JD'73. During the mid-1980s,staunch Law and Economics advocates, including Posner, were repeatedly28 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 ONCE CONSIDEREDA CRACKPOT THEORY,IT'S NOW TAUGHT AT MAJORLAW SCHOOLS, HASADVOCATES ON· THEFEDERAL BENCH, AND IS PARTOF THE MAINSTREAM OFAMERICAN LEGAL LIFE. BUTLAW AND ECONOMICS-A CONTROVERSIALMOVEMENT WITH DEEPCHICAGO ROOTS-IS CHANGING ITS OWNDIRECTION.By Theodore P RothUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 29mentioned as possible Supreme Court nomi­nees, along with such fellow travelers as Ro­bert Bork, AB'48, JD'53;. Yale University'sRalph Winter, Jr. (a judge on the Second Cir­cuit Court of Appeals in Connecticut); andAntonin Scalia. Indeed, Reagan nominatedone ardent Law and Economics advocate,Douglas Ginsburg, JD'73, to the high court,but press accounts of his marijuana use cutshort political debates on the merits of the ec­onomic analysis of the law.As a sure sign that the theory has joined themainstream-some would say a sure sign ofits impending decline-the first meeting ofthe American Law and Economics Associa­tion was held this spring.A t the center of Law and Eco­nomics are the theories ofAdam Smith, as amplifiedby such University of Chic a­go luminaries as NobelPrize-winning economistsMilton Friedman, AM '33, and GeorgeStigler, PhD'38, as well as Gary Becker,AM'53, PhD'55, who many say is a futurelaureate. These economists hold that individ­uals make choices and decisions in a rationalmanner. Thus, the most efficient way to ordersociety is to let all those rational maximizersbuy, sell, and barter in a free and open market.In the aggregate, their argument goes, fos­tering self-interest is the most efficient wayfor society to increase its total wealth. Lawand Economics applies such thinking to non­market areas of public policy actions-andhence to nearly all areas of the law itself.Although early theorists laid some ground­work, Law and Economics developed into adefined, coherent philosophy at Chicago,where in the late 1930s the Law School wasthe first to appoint an economist to its faculty(Henry Simons, in 1939). With the arrival ofAaron Director in 1946, economic analysis ofthe law became a formal discipline. Directorbegan the first Law and Economics programin the nation and in 1958 founded the Journalof Law and Economics, still published oncampus. Director, a highly conservativethinker who has specialized in antitrust law,set the tone at the U of C by using micro­economic principles-what later became the"Chicago School" of economics approach­to analyze business practices in antitrust law.The first generation of scholars, most ofwhom taught at the University, concentratedon corporation, antitrust, and contract law­those areas of business law where market be-Theodore P. Roth, who has worked for Timeand Adweek magazines, was a Chicago free­lance writer until July, when he became thebusiness editor of the Columbia (Missouri)Daily Tribune.30 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991havior has obvious applications. "In antitrustlaw, it is practically inevitable to use econom­ics," notes antitrust specialist Diane Wood,associate dean ofthe Law School. "It's a mat­ter of whose economics you're using."In the mid-1970s, two antitrust cases- U. S.v. General Dynamics and Continental T. V. ,Inc. v. GTE Sylvania IMN-began to changethe way antitrust cases were decided. Beforethe 1974 General Dynamics case, any move­ment towards consolidation of a market­such as when two competitors merge-wasconsidered inherently to reduce competition.Similarly, before the Sylvania case in 1977, amanufacturer's attempts to dictate terms, suchas setting prices or mapping out exclusive ter­ritories for their retail outlets, were viewed asa form of vertical monopoly that would re­duce competition among dealers.But under the influence of Law and Eco­nomics analysis, both of these antitrust tru-SECONDGENERATION OF LAWAND ECONOMICSSCHOLARS EXPANDEDECONOMIC ANALYSIS TOEVERY AREA OF LEGALDEBATE.isms were broken. Believing that what hap­pens in the market is of primary importance,legal scholars, judges, and regulators began tofocus less on the market share or internalstructure of a merged or individual company-and paid more attention to the effect of acompany's actions on the market place. Oneresult was a willingness to allow mergers thatincreased market share, as long as the marketsremained competitive. In addition, courtsgave producers more leeway in dictating to re­tail outlets the marketing of their products.By the early 1960s, Law and Economicsscholars at Chicago were already looking be­yond antitrust questions. Ronald Coase, whojoined the faculty in 1964, came to serve as atransitionary figure between the first and sec- ond generation of the theory's practitioners.Coase, the Clifton R. Musser ProfessorEmeritus in the Law School, has publishedextensively and influentially, but by far hismost cited work was a seminal articlepublished in 1960 and entitled "The Problemof Social Cost." In the article, Coase arguedthat the responsibility for preventing acci­dents should be borne by the party that incursthe lowest cost to society as a whole.As an example, he used a hypothetical situa­tion: Sparks from a railroad engine alight onforested private property next to the railroadright-of-way. A fire results. Who's at fault?Coase ignored the central question ofliabilitylaw, arguing instead that both the railroad andthe landowner's forest had "caused" the fire;thus, if the cost to society of cutting down thetrees near the tracks would be less than thecost (in higher train fares) of mandating safetydevices, then the responsibility for preventingthe accident should be the landowner's.Although Coase's argument did not win overliability law, which seeks to place blame forliability judgments, and juries routinely ig­nore it when assessing fault, he had intro­duced economic analysis to realms wheremarket forces are less intuitively obvious. Asother scholars joined Coase in analyzing theway that policy decisions, as reflected in thelaw, affected society's ability to maximizewealth, the University of Chicago became thecenter of what Douglas Baird, the Harry A.Bigelow Professor of Law and since July 1 thedirector of the U of C's Law and Economicsprogram, calls a "revolution that has changedthe teaching of law. "For after Coase came the del­uge. A second, and hugelymore controversial generationof scholars- including Posner,Esptein, Fischel, and the LawSchool's current Clifton R.Musser Professor of Economics, WilliamLandes-confidently expanded economicanalysis to every arena of legal debate­including freedom of speech, family law, andanti-discrimination statutes.As the most prominent and prolific of Lawand Economics' second generation, RichardPosner did more than anyone else to move thefield out of Hyde Park (where he arrived in1969 as a professor oflaw) and into other uni­versities and the courts. Employing a simple,market-driven economic model, Posnermarched through the law, applying it to nearlyevery discipline-and telling scholars in myr­iad fields that they have spent their lives look­ing at their specialties in the wrong way.Posner argues that he uses economics in anormative way, to determine the costs of a par­ticular public policy decision, but not to de­cide on economic grounds if the policy shouldbe followed or not. "I think my emphasis, " hesays, "has been on using economics to explainthe structure of legal rules and institutions,rather than on using it to change behavior."Few of Posner's critics, however, would agreewith this assessment, and the reason has muchto do with the sorts of policy debate he is will­ing to enter.Perhaps his most controversial piece ofwork has been his 1984 suggestion that re­strictive and complex adoption procedureshave had the same result as any other priceceiling: They have "produced shortages,queues, and a black market." Both legalscholars and the popular press were shockedat what they saw as an implication of Posner'ssuggestion: "Meet Richard Posner, "wenttheheadline of an article in the Washington PostNational Weekly Edition, "the Judge WhoWould Sell Homeless Babies."Actually, Posner never suggested selling ba­bies. He didn't, he says, because of people'shigh emotional resistance to such an idea, aresistance he sees in terms of costs versus ben­efits: "The untoward consequences of suchtypes of price regulation have to be balancedagainst the benefits, " he says, adding, "I don'tsee the benefits" of the current adoption sys­tem, but he acknowledges that there are many"people for whom the idea of a price tag onbabies has a horrible symbolic resonance. Ican't really quarrel with them if that's howthey feel."In a current work in progress, a book analyz­ing the legal regulation of sexuality, Posnertakes on another highly charged issue. Look­ing at rape through a cost-benefit prism, hepostulates that the main reason rapists com­mit their crime is because oflow social skills:It is so difficult for them to find a traditionalmate that they substitute rape for normal sexu­al satisfaction.As Richard Epstein notes, "This isn't thesort of stuff that Adam Smith has much to sayabout," and it is the type of argument thatbrings disagreement even from those who areoften staunch allies of the Law and Econom­ics approach.But it is not only Posner's moreprovocative theorizing that hasgarnered Law and Economicscritics as well as converts. Thearea where the approach meetsits most stubborn resistancemay well be when it is applied to Constitution­al guarantees of personal freedoms. What, thecritics ask, do free-market values have to dowith free speech?"If you believe, as I do, that free speech hasinfinite value, how do you justify constrainingspeech because it's too expensive?" asksDavid Goldberger, AB'63, JD'67, past legaldirector of the Chicago office of the American Civil Liberties Union and now an Ohio StateUniversity law professor specializing in FirstAmendment issues."I don't think anyone thinks free speech hasinfinite value," Posner rejoins. "Most peoplesupport some restrictions, " he adds, pointingto the Supreme Court's "clear and presentdanger" test for free speech. That test, he ar­gues, is basically an economic formulation.Indeed, there are those who place a highprice on civil liberties and see the usefulnessof a Law and Economics approach. Accord­ing to Mark Tushnet, a Constitutional lawexpert at Georgetown University, the ap­proach "makes the best case when it joinsfeminist anti-pornography arguments," as­serting that the cost to society of allowing suchtypes of free speech is higher than the dubiousbenefits gained.Other critics object that the Law and Eco­nomics approach, with its insistence on au-AWANDECONOMICS, SAYS ONECRITIC, IS "LARGELYA POLITICAL MYTHTHAT SIMPLE RULESCAN GIVE US DEFINITEANSWERS."tonomous and self-sufficient consumers, un­derestimates individuals' resistance to exploi­tation. "The description of human motivationon which Law and Economics rests is sim­plistic and weak," contends Robin West, aUniversity of Maryland law professor whowas a visiting professor at Chicago in1988-89. West believes that economics doesnot allow either for altruism or for the equallyhuman inclination to act submissively toplease superiors. "The act of giving con­sent," she points out, "does not necessarilymaximize self-interest."Other critics argue that the theory generallysays nothing about the way society's wealth isdistributed. "Efficiency arguments tend tojustify existing inequities," notes U of Claw professor Mary Becker, JD'80. "Makingsociety wealthier doesn't justify white menhaving such a large piece of the pie. "Such a critique is not disputed by Law andEconomics thinkers. "Economists," admitsPosner, "tend to accept the unequal distribu­tion of income as a given, rather than examineit critically. "The same can also be said of Law and Eco­nomics, its critics claim. "Law and Econom­ics was presented as an empirical proposi­tion," says Mark Kelman of StanfordUniversity Law School, "but it was largely apolitical myth that simple rules can give usdefinite answers." "It's not as scientific as itpretends," agrees William Marshall, JD'77,who teaches law at Case Western ReserveUniversity. "It's as political as saying weshould distribute wealth."Despite such objections, Law and Econom­ics has earned a large place in legal studies."Law and Economics is very useful," notesMary Becker, "when used in a normativeway, to see the effect on incentives and adjustfor it."In fact, even critics of the approach borrowfrom the discipline. "In some ways I do eco­nomics, " admits as harsh a critic as Stanford'sKelman. And the U ofC's Becker says that inher specialty of family law, Law and Eco­nomics has much to contribute. For example,she notes, it is helpful to think about the incen­tives-or the lack of incentives-that societyprovides for women who want to be home­makers and mothers."Economics is a powerful way of orderingcomplex reality," agrees John Donohue, aNorthwestern University law professor whowill be a visiting professor at the U of C thisfall. "In the hands of a skilled person, who un­derstands the assumptions he or she brings in,it can be an unbiased method of analysis."Still, the reach of the theory seems to beslowing. In the courts, for example, the ap­pointment of Law and Economics judges mayhave reached its zenith in the mid-1980s,and it seems unlikely that any Law and Eco­nomics zealot will be appointed to the Su­preme Court in the near future (Scalia, a for­mer U of C instructor, applies Law and Eco­nomics to business areas, where there is littlecontroversy) .This glass ceiling may be largely a result ofthe bitterness created during the Robert Borkhearings in September 1987. Bork's views onbalancing rights, fears that he would restrictabortion and turn back civil rights law, and hiswillingness to think in terms of maximizingsociety's wealth had much to do with the" coldand uncaring" criticisms that helped blockhis Supreme Court nomination.Moreover, in the popular mind, Law andEconomics has been tarred by the same brushas the excesses of the Reagan years-the ele-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 31vation of self-interest that brought the countrythe Savings and Loan debacle, junk bonds,and insider-trading scandals. "What hap­pened with the S&Ls had nothing to do withLaw and Economics," contends WilliamLandes. "That was a failure by Congress tounderstand basic economic principles."Even so, it's extremely unlikely that a Lawand Economics judge-particularly RichardPosner-will be nominated to the SupremeCourt in the near future. While the liberal sideof the aisle might be expected to oppose him,some of the judge's views, such as those onadoption, have also succeeded in undermin­ing the support ofthe political right. Neil Ko­mesar, AB'63, AM'64, JD'67, and PhD'73,the Doyle-Bascom Professor of Law at theUniversity of Wisconsin at Madison and a for­mer student of Posner's, puts it succinctly:"He's Bork in spades."Posner himself shows distaste at the idea of aSenate grilling: "It would be an extremely re­pulsive process." Noting the extent of hisscholarly output, he adds with more than ahint of sarcasm, "I don't think there's a ma­chinery for processing that much writingthrough the Congressional intellect. "Despite being blocked from the courts' high­est level, Law and Economics will have agrowing impact. But rather than being overt­as when expansive and controversial advocatestake judicial appointments-its future effectwill be subtle and pervasive. The reason forthis is the natural delay between law school in­struction and the legal institutions. Recentgraduates from the best law schools have allbeen taught some economic theory. As they be­come top lawyers, regulators, and judges, thecourts will, it seems likely, become more re­ceptive to economic arguments.hat Law and Eco­nomics says in the fu­ture-and how it saysit-is the most im­portant issue facingthe discipline. As ec­onomics itself became more complex, Lawand Economics scholars have turned increas­ingly to complex arguments to make theircase. Such specialized mathematical analysisraises the amount of knowledge a readerneeds in order to understand the material,making it less likely it will reach a wide audi­ence. And sweeping analyses of whole areasof the law become difficult. As more detailedanalysis is needed to make a point, the argu­ments become narrower.In addition, the movement's political slant isno longer monolithic. What began as a highlyconservative theory is now used by scholarsacross the political spectrum. "There's noth­ing inherently conservative about Law andEconomics as a discipline," says Geoffrey3 2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991Miller, the Kirkland and Ellis Professor in theLaw School.Even so, the movement retains a distinctive­ly conservative cast. "There's a scientific aurathat attracts more conservative thinkers,"notes Georgetown's Mark Tushnet. "In orderto avoid the right-wing political twist," saysThshnet, more liberal scholars have found it"necessary to make the underlying economicmodel increasingly complicated." Amongthe third generation of Law and Economicsscholars, that is exactly what has happened.This development has received mixed re­views from many in the field. Some scholarsdo consider it progress to have a more sophis­ticated and detailed discussion, which pre­sumedl y better reflects the real world. "I usedto be the only one talking about bankruptcylaws in economic terms," notes Chicago'sDouglas Baird. "Now there's a lot of goodpeople saying interesting and complicatedthings." But others remain dubious about thenew generation's complex formulae."There's a sense in which the mathematicalmodels become exceedingly elegant," saysRichard Epstein, "but there's a danger of it be­ing merely creative mathematics." One trendin the field, for example, is that many youngLaw and Economics scholars now earn botha 1.D. degree and a Ph.D. in economics.Richard Posner is not certain this is a benefi­cial change. "I think it will probably help thefield," he says. "However, I'd hate to see thefield confined to people who are willing to un­dergo that much post-graduate education."Perhaps the most obvious sign that Law andEconomics will become increasingly com­plex and scholarly is the creation of the Amer­ican Law and Economics Association, whichheld its first meeting in late spring. At the con­vention, in Champaign, Ill., more than 200 ofthe Association's 400 members met to assessthe state of their art.Despite the greater number of voices, andthe wider range of opinions that number im­plies, the mood was "pretty bullish," saysRandal Picker, AB' 80, AM' 82, JD' 85, an as­sistant professor oflaw at Chicago. "The con­ference was very upbeat," confirms Landes,president-elect of the organization. Landes(who, after 15 years as editor of the J oumal ofLaw and Economics, now edits the J oumal ofLegal Studies) was pleased by the young ageof the participants, which promises a brightfuture for Law and Economics in academia.Perhaps the prime reason for the confidenceis that despite its growing complexities andnuances, Law and Economics remains themost coherent approach to the law. Put sim­ply, it takes a theory to beat a theory. "Its com­petition is extraordinarily weak," says theUniversity of Wisconsin's Neil Komesar."There's no other cogent theory out there. "A final reason for the confidence is that the Law and Economics field is using new meth­ods to push into areas where classic markettheory is deemed insufficient.Take game theory-in which decisions byone person affect the decisions of others-andits applications to labor law. In a perfectly freemarket, workers could quit their jobs and goelsewhere if they weren't getting what theywanted, and owners could hire differentworkers if their current employees refused tomeet demands. But in reality, as the use ofgame theory acknowledges, workers haveseniority, retirement, and homes tied to thecompany they work for, while the owners facejob actions, strikes, and the costs of training anew work force.At Chicago, Douglas Baird and RandalPicker are using game theory to examine howthe management of companies and theirshareholders negotiate a company's emer­gence from bankruptcy, while Professor AlanSykes is doing work in international trade lawto determine how well various approaches toforeign trade negotiations work.hile acceptance ofLaw and Economicstheory has spreadthrough legal and ac­ademic circles, theultimate roadblock toits success may prove to be the public itself. Apolitical debate over Law and Economics wascut short when the Ginsburg nominationfoundered. But as the field becomes more andmore influential in the courts-even in a sub­tle way-a public debate over the theory maybreak out. Such a debate will likely be emo­tionally freighted.On one side will be those who have a viscer­al response to the Law and Economics ap­proach, feeling that the calculated, cool lan­guage of economics is inappropriate whentalking about certain issues. To such people,Law and Economics, and its academic ap­proach to social problems, seems to reside in adifferent world, one that places the bottomline above all else.In academia, however, a scholar like DouglasBaird, who recognizes the limits of economicanalysis, is more than optimistic, he is certain:"Law and Economics is the future. There willbe some brush skirmishes between the past andthe future, but the future is going to win. "Case Western's William Marshall, whoclaims that his study of economics while re­ceiving his law degree at the U of C only madehim better able to criticize the discipline, isappreciative of what Law and Economics hasdone, but hopes Baird is wrong, especiallywhen it comes to the courts. "Law and Eco­nomics has made terrific contributions to de­bates across the board," admits Marshall. "Idon't want it to win, but I'm glad it entered. "lumni ChronicleReunion: fun in the sunAfter several years of showery reunions, theAlumni Association staff was delighted withthe rainless conditions that accompanied Re­union 1991, June 7 -9.Displaying correspondingly sunny disposi­tions were the 1,300 alumni and guests whoattended Reunion. Indicative of the livelymood: four members of the 50th ReunionClass snuck off after their Friday night dinnerto a 5th Reunion dance, where they twisted thenight away. Eleven quinquennial class cele­brations were held Friday evening, with the55th and 60th Reunion classes hosting anEmeritus Club Dinner for alumni who gradu­ated before 1941 .There was more intergenerational minglingat Saturday'S picnic on the quads, when 200seniors, wearing "New Graduate" pins,joined the alumni for franks, burgers, and acappella music.Throughout the weekend, there was food forthought as well. Saturday morning's panel onthe Middle East allowed University expertsRobert Z. Aliber, Rashid Khalidi, and Mar­vin Zonis to field tough questions from alum­ni, including former Illinois Senator CharlesPercy, AB' 41. Saturday afternoon's "U ncom­mon Core" offered enlightenment on topicsranging from "Chernobyl Radiation in Scan­dinavian (Lapp) Regions," presented by Uni­versity anthropologist Sharon Stephens,AB'74, AM'78, PhD'84, to a discussion withbiochemistry professor Eugene Goldwasser,SB'43, PhD'50, on "How to Clone Genesand Why: The Bases of a New Industry."Students and alumni also had a chance tomatch wits on Friday in several academicgames, sponsored by the Chicago Debate So­ciety, College Bowl team, Chess Club, ModelU.N. team, and the National Forensics cam­pus group.Also on Friday, alumni from the Indepen­dent Students League (ISL), which domin­ated student government in the 1950s, andHutchins College-era alumni both sponsoredtheir own gatherings, in what the Alumni As­sociation hopes will become a trend for spe­cial interest or affinity receptions at comingreunions.Also new this year, the University of Chica­go Alumni Association Pipe Band led the Sat- "I know you!": Life Trustee andformer U.S. senator Charles Percy (right) greets afriend.urday Cavalcade of Classes from BotanyPond to Rockefeller Chapel where some 600alumni, faculty, students, and friends attend­ed the Alumni Assembly (see below). Actual­ly, a bagpipe band performed a similar func­tion last year, but this year's band was bigger-and has signed an agreement to be the offi­cial bagpipe band of the Alumni Association.With maroon-plaid kilts and the recruitmentof more students, the new pipe band will be allthe more official when it performs at futurereunions and convocations, including theopening Centennial convocation Oct. 3, inRockefeller Chapel.Gray: a declaration 01academic independencePresident Hanna Holborn Gray took the occa­sion of Saturday's Alumni Assembly in Rock­efeller Chapel to remind alumni of what Chi­cago, as a private research university, hasbeen and should continue to be.On the eve of the University's l00th anniver­sary, President Gray quoted from RobertMaynard Hutchins' remarks just prior to its50th anniversary: "The special significance of the University of Chicago is that it isfree ... the decline of free universities in thiscountry, and their destruction abroad, makeall the more important, all the more neces­sary, the intellectual and spiritual leadershipthis institution is prepared to offer. "When Hutchins wrote about the importanceof freedom for the university, said Gray, hewas referring not only to the destruction of ac­ademic freedom in Europe, but also to diffi­culties facing private universities in America.Financially struggling in the wake of the De­pression, such institutions were finding it in­creasingly hard to compete against the lowertuitions offered by public institutions.Although in a different form, Gray ob­served, those fears Hutchins expressed for thecontinued freedom of the research universityremain acutely felt today, as public debaterages over higher tuition costs, governmentresearch funding, and-more generally-ofthe value and quality of education.Gray quoted former U of C sociologistDavid Riesman from a recent article in Har­vard's alumni magazine, in which Riesmannoted that Chicago stood out among modernU. S. research universities by remaining"unbowed, uncowed, uncompliant, non-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 33politically correct." Gray saw as the source ofthis strength a "distinctiveness of personali­ty" which originated with the University'sfoundation, "and which remains today," pro­viding a rare" sense of coherence, of clarity ofpurpose, and of unity of purpose. ""All universities suffer, to some degree,from having too many different claims madeon them, too many demands-many of whichhave very little to do with their central pur­poses, " Gray conceded. Yet "this university,better than most, has avoided capitulations tosuch demands ... It is an institution that has re­sisted the pressures to become something thatuniversities cannot be, or that this one shouldnot be .... We cannot go forward into this nextcentury in the belief that growth and qualityare measured simply by growth in programsor numbers, nor can we go forward simply byreacting to present pressures and criticisms,by taking survival as our goal, or by turninglonger-term goals into short -term panaceas."Inherent in the mission of the research uni­versity, Gray insisted, should be the maintain­ing of "subjects and ideas that may not befashionable, and that may never be popular, "and should provide "the opportunity forspeaking in the service of fundamental truth,which all teaching and learning and discoverymust strive to express, and that is the truth ofthe primacy of knowing that we and thosewhom we attempt to educate must ventureinto the unknown; that we must come to termswith ambiguity and complexity; and that noquestion worth asking, or worth judging, issimple or clear-cut, or capable of being iso­lated from other questions."Maintaining these standards of purpose re­quire what Gray called" a responsible autono­my" among all research universities by refus­ing to accept conditions that would "distort orcompromise" those standards. "It seems tome, " Gray concluded, "that this institution atits Centennial and, indeed, beyond," has theopportunity both to advocate those standardsand to "represent their practice. ""Great ambition servesa greater purpose ... "Arriving on campus in the spring of 1959,Lien Chan was humbled and excited by therealization "that there was so much to learn."He was also struck by "how everyone seemedto be walking-with such a certainty of pur­pose." Thirty-two years later, Lien told theAlumni Assembly gathered in RockefellerChapel, "I look around me today and I feelthat same exhilaration and that same certaintyof purpose."Lien, AM'61, PhD'65, governor of the Tai­wan Province of the Republic of China since1990, was presented the University's Alumni34 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991President Gray chats outside Rockefeller Chapel with Alumni Medal winner Lien Chan.Medal during the Alumni Assembly. Givenonly when a worthy recipient is found, themedal is awarded for extraordinary distinc­tion in one's field of specialization and ex­traordinary service to society.Lien's venture into politics surprised hismentors in the University's political sciencedepartment, who had anticipated a brilliantacademic career for their student. Indeed,Lien taught at two American universities be­fore returning to his other alma mater, the Na­tional Taiwan University, where he becameprofessor and chair of the political sciencedepartment.Active in the Nationalist Party, Lien wasnamed the Republic of China's ambassador toEI Salvador in 1975, returning to China in1976 to direct the Department of Youth Af­fairs in the Central Committee of the N ation­alist Party-in 1978, he was named deputysecretary-general. Lien served as his coun­try's minister of communications from 1981to 1987, when he was elevated to vice-premierof the Republic of China. He served for twoyears as minister of foreign affairs before hiscurrent appointment as governor of the Tai­wan province.In introducing Governor Lien at the Assem­bly, Alumni Association president JohnLyon, AB'55, observed that despite his in­tensely active career, Lien has always foundtime for the University, serving as presidentof the U of C Club in Taipei and helping to es­tablish a new endowment fund that will sup­port a permanent exchange relationship be­tween the U of C and the National TaiwanUniversity."It was here," Lien remarked to the assem­bly, "that I learned that the mind can stretchbeyond any wall of limitations. It was here,too, where I realized that I could ask much more of myself. That I could take risks andleap over boundaries. Most of all, it was herewhere I finally grasped an old Chinese saying,'Learning is like rowing a boat upstream. Youcan either strive onward or be swept back. ",Lien mentioned another lesson graspedwhile at the University: "That great ambitionserves a purpose greater than the individual."The Republic of China, he continued, "is go­ing through a storm of rapid and astoundingchanges-changes that demand openness ofthe world and the creative use of our re­sources. I aspire," said Lien, "to help fulfillthe national challenge of democratization, re­form, and the reunification of China with un­faltering resolve. "For extraordinary service,with a smileWalter ("Wally") Blum, AB'38, JD'41, theEdward H. Levi Distinguished Service Pro­fessor Emeritus in the Law School, wasawarded the 1991 Alumni Service Medal forhis "extended extraordinary service" to theUniversity. Introducing Blum at the AlumniAssembly, John Lyon provided a brief sum­mary of his career: soon after joining the fac­ulty in 1946, Blum became known as a preem­inent authority on taxation, risk distribution,bankruptcy, and corporate reorganization.Texts coauthored with Harry Kalven AB'35,JD'38-The Uneasy Case for ProgressiveTaxation and Public Law Perspective of a Pri­vate Law Problem-are now considered clas­sics in the field of law and economics. Blumhelped design and continues to guide theUniversity-sponsored Federal Tax Confer­ence, now in its 44th year, and has been askedfrequently to consult for both the Internal Rev-enue Service and the Treasury Department.In the late 1950s, Blum was a force in plan­ning the new Law School building, and he andhis late wife, Natalie, were influential in thedevelopment of the Renaissance Society. As afaculty member, Blum chaired numerouscommittees-most recently, he was called onby President Gray to chair the faculty's cen­tennial planning committee.To Lyon's list, Blum added a few of hislesser-known contributions to the University.He recalled how, in the 1950s, he had acted onbehalf of some alumni who wanted to bring"big-time football" back to campus. So as notto sully the University's reputation by recruit­ing a competitive" amateur" collegiate team,these alumni proposed that the Universitypurchase a pro football squad-specificallythe Cardinals, an outfit out of Chicago's SouthSide. Once purchased, these alumni reasoned,the team could be moved to Stagg Field, whereit would playas the Maroons.Some higher-ups found the idea worth in­vestigating, and asked Blum to handle an ini­tial meeting with the Cardinals' owners,where he was informed "the whole idea wasimpractical." Where would fans park? Whatwould happen to the University'S tax-exemptstatus on several campus buildings? Worst ofall, Blum was told, the players-knowing thatStagg Field was the site of the first sustainednuclear reaction-flatly refused to play therefor fear they would become impotent.Blum was enlisted more effectively, he re­called, in the cause of Frank Lloyd Wright'sfamed Robie House, under threat of destruc­tion in the 1950s to make way for a dormitoryfor the Chicago Theological Seminary, whichat that time owned the house. In Blum's plan­or "scheme," as University PresidentLawrence Kimpton fondly referred to it-theseminary would sell the house to WilliamZeckendorf as headquarters for his construc­tion firm while it was involved in the HydePark redevelopment project. At the project'sconclusion, he would turn the house over tothe University.The scheme successfully concluded, Blumran into Zeckendorf some years later, wherethe contractor confessed that, though he'd lostmoney on the Hyde Park project, he'd madeup for it with Robie House. "Yours," he toldBlum, "is the classiest tax shelter I've everseen!""Today we gladly singIh · "e prmse ...During the Alumni Assembly, sixteen otheralumni were recognized for their contribu­tions in the following categories: Public Ser­vice Citations, presented for creative citizen­ship and exemplary leadership in volunteer A class act: Wally Blumservice; Professional Achievement Citations,recognizing distinguished achievement in avocational field; and Alumni Service Cita­tions, for outstanding service to the Universi­ty. Those alumni were:For public service ...In California, Carl Goetsch, SB'33, be­came well-known as president of that state'sMedical Association during the malpracticeinsurance crisis of the mid-1970s, when hewas instrumental in writing state malpracticelegislation that has since become a nationalmodel. In 1988, Goetsch established theBerkeley Alzheimer's Family Respite Center,to provide day care for patients with the dis­ease. Goetsch was asked by the state to assistin the organization of a second such center,and is currently planning an extensive pro­gram of services for Alzheimer's patients andtheir families throughout the entire East Bayarea of San Francisco.Arnold I. Shure, PhB '27, JD'29, has do­nated both time and resources to numerouspublic service agencies. In 1943, he set up afund which brought students out of Hitler'sGermany to the U of C and other universities.Currently president and director of the JewishStudents' Scholarship Fund, he is past direc­tor of the Clarence Darrow Community Cen­ter and the Highland Park Community Chest.Shure's efforts on behalf of the Law School in­clude chairing the Friends of the Law SchoolLibrary, establishing the David Horwich Me­morial Law Library Fund, and, in 1945,creating a program since expanded to fundsignificant publications by senior facultymembers and to aid in the acquisition of rarelaw documents and books.Recognized as one of Philadelphia's mostactive civic leaders, Stanley Tuttleman, AB'41, has lent his creative energy and re­sources to an array of institutions, includingthe Philadelphia Museum of Art, the Pennsyl­vania Academy of Fine Arts, and GraduateHospital, which completed a major researchand office complex-the Thttleman Center­with his financial assistance. Acknowledginghis role as a member of the Franklin Institute'sboard of trustees in strengthening the muse­um's marketing and retail operations, the In­stitute's Tuttleman Omniverse Theatre wasnamed in his honor. A founding member ofthe Graduate School of Business Club of Phil­adelphia, he has also served as a member ofthe President's Fund and the Dean's Fund ofthe GSB, and he is a member of the alumnicentennial committee.For professional achievement ...Zhao Luorui (Lucy Chen), AM'46,PhD'48, profiled in the February/91 Maga­zine, has persevered through personal hard­ships caused by social and political unrest inChina, where she is regarded as one of thatcountry's top scholars in English and Ameri­can literature. Upon graduation from the U ofC, she joined the English faculty at BeijingUniversity, where she taught for 40 years. Aschief editor of the two-volume History of Eu­ropean Literature, she won a national award.Among her translations into Chinese are'Eliot's The Wasteland, Longfellow's The Songof Hiawatha, and James's Daisy Miller.In 1988, Zhao completed an annotated, two­volume translation of Whitman's Leavesof Grass.A member of the Illinois House of Repre­sentatives since 1979, Barbara Flynn Cur­rie, AB'68, AM'73, is known as an eloquent,outspoken, and indefatigable representativeof those who are disadvantaged and often un­represented in the political process. Her pop­ularity is such that she ran unopposed lastelection in her Chicago district, noted for itsracial, cultural, and economic diversity. Cur­rie's legislative skills and seniority have wonher the chair of the House Revenue Commit­tee; and she has been successful in proposingand supporting a wide range oflegislation, in­cluding emergency public aid programs, theFreedom of Information Act, the NursingHome Reform Act, and state preschool edu­cation. Illinois citizens groups have honoredher with more than 30 awards for her publicservice.A major figure in the sociology of educationand the field of comparative education formore than 30 years, Philip J. Foster,PhD'62, is known particularly for his innova­tive, influential research on the interactionof systems of social stratification and educa­tional institutions in developing countries.Foster's prize-winning book Education andSocial Change in Ghana is considered a clas­sic in the field, while his article "The Voca-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 35tional School Fallacy of Development Plan­ning" is credited with having completely redi­rected discourse on the subject. Under Fos­ter's direction, the Comparative EducationCenter at the U of C grew and flourished from1972 to 1978, when he moved to Australia tohead Macquarie University's School of Edu­cation. From 1984 to 1987, Foster chaired theDepartment of Educational Administrationand Policy Studies at the State University ofNew York.Philip Glass, AB'S6, is one of America'smost important contemporary composers.Best known for his operas Einstein on theBeach (1976; with Robert Wilson) and Satya­graha (1980), Glass is also recognized forfilm scores, including Mishima and Koy­aanisquatsi, concert pieces, and multimediaworks such as 1000 Airplanes on the Roof Aforce in bringing avant-garde music into thepopular mainstream, he has created not onlygenuinely new music but also a new audienceto appreciate it. Glass will have a chance to ex­pand that appreciation in 1992 with the pre­miere of an opera commissioned by the Met­ropolitan Opera to commemorate the SOOthanniversary of Columbus's discovery ofAmerica.Leon Golub, AB'42, has used his monu­mental canvases to forge a contemporaryform of history painting. Largely in responseto the revelation of atrocities at Nazi concen­tration camps, as well as the atomic bombingof Japan, Golub left his studies of art history toTrolley greeting during Cavalcade36 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991Thanks for the memories: Magazine editorial assistant Jane Chapman records recollectionsfor posterity. The Magazine-sponsored memory booth will be back for Reunion 1992.become one of his generation's most morallyand politically engaged artists. Since the earlySeventies, when he initiated a series of epicpaintings treating the American involvementin Vietnam, he took on the legacy of David,Gros, and Goya by recording events of theday through large-scale narrative paintings.Golub's subject matter-inspired today fromreported atrocities and the acts of mercenariesand terrorists-continues to demonstrate theunderside of rationality and control as it hasbeen played out in western history.Auditory neurophysiologist Nelson Yuan­Sheng Kiang, PhB'47, PhD'SS, has used hisunderstanding of electronics and computersto address fundamental questions of how anorganism hears. A pioneer in the use of com­puters for data analysis, Kiang has extendedhis research findings to clinical applications,contributing important conceptual steps in thedevelopment of artificial devices that take theplace of the cochlea and serve as hearing aidsfor the profoundly deaf. In 1968, Kiang re­ceived the Beltone Award for his accomplish­ments as a hearing researcher; in 1981, theUniversity of Geneva, Switzerland, awardedhim an honorary doctorate of medicine.Kiang is concurrently the director of theEaton- Peabody Laboratory of the Massachu­setts Eye and Ear Infirmary, the Eaton­Peabody professor of brain and cognitive sci­ences in the Whitaker College of M.I. T. , andprofessor of physiology in the Department ofOtology and Laryngology at the HarvardMedical School.With Mircea Eliade and Joseph Kitagawa,former Divinity School professor Charles H.Long, BD'S3, PhD'62, established the "Chi­cago School" of the history of religions as theworld's leading program in the field. During his years at the U niversity- from 1956 to 1974-Long served as Divinity's dean of students,chair of the history of religions field, andchair of the Committee on African Studies. Afounder and editor of the academic journalHistory of Religions, Long was also foundingeditor of the series Studies in Religion at 1'r-University of North Carolina Press. Current­ly a professor at both North Carolina at Chap­el Hill and Duke University, (the first personever to receive such a dual appointment),Long was elected president of the AmericanAcademy of Religion in 1973, and was also afounding member and president from 1987 to1990 of the Society for the Study of BlackReligion.There is hardly a research or hospitallabo­ratory in the world that does not use equip­ment that can be traced to the work ofFranklin F. Offner, PhD'38. His applicationof transistorized measuring devices and hisdevelopment of the differential amplifier arelandmarks in medical instrumentation, mak­ing possible the practical measurement of theelectrocardiogram, the electroencephalo­gram, and the electromyogram. He also in­vented the direct writing oscillograph that isused in operating room monitoring and otherbiomedical, aerospatial, and industrial set­tings. During World War II, Offner developedan infrared homing missile guidance deviceand the only two successful heat-homing mis­siles produced during the war. In the field ofaviation, he developed electronic fuel controlfor jet engines, an accomplishment ack­nowledged as "historic and immense" byCongress in 1982. His research and teachingwere conducted at Northwestern University'sTechnological Institute, where he is now pro­fessor emeritus.For alumni service ...William H. Bergman, AB '35, has suc­cessfully led fund-raising efforts for the Uni­versity on both a local and national level.Bergman chaired the Hyde Park President'sFund for several years, and was gift chair forthe past two Class of 1935 gift campaigns. In1985, his 50th reunion class raised $137,000-the first U of C reunion class to raise morethan $100,000 to the Annual Fund. WithBergman as class gifts chair, his class contrib­uted a record amount for a 55th reunion classin 1990. A member of the visiting committeefor the Division of Humanities for severalyears, Bergman was also an officer in theAlumni Association Cabinet from 1984 to1986; and has also served on the AlumniAwards Committee and as a member of theUniversity of Chicago Club of MetropolitanChicago.From graduation onward, Bernard Del­Giorno, AB'54, MBA'54, has maintained anunusually strong connection to the Universi­ty. Known for his diligent efforts on severalvisiting committees and in a number of fund­raising efforts, DelGiorno continues to residein the University neighborhood, maintainingclose ties to his fraternity, to the Order of theC, and to students in general, serving as amentor and offering opportunities for trainingand employment. DelGiorno has served onseveral reunion committees and chaired the35th reunion planning committee for two suc­cessive years. A generous host, he has openedhis home to reunion groups and many otherUniversity social gatherings.John F. Dille, Jr., AB'35, AM'36, is well­known to alumni as past president of theAlumni Association Cabinet (1959 to 1963)and as a member of the cabinet until 1970 . Hehas also served on visiting committees of boththe College and Social Sciences Division, andis a past member of the Citizens Board.Chairman of the Select Gifts committee forthe South Bend/Elkhart area from 1975 to1981, Dille has been active in the recruitmentof College students from the northern Indianaregion since the 1960s. Dille worked on theHarper- Weiboldt renovation project in 1972,and plaques in the renovated Harper Memori­al Library and Cobb Hall attest to his valuableassistance. He was previously awarded anAlumni Association citation-for public ser­vice-in 1962.The Alumni Association has benefited fromevery move made by Susan W. Parker,AB'65, who has helped create or reactivatealumni clubs in three cities during a quarter­century of volunteer service. Leading the ef­fort to create a club in Atlanta-which had alarge alumni population but no active club­Parker also served as club president, and ledthe building of an alumni schools committeefor Atlanta-one that has successfully in- creased the number of students recruited fromthat area. When Parker and her family movedto Dallas, she accepted the challenge to reac­tive that city's club, serving as alumni schoolscommittee chair from 1983 to 1985, and asalumni club president. Parker-who movedto Minneapolis in 1986-once again took onleadership responsibilities last autumn, ac­cepting election as president of the newly re­vived U of C Club of the Twin Cities.As soon as he earned his degree from theprogram, Ernest R. Wish, MBA' 71 , becamea member of the Graduate School of BusinessExecutive Program Club, and has sinceserved as both vice-president and president.Under his leadership, the club revised its by­laws and sponsored a student scholarship andloan fund. A member of the Council on theGSB since 1979, Wish also serves a memberof the Committee on Corporate Relations andthe Centennial Planning Committee. In hiswork as president of the Associates Program,Wish helped the GSB improve its ties with thebusiness community, and was instrumental inattracting corporate sponsorship for key GSBprograms and events. Past chair of the GSB's Distinguished Alumnus Committee, he hasserved on numerous other committees, in­cluding the Alumni Fund Steering Commit­tee, and Dean's Fund Committee, and theCapital Gifts Planning Committee.Gifts with classThe plump sack of "money" that George Rin­der, X'41, MBA' 42 , reunion gift chairmanfor the Class of 1941, presented to PresidentHanna Gray at the class's 50th reunion dinnerthis June contained a few pennies and severalpounds of rice. Still, President Gray's grati­tude was as real as the gift that Rinder an­nounced: more than $793,000 in gifts andpledges from 283 classmates. It was the larg­est reunion-class gift in the University's histo­ry. Approximately one-third went to the Classof 1941 endowment fund (its income providesunrestricted support to the University); theremainder came in the form of 'support forspecific programs and the annual fund.Several days later, a crowd of about-to-be­graduates gathered in the Classics Quadranglefor a champagne salute and a preview of theUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 371991 Class Gift. The $4,265 collected from181 members of the class-the highest partici­pation rate in recent memory-will fund sev­en new lights for the Classics Quadrangle andthe Wieboldt Archway, answering a need forincreased safety in that area of campus.Also toasted at the gathering was the accom­plishment of the alternative class gift cam­paign. Approximately 45 seniors (includingsome who gave to the official class gift) raised$2,500, which was used to buy a lO-yearbondin the Chicago Community Loan Fund, pro­viding lower-interest loans to the city's low­income minorities. The bond has been ear­marked for applicants from the mid-SouthSide. Interest from the bond will go to theUniversity, and after the June convocation, agroup of seniors informally presented the giftto President Gray.From Egyptology to extinction:winter weekends are comingA special series of "Winter Weekends"­cosponsored by the Alumni Association, theOffice of Continuing Education, and the Cen­tennial Office-will be offered to alumni,their guests, and the general public.Timed to coincide with the University'sCentennial, the weekends will offer in-depthstudy on a special theme, illuminated by lec­tures, seminars, and tours conducted by Uni-Reunion participants enjoyed a specialcarillon concert.38 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE! AUGUST 1991versity faculty and staff. An optional part ofthese weekend packages includes luxury ho­tel accommodations, provided to alumni at aspecial rate.A weekend course on "Pioneering Egyptol­ogy: A Century of Progress at the Universityof Chicago, " Nov. 1-3, will focus on the his­toric discoveries made by the Egyptologists atthe Oriental Institute. Special tours and lec­tures will be conducted by associate professorLanny Bell, AB' 63, and his colleagues at theInstitute.David Bevington, the Phyllis Fay HortonProfessor of Humanities, will lead a weekenddevoted to the medieval Mystery Cycle ofplays, highlighted by a special Court Theatreperformance of the first work in that cycle,Creation, in Rockefeller Chapel. Court exec­utive director Nicholas Rudall, and membersof the play's production company, will partici­pate in the weekend, Jan. 17-19.Other programs planned include specialworkshops focusing on the Hutchins Collegeand its influence on higher education in the20th century, to be presented as part of theCentennial Symposium on Liberal Educa­tion, February 9-11; and a look at "Extinc­tions in the History of Life, " with professorsDavid Raup, SB'53, Paul Sereno, and PeterVandervoort, AB'54, SB'55, SM'56, in earlyMarch. For details, write Laura Gruen,AB'67, AM'68, at the Alumni Association,5757 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637,or call 3121702-2161.On boardIn July, six alumni were named to two-year(July 1, 1991-June 30, 1993) appointments tothe Alumni Association Board of Governors.New to the board are: N. Gwyn Cready,AB'83, MBA' 86; Susan Carlson Hull,AB'83; Michael C. Krauss, AB'75, MBA'76;Joseph D. LaRue, AM'59; Harvey B. Plot­nick, AB'63; and Jean Maclean Snyder,AB'63, JD'79. The new members will offi­cially begin their duties in October.At the board's April meeting, PresidentJohn D. Lyon, AB'55, recognized thoseboard members whose terms were ending,thanking them for their continuing service tothe University and the Alumni Association.The departing board members are Edward L.Anderson, PhB'46, SM'49; David Birn­baum, AB '79; Mary Lou Gorno, MBA'76;and Judy Ullmann Siggins, AB'66, PhD'76.In addition to the 21 alumni governors (for acomplete listing, see the Magazine mastheadon page 2), seven members of the Universitystaff serve as ex officio members of the board,including Warren Heemann, vice presidentfor Development and Alumni Relations, andJeanne Buiter, MBA' 86, executive director ofthe Alumni Association.lass News"No news is good news" is one cliche to which wedo not subscribe at the Magazine. Please send someof your news to the Class News Editor, University ofChicago Magazine, 5757 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago,IL 60637. No engagements, please. Items may beedited for space.24 John Long, PhB'24, received a specialalumni citation from the University of NotreDame last October.27 Allen Weller, PhB'27, PhD'42, and hiswife, Rachel Fort Weller, PhB'27, AM'28,have donated their art collection and art books toGuilford College in Greensboro, NC, where theirdaughter, Judith Harvey, X'52, and her husband,Cyril Harvey, AB'52, work.31 The Pearl Harbor Day memories of TomHardwick, AM' 31, are featured in the bookLong Day's Journey into War by Stanley Weintraub.34 Robert Hasterlik, SB'34, MD'38, wasnamed the 1991 Distinguished Alumnus ofRush Medical College. A specialist in human radiobi­ology, he recently served as a consultant to the Nation­al Cancer Institute and Scripps Memorial Hospital'sCancer Center.3 5 Cliff Massoth, PhB'35, writes that he spenttwo weeks traveling with a group of seniorcitizens through Costa Rica, a Latin American coun­try which, he points out, does not have a standingarmy.36 Maria Pintado Rahn, AM'36, received a"very warm and appreciated tribute" fromthe University of Puerto Rico in March, in recognitionof her fifty-year career in teaching social work. She isnow retired but is an active volunteer.37 The psychoanalytic work of Leo Rangell,MD'37, was celebrated by a book of essays byhis colleagues, entitled The Psychoanalytic Core: Es­says in Honor of Leo Rangell. See also Books.39 Aaron Levy, JD'39, received the 1991 Pro­fessional Achievement Award from the U ofC Club of Washington, DC. He was a lawyer with theSecurity and Exchange Commission for 42 years.41 u.s. Supreme Court Justice John PaulStevens, AB' 41, received the 1991 FreedomAward from John Marshall Law School in Chicago.Stanley Tuttleman, AB' 41, and his wife, Edna, werehonored this year by the Arts & Culture Council ofGreater Philadelphia.43 Joanne Gerould Simpson, SB'43, SM'45,PhD'49, chief scientist for meteorology atGoddard Space Flight Center, was awarded an honor­ary doctor of science degree from the State Universityof New York at Albany. She was also selected by theSchlesinger Library of Radcliffe College as a pioneerwoman in science. Stanford philosophy professor Pa­trick Suppes, SB'43, was named to the AmericanPhilosophy Society this year.44 Frederick Currier, X'44, X'51, chair ofthe board of the MOR-PACE market re­search firm, received an honorary doctor of sciencedegree from Nichols College in May. RosemarieRiedel Joosten, AB'44, is retired from the Darien, CT, school system, where she taught gifted classes.She now travels extensively every year and enjoysmany hobbies.45 Janet Rowley, PhB'45, SB'46, MD'48,Blum-Riese Distinguished Service Profes­sor of Medicine and Molecular Genetics at the U of C,received an honorary degree from Knox College inJune.47 William Barnard, AB'47, president of Chi­cago general contractors H. B. Barnard Co.,has been named to the board of directors of the IllinoisMasonic Medical Center Foundation.48 Eve Jones, SB'48, SM'48, PhD'53, hasbeen elected president of the Los Angeleschapter of the Pre- and Peri - Natal Psychology Associ­ation. Robert J. Myers, AM'48, PhD'59, presidentof the Carnegie Council on Ethics and InternationalAffairs, was the author of a March New York Times ar­ticle called "The Indivisibility of Ethics."University of California-Santa Cruz professorDonald Osterbrock, PhB'48, SB'48, SM'49, washonored three times in April: he was elected to theAmerican Philosophy Society; he was named theHenry Norris Russell lecturer by the American Astro­nomical Society; and he was awarded the CatherineWolfe Bruce medal by the Astronomical Society of thePacific.49 Mary Ann Ash Chidsey, AB' 49, writes thatshe is again working for Time Magazine Inc.in New York City. Leo Weinstein, AM'49, PhD'58,retired from the government department at Smith Col­lege this year. The school honored his 39 years of ser­vice with a symposium, held in April. Ningkun Wu,AM' 49, received an honorary doctor of humane let­ters degree from Manchester College in England lastAugust.50 Jerome Friedman, AB'50, SM'53,PhD'56, received an honorary doctor ofscience degree from Trinity College in Hartford,CT, in May.51 Joy Grodzins Carlin, AB'51, and her hus­band, Jerome Carlin, AM'51, PhD'59,celebrated the birth of their first grandchild, CelesteArden Swain. in December.52 Judith Weller Harvey, X'52, and CyrilHarvey, AB'52, see 1927, Allen Weller.53 E. Alfred Jenkins, AM'53, PhD'67, wasnamed Dean of the Northern Baptist Theo­logical Seminary in February. An American Baptistminister, he is a professor of education and ministry atthe graduate professional school.54 William Hillman, X'54, a partner in theProvidence, RI, law firm of Strauss, Factor,Hillman & Lopes, was named to the federal bankrupt­cy court for the district of Massachusetts.57 Martin Wald, MBA'5?, JD'64, is a partnerat Schnader, Harrison, Segal & Lewis inUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 39Earth WatcherFormer New York Times reporterPhilip Shabecoff eschewed theforeign correspondent's life tocover the environment full time.Newspapers didn't pay much atten­tion to the environment beat untilPhilip Shabecoff, AM'57, tookover. Shabecoff was one of the first nationalenvironmental reporters, covering the envi­ronment for 20 of his 31 years with the NewYork Times. Now 57, married for 33 yearswith a son and a daughter, he recently retiredfrom his Washington, D. C., post to writebooks, and "pursue other projects.""The complexity of the issues involvingthe environment-science, public policy,technology-make covering the beat verydifficult," he says. "Until recently, thereweren't many reporters who covered it at all.Certainly they still don't tend to stay in itvery long." That's a problem, he says, be­cause "the subject takes a while to master."Shabecoff grew up in the Bronx, and at­tended the Bronx High School of Science,though he "was interested in English andhistory." He earned a degree in journalism40 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991in 1955 from New York City'S Hunter Col­lege. He decided to attend the Universitywhen it kicked in a full scholarship, and re­ceived his master's in communicationswhile serving in the army."The program was established by RobertHutchins, who left the University right be­fore I arrived there," he says. "It was one ofthose many bastardized interdisciplinaryprograms he had created. It was wonderful.It had incredible faculty. It included linguis­tics, political science, psychology, econom­ics-it didn't really fit together at all. It wasabsolutely impractical for anything I'vedone since. But it was an intellectual feast. "After leaving the army in 1959, he joinedthe Times as a stenographer. He brieflywrote on business, and then became a for­eign correspondent in Eastern and NorthernEurope, covering, among other countries,East Germany and Czechoslovakia. He leftEurope in 1968, a month before the PragueSpring anti-Soviet uprising, going on to To­kyo and subsequently becoming the Times'"troubleshooter" for Southeast Asia. For afew months in 1970-during the bombing ofCambodia-he covered Vietnam. "Vietnamwas the most depressing, degrading placeI've ever been to in my life," he recalls. Yet,"being a foreign correspondent is one of themost exciting jobs in the world." He adds:"It's a young man's game. You need goodlegs."When he returned to the United States in1970, the environmental movement was justbeginning to gain momentum. "I wanted todo something a little different, so I asked forthe environment as a full-time beat,"Shabecoff says. "The Times said, 'You cancover it, but you have to have other beats aswell. ' So I wrote on labor and economics. In1981, James Watt and Anne Burford in theDepartment of the Interior propelled the en­vironment into the headlines as a political is­sue, and that's when the Times finally let mecover it full time."Shabecoff, one of the first journalists to re­port on the greenhouse effect as an environ­mental concern, is "proud of helping to es­tablish environmental reporting in thiscountry." As evidence of the field's growth,he points to the more than 100 reporters whocurrently cover the beat full time. The envi­ronment is also the subject of his first book,due out next year, called Saving Ourselves:Environmentalism in the United States. He'sabout to begin a second book on interna­tional environmentalism, he notes, whichmeans- retirement. notwithstanding-he'llstay on the environment beat for some timeto come. -So B. Philadelphia, where he specializes in labor and em­ployment law. See also Books.58 J. Barton Boyle, MBA' 58, an administratorfor the Missouri Department of Health, ispresident-elect for the Association of Health FacilitySurvey Agencies.61 Andrew Greeley, AM'61, PhD '62, RomanCatholic priest and a columnist for the Chi­cago Sun- Times, received an honorary doctor of hu­manities degree from St. Louis University.62 Rodger Brown, SM'62, received a Ph.D. inmeteorology from the University of Oklaho­rna in 1989, and is a research meteorologist at the Na­tional Severe Storms Laboratory. Roy Curtiss,PhD'62, a researcher at Washington University in St.Louis, received a five-year, $500,000 grant fromBristol-Myers Squibb to test a vaccine againstsalmonella poisoning in poultry. John Wheeler,MBA'62, a captain in the U.S. Navy, reported for dutyat the naval hospital in Groton, CT, in April.63 Kirk Emmert, AM'63, PhD'72, was pro­moted to professor of political science atKenyon College in May.65 Larry Lutchmansingh, AM'65, associateprofessor of art history at Bowdoin College,has been awarded two National Endowment for theHumanities summer fellowships: one to the Yale Cen­ter for British Art, and the other to the American Soci­ety for Aesthetics at San Francisco State University.During the 1991-92 academic year, he will be aFulbright Fellow at the Graduate Institute of Art His­tory at the National Taiwan University.66 Denison University honored retiring reli­gion professor Walter Eisenbeis, PhD'66,with emeritus status in April.67 Christine Cassel, AB'67, is vice chair of theAmerican College of Physicians' Board ofRegents. Her one-year term began in April. ErrolDavis, MBA'67, president and CEO of WisconsinPower and Light Co., has been named to the board ofAmoco Corp. Bernard Watson, PhD '67, presidentand CEO of the William Penn Foundation, was electedto the American Philosophical Society in April.68 Jerry Bradshaw, MBA' 68 , has been namedhead of First Chicago's community bankinggroup, the retail banking arm of the corporation. JayDolan, AM'68, PhD'70, a history professor at NotreDame, gave the opening address at a series of talks on"The American Experience of the Social Teaching ofthe Church," held at a Catholic church in Chicago.John Hamilton, MBA' 68 , was elected treasurer of theboard of directors for Chiron Corp., a biotechnologyhealth care business in Emeryville, CA. MichaelKibby, AM'68, PhD'75, is an associate professor aswell as director of the reading clinic, and chairman ofthe department of learning and instruction at SUNY­Buffalo.69 Linda Hirshman, JD'69, professor at lITChicago-Kent College of Law, received anaward for teaching excellence for her work as a visitingprofessor at Northwestern during the 1990-91 schoolyear.70 Ray Carlton Jones, ThM'70, DMn'72, re­ceived his Ph.D. in biblical studies fromUnion Theological Seminary in Virginia in May 1990.A visiting professor at William and Mary from1990-91, he returned to Denmark in June to become apastor in the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Den­mark. Jim Perry, AB '70, a public policy professor atIndiana University, received the Charles Levine Me­morial Award from the American Society for PublicAdministration in March. The award recognizes histeaching, research, and service contributions.72 Lucy Arimond, AB'72, spent a number ofyears practicing law and working for socialservice organizations and now has "traipsed back tograduate school, obtained a master's in theology, andis serving as a pastoral minister at a Catholic church inEden Prairie, MN."C. Richard Fisher, AB'72, AM'77, PhD' 85, an as­sistant professor of German at Lake Forest College,received the school's William Dunn Award for his"outstanding teaching and scholarly promise." JeffRoth-Howe, AB'72, was recently appointed execu­tive director of Children's Aid and Family Service inNorthampton, MA. He and his wife, Debbie, andtheir two children, Evan and Leah, live in Amherst.73 Gerald Leech, MBA' 73 , who lives in Guate­mala with his wife and three daughters, is theowner of La Casa del Jade, the largest jade jewelrymanufacturer and retailer in Central America.74 Alain Oberrotman, MBA' 74 , has joinedHambro International Equity Partners as adirector in the company's New York office. JannPasler, AM'74, PhD'81, associate professor at theUniversity of California at San Diego, traveled to Bali,Indonesia, in 1988, and made a film focusing on themusic of the Balinese culture. This film is being shownat the Smithsonian Institution throughout the summer.75 Michele Bogart, AM'75, PhD'79, an asso­ciate professor of art history atthe State U ni­versity of New York at Stony Brook, received theCharles C. Eldredge prize from the American Art Fo­rum for her 1989 book, Public Sculpture and the CivicIdeal in New York City, 1890-1930. The Forum is a pa­tron group for the National Museum of American Artof the Smithsonian Institution. Donald Carson,MBA' 75 , is executive vice president ofWachovia Cor­porate Services Inc.Miranda Ferrell, AM'75, MBA'77, was namedvice president for business development of Sonat En­ergy Services, headquartered in Birmingham, AL.Brian Kay, AB '75, is an associate professor with ten­ure at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.He and his wife, Helen Ho Kay, AB '75, live in ChapelHill with their two daughters. Carlos Rizowy,AM'75, PhD'81, has become a partner with the Chi­cago law firm of Gottlieb and Schwartz.76 Joseph Jacir, MBA' 76 , survived the gulfwar in Saudi Arabia, where he is a financialadviser to the deputy chair of the Mawarid Projects'Group, which specializes in health services and wastemanagement.Aaron Rhodes, AM'76, PhD'80, moved to Viennain May, where he is coordinating a program aimed atassisting academic institutions in Central Europe. Br­ian Rushing, AB'76, and Susan Fannin, who weremarried in May 1988, had a daughter, Megan Eliza­beth, last August. The family lives in Dayton, OH,where he is a systems engineer for Electronic DataSystems.7 7 Gene Ferretti, MBA'77, in April was namedpresident of the San Francisco-based compa­ny American Hawaii Cruises. He had been an execu­tive vice president with the firm. Albert Gurganus,AM '77, assistant professor of German at the Citadel inSouth Carolina, led a group of cadets on a cycling tourof Schleswig-Holstein in June. He is spending the restof his summer at the archives of Berlin's Institut furMarxismus- Leninismus.78 David Applegate, JD'78, has opened hisown general law office in Chicago. JackBossom, AB'78, see 1982, Joyce Yoways Bossom.Anne East, MBA' 78 , president and CEO of BiltmoreUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 41World FinanceVinod Thomas discovers patterns-and priorities-in the way theWorld Bank lends money todeveloping nations.When most of us need money-topay for our educations, transpor­tation, or housing, for example­we can go to the bank and take out a loan.When a developing nation needs money topay for education, transportation, or hous­ing, where can it go? To the bank-theWorld Bank.The World Bank, formally called the In­ternational Bank for Reconstruction andDevelopment, was founded as an arm of theUnited Nations shortly after World War II toassist the war-tom countries of Europe. To­day the Bank has nearly two hundred mem­bers from all over the world, and in 1990 theinstitution approved 121 loans totaling$15.2 billion. The money goes not only totangible projects like building roads, powerplants, and schools, and educational pro­grams, but may also be used to financechanges in the very structure of the coun­tries' economies, making them more stableand efficient.Each year for the past 14 years the WorldBank has issued what it calls the World De­velopment Report. Usually an examinationof a specific topic in financial development,this year's report was entitled "The Chal­lenge of Development." It looked at the42 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991Bank's own lending history-an overview ofthe past 40 years. Its author, Vinod Thomas,AM '74, PhD '77, describes it as "a synthesisof all we have learned over the years. "Thomas, staff director for the World De­velopment Report, joined the Bank in 1976as part of its young professionals program.Beginning as a Washington economist forthe country of Bangladesh, he then traveledto San Paolo, Brazil, where he was an advis­er to an urban studies program. Thomas lat­er became the Bank's principal economistfor Colombia. In 1987 Thomas became a di­vision chief for the Country Analysis andProjections Department, the position heheld until being named author of "The Chal­lenge of Development. "While a graduate student, Thomas spe­cialized in urban economics, but over. hisfifteen years at the Washington foundationhe has broadened his interest to include in­ternational trade and agriculture. Thatrange came in handy when he worked on thisyear's report.Thomas, who wrote many of the report'schapters as well as editing the rest, says thatthe project is enormous, especially for thetime frame involved. "The cycle for theWorld Development Report is nine months,which is very short, so we rely heavily onprevious work. But we commission papersto be written over the first six months, too,asking people to write short pieces, so thatthose papers are ready when we begin to puteverything together."The report is aimed towards the govern­ments of the developing countries, to try tohelp them improve their development strate­gies. "It is addressed to the people whomake policy, and we expect that it will causepeople to change some of their actions,"Thomas says. This year's report, he ex­pands, discusses the relationship betweenthe state and markets, and offers guidelinesfor how a government should interact withits country's economy.Thomas, who in September will becomeChief Economist for the Bank's Asia Re­gion, believes he gained valuable insightsfrom the type of research involved in pro­ducing the report. "When looking at 100 de­veloping countries and their experiences,some priorities emerge. I learned how stateand market can complement each other­not collide, as has so often been the case. Itwas a truly rewarding experience to look atthe history of these countries and come upwith concrete ideas for improvement."In many ways, " Thomas reflects, "this isthe World Bank at its best, this institution ofthe World Development Report." -J. C Investors Bank in Lake Forest, IL, was named to theboard of directors for Illinois Masonic Medical Cen­ter. Jonathan Seltzer, MBA'78, is vice president ofindustry and government relations for Super ValuStores, based in Minneapolis.79 Gary Hill, MBA'79, has been promoted tosenior vice president of finance for Chica­go's ltel Corp. Walter Morris, AM'79, is a partnerat the Lexington, KY, law firm Gess, Mattingly &Atchison.no Evelyn Early, PhD'80, is the press attacheU' at the U.S. embassy in Rabat, Morocco. Les­ter Love, AB '80, was ordained a Jesuit priest in June.He will work as a campus minister at Calvert House atthe U of C while doing graduate work in computer sys­tems architecture.. n I Craig Hall, MD'81, a plastic surgeon atU Montefiore Medical Center in the Bronx,was featured in aNew York Times article discussing theuses of computer modeling in reconstructive surgery.Barbara Yarnold, AB'81, an assistant professor ofpublic administration at Florida International Univer­sity, presented her research at the Law & SocietyMeeting in the Netherlands in June. She will publishtwo new books next year and is listed in Who s Who ofRising Young Americans, as well as other Who s Whodirectories.ft2 Gregory Bedell, AB'82, married NancyU Kaymen in October 1990 in Bond Chapel.He is an associate at the Chicago law firm of Collins &Bargione, and she is a staff manager for the ChicagoPark District while working on a master's degree at theU of C. Joyce Yoways Bossom, AB'82, earned hermaster's degree in physical chemistry from BostonUniversity in 1985 and is currently working on a com­puter science degree from Southern Methodist Uni­versity, while employed by AT&T's Bell Laboratoriesin Dallas. She and her husband, Jack Bossom,AB'78, a technical writer, have a daughter, MargoZoe, who "defies the existential belief that there is nogood reason to have children. "83 Stacy Dutton, AB' 83, has joined the Bostoncompany State Street Research and Manage­ment. Laura Elisa Perez, AB'83, AM'83, whoearned her Ph.D. in Romance languages from Har­vard, was married in May and is living in Ann Arbor,MI. She sends greetings to Donna Shrout, AB'84.Gary Piattoni, AB'83, see 1984, Neslon Whipple.Andrew Dale Wagner, MBA' 83, and his wife, Jamie,had their first child, Andrew James, on March 2. Thefamily moved to Houston, TX, in June, where theelder Andrew is coordinator of financial analysis andreporting for Conoco Inc.84 John Buell, MBA'84, and LaurieNeumann Buell, MBA'87, had a son, JohnDavid, Jr., in February. Scott Denham, AB'84, re­ceived his Ph.D. in Germanic languages from Harvardand is now an assistant professor at Davidson College.Donna Shrout, AB'84, see 1983, Laura Perez.Nelson Whipple, AB'84, and Jean Keleher weremarried May 25 in Chicago. Attendants includedElaine Tite, AB'85, Nancy Jennings, MBA' 88 ,Campbell McGrath, AB'84, Mark Mravic , AB'84,and Gary Piattoni, AB'83.85 Don Civgin, MBA' 85 , has been named trea­surer of the Chicago-based Itel Corp. Mat­thew Cordery, SB'85, in June received his Ph.D. inoceanography and marine geology from Massachu­setts Institute of Technology and the Woods HoleOceanographic Institution. His dissertation was enti­tled "Mantle Convection, Melt Migration, and theGeneration of Basalts at Mid-Ocean Ridges."Martin Melhus, AB'85, married Deborah Spertusin March. He is a computer systems manager forLippert Inc. Elaine Tite, AB'85, see 1984, NelsonWhipple. Michael Wing, AB'85, received his Ph.D.from Scripps Institution of Oceanography in 1991. Hehas accepted an assistant professorship at Hobart andWilliam Smith Colleges, where he will study NewYork's Finger Lakes. His wife, Katherine PalchesWing, MBA'86, is entering Cornell's graduate pro­gram in pomology.86 Pamela Boyd, AB'86, received her M.D.from the University of Illinois at Chicago inJune. She is serving her residency in pediatrics at the UofC Hospitals. John Culbertson, AB'86, has earnedhis M.B.A. from Harvard and will begin work this fallfor Chicago's Index Group. Drew Harlan Sobel,AB'86, has changed his last name to Stanton. Heearned his M.D. from New York Medical College andwill be doing his internship at Western PennsylvaniaHospital in Pittsburgh.Gayathri Sundaresan, AB'86, and her husbandhad a daughter, Lakshmi, in November 1990. Gay­athri is a medical student at Rush Medical College andwill begin her residency at Rush-Presbyterian-St.Luke's Hospital after her June graduation. KatherinePalches Wing, MBA'86, see 1985, Michael Wing.87 Laurie Neumann Buell, MBA'87, see 1984,John Buell. After serving as editor in chief ofResponse and as president of the North American Jew­ish Students Appeal, Bennett Graff, AB'87, is in histhird year of Ph.D. studies in American literature atthe City University of New York Graduate Center. Heis also an adjunct instructor of composition at BaruchCollege.FACULTYFred Eggan, PhB'27, AM'28, PhD'33, the HaroldSwift Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus ofAnthropology, died April 30 at age 84. Twice chair ofthe anthropology department, his specialties were in­digenous Philippine cultures and the Amerindians ofthe Southwest U. S. He was the author of several books,including Social Organization of the J%stern Pueblosand The American Indian. A member of the NationalAcademy of Sciences and past president of the Ameri­can Anthropological Association, he received a Gug­genheim Fellowship in 1953 and a Viking Fund prizein 1957. Survivors include his wife, Joan MarisEggan, AB'34, and a stepson.James Hastings Nichols, professor of ModernChurch History in the Divinity School from 1943 to1962, died May 3. A graduate of Yale and Harvard, Ni­chols left the U of C for the Princeton TheologicalSeminary, where he taught until his retirement in1983. He was the author of Primer for Protestants andHistory of Christianity (1650-1950). Survivors in­clude two sons, Robert Nichols, JD'67, and DavidNichols, AB'70; and two daughters, including Bar­bara Nichols-Meeker, AB'67.Henry Perlman, MD '25, professor emeritus in theDepartment of Surgery, died April 15 in Bernard Mit­chell Hospital. A teacher at the U of C from 1934 to hisretirement in 1968, he pioneered research into thecauses of deafness and balance disorders. He was thefirst to film the ear's response to shock waves and tocatalogue the effects of abnormalities which disturbcirculation into and away from the ear. In 1939 he per­fected a device which measured eye movement in or­der to diagnose causes of dizziness. Survivors includetwo sons and four grandchildren.William Stephenson, psychology professor from Betsy MacLean, AB'87, is working towards herPh.D. in economics at Stanford. Daniel McShea,SM'87, PhD'90, was selected as a Society Fellowat the University of Michigan. In his three-year resi­dency with the geology department, he will studyevolution.88 Jim Bolin, AB'88, married Annette Faller,AB'90, on June 1. Annette is in medicalschool at the University of Wisconsin at Madison andJim is at Yale Law School, so they will strugglethrough a long-distance marriage for at least twoyears. Steffani Burd, AB'88, completed a two-yearpre-doctoral internship at the Devereaux Institute'sclinical training and research center in Philadelphia.This fall she will attend Columbia University to workon her Ph.D. in organizational psychology.Dennis Frendahl, MBA'88, and his wife, Lisa, hadtheir second son, Bryan Edward, in April. The family,including older son Christopher, live in Plano, TX.Nancy Jennings, MBA'88, see 1984, Nelson Whip­ple. Gregory Poe, JD'88, is deputy general counselfor Greenpeace in Washington, DC.89 David Adelman, AB'89, MBA'90, is a vicepresident for equity research at Dean WitterReynolds in New York City. Wim Steemers,MBA' 89, left McKinsey to become president of Ra­darsoft, a small software company headquartered inthe Netherlands. Robert Williams, AB'89, complet­ed recruit training with the Navy in April.90 Annette Faller, AB'90, see 1988, Jim Bo­lin. Nathan Judd, AB'90, joined the Navylast October and recently finished Officer CandidateSchool. Upon completion of the 16-week course hewas commissioned an ensign.-1948 to 1955, died June 14, 1989. While at the U of Che wrote The Study of Behavior: Q-technique and ItsMethodology, describing his theory offactor analysis.Survivors include his daughter, Averil StephensonSchreiber, AB'53.STAFFWilliam B. Harrell, MBA'25, former vice presi­dent of special projects at the U of C, died May 15. Hewas in charge of the construction program for ArgonneNational Laboratory and was named vice presidentemeritus upon his retirement in 1968. Survivors in­clude two sisters.Henry Russe, MD' 57, former chief of staff and as­sociate vice president at the Medical Center, died May10 at age 63. He had been dean of Rush Medical Col­lege from 1976 until his retirement in April. He wasalso chair of the board of governors of the Institute ofMedicine of Chicago from 1980 to 1986. Survivors in­clude his wife, Pastora San Juan Cafferty, CLA'71,a professor in the SSA; two sons; and two daughters.19105Sister Mary John Ryan, SM'18, died June 15,1990, at the age of 102. She was a chemistry teacherand later lived at Bethany Convent in St. Paul, MN.19205Kathleen Foster Campbell, PhB'20, died April10, 1990. She was a longtime resident of Chicago,where her husband, Donald, was dean ofthe Chicago­Kent College of Law at the Illinois Institute of Tech­nology. Three daughters survive, including Harriet Ann Runl; Jennifer Ruh:l; Erv Ruhl,AM'62; Sarah Ruhl, AM'91; RogerRocka; Jan Mitchell, X'62.Carolyn Lander; Brad Lander, AB'91;David Lander, JD '69.Rose Urkowitz; Mrs. Louis Spector;Gayle Fischer; Peter Urkowitz, AB.�9i;Rachel Urkowitz; Susan SpectorUrkowitz; Steven Vrkowitz, PhD'77.The late Louis SpectoT,was MD'36/UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991 4344 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991Campbell Stephens, AB'50.Milton Steinberg, SB'22, MD'25, died in May atage 88. He was a retired physician. Survivors include adaughter; a son; a sister, Evelyn Steinberg Smith,AB'42; and three grandchildren.Frances Andrews Mullen, PhB'23, AM'27,PhD'39, died April 14. A former assistant school su­perintendent for Chicago and an international experton special education for handicapped children, shewas also president of the International Council ofPsychologists from 1974 to 1980. Survivors includea son, Ned.John Metzenberg, PhB'28, died May 18. Heworked for Chicago's Cromwell Paper Co. for 30years, eventually becoming its president. He retired in1961 and moved to Los Angeles, and later to NewMexico. Survivors include his wife, Francelle; adaughter; a son; and four grandchildren.19305Daniel Autry, SB' 30, died March 19. He was a re­tired cardiologist. Survivors include his wife, Ellie.Genevieve Snow Gay, PhB'30, died July 28, 1990.She was 81. Survivors include a son, Richard Beals.Raymond Sawyer, PhD'30, died December 13.He was a physics professor at Lehigh University inPennsylvania until 1965, after which he taught inPuerto Rico and Iran. Survivors include his wife,Jeanette; two sons, including Richard Sawyer,PhB'49; five grandchildren; and three great­grandchildren.Mary Elizabeth Croake Calabrese, PhB'31,AM'55, died April 22 at age 80. She was a Chicagopublic school teacher for 44 years. Survivors includetwo daughters and two grandchildren.Helen Joffe Bailey, PhB'32, a Chicago publicschool teacher for more than 40 years, died May 21.She was a member of the Chicago Teachers Union andmany Jewish charitable organizations. Survivors in­clude her husband, John; a son; and a grandchild.Florence Hawley Ellis, PhD' 34, died April 6 at age84. She taught anthropology at the University of NewMexico from 1934 until her retirement in 1971. Shewas a trustee for several museums, and the anthropo­logical museum at Ghost Ranch Conference Center inAbiquiu, NM, is dedicated to her.Daniel Wentworth, Jr., JD '34, died May 1 in LakeForest, IL. He was general counsel for Chicago Titleand Trust Company for 34 years. He also served aspresident of the Lake Bluff school board and as amember of the Lake Bluff zoning board. Survivorsinclude his wife, Kathryn; two daughters; and twograndchildren.Nathan "Nik" Krevitsky, AB'35, died April 18.An artist and an educator, he was art director for theTucson, AZ, school district from 1960 to 1977. Survi­vors include two sisters.James Fairbairn, SB'38, died May 1 at age 75. Hewas medical director of Illinois Institute of Technolo­gy from 1951 to 1987. Survivors include his wife, Pa­tricia; a son; two daughters; three sisters, includingLucile Fairbairn O'Toole, PhB '35; and three grand­children.Robert M. Potter, MD' 39, a professor atNorthwestern's medical school and a private practi­tioner, died April 24. He was a specialist in the uses ofX-rays in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Asailing enthusiast, he was a member of the ChicagoYacht Club and a life member of the Lake MichiganSail Racing Federation. Survivors include his wife,Elizabeth Vaughan Potter, SB'35, MD'39; twodaughters; a son; and five grandchildren.19405Hildur C. Flodin, AB'40, a former schoolteacher,died May 8 in Downers Grove, IL. She was an assistant principal and 8th-grade teacher, as well as head of themusic department, for Talcott Elementary School for40 years.John Arnold Bolz, SB' 41, MD' 43, a retired physi­cian and author of three books, died in a car accident inFebruary. He and his wife, Belva, were returninghome to Minnesota after a visit to the University whenthey were killed. Survivors include their son, JohnBolz, Jr.Theodore Sherrod, SM'41, a retired professor ofpharmacology at the University of Illinois College ofMedicine, died April 14. A teacher at the school fornearly thirty years, he became increasingly involvedin minority education and served on the board of theNational Medical Fellowships, which supports mi­nority students going into medicine. Survivors in­clude his wife, Jessie M. Maddox Sherrod, X'51; ason; and a granddaughter.Wallace Pfeil, SB'43, died April 2. An electricalengineer in the aerospace industry, he worked on theHubble Space Telescope, designing the computer sys­tem to send data back to earth. Survivors include hiswife, MarjorieA. Pfeil, X'4S; a daughter; two sons;and six grandchildren.William Van Horne, SB'45, died March 18. Survi­vors include his wife, Gladys Aileen Van Horne,PhB'44; a daughter; two sons; and seven grand­children.Karl Bierman, AM'46, died September 2. Survi­vors include his wife, Mary Stanley Bierman, X'45;a daughter; and a son.John Huffer, PhB'48, MD'52, died May 11,1990.Survivors include his brother, James Huffer, AB' 53,SB'55, MD'58.John Russel, PhD'48, died March 9. He was pro­fessor emeritus in the department of higher educationat the University of Toronto, where he taught for over20 years. Survivors include his wife, Lois.Paul Ashby, PhD' 49, died March 26 in San Fran­cisco. He was professor emeritus in the political sci­ence department at San Francisco State University,where he had taught since 1950. Survivors include hiswife, Constance, and his brother, Philip Ashby,PhD'50.19505Paul Robert Nichols, MBA' 50, died May 2 in Bur­bank, IL. He worked for International Harvester until1965 and later was a sales manager for Koppers Co.He also served as a trustee for South Chicago Commu­nity Hospital for 34 years; a pavilion there is named inhis honor. Survivors include two daughters and threegrandchildren.John Waddell, MBA' 54, died October 3. He was aretired vice president for Chicago Title and Trust Co.Survivors include his wife, Marie.Carlos de Francisco, SB'59, AM'61, a humanitiesprofessor for the City Colleges of Chicago, died May5. He was also a poet and his book, Libras de Poesia,noted in the December issue of the Magazine, was re­cently published in Spain. Survivors include a sisterand a brother.Paul M. Schwartz, SB'59, died in August 1990.After receiving his Ph.D. in mathematics from theUniversity of Illinois in 1972, he worked as a mathe­matician for the Defense Department. Survivors in­clude his brother, Howard R. Schwartz, AB'66,MD'74.19605Charles M. Hill, MAT'64, died March 2 after ayearlong illness. Survivors include his sister, Marjo­rie Basile.Judith Ruskamp, AB'69, died March 31 of com­plications from cancer. She was 44. A lawyer and afreelance writer, she reviewed books for the ChicagoTribune from 1973 to 1984. Survivors include her par­ents and a brother.19805Joseph Smalley, AB'84, AM'86, died May 4 ofcomplications caused by the AIDS virus. After receiv­ing his degree from the library school, he worked forthe New York Public Library and then joined the staffof New York University as a monograph cataloguer.Survivors include his companion of many years, ColinWainwright; his parents; three brothers; and twosisters.NOTICE OF DEATHRECEIVED:May Holmes, PhB '21, March 1990.Victor Jacobson, PhB'22, January 1990.Margaret Freshley Fry, PhB '25.AIda Spieth, SM'25, PhD'31, December 1989.Aileen D. Linney Lovitt, PhB'26, September.Ralph H. Meyer, PhB'26, January.Marjorie Cooper, AB'27, September.Maude Shreve, AM'27, March 1990.Lauretta Foley Coleman, PhB'28, November 1988.Alfred Havighurst, AM'28, February ..Milton Hayes, PhB'28, April 1990.Albert C. Peters, PhB'28, JD'29, July 1989.Ernestine Leahy Putman, PhB'28, AM'29, October.Ira Kolb, PhB'30, JD'32, December 1987. Nellie Behm, PhB'31, October.Arthur Lee Smith, SM'31, February.Evah Kincheloe, AM'32, February.Daniel Kilroy, SB'33, October. .Herman Helpern, MD'35, April 1990.Laurin Hyde, AM'35, January.John Newby, AB'37, JD'39, July 1990.Nat H. Newman, AB'37, October.Richard Rohn, AB'37, April 1990.Warren Taylor, PhD'37, February.Peter Beal, SB'38, MD'42, October.John S. Evans, PhD'39, February.David Grubbs, PhD'39, September.Gordon Meade, X'39, November.Milton Friesleben, AB'41, LLB'42, April 1990.Martha Westerberg Smith, MD'41, November.Dorothy Williams Collings, PhD' 47, March.Herbert Warren, Jr., SB' 47, January 1990.Sadie Diettert, AM'48, December.Gloria Morgan, PhB'48, October.George Kaufmann, AB'50, JD'54, September.Vladimir Borichevsky, DB'54, September.John Endacott, PhD'54, February.Robert Ingram, AB'54, July 1989.Charles Gruenert, PhD'57, November.Raymond Orth, MBA' 61, December.Quentin Samuelson, MBA'62, September.Robert 1. Greenway, MBA'63, February.ThomasL. Woods, AM'69.Irving Pronger, MBA'n, January 1990.David Haviland, MST'74.BOOKS by AlumniARTS & LETTERSMichele Valerie Cloonan, AM'79, Early Bindingsin Paper: A Brief History of European HandmadePaper-Covered Books With a Multilingual Glossary(Mansell Publishing). This study of the predecessor tothe paperback book looks at the history and use of pa­per bindings from the 15th century to 1820. Amongthose who owned paper-covered books were SamuelPepys and Madame de Pompadour.Michael Vanden Heuvel, AM'81, PerformingDrama/Dramatizing Performance: Alternative The­ater and the Dramatic Text (University of MichiganPress). This study traces the connections between theperformance-oriented experimental theater of the Six­ties and Seventies and more mainstream textualdrama.BIOGRAPHYR. Warren James, PhD' 49, The People's Senator:The Life and Times of David A. Croll (Douglas &Mcintyre). Croll, Canada's first Jewish senator, isdescribed as the voice of conscience for Canada's Lib­eral Party throughout his long political career.Fredrick J. Stare, MD'41,Adventures inNutrition(The Christopher Publishing House). This autobiog­raphy chronicles the last two years of the author's ex­perience in medicine at Chicago. Stare was the found­er of Harvard's Department of Nutrition and is nowprofessor emeritus there.Howard M. Teeple, PhD'55, AM'63, I Started toBe a Minister: From Fundamentalism to a Religion ofEthics (Research and Ethics Institute). The authortraces his 50 years of research on the Bible andreligion.BUSINESS & ECONOMICSCharles Banfe, X'39, Entrepreneur: From Zero toHero (Van Nostrand Reinhold). The author is a profes- sor at Stanford's business school.Charles Banfe, X'39, Airline Management (Pre­ntice Hall).Riccardo Kulczycki, MBA'74, contributor, Azien­daoggi Enciclopedia Pratica Di Management (EtasLibri). The first practical business encyclopediapublished in Italy.Sue Zillman, AM'78, How to Conduct ServiceQuality Research (Bank Marketing Association).This guide to customer research for bankers providesdescriptions of research methods and procedures andsample surveys.CRITICISMRobert Denham, AM'64, PhD'n, editor, Mythand Metaphor: Selected Essays of Northrop Frye,1974-1988 (University Press of Virginia). A score ofliterary critic Frye's essays are gathered here.Robert Denham, AM'64, PhD'n, editor, Read­ing the World: Selected Writings of Northrop Frye,1935-1976 (Peter Lang). A collection of 80 of Frye'sworks.Robert Denham, AM'64, PhD'n, and ThomasWillard, editors, Visionary Poetics: Essays onNorthrop Frye's Criticism (Peter Lang).Robert Denham, AM'64, PhD'n, editor, A Worldin a Grain of Sand: Twenty-two Interviews withNorthrop Frye (Peter Lang).Laura Doan, PhD' 83, Old Maids to Radical Spin­sters: Unmarried Women in the Twentieth Century(University of Illinois Press). This anthology exam­ines the transformation of the negative image of thespinster as a lonely, powerless victim into the positiveone of an independent woman with her own voice.EDUCATIONJerome S. Allender, AB'56, AB'58, AM'59,PhD' 62, Imagery in Teaching and Learning: An Auto-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE! AUGUST 1991 4546 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991biography of Research in Four World Views (Praeger).This book examines the ways imagery can be used toenhance learning experience and explores how meth­ods of research construct their own reality.Walter Bateman, AB'37, Open to Question: TheArt of Teaching and Learning by Inquiry (Jossey-BassInc., Publishers). This description of the process ofchallenging students to ask questions, to analyze evi­dence, and to defend their theories argues that themethod helps students overcome biases and developcritical thinking.James Steve Counelis, AM'51, PhD'61, HigherLearning and Orthodox Christianity (University ofScranton Press/Associated University Presses).Nancy Lighthall Sheehan, AM'68, and MichaelSheehan, Handbookfor Basic Writers (Prentice Hall).An English handbook with an accompanying work­book aimed at meeting the needs of community col­lege students.Peter Smagorinsky, MAT '77, PhD'89, Expres­sions: Multiple Intelligences in the English Class (Na­tional Council of Teachers of English). The authorsuggests that English teachers look beyond linguisticperformance in judging their students and suggestsways of giving students with different strengths­logic, math, and music, for example-a chance toexcel. 'FICTION & POETRYRiccardo G.S. Kulczycki, MBA' 74 , Manifesta­zioni dell 'Assoluto [Manifestations of the Absolute](Cultura Duemila Editrice). Part of a collection ofworks by 50 contemporary authors, this book of poe­try contains works written from 1966 to 1990.Edward Lerner, MBA' 82, Probe (Warner Books).This futuristic suspense novel follows hero and sci­ence researcher Robert Hanson as he tries to escapefrom the results of artificial intelligence run amok.John Frederick Nims, PhD' 45, The Six-CorneredSnowflake (New Directions). A collection of poems,several of which are about science.John Frederick Nims, PhD'45, Zany in Denim(University of Arkansas Press). Poetry and epigrams,some translated from Martial and Goethe.John Frederick Nims, PhD'45, Sappho to Valery:Poems in Translation, new edition (University of Ar­kansas Press). Verse translations, with the originals,from several languages.Nancy Lighthall Sheehan, AM'68, NorthernLights, Summer of Secrets and Harvest of Love (Ava­lon Books). Three mysterylromance novels for ayoung adult audience.Paul Edmund Thomas, AB'84, AM'85, introduc­tion to The Worm Ouroboros by E. R. Eddison (DellPublishers). Thomas is the author of the critical intro­duction and explanatory notes to this romantic novelabout warfare and adventure on the planet Mercury.BISTORY ICURRENT EVENTSCharles Bernstein, AB'62, From King David toBaron David: The Genealogical Connections Be­tween Baron Guy de Rothschild and Baroness Alix deRothschild (The Computer Center for Jewish Geneal­ogy). This genealogy traces the family connectionsbetween Baron Guy de Rothschild and his wife, Alix,and contains historical sketches and illustrations of thecoats of arms of several families of Jewish Europeannobility. .Leon Botstein, AB'67, Judentum und Modernitat:Essays zur Rolle der Juden in der Deutschen undOsterreichischen Kultur 1848-1938 (Bohlau Verlag,Vienna). This collection of essays, written in German,describes the role of Jews in Austrian and Germanculture.GalenCranz, AM'69, PhD'71 , The Politics ofUr- ban Park Design: A History of Urban Parks in Ameri­ca (MIT Press). This paperback edition of the 1982book examines the way physical design expresses andmaintains social relations and ideologies.Rene De La Pedraja, AM'74, PhD' 77, EnergyPolitics in Colombia (Westview Press). This look atColombian oil, coal, and hydroelectric resources of­fers an account of the struggle to develop the country'spotential over the past 50 years.Myron Kuropas, PhD'74, The Ukrainian Ameri­cans: Roots and Aspirations, 1884-1954 (Universityof Toronto Press). This social history examinesthe Ukrainian community in the United States, includ­ing its struggle to preserve its religious and culturalheritage.Lawrence McBride, PhD'78, The Greening ofDublin Castle: The Transformation of Bureaucraticand Judicial Personnel in Ireland, 1892-1922 (Catho­lic University of America Press). This book describeshow once predominantly Unionist and Protestant civiland legal administrations were transformed into most-1y Nationalist and Catholic bodies.MEDICINE & BEALTBCarol Ann Conroy Barnickol, AM'66, Helen Ful­len, Charles Carr, and Donna Carr, editors, SuddenInfant Death Syndrome: Who Can Help and How(Springer Publishing). This resource guide providesbackground on sudden infant death syndrome andpractical guidelines for helping families cope with thetragedy.Hiram Caton, AB'60, AM'62, Trends in Biomedi­cal Research (Butterworths).Mimi Zeiger, AB'64, Essentials of Writing Bio­medical Research Papers (McGraw-Hill). This guideto the basics of writing biomedical research papers in­cludes specific guidelines, examples, and exercises.POLITICAL SCIENCE & LAWRichard Ned Lebow, AB' 63, editor and contribu­tor, Hegemonic Rivalry: From Thucydides to the Nu­clear Age (Westview Press). This collection of essaysby historians, classicists, and international relationsscholars examines the relevance of Thucydides andother ancient texts to contemporary internationalrelations.Gary Orfield, AM'65, PhD'68, and CaroleAshkinaze, The Closing Door: Conservative Policyand Black Opportunity (University of Chicago Press).Focusing on the city of Atlanta, the authors investigatethe reasons why opportunity for blacks has deteriora­ted rather than grown over the last decade. The city'sformer mayor, Andrew Young, is the author of theforeword.Martin Wald, MBA'57, JD'64, and David Kenty,editors, ERISA: A Comprehensive Guide (Wiley LawPublications). This collection of essays examines dif­ferent aspects of the Employee Retirement IncomeSecurity Act of 1974.RELIGION & PBILOSOPBYJames Luther Adams, PhD'45, On Being HumanReligiously, edited by Max Stackhouse, (BeaconPress).James Luther Adams, PhD'45, The Prophethoodof All Believers, edited by George Beach, (BeaconPress).Donald L. Berry, DB'50, Inquiry into the Natureof a Perspectival Approach to Religion (The EdwinMellen Press).Martin Cook, AM'75, PhD'85, The Open Circle:Confessional Method in Theology (Fortress).Martin Cook, AM'75, PhD'85, and StevenGelber, Saving the Earth (University of CaliforniaPress).Japanese biker gangs (See "Social Sciences")Werner Krieglstein, PhD'72, The Dice-PlayingGod: Reflections on Life in a Post-Modern Age (Uni­versity Press of America). The author examines theways Hegelian dialectic as developed by the FrankfurtSchool can be used to comprehend the contradictionsof the world and to see the world as a whole again.Dan Lyons, AM'62, PhD'67, and Jann Benson,Strutting and Fretting: Standards for Self-Esteem(University of Colorado Press). Written in non­technical terms, this book addresses public standardsfor pride or humiliation. Among the topics is the normthat forbids male drivers to ask directions.Mary MacDonald, AM'84, PhD'88, A Study inMelanesian Religion (Peter Lang). Through discus­sion of story-telling, ritual performance, and the pow­er of pigs, the author examines the traditional andchanging life of the South Kewa people of Papua NewGuinea.Byron L. Sherwin, PhD'78, In Partnership withGod: Contemporary Jewish Law and Ethics (SyracuseUniversity Press). This collection of essays discussessuch issues in Judaism as medical ethics, philanthro­py, repentance, parent-child relations, and religiousmajority.Mark Wallace, PhD'86, The Second Naivete:Barth, Ricoeur, and the New lale Theology (MercerUniversity Press). This study compares the approach­es to biblical interpretation offered by Swiss theolo­gian Karl Barth, French philosopher Paul Ricoeur,and the theorists of the New Yale Theology.SCIENCE a TECHNOLOGYCharles Higgins, SB' 46, SM' 47, and Don Coates,Groundwater Geomorphology (Geological Society ofAmerica).Frederick Schram, PhD'68, editor, InvertebrateZoology (Oxford University Press). A revised editionof the classic textbook originally compiled by the latePaul Meglitsch.David Young, PhD' 67, Phase Diagrams of the Ele­ments (University of California Press). With tablesand illustrations, this text provides up-to-date infor­mation on the phase behavior of all chemical elementsfrom hydrogen to fermium. Each element is discussedin a separate section; other chapters examine methodsand the liquid-vapor transition and provide an over­view of the elements. SOCIAL SCIENCESMichele Bograd, AM'79, PhD'83, editor, Femi­nist Approaches for Men in Family Therapy (TheHaworth Press). This collection of 13 chapters offersnew ways of conceptualizing male development andthe dilemmas of men in therapy .. Hiram Caton, AB'60, AM'62, The Samoa Read­er: Anthropologists Take Stock (University Press ofAmerica).William Cross, AM'S1, Nancy Kleniewski, andThomas Shannon, Urban Problems in SociologicalPerspective, Second Edition (Waveland Press). Thisis an overview of U. S. urban sociology.Henry Etzkowitz, AB'62, and Ronald Glassman,editors, The Renascence of Sociological Theory, Clas­sical and Contemporary (F.E. Peacock PublishersInc.). Fifteen original essays re-examine differentschools of sociological thought.Herbert J, Gans, PhB'47, AM'SO, People, Plans,and Policies: Essays on Poverty, Racism, and OtherNational Urban Problems (Columbia UniversityPress and Russell Sage Foundation). The theme of thiscollection of essays is that the basic problems of thecity are poverty and racism; until those crises are re­solved, the low quality of urban life will persist.James Garbarino, Kathleen Kostelny, AM'8S,and Nancy Dubrow, No Place to be a Child: GrowingUp in a War Zone (Lexington Books). This eyewitness,account of the lives of children growing up in Cambo­dia, Mozambique, Nicaragua, the West Bank, the Ga­za Strip, and inner-city Chicago explores the psycho­logical and developmental effects of trauma onchildren.Evelyn Harris Ginsburg, AM'49, Effective Inter­ventions: Applying Learning Theory to School' SocialWork (Greenwood Press). Written for therapists,school social workers, and teachers, this volume of­fers guidelines for appropriate intervention proce­dures in assisting pupils.Noelle Fintushel and Nancy Hillard, PhB'47,AM'50, A Grief Out of Sea son (Little, Brown & Com­pany). This study examines the difficulties adults facewhen their parents divorce.Margaret Peil, PhD'63, Lagos: The City is thePeople, (Belhaven Press). This text examines the his­tory, politics, economy, geography, and sociology oftropical Africa's largest city.Leo Rangell, MD '37, The Human Core: The In­trapsychic Basis for Behavior, Vals. I and II (Interna­tional Universities Press). These two volumes, ''Ac­tion Within the Structural View" and "From Anxietyto Integrity, " trace the operation of trial action and thetesting for anxiety as background prior to the emer­gence of derivative behavior from normal action tosymptom formation.Alan Rumsey, AB'72, AM'74, PhD'78, and Fran­cesca Merlan, Ku Jfuru: Language and SegmentaryPolitics in the Western Nebilyer Valley, Papua NewGuinea (Cambridge University Press). This anthro­pological study of ceremonial exchange systems inNew Guinea focuses on the transaction and languageof a specific set oflarge-sca le compensation paymentswhich arose out of an episode of warfare.Ikuya Sato, PhD'86, The Kamikaze Biker: Parodyand Anomy in Affluent Japan (University of ChicagoPress). This study of Japanese bosozoku gangs­motorcycle riders-argues that rather than being dan­gerous, the gang activity satisfies the cravings of itsmembers for excitement while imposing order on theirlives.For inclusion in "Books by Alumni," pleasesend the name of the book, its author, its pub­lisher, and a short synopsis to the Books Editor,University of Chicago Magazine, 5757 WoodlawnAve., Chicago, IL60637.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AuGUST 1991 47irst Things LastYouknowwhat they're• •sIngIngaboutThe judges argued aboutharmony, melody, rhymescheme, and singability.They narrowed the field,narrowed it once more.And the winner was ...48 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/AUGUST 1991IT STARTED WHEN THE UNIVERSITY AN­nounced a just-in-time-for-the-Centen­nial contest for a new Alma Mater. Theold song-whipped up one evening inMarch 1894-had several strikes against it.First, the tune was borrowed from the Uni­versity of Rochester. Then there were the lyr­ics, which, written by a professor of Englishanxious to get back to his dinner, had a fewless than felicitous phrases. Even at the song'sfirst performance, no less a critic than Wil­liam Rainey Harper complained that the men­tion of "her who owns us as her sons" was notparticularly appropriate for a coeducationalinstitution. A 1985 rewrite, getting daughtersinto the picture, didn't make the song anymore singable.By the time the contest closed this pastMarch, 53 entrants had submitted 56 compo­sitions to Philip Gossett, dean of the humani­ties division (and a Rossini scholar). He for­warded scores and tapes of the entries to theother members of the musical jury: Ellen T.Harris, AM'70, PhD'76, a vice provost atMIT who once chaired the University's musicdepartment; Robert Coover, AM' 65, aBrown University writing teacher whoseworks of fiction include Pricksongs andDescants; violinist Joel Smirnoff, X'71, ofthe Juilliard String Quartet; and English pro- fessor emeritus Ned Rosenheim, AB'39,AM'46, PhD'S3, who claims to be "one ofthe very few people alive who knows all threeverses of the old Alma Mater by heart."On the afternoon of May 12-Mother's Day-the judges met on campus. Each had al­ready submitted lists of the entries thatseemed worthy of further consideration, andeach song which appeared on any of the fivelists got a hearing. The compositions wereperformed, the music and the words exam­ined. By afternoon's end, the field was nar­rowed to approximately 20. After dinner, thegroup resumed its deliberations.The results were shrouded in mystery untilJune 8, when, it was rumored, the MotetChoir would officially debut the winner dur­ing the annual All-Alumni Reunion Dinner.As dessert was served in Hutchinson Com­mons that night, Dean Gossett came to the po­dium to make the judges' report. The entries,he began, had been melodically diverse.There were "pieces the judges soon began toidentify as the' Stephen Sondheim' Alma Ma­ter, the 'Barry Manilow' Alma Mater, the'Leonard Bernstein' Alma Mater, the 'RedRiver Valley' Alma Mater, the 'Rap' AlmaMater, and so on."Whatever the melody, Gossett reported, thelyrics were apt to describe the University as"wise," "fair," and "true." More than once,the images evoked were of gargoyles andphoenix. The University's motto also mademultiple appearances.And the winner was .... At this point, Gos­sett hesitated only a second. "We narrowedthe field, narrowed it again, expanded it, nar­rowed it once more. But try as we might, wecould not find one single Alma Mater uponwhich we could agree. "The solution: "To celebrate the Centennialof the University of Chicago, the judges of theAlma Mater competition are proud to an­nounce that we have chosen eleven' Centenni­al Songs.'" Their writers and composers, hecontinued, will share the $2,500 prize, andthe new songs will be published this fall in aCentennial Songbook that will also contain"the best songs of yesteryear." Including, ofcourse, the song that remains the Alma Mater.Then the Motet Choir took center stage,singing six of the winners. One was a laugh­getter whose lyrics, written by Vincent L.Michael, AB'82, AM'82, to the tune of theMarine Hymn, began, "From the halls ofHarper Library to the shores of Promont'ry. "The other five songs were solemn, pretty,and singable. The evening's seventh and finalselection- for which all present stood andsang (or gamely hummed) along-was a com­position whose tune is borrowed from anotheruniversity and whose words aren't great poe­try or even great verse. Instead, it's a songwith time on its side.-M.R. y.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOOFFICE OF CONTINUING EDUCATIONFALL 1991RETURNING ScHOLAR PROGRAM & GRADUATE STUDENT-AT- LARGE PROGRAMCan you read this?&acr 8Y<P11 Q)'YI(<P All Or this?This is where the serpent lives) the bodiless.His head is air. Beneath his tip at nightEyes open and fix on us in every sky.Maybe, as an undergraduate, you mainly read this: "Ceci n' est pas une pipe." And maybe the time you spenton calculus stopped you from reading this: "Least of all can the Being of entities ever be anything such that'behind it' stands something else 'which does not appear. '"Join us again and open all those books you couldn't the last time you were here. Alumni can enter theGraduate Student-at- Large Program or the Returning Scholar program and choose from more than 700courses the University of Chicago offers every quarter. To receive a detailed brochure and application, call312/702-1726.Come back to Chicago and give yourself the luxury of time to think.THE COMPLEAT GARGOYLEHave you met the Gargoyle? As a graduate of the University of Chicago you will undoubtedly recall thegargoyles which look down on the university campus from roof edges and building corners, but have youmet The Compleat Gargoyle?When you look through your copy of The Compleat Gargoyle, the University of Chicago's quarterly catalogof non-credit programs, you'll find the depth and scope of educational offerings is truly distinctive. Ourcourses provide university-level learning opportunities for post-collegiate adults. Instructors teach in theirareas of scholarly or professional expertise, sharing with adult students the insights they have developedduring years of research and writing in their chosen fields. The courses also put you in conversation withother adults whose diverse professional backgrounds and life experiences shed rich and varied light onsubjects of shared interest.Effective Writing in the Business and the Professions • The Ancient Mediterranean World. TheReconstruction of France after World War II • The Faust Tradition • Introductory and IntermediateLanguage Studies: French, German, Greek, Italian, Latin, Spanish • Film Study with Roger Ebert.Dante's Divine Comedy. Asia and the Middle East • Ethics in Business -Religion and Gender •Drawing Workshop • Survey of the Visual Arts • Death and Other Endings • Do Animals Think; DoThey Have Feelings • A Comparative Approach to Religious Fundamentalism • World Musics andMusical Worlds • Figure Painting • Effective Oral Communication • Classics of Russian Satire •Fiction Writing Workshop • Constitution and Citizenship in Aristotle's Politics -Northeast Asia:1850 to the Present. and much, much more.Why not join us during fall quarter? To receive your complimentary copy of The Compleat Gargoyle, call312/702-1722.5835 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637 Telephone: 312/702-0539 Telefax.: 312-702-6814Join the celebration as the University of Chicagoapproaches its second century,International University ofChicago Day is a once-a-yearopportunity for incoming andcurrent students, faculty, parents,friends, and alumni to gettogether in their localcommunities.Check this list for festivitiesnear you, and contact the localrepresentative for more ruc Dayinformation.Sponsored by The Alumni Association,5757 South WOtXllawnAwmue,Chicago, IL, �3Z3121702-2150...... ..ALBAN COLUMBUS!I,! Sunday, Sept. 15 Sunday, Sept. 15Reception & Welcome Columbus Zoo &Sara Harris Picnic Lunch518/465-6927 (work) Michael Peters518/465-3071 (home) 614/459-7923 (home)ATLANTA DALLASSaturday, Sept. 14 Saturday, Sept. 14Picnic at Fall CelebrationStone Mountain Park Nancy CorleyDavid Robichaud 214/881-1278 (home)4041329-0467 (home)404/249-3711 (work) DENVERBOSTON Sunday, Sept. 15Outdoor Get-TogetherThursday, Sept. 12 Bob StewartMerton Miller Reception 303/444-5306 (work). Marjorie Hellerstein617/332-6399 (home) FAIRFIELD CO.CHICAGO Sunday, Sept. 15Picnic atSunday, Sept. 15 Weir PreservationAdler Planetarium Rosanne AndersonMary Jo Benson 2031762-8503 (home)312/974-3440 (work)7081747-3127 (home) HOUSTdNSaturday, sq,t. 14A Day at thd'"BeachJerry Offuer713/462-11' (work)LOS ANGELESLate Sept.Rail Tour toSanta BarbaraGeri Yoza213/410-9867 (home)MIAMISunday, Sept. 15Evening Tropical CruiseKate Kindlarski305/868-6767 (home)Andrew Rappeport305/379-9159 (work)MILWAUKEEFriday, Sept. 20Dinner, Lecture, &Gallery TourMilwaukee Art MuseumJackelyn Kafura414/277-6400 (work)414/272-7553 (home)Cissie Peltz414/964-1753 (home)NEW YORK CITYSunday, Sept. 15Abigail Adams SmithHouse TourMeg Malloy212/879-3448 (home)PITTSBURGHSunday, Sept. 15BarbequelPicnicCatherine De Loughry412/242-5305 (home) TOKYOSunday, Sept. 15Dinner & BingoK. Yoda03-3344-7201 (work)N. Horie03-3344-7357 (work)PRINCETONSunday, Sept. 22Picnic inWashington CrossingState ParkRachel McCleary609/683-1849 (home)SAN DIEGOSunday, Sept. 15Picnic with Magic,Clown & MusicCurtis Spiller6191589-2416 (home)SAN FRANCISCOSunday, Sept. 15Picnic at LafayetteReservoirLouise Harvey Clark415/254-4523 (work) TORONTOThursday, Sept. 12Faculty Presentation& ReceptionEvelyn Lazare416/483-3239 (work)WASHINGTON, DCSaturday, Sept. 14Picnic inRock Creek ParkAI Rosenthal3011681-7958 (home)PORTLANDSunday, Sept. 15Lewis River TrainExcursionBJ. Seymour503/228-2472 (work)INTERNATIONAL \UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO DAYSEPTEMBER 1991 \THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERobie House, 5757 S. WoodlawnChicago, IL 60637ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED _ .. - -_,-, -- ---_.1****************CAR-RT-SORT**CR042318977The University of ChicagoLibrarySerial Records Department[ it J Hi IN • t =So9lh 5 lr ee:tC h l .:;:;,. () 11. r I f.. 0'; 37 I '