•VOLUME 83, NUMBER 1Letters6 Cou8 ionsAfter the Uili1'War; therise of computtn' music;figuring 0 -. hchildrenanm't-hmal48 Firsttlftngs lastThe 'first soafming of theworld's�econtl-largestcarillon. FEATURES18 Heat waveSusan Lindquist studies heat shock response. It's basicresearch-with a widening circle of practical applications.ED ERNST22 This map is made of memoriesLots of clever images make up the big picture-a cartooncharting of the University's first four decades. Now it's timefor an update.24 Taking the long viewIn an era offast facts, this is a look at what might be calledslow science-three research projects that can't be hurried.TIM OBERMILLER30 It's a bird, it's a plane, it's a parody!Modem mythic heroes, from Superman on down, can becopyrighted, patented, and registered. The result: it is easierto demean these heroes than to glOrify them.NEIL HARRISCover Completed in 1897, the 40-inch refracting telescope at YerkesObservatory (see page 24) in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, is stillthe largest of its kind in the world. The telescope and Professorof Astronomy Kyle Cudworth were photographed by James L.Ballard.2 Editors NotesAs BEFITS AN INSTITUTION IN ITS99th year, the University has a calen­dar starred with anniversaries. LastOctober, for example, was the 60th anniversa­ry of President Robert Maynard Hutchins'scoming, the 50th anniversary of varsity foot­ball's going. 'This October marks the 30th and tenth an­niversaries of a much more modest and regu­laroccurrence: the changing of the Universityof Chicago Magazine's cover design. To cele­brate, the Magazine has-what else?­changed its exterior.''Among editors," wrote the editor of the1963 Magazine, "there is a certain mystiqueabout the cover. It is supposed to be a breath­taking invitation to scurry inside the maga­zine, yet connote serene dignity. It is expectedto convey the air of noble tradition while sug­gesting the quest of the future. It is supposedto be beautiful, but have a clear meaning with­in the grasp of whatever numbskull may hap­pen to see it. Presumably it also bears somerelation to the actual contents. "In the words of another university editor,"You never follow a pony show with a ponyshow. " That bit of impresario logic, translatedto the world of the University of ChicagoMagazine, has meant that our cover designtends to swing from bold (Carl Sandburg'sChicago, "City of the big shoulders") to un­derstated (the 1960 Magazine editor ex­plained, "We threw out the flamboyant logo infavor of a neater, modest head which will notover-power cover pictures") and back. Like­wise, the. University's symbol, the phoenixfrom its coat of arms, behaves very much likea phoenix, reappearing at intervals from theashes of previous editorial decisions.As you've noticed, bold is back, and so is thephoenix. The designer responsible for theexterior-and interior-changes in the Maga­zine's format is Allen Carroll. Associate direc­tor of cartography at National Geographic, Al­len has designed several award-winning collegeand university magazines, and his illustrationshave appeared on the covers of the WashingtonPost Sunday Magazine, the New Republic, andthe University of Chicago Magazine ("Recon­structing Shakespeare," SPRING/90). Wethink that the changes he has engineered havemade the Magazine livelier and more readable.We hope that you will agree. See You in DecemberAnd February and April and June and Augustand October. With this issue, the Magazinenot only has a new look, it also has a new pub­lishing schedule. The shift from quarterly tobimonthly status reverses a move made 20years ago and supplies 96 more pages peryear.Helping to fill those pages will be two newmembers of our staff. Associate Editor SteveBenowitz joined the Magazine in September.Since 1985, Steve has been with Ohio StateUniversity's Office of University Communi­cations, most recently as associate editor forscience and research. A 1982 graduate ofPennsylvania State University, he has won asteady stream of national awards for excel­lence in periodical and news writing. Startingwith the December issue, Steve will be report­ing on University of Chicago research.Editorial Assistant Jane Chapman, AM'90,is responsible for the "Class News,""Deaths, " and "Books by Alumni" sections.Jane, who received a master's degree in Eng­lish in June, is a 1989 graduate of PrincetonUniversity, where she was sports editor forThe Daily Princeton ian and an intern at thePrinceton University Press.The other two names on the masthead staythe same-with one difference. Staff WriterTim Obermiller is now Associate Editor.Enough about UsWe'd like to hear from you. After each issue,the Magazine queries 200 randomly chosenreaders, asking what they liked (or didn't) andwhy.One result of the surveys we could have pre­dicted well in advance: University of Chicagoalumni have strong-and diverse-opinions.Some of you, for example, would like to see"Generations" (ne "Family Album") photosbigger ("It's unfair to make a large family thesame size as a small family"); some wouldprefer never to see such photos again! On theother hand, there is one area of strong agree­ment: articles on the University'S researchfind lots of favor.If you're one of those we've surveyed, thanksfor your help. The other 98,000 of you needn'twait for the computer to spew out your names.Write anyway. We'll answer.-M.R. Y.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990LettersTwin pagesTwin Peeks? Double Meanings? Youcan say that again!My copy of the SUMMER/90 issueis a veritable doppelganger!Please send a straight copy by return first­class mail. Stamped and addressed envelopeenclosed. Thanks.RICHARD LEE, DB'64VALPARAISO, INDIANAAs the result of the bindery's improper hopperfeeding, readers in several ZIP codes receivedcopies of the SUMMER/90 Magazine withdouble helpings of some pages, while otherpages were missing. Our thanks to the readerswho brought the error to our attention; if oth­ers received a two-timing copy and would likea replacement, it's not too late.RepudiatiDg BeHelheimI do not understand how the University ofChicago Magazine could possibly printan article such as "Bruno Bettelheim andthe Uses of Freedom, "by ex-student Bill La­zarus (SUMMER/90). Lazarus portrayed thelate Bettelheim as a curmudgeonly but benignelder statesman of the University, and took allof Bettelheim's claims about himself and hiswork at face value.The bizarre suicide of the late Dr. BrunoBettelheim has been widely reported in thelocal and national press. So has the fact thatother experts repudiate his theories regardingthe origin and the nature of autism. Recently,a series of letters, including my own, has ap­peared in the Chicago Reader, containing dis­turbing revelations about corporal punish­ment, public humiliation, and other abuses atthe Orthogenic School. I was at his schoolfrom 1966 to 1972 and I lived in terror of him.He beat me for bumping into people, on thetheory that there is no such thing as an acci­dent. Once, he asked me what was going on. Itold him, in aquiettone of voice, that Ithoughtthere were too many restrictions at his school.My reward for that was another beating. An­other time he dragged me out of the showerwithout any clothes on and beat me in front ofa roomful of people. No, I don't understandwhat prompted him to do that, and I don't sup­pose I ever will. I didn't dare try to defend my- self. Children who didn't "behave" would bethreatened with being sent to a state asylumwhere they would be given shock treatmentsand drugs.For me, the single worst thing about theplace, worse even than the public humiliationand corporal punishment, was the fact that Ispent my teen years being treated like a two­year-old. I was denied all of the experiencesthat a teenager would need in order to growup: friendships with the opposite sex, a mean­ingful education, the acquisition of job skillsand social skills, and a general familiaritywith the mechanics of everyday life. I was giv­en no opportunity to demonstrate to myself orothers that I could handle real-life situations.Eventually, I came to doubt my own abilities.When I finally was scheduled to leave theschool, I was justifiably frightened because ofmy lack of experience of the outside world.Even now, 18 years later, I have yet to make upfor most of the experiences I missed. I doubtthat I ever will.For the most part, the Orthogenic Schoolwas a dumping ground for young people whowere "different" in some way or, for whateverreason, didn't match their parents' expecta­tions. Many parents were given bad advice by"experts" and did not know that there were al­ternatives. Some of the young people neededto be in special classes for gifted youth or forthose with disabilities in specific areas. Someneeded treatment for medical problems.Some had been abused in the home or atschool and needed an advocate or needed tobe in a foster home. To label all of these peopleas "psychotic," as Bettelheim repeatedlycalled us, was a truly evil act. It also put him ina position to inflate his success rate by "cur­ing" people who were not actually psychotic,in the first place.It is true that there were some children at Bet­telheim's school who could possibly be catego­rized as "autistic," in the sense that they couldnot communicate very well. However, I did notsee any of these children improve significantlyduring the time I was there.Why did the University allow Bettelheimcompletely free rein for so long, with effec­tively no accountability to anyone, and nopeer review of his theories, diagnoses, meth­ods, and results? For that matter, why wasBettelheim allowed to humiliate his own grad- InstituteJanuary 25-21Return to campus for the first inour series of University of ChicagoWinter Weekends. An excitingthree-day course focusing onseven decades of work by theOriental Institute to preserveancient treasures will feature:� Seminars, illustrated lectures,• and gallery tours led byLanny Bell and colleaguesfrom the Oriental Institute• Behind-the-scenes lookat salvage archaeologytechniques and triumphs ofthe "Chicago Method"• After-hours visit to "InsideAncient Egypt" exhibit atthe Field Museum ofNatural HistoryAccommodations have beenreserved for you at Chicago'sluxurious Ritz-Carlton Hotel.Send for a detailed brochure orcall 3121753-2188.Winter Weekends are sponsoredby the Alumni Association inconjunction with the Office ofContinuing Education and theCentennial Office.----------------Please send me a detailedbrochure on Egyptology and theWork of the Oriental Institute.Name__Address _City State _Zipcode _Daytime Telephone _Return to Winter Weekends,Robie House, 5757 S. WoodlawnAvenue, Chicago, IL 60637.3WINNER:��IVE $2500Have you forgotten-what, yousay you never knew-the words tothe University's Alma Mater? Don'tdespair! We're changing our tune,and you can be the songwriter whopens the Alma Mater for theUniversity of Chicago's secondhundred years.No more borrowed melodies­(the current tune was written for theUniversity of Rochester)No more mysterious lyrics­(What are benisons and where doesthat sentence endi)To enter, submit six copies (non­returnable) of words and musicsuitable for performance byprofessional and amateur choralgroups (soprano, alto, tenor, basswith piano accompaniment) toOffice for the CentennialThe University of Chicago5801 S. Ellis, Room 607Chicago, IL 60637Deadline March 1, 1991For further information, contact theCentennial Office, (312) 702-91924 uate students in public for so many years?What combination of self-interest, gullibility,and cowardice allowed so many people to be­lieve his myths for so long? Why is the Uni­versity still planning to establish a BettelheimCenter for Research and Training, now thatso many shocking revelations have come tolight?ALIDAM. JATICH,AB'76CHICAGOThe Bettelheim Center is the research andteaching component of a jundraising cam­paign begun in 1989 by the University of Chi­cago Foundation for Emotionally DisturbedChildren (a group of volunteers who, since,1944, have worked to provide support for theOrthogenic School). The naming of the re­search center, according to the School s di­rector, Jacqueline Sanders, "is by no meansan endorsement of the negative parts" of Bet­telheim s work, but rather "a way to build onthe good."Pari of the solutionI made a donation last year as it was the20th reunion of my class; on reconsidera­tion, I probably should not have ... .itseems hypocritical to donate to a universitywhich implicitly supports apartheid by refus­ing to take even the symbolic step of divest­ment. ... Economic pressures have contrib­uted to recent minor changes in South Africa;but these pressures must be kept up to encour­age further improvements ....I was a student in Chicago during the civilrights movements of the late Sixties. I remem­ber one of the slogans of the movement was,"If you're not part of the solution, you're partof the problem." I deeply regret that the Uni­versity of Chicago still refuses to be part of thesolution to apartheid.MAHONRIYOUNG, AB'69OfTAWA, ONTARIOThe first Ugly AmericanThe article on the Tiwanaku ("Harvestfrom the Past," SPRING/90) is excel­lent until the last sentence, where itstates that Alan Kolata is "the antithesis of theUgly American." The fact is he serves as afine example of the Ugly American as thatperson originally was portrayed. The maindifference lies in Dr. Kolata being an attrac­tive young man, whereas the prototype hadthe misfortune to be quite unattractive.The original Ugly American was the chiefcharacter in a story with that title by William 1.Lederer. It and other tales were published to­gether in a book by the same name in 1958.The story character was engaged in a volun­teer foreign-aid mission in southeast Asia, where he was assigned to show the local popu­lation how to improve its agriculture and gen­eral living conditions. This he did by inge­nious adaptation of primitive equipment andbuilding of morale, although he received littleaid and no encouragement from his bureau­cratic superiors. Dr. Kolata did not have to la­bor under similar soul-killing indifference,but with similar concern taught the Indianshow to better their lot by their own efforts inrejuvenating an ancient irrigation system.The Ugly American label was turned on itshead soon after the book appeared and nowhas a pejorative meaning universally. Anyonewho read the story could not fall into this er­ror, so its misuse must arise from a need bycertain persons to have a term with which toepitomize unsocial behavior, or even perhapsto merely denigrate or disparage aspects ofAmerican culture. I am assuming that the Bo­livian journalist quoted in the article is inno­cent of deliberate bias and was merely voicingan error second hand.W. H. EASTON,PHD'40WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIFORNIAWhose Shakespeare is it, anyway?R egard�ng David Bevington's "Recon­structmg Shakespeare" (SPRING/90): whoever he was and wherever heis now, Shakespeare must be pleased to knowthat his genius can be minced into handy post­graduate sausage, upon which meat feedPhDs.It's hard to know who, besides a workingactor or stage director, needs to know theanswers, if there are any, to the questionsBevington poses. Certainly not those of us forwhom Shakespeare is experienced by watch­ing his plays and reading his poetry.Then what is the purpose of reconstructinghim? If art historians performed such autop­sies on classic bronzes and marbles, what anoutcry! Priceless artifacts needlessly vanda­lized! But let a graduate student sniffing for a"new" dissertation come gnashing onto oldWill's poor texts and masked intentions, andany sort of ritual cannibalism is licensed.It's possible, in this busywork way, to "han­dle" Shakespeare academically and earn a de­gree doing it. This serves the student and histeachers; it validates their existence. For therest of us it is without any real value.LESLIE WALLER X' 48LONDON,ENGLANDWeapons don't kill, wars doMOSt University of Chicago alumniand students would agree with theviewpoints of Christine Cassel,M.D. (SUMMER/90)-not because they're"liberal," but because they're sensible. IUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990certainly do.Nonetheless, one of her viewpoints is, at aminimum, questionable. I wonder if you canarrange for an interviewer to break into herbusy schedule long enough to ask her onequestion: Please list all the atomic wars thathave afflicted the earth since the first bombwas dropped in 1945.Of course, there have been other effects ofthe enormous research and manufacture ofatomic weapons (e. g. , the currently emergingnews that our American atomic plants weresloppy in preventing the release of nuclearmaterial, or the Russian disaster at Cherno­byl). But that is not the subject to which youreport she has paid attention. Like so manyothers, she opposes nuclear war and prolifer­ation. And thus, my question: How manyatomic wars has the world suffered since1945?There is a simple consideration (that I learn­ed while at the University, of course): Beforethe leaders of any nation begin a war, theymake a judgment that the negative effects willlikely be outweighed by the positive effects.Sometimes, this judgment is wrong (e.g.,Germany in both 1914 and 1939), which doesnot invalidate the aphorism but only points tohuman inability to predict the future with 100percent accuracy. (Sometimes the judgmentis correct, at least for some decades or evencenturies, e. g. , the American decision to con­tain the Amerindians, or to seize Spanishholdings in the New World).There has been no shortage of wars since1945-but in each case, it would appear thatthose who started them had the good sense torecognize that the use of atomic weaponswould be as dreadful as Ms. Cassel believedafter her two days in the San Francisco work­shop in 1980. Accordingly, they have beencontent to utilize so-called "conventional"weapons such as high explosives.It is possible that I have been misinformedabout some events of the past 45 years, andthus my question to Ms. Cassel: How manyatomic wars have been fought since 1945?And, of course, the corollary: How manywere prevented by Physicians for SocialResponsibility?LEONARDS. STEIN, AM'49, PHD'62EVANS1DN, ILLINOISThe University of Chicago Magazine invitesletters from readers on the contents of themagazine or on topics related to the Universi­ty. Letters for publication, which must besigned, may be editedfor length and/or clari­ty. To ensure the widest range of voices, pre}erence will be given to letters of 500 words orless. Letters should be addressed to: Editor,University of Chicago Magazine, RobieHouse, 5757South WoodlawnAvenue, Chica­go, IL 60637. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI ASSOCIATIONInvites you to join distinguished faculty and alumni friendsparticipating in the Alumni Colleges Abroad scheduled for 1991Voyage to AntarcticaFebruary 1-15A cruise aboard the M. V. Illiriato the world's last frontier,accompanied by the ship's staffof naturalists and our facultylecturer Michael LaBarbera,Associate Professor in theDepartments of OrganismalBiology and Anatomy,Geophysical Sciences,and the Committee onEvolutionary Biology.Islands of the Indian OceanMarch 13-28A voyage along the spice routefrom Zanzibar to the SeychellesArchipelago focusing on thenatural beauty of the islandsand the diversity of their wildlife.Professor Stevan Arnold of theDepartment of Ecology andEvolution and the Committee onEvolutionary Biology will discussisland ecology and how distinctspecies have developed in isolatedanimal populations.BudapestMarch 8-15This low-cost excursionto one of the most beautifulcities in Europe will includetransportation, accommodationand breakfast at a four-star hotel,the services of a tour director,and expert guidance by a facultylecturer. A variety of optionaltours and cultural events willbe available, including a tripto Prague.EgyptMarch 16-30World events permitting,a study trip led by ProfessorLanny Bell of the Oriental Institute will focus on thesalvage archeology done bythe University's Epigraphy Surveybased at Chicago House in Luxor.The trip will be preceded by aWinter Weekend on campusJanuary 25-27 devoted toEgyptology and the work ofthe Oriential Institute.Walking Tourin SwitzerlandJune 6-22Participants will chooseamong daily guided hikes orstrolls from Engleberg, Zermatt,Celerina, and Appenzell. The tripwill be led by ProfessorMihaly Csikszentmihalyi,author of the acclaimedFlow: The Psychology ofOptimal Experience.Also being planned for 1991Study trips to the PacificNorthwest, Russia and theBlack Sea, Alaska, SouthwestEngland, Rhine and Mosel Rivers,Southern Spain, Southeast Asia,Adriatic and Tyrrhenian Seas,and Washington, D. C.For further informationand brochures or to be addedto our travell study mailing list,call or write to Laura Gruen,Associate Director, University ofChicago Alumni Association,5757 South Woodlawn Avenue,Chicago, IL, 3121753-2178.5ourseWorkDon'tForgettoWrite THE EL KEEPS PASSING, A MECHANICALwaterfall that never falls silent. I.tshakes the classroom, drowning outthe rise and fall of a tenor voice float­ing into an open window. The only sounds in­side the room are the quick turn of pages, thesudden down-pressures of pen or pencil, theslight shifts in posture as people write andwrite.One woman with a cap of short, black hairlooks up as if taking a breath of inspiration,then dives back down into the written word.Widening scrawls cover line after line and theEI keeps racketing by, looping the Loop as theworkshop's students make their own loopsand circles, words and stories."Write rapidly, " Molly Daniels had told theclass a few minutes before. "Just write. I don'tcare what you write," she added, her softlyaccented voice taking on a no-nonsense tone.Everyone, including the Magazine reporterat the back of the room, starts to write. A mo-Among would-be authors inChicago, Molly Daniels andher writing workshops haveachieved near cult status.6 ment later, the heavy, old-fashioned doorclosing behind her, Daniels leaves the writersto their stories. She'll be back.Molly Daniels, PhD'86, believes that eachof her students has stories to tell. She also be­lieves that writing begins with brainstorming,listening for the stories already in the teller'smind. "We hang up our short images on aclothesline, and we take them down when theink is dry."It's a homely metaphor that has given birthto a group of writers who call themselves theClothesline School of Fiction. The writershave all taken one or more of Daniels's work­shops in fiction or poetry, and their worksare published at intervals in The ClotheslineReview.She herself writes fiction, under the penname of Shouri Daniels-to date, two novelsand a collection of shorter pieces. Both herfiction and criticism have won prizes from theIllinois Arts Council. She also has a method,outlined in a workbook based on her work­shops, The Clothesline Review Manual forWriters: First Personal, Singular, for gettingyour own stories told.On a perfect Monday evening in early Au­gust, shortly after half past five, students be­gin to fill an old-fashioned classroom in theFine Arts Building, where the University'sOffice of Continuing Education has a down­town "campus." It's the seventh session in aneight-week introductory fiction workshop. Ofthe 30 people who originally enrolled, 20 willshow tonight.Some look the part of aspiring writers: Ayoung woman in jeans and a black T-shirt en­ters, puts down her black oversized bag, andheads for the small cafeteria just as anotherblack T-shirt takes a seat. From her oversizedblack satchel, she pulls a plastic-boxed sand­wich and two sodas.Others look like the Loop professionals theyare during the day: The class includes severalattorneys, a computer programmer, an insur­ance salesman, an art curator,' a propertymanager, someone who works for an ad­vertising firm, and a handful of full-timestudents.Two gray suits enter. Two guys in jeans andbackpacks. Another suit (this time, navy),carrying soda and popcorn. A gray-hairedman pulls a book from a bulging, compart­mentalized briefcase. A woman in a stripedknit dress and beige pumps dines on an over­sized muffin and coffee. Three more women,two in jeans, one in a paisley jumper that looksstraight from Laura Ashley. A white-haired,white-bearded, apple-cheeked man in jeanssits down beside a pony tailed woman in a redjumpsuit and serious diamonds.As they talk among themselves, one pro­noun-in sentences like, "Thank god sheliked the story" -is heard again and again.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990At ten before six, a small woman in a blackprint dress and a bright silk scarf slips into theroom. Despite the quiet entrance, everyone isaware that "she" has arrived.Molly Daniels sets down her books and pa­pers, answers several individual questions,then returns to the back ofthe room and firmlycloses the door. ("Success in this class isguaranteed," begins a mimeographed work­shop syllabus, "provided you are on time forclass. ")"This is, as you know, the final meeting ofthe class," she begins, "but you can comeback next week to celebrate what you'veachieved this quarter." Next Monday's ses­sion, she explains, will be devoted to reading.Sharing one's work is a requirement, and eachSunday afternoon, for almost 400 S.undays,her students have read their stories and poemsat Jimmy's Woodlawn Tap."How many of you came to the reading thisSunday?" Daniels asks. A few hands go up."Wasn't that a good reading?" she says. "Itwas wonderful. " The door opens, another suitwalks in and quickly takes a place. Shooting areproving glance at the offender, Daniels­scarf off; round, rimless glasses on-outlinesthe night's agenda.To a newcomer, the quick listing is alarm­ingly cryptic: paragraphs, passages, jealousyand objects associated with jealousy, trian­gles, songs, poetry. "Then we're going to getinto the basic emotion of a fairy tale. "The session begins, as always, with fiveminutes of biofeedback. (''All week you havebeen writing in your head," Daniels notes inthe workshop syllabus; biofeedback helpsbring up those stories to use in the exercisesthat follow.) Around the room, the studentsshift into more comfortable positions, eyesclosed as they listen to the mantra that shesoftly intones. After slowly focusing in turnon hands, legs, heart, breathing, solar plexus,and forehead, she gives the final instruction,"Fist your hands. Raise your hands. Relax.""Now write." Guided by a rapid flow of in­structions from Daniels, the class jots downlists of people from" a time in your twenties, atime when a lot happened." Places associatedwith these people. A room in your house.What you did in that room. Smells from thattime. Outdoor smells. A person who was oncecentral and is no longer in your life. Objectsassociated with that person. A problem facingthat person. Something you overheard thatyou weren't intended to hear.There is no time to compose stories, only torecall images."Now, jealousy. Every great story has in itsome element of jealousy. Jealousy is a grandliterary emotion."To get at the emotion of jealousy, Danielswants the class to focus on objects, so shemanufactures an example: ''A woman goes into the bathroom, she sees that the bristles ofher husband's toothbrush and that of theirwoman guest are mingled in the mug. You getmultiple points of view from focusing on theobject, " she explains."Try it. Think of the object. As soon as youhave the object, raise your hand."Several hands go up. Several stories get told.The objects recalled include a London Fograincoat bought when the teller was 17 yearsold and a set of gleaming and expensive cook­ing pots purchased in New York the summerafter the buyer's freshman year in college.Each yields an intensely personal story ofjealousy-between a mother and her daugh­ter, between a young woman and her boy­friend's mother.Daniels has other students repeat the just­told stories, then asks, "What element wouldyou remove from these stories?" There's aThe studenls shift intocomfortable positions, eyesclosed as they listen to themantra Daniels intones. Shegives the final'instructions:"Fist your hands. Baise yourhands. Belax. Now write."pause, and she snaps her fingers smartly, hervoice showing a hint of impatience, "Whatisn't needed?""The summer of her freshman year?"someone queries."That makes it very finite," Daniels re­sponds approvingly. "We don't need that. Itmakes it less the kind of fictional time wewant. Now, let's go into the next step. "Think about someone you loved who isdead, Daniels commands a few steps later.List objects associated with that person. Afterthe funeral. Put it all together."Write rapidly," she says, "just write. Idon't care what you write." A few momentslater, she leaves the classroom.When Daniels returns, the writing frenzyends, and the class shifts course once again."I want you to go to the heart of the dramaticmoment of change," she orders now. "Thatmoment is usually written differently fromthe rest of the story-sometimes we speed up,sometimes we slow down. But during thatmoment of change, someone said something,and someone is listening. I want you to thinkof a sentence that changed everything. "The sentences offered are themselves en­capsulated stories:'''We have to save the milk for our regularparishioners,' said the priest." '''I've come a long way in the last week,much farther than you know,' my father saidtome."'''I never loved you,' he said to the womanhe married when he was nineteen."'" Save the Arts supplement of the paper. Ilike touse them to start a fire,' my father usedto say."It's now two and a half hours into the class­time for a I5-minute break. "Don't take toolong, " Daniels warns briskly.When class reconvenes, she asks if anyonewould like to recite a poem. Each student isencouraged to learn a few lines of verse eachweek. "Poetry makes your writing richer,deeper," Daniels writes. "It has a magical ef­fect on your own prose. "Four volunteers recite poems by EmilyDickinson, Theodore Roethke, e.e. cum­mings, William Yeats. Two give polished per­formances, two stumble. All get the same en­thusiastic applause from their listeners."We try to work more and more from thepart of the brain where poems and songs arestored," Daniels observes, asking students torecall first melodies and then fairy tales fromchildhood-and the memories they hold.She begins with her own memory. "One dayduring the war, when we had been eva­cuated, " she says, fingering the gold band onher left hand, "my mother had spanked me,and her sister took me into another room andcomforted me by telling me for the first timethe story of Cinderella." For a long time, sheremembers, "the story cast a spell over me, "gave her a way oflooking at the world.She goes quickly around the room, askingeveryone the first fairy tale they remember.Mostarefamiliar-"SnowWhite," "The Ug­ly Duckling," "The Frog Prince," "Cinder­ella," "Hansel and Gretel" -but when an ob­scure one, like "The Drake's Tale," ismentioned, she asks for a short summary andthen, "What's the part that grabbed you themost?"The pace quickens. Think of the dominantemotion in Cinderella, of problems in the sto­ry that are problems in your own life, of ob­jects from the story. She asks a woman to readaloud Anne Sexton's Cinderella poem.There's a similar short discussion on the emo­tions, problems, uncomfortable moments ofHansel and Gretel, followed by a reading ofanother Anne Sexton poem about the two chil­dren's time in the witch's gingerbread house.Class is almost over. "It's time for passagesyou produced today. Who would like toread?"As each reader finishes, Daniels asks theothers not for criticism, but simply to repeatwhat images they remember from the wordsthey've just heard. "The listener is on trial,"she reminds them, "not the reader."-M.R.Y.7nvestigationsThe World That Came Infrom the ColdJohn Mearsheimer believesthat a world now euphoricover the thawing of the ColdWar may soon long for thepolitical stability of thatchilly era.By LATE AUGUST, NEARLY EVERYONE­from President Bush to the man in thestreet-had read or heard some varia­tion of John Mearsheimer's thesis that Ameri­cans may wake up one day lamenting the lossof order that the Cold War gave to Europe.Versions of Mearsheimer's article settingforth this thesis appeared in the August Atlan­tic and the summer issue of International Se­curity, while Time summarized his argumentfor its millions of readers. European journal­ists joined in, telephoning Mearsheimer­who is professor and chairman of the Univer­sity's Department of Political Science-forhis controversial insights. None of the atten­tion really surprised him.Amidst a virtual harmony of voices world­wide proclaiming that the collapse of Sovietpower inaugurated a new era of peace in Eu­rope, Mearsheimer was, he says, "the firstperson to spell out a powerful case for why weshould be pessimistic about the future of Eu­rope. And I knew that argument would have agreat impact."Very briefly summarized, Mearsheimer'sargument is that the two superpowers' pres­ence in Europe essentially divided the conti­nent into two camps. This "bipolarization,"coupled with the presence of nuclear weaponson both sides, created a "very simple androbust" balance of power that was also easyto manage.With the end of the Cold War will come a re­turn to a multipolar distribution of power inEurope, says Mearsheimer -. Statistically, waris more likely in a multipolar than a bipolarsystem, as "a bipolar system has only onedyad across which war might break: out. A8 John Mearsheimer: Beyond theory lies the weightof history.multipolar system is much more fluid and hasmany such dyads."Beyond theory is the weight of history in Eu­rope- "a state system plagued by war" fromits founding with the Peace of Westphalia in1648 until the end of World War II. Accordingto Mearsheimer, it's no coincidence that Eu­rope has enjoyed its longest period of sus­tained peace in the 45 years since the dawn ofthe Cold War. The dyads across which warmight now break out are numerous­Germany versus Poland over disputed bor­ders, Romania and Hungary fighting overTransylvania, to name but a few,Mearsheimer sees Germany-large,wealthy, centrally located-as crucial. Ger­many was expansive" in the past, he argues,mainly because it was vulnerable to invasionfrom every side. To ensure a peaceful Germa­ny, he says, the country should be allowed topossess its own nuclear weapons. Germanywould "feel insecure" without them, writesMearsheimer, "and if it felt insecure its im­pressive strength would give it significant ca- pacity to disturb the tranquility of Europe. "Mearsheimer is so far unpersuaded by vari­ous scenarios put forth for a peaceful Europe.Some argue, for example, that stability willflow from the growing strength of the Euro­pean Community, a liberal economic orderthat fosters economic interdependence. Evenif such a union leads to greater prosperity,Mearsheimer believes that political self­interest will ultimately supersede economiccooperation among the participants."... States will struggle to escape the vulner­ability that interdependence creates, in orderto bolster their national security. In times ofcrisis or war, states that depend on others forcritical economic supplies will fear cutoff orblackmail; they may well respond by trying toseize the source of supply by force of arms, "Mearsheimer writes in his Atlantic article.Although he developed his thesis well be­fore the Persian Gulf crisis erupted,Mearsheimer believes the eerie resonance ofits predictions to the summer's events per­suaded more and more people to accept itsUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990line of argument. "People began to think, if itcan happen in the Persian Gulf, it might hap­pen in Europe, and Mearsheimer might becorrect. We should at least pay attention towhat he has to say. "If world leaders are among those "paying at­tention' " they have mostly kept quiet about it.When he first presented a version of the paperat a February 1990 conference on the future ofEurope, organized by Gerald Ford, JamesCallaghan, Valery Giscard d'Estaing, andHelmut Schmidt, he was "treated with muchcourtesy, but the issues raised in the piecewere largely ignored." Likewise, althoughthe piece was circulated at the highest levels ofthe White House, Pentagon, and State De­partment, no senior government officialshave contacted Mearsheimer personallyabout it. In both cases, he suspects "my argu­ments are probably too controversial for any­one at that level to want to directly associatethemselves with the author."His article, described by the Atlantic's edi­tors as "an essay in analytical prophecy, " mayhave also raised some eyebrows among col­leagues. Social scientists tend to resist predic­tions, he says, "because they don't have agreat deal of faith in the predictive power oftheir theories. I wouldn't dispute that our the­ories have limits, but I think we have a respon­sibility to employ them, to help make sense ofimportant but complicated world events. "Mearsheimer says "the last thing one wantsto do in discussing the future of Europe ismake categorical statements about what's go­ing to happen and dismiss any dissentingviews." He believes that among scholars, pol­icy analysts, and journalists who study inter­national relations, the future of Europe willbe "the dominant question" for at least thenext five years. If Mearsheimer's "pessimis­tic argument" was heard around the world, it'sbecause it was simply the first, he says.''At the same time, I have confidence in myargument. I think the theories are not perfect,but they're sound, and the basic prognosis thatI offered will be borne out with time. "The thesis "will have a long half-life," saysMearsheimer, as he offers one more predic­tion. "We've not heard the last of this one."-T.o.SoflwareSymphonies most complex machines that you could everfind is a piano. A computer is a machine, butit's also an instrument, one of many. "Mostly, Sandroff performs his own compo­sitions. In July, a piece written for John BruceYeh, Chicago Symphony Orchestraclarinetist, premiered in Quebec, and twomore of his works were released by CentaurRecords on a compilation compact disc thissummer. Sandroff also performs works bycontemporary composers (he and Yeh recent­ly premiered the first "computer realization"in the United States of Pierre Boulez's "Dia­logue de I' ombre double") but, he says, "onlyif the piece calls for it. "Sandroff emphasizes that he. does not doelectronic performances of traditional classi­cal music, a la Wendy Carlos. "Rarely can Ieven stand listening to it," he admits. Of hisown compositions, Sandroff estimates thatless than half are electronic. For example, hiscurrent project is for a piano trio."I'm the worst critic of electronic music.Most of it is god-awful." But you can't damnthe instrument because a lot of the music isbad, says Sandroff. "What's that expression­you have to kiss a lot of toads before you find a prince? How many composers were aroundVienna in Beethoven's time who no one re­members, and for good reason?" He thinksthe same law of averages probably applies toelectronic music.Amending his statement that the computer is"just another instrument," Sandroff sees onemajor distinction between composing forcomputer and, say, a violin. "With a violin,there's a limited palette of sounds it creates.But when you write for an instrument in yourimagination, which these machines allow youto do, you're really designing the music fromthe ground up. "The artist must not only decide what his/herinvented instrument will sound like in rangeand dynamics, but whether those sounds are,in the final analysis, "artistically satisfying."Sandroff says too many electronic composersforget to apply that final criterion- "they getso caught up in designing a particular soundthat the work comes across as inhuman orself-indulgent." Musically, "they can't seethe forest for the trees." For that reason, San­droff says, "I never compose in front of a com­puter or synthesizer. I compose in my head, sothe creative process won't get confused withHOWARD SANDROFF OFFERS NO APOL­ogies for using machines to makemusic. "So did Beethoven, so didMozart," says Sandroff, director of the Uni­versity'S computer music studio and an estab­lished composer and performer of electronicworks. "The violin is a machine. One of the Machine-made music: Howard Sandrof! at work.9the machinery. "In essence, Sandroff's goals as an electroniccomposer are not unlike those of any otherartist who views technique and style only asmeans to an end. The real challenge, he says,"is using music as a microcosm of living. Sothat within the confines of any individualwork I seek to express a range of emotionaland/or intellectual kinds of experience."My creative work does not rely on tech­nology," Sandroff insists. "If there was aholocaust tomorrow and all computers andsynthesizers disappeared, you'd find me sit­ting around in the rubble, blowing on a popbottle and beating a garbage can." - T. o.Paying Attention toChildren Who Don'tAs A CATCH-ALL DIAGNOSIS, ATTEN­tion Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder(ADHD) "is used so frequently that itoften has little meaning, " says Mark Stein, as­sistant professor of psychiatry and pediatrics.A complicated and baffling syndrome,ADHD covers a range of disruptive behaviorsand learning problems that affect seven per­cent of young children.Over the past three years, more than 400children have been evaluated for ADHD at theUniversity Hospitals' Hyperactivity, Atten­tion, and Learning Problems Clinic, one ofeight such clinics in the U. S. The clinic's teamof child psychiatrists, developmental pediatri­cians, and psychologists has found that about40 percent of those children don't haveADHD, clinically defined.Each two-day evaluation includes inter­views with parents and testing for the chil­dren. For example, children might be put at adesk with a set of mathematics problems tocomplete-and specific instructions not toplay with the toys in the room. "Most of thesekids are able to behave pretty well in a short,one-on-one interaction with a doctor, " ClinicDirector Stein explains. "We try to set up situ­ations where we're much more likely to seesome aspects of the problem. "Stein and his colleagues speculate thatAD HD might in fact be several different kindsof problems. Some ADHD children have slowfine-motor skill development, general feel­ings of anxiety, and attention problems with­out hyperactivity. Children in another ADHDgroup often suffer from allergies and tend tobe identified at a precise educational moment-second grade, when teachers find the chil­dren are having difficulty learning to read.Girls with ADHD make up another specialgroup: boys with ADHD outnumber girlseight to one. There is also what might becalled a "behavioral" group-the more com-10 monly recognized impulsive, overactive,easily distracted child.For those children diagnosed with ADHD,the clinic offers therapies and interventions,including social skills training, a trainingprogram for parents, and consultation withteachers and schools. There has been someconcern, Stein acknowledges, that physiciansprescribe stimulant drugs like Ritalin toofreely for ADHD. (A study in Baltimore, forexample, showed that one out of 14 schoolchildren was taking the drug.)But, Stein says, stimulant therapy can oftenbe a good way to deal with the immediateproblems of ADHD. At the Hospitals' clinic,physicians and families find the drug effectivein 80 percent of the children who receive it- �presumably because of careful diagnosis.Even when therapy helps children in theshort term, the long-term prospects for chil­dren with ADHD are of special concern. Re­cent research suggests, says Stein, that "mostchildren with ADHD don't grow out of it, al­though sometimes they grow out of somesigns of the disorder. As an adolescent andthen as an adult, the disorder appears in dif­ferent ways. We can say,. for example, that tenpercent of children with ADHD will developserious antisocial behavior problems as ado­lescents-particularly drug and alcoholabuse." -Ed ErnstCompellingArgumentsNANCY STEIN, PROFESSOR IN EDUCA­tion and psychology, believes themost productive arguments may bethose where no one tries to win at all.Stein explores the way people defend posi­tions, which they most commonly do through"interactive argument," where "the primarygoal of the arguer becomes winning the argu­ment at all costs. So, what the arguer does is toevaluate the opponent's evidence to strength­en his or her own position, rather than to un­derstand the other's position."As subjects, Stein picked second-graders,sixth-graders, undergraduates, and graduatestudents and had them argue about the follow­ing situation: two people plan to go to a ballgame and will be able to go only if they helpeach other complete household chores. Itrains, however, and the game is called off.The argument is whether they are still boundto finish the chores.Both children and adults were alike in notspending time trying to understand their op­ponents' point of view. ''Adults and childrenate reluctant to examine closely why othershold the beliefs they do and accordingly missopportunities to confront them on key points," says Stein. "Instead, they assumetheir opponent is uninformed and proceedto concentrate on bolstering their ownposition."This arguing sty le shows up in situations thatare far from hypothetical: "We see the use ofthis type of competitive strategy in almost ev­ery domain of science, where a fundamentalstance of many researchers is that a particulartheory is based on faulty assumptions, and istherefore not valid. In many instances, how­ever, a clear alternative to the original theoryis never developed,"By carefully listening to your opponents in­stead of trying to prove you are right, Steinsuggests you may discover valid points in theopposing point of view, leading to compro­mise-and resolution.-T. O.Bigher Educationand lIinorityOpportunitiesA SPECIAL FALL EDITION OF THE AMER­ican Journal of Education-co­edited by Gary Orfield, professor ofpolitical science-reveals that higher educa­tion is faltering in its efforts to provide equalopportunities for minority groups.''Americans have heavily supported highereducation in the belief that it is a vital opportu­nity for their children's future and critical tothe continuing growth of the American econ­omy, " Orfield writes in an introduction to theSept. 4 issue, devoted to research on minorityaccess to higher education. "Colleges, how­ever, often reflect rather than change underly­ing social and economic cleavages."The research in this issue indicates that thevast expansion of colleges has produced verydifferent opportunities that may be allottednot by ability but by wealth, race, where theywent to high school, and the type of publichigher-education system their states havedecided to provide. "Many of the problems minority studentshave in completing college begins in highschool, contends one of the issue's studies, byEric Camburn, a researcher associated withthe University at the National Opinion Re­search Center (NORC).Camburn used results from a NORC long­term study of high school graduates of theclass of 1980 from the nation's largest metro­politan areas-New York, Los Angeles, Chi­cago, Houston, Philadelphia.. and Detroit.Camburn took into account the students' race,family income level, standardized test scores,and the racial make-up of the schools they at­tended to develop a model to predict whichschools are most likely to have minority grad-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990Gary Orfield: At issue is higher education for minorities.uates who successfully complete college.Of those factors, Camburn found that "highschool racial composition, as measured by thepercentage of whites" in the school, was thestrongest predictor of success: the higher thatpercentage, "the greater the probability thatthe student would finish college." The patternheld for all racial and SES (social economicstatus) groups studied.On average, students in minority-dominatedschools had lower standardized test scoresthan did students in white-dominated schools,indicating a less rigorous level of preparation,Camburn writes. Yet "even when students areequalized on the academic measures (testscores and grades), degree completion ratesstill vary greatly by high school racial compo­sition and SES."Faith Paul-a graduate researcher at theUniversity and Orfield's co-editor for the is­sue-looked at black and Hispanic highschool graduation figures in Chicago, Atlan­ta, Philadelphia, and Houston between 1975and 1986.In L.A., for instance, while the percentage of Hispanic high school graduates grew-18percent of all 1980 graduates were Hispaniccompared to 24 percent in 1986-the percent­age of Hispanics enrolled in local colleges anduniversities increased from 12 to only 14 per­cent. In many cities, blacks fared even worse.In Atlanta, for example, 24 percent of gradu­ating high schoolers were black in 1980, com­pared to 35 percent in 1986. However, only 20percent of the students enrolled in Atlantacolleges were black in 1986, compared to24 percent in 1980.Other research in the issue shows that fewerminority students are going to college be­cause of reduction in grants and an increaseddependence on loans as part of student aidpackages."Public policy decisions can have an impor­tant impact on minority access to higher edu­cation, " Orfield says, calling for universitiesto conduct more research to determine whichpolicies are most effective."The often decisive role of colleges in con­ferring status, income, and position in a post­industrial society," Orfield concludes, "makes the work of analyzing ourselvesmuch more urgent." - T. O.FightiDg Distortionwith Dis.ortioDWHILE THE WOES OF THE HUBBLESpace Telescope made the newsthis summer, Professor of Astron­omy and Astrophysics Edward Kibblewhiteand his colleagues pursued a project that hehopes will "revolutionize astronomicalobservations. "Unlike the Space Telescope, Kibblewhite'sproject is ground-based. But it does confrontthe same problem: getting around the distor­tions caused by the Earth's turbulent atmo­sphere. With grants of $1.8 million from theNational Science Foundation and $400,000from the University, Kibblewhite will use amethod, derived from Star Wars technology,called adaptive optics to construct a "rubbermirror," one that can be adjusted to compen­'sate for the turbulence caused by the air's nat­ural convection cells.These cells, he explained in the University'snewspaper, the Chronicle, act as a kind ofscrambler, mixing the light from distant plan­ets, stars, and galaxies-and limiting the reso­lution of ground-based telescopes, Buildinglarger telescopes doesn't really solve theproblem, notes Kibblewhite: "Larger tele­scopes can gather more light but they can't seemore detail. ". The rubber-mirror approach (far less ex­pensive than placing telescopes above theatmosphere) requires the use of two recenttechnologies. First, the team will measure theturbulence many times per second, by shininga specially tuned laser beam through a tele­scope into the upper atmosphere. When thebeam strikes sodium atoms trapped in a layer90 kilometers above the earth, they fluoresce-creating an artificial star.The light from this "star" returns to the tele­scope after passing through the same turbu­lence as does the light from the object beingstudied. Therefore, Kibblewhite says, bycanceling out the laser star's distortions, thedistortion of the real star can be canceledas well.Enter the rubber mirror, an optically flatmirror which can be distorted at high frequen­cy by as many as one hundred piezoelectrictransducers mounted on its back. Kibble­white's graduate assistants are already build­ing small test mirrors-prototypes for a largermirror that astronomers hope to have installedby 1992 at the Apache Point observatory inNew Mexico, operated by the AstrophysicalResearch Consortium (the University of Chi­cago and four other institutions). - T. O.11FOR THE RECORDBeryl W. Sprinkel, MBA'48,PhD '52, former chairmanof President Reagan sCouncil of EconomicAdvisers, signed on thisfall as a senior lecturer atthe Graduate School ofBusiness. The title of hisautumn class is: "Policies,Markets, and Growth. "James Coleman, UniversityProfessor of Sociology, waselected president of theAmerican SociologicalAssociation. His termbegins next August. WilliamJulius Wilson, the LucyFlower University Professorin Sociology, has justconcluded his one-yearterm as the association spresident.The Chicago SymphonyOrchestra has named as itsnew composer-in-residencemusic professor ShulamitRan. The position officiallystarts when Daniel Baren­boim assumes the CSOdirectorship in 1991, butRan will serve as residentcomposer on an informalbasis during the interim.12 School of PublicPolicy reDamed 10hODor IrviDg B. BarrisTHE UNIVERSITY'S GRADUATESchool of Public Policy hasbeen renamed to honor Irv­ing B. Harris, the Chicago philan­thropist whose original donationsmade the founding of the schoolpossible.The Irving B. Harris GraduateSchool of Public Policy was offi­cially named in September. At thesame time, the University an­nounced funding by Harris of tennew fellowships in public policystudies. The fellowships will in­clude full tuition and stipends up to$10,000 each.Since its establishment in 1987,Harris has contributed $10 millionto support the public policy school_:,one of the largest gifts of its kindin the University's history. In an­nouncing the name change, Presi­dent Hanna Gray praised Harris as"one of those rare and extraordi­nary individuals who have made areal difference to our society," ad­ding that the University has been"privileged to be the beneficiary ofhis vision and commitment. "Harris-a native of St. Paul,Minn., and a graduate of YaleUniversity-is chairman of the ex­ecutive committee of the PittwayCorporation, and he has been atrustee of the University since 1970.He has had a long interest in publicpolicy, especially as it relates to ear­ly childhood development. In 1986,for example, he donated $4 millionfor child psychiatry programs at the Irving B. HarrisUniversity's Medical Center; and in1982, he organized (and continuesto chair) the Ounce of PreventionFund to provide matching grants forprograms aimed at preventing fami­ly dysfunctions such as child abuseand neglect.Harris's support of Chicago's pub­lic policy school is an outgrowthof his belief that "the world hasbeen affected enormously by a veryfew people who have been bril­liant .... We need the best brains toaddress our social problems." Heexpressed approval that studentstrained at the school would be "gen­eralists'.' in problem-solving, ratherthan technical specialists.Robert Michael, the school's deanand the Eliakim Hastings MooreDistinguished Service Professor inPublic Policy and Education, con­firmed Harris's intention that the school "look at fundamental socialproblems .... with an interdiscipli­nary approach.""Social problems do not al ways fitinto neat packages," said Michael."In order to propose solutions, peo­ple who care about these problemsneed to be able to look at them froma variety of perspectives. "The Irving B. Harris GraduateSchool of Public Policy Studies has20 faculty members, about half ofwhom have primary appointmentsto the school. Research projects ini­tiated by faculty members include acomprehensive examination of ur­ban poverty, a study on the condi­tions of Chicago's elderly, and anassessment of the federal Job Train­ing Partnership Act.ApleasaDI,$290,000•surpriseOUT OF THE BLUE, THOMASHolt received a call in mid­July informing him that he'dwon a $290,000, "no strings at­tached" fellowship from the John D.and Catherine T. MacArthur Foun­dation. "I was fairly inarticulate formost of the conversation," recallsHolt. "It's still rather difficult tobelieve." The professor of historywas among 36 grant winners, in­cluding three University alumni:Sherry B. Ortner, AM'66, PhD'70($295,000); Susan Sontag, AB'51($340,000); and Gregory Vlastos,AM'29, ($375,000).The MacArthur Foundationcreated the fellowships-frequentlycalled the "genius awards" -in1981, saying it wanted to free "ex­ceptionally gifted individuals"UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990from economic restraints to devel­oping their potential. Recipients arerecommended by 100 anonymousnominators, recruited around thecountry to serve for a year, and theirselections are reviewed by a 13-member panel.Holt, an expert on African­American history, joined the facul­ty in 1988 and is the author of BlackOver White: Negro Political Lead­ership in South Carolina DuringReconstruction (1977). Ortner, pro­fessor of anthropology at the Uni­versity of Michigan, publishedHigh Religion: A Cultural and Po­litical History of Sherpa Buddhismlast year. Vlastos, a retired profes­sor of philosophy at the Universityof California, is a specialist in an­cient Greek philosophy. Probablythe most well known of this year'swinners, Sontag is a New York­based author, critic, and filmmaker,Her latest nonfiction book is AIDSand its Metaphors.LSAT scoresarea'i what theyIIsed to beGETTING A TOP SCORE ON THELaw School Admission Test(LSAT) will no longer guar­antee your acceptance at the U of Cor most other top-ranking lawschools.Because of an unanticipated jumpin the number of applicants brand­ishing perfect LSAT scores, lawschools across the country have de­emphasized the test's importance indetermining the quality of their ap­plicants, reports The National LawJournal.The Law School AdmissionCouncil (LSAC) , which createdand administers the LSAT, intro­duced a new version of the test inJune of 1989, reducing the numberof questions and eliminating onesection ("Issues and Facts") entire­ly. By January, law school admis­sions directors had noted a mush­rooming of scores ranking near thetop of the LSAT's 10 to 48 scorescale.Richard Badger, JD'68, dean ofstudents at the U of C Law School,says that about 20 percent of the ap­plicants for this year's first-yearclass tested between 46 and 48, MacArthur Fellow: Thomas Holtnearly triple that of the previousyear-with 196 of those applicantsscoring perfect 48s.Badger, who says he was "skepti­cal that this dramatic rise indicatedthe pool of applicants had gottenstronger, " decided to give theLSATs "less weight" in admissionsdecisions. Other factors typicallyconsidered-academic record, rec­ommendations, personal state- ments, and interviews-took up theslack.Placing less emphasis on theLSATs "was a judgment call,"Badger concedes. "It may provethis revised test is indeed accurate inpredicting applicants' law schoolsuccess," he says, "but we won'tknow that until we're able to run aregression analysis, " comparingthe LSAT scores of accepted appli­cants with those applicants' aca­demic performances at the conclu­sion of their first year of lawschool.Even so, says Badger, the resultsof that comparison "will be largelyacademic." AsofJune, he explains,LSAC will release yet another "re­vised" LSAT, with a new (120 to180) scale. The council has said itanticipates the new test "will pro­vide more reliable measurementacross a broader range of the scorescale.""I'm not inclined to say this willbe a better test, or that the previousone was faulty, " Badger concludes."Right now, we simply don'tknow." John Simpson's 29th space­bound scientific instrument-a super-sensitive cosmicray detector designed andbuilt in the University's labfor Astrophysics & SpaceResearch-was launchedinto orbit July 25. Simpsonis the Arthur Holly ComptonDistinguished ServiceProfessor Emeritus.Acclaimed organist/composer Paul Manz willperform a recital Oct. 27 atRockefeller Chapel to raisefunds for restoration of thechapel's Skinner organ.Proceeds go toward amatching $25,000 grantfrom Regents Park by TheClinton Company. TheUniversity eventually hopesto raise $1.25 million torestore the 52-year-oldinstrument to its originalcondition.University students whoformed the new StudentNeighborhood ActionProject (SNAP) will beginseveral projects this fallaimed at improving rela­tions between the Universityand surrounding South Sidecommunities. Politicalscience professor GaryOrfield is SNAP s facultyadviser.Kevin Corlette and ThomasHalsey-assistant profes­sors in math and physics,respectively-were among211 academic scientists whoreceived Presidential YoungInvestigator awards fromthe National Science Foun­dation. Winners receive upto $100,000 per year for fiveyears in federal and match­ing private funds.Richard Shweder, professorin the Committee on HumanDevelopment and Psycholo­,gy, will spend this academicyear at the Russell SageFoundation as a visitingscholar. He plans to workon a book reassessing pre­modern thought in tradi­tional culture from a post­modern perspective.Ralph Mulier, president ofthe University's MedicalCenter, cut the ribbon at aJune ceremony dedicatingthe Hospitals' new JuliusFrankel Foundation Pediat­ric Intensive Care Unit.With 13 monitored beds, itis the largest pediatric ICUin the Chicago area.Robert Z. Aliber, professorin the Graduate School ofBusiness, received a$50,000 grantfrom theL.A. law firm O'Melveny& Meyers to study foreigninvestments in the U. S.14 Clearer policyon harassmentWHAT THE UNIVERSITYhopes will be a clearer,more workable policy forhandling sexual harassment com­plaints was put into place this fall.The new policy, adopted by theCouncil of the University Senatelast May, was reprinted in this au­tumn's Student Information Manu­al. While the policy states the Uni­versity "must take great care" not tostifle "the uninhibited, robust andwide-open pursuit of ideas .... at thesame time, every member of theUniversity community must recog­nize that sexual harassment com­promises the integrity of the Uni­versity, its tradition of intellectualfreedom, and the trust placed in itsmembers."The new policy and proceduresare based on the recommendationsof a committee on sexual harass­ment chaired by Susan Goldin­Meadow, associate professor of ed­ucation, that included three facultymembers, two staff members, andthree students. The committee wasformed in 1989 by then-ProvostNorman Bradburn, AB'52, whoacted on the recommendation of aStudent Government report and inresponse to faculty who had askedfor revisions of the guidelines.Goldin-Meadow's committeeconcluded that the University's ex­isting policy (based on recommen­dations of a faculty, student, and ad­ministrative group in 1982) hadflaws that prevented its message­that sexual harassment is unaccept­able-from being heard. The newpolicy has worked to eliminatethose flaws, providing an explicitdefinition (and a range of examples)of sexual harassment, planning forpreventative education, and addingnew steps to the existing proceduresfor resolution of such cases.In particular, procedures for in­formal reporting of sexual har­assment have been emphasized.Beginning this fall, "complaint ad­visers, " selected and supervisedthrough the provost's office, will beavailable to deal with specific sexu­al harassment complaints. Theseadvisers-drawn from students, ad­ministrators, and faculty-will betrained to discuss various options with the complainant. One new op­tion is informal "mediation" which"provides a forum where the com­plainant and the accused can, withthe aid of a third party, come to amutually agreed upon resolution."That "third party" can either bethe complaint adviser or a facultymember serving on the Sexual Har­assment Panel. Members of thisnew panel-to be appointed by theprovost this autumn for three-yearterms-will also convene if eitherthe complainant or the accusedwishes the discussion to be handledformally.If, during its confidential pro­ceedings, the panel finds a com­plaint justified, that finding is relay­ed to the provost for "appropriate"action-such as a reprimand, leaveof absence without pay, or "invoca­tion of statutory procedures" fortermination. (Formal complaintsagainst staff employees are con- Susan Goldin-Meadowvened through the Office of HUtnanResources; against students, thematter is handled through currentdiscipline procedures outlined inthe Student Information Manual.)Although sexual harassment byany member of the University cOIU_munity is prohibited, the new'delines iterate that such behaviorgUI .b a faculty member, Instructor, orYhing assistant toward a studentteac h . .whom he or she has aut onty ISover .""particularly senous.racls and figuresaboullhe Classof 1994HAT FOLLOWS IS A BRIEF,W statistical profile of the865 students who en­rolled this September in the CollegeClasS of 1994:..• Region-MIdwest, 44 percent,Mid-Atlantic, 22 �ercent; West, tenercent; South, nme percent; New� gland, eight percent; Southwest,t:ree percent; international, fourpercent.• Sub-groups-Men, 56 percent;women, 44 percent. Black, fiveercent; Hispanic, three percent.P• Secondary-school background_Public, 67 percent; indepen­dent, 25 percent; parochial, eightpercent. .• Rank in class-49 percent 10 topfive percent of class; 70 percent int p ten percent; 83 percent In top 15;rcent; 90 percent in top 20 per-nt: ten percent below 20 percent.ce ,f liThe total number 0 app icantswas 5,535, down from last ye�r'� re­cord 5,602. Director of AdmissIo�STheodore O'Neill, AM'70, saidthat 60 percent of the. students �e-eived scholarship assistance, WIth�e average scholarship amountingto $8,990.Changing mindsiaChina cast in daily hour-long install. h ments,VIa S �rtw�ve transmitters. Pro-?rammmg IS predominantly news,mte�spersed with commentary andmUSIC.Sanyuan Li, AM' 87 -a graduatestudent in Social sciences and co­founder and director of the Voice ofJune Fourth-decided, along withfellow Chinese stUdents at the Uni­versity, to start up the radio programas a means of reSisting governmentoppression. (They'd considered anddis�issed several other options, in­cludmg returning to China to form ademocratic underground.)Although broadcasts such asVoice of America (also broadcast.into China) may serve a similar pur­pose, Li believes the fact that hisprogram is made by Chinese stu­dents is "very encouraging to thepeople Who hear us. I think it givesus greater credibility. We can talkdirectly to the feelings of peoplethere, and remove the sense of isola­tion they must be feeling. "The station has a monthly budgetof about $10,000, which pays oper­ating expenses and modest salariesfor two full-time employees, Li andfellow graduate student Hui YunWang, Who is news director. Dona­tions raised in American-Chinese communities to support the broad�cast have beeninconsistent, and LIworries that the program may soonhave to sacrifice some indepen­dence and appeal to U. S. govern­mental assistance.Li says most listeners are probablylocated in major cities, where short­wave radios are popular. "It wouldbe too awkward" for Chinese offi­cials to ban such radios, Li says, butthe government does spo�adic�lyattempt to jam the signal, fr�ends I�­side the country tell him. LI and hISstation colleagues have also re­ceived anonymous phone c�llsplaying" strange music" or offenngadvice such as "You should watchwhat you're doing."."Our biggest concern," says Li,"is for our families in China," whoare routinely denied job promotionsand other benefits because of theirties to students involved in the Voiceof June Fourth. Li thinks the sacri­fice is worth it. "We believe socialchange starts with changing peo­ple's minds, and that's our goal." Hebelieves a change in China "maycome sooner than people think. Themost powerful leaders are very old.They cannot escape natural law. "Compiled by Tim Obermiller The University is joining theArt Institute, the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra, theIllinois Humanities Coun­cil, and the Lyric Opera topresent the city s first artsand humanitiesfestival,"Expressions of Freedom, "on Nov. 11 at OrchestraHall. Elizabeth Helsinger,professor of English, andPhilip Gosset, dean ofhumanities, are among thefestival s presenters.ESPITE FISCAL SNAGS,D harassing phone .ca�ls, andjammed transmissions, aradio program launched by Chinesetudents at the University continuess.to broadcast its pro-democraticmessage into the People's Republicof China.The Voice of June Fourth-namedin remembrance of Chinese stu­dents killed in the Tiananmen =i3Square crackdown of 198�-be�an �production last fall. Taped In C�Ica- io and shipped to secret locations a:•�ut51de mainland China, it is broad- June 4th Voices: Sanyuan Li, Gary Gu, and HUI Yun Wang The J ,200 clerical, mainte­nance, and service employ­ees of the InternationalBrotherhood of Teamsters,local 743, ratified a new,32-month contract with theUniversity on July 30.Under the three-year pact,employee contributions forall health insurance planswill increase on Jan. J, withemployees sharing in thecost of the HMO plans forthe first time in several.years. Health care contn­butions are based on ashare of the plan s cost tothe University-and on theemployees salary level.15As the University's ninth president.john Todd Wilson helped to guide ChicagoSpecial ReportAReluctaDtPresideDt16 " I 'm a great traditionalist-whenthere are great traditions," theUniversity's ninth president, JohnTodd Wilson, told a group of stu-dents from the Maroon and WHPK in 1977.During his long tenure at the University,capped with a relatively brief term as presi­dent -an appointment he at first declined­Wilson became something of a Chicago tradi­tion himself. As his predecessor, PresidentEmeritus Edward Levi, PhB'32, JD'35, putit: "His contributions remain woven into the �very fabric of the University."Wilson's career at Chicago began in 1961,when he was appointed special assistant tothen- President George Beadle, and continuedin the late 1960s as vice-president, and laterprovost, under Levi. In 1975, when PresidentGerald Ford appointed Levi U. S. AttorneyGeneral, Wilson became acting president. Heasked the trustees to look elsewhere for a per­manent replacement; at age 61, he felt that"the board would want a younger president, "but after an exhaustive search, the trusteesunanimously agreed that Wilson was theirchoice. The board's chairman, Gaylord Don­nelley, made a personal appeal to Wilson,who then agreed, asking, however, that he beallowed to retire in 1978. He was officiallyelected to the office of president on Dec.9, 1975.During his tenure, Wilson spent much of histime dealing with tense budgetary issues. Healso made several key faculty appointmentsand launched a successful capital campaignthat, among other things, paid for the renova­tion and expansion of the Henry Crown FieldHouse. He retired in July 1978, succeeded bythe University's current president, Hanna H.Gray, but remained at Chicago as a professorof education for another year, and taught as aprofessor emeritus until 1984. In retirement,he and his wife, Ann, continued to live inHyde Park.Wilson, who died of cardiac arrest, is sur­vived by his wife, two brothers, a niece, twohalf brothers, a half sister, and his stepmoth­er. Funeral arrangements were private with amemorial service at Rockefeller Chapelin October."John Wilson made an extraordinary differ­ence in the University," President Gray re­marked after his death. As a member of thefaculty during Wilson's tenure, she remem­bered him "as a wonderful friend and coun­selor," whose concern for younger scholarswas "particularly thoughtful and generous."Levi, who regarded himself as a "close,warm friend" of Wilson's, described his sue- cessor as "an extraordinarily able, coura­geous and dedicated person .... There washardly a part of University life that was nottouched and enhanced by John and his wife,Ann."Born March 7, 1914 in Punxsutawney, Pa.,the son of a fundamentalist minister, Wilsonworked his way through George WashingtonUniversity, graduating at age 27 as a Phi BetaKappa psychology major. (He later received amaster's degree in psychology and educationfrom the University ofIowa, and a Ph.D. inpsychology from Stanford.) After World WarII duty in the U.S. Navy and a series of teach­ing and government posts, he began the first oftwo long-term associations with the NationalScience Foundation in 1952 as program direc­tor for psychology in the biological and medi­cal sciences division.In 1961, Wilson was recruited by GeorgeBeadle, shortly after the Nobel Prize-winningbiologist had become Chicago's president, toserve as his special assistant. During thattime, he also taught graduate courses in psy­chology and completed his book Higher Edu­cation and the Washington Scene (Universityof Chicago Press, 1963, 1982). Wilson re­turned to the NSF to serve as the foundation'sdeputy director from 1963 to 1968. In his finalyear, he received the NSF's first Distin­guished Service Award for "personal leader­ship in the foundation's development as amajor instrument in the advancement ofscience."When Edward Levi was named Universitypresident in 1968, he asked Wilson to return toChicago as his vice-president and dean of fac­ulties. A year later, Wilson became provost,the University's second-in-command, over­seeing academic appointments, educationalprograms and policies, and academic budg­ets. His tenure as provost coincided with aparticularly tumultuous era of University his­tory. Student dissent, including a brief take­over of the Administration Building in 1968,captured headlines-less widely known was abrewing fiscal crisis that threatened Chica­go's future.After the higher-education boom that fol­lowed World War II and continued into the1960s, the number of college-age studentsdropped. With the decline came a slump inteaching opportunities for those just receivingadvanced degrees. As a result, in the early1970s the University suffered across-the­board enrollment declines. Despite efforts tocurtail the economic effects of these declinesby freezing faculty hirings, a mid-1970s re­cession furthered the crisis, as cuts in govern-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990through some difficult days. On August 4, 1990, Wilson died at age 76.ment supports for higher education came at analarming rate. By 1974, the University wasforced to project a $5.9 million shortfall in itsyearly budget.The goal, for Wilson as it had been for Levi,was, of course, to reduce expenses without di­minishing the overall quality of the Universi­ty. As Wilson put it in a 1976 speech, "the keyin this fiscal drama is the attainment andmaintenance of academic distinction, whichis the criterion against which history shouldand will measure us."Through a strategy of "limited salary incre­ments and a continued squeeze on . logisticsupport expenditures," combined with thesuccessful 1975 launching of a fund raisingcampaign that in its first year raised more than$11 0 million, Wilson was able to report in his1976 "State of the University" address that abalance between unrestricted income and un­restricted expenditures was-while severalyears distant-finally within reach.The University community heaved a collec­tive sigh of relief. That relief was reflected in acomment KarlJ. Weintraub, AB'49, AM'52,PhD'57, the Thomas E. Donnelley Distin­guished Service Professor, made during a fac­ulty farewell reception for Wilson in 1978:"He has plugged the leaks that threatened todrain our resources, he has balanced thebudget .... he has reduced the size of the facul­ty without causing us the trauma that hit otheruniversities. He especially has helped usmaintain that precious ingredient of an aliveuniversity, our younger faculty."Before retiring in 1978, Wilson expressedhis hope that his successor would "look for­ward to an eight to ten year span in which towork, because then you have enough time totake a look at what kinds of programs youhave, and where you think you can makeimprovements." But he also recognized thatevery presidency was, in a sense, a care­taker's post.At his March 1976 installation as president,Wilson reminded the Rockefeller Chapel au­dience that the University's third president,Ernest DeWitt Burton, had also been reluc­tant to accept the trustees' invitation to bepresident. In the end, Burton wrote, he ac­cepted because he "... had long ago decidedthat anything that could be finished in my life­time was necessarily too small to engross myfull interest."Like Burton, Wilson saw in the Universityan institution whose great traditions wouldcontinue well into the future; he was, as hetold his listeners that day in Rockefeller,"pleased and proud to be part ofthat future."The University of Chicago Archives17Susan Lindquisl sludies heal shock resp�nse-Ihe waycells in organisms from human beings 10 soybeans,fruil flies 10 sea urchins, reacllo physical slress. II'sbasic research-with a widening circle of applicalions.usan Lindquist's lab is, as they say,"hot." As professor of moleculargenetics and cell biology and in­vestigator in the Howard HughesMedical Institute, Lindquistruns a lab of 15 graduate students,postdoctoral fellows, and technicians, study­ing the "heat shock response." This year,they will have published in Science, Nature,and Cell.These aren't breakthroughs you hear abouton the nightly news. But the lab is makingbasic discoveries in an increasingly importantarea of biological research.At Harvard in 1972, Lindquist did not ex­pect that her choice of a doctoral projectwould put her in a biomedical hot spot almost20 years later. In fact, she had to work hard toconvince people that studying the heat shockresponse in the fruit fly Drosophila wasworthwhile.Discovered in the early 1960s, it was consid­ered a scientific oddity: When Drosophilacells are exposed to the heat of a torrid day (35to 38 degrees C), the cells' normal proteinfunctions suddenly shut down. Instead, ap­parently as an emergency response, the cellsproduce a special class of protective proteins-dubbed heat shock proteins.In fact, Lindquist reasoned, this was a per­fect system to study the most basic aspects ofgenetic regulation, the mechanisms by whichdormant genes switch on. "Under certainconditions, heat shock proteins are the onlyproteins being made. So they were very easyto get a handle on," she explains today.Lindquist pursued that same basic projectthrough postdoctoral work in the U niver- sity of Chicago laboratory of Hewson Swiftand into her own lab as a young faculty mem­ber at the University. By the early 1980s, shehad achieved a level of vindication. Heatshock proteins had become a solid researcharea for a small but active band of molecularbiologists, Lindquist among them, who had aspecial interest in genetic regulation.More recently, the study of heat shock pro­teins has changed from a scientific backwaterinto a bustling port for researchers. studyingcancer, Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, heartattacks, the immune system, and more.For example: in humans, heat shock pro­teins may prove a way to mark-and monitor-cells in distress. The proteins, it turns out,protect cells against damage from otherstresses, like lack of oxygen. Measuring theirlevels, therefore, might be a way to gauge theseverity of a stroke or heart attack: the moreheat shock proteins a cell produces, the hard­er it has fought for its life."There's a real possibility that the heatshock response is going to be extremely im­portant to our most basic understanding ofhow tissues and organs cope with varioustypes of insults and traumas," says the Uni­versity of California at San Francisco's Wil­liam Welch, a pioneering researcher into hu­man heat shock proteins. "You're talkingabout the most primordial defense mecha­nism there is against stress and trauma."Meanwhile, the prospect of improving theheat shock response in farm plants is attract­ing agricultural researchers. "Talk .to agri­cultural experts," Lindquist notes, "and, they'll tell you that if you could increase tol­erance by even a single degree or two, it wouldBY ED ERNST18 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990have an enormous impact on agriculturalproduction. "While Lindquist set out to study the heatshock response as a way to learn more aboutgenetic regulation, a big part of her currentwork is getting a clearer picture of the re­sponse itself-and perhaps putting it to workfor other purposes.In 1972, the only way she could track theheat shock response was by watching the mes­senger RNA of heat shock proteins. It wasn'ttoo long before, with advances in the tools ofmolecular biology, researchers could usethose messenger RNAs to track the processback to the DNA itself. They isolated and thencloned the original DNA sequences for heatshock proteins in yeast and in Drosophila.With those DNA sequences in hand for com­parison, biologists began to find-and some­times stumble over-remarkably similar pro­teins in virtually every living organism, fromhumans and other mammals to sea urchins,soybeans, and the most basic bacteria.It became clear that this was no scientificoddity. "The heat shock response, " Lindquistsays, "must have appeared quite early in theevolutionary development of genetic regula­tion. It's the most highly conserved biologicalmechanism that we know, the nearest thing wehave to a universal system."What's more, although first identified as aresponse to heat, "heat shock proteins are ac­tually a more generalized biological responseof cells to physical stress, including heat, al­cohol, low oxygen concentrations, and heavymetal ions."Today, practical research involving heatshock proteins is advancing quickly, fueled bya firm foundation of basic research. "SusanLindquist," Welch declares, "has been one ofthe path-beaters in the field."usan Lindquist's office is at the endof a white-tiled, white-walled cor­ridor that runs the length of her labquarters. In the hallway's glass­cased bulletin board are neatly ar­ranged candid photos of all thelab's members. Lindquist's photo shows her in20 her office; its pasted-on caption asks, "Canwe talk?" ,She seldom dons a lab coat these days. Overthe last five years or so, her role has evolvedinto a combination of chief administrator, ad­viser, writer, and front person for the lab.Her office suggests a general impression oforder; there are times, others report, when "itcan look like a hurricane hit." On the wallabove her oak desk hangs a calendar from Ni­kon with a handsome nature photograph. InAugust, it is still open to April. (She keeps herschedule, it turns out, on her computer.)"We've just had a major breakthrough,"Lindquist announces to a visitor, her voicetaking on graduate-student enthusiasm.The heat shock field has begun to acknowl­edge another revelation: These proteins arenot just an emergency response. Recent work,some from Lindquist's lab, has shown that theproteins have essential everyday functions incells. They seem to work as a chaperone­perhaps even a signal master-for other pro­teins, helping them change shape and unfoldso they can interact properly. William Welchcalls them "the protein's protein. "Those everyday functions, Lindquist specu­lates, become even more important in anemergency situation, explaining the suddenand efficient way cells seem to turn on excesscapacity to make these proteins.Take hsp82, a heat shock protein she hasbeen studying in yeast: "It turns out that thereare actually two genes that are virtually iden­tical for hsp82. This general scheme seems tobe true of a number of heat shock proteins.One of the genes is making proteins all thetime, and one is induced by heat. Now if youknock out both of them, the cell dies. If youknock out just the heat-inducible one, the celldoes just fine at normal temperatures, but diesat high temperatures."Lindquist's lab has been able to manipulatethese genes even more precisely: "If thesecells have a small amount of this protein, theycan grow at low temperatures. If they have aslightly larger amount, they can grow atslightly higher temperatures. But in order toexploit the full temperature range for theirnormal growth, they have to have the capacityfor a maximum amount of this protein. "It's possible, according to results producedby the lab this summer and to be published inNature later this year, that hsp82 might havean important function in human cells.The lab has collaborated with a Californiaresearch team studying steroid hormone re­ceptors-proteins that stick to the surface ofcells in the steroid hormone system and act asthe "lock" which the hormone unlocks toprompt the cell into action. In humans andother mammals, steroid hormone receptorshelp to regulate production of sex hormones,as well as the body's response to stress. When biochemists have isolated thesereceptor sites, they've often found hsp82attached. But some believe that the pairingis merely an artifact of the processes used toisolate the receptor.Still, other evidence has suggested thathsp82 might playa role in the interaction be­tween steroid hormone and receptor. "Whenpeople isolated steroid receptors with hsp82attached, the receptors were inactivated,"Lindquist notes. "But when you strippedaway hsp82, the receptors were active. Andsteroid hormone, it turns out, strips awayhsp82."When Keith Yamamoto and his lab at theUniversity of California at San Francisco suc­cessfully transferred the mammalian steroid�receptor to yeast cells, Lindquist saw the pos­sibility for a clearer answer to the puzzle. Thefirst results of a collaboration between the twolabs: "We found that our [hsp82] yeast proteinassociated with that mammalian receptor,too."That makes you think something is goingon here. After all, these are distantly relatedproteins from distantly related organisms sep­arated by more than a billion years of evolu­tion-and yet they are associating."Then, Lindquist continues, "we createdsome strains of yeast which produce exquisi­tely small amounts ofhsp82 protein. Enoughfor the cells to live at low temperatures, butthat's all. They couldn't live at high tempera­tures, and they didn't have any protein tospare."When the steroid receptor was expressed inthose cells, the lab got what "looks like a realproof that there is a real interaction going onbetween the steroid receptor and hsp82.When yeast cells made a lot of hsp82 proteins,the steroid receptors from mammalian cellsworked. But if you had very little, they didn'twork."That was a surprise: "Our original hypothe-sis was that hsp82 was a companion proteinacting to keep the receptor site inactive, that itwas just sitting there passively. What you'dexpect, then, is that the receptor would beconstantly active without its hsp82 compan-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990ion in the yeast cell. Instead we found that itwouldn't work at all."The implication: The heat shock protein "ishelping to fold this receptor protein into a statewhere it can be activated."Lindquist draws another conclusion: "Thisis a great example of what's really been a plea­sure about working in this field. So many dif­ferent pieces of information from so manydifferent areas and organisms are fittingtogether. And it is clear that these things areuniversally important."Jl/llflAIII!lIIIIIIlI_IlIIIIIIillIUl he overall approach of Lind­quist's lab might be describedas scattershot-even opportu­nistic. She gives her graduatestudents and postdocs greatfreedom in choosing their pro­jects. It's the same freedom Hewson Swiftgave her when she came to Chicago. And it isthe freedom she had, by necessity, as a gradu­ate student at Harvard.Her adviser was Matthew Meselson, whosevaried interests, including international stat­ure as an expert on biochemical warfare,didn't leave much time for his graduate stu­dents. "He really expected us to float on ourown," Lindquist says. "It was a scary thing togo through. I had some bad moments whenI was afraid that I wouldn't come up withanything. But once you did, it helped enorm­ously because you felt that it was your ownproject."She has tried, she says, to recreate the bestparts of that experience for her students.About half the papers out of the lab, for exam­ple, list only two authors-the student andLindquist; the more common model is to havemany students contributing pieces to theproject."It makes it very hard in a lot of ways, " notesJanice Rossi, PhD' 87, now a postdoc atPrinceton. "It means you have to do so muchof the work yourself. And Susan can be in­credibly demanding and rigorous. She'll beatyou into the ground. But it is much better foryou in the long run, because people know thatyou did the work. "It was during Jan Rossi's tenure in the labthat Lindquist moved from the workbench tothe office-and, as the heat shock field warm­ed up, to the international conference and lec­ture circuit. She's organized the programs formajor conferences, including the UCLASymposium on Heat Shock Proteins, the An­nual Meeting of the Genetics Society ofAmerica, and this fall's "Heat Shock" con­ference sponsored by the International Insti­tute for Biophysics and Genetics in Naples.There are pluses to the change. "Everybodywants to work with a winner," Rossi notes.Former student Joseph Yost, PhD'87, now apostdoc at the University of California at Berkeley, points out another "payoff":'�When Susan is out giving a lecture, itadver­tises your work, too. That kind of PR is im­portant to everyone in. the lab. "Although students sometimes have to makeappointments to be sure to see her, when theyneeded her, Rossi and Yost agree, Lindquistmade herself available. As Rossi says, "Icould go in and talk to her about anything.""What happens," says Lindquist, "is thatyou start out as an assistant professor with asmall number of people in your lab. You'vebeen working at the bench as a postdoc, andyou continue working at the bench." Thenthings start to interrupt for weeks or months ata time: writing grant proposals, teaching,committee assignments. "And pretty soon, asmore and more people join your lab, you haveto do more and more work to keep the lab op­erating at an administrative level. Just writingpapers takes a lot of time. "She shrugs: "It is frustrating not to be doingbench science when you know you are good atit. You know that you want an answer to some­thing and you think, if I just did this experi­ment I could get an answer. It's fun to get ananswer. Watching your autoradiogram comeout of the developer is just a real kick."On the other hand, there are other rewards.Now I have the opportunity to participatein the excitement of all these other people.Of course, I also have the frustrations, espe­cially when things aren't working out."n the last few years, her lab has had toadjust, along with Lindquist, to anoth­er change. She now has two youngchildren, Elinora (three and a half) andAlana (19 months).Before the arrival of her two chil­dren, she regularly used to work from 9:00a.m. to 10:00 p.m.-weekends, too. Now herdays run 9:00a.m. t06:30p.m. Evenings, shewrites at home on a portable computer.In general, Lindquist believes, "There's nosubstitute for hard work." And things haveworked out so well for her recently, she says,that occasionally she needs a reminder thathard work isn't always rewarded in science­particularly hard work by women.Her own time at Harvard left some scars."They had been training female graduate stu-. dents for some time," she reflects. "But therewas this attitude that women made good grad­uate students, but that they shouldn't even tryto rise to the professorial ranks." On a facultyof more than 50 biological scientists, shenotes, there was just one woman.Chicago, however, "was an extraordinarychange. When I arrived [in 1976], there werea lot of good women scientists on the faculty.And it was just the most wonderful feeling. Itjust no longer even entered my mind whetherI was a woman or not. "To the point where I went to England a fewyears after joining the faculty here, to give atalk at the Society for Developmental Biology,and after my talk I went to the washroom. Iwas surrounded by a group of graduate stu­dents and postdocs saying, 'Thank you, thankyou for giving such a wonderful talk. We're sohappy. You really made us feel like we canmake it, we can do it.'" It wasn't until shewalked back to the lecture hall, she says, "thatThe eyes have it: Susan Lingquistand colleague Kent Golic developeda mechanism that uses heat shockproteins to manipulate eye colorgenes infruitfly embryos.I saw that there were 35 speakers on the pro­gram and I was the only woman. I hadn't evennoticed."The incident, she says, was instructive:"I've become more sensitive again aboutthese issues, and I've tried, where I can, topromote women scientists. When I've beenchairman of various meetings and organizedscientific symposia, I've made sure that wom­en doing first-rate work are included-andthat they have a major presence. If you havefive speakers in a session and you're goingto have one of them chair the session, whynot pick a woman? That was never done inthe past."It is now.21Lots of clever images made up thebig picture, a cartoon charting ofthe University's first four decades.Now it's time for an update.1893From FairrPutling It AllonlheMapIn 1933, when the city of Chicago cele­brated its centennial with an expositionbilled as ''A Century of Progress," theUniversity of Chicago had only 40years of progress under its belt -a lifespanthat dated to the city's first great fair, the Col­umbian Exposition of 1893.Every fair has its share of souvenirs, andamong the many generated by the 1933 eventwas a comic relief map of the quadrangles,showing not just the 80-odd buildings that hadsprung up since the University's founding, butalso something of the life that those buildingshad housed.A short and boyish William Rainey Harperfans the flames as a phoenix struggles to arise-while a tall and boyish Robert MaynardHutchins appears about to get his fingersburned. A baby's cradle perches on top of theLying-in Hospital, and James H. Breastedchases his famous. find, the Assyrian Bull,22 across campus, his lasso roiling as he callsout, "Hi, don't be bullheaded. We need you toguard the mummies in Oriental." There'sBotany Pond, and the IFC Sing in HutchinsonCourtyard, and skating on the Midway.And sketched into the Midway-just to theeast of the yet -to-be-built women's residencesand art studio-is the artist herself. ElizabethMoore ("Betty") Fisher, PhB'22, worked inthe lantern-slide department of the Art Insti­tute and illustrated children's books. In theearly 1930s, she was also the official cartoon­ist for the Century of Progress.Her map was the brainchild ofthe Universi­ty's Alumnae Club. The four-color map ("es­pecially adapted for use as a wall decoration")was sold for $1.00 at the University Book­store and Woodworth's Bookstore on East57th Street, with profits going to the AlumnaeClub's scholarship fund.Today, there are only a few dog-eared andsomewhat faded copies to be found. One hangs in the office of Kineret Jaffe, AM'74,PhD' 82, director of the Centennial Office,where it has inspired a Centennial project.Come October 1991, there will be a newposter map of life on the quads, brought up todate with new buildings and new bits of cam­pus lore. Your suggestions for what might beincluded are welcome. Please send them toKineret Jaffe, Office of the Centennial, TheUniversity of Chicago, 5801 Ellis Avenue,Chicago, IL 60637, by January 4, 1991.23FAST LANES, FAST FOOD, FAST FACTS: THE PACE OF RESEARCHkeeps quickening. Last fall, for example, several University of Chicago re­searchers were part of a worldwide group who used electronic mail toproduce a new mathematical advance in just 27 days, from concept to result.But in the pages that follow, the Magazine takes a look at what might becalled slow science-three research projects that can't be hurried.BY TIM OBERMILLERTime-lapsephotographyst and distant aggregations of starsknown as globular clusters havepuzzled astronomers since theirdiscovery in the late 1800s-only afew years before the University's Yerkes Ob­servatory began peering into the universe.Each of the one hundred or so clusters foundin the Milky Way contains roughly one mil­lion stars and is over 10 billion years old.What holds those clusters together, and howstars within the cluster move, are questionsonly complicated by telescopic observation:it's virtually impossible to tell which stars be­long to the cluster and which are foreground,part of the scenery on the way.When Kyle Cudworth, a professor of as­tronomy at Yerkes, was finishing up his doc-.toral work on stellar motion at California'sLick Observatory in 1975, a fellow studentasked ifhe had any ideas on how to determinewhether certain stars belong to a globularcluster. Cudworth ventured a guess: "I sup­pose it would depend on whether there are anyold photos." Comparing old and new images,he reasoned, one could trace each star's move­ment, "weeding out" non-member stars bytheir out-of-sync choreography.A few months later, when Cudworth foundhimself working at Yerkes' in Williams Bay,Wisconsin, he decided to check the files­some 28,000 8 X lO-inch glass plates-forphotos of globular clusters.He found dozens, including three plates thatwere the very first images taken at Yerkes in24 May 1900. From that time until about 1920,the Yerkes astronomer E.E. Barnard began adeliberate star charting program, supple­menting with photos what he was observingby eye-including several shots of globularclusters.Today, Cudworth examines those octo­generian plates with a computer-controlledscanning device. Aiming a beam oflight at theplate, the scanner makes several dozen pas­ses, calculating the amount oflight that comesthrough the image at each point.Comparing the amount of light comingthrough old and new plates of the same clus­ter, Cudworth can determine how the star'simage-and thus the star itself-has moved.The older plates also come in handy in his ef­forts to estimate how a star moves in responseto the gravitational pull of the other stars in itscluster and to measure a star cluster's distancefrom our solar system.Cudworth admits that his work at Yerkeslacks the high profile of cutting-edge reflectortelescopes, such as the 140-inch mirror tele­scope being built in New Mexico by the As­trophysical Research Consortium (the Uni­versity of Chicago is a member). Suchtelescopes "allow much closer detail, invalu­able to many astronomers, " he says, "but notreally what I need for this kind of work."It's the long time-base that allows this pro­ject to be done," Cudworth explains. "Itwould be impossible without the excellentplates from the early 1900s." 'ICircling the cosmos: Part ofthe machinery of the 40-inchtelescope at Yerkes (left) arethe "hour" and "declina­tion" circles used to positionthe 20-ton instrument. KyleCudworth (top) inspects aphoto of the star cluster"M92 " (above right). Pho­tos of "M92 "taken at theobservatory date to 1900.Photography by James L. Ballard25Dolores Norton (below)transcribes one of 500 video­tapes she's compiled, docu­menting the lives of Chicagomothers and children. Thetapes yield insights on howinner-city life affects parent­child interactions.26 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990Nine years in thelife of a childSome of America's most carefullystudied home videos belong to Do­lores Norton, professor in.t�e Sc�oolof Social Service AdmmlstratlOn.Since 1982, Norton has taken video camerasinto several of Chicago's worst neighbor­hoods-areas below the city's median in percapita income and housing value, above themedian in rates of transience, vacant housing,crime, and neonatal mortality.She began with 37 babies born over a four­month period at the University of Chicagoand Michael Reese hospitals. Their mothers,all between the ages of 18 and 22, and many ofwhom are single, live in "impoverished,high-risk" neighborhoods.Studies show that many such children beginearly to fail in school-eventually droppingout. Norton has turned to videotaping as a wayto test her belief that the cause of failurebegins well before school, in the lessonslower-income children learn from life in theinner city.All but four of the mothers agreed to takepart in the project-of those, 26 remain in thegroup. Mother and baby were taped for 30minutes in the hospital two days after birth,then every six weeks in their homes for thefirst year, every three months in the secondyear, and twice yearly thereafter. Supple­menting the tapes are interviews with themothers, medical records, and standardizedtests at ages three and six.Worried that mothers might change their be­havior for the tape, Norton originally sched­uled each taping session to last four hours,"because it's hard to pretend for four hours."Gradually, she cut back that time (sessionsnow I ast two hours), convinced that the tapinghas little effect on mother-child behavior.Indeed, what's captured on tape, she says, isoften "depressing." One six-week-old is al­lowed to cry for 28 minutes before the motherprops a bottle next to him, which he thenloses. Norton worries about what happened tothe baby's" sense of self" as "it cries and cries and no one comes. This baby is being told,very early on, 'I and my efforts don't make adifference. ' "That case, she says, is extreme. "Most of themothers love their children and do their bestfor them." Nonetheless, the impoverished en­vironment takes its toll, often in subtle ways.For example, when she noticed on the tapesthat most mothers "made very few referencesto time structure," she began reviewing thetapes to transcribe any mention of time thatmothers made to their children.Such references were rare. Few mothersprovided instructions like, "Finish lunch soyou can see your favorite TV program at1 :30," or even, "First put on your socks andthen your shoes." Daily routines, such as reg­ular times for meals and bed, were few.When, at age three, the children took a stan­dardized time test, Norton found a direct cor­relation: the fewer references to time a motherhad made, the poorer a child performed.Over the next few years, she expects to see asimilar correlation with the children's schoolperformance, because, she says, it is "essen­tial for children to understand the logic of thetime culture of the classroom" in order tosucceed.Transcribing the tapes-recording physicalas well as verbal interactions-is a laboriousprocess; it often takes four hours to transcribejust ten minutes of tape. She hopes, however,that the information gained will eventually beused to improve the early intervention pro­grams designed to help prepare such childrenfor school. Already, the tapes-some 500 ofthem-form a unique archive: one whosepotential is as unlimited as the theoreticalapproaches of those who study it.Dolores Norton's video babies entered firstgrade this September; she'll follow themthrough age nine. By then, she expects the ef­fects of early childhood experience on schoolperformance to be fully revealed. But whenthe cameras stop rolling in 1992, her workwill be far from finished.27Passing on the model(right): Biologist ThomasPark introduced MichaelUilde to Tribolium. Uizde(center) incubates a sub-group of beetles used to testtheories of evolutionarygenetics. Emptied from theircontainers (far right), thebeetles must be countedby hand.Generations ofgenerational researchAt a. time when most ecologists feltthe only way to study nature wasoutdoors, Thomas Park, SB'30,PhD'32, professor emeritus in Bi­ology, had a radical inspiration: why not movea field problem into the laboratory? "In otherwords, " he says today, "erect an indoor modelfor an outdoor experience. "The experimental model Park devised, us­ing the insect Tribolium (better known as theflour beetle), is still being used by Universityresearchers 60 years later to test complex the­ories in ecology, evolutionary biology, andgenetics.After reading a paper that hinted at the po­tentional of Tribolium for population re­search, Park began testing the beetles for sev­eral requirements: was it possible to get anaccurate census of the population? conductthe count without causing appreciable traumato its membership? and could he control andmanipulate the experimental environment?Not only did Park find the beetles amenable inall those respects, they also bred quickly (witha life cycle oBO days) and were able to live outtheir entire existence in a single small contain­er filled with flour and yeast.His laboratory's incubators (used to controlenviromental factors such as light and cli­mate) were soon filled with hundreds of vialsof beetles. At the end of each life cycle, Parkgently poured the beetles from their glasscontainers to count them. Park recalls the "in­describable tedium" of counting beetle uponbeetle. During one four-year study, he says,three million beetles were separated andcounted. Later, he hired? technician to help -with such chores-Ora L. Lucas remains onthe job today.As a post -doctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins,28 Park focused first on how environmentalchanges affected a single species, Triboliumconfusum. In 1936, however, he began to pairT. confusum with its near relative, T. casta­neum, to tackle questions then raging aboutthe nature of biological competition.Did competition exist in nature? If so, howcould its presence be defined, detected, andrecorded? These questions seemed too com­plex to answer conclusively in the field, butPark saw in them a challenge for his experi­mental model.In 1937, Park returned to the University,bringing his beetles with him. Tracking popu­lations of T. confusum and T. castaneum, andcomparing their birth and death rates, hefound that in any mixed population, no matterwhat the environmental factors, one speciesalways declines in numbers-to the point ofextinction.Extinction could be traced to interference:as the populations of the two species grow,one species increasingly disturbs the otheruntil, even though there is ample food for themembers of both groups, the opportunity tofeed is restricted. If a decrease in birth rate oran increase in death rate occurs, Park ex­plains, then interference can be said to befunctioning in the decline of a species.Having proved the power of his experimen­tal model, Park continued to use Triboliumuntil he retired in 1974-and encouraged oth­ers to explore the model's possibilities.Among those who took his advice was Mi­chael Wade, PhD '75, professor in the Depart­ment of Ecology & Evolution and chairman ofthe Committee on Evolutionary Biology.Wade was introduced to the beetle coloniessoon after starting his doctoral work in theo­retical biology. Like Park and numerous laterUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990investigators, he saw the potential for testingtheoretical ideas through Tribolium. His in­terest, however, lay in evolutionary genetics,particularly the work of Sewall Wright.Wright, a founder of population geneticswho taught at Chicago from 1926 to 1954,used abstract, mathematical models to outlinehis shifting balance hypothesis of evolution: atheory that natural selection (the survival ofthe reproductively fit) can occur between in­dividuals within a population and also be­tween different populations-and that theselevels of selection can act in opposition.The central theoretical question behind hisown work, Wade says, is, What differencedoes it make, in terms of the evolution of ge­netic and behavioral characteristics, if organ­isms are clustered in sub-groups rather thanbeing homogenously dispersed?To study selection between individuals,"you need to be able to make measurementson lots of individuals and count the offspringof large numbers of individuals, to figure outwhat the relationship is between the charac­teristics of individuals and their reproductivefitness." In the same way, "if you're going tostudy selection between populations, youneed to be able to have many populations, andaccurately characterize those populations."Park's system, Wade says, "is one of the fewmodels I can imagine where you can maintaina large number of populations, each with itsown substantial numbers of individuals, andbe able to measure both kinds of selection si­multaneously." He sees the potential for a"lifetime of experimental research" with thebeetles, simply testing Wright's theories.That doesn't surprise Park: "The Triboliumsystem," he says matter-of-factly, "has agreat deal of energy left."29It's a Bird,It's a Plane,It's aADcieDt myths belonged to everyone, but modern mythicheroes-from Superman on down-can be copyrighted,patented, aad registered. lIaaufaeturing energies,advertising ingenuity, aDd media appetites havecombined to create a powerful postiDdustrial folklore-franchised for profit. The result: it is easier todemeaa these heroes than to glorify them.n 1932 a Cleveland, Ohio, teenagernamed Jerry Siegel and a high school friend.an illustrator, produced a short storyentitled "Reign of the Superman." It featured a character possessing telescopicvision and great mental powers. After publishing in a magazine in 1933the two young men thought of turning their story into a comic strip. In 1934 the au­thor received a vision one summer night which he would later describe in someBY NEIL BARRIS31. ,. Art by Steve Brodner32 detail. The vision was of a dual-identity hu­man avenger, simultaneously a mild­mannered newspaper reporter and a cape­powered, tights-wearing, extraterrestrialbeing to be known simply as Superman.The idea was clear and vivid. But it took fouryears for the author-illustrator team of Siegeland Schuster to persuade some publisher thatit was worth purchasing. In 1938 they encoun­tered a new figure in the comic book field. Hisname was Harry Donenfield and he offeredthe boys a deal. Although newspapers hadbeen publishing comics for more than 40years, until the 1930s most comic books hadsimply anthologized the newspaper strips.Rarely did they contain specially created plotsand characters. Donenfield had a new publi­cation, Action Comics and was searching for alead feature. For $150 and some modest feesto draw and write the episodes, the team ofSchuster and Siegel assigned all rights overtheir creation to Donenfield. In June 1938 Ac­tion Comics number 1 appeared, bearing onits cover the now familiar figure of Superman.Almost at once a powerful public demand sur­faced and an astonishing series of successesensued.The scale of the response staggered even themost optimistic sponsors. By 1941 "Super­man" was appearing in well over a hundrednewspapers with combined circulations of al­most 25 million. Ten weeks after "Super­man" first appeared on the radio it had be­come the most popular children's show ever tobe run on the airwaves. The motion picture se­rials remained among the most profitable ever, made. Actors playing Superman or simplypresenting his voice became famous on thataccount alone. And "Superman" led a broad­er invasion of comic books as a major publish­ing force. By 1943 the sales of comic books• had reached 18 million copies a month, more:, than the combined sales of Life, Reader's,Digest, and the Saturday Evening Post.But "Superman" did more than merelyestablish itself as gargantuan in appeal, or. expand the audience for each mass medium itpenetrated. Its cast of characters,' its setting,its stock phrases, all entered common speech: as reference points. So rapid and completeNeil Harris is a professor in the Departmentof History, the College, and the Committeeon Geographical Studies. This essay is a con-. siderably shortened version of "Who OwnsOur Myths? Heroism and Copyright in an Ageof Mass Culture, " which originally appearedin Social Research 52, no. 2, and is reprintedwith the permission of the publisher. It is oneof 17 Harris essays included in CulturalExcursions: Marketing Appetites and Cul­tural Tastes in Modern America, availablefrom the University of Chicago Press inNovember.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990was this penetration that it provoked wonder,awe, and sometimes even anxiety among so­cial commentators. There seemed somethingfundamental to its appeal.The author, Jerry Siegel, was as much aproduct as a creator of mass culture. Onemagazine writer in 1941 described Siegel as aperfect clinical illustration of psychologicalcompensation: a myopic, overweight day­dreamer nourished on dime novels, comicstrips, and science fiction. Recalling his greatmoment of creative agony, tossing and turningin his bed one hot July night, Siegel declared:"I conceive a character like Samson, Her­cules and all the strong men I have ever heardtell of rolled into one. Only more so. I hopright out of bed and write thisdown, and then Igo back and think some more for about twohours and get up again and write that down."By the next day he and his partner had fash­ioned the first 12 "Superman" strips, creating aKryptonian scientist named Jor-El who, justbefore cataclysms destroy his planet, sends hischild into a rocket ship that lands in Smallville,U.S.A., 3 billion light-years away.Siegel's casual references to Greek mytholo­gy were not the last. In 1940, seeking to ex­plain the phenomenal success of the cartoonhero in the New Republic, Slater Brown pos­ited a combination of myth and modern dema­gogy. Superman was, he wrote, "handsomeas Apollo, strong as Hercules, chivalrous asLauncelot, swift as Hermes ... A Hero God... a protective deity" fulfilling popular de­sires for a more primitive religion.Writing in Commentary nine years later,Heinz Politzer argued that Superman hadabout him "something of Goethe's Sorcerer'sApprentice, of Dr. Faust, of Hercules, and ofAtlas. To be sure, " Politzer continued, "JulesVerne and H.G. Wells also make their contri­bution to his costume and trappings, but es­sentially he owes his effect to the vanishingremnants of ancient mythology, that collec­tive memory of mankind which has beencombined with utopian anticipation. "More specifically, Hercules seemed thepopular choice for Superman's true progeni­tor. The boy wonder who strangled snakes inhis cradle, Hercules or Herakles was con­temptuously labeled clumsy and muscle­bound by fifth-century Greeks, but he earnedthe titles of Defender against Evil, Tamer ofBeasts and Criminals. These labels couldsurely be applied to Superman as well. Oneversion of the myth gave Hercules a twinbrother, Iphicles. In 1975 Kenneth Cavanderargued that Clark Kent might be the mortalIphicles to Superman. And it was easy to likenMetropolis, filled with corrupt politicians, tothe Augean Stables.The owners of "Superman" in the 1980stook every occasion to present him as a mythicfigure with ancient lineage. "Superman," enterprisingowaer of a mythhad to take allsorls of steps toprotect it evenfrom peripheralexploitation. wrote his publisher, is "a masterwork ofdream fulfillment, the indelible fusion ofmyth and desire .... Like Moses, like Odys­seus, like every abandoned baby of heroicmyth, he was cast afloat by his parents only tosurvive and become a savior himself." Super­man was "the sun-god, flooding us with thewarmth of his being, " he was "this first god ofa new mythology: definitely American, notborrowed, wholly our own." It may be incon­sistent to invoke an ancestry including Mosesand Odysseus and simultaneously to insist up­on radical novelty, but the publisher had astake in protecting his property and too heavyan emphasis on ancient precedent might re­duce unnecessarily the boundaries betweenpublic and private ownership.BOth at the time of his debut andtoday, other interpretationscompeted with mythic parallelsto explain "Superman's" suc­cess. But the luxuriant train ofinterpretative possibilities, many of which fo­cused on the meaning of popular culture writlarge, rarely denied the mythic implicationsof the Superman formula. The ties seemed soobvious. That it was a formula promising suc­cess could be seen in the dozens of superhe­roes who fought for public attention in the1940s and 1950s: Aquaman, Batman, BlackKnight, Captain America, Captain Marvel,Captain Midnight, Captain Triumph, GoldenArrow, Golden Law, Marvel Man, ProfessorSupermind, Skyman, Superboy, Supersnipe,Wonderman, Wonder Woman, an almostendless list. The explosion testified to abroad public appetite that apparently justifiespolitical, economic, and psychologicalexplanations.The imitation might have been flattering.But it was also threatening. The creators andowners of "Superman" responded quickly, ifnervously, to competitive challenges. "Su­perman" had become an economic bonanza.And its story is significant not only becauseit was popular and transferable, but becauseits litigious spirit typified the high finan­cial prizes rewarding successful fictionalformulas.From its earliest days the Superman proper­ty became involved with lawsuits, several ofwhich earned classic status within the legalliterature. In comics, as in some other areas ofmass culture, it is the leading characters rath­er than the story lines which have been thecrucial centers of argument. That is becausecharacters are more easily conveyed to thevast range of advertised commodities so hun­gry for product identification.There exist in law several possible actionsagainst those accused of appropriating an ar­tistic property, including unfair competitionand trademark invasion, but over the years33the principal method of protection has beenthrough copyright. One major concern ofcopyright law has been to shield legal owners"against those who appropriate another'swork and present it as their own. " The historyof copyright, as idea and legislation, revealsan increasingly complex conception of artis­tic ownership.Under Article I, Section 8 of the federalConstitution, the purpose of copyright law is"To promote the Progress of Science and theuseful Arts." This, rather than specific bene­fits to individual authors, is the basis of ourcopyright legislation, and it has been reas­serted as a justification time and again as Con­gress debated successive statues.Our first national copyright law was passedin 1790, only months after the inauguration ofGeorge Washington. This statute granted au­thors and proprietors ofliterary texts the rightof multiplication, but insisted on publicationas a requirement for copyright and trans­ferred the literary property to the public aftera specified time. For our purposes the mostsignificant piece of copyright legislation wasthe Act of 1909, which lasted in basic form formore than 50 years. While the 1909 act waspassed after photographs, phonograph re­cords, and motion pictures clouded previous­ly clear definitions, it could not envisage theissues raised by Xeroxing, television, videocassette recording, computers, and databanks. Thus copyright law continues to be anactive and controversial area of legislativeaction and judicial intervention.Concern about misappropriation of literaryplots and characters intensified in the early20th century as comic strip and motion pic­ture production grew and advertising meth­ods became more varied. Litigation raised anumber of issues, including the legal status ofprivacy, and several cases addressed the ex­ploitation of popular figures-real and fic­tional-as product endorsements and trade­marks. This was a new problem. Duringprevious centuries fads and manias had oftenswept large masses of people, caught up in en­thusiasm for a cause, a hero, or a work of art.Actors, generals, opera singers, politicians,artists, ballerinas, novels, all had demonstrat­ed a capacity to influence daily fashions, so­cial customs, or habits of consumption.From Jenny Lind to George du Maurier'sTrilbymania, from Louis Kossuth to LillianRussell, celebrities stood at the center of tem­porary epidemics. Hats, dolls, canes, bicy­cles, theaters, toys, dinnerware, furniture, ci­gars, liquors bore the likenesses, names, orspecial symbols of various personalities.Events, like fairs and anniversary celebra­tions, or places, like tourist centers and re­sorts, stimulated souvenir production. Fic­tional characters had mugs and spoonsdesigned in their honor.34 Yet all this stimulated little litigation. Someunspoken assumption made famous peopleand literary characters a species of commonproperty whose commodity exploitation re­quired little control. Literature as such wasprotected by copyright (incompletely until theUnited States signed an international agree­ment in the 1890s), while hallmarks, patents,and eventually trademark registrations pro­tected other brands and symbols.But pressure to extend concepts ofownership so as to cover plotsand character increased in thelate 19th and early 20th centu­ries, a product of a broader con­sumer market, the needs of filmmakers forbest-selling ideas, and expanded mass distri­bution. During the 1920s and 1930s, judgessteadily expanded the concept of artistic prop­erty. And they allowed its translation to com­modities. In 1924 Judge Manton determinedthat a toy manufacturer had violated the rightsof the owners of a comic strip featuring the ex­ploits of Barney Google and Spark Plug.Copying, said this judge, cannot be confinedto literary repetition but included many formsof adaptation. The Copyright Act was intend­ed to protect the very conception of humordeveloped by a cartoonist.Ten years later owners of another comicbook character, Betty Boop, were protectedfrom doll makers who insisted that the specif­ic copyright notice placed on licensed toyswas inadequate. "We do not think it avoids theinfringement of the copyright to take the sub­stance or idea and produce it through a differ­ent medium," wrote Judge Manton. "Doingthis is omitting the work of the artisan, butappropriating the genius of the artist. "In the 1930s Walt Disney and Edgar RiceBurroughs were beginning to realize largesums of money by franchising out Tarzan,Mickey Mouse, and Donald Duck to watch­makers, clothing manufacturers, and foodproducers. Long gone were the simpler dayswhen famous names, features, or props couldbe captured by an entrepreneur who wanted tosell a product.The thrust of literary protection enjoyed itsrhetorical climax in a famous 1936 decisionrendered by Learned Hand, enjoining a filmentitled Letty Lynton from infringing a play,Dishonored Lady. Hand painstakingly com­pared plot lines and characterization; in an ar­gument which "Superman's" owners un­doubtedly treasured, he insisted that it wasirrelevant how much of a play or fictionalwork had been anticipated by older literaryforms falling within the public domain.Some courts, Hand admitted, appeared tobelieve that" if a plot were old, it could not becopyrighted." A myth, then, would be availa­ble for anybody's use. But all this principle meant, Hand explained, was that plots werepublic only in their broadest outlines. For "itis plain beyond peradventure that anticipationas such cannot invalidate a copyright. "And then Hand presented his oft -quoted ex­ample oflast resort by noting that" if by somemagic a man who had never known it were tocompose a new Keats's 'Ode on a GrecianUrn,' he would be an 'author" and if hecopyrighted his poem, others could not copyit with impunity (although they could stillcopy Keats's). It was no defense, Hand added,to add new material to that which was stolen."No plagiarist can excuse the wrong by show­ing how much of his work he did not pirate."Thus, legal precedents in place bythe time of "Superman's" 1938arrival suggest a fully mature ju­dicial awareness of the financialbenefits of such a property. Theapparently capricious details of a fictionalcharacter's clothing and appearance transla­ted into money. Creators, even of humorous,superficial, critically scorned or stereotypedproducts, had proprietary rights to their ex­ploitation. And even those claiming the shel­ter of burlesque or criticism had to respectthese rights. In the 1930s merchandisers ofmythic formulas could find safety in thecourts.The system made judges and lawyers intoliterary critics, forcing them to evaluate eventhe subtlest variations in story outline andcharacter definition. But there was no reluc­tance to engage in the task. Equally refinedjudgments were required in many other legalareas. And, one might add, equally arbitrarydecisions were rendered.It was probably inevitable that so popular ahero as Superman would quickly be engagedin litigation. Within two years of the comicbook's appearance a major suit developed.Detective Comics v. Bruns Publicationsfound its way to the famed second circuit ofthe Court of Appeals, and a decision writtenby Learned Hand's brother, Augustus. In thewake of "Superman's" success the defen­dants, Bruns Publications, had brought out acartoon figure named Wonderman.Like Superman, Wonderman concealed ex­traordinary strength beneath ordinary cloth­ing. His skintight uniform was red while Su­perman's was blue. But this was apparentlythe major distinction. Each claimed to be achampion of the oppressed; each crushedguns with his bare hands; each leaped fromtall building to tall building; each wasdescribed as the strongest man in the world.The defendants tried to avoid judgment by ar­guing that" Superman" did not deserve copy­righting. It was simply one more variation onan ancient theme, drawing on traditions de­veloped in antiquity. Myths were commonUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990property; no one owned the gods andgoddesses.This argument did not impress AugustusHand. Ifthe author of "Superman" had in­deed portrayed a "comic Hercules," Handwrote, "yet if his production involves morethan the presentation of a general type he maycopyright it and say of it: 'A poor thing butmine own. '" The literary quality of DetectiveComics might, Hand admitted, be "foolish"rather than "comic," but that was irrelevant.Here were original conceptions, and the de­fendants had appropriated not only "Super­man's" general idea but specific details.Referring to his brother's opinions approv­ingly, Hand argued thateven when an authordrew on earlier materials "his own produc­tion cannot be copied." Hand did modify thesweeping language of a lower bench decisionby Judge Woolsey (of Ulysses fame), but"Superman's" copyright was emphaticallyupheld.There were still other court tests for" Super­man," however. The enterprising owner of amyth had to take all sorts of steps to protect iteven from peripheral exploitation. "Super­man's" owners covered as many bases as theycould. Rea Irwin, a well-known cartoonist,discovered their ingenuity in 1943 when hestarted a new strip for the New York HeraldTribune entitled "Superwoman." It was in­tended as a satire. But Superwoman hadalready been registered as a trademark byAction Comics along with a set of drawings, toprotect against just such an eventuality. Irwincanceled his plans.More complicated was another challenge,this by Fawcett Publications, which in 1940began to feature the exploits of an unusualyoung man. Billy Batson was his name, a ra­dio performer who, on the pronouncement ofa magic word- "Shazam" -turned into anathletic hero complete with boots, skintightuniform, and flying cape. Captain Marvel(like Wonderman) dressed in red, Supermanin blue, but both used similar dialogue rebuk­ing villains who also suspiciously resembledone another.Connections of Captain Marvel with an­cient mythology were even more overt thanthe links with "Superman." The word "Sha­zam" was formed from the initials of six leg­endary heroes: Solomon, Hercules, Atlas,Zeus, Achilles, and Mercury. Republic Pic­tures produced a popular serial based on "TheWorld's Mightiest Mortal," but Captain Mar­vel was probably the most simplistic of all thesuperheroes. A few suspected that he mightsimply be a spoof, a put-on. It was not easyto tell.But "Superman" met here with its firstcheck. Although action was instituted by De­tective Comics in late 1941, the complaint wasamended and a series of delays pushed the tri- romits earliest daysthe Supermanproperly becameinvolved inlawsuits, severalof which earnedclassic status. al date ahead seven years, to 1948. The appealwas not completed until two years after that.The federal court believed that actual copyinghad taken place but nevertheless decidedagainst the owners of "Superman" on techni­cal grounds.The decision was so complicated that a peti­tion for clarification was filed. Some of the"Superman" strips had omitted copyright no­tice, suggesting an unintentional surrender,but it was not clear which ones. Learned Handdid, however, insist that copyright was thecomic strip'S only protection. There was nomisappropriation or unfair competition "forin the case of these silly pictures, " he wrote,"nobody cares who is the producer-least ofall, children who are the chief readers-; the'strips' sell because they amuse and please,"not because of their ownership.Eventually "Captain Marvel" was with­drawn, a "Superman" rip-off that temporari­ly escaped destruction because of technicalobstacles. But the delay suggested some signsof softening. More to the point, "CaptainMarvel" was just the sort of imitation spellingproblems by reasons of its very outrageous­ness and apparent irony. Could it really havebeen a parody? The comic book world was it­self a caricature of the larger world outside.Colors, phrases, drawings, situations, all sug­gested distortion.Could one distort a distortion, pervert a per­version, falsify a travesty? If mythic narra­tives employed exaggeration to lampoon thehero as well as glorify him, if myths tameddangerous emotions through this sort of defla­tion, couldn't parodists claim the same free­dom of action? Imitation here could be seen asa form of criticism. As noted earlier, this ar­gument had occasionally been trotted out byliterary pirates, invoking freedom of speechto justify their thefts. It had been frequentlyrejected but as a strategy of defense it wouldprove increasingly popular.For Superman, Batman, Captain America,Wonderwoman, and the other mythic figuresof America's mass culture, as they aged andevolved, seemed both to incorporate and to in­vite increasing ridicule, both from commen­tators and from rivals. By the 1960s and 1970smany of these characters had a generation ortwo of history behind them. They were nolonger sudden intrusions into daily life andfashion. They were part of the record.Changes in appearance and characterizationwere inevitable as artists and authors retiredor died and were replaced by others.Characters acquired new features. Super­man gained relatives and a dog. The need togive his radio actor a vacation led to the inven­tion of Kryptonite, the element which keptSuperman helpless and, more to the point,speechless, until such a time as the producerscould reengage the voice of the actor. Comic35book specialists and expert fans examinednew variations carefully, penning commen­taries in the new learned journals that codifiedtheir increasingly abstruse lore. Critics tooktheir own revenge. In "Superman Revisited, "Roderick Nordell saw the Man of Steel fol­lowing the route of Hercules and evolving intoa figure of fun. In one comic, "The ThreeGenerations of Superman," he had become agrandfather. Perhaps his next adventurewould be to meet Donald Duck.In the 1970s it was a combination of this new,more ironic look, coupled with improvementsin special effects, which gave" Superman" re­newed life. Although there had been surges ofinterest occasioned by the renewed popularityof television serials like "Batman," althoughSuperman Comics retained the loyalty of itsreaders through all these years, the decision torelease two feature films on Superman in thelate 1970s set new records of activity.As the publicity surrounding the premiereof Superman rose to special heights, a new le­gal contest developed. The American Broad­casting Company began to publicize a freshtelevision series entitled "The GreatestAmerican Hero." It featured a young highschool teacher who, with the aid of a uniquecostume, discovered powers of flight, resist­ance to bullets, and superhuman strength.Unlike Superman, he performed these ac­tions clumsily and sometimes ineffectively.The proper flight and landing instructionswere never received; the flying teacher had tocrash into obstacles in order to come to a halt.Some of the details seemed to parody theoriginal "Superman." But not all of them.Warner Communications sought, first, a tem­porary injunction to prevent the show fromcoming onto the air. Failing that, it sued fordamages. The courts refused to award any.Warner could not claim "a protected interestin the theme of a man dressed in cape andtights who has the power to fly, resist bullets,walk through walls and break handcuffs withhis bare hands." Apparently these qualitieswere not specific enough.To warrant damages, evidence was neededthat "the concrete expression of the Super­man idea" had been appropriated. Quotingfrom various precedents, Judge ConstanceBaker Motley insisted that only a "substantialsimilarity" could support a determination ofinfringement. There were so many differ­ences between the two stories that such simi­larity seemed insupportable. Admittedly, thecourt acknowledged, this was gutting Learn­ed Hand's much-cited dictum that "no plagia­rist can excuse the wrong by showing howmuch of his work he did not pirate," but thatdidn't seem important.More significant was the judge's observa­tion that "Superman had become a 'folk' heroto the American public." While this did not36 allow any and every liberty to be taken withthe character, it suggested that his parody wasa protected form of fair use.W e have arrived, then, at anintere. sting cro. ss. roads.Producers of mass cultureobtained their legal protec­tions after painful evolu­tion. The artistry involved in caricature, jin-gle writing, commercial photography, zanyname giving, all became recognized as prop­erty. No manufacturer, film director, or story­teller could plunder with impunity the stockof mythic variations which remained in copy­right.Indeed, this sense of property has continuedto broaden. In their zeal to protect the large fi­nancial interests at stake, some celebritiesnow seek to copyright their features and man­nerisms for a period ending 50 years afterdeath, so that their estates can enjoy thesame benefits as the estates of authors. Liveshave become texts, organized for publicconsumption.At the same time alternate pressures mount.The appetite for diversion supports an elabo­rate network of parodists. At work on televi­sion, in radio, in theaters and nightclubs, inadvertising, films, and comic books, thesesatirists burlesque the most untouchableicons, texts, and values. Such lampoons aredefended as testaments to personal freedom,outlets for anger and frustration, opportuni­ties for artistry, and social corrections for ar­rogance and egotism. Under such circum­stances many jurists have happily offeredburlesques refuge from charges of copyrightinvasion.With modern mythic heroes as private prop­erty, contemporary authors, artists, and per­formers cannot easily employ them unlessthey are caricatured. The social function ofmyth becomes increasingly corrosive: a set ofpranks and put-ons, This tendency is fur­thered by the fact that older, classic myths andheroes have long been freely available for anykind of exploitation. Automobiles, cement,cosmetics, athletic goods, confections, arma­ments, professional associations, all invokethe names and symbols of the ancient godsand goddesses. And they do this without pay­ing any royalties at all.But these figures are already trademarksymbols, to all intents. Their stories and asso­ciations are familiar on only the most generalof levels. Contemporary heroes, whose for­mulaic exploits engage the fantasy lives ofmodem audiences on a daily basis, seem to bemore potent. And they carry this potencyfrom one story to another, and from one medi­um to another.In essence, jurists have become the most au­thoritative new students of literary motif and potent definers of genre. Modem myths, inthe end, seem most easily adaptable to ritualsof degradation. The superhero confronts a se­ries of diminutions. Superman's aging, andhis modernization, made perfect targets.When George Reeves, one of Superman'sportrayers, killed himself, headlines trumpe­ted that Superman had committed suicide.There are some parallels with the fate of var­ious religious creeds. Indeed, in the 1970sone Presbyterian clergyman published TheGospel According to Superman, arguing thatSuperman exemplified the human desire for agod, while his story encouraged an explora­tion of divine revelation. Owners of modernmyths can develop them in sustained andsometimes even poetic terms, to be sure.The Superman films of the recent past at­tracted critical attention partly because theywere able to evoke a surprising sense of lyri­cism as they reenacted the creation of thefoundation myth, or explored the more com­pelling powers associated with it, like thedream of personal flight. There was a shock indetecting touches of dignity and grandeurabout so familiar and commercialized astory.But these opportunities are available only tothe owners. They alone have the power to de­velop, adapt, extend, and license their myths.Other serious artistic use must await the expi­ration of the copyright. Except, that is, forthe intervention of parodists.This paradox runs through a large sector ofcontemporary mass culture. Its formula en­tertainments are planned warily so as to cap­ture large audiences and simultaneously avoidthe legal challenges associated with copyrightinvasion. General formulas pose no problem.But details do, and they are what separate fail­ures from successes. Discussing one modemformula some years ago, the gangster film,Robert Warshow wrote that the genre wel­comed originality "only in the degree that itintensifies the expected experience withoutfundamentally altering it." Unlike other artforms its power did not rest on the life experi­ences of its audiences. It built, rather, on theaudience's knowledge of the formula itself."It creates its own field of reference."So do the commercialized myths. A trans­formed connection between myth and experi­ence stands at their center. The new mythsappeal by cross-referencing. They are storieseveryone knows. But because ownership lim­its their boundaries, the mythic universe issubdivided. Mount Olympus has been par­celed up. A self-referencing system of mythswhich relies upon parodied imitation as one ofits central instruments of integration is a prod­uct of something beyond creative intention orlegal history. And its social implicationsmust be faced both by the courts and by itsconsumers.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990lumni ChronicleHoi flash: Winler WeekendsStarting in January, the Alumni Association,working with the Office of Continuing Edu­cation and the Centennial Office, will host aseries of Winter Weekends at the University.The programs, which will begin on Fridayevening and run through Sunday noon, willeach feature a special theme or topic, withfaculty-led lectures and tours. Participantswill stay at downtown hotels-with programactivities centered on the campus."Egyptology and the Work of the OrientalInstitute" (January 25-27) will take partici­pants behind the scenes at the University'sOriental Institute and on a conducted tour ofthe Field Museum's new Egypt exhibit. Someparticipants may want to attend the weekendas a prelude to a March alumni study trip toEgypt-and the Institute's famous center inLuxor-led by faculty member Lanny Bell.Turn-of-the-century architecture, and the work of Frank Lloyd Wright (whose land­mark Robie House is the home of the AlumniAssociation), will be the foci for a secondWinter Weekend, scheduled for March8-10.For more information on either weekend,contact Laura Gruen at the Alumni RelationsOffice, Robie House, 5757 South WoodlawnAvenue, Chicago, IL 60637, or call 312/702-2150.Wanled: .words of praiseNominations are being accepted throughNovember 15, 1990, for the 1991 Alumni As­sociation awards. If you know an alumna oralumnus who deserves recognition for profes­sional excellence, service to the University,and/or benefit to society, the first step is com­pleting a nomination form.To receive a form, write the Awards Com­mittee, The Alumni Association, Robie House, 5757 South Woodlawn Avenue, Chi­cago, IL60637. Or call 3121702-2150.Leadership feUowshipsThe University's Office of Career & Place­ment Services reminds alumni in the earlyyears of their professional careers that theKellogg National Fellowship program is de­signed to help professional men and womendevelop interdisciplinary and cross-culturalperspectives on contemporary humanproblems.Each year 50 U.S. citizens-from business,education, human service agencies, and pri­vate practice-are chosen as fellows. Duringthe three-year program, fellows spend ap­proximately 25 percent of their time onfellowship-related activities (participants arerequired to receive 25 percent release timefrom his/her employer; in the case of non­profit employers, there is partial reimburse­ment for that release time). Fellows receive$35,000 to develop and complete a self­designed learning project, as well as $6,000to be used for travel to a series of group semi­nars sponsored by the foundation.The deadline for applying to the 1991 pro­gram is December 14, 1990. For more infor­mation, contact: Applications, KelloggNational Fellowship Program, W.K. KelloggFoundation, 400 North Avenue, Battle Creek,MI 49027-3398, or call 616/969-2001.New leaders, new clubsSeveral of the University's alumni clubs havechanged leaders in the past few months.In Dallas, Nancy Corley, MBA'81 , complet­ed her second term as president, and LisaWanamaker, MBA'88, took over. In London,John Montague, SM'48, PhD'50, turned thereins over to Susan Storring, AM'77. And inToronto, Robert Garrison, PhD'66, has beenfollowed by Evelyn Lazare, MBA'70. Also re­tiring from office are John Gaubatz, JD' 67, inMiami, and Bruce Gluckman, AB'75, inKansas City."Many thanks to the outgoing presidents,"says Jeanne Buiter, MBA'86, executive direc­tor of the Alumni Association, "and a heartywelcome to our new volunteer leaders."Also in recent months, reports DannyFrohman, associate director of Alumni Rela­tions for alumni clubs, five cities have joinedthe Alumni Association's list of active alumnicommunities: Dusseldorf, Eugene, New Or­leans, Nicosia, and the Quad Cities of easternIowa and western Illinois.If you would like to organize alumni activityin your community, or get involved with oneof the University's 43 alumni clubs, pleasecall or write the alumni clubs staff at theAlumni Association.37lass News"No news is good news," is one cliche to which wedo not subscribe at the Magazine. Please sendsome of your news-whatever it might be-to theClass News Editor, University of Chicago Maga­zine, 5757 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL 60637.No engagements, please. Items may be editedfor space.16 Hugo "Bob" Law, X'16, was recentlyelected executive committee chairman of theChicago Urban League for the 20th consecutive year.He lives in Hyde Park, as he has since 1914. RheuaShoemaker Pearce, PhB'16, is 96 and still activelyinvolved with the United World College in Las Vegas,NM.22 Jay Silverberg, PhB'22, of Corsicana, TX,writes that his wife of 62 years passed away in1989. Helen Strauss, PhB'22, received the individu­al Governor's Award for History for her work in pre­serving South Dakota history.23 Daniel Cohn, PhB'23, and his wife, Eliza­beth Oppenheimer Cohn, PhB'26, are"still hanging tough" and are living in "exquisite"Portland, OR.24 Good news for Martha Galbraith Whip­ple, PhB'24, of Hendersonville, NC, whowrites, "so far as I know, I am the only one of that yearalive." In fact, Elizabeth Brewster Tempel, PhB '24,lives with her husband in Carlsbad, CA.25 Hal Baird, PhB'25, AM'28, lives in Orlan­do, FL, and remembers his U of C yearswith gratitude. Ragnar Moline, PhB'25, has beena Lutheran pastor since 1929.26 Elizabeth Oppenheimer Cohn, see 1923,Daniel Cohn. Helen Liggett Hagey,PhB'26, is enjoying life in a retirement home nearClemson University. The University of New Mexicolaw school recently created a professorship honoringHenry Weihofen, PhB'26, ID'28, JSD'31, whotaught at the school for 24 years. He is the author of nu­merous books and articles, mainly in the field of lawand psychiatry, and an honorary fellow of the Ameri­can Psychiatric Association.27 Mildred Schieber Standish, PhB'27, livesin Chicago.29 c. G. Chakerian, AM'29, is a visitingscholar at the University of California,Berkeley, studying "the cultural aspects of suicide."Leila Whitney Galbraith, PhB'29, lives in ColoradoSprings, CO. See also Books. Elisabeth TaylorBauman Grenata, AB'29, and her husband, Mi­chael, live in Leesburg, VA. Mattie LiebermanJenkins, PhB'29, and her husband have moved fromChicago to Laguna Beach, CA.Marjorie Niehaus Maxwell, AB'29, lives in Tip­ton, lA, and drove to her 60th reunion last year. Gor­don Moffett, PhB '29, JD '30, retired from the CircuitCourt in DuPage County, IL, in 1976 and now lives inSt. Petersburg, FL. Melanie Loewenthal Pflaum,PhB '29, who lives in Spain, writes that she attended aWest Coast reunion of Hyde Park High School. Shealso spoke to the Women's Institute of Continuing Ed­ucation in Paris.30 In November, 1989, Winifred Weter,AM'30, PhD'33, travelled through Kenyawith a group from Seattle Pacific University, whereshe is professor emeritus.38 31 Rosalia Pollack Isaacs, PhB'31, lives inWalnut Creek, CA, and looks forward to her60th Reunion. Alfred W. Israelstam, PhB'31,JD'33, practices law in Buffalo Grove, IL.33 Ruth Oliver Secord, SB'33, MAT'46, re­cently went on a photo safari in Kenya.Esther Feuchtwanger Tamm, PhB'33, writes that. her family truly believes in the U of C: IngridTamm, granddaughter of Esther and daughter ofSidney Tamm, PhD'66, entered the College in 1990.Sidney Weinhouse, SB'33, PhD'36, professoremeritus at Temple University and senior scientist atthe Lankenau Medical Research Center, is the recipi­ent of the 1990 Voluntary Leadership award of theAmerican Cancer Society.34 Charles Darwin Andersen, PhB'34,AM'35, was appointed a delegate to theMaryland Governor's Conference on Libraries and In­formation Services. Neal Deaver, PhB'34, one ofthree students in the first class of the University's hos­pital administration program, instituted in 1932, hasretired after 21 years as the administrator of the Inde­pendence (MO) Sanitarium and Hospital and 17 yearsas president of Acme Fund Raising. Charles Hauch,PhB'34, AM'36, PhD'42, and his wife, Ruth Hauch,AM'39, moved to Sun City, AZ, last March. Theyrecently made a cross-country drive, visiting friendsand relatives.HaroldG. Petering, SB'34, was elected as a Fellowof the American College of Nutrition. Yvonne Kim­ball Puffer, PhB'34, lives in Western Springs,IL. Elsbeth Lochner Sailer, AB'34, AM'35, anamateur violinist, and her husband, William, livein Washington, DC.35 Charles Asher, SB'35, retired in 1976. Hewrites that he saw the Passion Play inObergammerau, Germany in June. John Baker,X'35, see 1937, Donna Donkle Baker. Since their re­tirement, Clarissa Paltzer Mancill, X'35, and herhusband, John, have traveled throughout the world;they celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in1989.An article in a July edition of the Chicago Tribunefeatured Herman Pines, PhD'35. In 1932 he and acolleague invented an important component of 100-octane aviation fuel, which when shipped secretly tothe British during World War IT allowed their pilotsto outmaneuver the Germans and win the Battle ofBritain.36 Helen Still Hansen, X'36, retired, does vol­unteer work in Menlo Park, CA. RobertHarris Scanlan, SB'36, SM'39, is professor emeri­tus 'of engineering at Princeton University and profes­sor and principal research scientist at Johns HopkinsUniversity. He was elected to the National Academy ofEngineering in 1987. Martin F. Young, AB'36, livesin Oregon House, CA. 37 Mark Ashin, AB'37, AM'38, PhD'50,writes that, as the secretary of the faculties,he is well on his way to becoming the University's"Old Man of the Sea." Donna Donkle Baker, AB'37,and her husband, John Baker, X'35, of Naples, FL,celebrated their 50th wedding anniversary in 1987.They add that three other couples they knew at the U ofC have also recently marked this milestone.D. K. Holway, SB'37, is a hydroelectric engineer,spending part of his time in the Dominican Republic.Joyce Bodenheimer Kohn, AB'37, of MayfieldHeights, OH, is writing a bookoffamily stories for herdescendants.John G. Morris, AB '37, of Paris, France, is writinghis memoirs. Educator and organist John T. Muri,PhB'37, received an achievement award from thecity of Hammond, IN. M. L. Rosenthal, AB'37,AM'38, holds the first Distinguished Moss Chairof Excellence in English at Memphis State University.D. Throop Vaughan, AB'37, and his wife live inZionsville, IN.38 Jean Gayton Carroll, AB'38, AM'53,PhD'69, lives in Chicago, IL. Alfred CourtIII, AB'38, of Biloxi , MA, recently traveled to China.Helen Peterson Johnson, AB'38, lives in Joliet, IL,and has six children, including Carl Johnson, AB'74,and Theodore Johnson, AB'73. Ernest M. May,PhD'38, received a Doctor of Letters degree fromMontclair State College. Bonnie Breternitz Olson,AB'38, loves living in Boston; she recently helpedcreate a video for Radcliffe Career Services.Cecil H. Patterson, AB'38, works part time as Dis­tinguished Visiting Professor at the University ofNorth Carolinaat Greensboro. He was the keynotespeaker at a counseling conference in Taiwan last year.Johns Hopkins University dedicated its UrologicalResearch Laboratories to William Scott, PhD'38,MD'39, in June. He is professor emeritus of urology atthat university. Scott also received a special Commen­dation of Merit award from the American UrologicalAssociation last October.39 Richard Chapman, AB'39, won a bronzemedal in the over-70 age group at a NAS­CAR slalom ski race last winter. He and his wife,Patricia Blasdel Chapman, AB'39, live in Ridge­field, WA. RuthadeleLa TourretteHauch, AM'39,see 1934, Charles Hauch. J.Jerry Jeremy, X'39, wasCalifornia State "70" doubles tennis champion in1988. Burton B. Moyer, Jr., AB'39, writes that heenjoyed helping to elect the first black governor of Vir­ginia. Betty Mitchell Niven, AB' 39, and her husbandhave moved into a retirement residence which is only amile from their old house in Eugene, OR.Stanley Stroud, JD'39, notes that he and his wife,Marjorie, met at the Robie House in 1938; they cele­brated their 50th wedding anniversary in September.Adelaide Tinker, SB'39, has gained renown in herhometown of Greenville, DE, for her prowess at play­ing pool. Robert Warner, MD'39, hoped to be in at­tendance when his granddaughter, Julia Morrison,AM' 89, received her degree last December.40 Robert B. Davis, AB'40, professor emeri­tus of Tarkio College, teaches pilots to fly oninstruments in case oflow visibility. John O. Punder­son, SB'40, retired, consults on international firesafety standards in Mendota Heights, MN. NormaYerger Queen, AM'40, has been named trusteeemeritus for the Canton (OH) Art Institute and forPlanned Parenthood of Stark County.41 Carl Christol, PhD'41, who is professoremeritus at the University of Southern Cali­fornia, received a distinguished emeritus award inMarch. William H. Lovell, AB'41, serves on theboards of directors for numerous civic organizationsUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990in Elgin, IL. Hyman Minsky, SB' 41, is now profes­sor emeritus at Washington University in St. Louis,MO. He is also a Distinguished Scholar at the JeromeLevy Economics Institute at Bard College in NewYork.Betty Evans Price, AB' 41, of St. Petersburg, FL,was named Volunteer of the Year by Suncoast Good­will. Blake S. Talbot, MD'41, retired from medicalpractice in 1986 and was visiting China last year at thetime of the student uprising. Melvin T. Tracht,AB'41, of Portage, IN, does labor arbitration andvolunteer work. Hart Wurzburg, AB' 41, see 1943,Minna Sachs Wurzburg.42 Martin S. Bloom, SB'42, retired from sci­entific work, farms in Cleveland, England.Federico Grabiel, X'42, now a U.S. citizen living inShingletown, CA, writes, "I often long for the friendswho helped me when I arrived knowing little Englishand without some admission requirements. I receivedpersonal attention." Gregory Hedden, SB'42,SM'SO, PhD'SI, has retired from teaching. He keepsin touch with Bill Klapproth, SM'49, PhD'49; F.William Morthland, SM'48, PhD'SO; Frank Piehl,PhD'S2; and D. Bruce Merrifield, SM'49, PhD'S4,among others.Thomas J. Madden, SB'42, MD'44, retired, vol­unteers with the Red Cross and the New Britain (CT)Museum of American Art. Robert Miller, AB'42,and his wife, Mary Lucene Price Miller, AB' 43, livein Spartanburg, SC, and write that they saw several oldfriends at a "summertime reunion" in Michigan in1989. Ann and John B. Riddle, AB'42, M BA' 42 ,recently completed an off-shore sailing course at St.Lucia and are looking forward to Caribbean cruis­ing after John's retirement.Shirley Buro Robeson, AB' 42, AM' 43, has taughtLatin in Chicago high schools for 31 years. She has 12grandchildren. Edward Sternberg, MBA'42, and hiswife, Goldie, received 1989 Mobil Business in theArts awards for their contributions to the Sydney(Australia) Symphony and the Art Gallery of NewSouth Wales. Betty Tullis Ticho, AB'42, AM'48, re­cently retired after 30 years as director of the LosAngeles County Epilepsy Society.43 Werner A. Baum, SB'43, SM'44, PhD'48,resigned as dean of arts and sciences at Flori­da State University effective July 31. Suzanne AdamsHuffaker, AB'43, lives in Tryon, NC, where sheworks part time as a social worker. Betty BerryKlotzbach, AB' 43, traveled to Europe early in theyear and then returned later to Munich, Germany. Sheplans to visit Mallorca, Berlin, Budapest, and Rome inthe coming months. George Krakowka, SB'43,MD'4S, is a specialist in internal medicine and endo­crinology in Wenatchee, WA. He and his wife raiseand show Morgan horses.Mary Lucene Price Miller, AB'43, see 1942, Ro­bert Miller. Joseph Parks, MD'43, of Santa Rosa,CA, and Bob McCormack, MD'43, renewed theirfriendship "as if they had not been separated" after ahiatus of 46 years. Minna Sachs Wurzburg, AB'43,and her husband, Hart Wurzburg, AB'41, live inLongboat Key, FL, where he is mayor.44 Haskell Block, AB'44, professor of com­parative literature at the State University ofNew York at Binghamton, was named Chevalier dansI 'Ordre des Palmes Acaderniques by the Frenchgovernment. Ellen Lindsey Heckler, AB'44, ofAlbuquerque, NM, works at the Basque del ApacheNational Wildlife Refuge.45 Martha Ericson Dale, PhD'4S, volunteerswith the Information and Referral Service inSun City, AZ. Martin Hanson, SB'45, MD'SO, isstill working as a family physician in Bellevue, WA.He and his wife of 3S years have four children and twograndchildren. Lillian North, PhB'4S, is living inTaos, NM.Janet Davison Rowley, PhB'4S, SB'46, MD'48, isthe Blum-Reise Distinguished Service Professor in the departments of medicine and molecular genetics &cell biology at the University, and her husband,Donald Adams Rowley, SB'45, SM'50, MD'50, is a,professor in the departments of pathology and pediat­rics. Gary M. Garrison Somers, AM'4S, is retiredand living in Twentynine Palms, CA.46 Rosemary Vidovich Hunter, PhB'46,MBA' SO, in her "second career," is work­ing as Senior Picture Editor for Scott, ForesmanPublishing.47 Having returned from two years in the Solo­mon Islands with the Peace Corps, DavidBass, AM'47, PhD'72, lives in San Diego, CA. Wash­ington Post political correspondent David Broder,AB'47, AM'SI, was honored as a Eugene Meyeraward winner by that paper. Hayden Carruth,AM'47, was recently awarded the Ruth Lilly PoetryPrize. He is a professor at Syracuse University.Theresa Sosa Carterette, AB'47, received an awardfrom the Florence C. Sargent Fund for her service toSimmons College, from which she has now retired asprofessor of psychology.Frances Eldredge, PhD'47, travels and serves onthe board of directors and the executive board of ClearLake (CA) Performing Arts. Richard L. Forstall,PhB' 47, is chief of the population distribution branchof the U.S. Census Bureau in Washington, DC. Lastyear Thomas Harwell, AM'47, triumphed in theover-70 age group in two road races.Bernice A. Kaplan Lasker, AM' 4 7, PhD' S3, pro­fessor of anthropology at Wayne State University inDetroit, MI, spends summers in Cambridge, Eng­land, working in medical anthropology. Byron Mar­tin, AB'46, AM'47, lives with his wife in Flagstaff,AZ. They travel frequently throughout the West. Lin­coln D. Metcalfe, SB'47, was awarded the BaileyMedal of the American Chemists' Society. MarshallNanninga, AB' 47, MBA' 47, traveled in Europe in thesummer of 1989. He lives in Fort Lauderdale, FL. Af­ter retiring from MIT and working for Star Wars, SallyRaisbeck,AB' 47, is now running for the county coun­cil in Maui, HI.Currently vice-president of the insurance companyJ. G. Mulford, Marcia Rike Reardan, PhB'47, islooking forward to retirement. She plans to enjoy hergrandchildren and "pursue the three G's: golfing, gar­dening, and gourmet cooking." Patricia OgdenStephenson, AB'47, has had two solo shows of herpaintings at Gallery 84 in New York City. MarionTrozzolo, PhB'47, MBA'SO, writes that his company,LPF Plastics, was the first U. S. manufacturer ofTeflon-coated cookware, in 1961. He adds that theSmithsonian Institute recently accepted one of thosefirst pans for its collection.48 George Anastaplo, AM'48, JD'51,PhD '64, is featured in a photographic exhib­it entitled "Positive Negatives: Photo-portraits ofCourageous Russian and American Public Figures."In 19S1 he refused to answer questions about his politi­cal beliefs, was denied admission to the Illinois Bar,and fought the case all the way to the U.S. SupremeCourt. Martha L. Davis Basu, PhB'48, lives inPennsylvania and writes, "I still have high hopes offinding out what I want to be when I grow up." NancyGabriela Kerr Carroll, AB'48, is a travel agent spe­cializing in group tours to Israel, Europe, and GreatBritain. She is also active with volunteer groups.Stanley Heggen, MBA'48, received the Book ofGolden Deeds Award from the Exchange Club ofBloomington, IL, in recognition of his contribution tothe community. Frank A. Loftus, PhB'48, AM'SO,retired from the Delaware Department of Correction.Howard B. Lord, AB'48, is associate professoremeritus at Hofstra University and now living in New Bern, NC, where he does theater and teaches dramaat a local college.F. William Morthland, SM'48, PhD'SO, see 1942,Gregory Hedden. Miriam Danielson Peterson,AM'48, is retired and living in Pembine, WI, whereshe is active on local school boards. Fred Samson,SB'48, PhD'S2, is professor emeritus of the Ralph L.Smith Research Center at the University of KansasMedical Center, Kansas City, where he researchesbrain functions.49 Elizabeth Howe, AM'49, was married toHoward Schreiber in 1989. She is a licensedclinical social worker in Elmhurst, IL. Bill Klap­proth, SM'49, PhD'49 and D. Bruce Merrifield,SM'49, PhD'S4, see 1942, Gregory Hedden. Mur­ray Newman, SB' 49, and his wife just returned froma biological study trip to Belize.50 E. F. Bourne, MBA'SO, is enjoying "golfand the other pleasures in life" in UniversalCity, TX. Thomas C. Burnette, MBA' SO. See 19S8,Ada Puryear Peoples Burnette. Charles Cohn,AB'SO, SM'S3, PhD'57,has "un-retired" to help startup Georgia Technical College's redesigned nuclear re­actor; Margaret Hunt Cohn, AM' SI, writes poetry.Artist Alyce Frank, AB'50, is living in New Mexicoand planning an exhibition in November. She jokesthat while at the U ofC her greatest "claim to fame ...was being the only female member of the rifle team."51 Roland P.: Brown, MD'SI, retired as super­intendent of Mennonite Christian Hospital,Hwalien, Taiwan, has returned to the U.S. MargaretHunt Cohn, AM'SI. See 19S0, Charles Cohn.Victor Low, AB' SI, was a visiting associate pro­fessor with the African and Afro-American Studiesprogram at Dartmouth College last spring.David Redman, MBA'51, lives in Oceanside, "Ca­liforny, " where he is the manager for Historic Ameri­cana. MortonL. Schagrin, AB'SI, SB'S2, AM'S3,lives in Fredonia, NY.52 Joseph H. Baum, AB'S2, of Washington,DC, is chief judge of the U.S. Coast GuardCourt of Military Review. Nathan Keyfitz, PhD'52,heads the population program of the International In­stitute for Applied Systems Analysis in Austria and is aconsultant for the Indonesian government. JosephLattyak, MBA'S2, lives in Bermuda, where he is re­tired but is active in chess clubs and is teaching parttime at a local college.Eva Fishell Lichtenberg, AB'52, AM'5S,PhD'60, continues to practice clinical psychology inChicago. She is also chairman of the WFMT ChicagoSymphony Radiothon, an annual fundraiser. Shenotes with pleasure that her son, Allan Lichtenberg,"is following in the footsteps of his mother and late fa­ther, Leo Lichtenberg, SB' 42, " as he is enrolled in Uof C law school. After more than SO years of nursing,Anna Rejcha Petrovich, AM'52, is enjoying retire­ment. Frank Piehl,PhD'S2, see 1942, Gregory Hed­den. Richard F. Scott, JD'S2, teaches internationallaw at the American University of Paris and is generalcounsel for the International Energy Agency.53 Selma (Shelley) Abelson, AB'53, AB'57,has resigned as senior manuscript editor forthe U of C Press and is beginning a career as afreelance editor. Donald Dvorak, AB'S3, MBA'S5,has joined Heidrick & Struggles, an internationalexecutive search firm. He lives in Wilmette, IL.Richard Saxe, AM' 53, PhD '64, professor at the Uni­versity of Toronto, received a grant to participate in atravel seminar in Europe this summer.54 Lawrence A. Fisher, PhD'54, is professoremeritus of medical education at the Univer­sity of Ca:lgary, where he consults in program evalua­tion and curriculum development. G. C. Hoyt,39City StoriesLawyer-turned-publisher RobertMorton scores big with thepublication of Chicago Works, ananthology of short fiction byChicago writers.When Robert Morton, PhB'49,JD'53, a Loop lawyer for 37years, decided to found his ownpublishing company, his main concern waswhat book to publish first. The discoverythat there had never before been a book an­thologizing prominent Chicago authorsgave him his answer-and Chicago Works,recently published by the brand-new Mor­ton Press, was conceived.Morton and his wife, Rita, had some expe­rience in the publishing business. Rita's in­terest in children and libraries had led to thefounding in 1985 of the Longmeadow Jour­nal, an annual contest and publication pre-40 senting a score of short stories by writers be­tween the ages of 10 and 19.The success of the Longmeadow Jorunal-which was recently awarded a grant by theIllinois Arts Council-encouraged the Mor­tons to try adult fiction. "We were at a cock­tail party and 1 think we had a lot of drinksthat night, " Morton laughs. "We thought weshould try it. We publish these kids' worksand distribute those to libraries. 1 wanted tosee if we could sell adult fiction to Kroch's[Kroch's and Brentano's, a booksellingchain]."When Morton determined that short sto­ries by Chicagoans would constitute his firstbook, he signed on a friend, writer LaurieLevy, to select and edit the stories. ChicagoWorks includes "The Beach Umbrella," byCyrus Colter, "The Journal of a Wife Beat­er," by Harry Mark Petrakis, and "NobleRot," by U ofC professor Richard Stern.Although Morton believes he'll have to sellevery copy and then some to break even,Chicago Works has received its share ofpraise. Chicago magazine wrote, "The sto­ries bring richly varied points of view tobear on what it means to be a Chicago writ­er," while the Chicago Tribune termed thestories of "exceptional quality. " Thatpraise, for Morton, is reward enough. "Wehit the jackpot. Getting up in the morningand seeing the first review in the Tribune­that's the payoff. "Morton is not about to relax, however. He,Rita, and Levy are currently considering"three or four" books for publication. "I'dlike eventually to have a backlist of goodthings," he says. "I mean literary works-Iwant to publish quality work. Having thisgood book to start helps. A lot of manu­scripts are coming in, and people want to beprinted by us. So we're going into this fulltime now-and that's great."Morton's distant future may hold an evenmore ambitious project. "There's a moviewe're thinking about," he explains. "Backin the '60s, they took some of SomersetMaugham's short stories and made a film ofthem, and it was well-received. We may dosomething like that on Hemingway. I' m agreat reader of his stories. "His venture into the publishing businesscaused Morton to recall the teachings of aformer U of C professor, Henry Rago. "Ididn't appreciate what he was teaching me atthe time," Morton admits, "but somethingcame back to me: the teaching of what reallymakes up a good book, a good piece of art. Ifyou took a sentence out of a good book, thebook would fail. If you added a sentence, thebook would fail. It has to be a whole, a com­posite." -I. C AM'54, retired as dean of the faculty of business atSimon Fraser University in British Columbia, Cana­da. Though Aphrodite Floros Sarelas, AM'54, hasofficially retired, she is still active on many boards andcommittees as well as working part time for Voice ofAmerica.55 L1oydA. Currie, PhD'55, received the goldmedal of the U. S. Department of Commercefor his "seminal contributions to measurement sci­ence." Shirley Erbacher, AB'55, is an associate li­brarian for the Chicago Public Library in the Fine Artsdivision. Paul S. Holbo, AM'55, PhD'61, is vice­provost at the University of Oregon.George M. Joseph, JD'55, has been elected to histhird term on the Oregon Court of Appeals. He is ChiefJudge. The 14th edition of Men of Achievement in­cludes a biography of Gerald H. Zuk, PhD'55, whois noted for his contribution to psychology. He wasalso included in the 1989 International Directory ofDistinguished Leadership.56 Leah Condit Graham, AB'S6, is a kinder­garten teacher in Oakland, CA. UniversityofIowa professor Edwin Norbeck, SM'S6, PhD'56,recently spent four months in France conducting phys­ics research as a Fulbright scholar. Arnold B.Nurock, MD'S6, has resumed counseling in Oahu,HI. Laurence Sherman,SB'56 is now a professor ofpathology and Director of Laboratories at Northwest­ern Medical School in Chicago.Sheldon Wolfe, MD'56, practices and teachespsychiatry and psychoanalysis in Berkeley and SanFrancisco, CA. He and his wife have four children.Matthew Zuckerbraun, AB'56, AB'57, marriedMyra Kriegel Miller in 1988, becoming a stepfather tothree. He works in financial consulting and analysis inNew York City.57 Jaro Mayda, JD'S7, emeritus professor oflaw and public policy at the University ofPuerto Rico, has retired to Madeira Island, Portugal,where he is working on several books. Emma Thom­son Wasiolek, AB'S7, AM'67, lives in Flossmoor, IL,and has retired as a professor of English from PrairieState College. She is now a counselor in Chicago.58 Ada Puryear Peoples Burnette, AM'58, isassociate professor at Kenan Precollege Pro­gram and director of Bethune-Cookman College,while Thomas C. Burnette, MBA'SO, retired as as­sistant to the provost and academic vice-president ofFlorida State University. Rose Helper, PhD'58,a re­searcher, is an adviser for Alpha Kappa Delta, the in­ternational sociology honor society.59 Charles Lee, SB'59, SM'60, is the founderand director of the Chern Prep Summer Insti­tute, a New Jersey-based program which is designed toincrease the number of minority students in the sci­ences. Madge K. Lewis, PhD'S9, recently visitedNew Zealand. Jerome Rodnitzky, AB'S9, MAT'62,is still a professor of history at the University of Texasat Arlington.60 Judy Schram Cottle, AB'60, runs confer­ences for the U of C law school. She and herhusband, Bill, live in Winnetka, IL. Anne OttoEarle, SB'60, MAT'62, served as curator for an anexhibit at the Evanston (IL) Historical Society. ClaireKuhne Goldsmith, SB'60, MST'73, produces edu­cational videos for the CRB Foundation at Chief Jim­my Bruneau School in Dogrib Nature Settlement,Northwest Territory.Gaillard T. Hunt, X'60, retired from law practice,"does computers" at American University in Wash­ington, DC. Kai Lie, AM'60, works in the Ministry ofForeign Affairs in Oslo, Norway. Orville Nyblade,AM'60, is winding up his 23rd year as a tutor at theLutheran Theological College in Tanzania, Africa.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990AbdullahA. Sharafuddin, AM'60, PhD'62, is chiefconsultant for the Bangladesh Secondary ScienceEducation Project.61 As arts and Jewish Studies bibliographerat the Northwestern University Library,Rochelle Berger Elstein, AB' 61, AM' 63, curated anexhibition of Passover haggadot which ran duringApril and May. Albert Leong, AB'61, AM'66,PhD'70, is head of the department of Russian and di­rector of the Russian and East European Studies Cen­ter at the University of Oregon. He is married and has ason. John Mills, SB'61, recently completed editingtwo medical monographs. He lives in San Francisco,CA, and would love to hear from classmates.62 Edna Chamberlain, AM'62, is professoremeritus in social work at the University ofQueensland, Australia. She says she is "enjoying thequieter pace of retirement." Mark F. Kaufman,SB'62, practices urology at the Eisenhower MedicalCenter in Rancho Mirage, CA.Julian Sestini, PhD'62, is an international energyresources consultant and an adviser to the United Na­tions Environment Program. Diana T. Slaughter,AB'62, AM'64, PhD'68, is professor of educationand social policy at Northwestern University. Shemarried Michael Defoe on September 16, 1989.63 Robert A. Hall, MBA'63, owns Hall's SignCo. in Irwindale, CA. He and his wife havethree children and one grandchild. Magne Helvig,PhD' 63, is professor of geography at the University ofBergen in Bergen, Norway. Daniel Levine, SB'63,SM'64, a neurologist in Los Angeles, is contemplat­ing further studies in mathematics. He is married toBonnie Son Ben.64 Horst S. Daemmrich, PhD'64, chairman ofGermanic languages at the University ofPennsylvania, received the Ira Abrams memorialaward for distinguished teaching. Jennifer Platt Gol­die, AM'64, is director of graduate studies at the Uni­versity of Sussex.65 Lynn Breger, AM'65, is the principal anddirector of business development for TheWrite Image in Mill Valley, CA. Jere Brophy,AM'65, PhD'67, received the distinguished facultyaward from Michigan State University in February,1990. He is in the department of education. Toby LouHayman, AB' 65, is a graduating senior at the CantorsInstitute of the Jewish Theological Seminary ofAmerica. She is working as an intern in a programcalled Dor L'Dor in the Chicago area.Michael Jacobson, AB'65. See 19n, DonnaLenhoff. Jeanne Lynch, MBA'65, has been namedWellington Teaching Professor at Rensselaer Poly­technic Institute in New York. It is the first time awoman has been named to an endowed chair at RPI.After raising eight children, Jane Koukal HookMyers, MST'65, began a writing, editing, anddesktop publishing company. She lives in Bethesda,MD. R. Ramachandran, PhD'65, is director of theInstitute of Mathematical Sciences in Madras, India.Marianne Drott Squyres, AM '65, writes that after a"20-year sabbatical," she is a Ph.D. candidate in his­tory at Bryn Mawr.66 Susan Honeycutt Clark, AB'66, AM'73, ismarried and has two children. She workspart time as a psychiatrist and is "enjoying life." JoeCobb, AB'66, MBA'77, is the Republican staff direc­tor of the Congressional Joint Economic Committee.He is a single parent raising seven-year-old daughter Ryan. Marcia Batchellor Harter AB' 66 is directorof curriculum and staff developme�t for th� Monterey,CA, Office of Education.Susan Holaday, AB' 66, is assistant to the directorat the Massachussetts Horticultural Society but planst� re�rn t� school to earn a master's degree in commu­rucation disorders, Robin Lester MAT'66 PhD'74is now the headmaster of the Lati� Scool of Chicago:James Newton, AB'66, works for Citibank in Lon­don. Sidney L. Tamm, PhD'66, see 1933, EstherFeuchtwangerTamm. S. D. Verma, PhD'66, has beenn�ed �irector of the School of Sciences at GujaratUniversity, Ahmedabad, India.67 The production company of Mark Green­berg, AB'67, AM'70, recently produced the"first-ever jug band version of 'Peter and the Wolf.'"In addition to playing on the album, Greenberg alsowrote the accompanying parent/teacher handbook.DavidE. Mueller, SM'67, PhD'68, is vice-presidentat Exxon Chemical Holland, Inc. He lives in theHague.June Carter Perry, AM'67, has been appointedFirst Secretary of Political Affairs at the Americanembassy in Paris. Daniel Sudran, AB'66, is chair ofthe San Francisco Jewish Sanctuary Coalition. Ro­bert Vare, AB'67, AM'70, is an editor and writer forthe New York Times Magazine. Grant D. Venerable,SM'67, PhD'70, is a professor at San Francisco StateUniversity in the departments of the natural sciencesand African-American studies.68 KeithBaliantine,MAT'68, teaches math andphysics at a Department of Defense depen­dents' school in the Azores Islands, Portugal. MichaelR. Darby, AM'68, PhD '70, is undersecretary of com­merce for economic affairs in Washington, DC. His of­fice is conducting the 1990 census. Keith EIk.ins,PhD'68, has been named Distinguished Service Profes­sor in educational studies at the State University of NewYork, Niagara Frontier Regional Center.Mark Johnston, AB'68, is director of outcome re­search at the Kessler Institute for Rehabilitation andassociate professor at the University of Medicine andDentistry of New Jersey. Eva Kahana, PhD'68, hasbeen named the Pierce and Elizabeth D. RobsonProfessor of Humanities at Case Western ReserveUniversity in Cleveland, OH. She is in the sociol­ogy department.Joe Limprecht, AB'68, is now director for narcot­ics affairs in Pakistan. His wife, Nancy Silverman,X '70, is a systems analyst with AID. Roberta PollackSeid, AB'68, earned her M.A. and Ph.D. in historyfrom the University of California at Berkeley. See alsoBooks. Gerard C. Smetana, MBA'68, practices la­bor and employment law with Abramson & Foy inChicago. He and his wife, Beth, have two children incollege.69 Abe Aamidor, AB'69, was given the 1990Laura Owen Miller Bamberger award foroutstanding writing by a staff member of the Indianap­olis (IN) News. Susan Otto Allen, AB'69, AM'77,see 1981, James Allen. Harry Jay Berman, AB'69,received a distinguished professional achievementaward from Sangamon State University in Spring­field, IL. Joseph Brisben, AB '69, is a trustee of IowaSouth Africa scholarships, which helps finance SouthAfrican students at the University ofIowa.Finley C. Campbell, PhD'69, is an associate pro­fessor at De V ry Institute of Technology, Chicago.Kenneth Holum, AM'69, PhD'73, is part of an ar­chaeological team exploring ruins of the ancient cityof Caesaria, founded by King Herod in what is now Is­rael. Douglas Kimmel, AM'69, PhD'70, wasawarded an Outstanding Achievement award in 1989by the American Psychological Association Commit­tee on Lesbian and Gay Concerns. He co-presented alecture at the 1990 meeting of the American Psycho­logical Association.Margaret D. Morgan LeCompte, AM'69,PhD'74, is associate professor of sociology of educa- tion at the University of Colorado, Boulder. BarbaraDesow Melber, AM '69, PhD '74, is a research sociol­ogist at Battelle Seattle Research Center. Since 1969Nick Royal, MAT' 69 , has been the coordinator of theMerrill College Field Program for ExperientialLearning at UC-Santa Cruz.70 Mahar Mangahas, PhD'70, is the presidentof Social Weather Stations, a social researchorganization in the Philippines. Marjorie Pearson,AB'70, AM'n, of Brooklyn, NY, is editor of thenewsletter for the Society of Architectural Historians.Michael Petrino, MBA' 70, of Greenwich, CT, ispresident of Matrix Capital Management.71 David Clark, AB'71, AM' 77, PhD'81, isthe director of the Center for Suicide Re­search and an associate professor of psychology at theU of C. He is married and has two children. BruceHeldt, AB'71, is a certified public accountant, man­ager of microcomputer consulting services for Isler &Co., and president of the Oregon Mozart Players. Heand his wife, Loi Brumley, live in Eugene, OR. MavisSigwalt Hiremath, AM'7l, heads a rural develop­ment project for India Development Service, a volun­teer organization.Mary Jo Fijolek Joiner, AB'71, is now the head li­brarian at West Tisbury Free Public Library on Mar­tha's Vineyard, MA. She lives on the island with herthree sons. Dale Larson, AB'71, was the chair of aconference on hospice volunteerism in San Diego,CA, in August. Albert Liu, SB'71, is married andworking as a real estate planner for the federal govern­ment in the San Francisco Bay area.Holly Hinman Millard, AM'7l, has been nameddirector of the Beverly Hills (CA) public library sys­tem, while her husband, Neal Millard, JD'n,("whose career is lagging sadly behind his wife's") is apartner at the law firm Jones, Day, Reeves & Poague.He recently published an article in the Banking LawJoumal.Laurence Nadel, AB'71, has his own law practicein New Haven, CT, where he lives with his wife andthree children. He has recently been elected to theboard of directors of the Connecticut Civil LibertiesUnion. Larry R. Seidel, AB'71, MBA'n, is vice­president of American Management Systems inArlington, VA, and Kathleen Gilles Seidel, AB '73, isa novelist. They have two daughters, Dory and Lily.7 2 Zachary Baker, AB'n, is head librarian atthe YIVO Institute for Jewish research inNew York City. He also is the editor of various publi­cations by the Institute. Ted Berland, AM'n, re­ceived the Harold Swanberg Distinguished Serviceaward for his contributions to medical literature. PaulBrinich, AM'n, PhD'74, has been appointed clini­cal associate professor of psychology at the Universityof North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He will also serve asdirector of psychological services for the Children'sPsychiatric Institute of John Umstead Hospital.J. D. Fisher, MBA'n, lives in Foster City, CA.Joseph Heffernan, MBA'n, recently joined FirstFederal Savings of LaPorte County in Michigan City,IN, as president. Gary Kahn, AB'n, MST'74,PhD'82, and his wife, Laurie George, have a son,Aaron Michael. They live in Pittsburgh, PA. MichaelS. Krause, MBA'n, of London, England, is vice­president of Fisher-Price, Europe.Star- Tribune (Casper, WY) reporter Bill Lazarus,AB'n, JD '84, was awarded a John Hancock awardfor excellence in business and financial journalism.He won the honor for his series on the problems in theWyoming State Insurance Department. DonnaLenhoff, AB'n, and Michael Jacobson, AB'65,were married last fall. Donna is director of the Wom­en's Legal Defense Fund and Michael is executive di-41UnconventionalAltruismPhilanthropist and sodal activistBob Weissbourd,founder of theCrossroads Fund, helps peoplewho are trying to help themselves.Just two years after completing lawschool, Bob Weissbourd, JD'79, suc­ceeded in channeling his energies andsocial conscience in support of the urbanpoor. Pooling their resources, he and agroup of about eight others formed theCrossroads Fund, a foundation designed toassist groups traditionally forgotten by themore mainstream philanthropic organiza­tions. These typically small, community­oriented groups are ignored, he says, eitherbecause they are unaware of how to presentthemselves to potential donors or becausethey support controversial causes.Weissbourd's concern for urban povertyand racial issues can be traced to his child­hood in Chicago. "It's hard to live in Chica­go and not be aware of the problems," hesays. His parents, Bernice and BernardWeissbourd, SB' 41, JD' 48, are also social42 activists. The family frequently discussedthe "war on poverty," Weissbourd remem­bers. "My brother used to say that when hegrew up, he would be a general in the war,and he'd make me his lieutenant. "In 1975 Weissbourd took his junior yearoff from Yale University to participate in awork/study program in China. Before heleft, he and a friend drove out to Californiato find work. While in San Francisco,Weissbourd dropped by the offices of theVanguard Foundation, one of the first pro­gressive philanthropic organizations. Hewas looking for a job; the director was look­ing for a donation. "We spent about half anhour trying to straighten things out, " Weiss­bourd recalls, laughing.Despite the miscommunication-and thefact that Vanguard had no positions open­Weissbourd was inspired by the Vanguard ex­ample. When he received his law degree, hestarted looking for people who would be will­ing to donate the money and the time to a sim­ilar foundation in the Chicago area. "We hadbeen told that it didn't make sense to start withless than $100,000," he says. The initialgroup-which also included Peter and LucyAscoli, both AB'64; Paul Lehman, AM'75;Ronna Stamm, AM'76; Kay Berkson,AM'69; and Ben Wolf, SB'85-put in closeto that, giving life to Crossroads.Since then the group has funded hundredsof needy organizations fighting for suchcauses as racial justice, gay rights, commu­nity organizing and women's concerns. Sev­eral of the groups initially funded by Cross­roads, such as the Midwest Center for LaborResearch and Chicago Legal Aid to Incar­cerated Mothers, have grown so successfulthat they no longer need the Fund's help.All the grants are approved by the board ofdirectors, which today boasts several U of Calumni, including Sarah Bradley, MBA'89;Esther Nieves, AM'87; and Faith Smith,AM'82. The board members are primarilycommunity activists. "One thing we're notlooking for is polish," says Weissbourd."We're good at getting beyond the initial im­pression. We're also interested in empo­wering people rather than serving them. It'san ideological screening. "Weissbourd left the board of Crossroads in1985, partly to "turn things over to the nextgeneration," and partly to pursue othercommunity-action goals. He's now on theboard of trustees of City Colleges of Chica­go and the board of Progressive ChicagoArea Network (PROCAN). But he stillspeaks fondly and proudly of Crossroads,his "baby." As he puts it, "I've been in­volved with a lot of groups, but Crossroadsis the one I'm proudest of." -J. C rector of the Center for Science in the Public Interest inWashington, DC.Neal Millard, AM'71, see 1971, Holly HinmanMillard. William C. Minier, MD'n, is medical di­rector of Health American Lincoln in Lincon, NB. Heand his wife, Becky Anderson, have two childrenBrian and Alex. Richard Newhauser, AM'n, isno�an associate professor of English at Trinity Universityin San Antonio, TX. Emanuel Pariser, AB'n, is co­director of an independent alternative high school fordropouts in Camden, ME. He has "2 children, 8ducks, 2 rabbits, and one pond."73 David Broderic, MBA'73, president andchief operating officer of the Good Samari­tan Hospital in Lebanon, PA, was elected to the boardof directors of the Hospital Association of Pennsylva­nia. LaurenceM. Carucci, AM'73, PhD'80, is as so­ciate professor of anthropology at Montana State Uni­versity at Bozeman. Thomas M. Harlan, MBA'73, isvice-president of professional services at Pacific Pres­byterian Medical Center, San Francisco, CA.Theodore Johnson, AB'73, see 1938, Helen Peter­son Johnson. David Kaplan, SB'73, see 1979, judithKatzin. Olivier Denier Long, AB'73, was married in1985. He and his wife have a two-year-old daughter,Alexandra, and a newborn son, Joseph Vanderford.Sue B. Ketola Reamer, SB'73, of Chestnut HillMA, received her Ph.D. in human and organizationalsystems from the Fielding Institute.Don Rosenberg, MBA' 73 , has a private practice inpsychology and employee assistance in Illinois andWisconsin. Lynne Fox Schatz, MBA'73, and RalphA. Schatz, MBA'76, live in Chicago. Kathleen GillesSeidel, AB'73, see 1971, Larry R. Seidel. CharlieSmith, SM'73, PhD'79, is now a tenured associateprofessor at North Carolina State University in the de­partment of statistics. He enjoyed a visit to Prague lastsummer as an NAS exchange scientist.71A Sherry Eagle, MST'74, is assistant superin­.. tendent of schools for the West Aurora schooldistrict in Illinois. Timothy M. George, AB'74,MBA'75, works for Morgan Stanley & Co., Inc., inNew York City. He and his wife have two sons, Timand Chris. Carl Johnson, AB'74, see 1938, HelenPeterson Johnson.Leslie Kohn, AB'74, and his wife, Janice, had adaughter, Ariele Rachel, in August, 1989. RiccardoKulczycki, MBA' 74, has a son named Tao, born inFrance in 1987. Carolyn Mies, AB'74, is an assistantprofessor of pathology at the University of Miami.Cheryl Morgan; AB'74, married Charles Simien inJune and has moved to San Francisco, CA, where sheplans to continue her career in public service.7 5 Charles Adelman, PhD '75, a ceramics ana­lyst for Ashkelon Excavations, received agrant to complete his publication, "Arne Furumark'sExcavations at Sinda, Cyprus." A professional sky­writer, Fred Crossman, MBA' 75 , 'is the owner ofFred's Air Ads. Jan Currie, PhD'75, is president ofthe Murdoch University academic staff association inMurdoch, Australia."The Transformation of Traditional Medical Cul­ture," an article by Terence Murphy, PhD '75, ap­peared in Historical Reflections/Reflections Histori­ques. Chicago lawyer Carlos G. Rizowy, AM'75,PhD'81, was the keynote speaker for Young Leader­ship Development of the Jewish Community, held inNew Orleans.76 Peter Browning, MBA'76, has been namedpresident and chief executive officer of theNational Gypsum Company. Ruth Greenberg,AB'76, married Edward Gogel last year. She worksfor the New Hampshire Public Defender and reportsthat she has finally paid off her U of C student loans.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990Elizabeth Gault Harrison, AM'76, will be an in­structor of history at Carleton College in the fall. Herhusband, William Harrison, MST'76, will work inthe admissions office at Carleton.Kevin Krisciunas, AM'76, was traveling in EasternEurope in the fall of 1989. He writes that in one guestbook he signed, the preceding signature was that ofRaisa Gorbachev. Jack LeVan, AB'76, MBA'80, hasbeen named vice president for a French firm. Jack, hiswife, Cathy August LeVan, AB'78, AM'80, andtheir newborn son, Nicholas, will move to Paris.Ernest B. Norrman, Jr., MBA'76 , has opened asoftware and consulting firm, Infinite Systems, inEvanston, 11. He and his wife, Marcia, have a secondson, Andrew. Ralph A. Schatz, MBA'76. See 1973,Lynne Fox Schatz. Patrick Shrout, PhD'76, is a ten­ured associate professor in public health and psychia­try at Columbia University, New York City. DaleWillis, AB'76, lives with his wife, Alicia Kavka,in St. Paul, MN. Their second child, Joshua, wasbomin 1989.77 Cynthia A. Boydston, AB'77, of Seattle,WA, is key accounts manager for ScheinPharmaceuticallDanburg Pharmical. JacquelineCochran, MBA'77, has been named general managerand chief operating officer at SoftKat, a software dis­tributor. George Cooper, AB '77, is in-house counseland operations manager of Centennial PreciousMetals in Denver, Co.Rosemary Crowley, AM'77, of Chicago, is presi­dent and chief operating officer of the Children's PlaceAssociation, a residential center for children who areHIV positive. Anthony Mayo, AB'77, MBA'78, is asenior account executive with General Electric Con­sulting. James R. Meginniss, PhD'77, of Huntsville,AL, writes that he won the latest "ugliest shoe con­test" at Nichols Research Corp. He was wearingorange socks at the time.78 Mark Busse, AM'78, is curator of anthro­pology at the Papua, New Guinea, NationalMuseum. Christopher Corhett, AB'78, is associatedirector of institutional advancement at WashingtonBible College-Capital Bible Seminary in Lanham,MD. Barry Friedman, AB'78, is a professor atVanderbilt University law school. Deborah ZieglerHilibrand, AB'78, MBA'79, has a son, David, andlives in Scarsdale, NY.Rob Hupp, MBA'78, and Eileen Awe Hupp,MBA'78, are the proud parents of Robert B. Hupp III.David Jaffe, AB '78, 10' 81, is assistant general coun­sel for Guardian Industries in suburban Detroit. KathiKemper, AB '78, is director of the children's clinic atHarborview Medical Center in Seattle, WA. DonKleinmuntz, AB'78, MBA'80, PhD'82, is an associ­ate professor and distinguished research fellow at theCollege of Commerce and Business Administration atthe University of Illinois. Cathy August LeVan,AB'78, AM' 80, see 1976, Jack LeVan.Michele Majeune, AB'78, is superintendent of ad­ministration for county parks in Colorado Springs,CO, while her husband, Renny Fagan, AB'78, isrunning for a third term as state legislator. DonnReinelt, MBA'78, see 1981, Ernest Liebre. Edgar F.Salazar-Grueso, AB'78, is an instructor in the neu­rology department and co-director of the ALS-motorneuron disease clinic at the U of C.Joan Sherman, MBA'78, works part time for Dis­cover Card Services in Riverwoods, 11. F. BruceSleeper, AB'78, and Joanne Adler Sleeper, AB'78,live with their children, Manya and Adam, in SouthPortland, ME.79 John Binder, MBA'79 , PhD'83, movedback to Chicago in 1988 to teach at the Uni­versity of Illinois at Chicago. His son was born in'No­vember, 1988. Suzanne and Sander Davidson,AB'79, are the happy parents of a son, Justin Henry.They live in Bethedsa, MD. Judy Spira Goodman,AM'79, see 1981, Daniel Goodman. Landy CarienJohnson, AB'79, owns a freelance advertising business, The Copywriting Connection, in centralMassachusetts.Judith Katzin, AM'79, and her husband, DavidKaplan, SB'73, live in Israel with their three chil­dren. �he is a community worker and he is a managerfor Scitex Corp. Leslie Lapides, AB'79, marriedAngela Foehllast year. Leslie is an assistant news edi­tor for Knight-Ridder wire service and Angela is an at­torney. Bonnie Sprankle Oppenheimer, MAT' 79 ,and her husband, Seth Oppenheimer, AB'82, had adaughter, Kathryn Rose, in December, 1989. Seth is amathematics professor at Mississippi State Universi­ty, where Bonnie also taught until Kate's birth.80 David Bogetz, MBA'SO, works for Sears In­vestment Management Co. He and his wife,Sharon, live in Chicago, where David is a board mem­ber of several civic associations. Robert A. Cannon,AB'80, is vice-president at the Chicago branch ofWestpac Banking Corporation. Carnegie-Mellon pro­fessor Robert Kass, PhD'80, has been named a Fel­low of the American Statistical Association.C. Allen Parker, AM'80, is a partner in the NewYork law firm of Cravath, Swaine & Moore. PeterTreistman, AB' 80, is assistant professor of electronicjournalism at the University of Arizona, Tucson, andis director of the University's news project. ClarenceWing Wah Wong, MBA'80, of Hong Kong, is cur­rently managing director of the Gilbert Group ofCompanies.81 James Allen, PhD'81, has been appointedassistant curator for Egyptian art at the Met­ropolitan Museum in New York City. His wife, SusanOtto Allen, AB'69, AM '77, is director of administra­tion at the Newport Art Museum in Newport, RI. EyalAmiran, AB'81, teaches at North Carolina State Uni­versity where he edits Postmodem Culture, an elec­tronic journal of interdisciplinary criticism .. TonyAspromourgos, AM' 81, has been promoted to seniorlecturer in the economics department at the Universityof Sydney (Australia). He plans to take a sabbatical inthe United States in 1991.Richard Friedman, MBA'81 , and his wife, Susan,welcomed their second child, Joshua Scott, on Octo­ber 6, 1989. Richard is the head of media and commu­nications at Goldman, Sachs & Co. in New York City.Ben Giese, AB'81, completed his Ph.D. in physicaloceanography at the University of Washington and hasa fellowship for post-doctoral work at the Scripps In­stitute. He and Rachel Bramson, AB'82, were mar­ried in September, 1989.Daniel Goodman, MD'81, and Judy Spira Good­man, AM'79, have announced the birth of their thirdchild, Hannah Shularnit. The family lives in Atlanta,GA, where Daniel is an internist in private practice.TheresaHerman,AB'81, AM'83, MDiv'85 , is pas­tor of the United Methodist Church in Eureka, SD.Madelene L. Klein Kadish, AB '81, manages the re­tirement system for the city of Pompano Beach, F1.Alphonse T. La Croix, MBA'81, is an integrationproject manager for Kraft Food Service.Ernest Liebre, MBA' 81 , managing director ofCambridge Financial Services in Stamford, CT,writes that his firm has hired Donn Reinelt, MBA'78,as an executive vice-president. Felix (Lex) Loeb,AB' 81, is an artist living in Portland, OR. He is also apart-time flower grower and a manager of pensionfund investments. Carolyn Mainguene, MBA'81 , isvice-president of securities services at ContinentalBank in Chicago.Elene Strates, AB' 81, was married in April and be­gan a residency in obi gyn at the University of VermontMedical Center in July. Kurt P. Wise, AB'81, re­ceived his Ph.D. in invertebrate paleontology at Har­vard University and is now assistant professor of sci- ence and director of origins research at Bryan Collegein Dayton, TN. He and his wife, Marie, have twodaughters, Katrina and Esther.82 Rachel Bramson, AB'82, see 1981, BenGiese. David Desmond, AB'82, earned hisPh.D. in clinical psychology at Fordham University inNew York and is doing stroke research on a fellowshipat Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center. DonaldLeroy Dyer, AM'S2, PhD'90, is an assistant profes­sor in the departments of Russian and linguistics atthe University of Mississippi. Brian Fahey, AB'82,is an associate producer with ABC Sports in NewYork City.James McIlree, AB'82, and his wife, Nora, havemoved back to Denver, Co. Seth Oppenheimer,AB' 82, see. 1979, Bonnie Sprankle Oppenheimer.Linda Swiontek, AB'82, is pastry chef at Milange inWilmette, 11. Carole Randolph, AB'82, is associatecounsel for LaSalle Partners, a real estate servicescompany in Chicago.Julie Senecoff, AB'82, received her Ph.D. in bio­chemistry from the University of Wisconsin and is do­ing post-doctoral work in Athens, GA. She was mar­ried in 1987. Hilary Wolpert Silver, AB'82, and herhusband, David, had a daughter in November of 1989.After receiving two master's degrees from the Univer­sity of California at Berkeley, Matthew Thecker,AB'82, is working for an architecture firm in SanFrancisco, CA. He was married to Marianne WyssinJanuary. Laura De Fratus Weisman, AB' 82, and herhusband, Paul, live in Chicago. . .83 Kenneth Aizawa, AB'83, earned his Ph.D.in the history and philosophy of science fromthe University of Pittsburgh and is now an assistantprofessor at Central Michigan University. JamesBorders, PhD' 83, was awarded a fellowship from theNational Endowment for the Humanities for researchon Renaissance Rome. He is assistant professor atthe University of Michigan, Aim Arbor. John G.Connor, JD'83. See 1984, Jeanne T. Cohn.Douglas Jones, AB'83, is an English professor atthe University of Virginia. He has written 12 plays,mostly for children, which have toured various placesin the country. Shunsuke Kanzawa, MBA'83, is re­turning to Tokyo as assistant general manger in thepersonnel department for Sumitomo Bank. BruceKingma, AB' 83, is an assistant professor of econom­ics at the Rockefeller College of Public Affairs andPolicy at the State University of New York, Albany. Heis also a research associate with Case Western ReserveUniversity.Paul Evans Later, AB' 83, married ChristineTremper in 1989. He is a resident at St. Luke's Hospi­tal in neurology. Marie-Therese Ledochowski,MBA'83, is in Warsaw, Poland, working on a jointventure between a Dutch and a Polish bank. PamNarins,AB'83,AM'88, works for the city of Chicagostudying proposals for a third airport. Barbara R.Thome, AB'S3, is finishing medical school inHeidelburg, Germany.Masaaki Tsuya, MBA' 83 , and Noriko Tsuya,PhD'86, live in Tokyo, Japan. Jay Wasserman,AB'83, is a lawyer in Florida. He and his wife, De­borah, celebrated the birth of Rachel Meredith Was­serman in November, 1989. Shinichi Yamashita,MBA' 83, is a deputy manager at the Japan internation­al procurement office of Hewlett-Packard. He is try­ing to establish a network of U of C alumni employedbyHP.Since receiving his M.S. in aerospace engineeringfrom MIT, Boris Zaretsky, SB' 83, works forDouglas Aircraft in Long Beach, CA. He is marriedand has an eight-month-old daughter. Josef Zwanzi­ger, AB' 83 , is assistant professor of chemistry at Indi­ana University in Bloomington, IN.84 Toru Aizawa, AM'84, is a consul for eco­nomic affairs at the Consulate-General of Ja­pan in New York City. Marianne Baxter, PhD'84,and her husband, Robert G. King, have a son and live43MoveOver,Mr. GoodwrenchTherese Bartholomew took a roadless travelled by U of C graduates.Today, she's director of trainingfora car-care franchise.Shortly after graduation from the Col­lege, Therese Bartholomew, AB'80,now director of training for CarCareEnterprises (a franchise of Jiffy Lube), be­gan to consider a career in mechanics.Aware that it was a somewhat unorthodoxmove, she worried what people-especiallyher mother, Patricia Bartholomew, AB' 43,AM'44-would think. "So I got creative,"Bartholomew says. She first suggested shemight join the Marines; then, the Chicagopolice force. When Bartholomew finallytold her mother what she actually was goingto do-enroll in a Lincoln Technical Insti­tute course on Automotive, Diesel, andTruck Technology-it didn't sound sodaunting.Convincing her classmates at Lincoln ofher abilities proved easier than convincingher mother. Bartholomew had the interest44 and knowledge gleaned from working in herfamily'S manufacturing business. Still, sheadmits that her first class "was a little bit un­nerving. I walked in and the walls were justlined with men. And they were staring atme. Every single one was staring at me."Soon, however, Bartholomew notes, as"they put us into work groups, [the men]would spread the word to the others that Iwas 'all right. ",In 1982, after the 13-month course,Bartholomew was hired by BW Ten-MinuteOil Service, which was subsequentlybought by Jiffy Lube. She became a manag­er in about four months and was soon pro- �moted to district manager, helping to openfranchises in St. Louis and Houston. She'snow director of training, which involvesteaching, scheduling classes, and institutinga new management training program. Shestill receives funny looks the first time shewalks into a classroom, but she's learnedhow to deal with it. "If there's ever anyonewho steps just a little bit out of line I have tobe like a Marine, which I'm not fond of do­ing. They settle down really quickly."Although Bartholomew's undergraduatedegree in French doesn't directly influenceher work, she scoffs at her mother's fear thatshe might "waste" her degree. "How could Ipossibly waste it? I've never stopped learn­ing. [The U of C] taught me to be open­minded, that this world is full of differentpeople." This is a lesson Bartholomew putsinto practice every day, working with bothmanagement and new trainees. "I get tomeet almost everyone who joins the compa­ny, " she says. "It's nice to know that I knowthat many people and that we have positiverelationships. "Bartholomew isn't sure where she'll endup next. "It wouldn't surprise me if! were tochange my course again," she says with alaugh. Learning to fly, she is becomingmore interested in aviation mechanics."The sky's the limit," she asserts, adding,"I would love to go back to engineeringschool, to learn about mechanics from anengineering point of view. "If she had it to do over again, would shechoose an engineering school over a liberalarts degree? "I don't regret the U of C atall," Bartholomew replies. "Maybe I wouldhave gone straight into a master's program."She reflects, "In high school I didn't reallyconsider it an option. I had no exposurethere. I was never a science or mathperson."Today, however, Bartholomew can saywith confidence, "If I've learned one thing,it's that nothing is beyond anyone's capabili­ties."-J.C in Rochester, NY. James Bill Bean, AM'84, is vice­president at A.C. Nielsen Marketing Research in Fre­mont, CA, and Lorill B. Bean, AM'84, takes care oftheir children, Robin and John.Jeanne T. Cohn, 10'84, and John G. Connor,JD' 83, have a daughter, Hanna Cohn Connor. JohnConley, AB'84, received his Ph.D. in economicsfrom the University of Rochester in May and is an as­sistant professor at the University of Illinois. He mar­ried . Stephanie So in August. Edward Dunphy,AB'84, see 1988, E. Ann Czyzewski Dunphy.Penelope Flores, PhD'84, is evaluation coordina­tor for the U of C School Math Project and will beteaching at San Francisco State University in the fall.She is on the board of the Illinois Humanities Council.Peter Gruenbaum, AB'84, recently earned hisPh.D. from Stanford University and works at the Boe­ing High Technology Center in Seattle, WA.Katherine Taylor Redwine, AM'84, and OscarDavid Redwine, PhD'86, announce the birth of theirsecond son, John Frederick. Katherine is a referencelibrarian, while David is a research chemist. They livein Midland, MI. Ken Zuckerman, AB'84, has com­pleted his internship at the University of California atSan Francisco and is beginning a residency in anesthe­sia at Stanford.85 David Bowlin, AB'85, received his M.D.from Washington University this year. Be­tween his graduation and his residency in internalmedicine in Minneapolis, MN, he "rode the shinyirons of west Texas in a boxcar." Robin McConwayHiscock, MBA' 85, was designated a chartered finan­cial analyst. Mimi Lee, AB'85, and Benjamin Rod­man, AB'86, were married on March 24 in Chicago.She is an associate at Kirkland & Ellis, while he is thefounder and president of Bentod Limited, a develop­ment company.Michael D. Ryngaert, MBA'85, PhD'88, is assist­ant professor of finance at the University of Florida.Jennifer Ng St. Louis, SB'85, earned her Ph.D. inbiostatistics from Harvard University and has movedwith her husband, Richard St. Louis, to BaskingRidge, NJ. She is a biometrician at Merck, Sharpe &Dohme Research Laboratories. Steve Sharkey,MBA'85, is vice-president of the corporate financegroup of Prudential in Hong Kong and would enjoyhearing from classmates. Herb Silverman, AB'85,received his M.B.A. from Emory Business School,for which he is now director of alumni relations.Jim Taylor, MBA' 85, is director of management in­formation services for the Nutrasweet Co. in Deer­field, IL. He and his wife have two children. David L.Teicher, MBA'85, JD'85, practices health law in theNew York City office of McDermott, Will & Emery.Donna Tritter, AB'85, graduated from Boston Col­lege Law School in May, 1989, and is an attorney withHowrey & Simon in Washington, DC. Margaret(Peggy) Osberger Wilder, AM'85/an aide to themayor of Tucson , AZ, has a daughter, Elizabeth Hon­or Wilder.86 Maxim Chasanov, AB'86, received hisM.D. from Loyola University and is a psy­chiatry resident at Loyola Medical Center. Jane Col­okathis, AM'86, lives in Marblehead, MA. StefanieGrossman AB' 86, is working on her Ph. D. in clinicalpsychology at St. John's University in New York. Mat­thew Hamel, JD'86, was transferred to White &Case's office in Stockholm, Sweden. Victor I. King,. AB'86, AM'86, received his law degree from the Uni­versity of Michigan and is employed by Alschuler,Grossman and Pines in Los Angeles, CA.Daniel Leibovitz, MBA'86, is now vice-presidentfor sales with KDD America. He lives in New YorkCity. Patricia Lee Owen, AB'86, received her M.D.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990from Johns Hopkins University and is working on adegree in public health at Hopkins. She was married inJune. Having completed his Ph.D. in zoology, DanielPromislow, AB' 86, will spend six months as a post­doctoral fellow at the Ecole Normale Superieure inParis. Roger Raichelson, AB' 86, began his residencyat Columbia University this summer.Benjamin Rodman, AB'86, see 1985, Mimi Lee.Hilary Till, AB'86, and Joseph Colligan, AB'86,were married in April. Attendants included KaterieGladdys, AB'86, and Michael Booth, AB'86. Hi­lary works for Continental Bank in Chicago while Joeis an intern at Northwestern Medical Center. NorikoTsuya, PhD'86. See 1983, Masaaki Tsuya. JillWicinski, AB'86, received her M.P.A. from the Uni­versity of Texas and is working for the US. GeneralAccounting Office in Washington, DC.87 AdamB. Adams, AB'87, works in the officeof Indiana congressman Peter Visclosky.JoAnn Hefferle, MBA'87, is working for Deloitte &Touche in Chicago. Janet R. Heller, PhD' 87, is an as­sistant professor of English at Grand Valley State Uni­versity in Michigan. See also Books. Dan Jerabek,MBA'87, is a director at GATX Capital in San Fran­cisco, CA. He and his wife, Barbara, have a son,Nicholas.Pauline A. Knight, AM'87, recently published anarticle entitled "Foreign Languages: Leading MiddleSchoolers Step by Step." Blithe Smith, AB'87, is astudent at UCLA Law School. Bret Stasiak, AB'87,is a circulation manager for Spiegel and is working onhis M.B.A. at the U ofC.Frank Webster, PhD' 87, has been appointed assist­ant professor of chemistry at the State University ofNew York at Stony Brook. Deborah Grover Wente,MBA'87, is a product manager for the Kohler Com­pany in Sheboygan, WI. After two years in Ireland,Russell Willner, MBA' 87, has returned to Palo Alto,CA. Shinji Yamamoto, MBA'87, works for the Bos­ton Consulting Group.88 Yasushi Ando, MBA'88, has a second son,Yuki. Kirn Braich, AM'88, is a policy ana­lyst at the Rand Corporation, specializing in US. andEuropean defense economics and "loving it." Mi­chael Bresler, MD'88, is a radiology resident at Loy­ola University Medical Center. Jeffrey A. Cohen,AB' 88, is an investment banker with Prudential BacheCapital Funding in St. Louis, MO.E. Ann Czyzewski Dunphy, AB'88, and her hus­band, Edward Dunphy, AB'84, are happy to an­nounce the birth of their daughter, Natasha Marie.Ann is a medical student at Rush Medical College andEd is a senior research technician in radiation andoncology at the U of C. N. Richard Dunteman,MBA'88, is the director of engine business with Gen­eral Motors in LaGrange, IL.Marianne Grin, AB'88, AM'88, spent the pastyear in Belgium studying the European EconomicCommunity on a fellowship. After completing herM.A. thesis, she will begin law school at Harvard thisfall. Jennie Jane Hantzmon, AB'88, and her hus­band, Matthew, are students in Evanston, IL. JinnaKim, AB'88, works as a paralegal for Coudert Broth­ers, a Los Angeles international law firm.89 Janice Anderson, MBA' 89, is marketing di­rector for the American Theological LibraryAssociation. After a one-year teaching fellowship atPhillips Academy in Andover, MA, Elizabeth Haef­ner, AB'89, did a summer internship at the AtlanticMonthly in Boston. This fall she heads to Switzerlandto work on a master's degree in international relations.Jeremy Kraff, MD'89, is a resident in general sur­gery at Northwestern University in Chicago. JuliaMorrison, AM'89, see 1939, Robert Warner. MarkA. Niggli, MBA'89, is international administrativecoordinator at Eli Lilly in Minneapolis, MN. He sendsbest wishes to his classmates. Tej Singh, AB'89, is agraduate student in pharmacology at the University ofIllinois. DEATHSJohn Todd Wilson, president emeritus of the Uni­versity and professor emeritus of education, died Au­gust4. He was also an honorary trustee of the Univer­sity. See page 16.FACULTYC. Arnold Anderson died June 26 at the age of 83.He was professor emeritus of education and sociology.Survivors include his wife, Mary Jean Bowman, alsoprofessor emeritus at the University.Harold B. Dunkel, AB'32, PhD'37, died June 8.He was professor emeritus in the department of educa­tion. Survivors include his wife, Patty LawrenceDunkel, AM'72, CLA'72, PhD'82.Norman Maclean, PhD'40, died August 2 in hisHyde Park home. He was the William Rainey HarperProfessor Emeritus of English. During his 45-yeartenure at the University, Maclean won the Quantrellaward for excellence in undergraduate teaching threetimes. He also received wide acclaim for his autobio­graphical novella, A River Runs Through It, whichdescribed his family's life in western Montana. Thebook, published in 1976 by the University of ChicagoPress, was nominated for a Pulitzer Prize. Survivorsinclude his daughter, Jean Maclean Snyder, AB' 63,JD'79; his son; and four grandchildren.STAFFJohn Manley died in June at the age of 82. He was aresearch associate in the metallurgic laboratory at theU ofC in 1942, and the following year worked on theManhattan Project. Manley went on to become chair­man of the physics department at the University ofWashington, a Guggenheim Fellow, and research ad­viser at Los Alamos (NM) National Laboratories.Survivors include his wife, Kathleen, and twodaughters.James O'Reilly, who served as artistic director ofCourt Theatre from 1964 to 1970, died May 19. As anactor, he performed in such plays as Rat in the Skull atWisdom Bridge, Juno and the Paycock at Court, andKing Lear at the Body Politic. He also taught at Loyolaand Northern Illinois Universities for many years anddirected at the Body Politic on Lincoln Avenue dur-, ing the 1980s. Survivors include his former wife,Winifred; 14 children; a brother and a sister; and 24grandchildren.19105Colena Michael Anderson, AM' 17, died December6, 1988. She was professor emeritus at Linfield Collegein McMinnville, OR. Survivors include a son.19205Huang Yu-sheng, AM'22, died April 11. He wasvice-chairman of the eighth Tianjin (China) Commit­tee of the Chinese Political Consultative Conference,honorary chairman of the Tianjin Committee of theDemocratic Promotion Party, chairman of the Direc­tors ofTianjin Librarian Society, and honorary direc­tor of Tianjin Library.Finis G. Cooper, MD'24, died February 5. He wasan examining physician for Sears Roebuck for 20 yearsand also taught at the University of Southern Califor­nia Medical School. Cooper was the first chief of staffatSt. Francis Hospital in Huntington Park, CA. Survi­vors include a daughter, a son, three grandchildren,and three great-grandchildren.Lillian D. Robbins, SM'25, died December 21, 1989 at the age of 83. A lifetime social worker, she wasthe executive director of the Lenox Hill NeighborhoodAssociation in New York City for 20 years and was in­ducted into the Settlement Hall of Fame in 1986. Sur­vivors include a brother and a niece.Florence Wunderlich, PhB'26, died July 25. Shewas a retired teacher at Thornton Junior College, nowcalled South Suburban College. She was also activewith Recordings for the Blind. Survivors include asister.Florence Munn, SB'27, died October 6. She wasformerly a teacher in Chicago and on the ChicagoBoard of Education. Survivors include two brothers,three nephews, and a niece.Annabelle Nichol Stoner, PhB'27, died March 30.She was a junior high school math teacher in Indianafor 27 years. Survivors include her husband, James; adaughter; and two grandchildren.Benjamin Lerner, SB'28, MD'33, died June 29 atthe age of 85. With his two brothers, Lerner operatedthree medical clinics on the North, West and Southsides of Chicago until his retirement in 1980. He was amember of the Chicago Medical Association, theAmerican Medical Association.. and the AmericanAcademy of Family Practice. Survivors include hiswife, Sarah; a son; a daughter; two sisters; and twobrothers.Helen A. Redfield, SB'28, a Chicago publicschools teacher for more than 30 years, died July 6.She started the first day camp in Michigan and orga­nized the first women's Western Golf Tournament inOak Park, IL. In addition to teaching, she was also di­rector of athletics and dean of women at Schurz HighSchool. Survivors include a brother and a sister.Florence Dodge Siesman, SB'28, died April 22.Survivors include a daughter.19305VernonF. Hernlund, SB'30, SM'31, died June 29in Burbank, IL. He was the director of recreation forthe city of Chicago from 1957 to 1966. In 1934 hefounded the Chicago Water Polo Association and ayear later formed the Grant Park Recreation Associa­tion. Hernlund was also one of the founders of theBabe Ruth Baseball League. Survivors include adaughter.Jacob M. Shapiro, PhB'30, JD'32, died June 5at the age of81. He was formerly special master for theUS. Court of Appeals 7th Circuit and general counselfor the Illinois Department of Registration and Educa­tion. Survivors include a daughter and three grand­children.Betty Herlihy, SB'31, died July 18. A Hyde Parkresident, she was active in the League of WomenVoters and served as Illinois environmental chairfor ten years. Survivors include her husband, FrankHerlihy, SB' 30.Edward A. Shonka, AM'31, died May 17 of bonemarrow disease. He was ordained as a monk at St. Pro­copius Abbey in Lisle, IL, in 1929. During his years atthe monastery he helped establish a missionary prioryin China. Friar Richard also taught mathematics at Il­linois Benedictine College and was named professoremeritus there in 1987.Rebecca Smith Lee, PhD'32, died May 6attheageof 95. She was the head of the English department atTexas Christian University from 1931 to 1943. ASouthwestern literature specialist; she wrote severalbooks, one of which received an award from the TexasInstitute of Letters. Survivors include a niece and anephew.BenjaminT. Woodruff, SB'32, died November 3,451989. Survivors include his son, ChristopherWoodruff, AB'80.Herman Bloch, SB'33, PhD'36, died June 16. Heworked for Universal Oil from 1936 to 1977, whenhe retired as deputy director of research. A fellow ofthe National Academy of Sciences, Bloch was alsoone of the inventors of the catalytic converter and ofbiodegradable detergent. Survivors include his wife,Elaine Judith Kahn Bloch, AB'38; a son, AaronBloch, PhD'68; two daughters, including JanetBloch Martin, AB'66, PhD'80; and a sister, MiriamBloch Lovins, PhB'34, AM'35.ArthurY. Schulson, PhB'33, JD'34, died June 18 atthe age of 84. He was an attorney in the Chicago Loopfor many years. Survivors include his wife, Edith; a son;two daughters, including Nancy Brownell, MFA'68; asister; a niece, Jane Upin, AM'61, PhD'85, two step­sons; and ten grandchildren.JosephineKleisnerZeman, PhB'33, died July 26.She was an elementary school teacher for 44 years,retiring in 1965. Survivors include a nephew.Rita Dukette, AB'34, died June 26. She was pro­fessor emeritus at the school of social work at LoyolaUniversity. There are no immediate survivors.Mary Talbott, PhD '34, died April 16. She was pro- .fessor emeritus of entomology at Lindenwood Collegein St. Charles, MO, where she taught for 31 years. Shewas nationally known for her studies of ants and was amember of numerous professional associations. Sur­vivors include a niece and a nephew.Elizabeth Sayler Frye, AB'35,. died suddenlyApril 28 from complications following surgery. Shedid community work for many years, most recentlyfor the United Nations Association, which she beganin Palo Alto, CA, in 1972. Survivors include her hus­band, William Frye, PhD'41; a son; a daughter; andfive grandchildren.Everett Earnest Manes, AM'35, died May 19. Hewas 81. An ordained minister, Manes served at con­gregational churches throughout the Midwest. Hecompleted a book just days before his death. Survivorsinclude his wife, Charlotte; six daughters; six grand­sons; and a great-grandson.Robert L. Rice, PhB'35, died May 24 in Hudson,OH. Survivors include his wife, Isabelle KennedyRice, PhB'35.Mary Zygmanski Carter, AM'36, died April 12of breast cancer. She taught at boththe high school andcollege levels for many years. Her husband, WilliamP. Carter, AM'26, PhD'37, died in 1978. Survivorsinclude a son, a daughter, a brother, six grandchil­dren, and one great-grandchild.Fred Replogle, PhD'36, died July 7 attheageof91.He was a retired industrial psychologist and manage­ment consultant, and co-founder of Rohrer, Hibler &Replogle, now RHR International Co. He served aspresident of the YMCA of Metropolitan Chicago dur­ing the 1960s and was past chairman of the board of theChicago Theological Seminary. Survivors include hiswife, Georgia Miller Replogle, X'45; a son, JustinReplogle, AB'48; and a daughter.Milton Toren, AB'37, died May 1. He retired fromthe Office of Management and Budget in 1972 aftermore than 30 years of federal service. From 1972to 1977 he was on the staff of the Institute of Medi­cine at the National Academy of Sciences. Survi­vors include his wife, Betty; two daughters; and twograndchildren.HippocratesG. Apostle, X'37, died on July 18. Hewas professor emeritus of mathematics and philoso­phy at Grinnell College, translating nine works ofAristotle. Apostle earned his bachelor's and master'sdegrees at Columbia University before studying at theU ofC in 1936-37. He went on to get his Ph.D. fromHarvard University. He taught briefly at the U of C inthe ' 40s and was a member of the Committee on theLiberal Arts. Survivors include his wife, Margaret,and three stepchildren.Helen Thomson Zwissler, SB '39, died July 3 at the46 age of 72. She was active in community affairsthroughout her life. Survivors include her husband,Gordon; three sons; a daughter; three brothers; twosisters; and 12 grandchildren.19405Bernard Friedman, AM'40, died January 11. Sur­vivors include his wife, Frieda Brooks Friedman,PhB'33, AM'40, and a daughter.James Renwick Hill, AB'41, died April 26 after alengthy illness. He was a graduate of both the U of Cand the Laboratory Schools. Survivors include hiswife, Jane; two daughters; a son; and two granddaugh­ters. His brother, Knox Hill, SB'30, AM'36,PhD'54, who also survives, is professor emeritus atthe U ofC.ThomasW. Herringshaw, PhB'47, MBA'70, diedApril 13 in Chicago at the age of 64. During World WarII he served with the Marines at Guadalcanal, receiv­ing a Purple Heart for valor. He was the founder andowner of Herringshaw-Smith and City Blue BookPress, a printing and lithography company. Survivorsinclude his wife, Mary Ellen, and a daughter, Cynthia.W. Ferguson Hall, SM' 48, died of a stroke January11. He was a meteorologist for the National WeatherService, and retired as assistant director of its office ofplans and projects in 1973. He was also an inventor anda member of the American Meteorological Society.Survivors include his wife, Geraldine; a son, Craig;and a grandchild.Bernhard Hormann, PhD' 49, died February 11 ofcomplications from polio, which struck him in 1955.Despite being confined to a wheelchair, Hormanncontinued to teach sociology at the University of Ha­waii until his retirement in 1972. His wife, AstridBreasted Hormann, AB'38, died in 1985. Survivorsinclude three daughters, two sons, a brother, eightgrandchildren, and a great-grandchild.19505Gerben R. Houtman, AB'52, died March 19.With his wife he owned and operated severalbusinesses in the Albuquerque, NM, area. Survivorsinclude his wife, Marjorie; his father; his three sons, and two granddaughters.Rachel L. Smith, AM'53, died April 20 in Mon­tana. She is survived by two nieces and two nephews.St. Clair Drake, PhD'54,diedJune 14 in Palo Alto,CA. He was professor emeritus at Stanford Universi­ty. Co-author of Black Metropolis, a study of black lifein Chicago, and noted for his work in Afro-Americanstudies, Drake was also a founder of the American So­ciety for African Culture and of the American NegroLeadership Conference on Africa. He is survived byhis wife, a daughter, and a son.William Stevens, AM'54, PhD'71, died July 23.He was a professor of philosophy and criminal justiceat Wright Junior College and other city colleges. Hewas also formerly vice-chancellor of personnel and la­bor relations for the city colleges. Survivors includetwo daughters.19605Louis H. Sprung, MBA'63, died May 13 of cancer.He worked as a manufacturing consultant for SiemansEnergy in Raleigh, NC. Survivors include his wife,Maxine; a daughter; a son; and a brother.Notice of Death Beceived:John Harrison, PhB'26, January.Nora M. Carroll, PhB'27, May.Erna Schroeder Hallock, PhB'29, April.Charlotte Zimmerschied, X'33, April.Joseph Ludwig, MD'36,January, 1988.Lyle Bachman, SB'38, MD'41, December, 1989.Wilfrid Foster" PhD'40, December, 1988.ElierM. Segal, AB'41, May.SaraD. Boddinghouse, AM'42, May.Blanche J. Lee, AM'45, November, 1989.Bernice Charlotte Lebowitz Bernstein, AB'47,November, 1989.Robert W. Seaton, PhB'47, June.Helen Elizabeth Clifford Terry, PhB'48, July.ErnestD. Nielsen, PhD'51, March.Sheldon D. Murphy, PhD'58, May.Marcia Weber Jacobs, MBA'76, May.Ronald Len George, AM'78, February.Mary Hanes Messer, MBA' 81.BOOKS by AlumniABTS a LETTEBSLeeLourdeaux,AM'75, PhD'79,ItalianandIrishFilmmakers in America (Temple University Press).The author traces the impact of these cultures on fourmajor American directors and their works, especiallyfocusing on the influence of American Catholicism.Wendelin A. Guentner, PhD' 82, Stendhal et sonlecteur: Essai sur les "Promenades dans Rome"(Gunter Narr). This study analyzes the role of thereader in a travel narrative by French author Stendhal,and attempts to create a poetics of reading.BIOGBAPHYElmer Gertz, PhB'28, JD'30, To Life: The Story ofa Chicago Lawyer (Southern Illinois UniversityPress). In his autobiography, Elmer Gertz traces hislife from childhood through his 60 years as a lawyerwho won many precedent -setting cases. In this newestedition, the author includes an afterword which coversthe 15 years since the book was originally published.CBITICISMJanet R. Heller, PhD'87, Coleridge, Lamb,Hazlitt, and the Reader of Drama (University of Mis- souri Press). Heller argues that the British romantics'disapproval of the staging of Shakespearean tragedy isrooted in an established and intellectually justifiabletradition in Western drama criticism.Kenneth R. Johnston, AM'61, Gilbert Chaitin,Karen Hanson, and Herbert Marks, editors, RomanticRevolutions: Criticism and Theory (Indiana Universi­ty Press). A collection of essays on English and Amer­ican Romantic literature.Benjamin Lease, AM'43, PhD'48, Emily Dickin­son's Readings of Men and Books: Sacred Soundings(St. Martin's Press). The author explores the reality ofthe stereotypes of reclusiveness that have influencedunderstanding of the poet and her writings.R. Rawdon Wilson, AB'56, AM'58, In Pala­medes' Shadow: Explorations in Play, Game, andNarrative Theory (Northeastern University Press).The author addresses the relation of play and games toliterature, particularly in the writings of Derrida,Bakhtin, Gadamer, and Bernard Suits.EDUCATIONMargaret D. Morgan LeCompte, AM'69,PhD'74, and Kathleen Bennett, How Schools Work:A Sociological Analysis of American Education(Longmans, Inc.) A sociology of education textbook.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990Rena Soifer, Barbara Crumrine, Emo Honzaki,AB'68, Martha Irwin, Blair Simmons, and DeborahYoung, The Complete Theory-to-Practice Handbookof Adult Literacy (Teachers College Press). The au­thors suggest guidelines for curriculum design andteaching strategies for adult education programs.FICTION a POETRYMarty Campbell, SB'68, Companion to Senya(MarCrafs, Frederiksted, VI). This book contains thewritten text of the Caribbean oral poet SenyaDarklight as well as the author's own works and 17other remembrances of Darklight.Henry W. Hocherman, AB'75, The Gilgul (Pinna­cleBooks).Roberta Reeder, AB'63, editor, The CompletePoems of Anna Akhmatova (Zephyr Press). A biogra­phy of Akhmatova, a Russian poet, is included in thisbilingual edition of her works. The poems are transla­ted by Judith Hemschemeyer.Paul Roesch, AB'38, and Ethel Roesch, Ashana(Random House). Based on a true story, this novel tellsthe tale of Ashana, an 18th-century Alaskan womankidnapped by a Russian fur trader. Throughout hercaptivity she struggles to survive and to protect thecustoms of her people.Charles S. Ross, AM'n, PhD'76, translator,Orlando Innamorato (University of California Press).Ross presents the first complete English translation ofthis 15th-century Italian romance epic, which tells thestory of Orlando's pursuit of Angelica through a fan­tastic world.HISTORY/CURRENT EVENTSLaila Abou-Saif, AM'63, Middle East Journal: AWomans Journey into the Heart of the Arab World(Charles Scribner's Sons). This autobiographicalbook weaves interviews with prominent Arabs, in­cluding Yassir Arafat, with the author's own reflec­tions on her return from America to her native land.James A. Boon, AM'69, PhD'73, Affinities andExtremes: Crisscrossing the Bittersweet Ethnology ofEast Indies History, Hindu-Balinese Culture, andIndo-European Allure (University of Chicago Press).The author applies theories of reading, rhetoric, andrepresentation to myths of gender difference, struc­tures of marriage and incest, and courtly narratives.Frans Coetzee, AM'79, PhD'83, For Party orCountry: Nationalism and the Dilemmas of PopularConservatism in Edwardian England (Oxford Univer­sity Press). The author explores the impact of pressuregroup politics on the Conservative Party before WorldWar!.Marilyn Shevin Coetzee, AM'78, PhD'83, TheGerman Army League: Popular Nationalism inWilhelmine Germany (Oxford University Press). Thisbook examines the significance of the ultra­nationalism and militarism that propelled Germanyinto the First World War.L. J. Rather, SM'36, Reading Wagner: A Study inthe History of Ideas (Louisiana State UniversityPress).Yue-Man Yeung, PhD'n, Changing Cities ofPacific Asia: A Scholarly Interpretation (ChineseUniversity Press). This book addresses the many di­mensions of urban growth in Pacific Asia and exam­ines some of its consequences and implications.MEDICINE a HEALTHAdrienne Richard, AB' 43, and Joel Reiter, M. D.,Epilepsy: A New Approach (Prentice Hall Press).Richard, who is epileptic, and neurological specialistReiter collaborate on this self-help book for seizuresufferers. The authors present current information ondiagnosis and treatment, and outline a therapeuticprogram as an alternative to medication. Our fragile planetPOLITICAL SCIENCE a LAWPaul Franco, PhD'87, The Political Philosophy ofMichael Oakeshott (Yale University Press). The the­ories of Michael Oakeshott, 20th-century British po­litical philosopher, are discussed. The author exam­ines Oakeshott's political philosophy in relation tohistorical political philosophy and to contemporarypolitical theory.Barbara M. Yarnold, AB' 81, Formation andFailed Implementation of US. Political Asylum Poli­cy in the 1980s (University Press of America). Thisbook examines factors that influence how Congressforms and implements U.S. asylum policy. The authorattempts to isolate biases in decision-making and con­nects the Sanctuary Movement to those biases.RELIGION .. PHILOSOPHYCatherine L. Albanese, AM'70, PhD'n, NatureReligion in America: From the Algonkian Indians tothe New Age (University of Chicago Press). The au­thor explores the multiple histories of American na­ture religion and examines varying American percep­tions of the natural world.Marvin Fox, PhD'50, Interpreting Maimonides:Studies in Methodology, Metaphysics, and Moral Phi­losophy (University of Chicago Press). Fox offers ageneral approach to reading the works of 12th-centuryphilospoher Maimonides and reconsiders certainmodem interpretations, specifically those of LeoStrauss.Leila Galbraith, AB'29, Illuminations on the Syn­optic Gospels (CSS Publishing, Lima, OH). This an­thology contains quotations and passages from theolo­gians regarding the Gospels of Matthew, Mark, andLuke.Henry Idema III, PhD' 87, Freud, Religion, andthe Roaring Twenties (Rowman and Littlefield, Sav­age, MD). The author develops a psychoanalytic theo­ry of secularization and applies it to the writings ofSherwood Anderson, Ernest Hemingway, and F. ScottFitzgerald.Philip Rieff, AB'46, AM'47, PhD'54, The FeelingIntellect (University of Chicago Press). This is a col­lection of the writings of University of Pennsylvaniaprofessor Rieff. The subjects of his essays range frompsychoanalysis to religion and sociology. SCIENCE .. TECHNOLOCYSamuel E. Rhoads and Michael V. Gearen,AM'74, . Disciplined Programming Using Pascal(William C. Brown Publishers). This computer sci­ence textbook is designed for use at the college level inintroductory courses and at the high school level inAdvanced Placement courses.LouiseB. Young, SM'80, Sowing the Wind: Reflec­tions on the Earth s Atmosphere (Prentice Hall). Theauthor discusses for the lay reader three major threatsto the atmosphere: global warming, acid rain, and thedepletion of the ozone layer.SOCIAL SCIENCESHoward S. Becker, PhB'46, AM' 49, PhD'51, andMichal McCall, editors, Symbolic Interaction andCultural Studies (University of Chicago Press). A col­lection of essays, this work explores the vanishing bor­der between the disciplines of social science and thehumanities. Issues discussed include the nature ofknowledge, the self and subjectivity, and language.Laura T. Fishman, AM'66, Women at the Wall: AStudy of Prisoners' Wives Doing Time on the Outside(State University of New York Press). This book is anethnographic study of how the arrest, trial, imprison­ment, and release of male criminals affects their fami­lies, especially their wives.Gerald Goodman, PhD'62, and Glenn Esterly,The Talk Book: The Intimate Science of Communi-.eating in Close Relationships (Ballantine Books).This self-help book is designed to teach readers howto communicate with loved ones and professionalcolleagues. .Peter Henriot, PhD'67, Opting for the Poor: TheTaskfor North Americans (The Center of Concern).The author draws on personal experience to discussthe nature of poverty and offers suggestions forinvolvement.Charles P. Henry, AM'71, PhD'74, Culture andAfrican American Politics (Indiana University Press).This analysis of black politics and culture demon­strates the interaction of religious and secular valuesand examines the link between political ideology andtraditional folk beliefs.Robin M.· Hogarth, PhD'n, editor, Insight inDecision Making: A Tribute to Hillel J. Einhorn (Uni­versity of Chicago Press). This is a collection of studiesbased on material presented at a conference in honor ofEinhorn, a pioneer in behavioral decision research. Itcovers such topics as difficulties in statistical thinkingand examinations of processes of judgment. Hogarth isa professor in the Graduate School of Business.WOMEN'S STUDIESLynn D. Gordon, AM'74, PhD'80, Gender andHigher Education in the Progressive Era (Yale Univer­sity Press). The author uses college yearbooks, literarymagazines, and underground newspapers to examinethe thoughts and feelings of female students in collegebetween 1890 and 1920. Gordon discusses the campusactivities in which these women were involved and com­pares women's colleges to coeducational institutions.Chapter three focuses on the U of C.Roberta Pollack Seid, AB'68, Never Too Thin:Why JJ.bmen Are at War with Their Bodies (PrenticeHall Press). The author traces the changes in stand­ards of beauty since the 18th century and attempts toshow that in the decades after 1950 the emphasis onthinness has intensified. She argues that feminist ide­ology adds to the pressure of being thin.For inclusion in "Books by Alumni," pleasesend the name of the book, its author, its pub­lisher, and a short synopsis to the Books Editor,University of Chicago Magazine, 5757 SouthWoodlawn Ave., Chicago, IL 60637.47Bells, bells,bells, bells,bells IN THE AUTUMN OF 1928, JOHN D.Rockefeller, Jr., offered to outfit the Uni­versity's new Chapel-given in memoryof his mother, Laura Spelman Rockefel­ler-with another memorial to his mother, acarillon.At its November 8th meeting, the Universi­ty's board of trustees accepted the offer. Byyear's end, Rockefeller, who had made a simi­lar gift to New York City's Riverside Church,had pledged to pay up to $280,000 for thebells and their accessories, installation, andSevenly-Iwo of Ihe ... Theyweigh 537,000 pounds,cosl 5248,877.86 (tarUfsnol included). And afternearly six decades, theyslUI have appeal.48 import taxes.On March 1, 1929, the University enteredinto a contract with the same English bellfoundry that had supplied the RiversideChurch. According to the trustees' minutes,the Chapel's 72-bell carillon was to be "com­pleted and installed ready for operation with­in eighteen months." Thirty-nine months later, the trustees' min­utes of July 14, 1932 noted that the bells hadbeen completed and "shipment is in pro­cess," adding, "It is not expected that thecarillon will be in operation prior to Decem­ber 1,1932."Things were beginning to swing into action.On July 27, the bells steamed into New Yorkaboard the S. S. American Trader. A picture ofthe biggest, or bourdon, bell made the dailynewspapers, billed as "the second largest bellin the world." The carillon itself would alsorank No.2 in the world-its counterpart in theRiverside Church was No.1.In Chicago, the task of hoisting the bells totheir posts in the Chapel Tower (the three larg­est in a lower chamber, 11 intermediate bellsin the central chamber, and the 58 smallerbells on racks above) caught the fancy of thou­sands of sidewalk superintendents. Installa­tion went smoothly, so smoothly that the bellswere in place and ready for a dedicatory recit­al on Thanksgiving Day.Fifty thousand people turned out-all fourdrives of the Midway were jammed with carsfor nearly a mile-to hear Kamiel Lefevers,carillonneur at the Riverside Church, inaugu­rate the new instrument. (The best listening,reported the Magazine, was about one blockfrom the Chapel.)Lefevere's first song was a 17th-centuryGerman choral, "Now Thank We All OurGod." Next came what the music critic of theChicago Herald and Examiner describedas "a rare piece of Handelian counterpoint,� a lyric prayer from the opera-oratorio� 'Rinaldo' that often graces the programs of� recital or symphony. "], Two crowd-pleasers followed: the Scottish,� � folksong ''Annie Laurie," and a Welsh.� folksong, "The Missing Boat." The recital.� closed with "an ancient hymn of the Nether­� lands" -an appropriate choice for an instru­ment with origins in the Low Countries ofHolland and Belgium.Lefevere returned to New York City, and thesearch for a University carillonneur began,ending close to home when Frederick Mar­riott, one of the chancel organists, moved intothe tower. Marriott grew to love the unusualinstrument, taking several leaves of absenceto perfect his skills with masters in Belgiumand France.The switch from organ to carillon, as oneobserver noted, isn't easy: "Perhaps the onlysimilarity between the two instruments is thatboth are played with hands and feet." Playingthe carillon is also physically demanding.Tremendous force is needed to strike the cla­vier's keys and pedals (there's such a thing ascarillonneur's callous, built up along the ridgeof the little finger). Then there's the climb tothe room in the Chapel tower which housesthe clavier-220 steps.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/OCTOBER 1990THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOOFFICE OF CONTINUING EDUCATIONFALL 1990PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL STUDY OPPORTUNITIESTHE RETURNING SCHOLAR &.. GRADUATE STUDENT-AT-LARGE PROGRAMSCan you read this? AE = C + I + G + (X-M)Or analyze this? This is where the serpent lives, the bodiless./Ris head is air. Beneath his tip atnight /Eyes open and fix on us in every sky.Or interpret this? "Ceci n'est pas une pipe."Join us again and open all those books you couldn't get to the last time you were here. Alumni and otherscan take courses (credit or non-credit) at reduced tuition through either the Graduate Student-at-Large orReturning Scholar program. Choose from more than 700 courses the University offers regularly everyquarter. To receive a detailed brochure and application, ca1l312/702-1 726. Come back to Chicago and giveyourself the luxury of time to think.THE PUBLISHING PROGRAMWhether you are employed in publishing, corporate communications, or public relations, or simply wishto investigate the possibilities of desktop publishing, the Publishing Program offers an excellent way toincrease your know ledge.With the guidance of the professional staff at the University of Chicago Press, the Publishing Program hasdeveloped a comprehensive series of non-credit courses directed at both beginning and experiencedpublishing employees. A two-year certificate program offers newcomers six quarter-long courses thatexplain the publishing process in its entirety, from manuscript selection and editing through design andproduction. Additional quarter-long courses and short one- and two-day seminars keep publishingprofessionals abreast of technological and managerial developments in the field.Classes are offered in the evenings and on weekends, both downtown and on the campus. To receive abrochure that describes class offerings for 1990-91, please call 312/702-1724 weekdays between 9 a.m.and 5 p.m.THE BASIC PROGRAMCertain books in the Western intellectual tradition are regularly referred to as masterworks, classics, orsimply "the great books." Whatever one chooses to call them, these books have had an enduring impacton Western culture, influencing the development of art, religion, government, science, and philosophy.These books speak with particular power to the adult reader whose own life experience informs andshapes questions about justice, friendship, loyalty, mortality, and truth.For over forty years, the University of Chicago's Basic Program has offered the serious adult student anopportunity to join with others in the close study of these masterworks. This non-credit, certificateprogram offers weekly classes at convenient times and locations. Among the books that new BasicProgram students will be reading this fall are: Sophocles' Antigone, Plato's Apology, Hawthorne's TheScarlet Letter, and Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment. If you want to return to the II great books," call312/702-1722 for a brochure on the Basic Program.5835 Kimbark, Room 207, Chicago, Illinois 60637. Telephone: 312/702-0539 Telefax: 312/702-6814SINCE 1906 the University ofC icago Press has had the final word on style.That tradition continues ...• Students and professio • Critics and copywriters• Economists and itors • Literati and lawyers• Medievali s and middle managersTYLE is for every e who needs to write well. It is a masterteacher's tested progra for turning rough drafts and clumsy proseinto clear, powerful, and effective writing.A linguist and much-sought-aftercommunications consultant aswell as a professor of English atthe University of Chicago, JosephM. Williams has helped thousandsof students and professionals learnthe craft of good writing. In hisunique and easy-to-use book, hedemonstrates that effective styledoesn't come from memorizingsimplistic rules or endless lists ofdo's and don't's. Rather than sim­ply advise writers to "be clear" or"nmi words," Williams• how to be concise• how to be focused• how to be organizedHe moves step' by step from thebasics of clear, coherent, well­constructed sentences to strategiesfor organizing paragraphs thatcommunicate exactly what they'resupposed to.� By learning the simple but power­ful principles Williams lays out,you can improve all your prose­from brief memorandums to lengthyreports, proposals, or articles. Chicago Guides to Writing,Editing, and Publishing1990 xviii, 206 pagesCloth ISBN: 0-226-88914-4$17.95A textbook edition ofSTYLE, with exercises,is available fromScott, Foresman andCompany PRAISEfor Williams'expert system:"The best book there is foradvanced writers ... It contains agood deal of advice. Take it."Donald C. Freeman,Continuing Legal Education Reporter"An excellent book. Everyoneconcerned with good writing canprofi t from it."Donald SkarzenskiJournal of Business CommunicationAnd of course ...The Chicago Manual of Style13TH EDITION,revised and expanded"Perhaps the definitive writingreference work, revered by scholars,universities, publishers, andeditors."Blooms bury Review1982 x, 740 pagesCloth ISBN: 0-226-10390-0 $37.50----------------------------D . Check or money order enclosedo JG.h�r�n;y. D· VISA or D MasterCard\Credit Card #_��------------Exp. Date _'�.;_'\'__ Phone no. (__j. ___ copies of STYLE -889,14-4 $17.95 cloth__ copies of THE CHICAGO MANUAL OF STYLE-10390-0 $37.50 cloth__ TOTALORDERSales tax---(IL addresses, 7%,Chicago addresses, 8%)___ Shipping & handling(Add $1.75 for first book; $.50 for each additional Signature._· -'-- _(Please pript)Name._,\ Address_City/State/Zip _ ____,;..�� � __"��' \:" .. \"\..... _" _�-,. ... 'T'- ..........,,..',.. . �":""':� "i�MAIL TO: Dept. RPRUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS5801 South Ellis Avenue Chicago, IL 6 37 ..."FAX: 312-702-9756 (Coupon need not acco pany order) l:'____TOTAL PAYMENT� ..... 'f'_ "''''. '.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERobie House, 5757 S. WoodlawnChicago, u, 60637ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED