l'he University ofCHICAGOMagazine /Spring 1985Ga flftd Cafc/z-— a Mailing StarmWËmmJ^ËBSEDITOR'SNOTESFor those readers whose closest contactwith a computer is still limited to havingwatched HAL (the malevolent computer inthe film, Space Odyssey: 2001) on a moviescreen, herewith a glossary of computerterms to help you wend your way throughour feature on computers.Applications Software Software programsdesigned to perform spécifie tasks, such asbusiness programs, educational programs,programs for the home, or games.Artificial intelligence (AI) A branch ofcomputer science that attempts to developcomputers capable of carrying out func-tions normally associated with humanintelligence such as learning, reasoning,self-correction, and adaptation.ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange, a code System thatconverts letters and symbols into numbersfor the computer to understand.BASIC Beginner's All-Purpose SymbolicInstruction Code. The computer languageused by most microcomputers.Baud A measure of the speed of transmission of digital data. Approximately equal tobits per second but actually the rate ofchange of the state of the transmission lineper second. You will want to know at whatbaud a computer can send information viatéléphone Unes, using'a modem. The mostcommonly used rates are 300 baud and 1200baud.Binary The number System based on only0 and 1. Most computers do their calcula-tions in binary.Bit Abbreviation for binary digit. A bit— 0or 1— is the smallest unit of information acomputer can recognize.Boot To load the operating System of acomputer into the memory. To start thecomputer up.Bug An error or fault in a computerprogram.Byte Eight bits (usually) combined to rep-resent a character or symbol.CAI Computer-assisted instruction. Aneducational software program in which thecomputer instructs the student in a learning task or guides him or her through it.Cathode-ray tube (CRT) The monitor orvideo display terminal on which you canoutput letters, numbers, or graphiescreated on a computer. It looks like a télévision screen, which is essentially what it is,except that images are shown in much f inerresolution than on a regular TV.Central processing unit (CPU) The CPU,which is the main component of a computer,is a chip that perf orms ail of the fundamentalIogical and numerical calculations.Chip A small pièce of semiconductor ma-terial (silicon) with electronic circuitsetched photographically on it. It is used tocarry out functions in a number of devices,including auto ignitions, digital watches,and computers. Computer A binary digit-based electronicSystem for processing information. In acomputer, a CPU is connected to anaddressable memory, which enables theuser to input, retrieve, and output information through dedicated input and outputSystems.Computer literacy The ability of a personto interact with ease with a computer. Theterm ususally indicates that a person canprogram on a computer, as well as oper-ate one.Connect time The time a user is actuallylogged on to a mainframe computer.Crash A term used to indicate that acomputer has stopped working, suddenlyor unexpectedly.Cursor The blinking light on a computerscreen that acts as a pointer or attention-getting device.Database (or Databank) A collection ofrelated data stored on a computer. The termusually refers to very large collections ofdata kept in files on the computer, but adatabase can, in fact, be any size. Think of itas a file of information, except that it isstored electronically instead of on paper infile cabinets.Debug To remove mistakes from a computer or software program.Disk drive An electromechanical devicethat stores information on a disk orretrieves it from a disk.Disk or diskette A device for storing ma-terial produced on a computer. The diskette is usually a f lat Mylar disk coated withiron oxide; it is also called a floppy disk.Down This describes a computer or System which is not currently operational.Fat Mac A Macintosh computer whichcontains 512K (or 512 kilobytes of memoryspace.) The regular, or Slim Mac, contains128Kof memory.File This is computerese for what youstore on a computer. It usually refers to aset of materials or records that are relatedand stored on a disk or in a single unit.Floppy A flexible disk or diskette. Usedto store data for microcomputers and freestanding word processors.Hard copy Computer output printed onpaper.Hardware The collection of physicalmachinery that makes up a computer System. Parts of a computer.National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in HOUSTON. SAVE THE DATE!IBX The name of the campus phone System. It can handle both voice and datacommunications.Input To enter information on the computer. The term also refers to the information placed in the computer.Kilobyte (K) When used in référence to acomputer, it signifies a measure of computer memory that stands for 1024 bytes. Language A set of rules ai ; . aventionsused to convey information on a computer.Laser printer A printer which uses lasertechnology to produce high-quality hard-copy at much greater speeds than otherprinters.Machine language A computer program-ming language that opérâtes at the level ofbinary numbers.Mainframe Refers to a large computer,specif ically the CPU and the main memory.Memory size The number of memory boxes in the computer, usually measured inunits of 1024 bytes called 1K, for Kilobyte.Menu In order to run a software program on a computer you must give certaininstructions to the computer. The menu isthe list of instructions from which youchoose what function or opération youwish the computer to perform.Microcomputer Small computers whichcan fit on a desk or table. Also called Personal computers.Minicomputer A medium-sized computer, usually about the size of an ordinaryrefrigerator. Larger than a microcomputer.Modem Short for MOdulator/DEModula-tor, a device that permits computers tocommunicate via téléphone lines.Online Refers to a device or médiumdirectly accessible by a computer System."Online" documentation, for example, canbe read at your terminal.Program To operate a computer, youmust tell it what to do. One way is to write aprogram which gives the computer the nec-essary instructions. To program, you use acomputer language. However, you don'thâve to know how to program in order touse a computer. There are literally hun-dreds of software programs which you canpurchase or acquire, which will enable youto give the computer instructions in termsyou can understand.Random access memory (RAM) The read-write memory available for use in a computer. The computer uses random accessmemory to deposit or retrieve informationinstantly at any memory address.Read The act of taking data from a storagedevice, such as a diskette, and placing it inthe computer's memory.Recovery In some software programs,when a disk has crashed, there is a way torecover the lost data. The program will givethe user instructions, on the screen, on howto run a recovery.Read only memory (ROM) Permanentcomputer memory that can be randomlyread but not written into. The contents ofthis memory are placed in the computerduring its manufacture.Save A command that tells the computerto store data on a secondary storage device,such as a diskette.Software The programs that tell the computer what to do.Terminal A device which allows you tocommunicate with the System.Word processing A software program thatenables you to write, edit, delete, insert, andotherwise move text around on the computerscreen and to store it or print it out. SEditorFelicia Antonelli Holton, AB'50DesignerDiane HutchinsonThe University of Chicago Office ofAlumni AffairsRobie House5757 South Woodlawn AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637Téléphone: (312) 753-2175Président, The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationMichaelKlowden, AB'67Executive Directorof University Alumni AffairsCarol lenkins Linné, AB'66Associate Directorof University Alumni AffairsRuth HalloranNational Program DirectorBette ArnettChicago Area Program DirectorMark Reinecke, AM'81Director, Alumni Schools CommitteeJ.Robert Bail, Jr., X'70The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationExecutive Committee, the CabinetMichael Klowden, AB'67Edward J. Anderson, PhB'46, SM'49Robert O. Anderson, AB'39Patricia C. Cassimatis, AB'67, MAT'69Peter A. Goodsell, AB'71Mary Lou Gorno, MBA'76William B. Graham, SB'32, JD'36Patricia Rosenzweig, AB'61Barbara Wagonfeld, AB'58Clyde Watkins, AB'67Faculty/Alumni Advisory Committeeto the University of Chicago MagazineEdward W. Rosenheim, AB'39AM'47 PhD'53, ChairmanDavid B. and Clara E. SternProfessor, Department of Englishand the CollègeWalterJ. Blum, AB'39, JD'41Wilson-Dickinson Professor,theLaw SchoolGreta Wiley Flory, PhB'48Cari Lavin, AB'79John A. SimpsonArthur Holly Compton DistinguishedService Professor, Department ofPhysics and the CollègeLorna P. Straus, SM'60, PhD'62Associate Professor, Department ofAnatomy and the CollègeLinda Thoren, AB'64, JD'67The University of Chicago Magazine ispubiished by the University of Chicagoin coopération with the AlumniAssociation. Pubiished continuouslysince 1907. Editorial Office: RobieHouse, 5757 Woodlawn Avenue,Chicago, Illinois 60637. Téléphone (312)753-2323. Copyright©1985 by theUniversity of Chicago. Pubiished fourtimes a year, Autumn, Winter, Spring,Summer. The Magazine is sent to ailUniversity of Chicago alumni. Pleaseallow four weeks for change of address.Second class postage paid at Chicago,Illinois, and at additional mailing offices. The University ofCHICAGOMagazine /Spring 1985Volume 77, Number 3 (ISSN-9508)IN THIS ISSUEFaster Than RabbitsBy Felicia Antonelli HoltonThe use of computers by students, faculty, and staffis increasing at a rapid rate.Page 6From Collège ClassroomTo First Job — With PanacheCan you make it in the business world armed onlywith a B.A.? Seven récent graduâtes talk abouttheir expériences.Page 22"To Care Without Judging"By Davidson LoehrSeventeen years later, a Vietnam War vétéran looksback, and talks about his feelings, then and now.Page 28PageM^- ~S<4 DEPARTMENTSChicago JournalThe President's PageClass NewsDeathsBooks 234354546Page 28Cover: The figure on the computer screen is a mathematicalreprésentation of a collapsingstar. It was created by DavidArnett, professor in thedepartments of astronomy andastrophysics and physics, theEnrico Fermi Institute, and theCollège. The lines represent thepaths that a chosen bit of matterwould follow. The earlier times in the star's collapse start at theleft. The sharp kinks in the lineson the screen represent theformation of shock waves whicheject the outer portion of the star,leaving the inner parts to form aneutron star. The séparationbetween thèse two régions isshown by the widening spaceat the right of the figure. Formore information, see Page 20.(Photo by James Ballard)Typesetting by Skripps & Associates, Chicago.CHICAGO JOURNALNANCY STEVENSONELECTEDTOBOARDNancy Anderson Stevenson hasbeen elected to the University's Boardof Trustées.Stevenson, a native of Louisville,KY, is a graduate of Smith Collège. Sheis chairman of the Illinois HumanitiesCouncil, the state-based aff iliate of theNational Endowment for the Humanities. She has been a member of theCouncil since 1980. She also serves as amember of Know Your Chicago, and ofthe advisory committee of the Land-mark Préservation Council of Illinois.Stevenson is the wife of formerU.S. Senator Adlai Stevenson. Shehas been an active and articulate cam-paigner for her husband and for theEqual Rights Amendment.Stevenson has long been involvedin civic, cultural, and educationalactivities. Before moving to Washington, DC, in 1970, when her husbandbecame senator from Illinois, sheserved as a member of the Women'sBoards of Northwestern University,the Field Muséum, and the ChicagoUrban League. She was a member ofthe Joint Youth Development Committee, the advisory board to ProjectHeadstart, and a member of the Illinois Board for the 1970 White HouseConférence on Children.Stevenson has been a member ofthe University's Women's Board since1965 and was appointed to the VisitingCommittee to the Humanities in 1984.She and her husband hâve been sus-taining members of the University'sOriental Institute for many years.GRANT SUPPORTSCOMPUTER SCIENCEAT&T has pledged a $250,000 grantto support two visiting professorshipsin computer science at the Universityduring the next three years. The AT&TVisiting Professors for 1984-85 areLaszlo Babai of Eotvos Univerisityin Budapest, Hungary, and ArjenLenstra of the University of Amsterdam. "We are pleased to hâve Laszlo Nancy Anderson StevensonBabai and Arjen Lenstra as our AT&TFellows this year. Both hâve alreadymade fundamental breakthroughs intheoretical computer science and thetheory of algorithms," said RobertSoare, chairman and professor ofcomputer science. Babai has devisednew algorithms to be used on alge-braic and combinatorial structures.Lenstra has helped to develop a fastermethod for determining whether verylarge numbers are prime.The AT&T Foundation, a philanthropie branch of AT&T and its subsi-diaries, supports higher éducation,health care, social action, and the arts."This generous gif t from the AT&TFoundation recognizes the signif i-cance of visits by distinguished schol-ars in the field to the development ofour program in computer science,"said Président Hanna Gray. "We aredeeply appréciative."National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in PORTLAND. SAVE THE DATE! COLLEGE TUITIONTOINCREASE 9.2 PERCENTThe "termbill" of tuition, fées,and room and board for a freshmanentering the University of ChicagoCollège next fall will be $14,251, andthe cost for an upperclassman will be$14,761, an increase of 9.2 and 9.1 percent respectively. Undergraduatetuition will increase $930 to $9,600.Tuition for graduate students inthe arts and sciences will be $10,050and in the six professional schools andCommittee on Public Policy will rangefrom $9,350 for the School of SocialService Administration and GraduateLibrary School to $14,395 for third andfourth year médical students. (Seeaccompanying table.)The University also announced a$4.9 million increase in student f inan-cial aid for next year, preserving itscommitment to admitting qualif iedundergraduates on a need-blind basisand signif icantly augmenting theallocation of University funds to graduate student support.Total student f inancial aid from theUniversity will be $21.5 million in 1985-86, compared with $16.6 million thisyear, and $9.3 million f ive years ago.Thèse amounts include restrictedfunds designated for spécifie scholar-ship purposes.In addition, a new Century program for graduate students was estab-lished to provide 75 four-year fellow-ships of full tuition and stipends, anda similar number of four-year tuitionscholarships and merit prizes. Theprogram is named for the University'scentennial, which will take place in1991-92.Nearly half of ail students at Chicago receive some scholarship or fel-lowship aid from the University itself.When external sources of aid are con-sidered, including those from the stateand fédéral governments and founda-tions, the proportion of ail Chicagostudents receiving aid increases tosixty-seven percent; undergraduates,to seventy percent; for graduate students in the arts and sciences, to2 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985eighty-seven percent; and for profes-sional school students, to forty-sixpercent."The University of Chicago is en-joying a period of growing strength—of great vitality, fresh accomplish-ment, and increased scholarly oppor-tunity," said Hanna H. Gray, président. "But the real cost of éducationhas risen steadily and tuition mustcontinue to support its share of thatincrease."While undergraduate and graduate tuition levels remain lower thanthose at most of our sister institutionswith similar educational profiles, it isnecessary to raise them to préserveand strengthen the quality of our educational program. Thèse increases takeinto account the undeniable fact thatthe costs of operating a research institution are advancing at a rate fasterthan that of the Consumer Price Index."University budgets hâve grown ata rate higher than the rate of inflationlargely because of costs associated withfaculty salaries, student aid, libraryacquisitions, utilities, and renovatedand new space. We hâve consideredour priorities carefully. Thèse hâve todo overwhelmingly with faculty salaries, student aid, and f irst-rate facili-ties for research and teaching."We must strive to ensure that noqualif ied student is refused admission for f inancial reasons and that admittedstudents will hâve the funds necessaryto complète their work hère."UNIVERSITY RECEIVES$2 MILLION IN GRANTSThe University received almost$2 million in f ive foundation grants,including $900,000 from the John D.and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation for the new John Crerar Library.The MacArthur Foundation grantwas made in response to a challengegrant made in 1984 by the KresgeFoundation which has brought a total of $12 million in support for thelibrary.Another MacArthur grant of$300,000, to be spent at a rate of$100,000 a year, is for a program ofcollaboration among scholars fromdifférent f ields on problems of international security. A committee chairedby Ralph Nicholas, AM'58, PhD'62,deputy provost and professor in thedepartment of anthropology and theCollège, will be set up to oversee de-velopment of plans for the program."The range of disciplines and interestsrepresented on the committee is agood expression of the interdiscipli-nary approach we will take towardinternational security issues," saidNicholas.1985- -86 TuitionArea 1984-85 1985-86The Collège $8,670 $9,600Graduate Divisions $9,060 $10,050Graduate Library School $8,700 $9,390School of Social Service $8,700 $9,390AdministrationCommittee on $8,850 $9,570Public Policy StudiesDivinity School* $8,850 $9,825Law School $10,200 $10,920Graduate School of Business** $10,450 $11,400Pritzker School of Medicine***lst- and 2d-year students $9,975 $11,0703d- and 4th-year students $13,035 $14,395"Tuition for M.Div. degree is $7,500 per year ($2,500 per Quarter).**MBA candidates in the Business School take ten courses instead of the usual nine.***Third- and fourth-year Médical School students register for four Quarters. First- and second-year studentsregister for three Quarters, as do students elsewhere in the University. The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation granted $500,000 to create a Cen-ter for Clinical Médical Ethics in theMédical Center. A $50,000 grant fromthe Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundationprovided development funding for thecenter, while the Mellon Foundationgrant will fund the center's opérations.The f if th grant came again fromthe Mellon Foundation, for the Center for Latin American Studies, to bematched by $400,000 raised by theUniversity from other sources. "TheMellon grant will enable the center tocontinue its active schedule of publicforums and scholarly symposia andwill help to further broaden our rela-tionships with scholars from LatinAmerica," said Don Rice, associateprofessor in anthropology and director of the Center for Latin AmericanStudies.VISITING FELLOWSBeverly Sills and William Raspberryare the two final Visiting Fellows for1985-86. Visiting Fellows spend sev-eral days on campus, and stay at arésidence hall. They meet informallywith students and give a public lecture. Sills was appointed gêneraidirector of the New York City OpéraCompany in 1979, af ter a career asone of the world's leading operaticsopranos. While on campus, she par-ticipated in "An Af ternoon withBeverly Sills." Nationally syndicatednewspaper columnist William Raspberry will lead a similar event on April29 and 30.SHAPIROTOSTUDYAT CAMBRIDGECollège senior Douglas Shapirowill be the University's f irst participantin the new student exchange programwith Cambridge University.Shapiro, a history major who alsoexpects to complète degree require-ments in mathematics, will studyBritish history next year at Cam-bridge's Corpus Christi Collège.In addition to tuition, room andboard, and two round-trip travelallowances, the exchange programprovides for six weeks' travel inEurope, either this summer or next.Shapiro, a native of Rochester, NY,is a student marshal and a member ofthe varsity swim team. He is also anavid cyclist who biked from Calgary toSan Francisco last year and from SanFrancisco to Rochester in 1980.The Cambridge-Chicago exchangeprogram was created last year with ananonymous gif t to the two universities.SECOND PHASE OF IDANOYES WORK APPROVEDThe Board of Trustées has ap-proved the second phase of the IdaNoyés remodeling project. Construction for the second phase is scheduledto begin in mid-June and will be com-pleted in September 1986. It will cost$2.25 million.The second phase of restorationwill include the érection of a 500-seatcinéma in the gymnasium, to be namedfor the industrialist and film producer,MaxPalevsky, PhB'48, SB'48. Also, theswimming pool will be repaired and itswater treatment, lighting and ventilation Systems will be improved. Présentlocker and shower rooms will be re-placed with new facilities. An elevatorwill be installed, serving ail f loors ofthe seventy-year-old building.The initial phase of the rénovation,which was completed in 1984, in-cluded the installation of new f ireexits and doors, repairs to the roof andmasonry, and the provision of readyaccess to the building for handicappedpersons.The overall restoration and rénovation of Ida Noyés, a three-phraseopération, will cost $6 million.PRESS PUBLISHES NEW ARTINSTITUTE JOURNALThe University of Chicago Press ispublishing a new journal of The ArtInstitute of Chicago entitled The ArtInstitute of Chicago Muséum Studies.Articles for the journal, written by ArtInstitute curators, staff, and outsideauthors, cover the wide range of thepermanent collections of the muséumand are designed to bridge the gapbetween scholarly and popular arthistory. The journal appears semi-annually in the fall and spring. CHAPELTO PRESENTMYRA HESS CONCERTSThe Rockefeller Mémorial Chapelmusic program will host a spécialséries of free public concerts in Apriland May, an extension of the DameMyra Hess Mémorial Concerts whichare presented on a regular basis at theCultural Center of the Chicago PublicLibrary. The Dame Myra Hess Concerts feature internationally knownperformers.The concerts will be presented forsix Tuesday evenings, at 8:00 p. m.,beginning on April 23 and runningthrough May 28. If public response isstrong enough the concerts may bemade a permanent part of the musicalprograms offered at the Chapel, saidVictor Weber, director of ChapelMusic. For information about musicprograms call the Chapel Music Officeat (312) 962-6002.PHYSICISTWALTERMASSEYHONOREDA portrait of Dr. Walter E. Massey,vice-président of the University ofChicago for research and for ArgonneNational Laboratory, was presentedto Morehouse Collège early this year.The portrait was painted as part of theexceptional black scientists poster séries and was formally accepted by Dr.Hugh Gloster, président of Morehouse.Massey graduated from Morehouse Collège in physics and wenton to receive his master's and doctor-ate from Washington University, St.Louis, MO. He continued at Washington, doing post-doctoral research,and also at Argonne before acceptingteaching positions at the University ofIllinois and Brown University. Later hebecame dean of the Collège at BrownUniversity. While at Brown, Masseywas the originator and director of theInner City Teachers of Science program, which trained science teachersfor urban schools.From 1979 to 1982 Massey servedNational University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in SAN DIEGO. SAVE THE DATE! as director of the Argonne NationalLaboratory and as professor of physicsat the University, when he was ap-pointed vice-président of the University for research and for Argonne.BROWNSTOBEWOODWARDMASTERSBernard and Carol Jean Brown,who hâve been résident masters at theShoreland Résidence Hall for fouryears, hâve been named the new résident masters at Woodward Court.They succeed Izaak and Pera Wirszup,who are retiring as résident mastersafter fourteen years. Bernard Brown,DB'55, AM'65, PhD'73, is dean ofRockefeller Mémorial Chapel andassociate professor in the DivinitySchool.Isaac and MaryAnn Abella will bethe new résident masters at the Shoreland. Abella is associate professor ofphysics in the Collège. He won theQuantrell Award for excellence inteaching in 1969. MaryAnn Abella isassociate professor of art at ChicagoState University."It is impossible to replace theWirszups," said Charles O'Connell,AM'47 vice-président and dean ofstudents. "You can only follow them.It's wonderful to know that the succes-sors to the Wirszups are experiencedand accomplished résident masterseven before they move in." O'Connellalso praised the Browns for a "magnif-icent job in introducing a whole rangeof cultural offerings at what is ourlargest résident hall." Isaac Abella,said O'Connell "is one of the mostable and popular members of the Collège faculty. He and MaryAnn willhelp make the Shoreland a rich andwonderful place to live."CORRECTIONIn the FALL/84 issue, we inad-vertently stated that Francis Straus,the oldest son of Lorna PuttkammerStraus, SM'60, PhD'62, and FrancisStraus, MD'57, SM'64, attended University High School. He graduatedfrom Ray School, and from KenwoodHigh School. "He, and we, are veryproud of the éducation hereceivedthere," writes his mother.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAC AZINE/SPRING 1985TWOMUSICOLOGISTSRECEIVEAWARDSUniversity professor HowardBrown and alumnus Jeffrey Kallberg,AM'78, PhD'82, received two awardsgiven by the American MusicologicalSociety, an académie group interestedin music theory and history.Brown, the Ferdinand SchevillDistinguished Service Professor inMusic, received the Orro KinkeldeyAward for the best book on musicpubiished during 1983. Brown is theauthor of A Florentine Chansonnier fromthe Time ofLorenzo the Magnificent,Florence, Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale,MS Banco Rari 229, which was pubiished in the Monuments of Renaissance Music séries. The two-volumework, pubiished by the University ofChicago Press, is the second volumeof the séries to win the KinkeldeyAward, said Ellen Turner Harris,AM'70, PhD'76, associate professorand chairman of music. Brown is thegênerai editor of the séries.Kallberg won the Alfred EinsteinAward for the best article by a youngmusicologist pubiished during 1983.The article was "Chopin in the Market-place: Aspects of the InternationalMusic Publishing Industry in the FirstHalf of the 19th Century," which waspubiished in Notes magazine. Kallbergis an assistant professor of music atthe University of Pennsylvania.NEW PARISPROGRAM BEGUNThe Collège has launched anexpérimental study abroad program toParis at normal Collège tuition rates.The Study in Paris program is gearedspecif ically for Collège students andwill offer full University course crédit."The only requirements are that students hâve some reasonable compe-tency in French and can make use of ayear in Paris as part of their programsof study" said Herman Sinaiko, AB'47,PhD '61, dean of students in the Collège .Students will be able to takeclasses at any of Paris's institutes anduniversities, depending on their areasof study. Terence Murphy, PhD'75,director of the Foundation des Etats Unis,will coordinate the program in Paris. KOLASSAWINSCHURCHILL SCHOLARSHIPJohnKolassa, SB'84, a graduatestudent in statistics, has been awardeda Churchill Scholarship to CambridgeUniversity.Kolassa, a native of Mount Prospect, IL, will spend the 1985-86 académie year at Cambridge studyingtheoretical statistics. Kolassa, whoreceived his degree in mathematics,also completed degree requirementsin statistics and was one course shortof completing requirements in économies. He is a member of Phi BetaKappa.The Churchill Scholarship program was established at Cambridge in1949 when Churchill Collège wasfounded. Most of the students atChurchill study engineering, mathematics, and science. About ten schol-arships, valued at about $10,000, areoffered each year.NEWCHILDREN'SCENTER CREATEDChapin Hall for Children, a privatechild-care agency in Chicago, and theUniversity are collaborating to estab-lish a campus center on children'sissues and policies. It will be called theChapin Hall Center for Children at theUniversity of Chicago and is sched-uled to open later this year. HaroldRichman, AM'61, PhD'69, the HermonDunlap Smith Professor in the Schoolof Social Service Administration, hasbeen appointed the center's executivedirector. The center will function un-der the direction of the Chapin Hallboard, which will provide support forits basic operating expenses.Richman said that the goal of center is to pursue three interrelated func-tions: to develop knowledge andunderstanding of the problems thataffect Illinois children and the conditions and policies that may cause oralleviate those problems; to serve asan informational and educationalresource for the public on children'sissues and policies; to work jointlywith public and private children'sagencies in developing, testing, andevaluating new policies and practicesaimed at improving children's welfare. Your Nominations,PleaseEach year during Reunion Weekend,the Alumni Association honors alumniwho hâve made notable contributions intheir professional fields, in communityservice, or in outstanding service to theUniversity. We invite ail alumni to assistin the annual awards program by nomi-nating candidates whom you think mightbe deserving of one of the alumni awardsto be given in 1986.There are five catégories of awards:The Alumni Medal, which is awarded forextraordinary distinction in one's field ofspecialization and extraordinary serviceto society; The University Alumni Service Medal, which is awarded for extendedextraordinary service to the University ofChicago; The Professional AchievementCitation, which recognizes those alumniwhose attainments in their vocationalfields hâve brought distinction to them-selves, crédit to the University, and realbenef it to their f ellow citizens; The PublicService Citation, which honors thosewho hâve fulf illed the obligations of theiréducation through créative citizenshipand exemplary leadership in voluntaryservice which has benefited society andref lected crédit upon the University; TheAlumni Service Citation, which isawarded for outstanding service to theUniversity of Chicago.Your nominations should reach usnot later than September 1, 1985. Theywill be kept confidential by the AwardsCommittee who, working anonymously,review and evaluate the information oneach nominee. The final candidates areselected by vote in the spring. The committee requests that you not inform yourcandidates that their names are to beconsidered. Nominations should be sentto the Awards Committee, Robie House,5757 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.Cap and GownTO RESUME PUBLICATIONAfter a five year absence, the University of Chicago Collège yearbook,The Cap and Gown, will be pubiished. Itwas pubiished intermittently between1969 and 1979 under various names,but this year's endeavor representsan effort to reestablish the traditionwhich began in 1895, the f irst year inwhich The Cap and Gown was pubiished.Co-editors-in-chief Rima Kelertasand Jay Vogal are working with a staffof about 30 students on this 64th édition of The Cap and Gown.by James L. Ballard FASTEKUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985THANRABBITSBy Felicia Antonelli HoltonTJLhehe numberof computers oncampus is increasingat a rapid rate, andeven professors whoformerly shunnedhigh technologynow chat readilyabout "baud rates"and "Fat Macs"Felicia Antonelli Holton, AB'50, editorofThe University of Chicago Magazine,is the author of the forthcoming book,COMPUKIDS: A Parent 's Guide toComputers and Learning, to be pubiishedin June by New American Library /Plume. Do you remember when studentssent their laundry home to be washedand ironed? There was a whole indus-try devoted to manufacturing littlebrown suitcase-like boxes in which tosend clothing back and forth.Now, of course, a student takes itfor granted there will be a washer and adryer in the dormitory.And a computer.Today, at the University of Chicago, students can dump their dirtylaundry into a washing machine in thedormitory, then go down the hall andspend time at a distant cousin of thatmachine— a microcomputer. Or theycan sit at a computer terminal and logon to one of the University's mainframecomputers.Thèse days, at the monthly EnglishDepartment sherry hour, the ease withwhich faculty members toss aboutsuch terms as "Fat Mac," "baud rate,"and "connect time" could lead casualvisitors to wonder if they had wan-dered, by mistake, into a social hour ofthe newly formed computer sciencedepartment.The Information Age is in fullbloom at the University of Chicago.Computers hâve, of course, beenin use on the quadrangles for the lasttwenty-seven years. During that time,it has been taken for granted that scien-tists and administrators use computersto help them do their work.But within the last two years, dra-matic changes hâve been taking placeon campus, in the numbers of computers being used, the types of computersbeing purchased, the kinds of peoplewho are using computers, and the usesto which computers are being put.Thèse developments on campusare a ref lection as well as a part of whatis taking place in the larger society. Thefirst computers were developed during and immediately after World WarII, and over the next forty years, computers became widely used in businessand industry Large computers (called mainframes) were installed on many ofthe nation's collège campuses, usuallyfor the use of scientists, who intro-duced their students to them. Computers were also used by schools and uni-versities for administrative work—making out payrolls, keeping studentrecords, and the like. But until re-cently for most scholars as well as forthe gênerai population, computers re-mained remote technological objectsthat were operated by a group ofarcane specialists. In 1975 the Altair8800 was offered as a kit for hobbyiststo make their own personal computers.The following year, the Apple computer was introduced, and the microcomputer âge began. Within a fewshort years, microcomputers becameavailable that were easy enough for afive-year-old to learn to operate andcheap enough for ail but the poorestmembers of society.The microcomputer, by makingComputing power easy to use andaffordable, has aroused the interest ofeducators other than mathematiciansand scientists, who are now exploringthe computer as a teaching, learning,and research tool. In many of thenation's elementary schools, highschools, and universities, the use of thecomputer for instruction and learningis being explored. Computer use is stillin the early stages in éducation, and atthis point, no one can accurately pre-The terminal screens (left) are part ofacomputer image processing workstation, whichwas invented and implemented by two graduatestudents, David Salzman (physics) and MichaelO 'Connor {médiane), to enable scientists toexamine data in various ways. The top imageson the screens showatoms of gold, which werephotographed by Mitsuo Ohtsuki on ProfessorAlbert Crewe's Scanning Transmission ElectronMicroscope (STEM). In the images seen hère, thesmallest specks are single gold atoms and thelarger blobs are clusters ofa fewhundred goldatoms. By representing the same image in severalways at once the scientists can explore différentaspects of the data.7Carolyn D. Autrey-Hunley, (rear, center) director of the University's Computation Center, andassociâtes, in the microcomputer démonstrationlaboratory. The others include (starting right,clockwise) George Bateman, MBA'67, assistantdirector, information technologies and newservices; fohn lannantuoni, associate director,opérations and technical services; Harold C.Bloom, AM'69, assistant director, instructionand research information services; and David E.Trevvett, assistant director, administrativeinformation services.dict how it will affect the ways we edu-cate people, from pre-school throughpost-doctoral studies. The use of thecomputer for research is much moreadvanced than as a teaching tool,because business and industry overthe last few décades hâve pouredmoney into research and developmentof computers for their own use, fre-quently working with university engi-neers and scientists to do so.Many of the nation's young peoplemake their first acquaintance withcomputers in game arcades. With theprolifération of microcomputers in ele-mentary and secondary schools and inhomes, many students now arrive atcollège expecting to learn about computers, and with computers. Universi-ties, in turn, hâve recognized thatbecause of the enormous impact thecomputer will hâve on the lives oftoday's students, it is important for students to learn about computers, andhow to use them. Ail of thèse forceshâve helped spur many changes oncampus in the last few years.As part of the information révolution there has corne into being a wholenew set of professionals whose rôle isto guide and advise others on theinstallation and use of computers.Many of the University's résidentexperts work under the umbrella of theComputation Center. Formally, theComputation Center provides andcoordinates access to Computing Systems to serve the research, educational, and administrative needs of theUniversity. A measure of the exponen-tial growth in computer use can beseen by the fact that the ComputationCenter, launched in 1962 with a hand-ful of engineers and programmers,now has a staff of 150. Director of theComputation Center is Carolyn D.Autrey-Hunley.The Center accommodâtes a widerange of Computing requirements for a diverse group of users from the noviceto the expert. Its services and facilitiesare available to ail University students,faculty, and staff members, as well asto qualifying outside individuals andorganizations. Among its many activi-ties, the Center:•Provides support and consultationto new and prospective users of bothcurrent and emerging technologies.•Surveys current and emerginghardware and software, tests it, andadvises users on various equipmentand programs. •Maintains three mainframe computers, a minicomputer, and computerterminais and peripheral equipment atseveral users' sites around campus.•Provides support for microcomputers, office Systems, and networking.•Offers courses and seminars forstudents, faculty, and staff in the use ofcomputers and allied equipment.•Produces user documentationand manuals.•Provides custom analysis andprogramming for both large and smallSystems.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO M AG AZINE/SPRING 1985•Provides consultation on installedapplications software on ail of the main-frames and laser printers.•Provides support for current andpotential users of the several databasesavailable on the mainframe s.•Provides support for the Library'smajor computer Systems and databases.•Publishes a quarterly newsletter,including a spécial orientation issuefor new students.The Computation Center is, at themoment, located in many places oncampus. By early fall many of the Cen-ter's activities will be located at 1155East 60th street, on the south side ofthe Midway. Currently, headquartersare located in a former private home at5737 S. University. There is a démonstration laboratory in the basementthere, where students, faculty, andstaff may try out différent brands ofmicrocomputers and software. Theymay also rent microcomputer usethere, for a nominal hourly fee. Someof the microcomputers are equippedwith modems, which enable the usersto communicate with other computers.The Computation Center opérâtesthree mainframe computers and aminicomputer; they are located in thebasement of the Research Institutes.The mainf rames serve the majority ofthe University community. Main-frames include two DECSYSTEM2060s (known as CHIP and DALE) andan IBM 3081D. Recently the Centeradded a Pyramid 90x (called SPHINX),a minicomputer that runs a UNIX oper-ating System, which is also available tothe académie community. In addition,the Center maintains two Xerox 9700laser printers, and a host of peripheralequipment such as terminais, microcomputer interfaces, smaller printers,plotters, and card readers.The Computation Center maintains computer sites at four locationson campus. Thèse sites are equippedwith computer terminais which can beused to gain access to the campusmainframes through téléphone lines;some are also equipped with microcomputers. They are for use by students and faculty. Sites maintained bythe Computation Center include theCentral Users Site (known as USITE) atWieboldt Hall; Regenstein Library;Crerar Library; and Pick Hall (for theSocial Sciences Division). In addition,there are computer sites at Abbott Bio-logical Data Center; Burton-JudsonCourts; Shoreland Hall; Pierce Hall; Woodward Court; and the New Graduate Résidence Hall, which are maintained in each case by the résidentusers. Thèse sites contain a mix ofmicrocomputers and mainframe computer terminais. In addition, there aremany computer terminais in officesthat are connected to the mainframes.For example, the Development Officeand the Office of University AlumniAffairs keep track of the addresses ofthe University's 96,000 alumni on themainframes from terminais in theiroffices.Like the University's libraries,USITE, the Computation Center'smain users' site in Wieboldt Hall, isheavily used by students. USITE isopen twenty-four hours a day sevendays a week, closing only for Fourth ofJuly Labor Day, Christmas,and NewYear's Day. It has standard terminais, aXerox 2700 laser printer, a high speedline printer, graphies terminais, and alow resolution graphies plotter. At thesuggestion of the Task Force on Distrib-uted Computing USITE is beingequipped with a cluster of microcomputers. There are experienced programmer on duty at USITE, to serveas advisers for anyone needing help.Not every one uses the computersexclusively for serious matters. Someof the midnight hackers may be playinga game of ADVENTURE, which isavailable on the mainframes. ADVENTURE présents a curious blend ofancient myths, bedtime taies, andArthurian legends, in a setting calledThe Colossal Cave. There are othergames available, including FOOTBALL, HORSERACE, CHESS, andROCKET (a lunar-landing simulation).Some students create their owngames on the computer. "One area ofthe computer révolution where Chicago has not been behind at ail is in theuse of computer résident games," saida graduate student. "There are somevery elaborate games hidden on certain of the machines on campus. Theyare as sophisticated as anything any-where."The Computation Center maintains a "store," called the Microcomputer Distribution Center, at 1307 E.60th street, where students, faculty,and staff may buy microcomputers at adiscount, depending on what arrangements the University has made withvarious vendors. The University is partof the Apple University Consortium,which permits students, faculty and staff to purchase Apple computers at adiscount. To date, 1,600 Apple Macintosh computers hâve been purchased,the majority by students.There are currently 2,800 microcomputers in use on campus, 2,000owned by the University, and 800 byindividuals, according to George Bate-man, MBA'67, the Computation Center's assistant director for informationtechnologies and new services. Thereare also 450 word processors in use,computers designed to be used primar-ily for writing and editing text. (Notincluded in thèse numbers are microcomputers owned and used by facultyand students in their homes, apart-ments, or dormitory rooms.)An increasing number of studentshâve their own personal computers.Lukass Franklin, a second-year student in the Collège, put together hisown System, which he opérâtes in hisroom at Pierce Hall. He also runs hisown Computing Consulting business,and puts together Systems for friendsand clients. Franklin thinks he willeventually go into computer scienceas a profession, but he's majoring inEnglish."I've read too many poorly writtencomputer manuals," he explained. "If igured it was important at this stage tomaster written communication, and tostudy in the humanities. I can special-ize in computers later on."The University opérâtes the mainframe computers on a cost recoverybasis; this means that time used on acomputer must be paid for by the user.One must hâve a personal computeraccount to gain access to the University's mainframes for individual use.There are a total of 10,000 active computer accounts of which about fiftypercent are personal computer accounts funded by the provost for useby students and faculty. Variousdepartments and offices hâve businessaccounts that enable them to use themainframes; faculty doing researchusually use grant funds; professorswho wish their students to use themainframes set up class accounts,which are also funded by the provost.Today, when a student registers, heis automatically assigned a PERSON-ID which will be his personal identification code name whenever he uses amainframe computer. In order to gainaccess to the mainframe computers, astudent must open a personal Computing account. Currently each student is9entitled to $200 worth of Computingtime annually. If the student chooses topay another $100, the amount automat-ically goes up to $500 worth of Computing time. In the Graduate School ofBusiness, students are permitted toswap "DEC dollars," if they décide notto use up ail the Computing time available to them. (The GSB has a DEC 20,made by Digital Equipment Corporation, hence the term DEC dollars.)Some people hâve been known toswap unused DEC dollars for a fewbeers."The notion of giving a certainamount of money to a student so thathe can use it however he wants is farfrom universal," said Todd Dupont,associate chairman of the computerscience department. "At many univer-sities, you hâve to know somebody orget yourself into a project, to gainaccess. At some universities Computing is completely open and uncon-trolled, and that leads to a certain classof problems, because some peopletend to abuse it and overload theSystem."In Harper 406, students, faculty,and administrative staff at ail levels sitside by side, equals for the time being,as students in a Computation Centercourse. The Computation Center staff,under the direction of Don Crabb, educational coordinator, offers a widevariety of courses. If a potential user isa néophyte, there are courses availableto initiate him or her into the mysteriesof Computing, either on the mainframeor on a microcomptuer. In f act, a fresh-man can enter the Collège with noknowledge whatsoever of Computingand émerge four years later with expérience in data analysis, word processing, accessing databases, manipulat-ing sophisticated computer graphies,communicating with computers any-where in the world, and using a laserprinter— having been initiated into ailof thèse mysteries through the Cen-ter's non-credit courses. Samplecourse titles include "Introduction toComputer Concepts and Terminol-ogy," "Overview of ComputerizedText Processing at the University ofChicago," "Introduction to SAS/GRAPH," (an introduction to produc-ing color plots, charts, and maps on thecomputer), and "Connecting with theUniverse: How to use Electronic Mailto Contact Colleagues Across theGlobe."One of the Center's functions is to develop or adapt software for use oneither the mainframes or on microm-puters for the University's users.Harold C. Bloom, AM'69, assistantdirector of the Computation Center forinstruction and research informationservices, described one of the softwareprograms the Center has developed forstudents to use in formatting thèses.Appropriately, the program is calledTreatise. Said Bloom: "Treatise is a toolwhich has a fairly simple set of com-mands. It will enable a student to entertext and format that text according tothe requirements of the dissertationoffice. The program originally wasdeveloped in Script by the University ofWaterloo. We took that and had exten-sive discussions with Geoffrey Plam-pin, AB'57, editor of officiai publications and the dissertation secretary, sothat we could modify the Waterloo program to meet his spécifications. TheUniversity probably has the mostdemanding dissertation formattingrequirements of any American university. Some students might need guid-ance to use this, especially if their formatting requirements are complex.They can always corne to us for help."One student who used Treatise was EricW. Nye, AM'76, PhD'83, who wroteAutrey-Hunley to say: "It is saving melarge amounts of time and money andis making the production of my finalOpus a personal delight."Poets hâve always flourishedamong student populations. Now astudent-poet can publish his or herown création, having typeset it on oneof the mainframes. The ComputationCenter has developed a typesetterémulation program called Xset, basedon a Xerox product called XICS (XeroxIntegrated Composition System)which permits the user to format documents using fonts of differing sizesand types; it also allows for variableline reading.Xsef has a more practical use. Alongwith a hard-earned diploma, new graduâtes can go out into the world armedwith a thoroughly professional-lookingrésume . With Xset the user has considérable control over the appearance of theprinted page, so that one can use it toturn out a résume that would do crédit toa professional typesetter.The Computation Center providesthe University community with severalSystems for electronic mail. One, calledMail Manager, permits people on campus to communicate electronically with each other. In addition, the Center offersaccess to several other electronic mailSystems, including MAILNET, BITNET,and UUCP MAILNET is provided byEDUCOM and links computer sites atvarious educational institutions acrossthe U.S. and Europe. BITNET is anotherinter-university network for sendingelectronic mail. With electronic mail,scholars can send mail to their colleagues and receive answers in moments. In addition, if the senders wish,the messages can be displayed on computer terminal screens at other par-ticipating universities, and other scholars can add their comments to theon-going dialogue. Sometimes severalscholars engage in this kind of continu-ing conversation.The University is setting up anEthernet communication capability oncampus, which will permit users tocommunicate more easily among manyof the various computers on campus.Fiber optic cable is used for the interbuilding portions of the Ethernet so as toisolate the sites electrically, and avoidproblems with power surges caused bythunderstorms.Computer science studies are by nomeans new at the University. The computer science department, establishedin 1983, is the successor to an information sciences committtee, chaired byRobert Ashenhurst, professor in theGraduate School of Business, that con-ducted a graduate program throughoutthe late 1960s and early 1970s. This program and other physical science depart-ments at the University hâve graduatedseveral leading computer Systems spe-cialists, including Adèle J. Goldberg,SM'68, PhD'73, président of the Association for Computing Machinery, whoheads the Small Talk Project at XeroxPalo Alto Research Center, Palo Alto,CA; Robert S. Fabry, PhD'71, professorin the electrical engineering departmentat the University of Calif ornia at Berkeley; Kenneth Sevcik, AM'70, PhD'71,associate professor, department of computer science at the University ofToronto; and Irving Wladawsky-Berger,SM'65, PhD'72, vice-président for Systems at IBM, Yorktown Heights, NY.As soon as the computer sciencedepartment was established, the newchairman, Robert Soare, professor ofcomputer science and mathematics, setout to build a research atmosphère thatwould attract a highly-qualified computer science faculty."We decided to establish first a10 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985strong group in theoretical computerscience and to açhieve ultimately adepartment balanced between theoretical and more applied areas," said Soare."Over the next décade, we plan to builda department that will rank among theleading computer science departmentsin the country and that can take itsproper place among the other distin-guished research and teaching programs in the physical sciences." Recruit- The microcomputer clusterat Shoreland RésidenceHall is available to Collège students who live there.Shown using Macintosh computers are (rear, l.)JoelStitzel, (rear, r., back to caméra) Amy King;(foreground, l.) Peter Hendrickson , who runs theShoreland computer center, and (r.) Julie Burros.ing faculty for the new department, hefound, was no easy task given the factthat other universities hâve well-estab-lished departments of computer sci ence, and that computer scientists are inshort supply."When I became chairman, thefirst thing I did was to contemplatewhat some of our predecessors at theUniversity thought about éducation,"said Soare. "My favorites, I guess, areRobert Maynard Hutchins and WilliamRainey Harper. Hutchins particularlyimpressed me with a couple of quotesthat I've used in some of the literature11we give to computer scientists, whenwe're recruiting. Hutchins once said'The University of Chicago has nevercared much about respectability. It hasinsisted on distinction. Neither its faculty nor its trustées would be inter-ested in any other terms.' Another oneof his quotes that I particularly likestates that happiness is the fullest utili-zation of one's highest talents. I thinkour main challenge in building adepartment of computer science is toattract people to corne to Chicago asopposed to one of the two coasts,where most of the computer scienceactivity is taking place. It is also moredifficult to do this in the absence of acollège of engineering since computerscience has close connections withengineering as well as with the mathe-matical sciences. What the Universityhas to offer to computer scientists is atradition of absolute dévotion to excellence, intellectual achievement of thehighest order, and a great deal of flexi-bility and excitement of atmosphère."This has enabled us to attract,over the last two years, many of theworld's leading computer scientists asboth long and short term visitors. Theprésence of thèse visitors has created avery stimulating research atmosphère,and has attracted other faculty andgraduate students."At this writing, the departmentconsists of eight regular faculty members and four long-term visiting facultymembers. In addition, there are adozen short-term visitors. In Septem-ber, 1984, the f irst class of five graduatestudents matriculated. The department plans to build slowly to its fullstrength of sixty graduate studentsand fifteen full-time faculty, equallydivided between junior and senior scientists. Meanwhile, the departmenthas introduced a distinguished visitorsprogram that brings prominent computer scientists to campus for visitsranging from one month to a full year.Many of thèse visitors return on anannual or biennial basis. The visitorsjoin regular faculty in teaching, inadvanced research seminars and collo-quia, and in collaborative research."Over the last two or three décades, computer science has certainlyreached the level of an académie discipline in the sensé that physics or chem-istry or mathematics are académie disciplines," said Soare. "It is concernedwith a variety of fundamental researchproblems about how information is acquired, how it is processed, and withknowledge-based Systems, with arti-ficial intelligence — that is, how machines can be taught, if possible, toreason and to utilize this informationto become intelligent Systems. It is concerned with problems related to thewhole study of algorithms (an algo-rithm is a procédure for solving a prob-lem) and how one can improve thoseprocédures, or do them in a more efficient fashion. So computer sciencetouches on much more than just math-ematics-related disciplines. Computerscience certainly did not qualify as ascholarly discipline thirty years ago,when the computer was just beingdeveloped, but I think it does now."At this time, theoretical computer science is most represented hère, andthat includes numerical analysis, com-putational complexity, inductive référence, algebraic complexity, semanticsof programming languages and learning machines, computer graphies andcomputer design."Soare's own area of interest ismathematical logic, and he doesresearch on computable functions andcomputably generated sets, specifi-callyrecursively enumerable sets, theiralgebraic properties, their computa-tional complexity, and the degree ofinformation they encode.Several of the computer sciencefaculty are working on problems incryptography. "Billions of dollars arebeing transferred every day in bank-12 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985(Left) Lukass Franklin, a second-year student inthe Collège, assembled his own microcomputer,which he keeps in his room at Pierce Hall Franklinruns his own computer consulting company.ing, with virtually no security," saidSoare. "As we acquire more and moreknowledge and store it on computers,it becomes necessary to consider waysof keeping those data secure. Forexample, how do you electronicallysign a check so that the bank knowsthat it was you who gave the signatureand not someone else— thèse involveprotocols where you exchange somebit of information and the bank swingsback a bit of information." Joan Plum-stead, assistant professor of computerscience, and Stuart Kurtz, assistantprofessor of computer science, areworking with visiting professorsShimon Even, of the Technion Institute, Israël, Claus Schnoor of the University of Frankfurt, West Germany,and Adi Shamir of the Weizman Institute, Israël, on several projects in cryp-tography. The projects include devel-opment of methods for making floppydisks secure for software developersand accessible (and reproducible) forconsumers.The University does not offerundergraduate degrees in computerscience. The computer science department does offer a full range of undergraduate courses, including most ofthose which would be taken by a computer science major elsewhere. Manygraduate computer science courses areavailable to undergraduates, andcourse offerings at both the graduateand undergraduate level are beingexpanded each year.Dupont talked about the University's views concerning the teaching ofcomputer science."The idea at this University is thatwe would like to expose students to thefundamental aspects of lots of disciplines which we think are important. Itseems that computer science is going toaffect a great deal of what we do formuch of our lives. Some of the studentsare going to hâve to understand some ofthe power of the science behind computers. Exposing undergraduates to computer science is like exposing them to thebasic ideas of mathematics, or the central ideas in history. We think computerscience is a legitimate intellectual en- deavor which is going to hâve a largeimpact on society. To be well-educated,students should hâve some idea whatthe fundamentals are."I think that about half of ourundergraduates take at least onecourse in computer science. Now that'snot to say that only half of the studentsknow some computer science. Manyother departments hâve set up rudi-mentary training programs becausethey felt that they had to teach theirstudents certain aspects of computerscience. Say a statistician wants toteach his class about certain aspectsof statistics. He needs to do some expérimental Computing in order to achievethat. He has to teach them some thingsabout computers. This becomes inter-woven in the curriculum."The first step for students whostudy computer science, said Dupont, isthat they must learn a programming language. "There is no universal agree-ment as to what the best one is to learn.Nonetheless, we feel that to hâvelearned a programming language givesthe student a feel about the possiblepower of the device. You learn that youhâve to tell it something in order to makeit do something for you. You also learnsomething about data structures, andhow you can organize information. Wecan organize data in différent ways. Forexample, we can organize it in a circularform, or we can organize it into trees.There are some very inventive datastructures."Dupont discussed his work aschairman of the Committee on Instruc-tional Computing. "The function ofthe committee is to try to guess wherewe will be, where we want to be, andwhere we should be in terms of Computing in our instructional classes,throughout the University," heexplained. "Computing is useful ingetting a lot of things done; conceiv-ably it could be useful in gettinginstruction done. There hâve beensome programs developed using com-puter-aided instruction (CAI) so onewould think that's a possibility, butright now, I think, the view is that CAIis more useful at lower levels of éducation than at the collège level. Onecourse that appears to be successfulelsewhere is an introductory course insymbolic logic, developed by PatrickSuppes of Stanford University. I suppose it would be quite convenient in amathematics course, for example,when a student doesn't understand a notation being used or doesn't understand some of the logical manipulations being used for the instructor tosay, 'Why don't you take this ten-hourcourse in symbolic logic? I could giveyou a condensed version in thirty minutes, but you would corne away with afoggy impression of what you're sup-posed to know. Or you can spend tenhours interacting with the computer,and corne away with a very goodunderstanding of it.' But that logiccourse is an exception. The committeedoesn't see CAI as a very strong influence around hère. The developmentand marketing of courseware for collège level courses is very primitive,and hasn't gotten to the stage of goodtextbooks."The committee has made severalrecommendations to the provost, saidDupont. Foremost among them is therecommendation that the Universityimmediately launch a pilot project toplace clusters of microcomputers atvarious sites around campus. "We rec-ommended that some clusters ofmicrocomputers be established wherecertain skills could be emphasized,"said Dupont. "For instance, one of theclusters we identified that would bequite valuable would be to use microcomputers with the writing program,The Little Red Schoolhouse. Studentscan learn the word processing programon a Macintosh in about an hour or so,without instruction from any one else.The writing program is already verysuccessful, and we think this couldmake it more so."We're also recommending a skillscluster for undergraduates in the bio-logical sciences. You cannot publish apaper in the biological sciences without a statistical analysis of your data,and students in the biological sciencesneed to be able to do statistical analyses on the computer. For biological sciences students, we would make available certain software, and emphasizethe skills they should hâve."The third type of microcomputercluster we're recommending is a gênerai access public cluster, which couldbe added to current facilities, such asUSITE. Some clusters might do betterwith a super-micro. When you hâve amicrocomputer, one person can use itat a time. A super-micro is two or threeor ten times as powerful as a microcomputer, and can simultaneouslyserve five or six users."We hope to put enough of thèse13clusters out there so that we soon get tothe place where an instructor canassume that students can get access tocomputers for their assignments. Fun-damentally, the Committee on Instruc-tional Computing feels that the firstproblem to be addressed is access. Ifyou put what ail of us on the committeeperceive as a valuable tool in front ofvery bright people, then good thingswill happen, and we are in the throes offiguring out how to describe what thegood things are, because most of thegood things we don't know yet."Last fall a microcomputer clusterwas set up as a pilot project in the Shoreland Résidence Hall. It is operated bythe Shoreland Student Council. Theproject had been recommended by theTask Force on Distributed Computing,and was implemented by the Computation Center, working closely with theCollège."We're also recommending that wepublicize and continue the program bywhich graduate students can be usedto assist departmental members in theinstructional use of computers," saidDupont."Finally, we're trying to give faculty members some idea of what isappropriate in the amount of fundingwhen you hâve a computational com-ponent to your course. Should you bethinking of $50 per student, or $100 perstudent, or $1,000? We're just relatingsome information about expériencespeople hâve had so far, and some dataabout what the committee feels isappropriate."Many middle management people would rather hâve a personal computer than a personal assistant," com-mented Dupont.At the Graduate School of Business (GSB) students are becoming inti-mately acquainted with their future"personal assistants." Many GSB students attend "PC bootcamp." Thecourse consists of twelve hour-and-a-half sessions, in which students areinstructed in the use of microcomputers and certain software programs.For the course, GSB has set up a room-ful of microcomputers."We're thinking of offering thesame course for ail of the faculty, but ofcourse, we'dhave tocallit PCO.C.S.,"said Robert Graves, professor and dep-uty dean in the Graduate School ofBusiness. (For non-veterans, O.C.S.stands for Off icer Candidate School).When it cornes to computers, Graves wears two hats. He is chairmanof the Board of Computing Activitiesand Services for the University, and hasbeen involved in the use of computers inthe GSB since the early 1960s. The GSBopérâtes two mainframe computers,both DEC 20s. Recently it has addedmicrocomputers, (DEC Rainbows, Mac-intoshes, HP 150s, Zéniths and IBMPCs) to administrative offices, facultyoffices, and the student computer laboratory. In addition, the Center forResearch in Security Priées opérâtes aPerkin-Elmer minicomputer."Each mainframe computer willhandle at least sixty users simultane-ously, and I guess on occasion we getup to a larger number than that," saidGraves. "At GSB, we hâve a user community of more than 2,300 people. Wehâve about 1,100 users on campus;about 1,100 in the evening program,and 150 students in the Executive Program, and a full faculty of 115. Abouttwo years ago, when it became quiteclear that microcomputers werebecoming extremely important, wedecided to include those in our Computing facilities. There was no way inthe world we could make our plant—the mainframes and the téléphone Systems— big enough to let the currentpopulation do four or five times asmuch Computing. We decided to intro-duce microcomputers throughout theschool; that's the way the world isgoing, and that's the way we had to go."But the introduction of personalcomputers meant we would hâve tothink about the curriculum in a différentway. We would hâve to hâve software forthe classroom. (Software which oneruns on a mainframe cannot simply beshif ted over to a microcomputer; it mustbe designed specif ically for use on eithertype of computer.) We did an évaluationand concluded that computers hâve asignif icant use in about forty percent ofthe courses in the school. We decided toinvolve students and faculty in the proc-ess of introducing personal computerson a large scale, since we are a prettylaissez-faire kind of place. We think thatpeople ought to make their own choicesabout how they teach and learn. Mostfaculty try to link teaching and researcheven in beginning courses. We concluded we should hâve some activitythat would lead us to this new world,and we set up a pilot computer project.We made proposais, and several computer manufacturers are supporting us.The databases are going to be stored on the big computers as they are now; butprofessors and students will do a greatdeal of their work on microcomputers."GSB will develop some curriculummaterial, software to be used on themicrocomputers, and will share theirdevelopments with DEC, Graves said,"although we'll own the copyright."With the increase in Computingactivities by ail segments of the University one of the problems f acing the University's Board of Computing Activities and Services, said Graves, is thequestion of how to set priées for computer use."We are struggling with the question of what is proper pricing. For themainframe computers, pricing typi-cally says 'Hère 's what a minute ofCPU time costs, or here's what an hourof connect time costs.' Then there aredisk storage costs. Now we hâve anadded question: how do you décidewhat to charge students and faculty formicrocomputer use? One suggestion isto charge a fee for access. That's howother things are done; you pay a feefor parking and library use on a quar-terly basis. We hâve to figure out theright thing to do so that people won'tsquander resources, and we want tohâve a price structure that is not toocomplicated.Continued on page 49(Below) At USITE, the Computation Center'smain users' site, located in Wieboldt Hall, students work at terminais which give them access tothe University's mainframe computers. Thesculpture ofWalt Whitman is by the late SimonGordon, a gift to the University from BaciaGordon Solomon.14 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985H.OW OFTEN DOES "LIBERTÉ "APPEAR WITH "REPUBLIQUE"?As part of the information révolution, scholars in the humanities andsocial sciences are abandoning theirpréjudices against technology and aredeveloping créative projects of theirown, using the computer.One of thèse is a project called, inits American branch, the Americanand French Research on the Treasure ofthe French Language (ARTFL). Theproject is a joint effort between theUniversity and the Centre National de laRecherche Scientifique (CNRS). Forscholars in many fields, the ARTFLdatabase will facilitate the analysis ofwords, thèmes, and language constructions in an important body ofFrench texts.In 1957 the French Governmentf inanced the création of a new diction-ary of the French language, the Trésor de la Langue Française. In order to provideaccess to a large body of word samplesCNRS decided to transcribe an exten-sive sélection of French texts for usewith a computer. CNRS thus created adatabase of some 1500 works, about500 for each of three centuries, 18th,19th, and 20th. The corpus containsmajor literary and philsophical works,and even a sampling of technical andscientific texts.In 1981 CNRS and the Universityestablished a coopérative project. Itsobjectives over the last several years(L.) Robert Morrissey, director of the ARTFULProject. (Below) Students in the Graduate Schoolof Business learn how to use microcomputers in"PCBoot Camp."15hâve been to make this database accessible to the research community, and todevelop tools for its analysis.Director of the ARTFL Project forthe University is Robert Morrissey,assistant professor in the departmentof Romance Languages and Literatureand the Collège. Support for the project has been provided by the ScalerFoundation, the Georges Lurcy Charitable and Educational Trust, whosechairman is Edward M. Bernstein,PhB'27, and the National Endowmentfor the Humanities. From its inceptionthe Computation Center has workedclosely with the project."Basically, what you hâve is proba-bly the largest computerized library ofits type; it contains over 150 millionwords," said Morrissey. "The breadthand depth of the database make possible types of scholarly investigationspreviously not feasible. This is true notjust for lexicographers but for peopledoing literary, historical, or anthropo-logical research. Locating occurencesof a word or a group of words throughtime can be a very important way ofseeing how language evolves and howmeaning evolves in relationship toevents. Examination of thèse évolutions can show how society redefinesitself or how a given author redefines agiven notion."Around 1979 we began discussingwith the French whether it would bepossible to put this enormous quantityof data at the disposai of the scholarlycommunity. They received the ideavery enthusiastically," he said.However, explained Morrisey, thecomputerized material was structuredso that it was not easily accessible. Partof the agreement was that the Frenchwould send a représentative hère, tohelp in making it accessible. The firstFrench représentative, Claude DelVigna, an information scientist fromthe Institute de la Langue Français, wasvery much involved in the initialdesign work. After restructuring thedata, the team began putting softwareinto place that would allow people tohâve access to this database.With the help of the ComputationCenter, the ARTFL staff adapted foruse with the database a program calledARRAS (Archive Retrieval and Analysis System), which had been developed by John B. Smith of PennsylvaniaState University. They then incorpo-rated additional functions.Currently Donald Ziff, head pro grammer with the ARTFL project, is inNancy, France, where he is workingwith members of CNRS to install theARTFL system on their computer.In explaining how the interactiveARTFL System works, Morrissey gaveas an example a researcher wishing toknow where the word liberté occurs in atext and to examine its context."What does liberté mean for a givenauthor or period? Its context détermines its meaning. Context can beunderstood, of course, not only as theplace of a word in a text but also in itsrelationship to other texts. The software we installed allows scholars considérable freedom in moving from onetext to another, and it even allows themto ask certain types of questions of thewhole corpus of works. For example:In what works pubiished between 1810and 1830 does the word liberté occurand how frequently does it occur ineach of them?"The idea of liberté, however, isof ten communicated in subtler ways. Itis important to be able to trace not justone word, but words that, throughtheir interaction in the text, formthèmes and structures. A researcherstudying the history of the relationshipof the idea of liberty to that of republicafter the French Révolution might, forinstance, want to see when any one of agroup of words designating liberty (forexample: liberté, libertés, libre, émancipation, etc.) occurs in near proximity (andhère he might specificy the size of thecontext, say f if ty words before or after)to any of a group of words concerningrepublic (for example: république,républicain, démocratie, etc.) where thewords involving the notion of republicare not immediately accompanied bywords referring to socialism (for example: socialisme, socialiste, etc.). Theresponse would be displayed immediately on his terminal screen or he couldhâve it printed out for later use."He might then go on to refine hisdéfinitions of thèmes in order to examine certain values. When is republicsurrounded by words indicating theauthor's approval or disapproval? Thisprocess may be continued until theresearch has been provided with suff i-cient information to conf irm his initialhypothesis or to formulate new ones."Several students at the Universityhâve developed thesis topics out of thisdatabase. Johnson Kent Wright, III,AM'82, who just won the GeorgesLurcy Scholarship and is in Paris, developed his thesis with the help ofARTFL. Wright's thesis is on the notionof feudalism in the Enlightenment.Keith Baker, professor in the department of history and the Collège, hasused the database to do work on thenotion of society in the eighteenth cen-tury, and is currently doing work onthe notion of public opinion. And JohnMacAloon, AM'74, PhD'80, associateprofessor in the Social Sciences Colle-giate Division, who is an historicalanthropologist, is consulting the data-base for his work on the social meaningof spectacle.Dan Gordon, AM'84, a graduatestudent in history, is also using ARTFLfor his research."I found that I've become muchmore sensitive to an author's use oflanguage just by having access to thissort of tool," he said. "I've thought ofnew research projects while interact-ing with the computer. So it's not sim-ply a matter of a student conceiving aproject and then taking up the computer to exécute it. It actually suggestsnew ideas and new possibilities for thestudent."My field is the history of ideas inEurope, especially in the FrenchEnlightenment. I think we hâve almostas many history students and histori-ans interested in the database as literary people. Today French historiansare very interested in studying the language as a means of getting at thethought patterns of people in the past.It's become especially important, Ithink, because twenty or thirty yearsago Marxism held sway, and studentswere encouraged to study quantif iablethings like how many pounds of méator how many gallons of cider the peas-ants were drinking. Nowadays there ismuch more interest in what historianscall discourse — on the way peoplethink, and how that is structured bythe terms that were available to them intheir time. So I think this explains thehigh interest historians hâve inARTFL."ARTFL can be accessed from any-where in the U.S. and Canada; severaluniversities hâve formed a consortiumto sustain and use it. In the future, saidMorrissey, he hopes to see ARTFLexpanded by the addition of new texts,and by the development of more pow-erful programs for access and analysis.Plans are underway to add a corpus ofmédiéval poetry as well as some politi-cal texts of the 18th and 19th centuries.16 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985Humanities scholars installtheir own computer: puckMark Turner, assistant professor inthe department of English languageand literature and the Collège, is one ofa small group of humanities professorswho launched their own explorationsinto the potential of computers.After obtaining $25,000 "seedmoney" from the provost and somelogistical and financial support fromthe Collège, Turner and his col-leagues— Gregory Colomb, associateprofessor of English; William Wimsatt,professor of philosophy; WilliamVeeder, professor of English; and JaySchleusener, associate professor andco-chairman for académie programs inthe English Department— set out toestablish a pilot Computing project inthe humanities. They not only chosewhat type of computer they would use,but they did ail the necessary wiringfor it, including the télécommunications installation. Later George Walsh,AB'67, associate professor in thedepartment of classical languages andliterature and the Collège, joinedthem."There are various thèmes in theestablishment of what we call the Computing Pilot Project and, as in any goodnarrative, thèmes acquire their signif i-cance when we conceive them in theweave of things," explained Turner."One of them is money. The Universityunderstands that the Computing waveis upon us, and it is trying to gear up inan economical way. Now, the mostexpensive things about Computing arethe cost and maintenance of large,fragile computers, and technical staffsto maintain them. For smaller opérations, mainframes may be uneconomi-cal; so our solution, in the HumanitiesDivision, was to buy a megamicrocom-puter, with a UNIX operating System.A megamicro permits networking; wecan service many users at one time.Networking allows you to use theappropriate amount of computerpower for the task at hand." The groupnamed their megamicro PUCK."Many of our faculty hâve microcomputers at home. A faculty membercan work at home, and then when hewants to print out a lengthy work, ortap into a database, he can dial up themegamicro, and send his material toPUCK. From there, it can be sent to (Below) Mark Turner, assistant professor ofEnglish, is shown with PUCK, the minicomputerhe and several ofhis colleagues set upfor a pilotComputing project in the humanities.SPHINX, the Pyramid minicomputerat the Computation Center which usesthe UNIX system. Let's say a professorwants to send work for his class toSPHINX. Once it's on the mainframe,the entire class can log on and use it. Orhe can hâve his work printed using thelaser printer. That way, we get the ben-ef it of using the laser printer by rentingit; we don't hâve to buy one."We don't hâve technical staff. Werun our own megamicro. When I firstcame hère from Berkeley two years agoand began talking to other professorswho use computers, the largest com-plaint was that technical people didnot understand what the professorswanted, or what they were doing. Thisis absolutely predictable, because it isvery diff icult to communicate to a programmer notions about English lin-guistics or Greek syntax or analyticphilosophy or the emendation of cor-rupt médiéval texts. The humanitiesscholars hâve spent years training fortheir professions, getting a handle onthèse things, and the intricacies of their topics are not going to be communica-ted in a few sentences or even in a fewmeetings with a programmer. Further-more thèse scholars are using computers to look for things that are subtle, sothis mismatch of skills between thehumanities scholars and programmerswas frustrating."We figured that Computing isbecoming like driving. Everybodydrives, most people know how tochange a tire, some people can dotuneups, not too many of us work ontransmissions and interstate freighttrucks. But we figured humanities professors could easily handle day-to-dayComputing. It's really easy to do, withthe advances in hardware and software, and the idea was to build thèseeasy-to-master skills into the humanities scholar rather than trying to buildthe skills of the humanities scholar intothe programmer."So you no longer hâve a humanities professor walking in with a vaguenotion of some computer processing oftexts, and hoping that a technician canimplement his notion. Now, he isrequired to know something about theprogramming language to run the System. Of course thèse people are notexpert programmers and you alwayshit the wall at some point or other. Atthat point we may call in somebodywho is more expert. We hâve lots ofUNIX experts on campus, so we callone of them. Furthermore, there is aninternational network called USENETand we hâve access to that. When Ihâve particular problems with ourmachine, I post a notice on the electronic bulletin board, which goes tohundreds of UNIX machines aroundthe country. Last time I received aboutf if teen responses, with suggestions onhow to correct the problem."I mentioned having the Computing power to suit the task at hand.Word processing takes a lot of time on acomputer; it's expensive to do mèreword processing on a mainframe.Now, with microcomputers, you cando ail of your word processing on aMacintosh. Most members of our pilotproject hâve Macintoshes at home;some hâve IBM PC's. As part of ournetworking facilities, you can work athome, finish your work, then hâve17your microcomputer call us up on thephone, and while you are sipping wineor chatting with your spouse, yourMacintosh will transfer ail of yourwork to PUCK, where you can later domore extensive things with it."The largest project we're runningis a bibliography program so thathumanities scholars can put in entriesaccording to a certain format, with keywords. We can then search and compilebibliographies automatically. Anotherproject is the Thésaurus Linguae Gracae,Thesauras of Greek Literature. GeorgeWalsh is in charge of this project. Theyare putting Greek texts on the computer and will be able to search them"What we are in the midst of is NOTa computer révolution per se; it is aninformation révolution," says DavidSalzman, AM'82, a doctoral candidatein physics. Salzman works with computers in the laboratory of Albert VCrewe, the William E. Wrather Dis-tinguished Service Professor in theDepartment of Physics, the Enrico FermiInstitute, and the Collège. "We use computers in this lab to bring together information resources: number crunching,of course, but also word processing,databases, image processing, charts and according to certain patterns, something like ARTFL. Through our networking, they can communicate veryquickly with researchers at Harvard,who helped develop the project. I communicate frequently over the networkwith scholars on either coast. I imagineprograms f lying hither and yon. We arenot a site, but a node in a network."Working along with the Computation Center's microcomputing opérations, we hâve had a large impact onthe English Department. Many of thepeople in the Humanities Division arenow using microcomputers, and arealso using microcomputer softwaredeveloped either at our site or madedrawings, simulations, symbolic andalgebraic manipulation, computer language dialects, and communications.The computer is our passport to otherscientists, their data and their programs,hère on campus and at hundreds ofother sites internationally."In the late 1960s Crewe inventedthe Scanning Transmission ElectronMicroscope (STEM), which enabledscientists for the f irst time to see singleatoms directly. Crewe was also able touse the STEM to take motion picturesof atoms. Now he is building a new - available through PUCK's networkingcapabilities," said Turner. "One of thef reasons for getting acquainted withcomputers is that they are rapidlybecoming simply a fact of life likec chairs and pencils and téléphones, and; you need to hâve knowledge of thèseî things even to gauge their potentialutility in your life. When I first camehère there was a lot of doubt and fearamong humanities professors abouti word processors. Now, in the space of; twelve months, many of them hâve; bought Macintoshes and are busy; churning out articles on everything; from Herodotus to Chaucer to Janeï Austen to Bach on their machines."David Salzman, AM'82, a doctoral candidate inphysics, in the computer room of Professor AlbertCrewe's laboratory in the Enrico Fermi Institute.Salzman is responsible for the computer workstation shown at the opening ofthis article.génération of STEM, taking advantageof the technology of computers to automate the new microscope. "It will bethe best microscope in the world," pre-dicted Salzman."The Crewe laboratory is at theleading edge of the révolution into amore information-intensive era," hesaid. "We are an instrumentation labhère. Rather than develop a spécifieanswer to a spécifie question, such as'what is the reactive cross-section for asub-atomic particle?' we take in abroader sweep and develop instrumentation, the tools that build newtools. The STEM which Crewe firstbuilt has a resolution of about two-and-a-half Angstroms. (An Angstromis a unit of length equal to one ten-bil-lionth of a meter.) We are now in theprocess of building a new générationof STEM which will hâve a resolutionof about 0.5 Angstrom. An atom ofhydrogen, the smallest atom, is aboutone Angstrom in diameter; whenatoms cluster together into molecularstructures like crystals, they sit aboutone Angstrom apart. With our présentComputer-intensive science--to peer at atoms18 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAG AZINE/SPRING 1985resolution we can see single atoms ofthe heavier éléments, but once you'veseen one atom, you've seen them ail.Alone, every atom looks rather spheri-cal and uninteresting. We want tostudy the sociable atoms, the physicsand chemistry when atoms meet on anultrastructural scale."Private industry has helped to support the laboratory, donating morethan $2 million worth of equipmentand software, as well as expertise.Metheus Corporation of Hillsboro,OR, gave the project three highlysophisticated display generators. CSPIof Billerica, MA, contributed a high-speed computer array processor. Andthe Illinois Tool and Die Institute, atrade group, has promised to provide ahalf-million dollars worth of highlyskilled mechanical engineering."We need computer facilities foractually running the électron microscope, and IBM has been our mainstay.IBM has donated an entire System tous, based on their 4381 processor. Wehâve a joint study arrangement withIBM which is very open-ended," Salzman explained. Crewe's laboratorydoes research on électron microscopy,optics, image processing, workstationdesign, and related fields, and IBMmakes sure that the scientists hâve current software, and access to the com-pany's own research scientists at IBMlaboratories in Yorktown Heights, NY;San José and Palo Alto, CA; Cambridge, MA, and elsewhere. At thispoint there are about a dozen small collaborations between Crewe's lab andvarious groups within IBM, focussedon various sub-f ields, such as printingtechnology and graphies.IBM's interests in the project areseveral, said Salzman. "First of ail,they simply want to see the researchdone beyond the scale that theNational Science Foundation canafford to support. They recognize thatthe public pool of knowledge is worthmaking deeper. That, of course, is oneof the central purposes of the University. Second, we are working on areasthat are palpably of interest to them,such as ultrastructure work; the finaltool itself, the new STEM; the algorithms we develop along the way whileprocessing images; our workstationconcepts; and the électron optics calcu-lations. Third, we place extraordinary,even futuristic demands on their Systems, so they give us internai softwareor prototype equipment which is not commercially available." One mutualinterest lies in the development of aparticularly powerful computer language called APL2. "How scientistsuse a sophisticated programming language becomes interesting to IBMwhen the language is strained to itslimits and beyond," said Salzman."Thèse computers and this software are interlopers, designed forbanking, insurance and commercialtransactions, not for running a microscope. Even the experienced computeruser who lacks a background in scien-tific Computing will gasp when hehears how much processing we do.Most people don't ask the sort of question that needs to be calculated for 300hours on a machine this size, but ittakes a good question in science topromise an interesting answer. We ailrecognize that science distills, yet people seem surprised when a problemwhich générâtes one picture takes afew hundred hours of CPU time. It hadbetter be a VERY pretty picture."Originally the people at IBM gaveus a machine about the size of a VAX,which is what most scientists use, butwe outgrew it. We found that the algorithms we wanted to explore, the for-malisms that were interesting andexciting, simply overwhelmed themachine. IBM promptly donated a newprocessor with four times the memoryand 1.5 times the speed. It wasn't longbefore the problems that we tackledbrought it to its knees, too. A fewmonths ago, IBM replaced it with aprocessor twice as fast again. Our onelaboratory uses up almost as muchprocessing time as the entire university's Computation Center."Our research follows an irresist-able tendency toward larger computers. Computer-intensive science hasmoved in twenty years from a corner ofelectrical engineering to the very fore-front of what is now interesting in anumber of scientific disciplines. Muchof what we do hère could scarcely bedreamt of without extensive computerresources. If you're not at the frontiersof science, you're somewhere behindthem."For better or worse, computersactually change how we think. Theinteresting uses of computers aren'tthe speeding up or the making easy ofwhat we already do, as anyone whouses a word processor will testify. Theinteresting uses of computers are tobroaden horizons, not just to clarify them, to allow us to go beyond whatwe would hâve been able to do. Thecomputer is an exciting tool when itlets us see things beyond our vision,explore avenues or move in directionsthat wouldn't hâve been plausible—much less possible— without computerpower. It is a change in kind, not justdegree."In Crewe's laboratory, Salzmanand other physicists work with imagesphotographed by the électron microscope and then transferred to a highresolution télévision screen undercomputer control. "Traditionallyimage processing meant taking LAND-SAT satellite geophysical pictures andperforming certain formai mathemati-cal opérations on them," explainedSalzman. "One could fit certain map-ping projections, like a conic or Merca-tor projection, or try to identify certainnatural resoures. And of course, themilitary had its own uses for thèse.Another aspect of image processingattempted to imitate certain humanfunctions, such as perceiving straightlines. This was of interest to the peopleusing cloud chambers in particle physics; they wanted to automate the searchfor paths."What we're interested in doing isvery différent. An enormous part ofthe human brain— perhaps as much interms of volume as is devoted tospeech— simply tries to make 3-Dsensé of the world. It is a terribly com-plicated System, concerned with coloration, with 3-D perspective, with pat-terns. No one understands it very well.Rather than hâve a computer try to imitate something we can't even predicatein a formai way, what we are trying todo is match into that, complementinginstead of replacing. Let the computerdo those things which computers dowell but humans do not, such as rotecalculation, and let the human do wellwhat he or she does best, which is seepatterns and assert that certain thingshâve meaning. The best computer programs are dismal at recognizing patterns and hopeless at 'imagining' whatunderlies them."The eye is still marvelously betterat pattern récognition than any computer, so one way to hâve the computerbe helpful is to use formalisms. Webring computer power to bear in wayswhich draw out those key features,those regular or readily capsulizedtraits of a picture, which may not hâvebeen brought to the attention of the19person using the System. We might askif there is a characteristic séparationbetween structures that keeps appear-ing over and over. The human may notpick that up, but his electronic partneris adapted to glean just that sort ofdétail."What sorts of questions do wepose when using the computer? Let'sassume that a particular pattern mayappear: a cluster or a star or a grid. CanI set up an experiment which will dis-ambiguate the structure from the back-ground noise and prove that it really isthere? Alternatively, can I show thatthere's nothing of the sort in the picture? Image processing is a languagefor getting from hère to there mathe-matically, a vocabulary and a syntax fortalking about some features and notothers. Just as every careful argumentdépends on the validity of its underly-ing logic, so scientif ic discourse is builtDavid Arnett is an astrophysicist;he studies the stars. He doesn't use apowerful télescope to look at them.Nor does he go out on starry nights andgaze up into the sky. He examines starsby using mathematical équations. Nowhe has another way of looking atstars — by creating theoretical modelsof them on the computer. And giventhe marvelous graphies capabilities oftoday's computers, he gets to createimages that are not only useful in hiswork, but that the human eye findsvery pleasing."We use the computer to build theoretical models of the universe, or différent parts of the universe," explainedArnett, professor in the departmentsof astronomy and astrophysics andphysics, the Enrico Fermi Institute,and the Collège. "We do that by defin-ing mathematical models and thenhaving the computer calculate thesolutions to those models. Or to put itanother way, we make the modelevolve so we can see what would hap-pen if the laws that we tell the computer were in fact valid in the universewe live in. And we compare the resultsand astronomical observations to see ifwe really understand those observations. In order to do this we need verypowerful computers. out of exquisitely formai math. Thenature of image processing is to be rig-orous and formai, instead of squintingat a picture and saying, 'Yes, I see acamel in that cloud.'"Traditionally, the design of électron microscopes has been part blackmagie, part genius, part very hardwork (and that's been the graduate stu-dent's rôle). When the computer System came into this laboratory, thehuman interactions changed to accom-modate this powerful new tool. Peopleseemed to expect that it would happenthe other way around, and the computer would change to fit them. Thehard work has a différent cadence now.With the computer, we do science at adifférent pace. If a problem is interesting and can be addressed with the computer, we jot down notes online,assemble the syntax of a program veryquickly and try it out. If it doesn't"The computations that astrophys-icists need to perform share a particular characteristic with the phenomenathey observe. Both can be enormous.Computers are idéal tools for a theoretical astronomer. We can't test simpli-fied versions of stars in a laboratory;we hâve to study whatever nature provides. So we build models of stars in acomputer and see if they behave likereal stars. Only powerful computerscan handle the numbers of calculationswe need to describe whole stars."Arnett described briefly how starswork. "Almost ail the stars are in a stateof dynamical balance. Gravity causes astar's mass to pull inward upon itself,while the greater pressure in the den-ser inner régions causes a correspond-ing outward push. If we could turn offthe gravitational force in the sun (as wecan in a computer model), the resultingexpansion would become apparentafter about one hour. A second kind ofbalance is thermal balance. The rate ofenergy production equals the rate ofenergy loss. Although the sun is largeand hot, without replenishment itwould radiate away its présent thermalenergy in about 10 million years. Thatis a lot more than one hour, but it is alsoa lot less than the âge of the earth,which is about 4.5 billion years. There work, we can return to the originalcourse without having derailed thetrain of thought that prompted the ideain the first place. This would not be fea-sible without computer facilities. Inthose cases where the hint does panout, we can mine the full resources ofthe graphies, image, and word processing, the number crunching or data-bases, to mint a solution."Time and again, that unabashedlyplayful aspect of wanting to use toolsand therefore inventing them, drivesscience. An idea was born hère forreconstructing objects in 3-D from alimited number of 2-D projections,conceived because the computerpower was so free. Professor Crewethought he might as well try thiswhimsical idea, and it worked! We arein the business of asking questions, notjust finding answers. The computerchanges the way we ask them."are two ways for a star to replace theenergy it radiâtes away: it can burn itssupply of nuclear fuel, or it can fall inupon itself by contraction or by cata-strophic collapse. We want to understand what happens to stars when theyrun out of fuel."For example, in a distant région ofspace, a dying star thirty times as massive as the sun suddenly explodes, out-shining entire galaxies of billions ofstars. Then it slowly fades in bright-ness, its final fate— neutron star orblack hole— decided by how much ofits mass has torn away to drift intospace.Supernovae, or exploding stars,are significant not only because theyare immensely powerful, but becausethey create black holes and neutronstars— and most of the éléments thatmake up the earth and its inhabitants.Arnett has been studying the life sto-ries of large stars since he was a graduate student in the 1960s. At that timeastronomers knew that only the éléments hydrogen and hélium werecreated in the "Big Bang" explosion ofthe universe's création, 15 billion yearsago. They thought that ail of theheavier éléments— carbon, nitrogen,oxygen, and iron, for example— musthâve been created in the interiors of theGo, AND CATCH A FALLING STAR20 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985largest and hottest stars and ejectedinto space when thèse stars explodedas supernovae.The création of heavier éléments,called nucleosynthesis, provides theraw material for the eventual formation of solid objects such as planets andtheir inhabitants. But thèse ideas werestill embryionic when Arnett and a fel-low graduate student, James Truran,began the first calculations of the conditions under which massive starsmight actually produce the heavy éléments. They found that the élémentsthat exist on earth today could hâvebeen created in stars only if massivestars "burned" their fuel in layers, orshells."This process of explosion isthought to be the process in whichnuclei are formed," explained Arnett."So that the abundance patterns in theuniverse are determined by this process. Those abundance patterns détermine évolution of the solar System, thecomposition of the planets, the possible existence of life. The abundancepatterns in our bodies ref lect this process. The iron in your blood and the calcium in your bones are formed in thisway. Thèse are thermonuclear processes which are a side resuit of theexplosion."In 1975 Arnett combined thèse calculations with his own mathematical models of stellar évolution and withnew f indings about the behavior of thesubatomic particles called neutrinos.He found that the neutrinos, which areproduced in the star's nuclear reactions, force massive stars to burn theirnuclear fuel in the kinds of layers pre-dicted by Arnett and Truran.Now, in research with F. Thiele-mann of Munich 's Max Planck Institutefor Astrophysics, Arnett has shownthat the shell burning caused by neutrinos produces the précise proportions of the heavier éléments, exceptiron, found in the solar System.Although the massive stars don'tproduce enough iron to explain theabundances observed in the solar System, Arnett said, calculations he andother researchers hâve done indicatethat iron is the principal élémentejected into space by the explosivedeaths of lighter stars.Arnett and Thielemann used themost complète mathematical modelyet devised to calculate the destructionand production rates of the différentéléments in the last years of a massiveDavid Arnett, professor in the departments ofastronomy and astrophysics, in his office. Heuses the computer to build theoretical models ofstars. Some ofthe results ofhis modelling can beseen on the cover of this issue. star. They also used the Planck Insti-tute's Cray-1 supercomputer, whichperformed in a few hours calculationsthat would hâve required weeks on anordinary computer."We try to calculate how a star willcollapse after it runs out of fuel, andwhat the results of the collapse will be.There are basically two sorts of thingsthat happen that we've explored so far.In one case, the center of the star col-lapses and the outer part will fall in ontop of it; the material just keeps fallingin. Presumably, that will be a blackhole. In the other case the inner partsfall in but then they bounce. That is,they're compressed to a high density,and they develop a large pressure.That pushes out on the other materialwhich is falling in and générâtes ashock wave. That shock wave thenpropagates out and finally blows offthe outer parts of the star. So instead ofhaving one object, you hâve two. Youhâve the inner part of the former starwhich is at very, very high density. Youhâve an outer part which is nowexploding off into space. We are tryingto understand which stars do one ofthèse things and which stars do theother. We haven't had a lot of success,so it is a very fertile région for a theoristto work in, but it's not a solved prob-lem, which is why we need the supercomputer."Arnett has spent the last threeyears building his own version of asupercomputer in his laboratory at theEnrico Fermi Institute. "Three yearsago we had nothing. Then with a giftfrom the Aileen S. Andrew Foundationwe were able to catch up with comparable departments of astrophysics.Now we hâve a DEC VAX mincompu-ter, and some Sun workstations, whichare powerful small computers in theirown right. The Sun computers can talkto the VAX at very high speeds. Morerecently, with a grant from the NationalScience Foundation (NSF) we hâvegotten a Floating Point Systems minicomputer, a very high speed device,and Apollo workstations, which are aspowerful as the VAX. What we've triedto put together is a personal supercomputer. We now hâve as much Computing power for an astrophysicist as isavailable any where in the world."With this super System I can dographies. This allows me to examinethe results of a calculation in a graphi-cal manner. It's an important psycho-Continued on page 4921Ha :H i SH&lî 2 CHICKENSIX ËifîVw? Tco]hat happens when a brand-newcollège graduate, armed only witha B. A., ventures into the job market?We talked to seven récent graduâtes of the Collège who hâve joined thework force, and they report that they'redoing just fine. Ail seven feel theyhâve found challenging jobs. Two ofthèse new alumni created their ownjobs, by going into business for them-selves, and now a third has joinedthem. Although some plan eventuallyto return to school for advanceddegrees, others hâve found they canadvance their careers without any fur-ther formai éducation.As a humanities student in the Collège, Phoebe Zerwick, AB'82, neversuspected that she would f ind a careerin so technical a field as budget planning. Now a staff member of the healthand human services agency of the NewYork City Office of Management andBudget (NYCOMB), she helps détermine the public hospital budgets forthe Health and Hospital Corporation(HHC), which runs ail the city's municipal hospitals.For Zerwick, this high-pressurejob has proved to be as challenging as itsounds. Among other things, thehealth and human services agency figures budget allocations by contrasting health insurance revenues and treat-ment costs of ail twelve of the city'shospitals. Zerwick works primarilywith the revenue projections, based ondata provided by each hospital. Butbudget negotiations with HHC's boardof directors, who hâve their own ideasabout projections, complicate matterstremendously.What invariably happens is thatZerwick cornes up with a revenue esti-mate, and the board of directors cornesup with a lower estimate in hopes ofgetting more government dollars. Bothsides haggle over figures until a rela-tively satisfactory compromise isreached. "Like any other city agency, itis trying to convince the budget officethat its needs are the greatest, that itsservices are the most important," saidZerwick.As an undergraduate, Zerwick hadconsidered going to médical school,but like many students, she hadn'tdecided on anything conclusively.Immediately after graduation,Zerwick got a job in the office of RalphMuller, associate vice-président forbudget, Computing, and informationSystems at the University. In her yearthere, she gained expérience applicable to the job at NYCOMB.Zerwick feels that her degree in General Studies in the Humanities alsoproved to be helpful. The courses inhumanities helped her to gain usefulwriting and communication skills. Herbackground in mathematics was helpful for the analytical aspects of her job."I was very well prepared from myexpérience at the University of Chicagoand the Budget Office," Zerwick said."A lot of people around me hâvedegrees in public policy, but I don't feelthey hâve anything over me."Zerwick's math skills corne in par-ticularly handy when her office mustput together a new f inancial plan everyyear. As a resuit of New York City's fiscal crisis of 1975, the agency is obligedto submit a five-year financial planevery January which has to beapproved by fédéral and state agen-cies. The January plan then becomesthe basis for a one-year plan, whichdoesn't corne out until the spring andmust be approved by a council.It is the public policy and publichealth issues she encounters in her jobthat Zerwick finds most interesting.Her office is responsible for determin-ing and analyzing the impact of anylégislation on the city's budget, sincethis often affects hospital fundingdirectly. Zerwick finds this an enlight-ening expérience about the ways inFfcom CollègeClassroomTo First JobCan you make it in the business world armedonly with a B. A.? Yes— if you know how toanalyze facts, communicate well both onpaper and in person, and are willing to learn,even when the facts are dryPhotos by Michael E Weinstein-With Panache23which cities function and the oftenpainful struggle for funds among various public institutions.Like Zerwick, Martin Forrest,AB'84, seized an opportunity for train-ing in a new field. Examining f inancialstatements and business plans ofmajor New York corporations is not thekind of work Forrest had anticipatedwhen he was an undergraduate studying French literary classics. Today he isone of twenty-five trainees in NewYork-based Chemical Bank's eighteenmonth program to prépare récent collège graduâtes for big-time lendingresponsibilities."It may seem like a long trainingperiod, but the bank isn't going to letsomeone six months out of schooldétermine whether a business gets a$10 million to $50 million loan," saidForrest, who entered the program lastJune. Since then, he's been undergoinga rigorous training program in whichhe has been instructed in such subjectsas fundamentals of business économies, accounting, and finance. An important part of his training is learning howto investigate the crédit of businessf irms. He has lots of homework, and f eltas if he was back on the Midway when hewas under "overwhelming" pressurewhile preparing for an important exami-nation in accounting, an area he knewnothing about.Although the program in someways resembles the rigors of a collègeéducation, Forrest said the significantdifférence lies in the break-neck speedwith which he has to sort out andabsorb the streams of informationencountered during the courses. "Wenever hâve time to reinforce what welearn. As soon as we cover one topic,we quickly move on."Forrest's humanities degree has, inf act, turned out to be effective préparation for the program. "You can jumpinto new areas, not be afraid, andknow how to ask questions," explainsForrest. "This is one reason they wantlibéral arts people."One major point of the trainingprogram was learning that bankersmust be able to défend their décisionsto extend or deny financing, based onsolid research. The trainees weredivided into research groups assignedthe task of analyzing entire industriesbefore learning how to assess thestrengths and prospects of individualcompanies applying for funds. Forrest's team examined the U.S. auto industry, focusing on what effectsscheduled labor negotiations mighthâve on "out-sourcing," a methodintroduced to eut costs by importingparts for assembly at U.S. plants.Forrest said he really gainedinsight into the finance business andthe type of career he had embarked onwhen it came time to write detailedcrédit reports on companies. Thèsereports essentially explain a company'srisk, and recommend a course of actionthat must be defended before seniorloan officers. "You learn to thinkquickly on your feet," Forrest said.He had one assignment in particu-lar that revealed the complexities anddif f iculties involved in making lendingdécisions. Using a case from the bank'sold crédit files for practice, Forrest'sclass had to détermine whether a largebubble gum manuf acturer's request forlong-term financing would be granted.Most of the class, Forrest said,approved the loan after carefully studying the f irm's opérations and poten-tial for growth. Luckily, this was only apractice assignment — an examinationof later records showed that the Company had manufactured a new productthat had failed badly, resulting in greatfinancial losses. Through this expérience, the class learned an importantlesson about modem économies. "Youlearn when you get into this businessthat there are no clear-cut answers.You're always moving in a grey area."Forrest will hâve several practicecrédit reports before he moves on tomore advanced preparatory work. Hewill join three différent teams of loanofficers, each specializing in lending tospécifie "districts" of business, such asnon-profit organizations, jewelers,and garment manufacturers. At thattime, his reports and recommenda-tions will be based on current applications for financing. For the last sixmonths of the training program he willwork in just one district. Then, with histraining finally completed, he'll be offon his own, researching and compilinghis own loan portfolios. He readilyadmits that the burden of this respon-sibility sometimes gives him the jitters."I understand now why bankers areconservative," he said. "It's no longeran académie exercise. If a loan goessour, you're to blâme because you'vehad every opportunity to think itthrough."As an undergraduate majoring inGeneral Studies in the Humanities, Richard Kaye, AB ' 82, learned to critieizethe works of the world's leading novel-ists, essayists, poets, and philosophers.Now, at the New York Review of Books,where he is assistant to the editor, heprovides many of them with information for critiques of each other's works.NYRB has a circulation of 120,000, and isissued every two weeks.At NYRB, Kaye works under editorRobert B. Silvers, AB'47 "In magazineand newspaper lingo, an assistant editor does an enormous number ofthings. I'm responsible for keepingabreast of what's coming out in the wayof books, and for doing research thatwill help provide wri ters with the back-ground they need." NYRB's writers areexpected to cover their subjects indepth and, to help them, the staff oftenprovides them with background material on their subjects. "Let's say a writeris doing an article for us on Russia,"explained Kaye. "He may know aboutsome of the books coming out on theSoviet Union, but we try to find outabout ail the other ones that mayappear soon and that he may not knowabout. That involves phoning publish-ers, tracking down people to find outwhat's going to be pubiished a monthfrom now. It requires a lot of investiga-tive work. A writer may go to his mail-box and find there, every few days,another little packet of clippings wehâve sent to help him in his work. Fre-quently, writers in England don'tknow about the différent controversieswhich may be going on over hère. Wehâve to make sure they know what'sbeing argued about, so we'H sendthem clippings and articles."Another of Kaye 's tasks is findinginformation on new writers. "If theeditor hears that there 's some wonderful writer out there — when someonesays casually to him, 'You should hearabout the brilliant Mr. X'— you hâve tofind out where Mr. X teaches and whathis works are. You hâve to put togethera portfolio so that the editor has ail theinformation he needs."Then there's the day-to-day workof looking at galleys. Frequently pub-lishers corne in, and we sit down anddiscuss with them what's coming out.There is a constant stream of publicitypoeple coming through, touting newbooks. And, of course, famous writerscorne in. Joan Didion may walkthrough, or some famous British philosopher. It may sound glamorous, butit's just like any other job— there are24 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985chores to be done," Kaye said.Working as an assistant editor forNYRB where there is "constant conversation" about books, Kaye feels right athome. That's the kind of exchange heenjoyed as a student in the humanities,and as editor of the Gray City Journal andco-editor of the Chicago Literary Review. "Icorne to work and people hâve fightsover whether someone is a good writer,or they argue over whether someone 'swork is worth reviewing. They predictwhether this book is going to be big or abomb. There's quite a range ofdiscussion."Kaye feels that his studies in thehumanities helped prépare him wellfor his current job. "At the time, Ithought that the emphasis in the commun core curriculum on the key textsin the West was agonizing. I used toenvy my friends at other universitieswho could read about movies andother things in pop culture for theirclasses. But after I left the University I realized that this was more valuable.Where I work, those texts and thinkerscorne up again and again. If you don'tread those people in collège it's hard toget around to reading them later. Inreading a pièce, you need to be able tounderstand the références, and it helpsa great deal to know some of the namesin the field."Also, the University made merealize that there is a great deal of seri-ous work going on among writers andscholars. Often I'm made aware thatthere are people out there who hâvedevoted their lives to their subjects.You tend to be a bit more cautiousabout making big judgments whentheir books corne in."One thing collège doesn't prépare you for," he said, "is the fact thatit's a cold world out there. That soundstrite, but the University is a very com-fortable environment. The Universityis always there giving you those littlepats of approval, though it seems to be just the opposite when you're there.But when you're out in the work world,nobody is there telling you you'redoing a wonderful job, so don't worry.You are really tested on a day-to-daybasis that doesn't resemble school. It'ssort of a shock when you get out. I'malmost nostalgie for the luxury of beinggiven a book and told to spend fourweeks writing on it. In comparison,now, every day at 9 a. m., I hâve to be aprofessional. But being in Chicago andgoing to school in that tough Americancity was a good préparation for comingto New York."Before joining NYRB, Kaye workedfor a year as assistant literary editor ofThe Nation magazine. He spends someof his spare time writing fiction."Compared with Manhattan, HydePark is very contemplative, an easierplace to get long-term work done,"he said.Lisa Meulbroek, AB'84, once anéconomies major and now an associateconsultant with the Boston ConsultingGroup in Chicago, got a rather auspi-cious start in her profession eventhough she had no earlier expériencein the business world. A large foodprocessing corporation studied somegraphs she had prepared from her veryfirst research effort on the job and,because of thèse graphs, which chartedvarious market trends within the gourmet food industry, the companydecided to liquidate its holdings in achain of specialty stores.This may seem like a big responsibil-ity for a brand-new graduate, butMeulbroek's employer, the Boston Consulting Group, made it clear from thebeginning that analytic ability is whatreally counts. The courses Muelbroekhad taken in économies and in thehumanities, which involved "reallytearing texts apart," helped her todevelop her analytical skills, she said.Meulbroek is in a two-year trainingprogram at the Boston ConsultingGroup. The f irm aims to expose libéralarts graduâtes like Meulbroek to manydifférent aspects of corporate stratégieplanning, such as acquisitions, marketing, mergers, and divestitures. As amember of a client "case team,"Meulbroek's job is to help develop aRichard Kaye~r— — — i - sensé of how the market works in a certain industry "Even though what I'mdoing isn't always that exciting, it doeshâve a pretty huge effect on what companies do," said Meulbroek, whosefirm advises large corporations. Sheadmits that studying industry journalsfor sales figures or poring over démographie studies to distinguish markettrends often makes for tedious work.But she also feels that much of herwork in the research section of her caseteam has been a lot "like investigativereporting." The reward for her discipline cornes when she actually meetswith corporate planners who mayeventually use her f indings to launch anew product, buy out a business, orabandon a losing division.Meulbroek's research efforts for thefood-processing company provided herwith the kind of challenge she enjoys.Because of rapidly changing marketsand intensified compétition, the business was beginning to f alter. The BostonConsulting Group was called in toexplore the possibility of new opportunités for the giant corporation."They wanted to know what other-*-*--, areas they could get into since theirown area was stagnating," explainedMeulbroek. "We were supposed tosurvey the food industry and try tofind out where there might be someopportunities for them. This got usinto areas such as gourmet foods andspecialty foods. We looked at the retailside, as well as the distributing andwholesaling side."In the course of her investigations,Meulbroek discovered that the specialty food business had few pubiishedsources with sufficient sales figures.She drafted a detailed questionnaireand, with the help of part-timeresearchers, found out the size, sales,type of products, and distributors ofabout 150 import companies. She thenmade rounds of several gourmet, gro-cery, and convenience stores to findsome figures for herself. With dicta-phone in hand, she ticked off the priéesof brand names of exotic préserves,mustards and other gourmet fooditems. In a few places, she was accusedof being a nosey competitor andchased away by irritated owners. "Tosee if we could pièce together the market, I tried to find out what mix ofproduct was going through what kindof outlet, and how they were compet-ing," she said.Eventually, Meulbroek found thehuge assortment of figures she hadaccumulated a bit bewildering. "I waswondering where ail my work wasreally going," she remarked. But themore experienced members of the caseteam carefully sorted through ail theinformation and f inally concluded thatthere was no future for their client inretail food stores, gourmet or other-wise. As a resuit, the company officiaisdecided to drop the f irm's holdings onthat chain of specialty food stores. Thisrepresented a relatively small part oftheir food-processing opérations, butnonetheless, there were no real prospects for improvement. "I was amazedto be in a room with division headswhere the décision was made," shesaid.Meulbroek says the difficultdemands she must face in the businessworld contrast sharply with the morecontemplative world she recently left."There is no time to sit down and studythings the way you do in académies,"she said. "A lot of times, you're makingdécisions with a limited amount ofdata. You hâve to, or your compétitionwill get there first."UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985Eisa MeulbroekWhen they were students in theCollège, Curt Witte, AB'84 and KentonSullivan, AB'84, along with most oftheir undergraduate fellows, enjoyedeating fried chicken from Harold'sChicken Shack in Hyde Park. In fact,they liked it so much that they figuredother people would too, and theydecided to go into business sellingHarold's chicken. They knew this wasrisky; the fast-food business is highlycompétitive, with a high turnover rateof entrepreneurs. They hâve been business partners for a year now, and theirbusiness not only has survived— it'sshowing a slight profit.It was in their senior year that Witteand Sullivan decided that Harold's rec-ipe, famous throughout Chicago,could prove to be highly saleable. "Wesaw a great opportunity," said Witte.So they formulated plans to build anational chain of Chicken Shacks andintroduced their idea to the masterhimself, Harold Pierce."At first Harold was cool to theidea," Witte said. But the two were persistent, and eventually convincedPierce to let them try out their idea. Thethirty-eight Chicken Shacks built sincePierce had started the first dealershipabout forty years ago had not alwaysoperated as Pierce felt they should.Pierce believes that each order shouldbe prepared from scratch, with freshchicken. In most fast-food opérationslarge batches of chicken are pre-cooked in timer-operated machines.Witte and Sullivan assured Pierce thatthey would maintain his policy of qual-ity food and friendly operators. "Wedidn't want to be just another ChickenShack in just another spot," said Witte. "And Harold wanted to leave behind abusiness that stood for something hebelieved in."With Pierce's blessings, as well ashis recipe and method for cooking friedchicken, the 22-year-old entrepreneurspooled their resources, about $25,000,and opened a small Harold's ChickenShack near the campus of NorthwesternUniversity in Evanston, IL.Early into the venture, the partnershad some affirmation that their choiceof a location was a good one. Five daysbefore the officiai opening, while theywere still installing equipment anddecorating the modest space they hadrented near the Northwestern campus,they received their first order for onethousand pièces of chicken, placed bya group of hungry dormitory students.Word of Harold's chicken had made itsway from Hyde Park to Evanston. "Itkind of scared us. We didn't know if wecould handle it," said Sullivan. "Butyou can't say no. You've got todeliver." So they put aside the paintbrushes, turned on the stove, anddelivered.Ever since, they've had to deal withone challenge after another. "It's a lotmore involved than we ever dreamed,"said Witte, who has had to put in longhours to meet the demands of the business. Besides studying such things asthe chemical breakdown of cooking oil,the two entrepreneurs hâve had theirhands full dealing with shrewd suppli-ers and strict village officiais. "I took apublic policy class at Chicago andlearned about government régulation," said Witte. "It's true. There areunbelievable restrictions placed uponsmall business." On several frustrating occasions,Witte and Sullivan considered aban-doning the venture altogether. "But atschool, we both learned how toapproach and solve tough problems.That kind of éducation has given us areal advantage over others," saidWitte.Witte estimâtes they serve abouttwo hundred customers a day. Theyput most of their profits back into thebusiness in order to make improve-ments and to begin attracting inves-tors. "We didn't get into this to end upas a little chicken carry-out service,"said Sullivan, who majored in biologyand abandoned plans to go to médicalschool to try his hand at the fast-foodindustry.Initial difficulties aside, Witte andSullivan attribute the success of theirfirst year to several important factors.The two had made an extensive investigation into the possible risks involved in starting a small business.They thoroughly analyzed the compétition, conducted f inancial projections,and attended business seminars. Theyalso worked at their favorite eatinghole, the Harold's on 53rd Street, tolearn the operating secrets behindHarold's famous chicken.In February a third Collège graduate joined the two to become a co-owner of the Evanston Harold's. EricBurke, AB'84, who had lived in thesame dormitory with Witte and Sullivan while in school, returned from ajob in California to join his friends inthe business venture. Despite the factthat he majored in English, he's had notrouble adapting himself to the business aspects of the job and enjoys hiswork. "I like being my own boss," hesaid. "It involves a lot of time and a lotof work, but it gives you a chance tochoose your own goals."For Sullivan, the fun of running hisown business includes designing fly-ers and coming up with advertise-ments that will attract students andpromote the catering service that theyalso offer. Although the partners hâvesometimes felt overwhelmed by theproblems that hâve corne up, they donot regret their décision to enter theworld of business. "The expériencehas been everything I hoped it wouldbe," said Witte.Furthermore, Harold's friedchicken is still one of their favoritefoods. "We just don't eat it as much,"said Witte. H27¦ - . ,It s a story withno exit. You can'tknow it withoutbeing in it andonce you're in youcan't get out of it.— Davidson Loehr The Vietnam war is usually spo-ken of in that way^— as "The VietnamWar." An entity, a thing, a single, massive phenomendn that stretched fromperhaps 1954 to 1975, a beast which didno good but much harm, a débâclewithout redeeming value.Or it is seen as a military fiasco, ora colonial endeavor, or a bad politicaldreamEach of thèse views has in com-mon the habit of viewing a twenty-one-year period which invoïved millions of people as though it were asingle, monolithic thing. While political, military, and sociological analyses may demand that sort of réduction,the approach has at least one veryunfortunate side ef fect— it promotes asensé of collective blâme and guilt,tainting ail alike who were invoïvedin Vietnam, for whateyer reasons. Thewar was bad, people who do badthings share the bad, and that's that.The main point I hope to make youfeel from this article is that that is notthat! The différent reductionismswhich alone hâve created the illusionof iinity hâve omitted at least onemajor dimension of that tragic era-~the personal expériences of millionsof individuals who lived through, not"The Vietnam War," but millions ofwars, each one personal and each onedifférent.The historian Fernand Braudel haswritten that "no two men ever died for the same country." In much the sameway, no two people ever experiencedthe same war,Many of the vétérans of that eraare still having a very hard time shed-ding the rôle of scapegoat, in additionto whatever else from their year inVietnam that may be giving them ahard time. And our society — perhapsespecially the libéral sectors of it — hasoftert cast them in that rôle. We can'only create scapegoats, however, ifwe're very sure of what is right andwrong, and know a simple and sureway to tell which side we are on, andwhich side they are on.I want you to bé Iess sure. I wantyou to be so confused over what andwho were right and wrong that youwill hâve to suspend jûdgment — judg-ment which I hâve seen exclude andcondemn a lot of human beings whowere participants rather than specta-tors in the complex and regrettable erawe call "The Vietnam War." And so Iwill try to speak of thèse things thatare so hard to wrap words around.And yet this is a hard thing to talkor write about, and I want to offerwhat may seem like a very strangeanalogy to illustrate howl feel aboutsharing thèse long-guarded memo-ries. The analogy cornes from a moviècalled The Sandpiper, made abouttwenty years ago. It stars Richard Bur-ton as the very proper headmaster ofan exclusive Episeopal boys' school,Eva Marie Saint as his saintly wife,and Elizabeth Taylor as ElizabethTaylor. Burton and Taylor hâve anJi 1illicit affair, and Burton eventuallytries to regain his sensé of integritybytelling his wife of it. She leaves him.Then he goes to see Liz Taylor, andtells her he has told his wife of theiraffair. Taylor is furious. "How couldyou! How could you tell her? It was tooprivateVAnd that is how I feel about myexpériences in Vietnam, that they toowere an anillicit affair— ; l ittoomay be far too private to be sharing.So I begin with an apology to theother Vietnam vétérans reading this. Icannot do justice to your versions ofthe Vietnam era, and I hope that 1 willnot, bytalking aboutit, profane something which was— at least for me — inan illicit and dark way, sacred.Please notice also that I will beusing and intending only masculinepronouns. That is not to suggesl thatthere are not important slories ofwomen's expériences in Vietnam, butonly that I can't tell them. I didn'tknow any American women in Vietnam; my story is about men. Indeed,its male-centeredness is probably anintégral part of this story.I served in Vietnam f ,• 1966to August 1967 as an army lieutenant. Ihad graduated from Artillery OfficerCandidate School nine months ear-lier, and had been sent over to be a f or-ward observer (FO) with the FirstInfantry Division. < I didn't waihad read in theleaving that thewith the Firstthree days. I comap to save myened to become iof speech. Aisequietly in the nten hours a dayor NVA troops ton was j damne<For at leasttrived .1 "Catch-:game. And, lhacan corne fromgame, and inbecoming a f'became the ViiOfficer. They g£an air-conditiorand my job cimovie stars anitainers at the aitto dinner on ankeeping twith béer and soIstopped inat ahome for stean-sex;or, lessofteiThom, my favorThe celebriincluded Marth.iDale Evans (andthat), Nancy SinArthur GodfreJennifer Jones (\At Christmas, 1Davidson Loehr, AM'81, is aVietnam War vétéran. He spent ayear in Vietnam, and upon return-ing, earned his A.B. at the University of Michigan. He is a doctoralcandidate in the Divinity School,and is at the dissertation stage.While working for his Ph.D.in theology, Loehr, who is 43, hasconcurrently prepared to enter theministry. He plans to be a parishminister in the Unitarian-Univer-salist Church. "I did ail the coursework for parish ministry, and twoyears of church work and chap-laincy training in the program atNorthwestern Mémorial Hospital,where I worked on the terminalcancer ward. I've done ail this; Ididn't get crédit for it, but it hassatisf ied ail the requirements ofthe Unitarian Association. When Ifinish the degree hère I will enterthe settlement process for churches,and hope to enter a church a year ora year-and-a-half from now."I may go into teaching far-ther down the line," he said. "ButI think the most interesting questions are not académie questionsbut existential ones. I find a lotmore of those sort of questions inthe mess of living rather than in theref inement that you can get whenyou back off from it and theorizeabout it and study it in school."Loehr 's thesis is on philosopherLudwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951)."I hâve been working in philoso phy of religion and philosophy ofscience. Wittgenstein 's later workis coming into its own; it is behindsome of the moves in science likeThomas Kuhn's The Structure ofScientific Révolutions. I'm interestedin works that are realizing that thethings that we believe and thethings that we say we know don'trest on eternal truths or facts, butthey rest on our structures of know-ing, and our ways of knowing andour time and our place and ourbiases."On a récent visit to Washington,DC, Loehr had twenty minutes tospare before catching a plane, so hewent to see the Vietnam War Mémorial. He chokes up when askedabout it. "It's perfect. Just perfect.Stunning. I had twenty minutesand stayed for an hour-and-a-half,unaware that I had missed myplane. I noticed some people star-ing at me and I realized I was weep-ing; the tears were running downmy cheeks. I '11 go back again, whenIcan."This article is adapted from atalk Loehr gave before the DivinitySchool Students Association. Thearticle appeared, in a slightly différent form, in the Autumn, 1984 issueof Criterion, a publication of theUniversity of Chicago DivinitySchool.Jim was in Saigon, it turned out,because he had just been released fromthe Third Field Hospital. The infantrycompany to which Jim was assignedhad been hit by an early morninghuman wave assault, which meansthat about 600 Viet Cong rushed the camp, planning to lose hundreds ofmen, but to overrun the camp withthose who could get through. It waslike an infantry kamikaze mission.Jim's company commander, an infantry captain, was wounded in the shoul-der and became hysterical, cringing in a corner and leaving his companywithout a leader. Jim was the onlyother officer présent. He took com-mand of the company, manned threeradio networks, called in artillery fire,called the platoons to organizedéfenses, ordered point-blank artilleryfire from their own guns when theattack neared, and shouted commandsto organize the hand-to-hand fightingthat ensued within the companyperimeters.When it was over Jim had a deepknife wound, hundreds of Viet Conglay dead, no Americans were killed.He received a Purple Heart and a SilverStar, the third highest award for valor,for altruism under fire.And something within me awoke.Ten years later, in the movie TheDeer Hunter Robert DeNiro says to afrightened young man, "You hâve totake one shot. You don't hâve to gethit, but you hâve to take a shot." Afamous passage from a letter of HenryIV contains a similar insight: "Hangyourself, brave Crillon; we fought atArques, and you were not there." Andin the jargon of religion, we speak of akairos, of that moment when the time isright and the time is ripe, when a décision must be made, a décision whichwill be a watershed for the rest of one'slife. That's what awoke within me. Itmay not make any logical sensé, but ithas an existential force that cannot bedenied or diluted. I knew that if Ireturned from that country withouthaving experienced war, that in a deepand important way I would not be ableto live with myself.So I negotiated for a transfer to thefield. Not to be a forward observer; Istill couldn't read a map. I was not thestuff of which heroes are made, and Iwanted a broader view of the war. Iwanted to see and be in more aspects ofit. So I negotiated a transfer to the fieldas a press officer and combat photographier for an armored cavalry régimentin Xuan Loc, about thirty-five kilome-30 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985"In the jargon of religion, we speak of a kairos,of that moment when the time is right and the timeis ripe, when a décision must be made . . . whichwill be a watershed for the rest of one's life."ters east-north-east of ^ajgon, in themiddle of dense woods and rubbertrees. That was January 10, 1967, and Ispent my remaining seven months inthat job. I photographed the war,attended brief ings from General West-moreland and other major unit com-manders, dealt briefly with MikeWallace and Morley Safer at CBS, andtagged along with LIFE magazine pho-tographer Co Rentmeester after con-vincing him to do a feature story on ourrégiment.A week after arriving in the field,we got a call to go to a nearby hamlet.The Viet Cong had had a recruitingdrive the night before. They assembledthe people in the center of the hamlet,where the head of the hamlet refusedto help them. So they took his twodaughters, aged about six and eight,raped them, then slit their throats, andthrew their bodies into the well to pol-lute the drinking water. Our interpréter from the South VietnameseArmy, Captain Trang, was with us, andhe became violently ill. "My twodaughters," he said, "are the sameâges, they are the same âges as my twogirls, my girls are like that, they are likemy little girls . . . . " He kept repeatingit, over and over.I never got to know Captain Trangvery well, though we ate lunch togethermost of the time we were both in basecamp. But half of what I ever knew abouthim I learned that morning.The next story is about the first opération I went on, and it requires somebackground explanation. The armoredunit I was attached to had three squad-rons of about 2,000 men each. The firstwas commanded by a lieutenant colonelwho was nicknamed "Tiger." He was asuperb commander, and his men lovedhim. He volunteered them to be the leadélément in every joint opération, andthey were proud of being "the Tiger'sguys." In their six months in the countryI don't think they had had a single mankilled, though they had been invoïved in four or five major opérations nearCambodia.The second squadron remained astranger to me until ten days beforecoming home, because Tiger's guyswere always where the action was, andI needed action photos and stories tosell our little unit to the major newsservices. The third squadron was commanded by a man whose name I don'tremember; he appeared to be a poorcommander whose men followed hislead as Tiger's had followed his. Themorale was so low in the third squadron that they couldn't be trusted to goout and f ight, so they were lef t home toguard the base camp on every opération. In six months they had never seena Viet Cong, never been in war. Butthey had had eight men killed whilestaying at home in base camp, in bar-racks fights, homosexual incidents,thefts, and ail the other indicators ofpoor morale in a military unit.Three days before a major opération we were to go on with an infantrydivision, we were in a routine staffmeeting when General Westmorelandwalked in unannounced. GeneralWestmoreland, it seemed, alwayscame unannounced.Unless you were in that man'sprésence over there, you just can'tknow the awesome look he had, thepower of intimidation that he had, theunsettling ability he had to makeeveryone feel intensely uneasy atonce. If he walked in hère right now, Iwould probably salute him and still getthat uneasy feeling we ail had that day.He stood at the side of the tent forawhile, then walked to the front tointerrupt the meeting. He lookedstraight at the colonel without expression: "You hâve a morale problem inyour third squadron, colonel," he said."What do you intend to do about it?"The colonel stammered. The colonel always stammered when Westmoreland was near."Do you know how many men hâve been killed because of the pçjormorale in your third squadron?"The colonel did not."Eight," said the gênerai. "Eight ofyour men, eight of my men, hâve diedwithout purpose. What are you goingto do about the morale problem?" Thecolonel stammered again. "This once,"said Westmoreland, 'TU solve yourleadership problem, colonel. The thirdsquadron will be the lead élément inthe opération in three days. They needa fresh kill."Among the things I'il never forgetis the matter-of-fact way that GeneralWestmoreland said that, the feel of theatmosphère in the tent after he said it,the silence in the officers' tent after themeeting, and the tension three dayslater as I went with the third squadronon their and my first opération, insearch of the fresh kill.We rode for two full days in theone-hundred-twenty to one-hundred-thirty degree températures withoutever seeing a Viet Cong, and our youngdriver began showing signs of tension.Principally, he kept driving off theroad to attack small trees with the vehi-cle, rolling up them until they bentover to the ground, then hooting like ahillbilly. Then he hit a four-inch treethat was too big to bend. When itsnapped back at us, we were coveredwith inch-long fire ants. They biteverything they landed on, and by thetime we had sprayed DDT down eachother's backs and finally killed them,we were ail burning from the bites andthe DDT.It was about then, I think, that wesaw a large bunker by the road. Since awhole column of armored vehicles hadjust driven by it, there was little chancethat anyone was inside. Nevertheless,it was the first real prop of war we hadseen up close, so the column stoppedand three of us got out to inspect: twomen with guns and me with my caméra. The bunker was empty, and thetwo other men said they should check31the area out. I stood on the bunker towait for them.They spread out in a V and hadwalked about ten feet when both ofthem turned and opened fire on aclump of tall grass about fifteen feetdirectly in front of me.They got their fresh kill. Two'NorthVietnamese officers lay dead. Oneheld a rocket launcher, the other laywith a Russian AK-47 rifle. The twoAmerican soldiers began taking souvenirs — sandals and so on— and askedme if I wanted one. I wondered whatthe men were doing when they werekilled. One, they said, was aiming hisrocket launcher at our vehicle; theother was aiming his rifle at my head,and both were pulling the triggerswhen they were shot. The rifle was offsaf ety; we snapped back the boit, and abullet popped out of the chamber. Ihâve that bullet in a drawer, and it stillhas an eerie power, a reminder of thesignif icance of perhaps a hundredth ofa second and the fact that mère chancelets me stand hère reminiscing ratherthan a North Vietnamese captain.But I was not prepared for whathappened next.The word of the fresh kill wasradioed through the column, and warwhoops resounded. The two men withme put the bodies on the front carrierof our ACAV and drove through thecolumn like deer hunters. Everyonewanted to see them, to take pictures, topose by the trophies.And their eyes— the eyes of theAmerican soldiers were positively onfire as they swarmed around this irréfutable proof that they were, in fact, inthe war; that they had, in fact, takentheir shot. In that instant I understoodJoseph Conrad's short story "TheHeart of Darkness," and later understood why Francis Ford Coppola mightbase his movie Apocalypse Now on thatstory rather than directly on Vietnam.The morale in the third squadronskyrocketed; they partied well into the night and ran on euphoria the next day.At last, something to write homeabout, at last they were off the benchand in the game, at last they were apart of this thing called the VietnamWar.General Westmoreland had beenright.The final story cornes from my lastten days in Vietnam — so I'm skippingsix months. It serves as a paradigm formuch of my understanding of that yearand that war.I had returned from my R & R (restand récréation) in Tokyo just a weekand a half earlier, and spent the lastthree weeks in Vietnam frankly terri-fied. I had seen civilization, a worldoutside without sand bags and tapedWindows. It had snapped the spell ofadjustment, the suspension of disbe-lief in the war zone, and I couldn'treadjust in the remaining twenty days.I heard every shot at night, every mor-tar round. Even though I had beenthrough three mortar attacks duringthe past seven months, and knew thedifférence between the sound of anincoming and outgoing mortar round,I forgot it ail and slept on alternatenights. One night I would awaken withevery shot, every sound, and lie on thecot beneath the mosquito netting,soaked with sweat and scared to deathand scared to die and sure that it wouldhappen before morning. Then the nextnight, exhausted, I would fall asleepimmediately and hear nothing untilmorning, when the two-day cyclewould begin again.Ten days before coming home, oneof our companies was ambushed onthe road with very heavy casualties,and I was sent out to cover it. Theambush had been bad. Thirteen menhad been killed and fifty-ninewounded out of a company of about250— very heavy casualties for an armored unit. Only one officer wasleft, so I helped him evacuate thewounded and find and collect the deadmen and abandoned vehicles. I alsodid the enemy body count, and foundninety-eight Viet Cong in theirtrenches beside the road.And I found something else. Theyhad been dug in there for about threedays, waiting for this company to cornedown this road. They were armed foran attack on an armored company, andwe were the only armored unit in thesouth half of Vietnam. And we hadnever been down that road before.There had been a leak. Someonehad told the Viet Cong that we werecoming, and the cost was 111 deadmen, fifty-nine wounded Americans,and an unknown number of woundedVietnamese.I was stunned and furious andincredulous. The other lieutenant and Ithought maybe some Gis were talkingabout the travel route when theypicked up their laundry, and the Vietnamese laundry people understoodmore English than they let on. Ourdesperate little theory of how it happened was accepted, and the two laundry people were fired.A few days later I learned other-wise.The colonel called me into hisoffice to ask a favor. He wanted somebig prints of about twenty of the warphotographs I'd done to put on thewalls of his office, and offered me acouple of paid days in Saigon to printthe pictures. Then he said he had somegood news and some bad news. Thegood news was that they had discov-ered who told the Viet Cong about thesecond squadron's company last week.The bad news was that it was CaptainTrang.Captain Trang, our interpréter, theman we had eaten lunch with, had pur-posely told the Viet Cong where wewere going, knowing that they wouldambush us.32 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985"The historian Fernand Braudel haswritten that 'no two men ever died for thesame country.' In much the same way, no twopeople ever experienced the same war."Sometimes I can still feel the inten-sity of hatred and rage that hit me then .I wanted him dead. I didn't care how,but I wanted him dead, and immedi-ately. If he had been near, I would hâveshot him without hésitation. But thathad been taken care of. Captain Tranghad been turned over to the SouthVietnamese, who had tortured andexecuted him. It was small consolation, but it was consolation. I could stillsee the dead men, still smell and feeland taste that hot and humid day in themiddle of nowhere, still hear CaptainTrang's voice across the lunch table.And I can still hear the colonel tell-ing me the rest of the story. CaptainTrang had leaked information to theViet Cong because they had kidnappedhis two daughters and threatened tokill them unless he cooperated.It's a story with no exit. You can'tknow it without being in it and onceyou're in it you can't get out of it. Noth-ing that anyone did made any sensé,unless you were they, and then it wasthe only thing there was to do. It washard to know who to blâme. It waseven harder to accept finally the factthat there was no one to blâme, no adéquate or effective scapegoat to takeaway the sins of the world, to make itail harmonize as it had once seemed towhen life was so much simpler, somuch less powerful.What was lef t was to corne home—to a very poor GI Bill, to a radical University of Michigan campus with acategorical hatred for ail vétérans—"babykillers" we were called— and to asociety that was beginning to find thescapegoat that it so desperately neededin the returning Vietnam vétérans.Yes, there is bitterness. Even afterseventeen years, there is bitterness.And much of the reason I'm trying totalk about this now is to prevent ordilute the bitterness of future vétéransat the hands of well-meaning folksback home who were not there.We will ail see more wars, we may each know someone in the future whoserves in one. For their sakes, I hope itis a popular war, one the Americanpeople can hâve that same perversefondness for that lets us still make andsee innumerable movies about WorldWar II. But if it is not a popular war, ifthe country once more makes an ass ofitself by invading, meddling, or tryingto colonize, and if it again needs ascapegoat to salve its own moralwounds, that collective scapegoat willprobably be the soldiers as it was afterthe Vietnam War.When it happens, for it probablywill, for God's sake please don't beamong their accusers! The idea thatsoldiers know what they're fightingfor, believing wholeheartedly in thecauses invoïved, or that they evenunderstand them, is just plain wrongand naive to boot. Soldiers are individ-uals, and they go and will continue togo to war for individual reasons thatrange from indifférence to patrioticfervor, from a pathological yen formayhem to the naive idealism of astrong young buck going out to défendtruth, goodness, and the Americanway. Some go "to take a shot", much asI did in transferring to the field; somego because they couldn't live with thealternatives, or don't think anythingwill happen to them, or just don'tthink.But things happen in war to someof those individuals who were therethat can change them forever. Perhapsthose things are différent for each person, but I think that there is a yearningwithin many of us for what might becalled a sign of passage: A momentwhen something inescapable con-fronts us with an existential challengethat demands resources and strengthsfrom the very depths of our being.The second-century Church FatherTertullian once wrote: "The Paradox:Faith keeps watch for that day ....and daily fears that for which she dailyhopes." And the poet and preacher John Donne wrote "Lord, unless Thouenslave me, I shall never be free . I shallnever be chaste unless Thou ravishme." There is a yearning for a sensé ofwholeness, of participation in essentialdimensions of reality, which may livein the hearts of ail people. And thereare rare expériences in life that seem tohâve the power of granting that senséof being united with one's depth. It is asensé of fundamental authenticity, ofhaving "taken a shot," of "havingbeen there," having "corne through,"of having reached down inside oneselffor a strength, a feeling, a capacity, thathad never been called forth before—and finding it. That moment, whereverand whenever it happens, is one of themost profound and sacred moments inlife.But a sacred moment is notrestricted to polite parameters. It canhappen anywhere— even in an illicitaffair (as in the movie The Sandpiper) oran illicit war. In another place or time,it could hâve been embraced by one'scommunity as a heirophany, a taste ofthat mythic mana, a struggle with theforces which can grant an individualauthentic life— like Jacob's wrestlingmatch with his god at the river Jabbok,or Jésus' forty days in the wilderness,or even like a down-and-out boxerreaching into himself and finding achampion, as in the movie Rocky. Butwhen those sacred moments happen indark places and unpopular wars, theindividual is imprisoned in a privatestory from which there may never bean exit.And now I wonder, as I corne to theend of thèse brief reflections, why Ihâve done this, and what I can hope toexpect. It's unrealistic to ask for under-standing from those who were notthere, for that is precisely the problem.To understand the expérience of waryou must be in war. Otherwise, it isn'twar that you understand, but merelythe intellectual and esthetic concept ofContinued on page 4933THE PRESIDENTS PAGEBy Michael Klowden, AB'67 Président, The Alumni AssociationI would like to report to you aboutsome of the principal activities of theAssociation during the past eighteenmonths.In récognition of the fact that thereal involvement of alumni with theUniversity begins not at graduationbut at orientation, the Cabinet of theAlumni Association voted to invite asélect group of upperclass students toserve as ex-of f icio members of the Cabinet. Students, alumni and staff hâvealready benef itted in a variety of waysfrom this important new tie betweenalumni and students.During the first year of this new program, the twelve students invited toserve on the Cabinet for the year joinedalumni on a committee to review theAlumni Association's student relationsprogram. Providing valuable insightinto the perceptions of alumni by current students and alumni together is amutually bénéficiai relationship.One major resuit of having thisyoung, enthusiastic, and imaginativegroup on hand is the fact that this year,on July 28, we will celebrate "NationalUniversity of Chicago Day." On thatday, clubs around the country will holdan informai event— a picnic, a barbecue, a béer bust, whatever theychoose— to which students, home forthe summer (or even "passingthrough") will be invited to meetalumni. We'll give you more détails inthe SUMMER/85 issue of the Magazine.Through their own contribution oftime, energy and creativity and that ofthe many other student volunteersthey recruited for Reunion '84, our student members helped to make Reuniona remarkable célébration of the University expérience.Though least tangible, perhaps themost significant effect of the Cabinetsdécision is that we hâve established alasting friendship with the twelve whoserved us so well as students and whowill, we trust, continue to be activelyinvoïved with the University asalumni.Fifteen students are serving on theCabinet for 1984-85. We are having anexciting and productive year as we work with them to develop plans for animproved alumni— student relationsprogram. We hâve initiated a séries ofdinners to which members of the seniorclass are invited. Faculty, alumni, andmembers of the administration attend.Two newly chartered clubs hâvejoined the roster of officiai Universityof Chicago Clubs: Northeast Ohio andColorado. The alumni groups in thèseareas hâve been active and invoïved formany years. Thus, even as we welcomethem to the ranks of the officiai clubs,we acknowledge their longstandingcontributions to the University.The quality and variety of programming our clubs are offeringworld-wide reflects the undisputedexcellence of our University. As usual,many faculty members hâve givengenerously of their time in speaking toalumni groups. Alumni, too, hâveserved as guest speakers to our clubs,demonstrating the wide-ranging inter-ests and abilities of Chicago graduâtes.Président Hanna Gray was welcomedby our alumni in North Carolina, LosAngeles, and San Diego. Chicagoalumni continually recreate their University expérience, most recently withan evening at the Adler Planétariumand a Chinese New Year's dinner inChinatown, hosted by James D.McCawley, SM'58, Andrew MacLeishDistinguished Service Professor of Lin-guistics and Far Eastern Languages,author of The Eater's Guide to ChineseCharacters (University of Chicago Press,1984.)National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in NEW YORK. SAVE THE DATE!University of Chicago alumni clubshâve held a wide range of gatherings,including, in Washington, DC, a Poto-mac River dance cruise; in Albany aMohawk River trip; in Détroit, a canoëtrip on the Huron River; in LosAngeles, a spécial tour of the J. P. GettyMuséum; in Boston, a tour of theMuséum of Fine Arts and a Trivial Pur-suit Party; and in New York City, a champagne-tasting party.As Chicago alumni, we pride our-selves on our University expériences.We particularly enjoy celebrating andreliving those expériences at that won-derfully traditional time of year—Reunion. Reunion '84 reaffirmed ourdelight in gathering to relive the University's best years (i.e., whateveryears happened to coincide with ourown.) If you read the full account ofthat weekend in the fall issue of theMagazine, I think you will agrée withme that Reunion is one tradition whichbrings out in full color the uniquequalifies that make this a very spécialplace.Alumni records, hitherto kept onstone tablets in a damp cave beneathRobie House, are at last online. Nolonger will three issues of the Magazinego to your old address before yourchange of address is recorded. TheOffice of Alumni Affairs is now record-ing changes on the day they receivethem! You may also now designatehow you wish your mail from the University to be addressed and, if you aremarried to an alumnus/a, whethermailings should be joint or individual.Soon we hope to publish a new all-Uni-versity alumni directory to replace the1973 alumni directory. Stand by formore détails on that!The Executive Committee of theCabinet intends to dévote attentionduring the next year to greater coordination of the three principal alumnifunctions — programming, fund rais-ing and schools committee work.Although many local alumni clubs andorganizations hâve excellent communications among the volunteerscharged with responsibility in each ofthèse three areas, it is sadly true that inmany cities there is little or no coordination. We believe that the présidentsof the local clubs should assumeresponsibility for seeing to it that theindividuals charged with programming, schools committee and fund-raising activities communicate witheach other so as to coordinate theevents which they schedule through-out the year. B34 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEISPRING 1985CLASS NEWS1 C Samuel J. Pearlman, SB'15, SM'IZ±.\J MD'IZ is a lecturer at the UCLASchool of Medicine in the division of headand neck surgery.Glenn S. Thompson, SB'15, of Hemet,CA, retired from Carnation Company after forty-one years in the advertisingdepartment.1 f7 Stanley Scott, DB'IZ received his_L / D.D. in September from St. StephensTheological Collège of the University ofAlberta, Edmonton, Canada.18 Evermont R. Huckleberry, SB'18,MD'21, lives in Sait Lake City."1 Q Corinne Allinsmith, PhB'19, and herJ.y husband, Harry Allinsmith, PhB'19,returned to Maplewood, NJ, after living several years in Tokyo and in London.OO Donald Gray, PhB'20, of Kankakee,Z-\J IL, retired after sixty-one years in lawpractice.O, "I John A. Logan, PhB'21, of Washing-Âm _L ton, D.C., is a trustée of three foun-dations and four trust funds.OO Mary L. Peregoy, X'23, of Apple£m\J River, IL, and her husband cele-brated their sixty-f irst anniversary.^A Arthur B. Copeland, PhB'24, JD'25,AJl. of Peoria, IL, writes that he is the old-est practising lawyer in Peoria County.Alice Crandell Park, SB'24, of Washington, D. C. , was listed in Who 's Who of American Women and in Who's Who in the East for her1982 revised édition of her historicalgenealogy.Ferol E. Porter, PhB'24, of Columbia,MO, is a dietitian and writes articles onnutrition for the elderly for the news bulletin of the Retired Teachers Association ofChicago.O^l Pauline Elliott, PhB'26, is a volun--Cm\J teer at Leesbury, FL, Régional Médical Center and at Oak Park ElementarySchool.Eleanor Rice Long, PhB'26, and her husband, Newell, celebrated their f if tieth anniversary in June, 1984.Ophthalmologist Abraham Schultz,SB'26, MD'30, is semi-retired and lives withhis wife, Sarah Melnick Schultz, PhB'32, inOak Brook, IL. They hâve three children,nine grandchildren and one great-grandchild.ryr7 Dorothea K. Adolph, PhB'27, retired-Ci after teaching for forty-one years inthe Shaker Heights area near her home inCleveland, OH.Henry F. Otto, Jr., PhB'27, celebratedfifty-seven years in the brokerage business as a vice-président of Prescott Bail and Tur-ben, Dayton, OH.Ray C. Petry, AM'27, PhD '32, lectured tothe faculty of religious studies at the University of Dayton in 1984 and will lecture to faculty of the United Theological Seminary,Dayton, OH, in 1985.Kenneth W. Stott, SB'27, of Peoria, IL,celebrated his fiftieth wedding anniversaryin September.OO Thomas C. Potter, PhB'28, and hisL—KJ wife, Mary Taylor, celebrated theirgolden anniversary in 1983.OQ Samuel S. Frey, SB'29, SM'31, isS— y working on a collection of materialsrelating to the development of nuclearpower throughout the world.Irène B. McCurry, PhB'29, and her husband, Paul, will celebrate their fiftieth anniversary this year.Qfj Gordon N. Christopher, PhB'30,\J\J retired from teaching and lives inNew Haven, CT. His son, Robert, is a journal-ist, serving with University Président HannaGray on the Pulitzer Prize Committee.Jérôme L. Metz, PhB'30, of PalmSprings, CA, consults and writes for Woodsmagazine.Harvey L. Paulson, PhB'30, of Muske-gon, MI, retired from teaching and isinvoïved in various organizations.Jeanette G. Targow, PhB'30, waselected to the National Academy of SocialWork Practice and is on the Board of theAmerican Group Psychotherapy Association. She is in private practice in LosAngeles.National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in BOSTON. SAVE THE DATE!Paul D. Voth, SM'30, PhD'33, of Moun-dridge, KS, retired from the biological sciences department of Northern Illinois University, DeKalb. Last year, he authoredmany articles on f lowering plants for Micro-paedia-Encyclopaedia Britannica.Q*! Marcus T. Block, MD'31, practices\D _L dermatology and is a clinical assistant professor at the New Jersey Universityof Medicine and Dentistry, Newark.George L. Hecker, PhB'31, JD'33, of LosAngeles, received Israel's Prime MinisterMedal for service to the state of Israël bondeffort.Samuel L. Miller, MD'31, of San Francisco, travels abroad annually and hasserved as a missionary among the Navajosin a surgical capacity.TatsujiTakeuchi, PhD'31, is a professorof political science at Kansai University ofForeign Studies, Osada-fu, Japan. He directs an Asian studies program for undergraduate foreign students.Q O Paul M. Adler, PhB'32, of Wilmette,\J Am IL, volunteers for Recording for theBlind, Inc., American Cancer Society, theField Muséum of Natural History, Chicago,and the Chicago Historical Society.Sarah Melnick Schultz, PhB'32. See1926, Abraham Schultz.O O Robert G. Mindrup, SB'33, MD'37,\J\J is a family physician in Jerseyville,IL.Q/\ Paul Engberg, PhB'34, lives in Sara-\Jj1 sota, FL, and spends his summers inMinocqua, MI.Noël B. Gerson, AB'34, moved to BocaRaton, FL, but returns every summer toMadison, CT.Harold Petering, SB'34, of Cincinnati,will be in Who's Who in the Midwest, and inWho's Who in Frontier Science and Technology.OC Ralph B. Cloward, MD'35, a spinal\J^J neurosurgeon and author, performssurgery and lectures around the world. Heand his wife live in Honolulu and hâve celebrated their fiftieth anniversary.Dorothy T. Hayes, AM'35, PhD'50, ofRedington Beach, FL, is a distinguishedservice professor emerita of the State University of New York, Buffalo.Loyd R. McCulley, AB'35, of Irvine,CA, traveled to London and Switzerland in1984.Norman D. Modell, AB'35, is a govern-ment contract consultant, living in LosAngeles.O /2 Louis E. Ludwip, SM'36, of Bowie,^_?V_J MD, does German translations andplays clarinet for two concert bands in theWashington area.In 1985 Oliver Statler, AB'36, of Honolulu, will lead two pilgrimage tours on thePilgrimage to the Eighty-Eight SacredPlaces of Shikoku, Japan.Paul J. Theorell, AB'36, is a Visitationpastor for the Mercer Island, WA, CovenantChurch.Q'T M. L. Rosenthal, AB'37, AM'38, of>D / Suf f ern, NY, received the 1984 Expli-cator Literary Foundation Award as co-author of The Modem Poetic Séquence: TheGenius of Modem Poetry. He teaches at NewYork University and is editor of Présent TenseMagazine.Elaine Graham Sofer, AM'37, hasreturned to Providence, RI, after living inEngland for twenty-six years.OO William H. McNeill, AB'38, AM'39,\_/0 Robert A. Millikan DistinguishedService Professor in the Department of History and the Collège, is the président of the35American Historical Association for 1985.OQ An endowment fund at Clark Uni-\jy versity was created in honor ofMorris H. Cohen, AB'39, PhD'50, when heretired in 1984 as professor of government.Mary Jane Hunter Gilmore, AB'39, is avolunteer teacher in Redding, CA.Virginia Kenny Lamer, X'39, of Orinda,CA, does volunteer case work and serveson the board of the American Red Cross. tion of Language Teachers and is writing amystery novel. She has attended twelvesummer sessions at the Institut Catholiquein Paris.Mona Wilson Schoch, SM'40, is active inthe Goodwill Industries services ofIndianapolis.A^\ H. M. "Gabe" Angell, AB'41, of SanTX -L Francisco, is a volunteer member ofthe University of Chicago National FundFAMILY ALBUM-'85Fernando Caveo, AB'84; Amy Crutchfield, AB '84; Rebecca Crutchfield; (back row) RachelCrutchfield; Chris Crutchfield; Ronald A. Crutchfield, AB'58, SB'59; Nancy Crutchfield.A(~\ The oldest building on the Univer-^fcv/ sity of Hartford, CT, campus wasrenamed to honor Edward B. Bâtes, AB'40,chairman of Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Co.Ellen J. Beckman, AM'40, of Hyatts-ville, MD, has pubiished Union Monumentsofthe Civil War for daughters of Union vétérans of the Civil War.Marion Deininger, PhB'40, lives inChicago.Thomas F. Dunn, PhD'40, of DesMoines, IA, has received several fellow-ships and grants in the fields of linguisticsand éducation.Robert Cuba Jones, X'40, is chairman ofthe board of the International Cultural Cen-terof Mexico City andOaxtepec, Morelos. Hewas elected an honorary member of the Mexi-can Society of Geography and Statistics.Elizabeth B. Keller, SB'40, is a professorof molecular biology in the New York StateCollège of Agriculture and Life Sciences atCornell University, Ithaca, NY She is also amember of the section of biochemistry,molecular and cellular biology in Cornell'sdivision of biological sciences.Robert J. Muller, X'40, is an adjunct professor at the University of Texas, San Antonio, in the field of Latin American art andarchitectural history.Natalie Clyne Reid, AB'40, is editor of amonthly newsletter for the Hawaii Associa- Board and leads the Présidents Club FundSolicitation in northern California.Gertrude Eichstaedt, AB'41, is assistantdean of the Collège of Letters and Science atthe University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee.Joseph A. Greenwald, AB'41, special-izes in international trade and business mat-ters for the Washington, D.C., office of theNew York law firm of Weil, Gotshal andManges.Lucille Halperin Ollendorff, AB'41,AM'58, AM'70, is président and gêneraimanager of the Chicago-based Music of theBaroque and judges challenge grant applications for the National Endowment for theArts.Harriet Augustus Swanson, AB'41, ofChicago, is a school librarian. She enjoys hergrandchildren and is awaiting the publication of her son's book on southern Africa.Margaret Hecht Wimsatt, AB'41, alternâtes teaching freshman English at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, withtutoring students in writing at Yale University. She lives in New Haven, CT.A O H. F. Boerner, MD'42, practices psy-^tmCm chiatry in Rosemont, PÂ.Julia Honeywell Frost, SB'42, lives inWhite River Junction, VT, where she is activein community affairs.Harold E Green, AB'42, JD'48, is associate dean and professor of law at the George Washington University National Law Center, Washington, D.C, and is co-chairman ofthe American Bar Association National Conférence of Lawyers and Scientists.Ruth Nothacker, SB'42, is retired andlives in Chicago.A Q Charlotte F. Andress, AM'43, joinedTIvZ/ an Earthwatch team in St. Croix, Virgin Islands, to help protect the nesting ofleatherback turtles.Virginia Reading Brandt, AB'43, of NewYork, retired in January, 1984, from her position as executive editor of the children'sencyclopedia, The Book ofKnozvledge (Grolier,Inc.).Samuel I. Clark, AB'43, PhD'49, is professor of political science and director of theHonors Collège at Western Michigan University in Kalamazoo. He is vice-président ofthe National Collegiate Honors Council.Bertha L. Doremus, AM'43, is on the University of Washington auxiliary clinical faculty in rehabilitation medicine in Seattle./[ /[ Ellen Lindsay Heckler, AB'44, worksJ. J. with the Office of Stratégie Planningand Analysis of the Department of Energy inAlbuquerque, NM.Jack R. James, SB'44, is a real estateappraiser and lives in Belle vue, WA.Konrad Kingshill, SM'44, has been atPayap Collège in Chiang Mai, Thailand, forthirty-seven years working for the Presbyte-rian Church (USA).Beverly Glenn Long, AB'44, of Providence, RI, is a member of the American LawInstitute and a director of the New EnglandBar Association.46 Gladys Denison Day, AM'46, lives inEuclid, OH.ATJ Donald R. Gerth, AB'47 AM'51,^t/ PhD'63, is président of CaliforniaState University, Sacramento.Gwendolyn E. Kern, AM'4Z of St. Thomas, VI, is the former superintendent ofschools and commissioner of éducation ofthe Virgin Islands.William H. Lowery, PhB'47, of Devon,PA, is a partner in Dechert Price and Rhoads,a Philadelphia law firm, and is co-chairmanof the American Bar Association NationalConférence of Lawyers and Life InsuranceCompanies.Gordon Phillips, PhB'4Z is a privateinvestigator in Great Falls, VA. He awaitspublication of his book on biblical prophecy.Alvin Skardon, AM'47, PhD'60, ofYoungstown, OH, has been chosen to compile an urban history of the Collège ofCharleston, SC.AQ Spencer C. Boise, PhB'48, MBA'51, of^£\D Manhattan Beach, CA, is vice-président of corporate affairs of Mattel, Inc., andchairman of the board of the Association ofNational Advertisers, Inc.David Jickling, AB'48, AM'51, PhD'53,lives in Quito, Ecuador, where he is organiz-ing a Latin American office for the International Union of Local Authorities, a Dutch36 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO M AGAZINE/SPRING 1985local government group. He writes, "Quitois a beautiful and relatively calm city."Henry S. Maas, PhD'48, of Vancouver,teaches at the University of British Columbia .Edgar Shor, AM'48, PhD'54, is a free-lance consultant in Washington, D.C, afterretiring as professor of political science anddirector ôf the Washington programs at Colgate University, Hamilton, NY.Jérôme M. Ziegler, AM'48, is dean of thecollège of human ecology at Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. He will go on sabbatical thisyear to the London School of Economies tostudy industrial/economic conversion inBritain.AQ G. Robert Harrison, AB'49, AM'61,^.y of Fort Myers, FL, is a senior accountexecutive for Merrill Lynch, Pierce Fennerand Smith.Kurt Lang, AB'49, PhD'53, is professorof sociology and political science at the StateUniversity of New York, Stony Brook, andwill be professor and director of the school ofcommunications in the Collège of Arts andSciences.Cr\ Sanford M. Dornbusch, AM'50,\J\J PhD'52, is the Reed-Hodgson Professor of Human Biology and professor of sociology and éducation at Stanford University,Stanford, CA. He received the WalterJ. GoresAward for excellence in teaching.Herbert Garfinkel, AM'50, PhD'56, isemeritus vice-président for académie affairsand professor of political science at the University of Louisville, KY.Barbara McClurg Huszagh, AB'50, ofWheaton, IL, worked as a therapist in theradiation department at Billings Hospital atthe University and is a clinical social workertherapist there.Artist Wolf Kahn, AB'50, is a member ofthe American Academy and Institute of Artsand Letters.During spring, 1984, David Lindsey,PhD'50, professor of history at CaliforniaState University, Los Angeles, served as aFulbright visiting professor of American civ-ilization in the USSR at Tashkent State University in the Uzbek Republic.Edward E. Marcus, AM'50, PhD'76, ofHollywood, FL, is an associate of HealthManagement, Inc., which owns and mariages health maintenance organizations.Sherry Bordorf Goodman Watt, AM'50,is assistant to the président of the Muséumof Science and Industry in Chicago.C'1 Joy Carlin, AB'51, is the acting artis-\J X tic director of the Berkeley RepertoryThéâtre and has directed plays at a varietyof other west coast theaters. She teachesacting at University of California, Berkeley,and at A Contemporary Théâtre, Seattle.SolonB. Cousins, AM'51, of Winnetka,IL, is national executive director of theY.M.C.A. and is chairman of the NationalCollaboration for Youth.Donald W. Johnson, AM'51, MBA'78, isrégional crédit manager of the Elanco Products Company of Indianapolis.Earl Lewis, PhD'51, of San Antonio, TX, was voted an honorary member of theInternational City Management Association. He is the Brackenridge DistinguishedProfessor of Urban Studies and chairman ofthe department of urban studies at TrinityUniversity.William H. Warren, AM'51, of SilverSpring, MD, is vice-chairperson of the American Council on Education Commission onHigher Education and the Adult Learnerafter serving as vice-chancellor of the University of Maryland University Collège.CO Thelma Yutan Gruenbaum, AB'52,\J Am, AM'56, is coordinator for publicinformation and publications at theBrookline Public Schools, Brookline, MA.Paul Henderson, MBA'52, of Chicago, isvice-président and treasurer of Techny Plastics Corp., Northbrook, IL. He is also treasurer of the Society of Architectural Historians, Philadelphia.Nancy Hopkins McGowen Klein,AB'52, AM'65, is an anthropologist on theUniversity of Southern California team, studying the 1984 Olympics as a model of pub-lic/private partnership.Mary "Molly" Felker Lunsford, AB'52,AM'57, of Berkeley, CA, is on duty with theUnited States Peace Corps in the DominicanRepublic.CT O Max R. Kaplan, AM'53, lives in Nov-<D^J ato, CA.William M. Maruntani, JD'53, a judge inthe Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia,was elected to the board of trustées ofHahnemann University, Philadelphia.Clif ford C. Stabell, AM'53, of Kinshasa,Zaire, is director of the Baptist CommunityDenominational School of western Zaire.Ç^/f Thomas O. Day, AM'54, PhD'74, is\_/TC chairman of the history departmentat Wheaton Collège, IL. He is président ofthe Illinois Association for Advancement ofHistory and was elected to the board ofdirectors for the Conférence on Faith andHistory.Gary F. R. Filosa II, X'54, is in banking inPalm Beach, FL. His two sons, Mark Christian and Gary III, live in Beverly Hills, CA.National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in ATLANTA. SAVE THE DATE!J. Parker Hall III, X'54, is président ofLincoln Capital Management Co. in Chicagoand is a member of the Board of Managers ofSwarthmore Collège, Swarthmore, PA. He isa chartered f inancial analyst and a director ofthe LaSalle Street Fund. He is also a trustéeof the Ravinia Festival and is invoïved ininvestment management for Ravinia, theY.M.C.A of Metropolitan Chicago, WinnetkaCommunity House, and New Trier Town-ship High School.William Hutchinson, MBA'54, is on theboard of trustées of the Lake Forest Acad emy, IL. In December he was inducted intothe Academy's Hall of Famé in honor of hiscontributions to the school.Carol Kasper, AB'54, physician anddirector of the Coagulation Research Laboratory at the Orthopaedic Hospital in LosAngeles, was honored by the NationalHemophilia Foundation for her research inthe field of hemophilia treatment. She is alsoan associate professor of medicine at theUniversity of Southern California.Fauneil J. Rinn, AM'54, PhD'60, is professor of political science at San José StateUniversity in California, which honored herwith a $1,500 University Award for service ofexceptional merit.[TC Ralph Lazzara, AB'55, has beenv_/\_/ elected collège governor of Okla-homa by the American Collège of Cardiolo-g/s board of trustées. He is professor ofmedicine and chief of the section of cardio-vascular diseases at the University of Okla-homa Health Sciences Center.Ellen Marie Smith, X'55, is administrative assistant to the department of health,physical éducation, récréation and athleticsat the University of Wisconsin, River Falls,and is the affirmative action ofticer at theuniversity. She is président of the Kinnickin-nic Chapter of Professional Secretaries International and of the Western WisconsinHealth Systems Agency.C /T Jérôme S. Allender, AB'56, AB'58,CJO AM'59, PhD'62, chairperson of thedepartment of psychoeducational processesat Temple University, Philadelphia, waselected président of the Association ofHumanistic Education for 1984-85.Charles A. Bowsher, MBA'56, ofBethesda, MD, is comptroller gênerai of theU.S. and head of the General AccountingOffice. He received an honorary degree ofdoctor of science in business administrationfrom Bryant Collège, Smithfield, RI.S. Walter Kran, MD'56, of San Leandro,CA, serves as président of the CaliforniaRadiological Society which is the largeststate chapter of the American Collège ofRadiology.Richard W. Landon, MBA'56, of Colorado Springs, CO, is an applications software development manager for Pertec Computer Corp.Kenjiro Sawada, AM'56, teaches socialcasework at Osaka Shoin Women's Collègein Kyoto, Japan.CT ^7 Jaro Mayda, JD'57, is professor of law\J I and public policy at the University ofPuerto Rico, Rio Piedras. He spent a sabbatical doing research for a treaty on international environmental law in Geneva. He fre-quently advises the United Nations on environmental policy and législation.[T O Peter S. Amenta, PhD'58, of Marl-\_/0 ton, NJ, is professor and chairman ofthe department of anatomy at HahnemannUniversity, PA. He is senior editor of thefourth édition of Histology and HumanMicroanatomy, and the author of three other37texts on histology.Joseph M. Coogle, MBA'58, of Sewick-ley, PA, is executive vice-président of opérations and planning for Ketchum Communications, Inc.Thomas M. Gellert, SB'58, MD'58, ownsa large sheep farm in Croydon, NH, andpractices medicine in Newport.George R. Jones, MBA'58, is a crédit consultant and executive director of the Mer-chants Research Council, Inc., Chicago.Jack Urner, PhD'58, is physical planning project manager for the United Nations Development Program in Dacca,Bangladesh.W. Robert Usellis, AM'58, is principalof the University of Chicago High School.C Q Charlotte Adelman, AB'59, JD'62, of\J y Wilmette, IL, ispresidentof the Women's Bar Association of Illinois. She practiceslaw in Chicago and Wilmette, specializing indomestic relations and divorce. Adelmanreports that 1984-85 marks the 70th birthdayof the Women's Bar Association of Illinois,which was formed before women had thevote or could sit on juries, either fédéral orstate, in Illinois. WBAI has issued an historiécalendar to commemorate the occasion.William A. Czapar, MBA'59, foundedEurostates Marketing in 1982 and is theinventor of a pneumatic inner tube forwheelchair and bicycle tires that is distrib-uted around the world. He lives in Orange,CA.Lenore O'Connor d'Anjou, AM'59, is afree lance editor of educational materials.She lives in Downsview, Ontario.Ronald E. Frank, MBA'59, PhD'60, isdean of the graduate and undergraduateschools of management at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN.Narah Thellis Jackson, AM'59, ofWeslaco, TX, is coordinator of in-serviceéducation at the John Knox Village of RioGrande.Melvin R. Lincoln, MBA'59, is résidentmanager for Amoco Seychelles in the Sey-chelles Islands in the Indian Océan. Hewrites, "We live four degrees south of theequator and do not hâve to worry aboutsnow and winter blizzards hère."Roderick F. McPhee, PhD'59, is président of Punahou School in Honolulu. He ischairman of the 1984 conférence of theHawaii Executives Council and an executive committee member of the Japan-Hawaii Economie Council.For more than 20 years, the name ofChor-Hiap Goh Tang, AM'59, "has beensynonymous with social work in Singa-pore," according to an article in the StraitsTimes of Singapore.£LÇ\ Michael Furay, AM'60, is a profes-UU sor of English and consultant for theU.S. National Writing Project at the University of California, Berkeley. He presentedthe U.S. training model developed byN.W.P to the Republic of Ireland. A book ofhis poems is to be pubiished in Dublin in1985.Reatha Clark King, SM'60, PhD'63, is président of Metropolitan State University,St. Paul, MN.Kenneth Léonard, AB'60, MBA'66, isvice-président of development in the Troy,MI, corporate offices of Taubman Company, Inc., a developer of retail and commercial projects./T'1 Dennis J. Weidenaar, AM'61, is pro-\J -L f essor of économies at Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, and has beenappointed associate dean in charge of school-development activities. He directs Purdue'sCenter for Economie Education, and hebelongs to the American Economie Association, National Council for Social Studies andIndiana Council for Social Studies.(L O Edward M. Burgh, AM'62, JD'64, isKjAmm director of insurance tax services ofPrice Waterhouse, Chicago.James J. Flaggert, Jr., MBA'62, wasnamed vice-président of investments forPrudential-Bache Securities' San Antonio,TX, branch.Floyd E. Hammett, MBA'62, assists inthe development of défensive Systems for B-52G, H models, for the Boeing Military Air-plane Co. He lives in Witchita, KS.James Park, JD'62, is président of theOregon Lung Association and is in privatelaw practice in Corvallis, OR.Lawrence S. Ross, SB'62, MD'65, ischairman of the department of urology atMichael Reese Hospital and Médical Centerand clinical associate professor of surgery atthe University of Chicago Pritzker School ofMedicine. He lives in Lincolnwood, IL.Joyce Thunnissen, AB'62, works withthe London office of Banque Bruxelles Lambert, a Belgian banking group.Mark D. Warden, AM'62, PhD'66, isprésident of Chicago City-Wide Collège.Since 1981 Warden has been provost of bothChicago City-Wide Collège and Loop Collège, both part of the nine-campus city collèges System.Gwynne Winsberg, SM'62, PhD'67 isprésident of Gwynne R. Winsberg Associates, a consulting firm in Chicago. She isdeveloping preferred provider organiza-tions in the Midwest.National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in CHICAGO. SAVE THE DATE!/lO Aaron Brown, PhD'63, is the vice-Uc/ président of a project to build a six-story building for senior citizens in New YorkCity.Cleo S. Fowler, AM'63, is retired andlives on Washington Island, WI, which is inLakeMichigan.Gerald S. Glazer, SB'63, teaches math atthe Milwaukee Area Technical Collège and isprésident of the Milwaukee Jewish SacredSociety. He is married and has four children.Eugène Kadish, AB'63, JD'66, is a lawyerand co-founder of Renaissance Properties Inc., which finances the restoration of historié buildings. He lives in Tempe, AZ.Jerry R. Meyer, MD'63, of Falls Church,VA, is associate chief of cardiology at Providence Hospital and serves as associate clinical professor of medicine at George Washington University in Washington, D.C.Diane Polk Schwarz, AB'63, of Maple-wood, NJ, heads the public relations department at PJ Associates Advertising.Richard R. West, MBA'63, PhD'64, ofLebanon, NH, is dean of the New YorkUniversity Graduate School of BusinessAdministration.Raymond B. Williams, AM'63, PhD'66,is professor of religion at Wabash Collège,Crawfordsville, IN, and chairman of thephilosophy and religion departments.(LA wiHiam T. Garner, AB'64, MAT'67,O JL PhD'73, is dean of the school of éducation at the University of San Francisco.Charles R. Norris, MBA' 64, is executivedirector of the Greater Hermiston, OR,Chamber of Commerce. He has retired fromthe U.S. Army as a colonel.Gail Rubin Rung, AB'64, AM'65, ofRock Island, IL, is professor of English andcoordinator of the technical writing program at Black Hawk Collège, Moline, IL.Adrian Straley, AB'64, has been director of the Community Planning and Development Department in Tuscaloosa, AL, fortwelve years.William L. Snyder, MBA' 64, of Wayne,PA, is président of American Olean TileCompany, Lansdale.Kaimay Yuen Terry, AM'64, of Minneap-olis, is président of VideoMed, which produces a patient éducation video séries oncommon eye problems./l C Ellen Karnofsky, AB'65, AM'67, of\J\~s Bristol, England, holds a BritishAcademy grant for research in médiévalvisionary literature.Samuel R. Kelly, PhD'65, is deari of thegraduate school at Western WashingtonUniversity, Bellingham, WA.Robert M. Lipgar, PhD'65, a clinicalpsychologist and teacher, has a privatepractice in Chicago. He also works as a professional photographer and has exhibitedhis photos in Chicago.Howard A. Sulkin, MBA'65, PhD'69, isprésident of Spertus Collège of Judaica inChicago.Louise Woerner, MBA'65, founded andis président of HCR, a home health care corporation in Rochester, NY, and Washington, D.C.In 1978, Melburn D. Thurman, AB'65,of Sainte Geneviève, MO, founded a not-for-profit organization, Old MissouriResearch Institute, promoting archaelogi-cal exploration in Missouri. He has writtentwo historical monographs, Building AHouse in Wth Century Ste. Geneviève, and TheFrench Architecture of the Middle MissisiippiValley.66 W. Bruce Lincoln, PhD'66, of Syca-more, IL, has pubiished extensively38 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985and has received a visiting grant from theKennan Institute for Advanced RussianStudies and a "travel-to collections"research grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities.Sharon Feiman Nemser, AM'66, of EastLansing, MI, is associate professor at theCollège of Education at Michigan State University. She is also a senior researcher at theInstitute for Research on Teaching.James Newton, AB'66, of Evanston, IL,is vice-président of Citibank North Americain the international (middle-eastern Africa)division. He serves at the Nigeria International Bank as gênerai manager and seniorcrédit officer.Mary Jo Pugh, AB'66, was awarded thefirst Ernst Posner Prize for the best article-length contribution to archivai literature atthe 1983 meeting of the Society of AmericanArchivists. She lives in Ann Arbor, MI.Anne Cohen Richards, MST'66, is atenured professor in the department of psy-chology at West Georgia Collège, Car-rollton, GA.Martin J. Ryan, AM'66, of ArlingtonHeights, IL, is dean of libéral arts at WilliamRainey Harper Collège, Chicago.Mary Kay Tetreault, MAT '66, is therécipient of the Women Educators' seventhannual research award for her paper,"Stages of Thinking About Women: TheCase of United States History High SchoolBooks." She is director of the Master of Artsin Teaching Program at Lewis and ClarkCollège, Portland, OR.Elizabeth Wallace, BFA'66, MST'75, ofDavenport, IA, is a marketing représentative with Compaq Computer Corp.,Arlington Heights, IL.Roger L. Blume, MBA'67, is président and chief operating officer forThurston Motor Lines, Inc. He lives in Hun-tingdon Valley, PA.Dorothy K. Chin, AB'67, married KevinBrandt in September. She was an assistantdean of the Harvard Law School for threeyears and is an attorney with the law firm ofShearman and Sterling.James F. Fisher, AM'67, PhD'72, professor of anthropology at Carleton Collège,Northfield, MN, received a Fulbright grantto teach and conduct research in Népal.Angela V. Lane, AM'67, PhD'72, is senior research analyst in f inancial informationat Blue Shield of Pennsylvania, Camp Hill.Paul B. Lazarow, SB'67 is an associateprofessor at Rockefeller University, NY. Hedoes research in biochemistry and cellbiology.Sellers B. McNally, MBA'67, lives inScottsdale, AZ.Norma Miller, AB'67, supervises twoprograms for the chronically mentally ill atLeyden Family Services of Chicago.David L. Passman, JD'67 has a privatelaw practice in Chicago. He and his wife,Barbara Nussbaum Passman, AM'69, hâvetwo children.Morrie K. Blumberg, AM'68, ofAlbuquerque, NM, is treasurer of the New Mexico Alcoholism CounselorsAssociation and member of the AdvisoryCouncil of the Albuquerque Committee forUNICEF.Stephen J. Breckley, MBA' 68, is président of Qualcorp Systems in Danbury, CT.Robert H. Brier, AB'68, MD'72, of SanDiego, is président of the San Diego CountySociety of Internai Medicine.David L. Fey, MBA' 68, of Birmingham,MI, is treasurer of the Taubman Company,Inc., Troy, MI. He is a member of the Michigan Association of Certified PublicAccountants and the American Institute ofCertified Public Accountants.Norman J. Girardot, AM'68, PhD'74, isassociate professor and chairman of thedepartment of religious studies at LehighUniversity, Bethlehem, PA.Thomas H. Kieren, MBA'68, foundedand is président of the Manhattan Consulting Group, Inc., New York City, specializ-ing in strategy formation and planning,mergers and acquisitions, and related clientseminars for companies.Robert D. Cadieux, MBA'69, of Bar-rington Hills, IL, is président ofAmoco Chemicals Corp.Michael T. Cook, AB'69, AM'73, wasawarded tenure at William Jewell Collège inLiberty, MO, where he is assistant professor in the department of économies.Jerrold S. Cooper, PhD'69, is chairmanof the department of Near Eastern studiesat Johns Hopkins University. He is alsoassociate editor of the Journal of CuneiformStudies.Robert Freedman, AB'69, of Ann Arbor,MI, is a director of the Behavioral Medicine Laboratory and adjunct associate professorof psychiatry and psychology at WayneState University.Wesley C. Green, AM'69, of Canton,CT, is an officer and director of actuarialSystems of Phoenix Mutual Life InsuranceCo. in Hartford.Last year Ernest B. Jaski, PhD'69, ofOak Lawn, IL, was a research associate in aproject focusing on student achievementand student rétention stratégies, spon-sored by the Center for Improvement ofTeaching and Learning, Chicago.Barbara Nussbaum Passman, AM'69.See 1967, David L. Passman.James Yerkes, AM'69, PhD'70, is professor of theology at Earlham Collège, Rich-mond, IN, and has accepted appointmentas dean of the Collège of Arts and Sciencesat Mercer University in Atlanta. He is amember of the American Academy of Religion, and the American PhilosophicalAssociation.James W. Daniels, JD'70, is a realestate specialist with Latham andWatkins of Newport Beach, CA. He lives inIrvine, CA, with his wife and three children.Lawrence Devoe, MD'70, of Martinez,GA, is an associate professor and head of thesection of fetal and maternai medicine at theMédical Collège of Georgia.Allan B. Fox, PhD'70, was promoted tomanager of marketing development at UarcoIncorporated. He and his family moved toBarrington, IL.Bruce Gras, MBA'70, of New York, isvice-président of marketing at Symbolics,Inc., a developer and supplier of computerSystems for symbolic Computing.FAMILY ALBUM-'85Robert Zipf, AB'51; Catherine W. Zipf; George W. Zipf, AB'84.39Richard J. Frick, JD'71, of LagunaBeach, CA, is senior vice-présidentfor opérations and gênerai counsel at the corporate headquarters of EQUIDON Invest-ment Builders in Irvine.Victor Friedman, AM'71, PhD'75, hasbeen promoted to full professor in thedepartment of Slavic languages at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Daniel Hayman, AB'71, MAT'73, of Villa ana State University in Shreveport. Hisarticle, "Hâve the Computer InterviewYour Students on Any Topic You Choose",has been accepted for publication in TOPIC:A Journal for the Libéral Arts.Richard Logan, PhD'72, has been promoted to full professor with tenure at University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. He teachespsychology and child development.Joseph G. McArdle, MBA'72, of North H. Allan Barth, MBA'74, of Lansing,MI, is a member of the AmericanHospital Association, the American PublicHealth Association, the American Societyof Association Executives and the MichiganHospital Association.Bernice R. Bild, PhD'74, of Chicago, isexecutive director of the Illinois NuclearWeapons Freeze Campaign.Tom Carll, MBA'74, has been promotedto vice-président of wholesale marketingfor the Sherwin-Williams paint stores division in Cleveland. He lives in FairviewPark, OH.Gregory C. Phillips, AB'74, PhD'83,was elected senior warden of Good Shep-herd Church, East Chicago, IN. He doesvision research at Northwestern Universityand is serving his second term as présidentof the Friends of the East Chicago PublicLibrary.Gizell Rossetti, AB'74. See 1974,Richard Syre.John L. Scadding, PhD'74, has beenpromoted to vice-président of district opérations for the San Francisco FédéralReserve Bank.Jo-Anne Tanenbaum, MBA'74, of Chicago, is a free lance data processing instruc-tor and editor.Arthur Thexton, AM'74, was re-electeddistrict attorney for Taylor County, WI.Robert J. Thornton, AM'74, PhD'78, hada 1982 NEH grant for independent study andresearch for a book on 19th-century ethno-logy and linguistics in Africa . He is back at theUniversity of Capetown, South Africa, andhas been promoted to the équivalent of associate professor with tenure.Perry Toback, MBA'74, of Skokie, IL, hasbeen appointed assistant gênerai manager ofTelemotive Industrial Control Systems,DynascanCorp., Chicago.Jeffrey B. Wallace, MBA'74, joined Dunand Bradstreet Corp. of Darien, CT, as assistant treasurer.Paul G. Yovovich, AB'74, MBA'75, ofWilmette, IL, was elected vice-président ofmarket planning of télécommunications forCentel Corp.Manuel Zepeda, AM'74, MBA'74, ofMexico City, has been appointed vice-président of the Central Bank of Mexico.Brian Berger, MD'75, opened theRetina Clinic of Austin, TX, concen-trating on diseases and surgery of the retinaand vitreous.David J. Gallitano, MBA'75, is présidentand chief operating officer at General Electric Mortgage Insurance Companies inRaleigh, NC.Charles Ganelin, AM'75, PhD'83, isassistant professor of Spanish in the department of foreign languages and comparativeliterature at the University of Tulsa, OK.Bruce Gluckman, AB'75, graduatedfrom Washington University School of Lawin 1978 and is a staff attorney for the Wyan-dotte County Légal Aid Society, Inc ., in Kan-sas City, KS.Alan D. Grund, AB'75, is doing researchMatthew Gruber, AB'84; Don Jacques Gruber, AM'60, former U.S. Senator (FL).Park, IL, has been selected to participate in asummer seminar for secondary school teachers at the State University of New York inGeneseo, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities. He teaches history,sociology, and psychology at Lake ZurichHigh School near Chicago.John I. T. Moloney, MBA' 71, is a manager of the Mathews Conveyor Co. in PortHope, Ontario, Canada. He is a registeredprofessional engineer and is a member of theNational Society of Professional Engineersand the American Society of Civil Engineers.David W. Stauffer, AB'71, joined Rappand Associates, a law firm, in Hillsboro, OR.His first son was born last year.Gerald M. Stokes, SM'71, PhD'77 wasnamed manager of the space sciences andexpérimental methods section at Battelle'sPacific Northwest Laboratories in Richland,WA. He directs the Battelle Observatory andis a member of the American GeophysicalUnion and the American AstronomicalSociety.•"TO, James E. Farrow, MBA'72, is a com-/ mLm mercial development manager forfine chemicals and pharmaceutical interme-diates in PPG Industries chemicals specialtyproducts unit. He lives in Northbrook, IL.Kenneth Hinze, AM'72, PhD'76, isassociate professor of sociology at Louisi- Canton, OH, is gênerai manager, non-destructive examination, at Glitsch FieldServices, Inc.Richard D. Mohr, AB'72, was promoted to associate professor with tenure inthe philosophy department of the University of Illinois, Urbana.David Nufer, AB'72, MBA'76, is a management consultant with McKinsey andCompany, Inc., of Chicago.James Peterson, AM'72, is in privatepractice as a psychotherapist. He consultswith a south-side Chicago child welfareagency and supervises mental healthprofessionals.Richard Syre, JD'72, moved his lawpractice from Philadelphia to Neenah, WS.His wife, Gizell Rossetti, AB'74, joined theNicolet Clinic of Neenah as a neurologist.r7Q Stanislaus Grabarek, AM'73,/ \J PhD'78, has joined the managementConsulting firm of PJ. Murphy and Associates, Milwaukee.Charles O. Nelson, AB'73, of McHenry,IL, is the senior financial analyst of FollettCorp., Crystal Lake, IL.James T. Passage, MBA'73, is head of theland resources and environmental sciencesdepartment of Harza Engineering Co.,supervising land réclamation and irrigation,environmental sciences, and spécial projects. He lives in Naperville, IL.Park, IL, has been selected to participate in asummer seminar for secondary school teachers at the State University of New York inGeneseo, sponsored by the National Endowment for the Humanities. He teaches history,sociology, and psychology at Lake ZurichHigh School near Chicago.John I. T. Moloney, MBA' 71, is a manager of the Mathews Conveyor Co. in PortHope, Ontario, Canada. He is a registeredprofessional engineer and is a member of theNational Society of Professional Engineersand the American Society of Civil Engineers.David W. Stauffer, AB'71, joined Rappand Associates, a law firm, in Hillsboro, OR.His first son was born last year.Gerald M. Stokes, SM'71, PhD'77 wasnamed manager of the space sciences andexpérimental methods section at Battelle'sPacific Northwest Laboratories in Richland,WA. He directs the Battelle Observatory andis a member of the American GeophysicalUnion and the American AstronomicalSociety.James E. Farrow, MBA'72, is a commercial development manager forfine chemicals and pharmaceutical interme-diates in PPG Industries chemicals specialtyproducts unit. He lives in Northbrook, IL.Kenneth Hinze, AM'72, PhD'76, isassociate professor of sociology at Louisi- Canton, OH, is gênerai manager, non-destructive examination, at Glitsch FieldServices, Inc.Richard D. Mohr, AB'72, was promoted to associate professor with tenure inthe philosophy department of the University of Illinois, Urbana.David Nufer, AB'72, MBA'76, is a management consultant with McKinsey andCompany, Inc., of Chicago.James Peterson, AM'72, is in privatepractice as a psychotherapist. He consultswith a south-side Chicago child welfareagency and supervises mental healthprofessionals.Richard Syre, JD'72, moved his lawpractice from Philadelphia to Neenah, WS.His wife, Gizell Rossetti, AB'74, joined theNicolet Clinic of Neenah as a neurologist.Stanislaus Grabarek, AM'73,PhD'78, has joined the managementConsulting firm of PJ. Murphy and Associates, Milwaukee.Charles O. Nelson, AB'73, of McHenry,IL, is the senior financial analyst of FollettCorp., Crystal Lake, IL.James T. Passage, MBA'73, is head of theland resources and environmental sciencesdepartment of Harza Engineering Co.,supervising land réclamation and irrigation,environmental sciences, and spécial projects. He lives in Naperville, IL.40 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985at the school of pharmacy at the Universityof Wisconsin, Madison.Calvin D. Johnson, MBA'75, of Decatur,GA, is vice-président of product development for Fulton Fédéral Savings and LoanAssociation, Atlanta, where he also man-ages the company's electronic bankingactivities.Michael Mirra, AB'75, of Steilacoom,WA, is managing attorney with EvergreenLégal Services. His wife, Nancy J. Sprick,AB'77, received an A. M. in Chinese Literature from the Universty of Washington . Theyhâve a son, Nicholas.Brad H. Neuman, MBA'75, ofNorthbrook, IL, has been elected secretary ofthe Associates of St . Joseph Hospital, a groupcomprised of young professionals interestedin health care. He is vice-président of corporate planning, acquisitions and Systems atHomart Development Co., Chicago.Carlos G. Rizowy, AM'75, PhD'81, ischairman of the political science department at Roosevelt University and a partnerin the Chicago law firm of Ray and Rizowy.He serves on the board of directors of theChicago chapter of American Friends of theHebrew University.Flint Schier, AB'75, has taught philosophy at the University of Glasgow since 1979.în 1983, he received his Ph.D. from OxfordUniversity, and he hopes that his thesis willbe pubiished soon.William E. Sobbing, AB'75, is workingon his M.B.A. at Arizona State University,Tempe.Kim Williams, AB'75, MD'79, and hiswife, Stéphanie Konodi Williams AB'77MD'81, practice medicine at the University.Kim specializes in nuclear cardiology andStéphanie in hematology-oncology. Theyhâve two children, Kim, Jr., and Kelly.7^ Mark s- Brandin, MBA'76, is a sen-/ \J ior vice-président in the personalbanking division of the Crocker Bank of SanFrancisco.Stephen Miller, PhD'76, was promotedto associate professor of Spanish at Texas A.and M. University, Collège Station, TX.Paul T. Prikos, MBA'76, of Glenview,IL, is président of X-L Engineering Corp.Mary Van Sickle, AB'76, is coordinat-ing an automation project for the KansasCity, KS, public library.George Spink, MBA'76, is an accountexecutive for The Financial Relations Board,Inc., Chicago. He is writing a biography ofthe ténor saxophonist, Bud Freeman.A daughter, Emily Judith, was born toMerle Persky Stolzenberg, AB'76, MBA'77,and Alan Stolzenberg, SB'76, SM'76, inJuly, 1984. Merle is a product manager atInteractive Data Corp., Waltham, MA. Alanis an assistant professor of chemistry atBrandeis University, Waltham.r7r7 Eugène M. Clark, Jr., AB'77, MBA'78,/ / is director of financial services andreports with McGraw-Edison Co., RollingMeadows, IL.Earl R. Hutchison, AM'77, PhD'84, isan assistant professor at the University of Wisconsin-Green Bay.Richard E. Koch, MBA'77, of Darien,CT, was appointed director of training anddevelopment of chemicals opérations forOlin Corporation.Karl J. Korsmo, MBA'77, of Tacoma,WA, was promoted to partner in the télécommunications consulting group of Ernstand Whinney, an international publicaccounting firm.James R. Krampert, MBA'77, is a seniorconsultant in the management consultingfirm of Touche Ross, Seattle.Anthony Mayo, AB'77 MBA'78, teachesbusiness computer programming in thedepartment of management at the University of Rhode Island, Providence. He is anindependent management consultant andprésident of the University of Chicago Clubof Greater Rhode Island.Patricia Mclntyre Moorhatch, MBA'77of Wamen, MI, is a branch manager forAmerican ContinueCare, a division ofAmerican Hospital Supply Corp. whichprovides injectable nutrients, antibiotics,and chemotherapy to patients in theirhomes.David Rieser, AB'77, is an associate atMarks, Marks and Kaplan, Chicago.Nancy Sprick, AB'77. See 1975, MichaelMirra.Richard F. Tucci, MBA'77 of Chicago,was named to the board of directors of theSmall Business Foundation of America. Heis vice-président and midwest régionalsales manager of the Forum Corp.Stéphanie Konodi Williams, AB'77,MD'81. See 1975, Kim Williams.Stuart Whitaker, AB'77 MBA'80, ofFranklin, IN, and his wife hâve a daughter,Sarah Roberts Whitaker, born on May 4,1983. Stuart has been promoted to managerof business development for Northern Telecom, Inc.Gerald D. Yutkin, MBA'77, was promoted to vice-président of the New Sys-National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in CLEVELAND. SAVE THE DATE!tems Division for Jones Intercable, Inc., inEnglewood, CO.Nancy D. Zabel, AM'77, marriedMichael Jenson in September and works atNorthwestern Mémorial Hospital, Chicago.fTO L. Dick Buell, MBA'78, of Western/ \J Springs, IL, is vice-président ofstrategy and planning for the retail foodgroup of Kraft, Inc.Michelle J. Gesse, MBA'78, of GlenRidge, NJ, has been elected an assistantvice-président in Manufacturers HanoverTrust Company's North American bankingdivision in New York City.Nelson A. Habenicht, MBA'78, of GlenEllyn, IL, is vice-président of marketing andsales for Lowe's International, Chicago.Russell E. Hagberg, MBA'78, of Palatine, IL, was appointed director of compen sation and benefits in the human resourcesdepartment of Santa Fe Industries, Inc., inChicago.Mark Herskovitz, AB'78, has returnedfrom a two year vacation overseas, includinga six-month stay in Israël and an overlandjourney from Egypt to South Africa. He is astockbroker with Prudential-Bache Securi-ties in Chicago.Anthony Martin, AB'78, AM'79, is senior consultant and head of the def ined contribution plan processing unit for NewDimensions Marketing, Inc., Chicago.Anita Ribas, AM'78, is assistant directorof sales and marketing with the ComputerLearning Center in Chicago. She marriedGordon Groom in July, 1984.Dean Rider, MD'78, has completed hisfellowship in gastroenterology at the University and has returned to San Francisco topractice medicine with his father, AlfredRider, SB'42, MD'44, PhD'51.John Salovaara, AB'78, married BobbyeMiddendorf, AB'79, on May 3. They live inChicago.Barbara Schaffer, AB'78, of Cambridge,MA, is an attorney with the Boston firm ofFoley, Hoag and Eliot.Eric B. Schoch, AM'78, is business editorof the Indianapolis Star newspaper.F. Bruce Sleeper, AB'78, and JoanneAdler Sleeper, AB'78, were married in 1980.Bruce received his J.D. from the University ofMichigan School of Law and practices withthe firm of Jensen, Baird, Gardner andHenry in Portland, MA. Jody received herA. M. from the University of MichiganSchool of Education and is an éducation program assistant for the Maine Historical Society at the Wadsworth-Longfellow House inPortland.Adam Stoler, AB'78, is an executive inhis family's business. He lives in New YorkCity and is thrilled that he can finally getChicago-style pizza in Manhattan.70 John C. Birch, MBA'79, was/ y promoted to manager in the auditpractice of Arthur Andersen and Co., Houston, TX.Ernest E Bynum, AM'79, of Norwalk,CT, is senior psychiatrie social worker at YaleUniversity School of Medicine's PsychiatrieInstitute.James Erlick, MBA'79, of New York, waspromoted to senior product manager of thedesserts division of General Foods Corp.Robert Kahn, AB'79, is an economist inthe international finance division of theBoard of Governors of the Fédéral Reserve inWashington, D.C.Guy Lushin, AB'79, is a researcher for aWashington, D.C, law firm and specializesin oil pipeline engineering. He also singsbass for a chamber vocal group called Musi-kanten, which had its première at the Kennedy Center last March.Thomas A. McCreery, Jr., MBA'79, ofWalnut Creek, CA, is président and co-founder of Waveform Corp., Berkeley, CA,which develops computer software.Amy Purdum Marks, AB'79, MBA'80, isan associate in the municipal finance départ-REUNKCOME BACK FOR IT ALL!Friday, May 31 and Saturday,CLASS EVENTSClass of 1925 — 60th Reunion LuncheonClass of 1930 — 55th Reunion LuncheonClass of 1935— 50th Reunion CocktailRéception and DinnerClass of 1945— 40th Reunion CocktailRéception and DinnerClass of 1960— 25th Reunion Cocktail PartyClass of 1975— lOth Reunion Cocktail PartyClass of 1980 — 5th Reunion DanceEmeritus Club — Spécial Seating at ReunionPicnic and Candlelight Dinner GENERAL EVENTSOutdoor BreakfastStart Saturday with breakfast under theReunion Tent.Double-decker bus tours of Hyde Park andthe campusA great way to see the neighborhood!Reunion Picnic on the QuadranglesA barbecue under the Reunion tent.Alumni Awards CeremonyPrésident Gray and the Alumni Medalistwill speak.Champagne RéceptionOutside in Hutchinson CourtCandlelight Dinner in HutchinsonCommonsSpécial tables will be reserved for majorreunion classes.Every Good Boy Deserves FavourA play by Tom Stoppard. Music by theUniversity Symphony.Interfraternity SingThe oldest interfraternity sing in thecountry.Alumni Night at Jimmy'sThe famous bar belongs to alumni for theevening.June 1HOUSINGReunion guests may make réservations atthe Hyde Park Hilton, International Houseor University dormitories.Yes, I'm interested in coming back for it ail! Please send me more information.(NAME) (DEGREE) (YEAR)(ADDRESS)(CITY) (STATE) (ZIP CODE)The University of Chicago Alumni Association5757 S. Woodlawn Ave. Chicago, IL 60637 (312) 753-2175ment of the investment banking firm of DainBosworth. Her husband, James W. Marks,Jr., AB'79, finished Tulane University LawSchool and joined the Denver, CO, law firmof Gorsuch, Kirgis, Campbell, Walker andGrover.Ronald Martin, AM'79, of Worth, IL, is amember of the English department at LakeForest Academy.Cynthia Sternau, AB'79, is a marketingand publishing manager for Marboro Books,New York, a division of Barnes and Nobles.Ofj John I. Delgado, AB'80, of Chicago iskDKJ a third-year médical student at theUniversity of Illinois in Chicago. He is the1982 récipient of the National Institute ofHealth Fellowship at the Heart, Lung andBlood Institute in Bethesda, MD.Mercedes A. Ebbert, AB'80, is in thePh.D. program of the biology department,ecology and évolution division at Yale University, New Haven, CT.Richard Evanoff, AM'80, is a full-timelecturer at Showa University, Tokyo, in thefaculty of arts and sciences.Joseph W. Farber, AB'80, is in his lastyear of law school at the University of Okla-homa and has qualified for a limited licenseto practice law.Thomas J.Fojtik, AB'80, AM'81, is a résidence hall director on the University of Wisconsin, Oshkosh campus.Robin F. Karlin, AB'80, and her husband, Steven M. Albert, AM'81, AM'83,hâve moved to Philadelphia. Robin is in th.ePh.D. program in computer science, andSteven is in the Ph.D. program in anthropology at the University of Pennsylvania.Steven is also an editor at W.B. Saunders, amédical publishing firm.Nancy Karp, X'80, works in her family'sbusiness of Oriental art importing in Chicago. She has made business trips to Japan,Hong Kong and Taiwan.Bruce Lewenstein, AB'80, is a graduatestudent in the history and sociology of science department at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Peter I. Liber, AB'80, graduated fromIndiana University school of medicine and isa first-year pediatrics résident at Children'sMémorial Hospital, Chicago. He marriedAdrianna Kostdo Liber, AB'81, in May, 1983.Adrianna is a second-year student at DePaulUniversity Collège of Law and clerks for thelaw firm of Lord, Bissell and Brook.John H. Lowe, AB'80, was promoted tochemist at Chevron USA, Pascagoula, MS.James A. Miller, MBA'80, of Chicago, isvice-président of strategy and planning forthe food-service group of Kraft, Inc.Harry C. Moser, MBA'80, of Kalamazoo,MI, is président and gênerai manager ofRoto-Finish Co., the largest manufacturer ofrotary f inishing equipment.S. David Novak, SB'80, of Chicago, married Elizabeth Steiner. He is a Systems programmer for the University's GraduateSchool of Business.Christine H. Poggianti, MBA'80, andLawrence I. Schulman, MBA'80, are marriedand living in Chicago. Nicholas A. Poulos, JD'80, married LisaFair and is a partner with the Chicago lawfirm of Neuman, Williams, Anderson andOison, specialists in patent, trademark andcopyright law.Edwin Priest, AB'80, married Ann K.Dilibert, AB'81, in September. They live inChicago.David G. Rogers, MBA'80, has beentransferred to Elanco Products Co., the agri-cultural marketing division of Eli Lilly andCo., Indianapolis. He has been namedrégional crédit manager and is staff financialanalyst for Lilly's international cost andinventory reporting department.Alice M. Stuart, JD'80, works in the corporate department of the firm of Paul Weiss,New York.Howard Suis, AB'80, is the deputy editor of Pu/se, the médical student newsletterin the Journal of the American Médical Association. He is in his third year at the School ofMedicine of the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,in Bethesda, MD,and was a member of the Fightin' Does, theschool rugby team which won the 1983National Military Championship.Linda Johnson Terner, JD'80, of Kingston, NY, is a litigation associate for a NewYork law firm.Çy\ Steven M. Albert, AM'81, AM'83.O -L See 1980, Robin F. Karlin.Judah Epstein, MBA'81, is in the lawschool of New York University, New York.He will be an associate at Day Berry andHoward, Hartford, CT, for the summer of1985.Adrianna Kostdo Liber, AB'81. See1980, Peter I. Liber.Wendy B. Oliver, AB'81, of Portland,OR, is at Duke University Law School,Durham, NC.Catherine M. Philips, AB'81, is pursu-ing her M. S. in plant pathology at the University of Minnesota at St. Paul.John E. Poulin, PhD '81, of St. Davids,PA, is assistant professor of social work anddirector of the social work and communitypsychology program in the Collège of Artsand Sciences at Widener University, Ches-ter, PA.Leigh Ann Land Roberts, MBA'81, ofChicago, is assistant vice-president/direc-tor of financial control with JMB PropertyManagement Corp. She married Percy E.Roberts III in 1982.Cynthia Sanborn, AB'81, is a third-yearPh.D. candidate in the department of gov-ernment at Harvard University. She dividesher time between research work at the University of Chicago and at Berkeley, CA, andalso does field work in Latin America.William A. Seper, AB'81, is a fourth-year dental student at the University of Illinois Collège of Dentistry.Katherine Collinge Sheehan, AM'81,National University of ChicagoDay will be celebrated on July 28in DENVER. SAVE THE DATE! of Somerville, MA, is a second-year studentat Harvard Law School.Cynthia Villaluz, AM'81, is at the University of the Philippines.OO Brian Fahey, AB'82, received his(Jjmm. master's degree in broadeast journalisai in September from NorthwesternUniversity's Medill School of Journalism.Nicos Machalakis, X'82, won first placein the Royal Academy of Music international orchestra-conductors contest in London and will continue his post-graduatestudies at R.M.A.Caria Moody, AB'82, of Portland, OR,is in graduate school in speech pathology atthe University of California, Santa Barbara.Catherine Morrin, AM'82, of Ever-green Park, IL, teaches at Brother Rice HighSchool in Chicago. Her daughter, AlisonRose, is one year old.Cyrus Quigley, AM'82, is posted withthe U.S. Foreign Service as vice-consul inBangui, Central African Republic.Chris Sandolini, AB'82, of Washington, D.C, received his A. M. in international relations at Johns Hopkins School ofAdvanced International Studies.Jay D. Schainholz, MBA'82, of Teaneck,NJ, attends Columbia University LawSchool and is on the staff of the ColumbiaLaw Review.Marya Schechtman, AB'82, is workingfor her doctorate and is a teaching assistantin the department of philosophy at HarvardUniversity.Ilya R. Talman, MBA'82, cp-foundedJOBank, a small computerized employmentfirm in Chicago. He came from the SovietUnion in 1978.Henry N. Thoman, JD'82, of Cinncin-nati, announces the birth of his daughter,Victoria Elvera.Lucia Villela-Minnerly, PhD'82, is onsabbatical and writing a book on thechanges of values in American societybetween World War II and the VietnamWar, as viewed through the analysis ofmass média. A chapter of her book was presented at the 1984 symposium on cinémaand psychoanalysis at the AmericanPsychoanalytic Association meeting inToronto.Brent F. Widen, AB'82, became a member of the Chicago Board Options Exchangeas a nominee for the Great Lakes TradingCo.OO David B. Brooks, AB'83, of SanV_/\_/ Francisco, is an editorial associate atthe National Review and was a média fellowat the Hoover Institution from January toMarch.Michael W. Miller, MBA'83, of Reston,VA, was appointed director of businessdevelopment for Orbital Sciences Corp.,Vienna, VA. His second daughter was bornin September, 1984.William Mudge, AB'83, is a computerprogrammer for National OpinionResearch Center, Chicago. He writes software for the Apple Macintosh.David Pearce, MD'83, is a résident in44 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAG AZINE/SPRING 1985internai medicine at Harbor-University ofCalifornia-Los Angeles Médical Center. Hewill begin a nephrology fellowship at University of California-San Fransisco Cardio-vascular Research Institute in the summerof 1986.DEATHSFACULTYDonald Benson, SB'48, MD'50, PhD'57professor and chairman of anesthesiologyuntil he resigned as chairman in October,died January 21. He was an instructor andassistant professor at the University from1951 to 1956 when he lef t for Johns HopkinsUniversity. He returned to Chicago in 1957as chairman of anesthesiology. He alsoserved as director of the American Board ofAnesthesiology.H. Stefan Schultz, professor emeritus ofthe Germanie Languages and Literaturesdepartment, died November 19 at the âgeof 79.THE CLASSES1900-1909Ruth Kraus Spachner, PhB'05.1910-1919Geneva Holmes Huston, X'12, October.Ruth B. Bozell, PhB'13, May.Florence Bernstein, PhB'14, August.Aruba Charlton, PhB'14, December.A. S. Cummins, X'14, January 1984.Gertrude Aby Hanchett, PhB'14, December.Alice Adams Emerson, SB'16, May.Charles D. Raisbeck, X'16, March.Rex A. Todhunter, PhB'16, November.Byron W. Donaldson, X'17 October.Ruth H. Livingston, X'17.Homer Hoyt, JD'18, PhD'33, November.Dean H. Mitchell, X'19, November.Cyril A. Nelson, PhD'19, July.1920-1929Anna Sherrod Babcock, PhB'20, June.ZachariasT. Bercovitz, SB'20, SM'20,MD'23, December.Myrtle Linner Brown, PhB'20, August.Mortimer Goodwin, X'20.Frank M. Moody, PhB'20, August.Le Roy Reynolds, JD'20, May.Frederick L. Schwass, PhB'20, AM'23,September.William G. Simpson, PhB'20, October.Daphne lier Swartz, PhB'20, AM'30,November.Lillian Miller Bardof, PhB'21, June.George F. Killinger, JD'22, March 1984.Robert S. Adler, PhB'22, January.Grâce Réveil Bailey, SM'23, January 1984.Abraham Lipman, X'23, October.Virginia Odell Compère, PhB'25, August. Milburn Smith III, AM'83, is a projectmanager for the OMNI Group, Ltd., a NewYork consulting firm specializing in management and office automation. He released adance single record, "New York City People", which he wrote and co-produced. BRoy Harold Johnson, AM'25, PhD'29,August.Mary Ola McCluskey, AM'25, November.Libby Pulsifer, MD'25, December.Jean A. Rosborough, PhB'25, December.Shao-Hwa Tan, AM'25, PhD'27, November.Alice Channing, AM'26, PhD'32, January.Arline Bradshaw Crockett, AM'26, January.Arthur L. Dickinson, X'26, August.Edward S. Akeley, PhD'27, September.Everett A. Crimmer, X'27, November.John Krafft, PhB'27 September.Cornélius Osgood, PhB'27, PhD'30, January.Ernest Ô. Wollan, SM'27 PhD'29, March1984.ChesterM. Destler, AM'28, PhD'32,September.Harry D. Wilfong, AM'28, October.Howard K. Bauernfeind, AM'29, January.Myron D. Davis, PhB'29, JD'31, October.Matthew McKirdie, SB'29, MD'34,December.Frances Davis McTeer, AM'29, January.1930-1939James Brunot, PhB'30, AM'32, October.Norman B. Eaton, PhB'30, JD'33, December.Opal L. Holtz, PhB'30, November.George M. Lewis, X'30, September.Vera Staff Lund, SB'30, December.Ruth Peterson Pond, AB'30, AM'36, January.Edwina Yerby Church Rooks, PhB'30,December.Ray W. Rutledge, PhD'30, December.Dorothy Berning Stahl, PhB'30, October.Marvalene L. Day, PhB'31, January.Dobbs F. Ehlman, AM'31, PhD'33, October.MaryJ. Herrick, AM'31, October.B. Eleanor Johnson, PhD'31, October.Einer Leifson, PhD'31, May 1984.Frederick H. Roberts, SB'31, PhD'34,November.James E. Scheibler, PhD'31, December.Mertie Cook Wolverton, SM'31, December.Saul H. Kaplan, MD'32, July.O. Wendell Margrave, AM'32, January.Bernhard M. Christensen, X'33, July.Austin H. Scott, PhB'33, November.Sidney Stackler, PhB'33, December.Eunice Stice, PhB'33, May 1984.Edith Tanton, SB'33, AM'34, March 1984.Louise McCurdy Cram, AM'34, November.Donald S. Klaiss, DB'34, PhD'34, October.Harry Kupersmith, SB'34, MD'37,September.Elmer Deahl, SB'35, June.Glen B. Gross, PhB'35, August.K. Eileen Hite, SB'35, PhD'38, MD'42,December. Ross A. McReynolds, PhD'35, May 1984.Clara Morley Rathbun, AB'35, March 1984.Mabel Ada Schwarz, PhB'35, AM'45,December.Sterling W. Brown, PhD'36, December.A. Cameron Dystrup, SB'36, January 1984.Watson B. Dickerson, AM'37, PhD'45,August.Henry L. Kaplan, MD'37, November.James Moore Marshall, MD'37 December.Earl E. Klein, PhD'38, September.Charles N. R. McCoy, PhD'38, October.Robert E. Ricketts, AM'38, October.Jonathan J. Westfall, SM'38, PhD'39,December.Rutherford R. Black, AM'39, July.1940-1949Edwin G. Ebbighausen, PhD'40, July.Rauer H. Meyer, AM'41, December.O. Donald Oison, AB'41, MBA' 48, October.Helen D. Tennant, AB'41, AM'42, October.Marjorie Ewing Aghassi, AB'42, October.Herman F. Boerner, MD'42, September.Andrew F. Burton, PhD'42, November.Robert B. Heywood, AM'42, December.Edith Jackson Skeens, SB'44, October.Virginia Lacy Jones, PhD'45, December.Daris Guthrie Peyer, PhB'45, MBA' 48,September.Albert J. Sargis, SM'47, June.George E. Watson, PhB'47, MBA'49,December.Donald Benson, SB'48, MD'50, January.Howard D. Lee, AM'48, September.Donald Earl Russell, AM'48, December.1950-1959Winson R. Coleman, PhD'50, November.Marvin Nelson, MBA'50, February 1984.Eugène T. Sweeney, AM'50, PhD'61,November.Gordon Donald, Jr., PhD'51, December.Vivienne S. Schechtman, AB'51, March1984.Seward Hiltner, PhD'52, November.Morton Sparks, AB'52, December.Jules D. Wimberly, AB'52, June.Kathryn Tompkins Vance, AM'53,December.Frank J. Buescher, MBA'54, November.James J. Lenahan, MBA55, March 1984.Joan Bayles Midler, AB'57, December.1960-1969Robert W. Eklund, MBA'61, September.Fred D. Garrabrant, AM'61, August.Robert J. Martin, AB'65, December.Barbara Baratz, AM'67, May.Bradley T. Haies, MD'68, October.Hilja Uula Lamp, MAT'68, February 1984.Alan R. Johnsen, MBA'69, January 1984.1970-1979Julia Hereford, PhD'72, January.James C. Pratt, JD'73, October.Richard L. Maddox, JD'78, November.1980-Keith A. Kienker, AB'80, August.John DiFulvio, MBA'81, November. S45BOOKS by AlumniSidney J. French, SB'22, On FrenchLeave: Accent on Teaching (Mimir Publishers,Inc.). Dr. French was completing this auto-biography at the time of his death in 1979.His wife finished it.Maureen Cobb Mabbott, PhB'24,AM'27, Shannondale, an American Place(Maecenas Press). This pièce of Americanarecounts the lives of a family on a farm inMissouri from 1903 to 1913.Dexter Masters, PhB'30, The Accident(Knopf). This paperback édition of Masters'thirty-year-old novel about the atomicbomb will be pubiished on the occasion ofthe fortieth anniversary of the Hiroshimaand Nagasaki bombings. Dexter Masterswas one of the founders of Consumer'sUnion and was director and editor of itspublication, Consumer Reports, for manyyears.H. Schuyler Foster, PhD'32, ActivismReplaces Isolationism: U.S. Public Attitudes,1940-1975 (Foxhall Press). After thirty-twoyears in the U.S. State Department as analyst of American opinion on U.S. foreignpolicy, Foster bases his book on contempo-rary reports— now in the NationalArchives— prepared for Department officiais and their overseas colleagues.Robert C. Christopher, AB'36, MBA'38,The Japanese Mind (Fawcett Book Group).Marie Krause Mendelson, SM'36, andL. Kathleen Mahan, Food, Nutrition and DietTherapy (W. B. Saunders Co.).Seymour J. Burrows, AB'39, MBA'53,Win/Win Outcome: A Physician's NegotiatingGuide (Pluribus Press). Burrows pinpointsand offers solutions to potential problemsinvolving récent législation that allows theHealth Care Financing Administration,insurance carriers and hospital administra-tors to détermine what to classify as physi-cian services. The book instructs doctors onthe use of various negotiating tactics with avariety of financers. Burrows, who spentsix years with the American Médical Association, is a consultant in médical socio-eco-nomic problems and personnel and laborrelations activities.Seymour K. Coburn, SB'40, editor, Corrosion Source Book (National Association ofCorrosion Engineers). This collection of articles is designed to inform engineers, metal-lurgists and designers about the nature ofcorrosion and the means of prévention. Seymour Coburn retired from U.S. Steel andopened a private consulting business, Corrosion Consultants, Inc., in Pittsburgh.Harry H. Hull, SM'40, An Approach toRheology Through Multivariable Thermodynam-ics (Deeds Associates, Inc.). Hull's bookexplains difficult concepts and pullstogether many of the attempts at explainingclassical and statistical thermodynamicsinto three or more independent variables.He introduces the concepts of irréversibleand steady state thermodynamics.Paul L. Higgins, DB'45, Pilgrimages USA(Prentice-Hall, Inc.). This guide is full of practical tips on how to reach the holyplaces of the United States including theoldest Jewsh synagogue in Rhode Islandand the Spanish missions in California.Paul Higgins is the co-founder of the Spiritual Frontiers Fellowship and director of theRockport Colony in Massachusetts.Dorothy L. Large, AM'45, Old Burlington,First Town on the St. Vrain, 1860-1871 (St. VrainPublishing Company). This is the first docu-mented story of the pioneers of the 1860's inthe St. Vrain Valley, CO, and of the townwhich was the center of their business andcommunity life during the years before theChicago-Colorado Colony.Wesley C. Salmon, AM'47, ScientificExplanation and the Causal Structure of theWorld (Princeton University Press). Thisphilosophical theory of scientific explanation involves a new treatment of causalitythat accords with the pervasively statisticalcharacter of contemporary science. Salmondescribes and discusses three fundamentalconceptions of scientific explanation— theepistemic, modal, and ontic— and défends acausal/mechanical theory that is a versionof the ontic conception. Wesley Salmon isUniversity Professor of Philosophy at theUniversity of Pittsburgh.David F. Ricks, AB'48, PhD'56, Originsof Psychopathology: Problems in Research andPublic Policy (Cambridge University Press).The book examines the growing knowledgeof the developmental patterns precedingsuch mental illnesses as schizophrenia anddépression, the hope that this brings forearly intervention and prévention of disor-der, and the ethical and légal dilemmas thatgo with this power. David Ricks teaches atthe University of Cincinnati and has a visiting appointment at Cornell.John V. Long, AB'49, JD'51, and SamuelGreen, Marriage and Family Law Agreements,Volume One (McGraw-Hill). The bookexplains how family law agreements werecreated, discusses the problems confront-ing the family law practitioner, and sug-gests helpful ways to establish an effectivelawyer-client relationship.Stanley Rosen, AB'49, PhD'55, TheLim-its of Analysis (Yale University Press). Philosophy in the twentieth century has beendominated by the urge for analysis, whichis supposed to be comparable in clarity andcorrectness to scientific thought. Rosendemonstrates how analysis alone lacks thepower to approach the deepest and mostimportant philosophical questions, pro-voking a deeper understanding of thenature and limits of analytic thinking.Rosen is a professor of philosophy at Penn-sylvania State University.James M. Gustafson, DB'51, Ethics Froma Theocentric Perspective, Volume Two: Ethicsand Theology (University of Chicago Press).In this volume Gustafson develops an ethical outlook that limits the importance ofhuman wishes and stresses the necessity ofjoining in the processes of divine gover- nance. He emphasizes, drawing togetherthe thèmes of the two volumes of his séries,that the divine ordering, not human happi-ness, must be the basis for moral activity.James Gustafson is University Professor inthe Divinity School and in the Committeeon Social Thought at the University ofChicago.William M. Moremen, DB'53, Develop-ing Spiritually and Professionally (The Westminster Press). This book is part of the Pas-tor's Handbook Séries.Laurel Richardson, AB'55, AB'56, Femi-nist Frontiers: Rethinking Sex, Gender and Society (Random House).Stephen E Cohen, AB'57, AB'58,AM'59, The Pakistan Army (University of California Press).Stanley Lieberson, AM'58, PhD'60,Making It Count: The Improvement of SocialResearch and Theory (University of CaliforniaPress). Lieberson is professor of sociologyat the University of California at Berkeley.Robert L. Beisner, AM'60, PhD'65, TwelveAgainst Empire: The Anti-Imperialists, 1898-1900(University of Chicago Press). This book is apaper-back revision of Beisner's 1965 dissertation at the University.Earl Johnson, JD'60, Dispute Resolution inAmerica: Processes in Evolution (CorporatePress). Johnson is a justice of the CaliforniaCourt of Appeals.Michael Richter, SB'60, Advanced BASICProgramming for the Commodore 64 (Prentice-Hall). Richter is on the senior staff at theU.S. Air Force Tactical Defence Wing'sdéfense Systems group.Edith Hoshino Altbach, AB'62,MAT'64, co-editor, German Feminism (SUNYPress). A collection of essays on literatureand politics from East and West Germanyand Austria.Philip F. Altbach, AB'62, AM'63,PhD'66, and Gail E Kelley, AB'62, co-edi-tors, Education and the Colonial Expérience(Transaction). A collection of essays on theimpact of colonialism and neocolonialismon the éducation Systems of the ThirdWorld. Philip G. Altbach, co-editor, Bridgesto Knowledge: Foreign Students in ComparativePerspective (University of Chicago Press).Essays dealing with policies regarding foreign students.John M. Fritz, AB'62, AM'68, PhD'74,with George Michell and M. S. NagarajaRao, The Royal Centre of Vijayanagara, A Pre-liminary Report (Arizona Univeristy Press).Fritz is participating in various académiesymposia during the 1985-86 Célébration ofIndia-U.S. tour of Indian photographs anddrawings.Thomas Gregor, AB'62, Anxious Plea-sures: The Sexual Lives of an Amazonian People(University of Chicago Press). TheMehinaku, a tribe living in Brazil's tropicalforests, practice elaborate erotic ritualswhich infuse the tribal culture with a curi-Continued on page 4846 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAG AZINE/SPRING 1985Hidden treasurerevealedAmong the world s most glorious mosaics are those in the church ofSan Marco in Venice. Yet, until recently, few modem eyes had seenthem. Soaring high above the basilica floor, obscured by years of accumu-lated dirt and the trappings of the church, the mosaics were hidden from ailbut a few scholars. The most dedicated of thèse, Otto Demus, supervisedthe récent restoration, cleaning, and photographing of thèse treasures. Hehas revealed them further, to art lovers, in a magnif icent four-volume work.Two volumes consist of hundreds of glowing color and black-and-whitephotographs; two volumes document the often turbulent history of themosaics and explain their importance to the art world."A superbly produced work of majestic scholarship, indisputably themost important contribution to Venetian art-historical studies of the20th century. . . an achievement that will endure as long as St. Marksitself continues to entrance and astonish us."— John Julius Norwich,New York Times Book ReviewThe MOSAICS of SAN MARCOin VENICE • Otto DemusPart 1:The Eleventh andTwelfth CenturiesText volume, 562 pages1 color, 75 bèrw halftonesPlate volume, 246 pages82 color, 377 b&w halftonesPart 2:The Thirteenth CenturyText volume 438 pagesI color, 5 1 bè-w halftonesPlate volume, 306 pages78 color, 354 bfe-w halftones igEIâlâËIâlâlâlsIâËtsIsIâlâtsIsIsIatâlâlsIâLâ ElIS " 1313(3131313m With this coupon, this superb four-volume slipcased set is available r=lto alumni for $300.00. (Regular price $350.00.) HjElmElE!EleiThe University of Chicago Press, Dept. BN, 580 1 Ellis Avenue, Chicago IL 60637.Please send me set(s) of THE MOSAICS OF SAN MARCO IN VENICE ( 1 4289-2)@ $300.00 each. (Payment or MasterCard/ VISA information must accompany orders.Orders to Illinois add 7% sales tax, Chicago 8%.)? Payment enclosed D MasterCard DVISAAddress-City/State/Zip _ Expiration daiSigna ru re . Bank ID(MC only).AD 0573BOOKSContinued from page 46ously explicit sexual ideology. ThomasGregor examines this ideology and explainshow the Mehinaku give expression to a System of symbols reminiscent of psychosex-ual neuroses identif ied by Freud. Gregor isa director of the anthropology program atVanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.Robert L. Hardgrave, Jr., AM'62,PhD'66, India Under Pressure— Prospects forPolitical Stability (Westview Press).Hardgrave provides a broad survey of thesources of internai social and political con-flict in India. He analyzes the capacity ofIndia's political parties, the bureaucracy,and the military to cope with change and tomanage the country's social diversity andthe potential for conflict. The author alsodiscusses India's relations with South Asia,the Middle East, the Soviet Union, and theU.S.Martin L. Heckman, AM'63, PhD'70,Overland on the California Trail, 1846-1859(Sagebrush Press). This bibliography contains a listing of 403 manuscripts andprinted travel narratives of the Californiamigration between 1846 and 1857. Heckmanis a librarian and professor at the Universityof La Verne, CA.William R. Arnold, PhD'63, JuvénileMisconduct and Delinquency (Houghton-Mifflin). This textbook, frequently used forjuvénile delinquency courses taught inmost sociology departments, covers thehistory of the idea of delinquency, thecauses of misconduct, and the juvénile justice System.Patricia Erens, AM'63, The Jew in American Cinéma (Indiana University Press). Thebook covers films released by both Hollywood studios and independent producers,the actors, and spécifie film genres con-cerning American Jews from the beginningof the movie industry to the présent. Thissurvey of Jews in cinéma includes a thor-ough examination of Jewish stereotypingand characterization with a particularemphasis on how the expériences and attitudes of the American people in gêneraiand the American Jewish Community inparticular are reflected on the screen.Patricia Erens is an associate professor inthe department of communication atRosary Collège, River Forest, IL.Margaret Peil, PhD'63, African UrbanSociety (Wiley). This textbook covers urbandevelopments in ail of tropical Africa andincludes a large bibliography to encourageusers to read further on the topics or areaswhich interest them.Burton I. Cohen, AM'64, PhD'74, co-editor and author, Jewish Education and Judaica inHonor of Louis Newman (Ktav Publishing).Cohen is assistant professor of éducation atthe Jewish Theological Seminary of America,New York, and national director of the RamahCamps and Programs.Bert Nelli, PhD'65, The Winning Tradition: A History of Kentucky Wildcat Basketball(The University Press of Kentucky). BertNelli examines the development of the winning tradition of the Wildcats in this full- length history of the team. Nelli bases hisresearch on personal interviews with doz-ens of présent and former players, coachesand fans.James H. Overfield, AM'65, Humanismand Scholasticism in Late Médiéval Germany(Princeton University Press). JamesOverfield covers the réception of thehumanists into the German universitiesand describes their criticism of scholasticism from the 1450's to the 1510's. Heincludes explanations of the scholastics'response and opposition, and he places theReuchlin affair and other intellectual feudsin the context of humanist-scholastic relations. Overfield is associate professor ofhistory at the University of Vermont,Burlington.Lawrence Rosen, AM'65, PhD'68,JD'74, Bargaining ForReality: The Constructionof Social Relations in a Muslim Community (University of Chicago Press). Lawrence Rosendemonstrates that the bonds of family,tribe, and political alliance in the Muslimcommunity are formed only as the bargainsstruck in and through the negotiable concepts that describe them take place. Theconcepts of character, time, and narrativestyle are compatible with a view of reality asa bargained-for network of obligations.Rosen is professor of anthropology atPrinceton University.Dorcas Susan Butt, PhD'67, co-editorwith Richard C. Nann and LourdesLadrido-Ignacio, Mental Health, Cultural Values and Social Development (D. Reidel Publishing Co.). The gênerai thème of the book is acall for world coopération in resolving theconf licts which endanger the mental healthof the peoples of the world. It consists of acollection of papers by world experts in themental health field and aims at cuttingacross disciplinary and cultural bounda-ries, producing a world perspective. D. S.Butt is an associate professor in the department of psychology at the University ofBritish Columbia, Vancouver.Lenore G. Martin, AM'68, PhD'79, TheUnstable Gulf: Threats from Within (LexingtonBooks). Martin analyzes the internationalpolitics of the Persian Gulf and advocates achange in U.S. strategy.Elliott A. Medrich, AB'68, and VictorRubin, AB'73, with Judith Poizen and StuartBuckley, The Serious Business of Growing Up: AStudy of Children 's Lives Outside School (University of California Press). With data collectedfrom children themselves, the authorsdescribe children's out-of-school activitiesaccording to various domains' of social interaction. The text looks into the lives of childrenand the problems and limitations of modemparenthood.Allen M. Young, PhD'68, Costa Rica:Nature, Prosperity and Peace on the Rich Coast(Interamerican Research Corp.). The bookis an overview primer to Costa Rica and isillustrated with many black-and-whitephotographs.Don Bialostosky, AB'69, AM'73,PhD'77, Making Taies: The Poetics ofWordszvorth's Narrative Experiments (University of Chicago Press). Bialostosky is anassociate professor in the department of English at the State University of New Yorkat Stony Brook.Michael Perman, PhD'69, The Road toRédemption: Southern Politics, 1869-1879 (University of North Carolina Press). An analysisof the South 's political System during and justafter Reconstruction, this book offers a rein-terpretation of Reconstruction itself and ofthe process called rédemption by which itwas overthrown. Perman is an associate professor in the history department at the University of Illinois at Chicago.Marc A. Miles, AB'70, AM'74, PhD'76,Beyond Monetarism: Finding the Road to StableMoney (Basic Books). Miles offers an analysis on how many of the United States' mostvexing économie problems arise from thedef iciencies and limitations of monetarism,the nation's dominant économie doctrine.He explains how, with the proper corrections, économie policy can once again provide a stable économie environment, as ithas done in the past.Christine Froula, AB'71, AM'72,PhD'77, To Write Paradise: Style and Error inPound's CANTOS (Yale University Press).Froula takes a new approach to Pound'smajor work, examining the unpublishedmanuscripts behind The Cantos in their historical context to interpret the beginningsand ends of Pound's poetics.Terry Quinn, AM'71, and KatherineWei, Second Daughter: Growing Up in China,1930-1949 (Little, Brown and Company).Katherine Wei's memoir of growing up inChina covers the years from her birth inPeking in 1930 to her departure for Americaduring the Communist takeover in 1949.Théodore Berland, AM'72, The Dieter'sAlmanac (World Almanac Publications). Thebook offers week-by-week advice, the bestdiets, and an exercise program for dietersserious about losing weight and getting fit.Berland is an associate professor of communications at Grand Valley State Collège,Allendale, MI, and is associated with Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Médical Center,Chicago.Peter LaSalle, AM'72, Strange Sunlight(Texas Monthly Press). LaSalle is an assistant professor of English in créative writingat the University of Texas at Austin. Hisnovel is an account of the kind of life thatmany people who are drawn to the Sunbelteventually discover. It présents contempo-rary America, with some of its characters soobsessed with superficial goals that thevalue of money replaces the value of lifeitself.William R McLauchlan, JD'72, FédéralCourt Caseloads (Praeger Publications).McLauchlan outlines the nature of the patterns in case f ilings in the fédéral courts overthe past décades. He présents an empiricalanalysis of thèse patterns for fédéral districtcourts, courts of appeals, and the SuprêmeCourt. While no solutions are presented forthe explosion in cases, the book présents thefirst systematic outline of the problem.McLauchlan is an associate professor of political science at Purdue University.Patrick J. Finn, PhD'73, Helping ChildrenLearn To Read (Random House). B4R UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE/SPRING 1985COMPUTERSContinued from page 14"Hère at the GSB, we use transferpriées. Students get a certain budgetthat they can spend on the DEC; itdépends a little on the particularcourses they take. People taking econ-ometrics and statistical courses get aslightly larger allocation. They canexchange DEC dollars if they wish.Then we vary the rates, according tothe time of year or time of day. First ofail, we hâve an idea of what the normalrates are, and then we hâve two othercatégories. One is discount, where weeut the rates in half— that's in the sum-FALLING STARContinued from page 21logical component to go through thework graphically, because we're hardwired by our own biological évolutionto deal with shapes and motion, sographies which présent shapes, partic-ularly shapes with color, and can showthem in motion, are very helpful. Con-sequently, watching thèse things helpsme to understand how the calculationgoes."One of the things I hâve found isthat the eye likes waves. If I use mathematical respresentations of waves, I'mvery likely to hâve a pretty picture. It'sno accident that people like to watchwaves on the beach."(Some of the reporting and writing onastrophysics was done by Larry Arbeiter,physical sciences writer for the UniversityNews and Information Office. ) BLOEHRContinued from page 33the idea of war. And that's not what vétérans lived through at ail.I harp on this partly because Iknow how dear to the heart of intellec-tuals is the dream of comprehendinglife with the same objective certaintywe claim in the study of rocks, bones,and stars. It is that vain hope of which"transcendental arguments" represent the pinnacle: the obscène ideathat mère thinkers can, through mèrethought, find structures which can letus understand— and judge— a life wehâve never lived. But when transcendental arguments become existential,they are no longer transcendental. No mer, when there's less use of the computers. Then we hâve premium— in thelast half of the quarter when everybodyis scurrying to get papers done, weraise the rates fifty percent. So there isa seasonal pattern. There is also a time-of-day pattern. From 11:00 p. m. to 9:00a. m., CPU time costs roughly one-tenth the noon rate, and connect timeis zéro. So people who are going to begrinding away, or playing games, do itat midnight or later. Typically therewill be six people on the computer inthe post-midnight hours."We haven't quite resolved it at theuniversity level; although there's a lot oftwo people hâve the same combinationof transcendental catégories any morethan they hâve the same expériences.No two men ever died for the samecountry, and no two men were ever inthe same war. Not even a vétéran canreally know what another vétéran isgoing through, although we may trusteach other to care without judging.And that is what is so hard to trustothers to do: to care without judging.A décade after the end of the Vietnamera, vétérans are just beginning towrap words and concepts aroundsome of the rawest stuff of life, theexpérience of war. It's hard to dobecause expérience goes so very farbeyond mère words and concepts. It'shard to do because talking about it isalso reliving it, pulling those videotapes out and watching and feeling asthey begin to replay, sometimes pain-fully, on a wide and deep and vividscreen that only we can see. And thenthe brackets corne off that year, theexpérience cornes back to life, andwe're there again. Alone, and con-fused, and wanting to corne home.The way you can help, perhaps, isnot by trying to understand at ail, butby trying to care. Part of what does somuch harm to vétérans of the Vietnamera is precisely the effort to understand, to corne to some sort of opinion,some moral judgment, by people whocan never understand. That outsidershope to understand is not only danger-ous, but bad history as well. It is whathistorian Herbert Butterfield hascalled The Whig Understanding of History:"The study of the past with one eye, soto speak, upon the présent is the discussion. I think that the principleshould be announced at the top level,and that there should be a broad discussion about whether thèse principles areright, with room for modification."University of Chicago students areknown for their dedication to scholarship and scientific inquiry. And it wasin the name of scientific inquiry thatone group of graduate students (whochose to be nameless) wrote a very spécial program the aim of which was liter-ally to disrobe a well-known femalecelebrity— on the computer terminalscreen, that is. The students namedtheir program "Obscène." Bsource of ail sins and sophistries in history .... There is not an essence ofhistory that can be got by evaporatingthe human and the personal factors,the incidental or momentary or localthings, and the circumstantial éléments, as though at the bottom of thewell there were something absolute,some truth independent of time andcircumstance. The historian must seeprinciples caught amongst chance andaccident; he must watch their logicbeing tricked and entangled in theevents of a concrète world .... If history could be told in ail its complexityand détail it would provide us withsomething as chaotic and baffling aslife itself; but because it can be con-densed there is nothing that cannot bemade to seem simple, and the chaosacquires form by virtue of what wechoose to omit." (Pp. 31,66,68, and 97)"The chaos acquires form by virtueof what we choose to omit." In thecases of Vietnam era vétérans, thechaos acquires form only by omittingthe hearts and soûls and lives of thevétérans themselves.So that's really my message and myhope: that you will not try to understand, not try to assign moral values tothe stories of individuals in Vietnam,not try to corne to an attitude of certainty about the right and wrong of itail. Rather, if you would try to be withus at ail, be with us in the chaos and letyourself become confused and disori-ented, ail awash with feelings, hurts,and memories of both joys and regretsthat will never be fully sorted out,never be fully assimilated, and neverbe gone.Then, perhaps, we can begin tocorne home again. BR I il /- the Quuds This Sumr. " 2 ^°\June 24- August 31Education doesn't hâve to end with a diploma. Thissummer, round out and enrich your académie studies byreturning to the University of Chicago for SummerQuarter 1985.iChoose from a wide range of courses: Anthropology,Computer Science, Economies, French, German, History,Political Science, Russian, and more. You can broadenyour expertise in your own field or explore a new one;learn the language or culture of other nations; or prépare for career changes.Tell your friends and family about the unique features ofSummer Quarter, like the Homeric Greek program forhigh school students or the spécial tuition rates for ele-mentary and secondary school teachers and administra-tors. The Returning Scholar Office (312/962-1727) can letyou know about additional benefits from summer studyfor people who are at least 35 years of âge and who hâvebeen away from a degree program for ten years. For more detailed information and registration rr,riais, please call the Summer Quarter Office(312/962-6033).Please send me the 1985 Summer Quarter Bulletin. I am particularly interested in Name_Address-City-State_ Zip.SUMMER QUARTER OFFICEThe University of Chicago1116 East 59th Street Chicago, IL 60637THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOSummer Quarter 1985