The University of ICHICAGbMagazine/Fall 1983 §Latin American Revolutions& Foreign InterventionTHEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOLIBRARYLETTERSIN DEFENSE OF WATTEditor:"Will the National Parks Survive?,"Joseph Sax asks ominously in a recent articlecalculated, I gather, to stampede park-lovingreaders like myself into supporting a nice-sounding but ill-conceived piece of legislationknown as the "National Park Protection andResources Act of 1983, H.R. 5162."To support his case, Mr. Sax portrays aNational Park System in peril of being destroyed by an avalanche of proposed developmental "threats" poised just outside parkboundaries. "Astonishing as it may seem, " Mr.Sax contends, the Park Service has no legaltools to deal with these external threats.What is "astonishing" is that Mr. Sax, alaw professor, seems ignorant of the NationalEnvironmental Policy Act of 1969 (NEPA) andits requirement that an environmental impactstatement be prepared for major federal actions. This means other federal agencies mustconsider the effect of proposed actions on nearby park resources.Continuing his argument, Mr. Sax indicates that "problems" could come from national forests that share borders with parks sincethe forests are under the jurisdiction of theDepartment of Agriculture rather than the Department of the Interior, which administers theparks. I presume some of the "problems" Mr.Sax infers are those of geothermal, oil and gasor other mineral development. If so, then heshould know that the authority to grant leasesfor such activities on national forest lands isvested in the Secretary of the Interior. Indeed,Secretary of the Interior James Watt exercisedthis authority several months ago to deny longstanding requests for leases to conduct phosphate mining in the Osceola National Forestbecause, in his judgment, the areas to be minedcould not be adequately restored once miningwas completed.Mr. Sax also neglected to inform his readers that the National Park Service has opposedenactment of H.R. 5162 since it was first proposed. During an April 1983 hearing, ParkService Director Russell Dickenson said thathis agency opposed the bill because it "Encourages moving critical decisions on developmentof non-federal properties into the courts andout of the hands of elected and appointed stateand federal officials. Furthermore, the bill willbog down park management in reams of paperand red tape. Finally, nothing in the bill isnecessary to ensure that national parks are wellprotected and managed. In fact, the bill woulddrain off resources that the National Park Service needs to protect and manage our parks."Even Mr. Sax, in an unexpected outburstof candor toward the end of his article, con cedes the bill is not "perfect." Still, he says, weneed it because Secretary Watt is "the mostcomplacent park steward ever in theSecretary's office."Nonsense! Secretary Watt has not madeone decision during his tenure permitting development adjacent to a park that has had anadverse impact on park resources. Furthermore, Secretary Watt has successfully foughtfor a five-year, $1 billion Park Restoration andImprovement Program to correct a backlog ofserious deficiencies that have been identified asthreatening the health and safety of park visitors as well as the very integrity of numerouspark areas.Secretary Watt's idea of stewardship,backed by his actions, is to "take care." Mr.Sax's is to wrap the Park Service in red-tapeand re-route scarce federal funds into endlessreport writing and litigation.Let the reader judge which approach ismore sensitive to the real needs of our greatNational Parks.Martha O. Hess, MBA 79Assistant SecretaryManagement and AdministrationU.S. Department of EnergyREVISING HISTORYFROM ABOVEEditor:Your Spring 1983 story on Soc II incorporates references to the "difficult" years of theSixties. In this context, author James Graffquotes Susanne Rudolph. In light of the Selective Service System's 1966 decision to utilizeclass standing in the determination of draft eligibility, Rudolph says, the Soc II staff "finallyissued a statement that none of us wanted togive a grade that could be used in that manner."Graff adds that "Many other University facultylater advocated a policy of not ranking students and, over a year later, the Council of theFaculty Senate made it an official stance for theentire University."As 1965-66 students of Soc II, we learnedthe influence of perspective on analysis. In particular we recall the lesson that the role of themasses, and generally the view from below, theso-called underside of history, finds difficulty"making history." The writers of history writewhat they see. This history-from-above pervades your story. The University's honorableanti-ranking stance came not so easily as Graffwould have it. Neither was this progressive decision simply the product of faculty sensitivity,either to its students or its profession.Rather, the decisions to obstruct SelectiveService wishes for student rankings resultedfrom an angry and active student movement, EDITOR'SNOTESEvery spring, the Council for Advancement and Support of Education(CASE) in Washington, DC, sponsors aprogram that recognizes and rewards outstanding university magazines. Entries arejudged in several categories, including general excellence, improvement, writing, anddesign; the best receive exceptional achievement awards and in some cases are eligiblefor a grand award.This spring The University of ChicagoMagazine received an Exceptional Achievement Award from CASE. This places themagazine among the best nineteen magazines in the country.Many people helped us win this award.The enthusiastic assistance of our formerassociate editor, Michael Alper, AB'81,AM'83; of our current associate editor,James Graff, AB'81; and of our formersecretary-bookkeeper, Margaret Mitchell,AM'82; and the talent and hard work of ourdesigner, Tom Greensfelder, helped makethis award possible. To all of them, and tophotographers Michael P. Weinstein,AB'80, Marc PoKempner, AB73, RichardYounker, AB'63, Jim Ballard, Jean-ClaudeLejeune, and Kathleen Reeve, our thanks.We also wish to express our thanks toyou, our readers, for your generous support, which enabled us to hire occasionalfreelance talent, including the designer andphotographers cited above. Some 4,570alumni and friends sent in a total of$54,042 in voluntary contributions in ourlast fund-raising effort.Thank you.one which coalesced under the banners of "Students Against the Rank." After the apparentfailure of informational campaign, debate,petition, and other civil forms, SAR finally initiated a take-over of the Administration building in the face of the University's continuedcomplacency on the matter and its complicitywith the war effort. Without this and other early elements of the anti-war and student movements, we doubt that we would have seen suchprogressive steps from our faculty.Graff contributes to the current revision ofthe history of the Vietnam War period. He andother authors must not be permitted to forgetthe importance of "the movement" not only onUniversity decision-making, but on the outcome of the war. Remnants of the sixties remain in evidence in the anti-military and anti-nuclear movements as well as in contemporaryopposition to a draft to support reactionarypolicies of the United States government.Richard Speiglman, AB'68Joel Weber, AB'68Oakland, CAEditorFelicia Antonelli Holton, AB'50Associate EditorJames L. Graff, AB'81DesignerTom GreensfelderThe University of Chicago Office ofAlumni AffairsRobie House5757 South Woodlawn AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637Telephone: (312) 753-2175President, The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationMichael Klowden, AB'67Executive Directorof University Alumni AffairsCarol Jenkins Linne, AB'66Associate Directorof University Alumni AffairsRuth HalloranProgram DirectorMark Reinecke, AM'81Director, Alumni Schools CommitteeRobert Ball, Jr.The University of ChicagoAlumni AssociationExecutive Committee, the CabinetMichael Klowden, AB'67Edward J. Anderson, PhB'46, SM'49Jay Berwanger, AB'39Anita Jarmin Brickell, AB'75, MBA76Emmett Dedmon, AB'39Gail Pollack Fels, JD'65Mary Lou Gorno, MBA'75Guy Nery, AB'47Clyde Watkins, AB'67Gregory Wrobel, AB'75, JD'78, MBA'79Faculty /Alumni Advisory Committeeto the University of Chicago MagazineEdward W. Rosenheim, AB'39,AM'47, PhD'53 ChairmanDavid B. and Clara E. SternProfessor, Department of Englishand the CollegeWalter J. Blum, AB'39, JD'41Wilson-Dickinson Professor,the Law SchoolJohn A. SimpsonArthur Holly Compton DistinguishedService Professor, Department ofPhysics and the CollegeLorna P. Straus, SM'60, PhD'62Associate Professor, Department ofAnatomy and the CollegeGreta Wiley Flory, PhB'48Linda Thoren, AB'64, JD'67The University of Chicago Magazine ispublished by the University of Chicago incooperation with the Alumni Association.Published continuously since 1907. Editorial Office: Robie House, 5757 WoodlawnAvenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.Telephone (312) 753-2323. Copyright©1983 by the University of Chicago.Published four times a year, Autumn,Winter, Spring, Summer. The Magazine issent to all University of Chicago alumni.Please allow eight weeks for change ofaddress. Second class postage paid atChicago, Illinois, and at additional mailingoffices.Typesetting by Skripps & Associates, Chicago. The University ofCHICAGOMagazine/Fall 1983Volume 76, Number 1 (ISSN-9508)Page 18 IN THIS ISSUEOn Thinking About the UnthinkableTwo theologians and two philosophers examineJonathan Schell's position in Fate of the Earth andask: What is the role of freedom in history? Couldit lead to a man-made apocalypse?Page 4Mixed LegacyBy James GraffFriedrich Katz, leading scholar of the Mexican Revolution, discusses the history of foreign intervention inCentral America.Page 10The View from the President's ChairHanna Holborn Gray has been president of theUniversity for five years. In a wide-ranging interviewwith the editor, she talks about plans and policies,past and future.Page 18DEPARTMENTS1 On the QuadsAlumni Association AwardsAlumni President's PageClass NewsDeathsBooks 22432334648Cover: Francisco "Pancho" Villa,Mexican revolutionary leader, withhis army, circa 1914.(Historical Pictures Service, Chicago.On the QuadsTAVE NAMED DEAN OFHUMANITIES DIVISIONStuart Tave, William Rainey HarperProfessor in the College and in the Department of English, has been named deanof the Division of the Humanities effective January 1. He will succeed Karl J.Weintraub, AB'49, AM'52, PhD'57.Thomas J. Donnelly Distinguished Service Professor in History, who has servedin the position since 1973.Tave has written several books inhis specialty of 18th- and 19th-centuryEnglish literature, one of which, SomeWords of Jane Austen, received theGordon Laing Prize in 1974.Asked about his plans for the Division, Tave said: "Humanists are a self-directed lot. One doesn't make plans forthem but tries to enable them to do theirwork. What they need always seems tobe relatively little — a little more time, alittle more money — and yet, it alwaysseems to be just out of reach for bothfaculty and students. To begin with, Iwant to work to close that gap."DEPARTMENT OFCOMPUTER SCIENCEESTABLISHEDIn response to growing need andinterest, a Department of Computer Science was established at the University onJuly 1, and Robert I. Soare, Professor inMathematics, has been appointed its firstchairman.The new department's first prioritieswill be to build a research atmospherethat will attract the best computer science faculty and to maintain the qualityof its current two-year undergraduateprogram, where enrollment during thelast few years "has been growing almostexponentially," according to Soare."We have decided to establish first astrong group in theoretical computer science and to achieve ultimately a department balanced between theoretical and more applied areas," Soare said. "We aretrying a new approach, something notusually done at other universities. Instead of immediately hiring merely goodcomputer scientists who may be available, we're hiring approximately ten ofthe world's leading theoretical computerscientists as visiting professors."They'll come for visits of one weekto four months, lecture on their ownwork, carry out joint research projectswith our faculty, and advise us on howthe department can best develop."A new computer for the exclusiveuse of the Department of ComputerScience was recently purchased, andanother is expected within a year.PIONEER 10 AND THEUNIVERSITYThe U.S. mail does plausibly wellwith snow, rain, heat and gloom ofnight, but it would be hard-pressed tonegotiate the solar system's asteroid zoneor the treacherous radiation belts of theplanet Jupiter. Pioneer 10, however,which NASA calls "the longest-distanceletter ever sent," has managed to do justthat, with an aplomb that has surprisedeven its designers.In June, the unmanned spacecraftcrossed the orbit of Neptune at a speedof 30,558 miles per hour, thus becomingthe first spacecraft to leave the solar system (it had already crossed Pluto's elliptical orbit). Pioneer was launched in1972 for a 21-month exploratory trip toJupiter. Against all odds, it continues tosend a wealth of scientific data to itstrackers in California from a distance ofalmost three billion miles.One of the most fruitful experimentsaboard was designed by John A.Simpson, Arthur Holly Compton Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Physics, the Enrico Fermi Institute and the College. In 1956, Simpsonand his colleagues discovered that thesolar wind, a million-mile-per-hourstream of atomic particles "boiling" off the sun's surface, creates a plasma bubble known as the heliosphere around theentire solar system. The extent of the heliosphere was a matter of informed conjecture until the charged particle detectorSimpson designed for Pioneer showedthat it stretches to more than five billionmiles, far beyond the orbits of theknown planets.One of Pioneer's most importanttasks — its "holy grail," as Simpson putsit — will be to reach the boundary of theheliosphere, where it will be exposed tothe full power of interstellar cosmicrays. If the signals from Pioneer remainWilliam Henry Shultz, AM'42, (better known asHeinrich) has retired after twenty-four years asresident head of Coulter House, Burton-fudsonResidence Halls. Shultz taught at the U.S. Indian School in New Mexico after graduation.then returned to the University in 1958. He wasa resident assistant at Woodward Court for ayear and has been at Coulter since 1959. Heworked first at Harper Library and more recently at Regenstein Library. A writer, his work hasappeared in Best American Short Stories and O.Henry Award Stories. The occasion for the bigsmile Heinrich is wearing was B.j.'s 50th Anniversary party last year.strong enough, its instruments will provide valuable measurements of thechemical and isotopic composition ofcosmic rays and the giant stars whoseexplosive deaths created them.Among the other University figuresconnected to Pioneer 10 is Carl Sagan,AB'54, SB'55, SM'56, PhD'60, directorof the Cornell Laboratory for PlanetaryStudies, who designed the spacecraft'smessage plaque. The metal plate picturesa man, a woman and several symbolsthat would help an intelligent being figure out the craft's origin on the sun'sthird planet. Nobody rates the chance ofsuch an encounter as very high, but it isworth remembering that in the vastemptiness of interstellar space, Pioneer'slifespan verges on the infinite. Thechances are good that it will continue itslonely drift long after the earth is consumed in the Sun's fiery death.OPEN HOUSE ONHUMANITIESThe madness of King George IIIand the method of medieval music areamong the topics planned for discussionat the fourth annual Humanities OpenHouse on October 8. Last year's eventintroduced over six hundred high schoolstudents, neighborhood people, teachersand Chicagoans-at-large to a broadrange of humanistic inquiry. The Division of the Humanities, which organizesthe event, expects a large and enthusiastic crowd again this year.The day's events are sure to bothsatisfy curiosity and awaken genuine interest. From a base of operations in theNorth Lounge of Reynolds Club, 5706South University, participants will embark at 10:00 a.m. on guided tours ofthe University's galleries, theatres andhumanities research facilities. At 11:00a.m., they will be treated to the day'sprinciple address by Kenneth Northcott,professor in the Department of GermanicLanguages and Literatures and a noted actor and raconteur. Lunch will be served inHutchinson Commons (advance ticketsavailable by mail) to the Irish strains ofSamhradh Music.After lunch the options widen intoabout thirty-five 45-minute sessions onvarious aspects of the humanities, including such topics as the rhetoric of the"Declaration of Independence"; Russianand Middle English poetry; the work of I-. -J' '''^Edward Asner, X'48 (/.), TV's "Lou Grant,"was honored as Communicator of the Year atthe annual communications alumni dinner. Hechats with (I. to r.) Herman Kogan, AB'36, author and host of "Writing and Writers" onWFMT; Louis "Studs" Terkel, PhB'32, ]D'34,author and host of his own show on WFMT;Brace Pattou, AB'45, of the Harris Bank.Emily Dickinson and W B. Yeats; filmanalysis, fine art photography, the philosophy of science, Arabic writing, linguistics — literally something for everyone, literary or otherwise.The Humanities Open House is freeand open to the public, but space is limited. Participants are asked to register inthe Reynolds Club beginning at 9:00 a.m.For more information and a detailedbrochure, call 962-1916 or write toHumanities Open House, 1050 East 59thStreet, Chicago, Illinois 60637.OPEL NAMED TRUSTEEJohn R. Opel, chairman of theboard and chief executive officer of International Business Machines Corporation, was elected to the University'sboard of trustees at its June meeting.Opel received his M.B.A. from theUniversity in 1949 and joined IBM as asales representative that same year.After holding a series of managementpositions, he was elected president in1974, chief executive officer in 1980, andchairman in February of this year.In 1980 Opel received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from the Graduate School of Business. His other institutional responsibilities include trusteeof the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, NJ, and of his undergraduatealma mater, Westminster College, Fulton, MO; director of the Federal ReserveBank of New York and Pfizer, Inc.; andmember of the board of governors ofUnited Way of America, the WilsonCouncil, and the Council on Foreign Relations. He is vice chairman of the Business Council and co-chairman of theBusiness Roundtable, and was featuredon the cover of the July 11 Timemagazine.MEMORIAL PRIZEESTABLISHEDFamily and friends of the late LauraGodofsky Horowitz, AB'64, have established the Laura Godofsky HorowitzPrize for Excellence in Journalism. Anindependent panel of judges will awardthe prize periodically to the writer of anoutstanding article in the Maroon.During her tenure as Maroon editorin 1962-63, Laura Godofsky helped establish the United States Student PressAssociation and the Collegiate PressService. She went on to found EditorialExperts, a successful Washington DCconsulting firm. In June, she died at theage of forty after a long illness. She issurvived by her husband, Daniel, andtwo young daughters, a3Classroom Photosby Ricnard YounckerDavid TracyTaken in October, 1945, thephoto shows the damage doneby the atomic bomb inHiroshima, Japan. The bombfell approximately one milefrom this area. On ThinkingAbout TheUnthinkable"Are we flirting withthe death of all life,and with it, thedeath of death?""History,HISTORICITY, AND NARRATIVE"was the formal title of acourse in the Divinity Schoolthis year. It was team-taught by two theologians and two philosophers, all very eminentin their fields. (The students referred to theteam as "The Gang of Four" or "The Hollywood Squares.") Our secretary, MargaretMitchell AM' 82, a PhD candidate in theDivinity School, suggested we drop in on asession. We did, and were fascinated: we returned with a tape recorder. When we taped asession, the professors were discussing"Thinking About the Unthinkable — A NuclearU.S. Air Force PhotoHolocaust." As you read, bear in mindthat our text is taken from oral presentations, intended for the ear rather than forthe eye.As the text opens, Langdon B.Gilkey, the Shatter Mathews Professor inthe Divinity School, is talking aboutJonathan Schell's book, The Fate of theEarth, (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1982).Commenting on Gilkey's remarks arehis fellow team members: Paul Ricoeur,the John Nuveen Professor in the DivinitySchool, the Department of Philosophy, and the Committee on Social Thought,who holds joint appointments at the University of Chicago and the Sorbonne, University of Paris; Stephen Toulmin, professor in the Committee on Social Thought,the Department of Philosophy and the Divinity School; and David Tracy, professorof theology in the Divinity School, andresearch associate in the CulturalPluralism Research Center of the NationalOpinion Research Center, the first RomanCatholic priest appointed to the faculty ofthe Divinity School (in 1969).I MAYBEGIN BYSAYINGTHAT Ihave found it almost impossible to reflecton this subject. Each way one thinksabout it seems to end in frustration, evenin the hint of insanity — certainly, with theimpression of not being in touch with reality. If one speaks of it ethically, as a call toaction, one ends up either with the relative insanity of deterrence, or with theperhaps unrealism of total disarmament.If one insists thereby on speaking of it as aphilosophical or theological problem, itseems equally bizarre to treat extinction asa problem for reflective theory.We have a problem for thought andaction that seems to be beyond thought, and yet which, nevertheless, must bethought about and acted on.The nuclear holocaust, or the nuclearapocalypse, is a human-made one. Atleast the apocalypse of the older typeseemed to be balanced by deity. This one,as portrayed by Jonathan Schell in TheFate of the Earth, has a clearly absolutecharacter, an apocalyptic character. Yet itis historical, arising out of history throughthe development of and exercise of knowledge by the use of freedom.Interestingly therefore, as a humanapocalypse, it is absolutely evil. Onemight hazard the point that only a divineapocalypse might have redemptive implications. Yet it also seems to extinguish anygods that one might want to appeal to, atleast gods of history. Therefore I remainsilent on the whole with regard to grandconclusions.My remarks here are a kind of sympathetic, horrified, and critical commentary on Jonathan Schell's book. Foranother, perhaps more "relativisitic"apocalypse, I would suggest as an interesting parallel another book, RobertHeilbroner's Inquiry into the HumanProspect. Heilbroner's book is not nearlyas purely apocalyptic as Schell's with regard to what the author calls "the joys andfreedoms of modern life."Heilbroner says, "We will probablylook back upon the freedoms of modernlife the way we now look at the freedomand privileges of the upper classes in theancien regime, and say that 'we can't afford them any longer,' and that 'those delights simply aren't possible.' "Like most of us on most things, andall of us on this one, Schell can analyzethe problem much better than he canpoint out the solution. The problem of extinction is powerfully portrayed in thefirst chapter of his book. Here is a powerarising out of history, out of the development of scientific knowledge and its technological use, and yet in a strange way, transcending history so as to be able toend it. What has been uncovered and unleashed is the basic, the ultimate power ofnature. I was continually reminded ofTillich's "power of being," as Schell wroteof the atom as being far out of scale withany other power, kind of the basic forcethat held the universe together. What oneis dealing with here is the "power of finitebeing," if I can put it into that kind of language, an almost infinite power, and correspondingly one with almost infinite possible consequences.This infinite power, Schell says, isnow in our hands and aimed at nature,and in being aimed at nature, aimed at us.Here is the intense irrationality of our situation, the contradiction of it, the dilemmaon the deepest level.One might remark that this is also akind of strange, eerie, yet actual embodiment of that Greek symbol of human estrangement, hubris, the highest union ofpower and pride and so making the ultimate claim to be divine, in other wordsthe grasping in human hands of ultimatepowers that should remain in the handsof divine beings. In that sense, thePromethean mythos, so to speak, getsactuality in human history, here, with us.For, Schell points out, the consequence of the use of this power is not athreat merely to a certain quantity of life,even a vast quantity; but rather a threat tothe very possibility of life itself. Andthat's a distinction he wants to make veryclear. The casualty here is not that of amultitude of persons, as most think; rather the casualty is the inhabitability of theearth itself. And that makes it, I suppose,a "transcendental" threat, in the sense thatit's talking about conditions and possibilities rather than actualities. Schell doesn'tuse this kind of philosophical language.He makes it quite straightforward, butthere are nuances to what he says that arefascinating with regard to the philosophyof history.In a wonderful sentence (obviouslyreferring to the the civil defense hopes ofthe present administration) Schell says :"There is no hole large enough to shelternature in." There's no way you canresolve this problem. There are now morebombs on both sides than there are targets. We're dealing with 8,000 Hiroshi-mas, with a level of blast, of fire, of radioactivity, of the loss of the ozone layer,that would destroy all life except for insects and grass, which, he says, would lastlonger than anything else. The title of hischapter on this is "A World of Insects andGrass."And thus life would become impossible for trees, for bushes, for vegetables,for every form of animal life except the insect. Thus in a real holocaust, there is no"outside" to flee to, or from which a rescue might be effected. Survival, therefore,is really quite unrealistic. Schell calls it"an insane dream."It's doubtful whether a nuclear conflict could ever be controlled. Its beginning, therefore, represents an ending.Thus Schell speaks of "the second death."By this category he means not thedeath of people, or the death even of greatnumbers of people. He means the death,with and through their death, of life itself,of the species itself. And he writes therefore quite evocatively, at this point, of theadded terror of death if with that deaththe species does not go on. This is qualitatively quite a different death. I think he'squite right at that point, but one has to seethe move from one level to another involved in this argument, what he meanshere by the second death, the death, as heputs it, of both birth and death. Or, evenmore paradoxical, the death of death.In another place he calls it "the murder of the future," an expressive phrase.He is suggesting that this would be theend, therefore, of all knowing subjects, ofall experiencing, of all thought and of allpurposes. Here, I suspect, is for him theroot of the unthinkability of this category.It cannot be experienced. There are no ex-periencers of it, and therefore, ipso facto,no thinkers about it. As he says, "Experiencing and thought are unfortunately dependent on our mortal frames." Thus,again, one sees its apocalyptic character;here, I think, is the real base, so to speak,of its unthinkability.One of the two causes of this peril isthe development of science. Schell saysthe development of each step of science isintended, calculated, and in that sense, rational. But the development of science as awhole is not intended or calculated, and inthat sense is not rational. It, so to speak,merely "takes place" and is not and cannot be under our control. Nor, says he, isit within the scope of our freedom. (I'mnot sure if I agree with this.) In any case,we can't stop it, we can't turn back, wecan't ever forget what once is known.I'm not sure that last point is right.The experience of the loss of much of thelearning and wisdom of Hellenic culturewith the chaos at the end of the RomanEmpire indicates that what is known canbecome unknown. And I guess the sciencefiction books about all the scientificknowledge being lost and everybody be ing reduced to mere existence are credibleenough. Schell says, "Science represents atide that can only rise, it doesn't ebb."For Schell, freedom, by exercising itself in intelligent inquiry, has created akind of fate that it cannot control. Theseare my words, but this is what he's saying,I think. It is a fate that has led us to ourown potential destruction, a process thatwe have difficulty ending, directing orstopping. One might comment that this isa strange end to the Enlightenment expectation of what freedom and rationalitywould bring.Schell seems not quite aware of theparadoxes he is generating here. This freedom-fate of scientific knowledge has led,he says, to our present utter dominationof everything else that is ours in the senseof the human. Nature is now under us;therefore, as he perceptively says, natureneeds protection from us, just as once weneeded protection from nature. And aspart of nature, we therefore need protection from ourselves.Our domination, Schell says ominously, has led to this vast increase of thepower of death. Death has now become almost totally victorious, at least in potency,capable of bringing about the death of all,and so the death, as I say, even of death.Ironically, he says, while unplanned evolution carried on by blind nature has led tothe increase of life, and of the forms of life,our own planned progress has led to the increase of death. Now I would suggest thatthis is a quite different note than the oneheard from a great number of cultural evolutionists. Many cultural evolutionists, including Theodosius Dobzhansky, make animportant distinction between plannedevolution and unplanned evolution. "Nowwith science, we can take evolution intoour own hands and guide it," they say.And, of course, believing that intelligentfreedom produces essentially "moral"results, this has generated a great deal ofoptimism.Freedom here seems close to being theprinciple of the "demonic" in history. Anabsolute evil, or at least its potentiality,has been created by historical developments and by human agents. The evil isabsolute in the sense that all value andworth are dependent on life, and this isthe threat to life. In that sense, there's novalue that can possibly balance this.There is and can be no value more thanlife. The absolute evil of extinction hasuncovered the absolute goodness of life,in fact, the principle of goodness itself.The argument is very similar to Platonicarguments: This is the principle of value itself, and, therefore, it is quite differentfrom ordinary values. This is what makesother values valuable.The point is: no values or purposeson behalf of any community can possiblybalance this one. There is no possible justification for annihilation. Now thatsounds obvious, but it has political meaning. You cannot talk about defending thenational interest, you cannot talk aboutdemocracy, you cannot talk about anyother conceivable value as a balance tothe negative value of annihilation and extinction. This is Schell's point, and it's apowerful one. It's the point that has beenfelt by those involved in the freeze, or inthe protests . .Now, not only have we uncoveredabsolutes in value and in disvalue, we alsohave, he maintains, uncovered an absolute break in the course of history. . .Schell says we've got to "reinvent history"in order to solve this question. And it'sinteresting that once you get this sort ofnegative apocalypse lined up, you needsomething to oppose it which is equiva-lently different.That sets up the problem of realismthat I'm speaking about. It also gives riseto an intellectual dilemma, namely thatwhile "history as usual" seems to be insane, nevertheless history not as usualseems to be equally insane. I don't knowjust what to do with that. In fact, I think,history not as usual — Chicago, so tospeak, purified and suddenly acting thoroughly moral and rational, (or the University of Chicago purified) — is fairlyinconceivable to me, and I don't knowjust what kind of historical reality one isdealing with there. This is a problem Iwant to suggest to you is one of the facetsof "unthinkability."In any case, an absolute break in thecourse of history, a kind of "secular center," has appeared. To continue as before,as if it were "business as usual" with thenormal responses to life represented bysovereignty, in our case by national sovereignty — represented by defendingoneself and one's values, represented byweapons, by diplomacy, and finally, withthe breakdown of diplomacy, with theother means, war, all of this being the"usual" pattern of history — this is nowquite literally insane, as he says. This istotally irrational. It has lost its meaning.Normal history has become madness; normality has become pathology. To be "realistic," saying that since one cannot counton the morality of the other, one can onlycount on one's own power and weapons,that form of realism represented, I sup-pose, by Caspar Weinberger and hisfriends, is the road to sure destruction.As Schell says, to fail to heed anddeal with this, the greatest peril of historical time to the human race, to pretend itisn't there, is to be unreal, to live in adream. We pretend it really isn't there andact as usual, going on with our defenses,our diplomacy, our tensions — this is precisely the act of the ostrich. This is theheight of non-adaptation. "Realism" hasbecome insanity.This is precisely, however, what theworld is doing. Paradoxically, therefore,Schell says, history must be transcended ifhistory is to be preserved. We must literally reinvent history, in order to preservehistory. Apocalypse, one might say, callsfor what surpasses history, and this is oneof the meanings of the category, otherwisehistory, life and nature themselves ceaseentirely.Now, one might ask, why don't wejust do it, that is, dispense with these horrible murderous weapons? Why must history be "transcended" in order to save history? Schell answers this question in hisfinal chapter, entitled 'The Choice." Hereappears what I think he would call the second cause of our peril, which is the systemof sovereign states and communities andtheir defense.Schell admits that "this system," andI'm quoting him here, "is as old ashistory." This is an interesting point.When we all arrived, there it was: in thetribe, the community, the family. Norwas it planned or intended. I think hemeans to say that it was not chosen or"contracted" in that sense. This raisessome interesting points as to what is therole of freedom in history. To say that thiswas "chosen," as he's inclined to say at theend of the book, is somehow to use theword very analogically or metaphorically.On the other hand, it certainly isn't necessitated, it is in some way an act of creativefreedom.I think that Hegel makes a lot of sensehere. This is an act of Geisf, although it'snot planned by anyone. I think one cangive all kinds of explications. Those ofyou who are familiar with Niebuhr's writings know that he regards this as something freedom does, the "spirit" does, self-transcendence does, but it's very clear tohim that most of these cultural creations,such as social arrangements, how sexuality is worked out, how the family is structured, how the state is structured, are notdeliberately intended. There's a kind ofstrange twilight zone here of freedom andlack of freedom that most philosphers of history have tried to deal with.In any case, the system of sovereignty, (i.e., of sovereign states) was "there,"and it has been productive of benefits aswell as evils. It hasn't had a remarkablerecord, but nevertheless, it hasn't had adevastating one. With the new situation,however, it reveals itself as quite impossible. It is literally destroying us. Once weare armed with nuclear weapons, this represents now our chief peril: We have systems of sovereignty arrayed over againstone another, and yet we are armed withweapons of ultimate force.We are, therefore, he says, at the present time in "a half-way house." We are ina new time with regard to weapons andpower, but we remain in an old time withregard to our social institutions. Those ofyou who are familar with some New Testament criticism will recognize that "weare in a new age, but the old age continues" is a common biblical theme. Thusstates use these weapons to deter one another. States use nuclear weapons, thisnew power, for the old purposes of national security. Thus results the absoluteabsurdity, that for the sake of our national interest, we will annihilate ourselves.This is a totally irrational situation. Iwould suggest Schell really means thathistory at this point borders on insanity.To deter or to avoid extinction, onethreatens it. To win a conflict, we annihilate ourselves. These are contradictions.War is now totally irrational. He arguesthis rather carefully. Victory and defeatdepend for their meaning upon the possibility that one of the powers can exhaustits power and the other one retain its power. But this is no longer possible since neither victory nor defeat is conceivable atthis point. There can be no victory — ordefeat — for an annihilated country. Thesetwo categories have lost their meaning.Thus we have the absurdity of war atthe present time. Deterrence and itsthreat, Schell feels, will lead inevitably tothe acting out of that threat. In the unravelling of time, this will end in the use ofnuclear power. Deterrence, in otherwords, as a method of avoiding extinction, will lead to what it seeks to avoid —annihilation. Thus, argues Schell, theentire social and political system of historical life up to this moment must bechanged.One can note that Heilbroner soughtto control science, which Schell doesn'tthink is possible. Schell seeks to reinventhistory and society, which Heilbronerdoesn't think is possible. Perhaps this iswhere a social scientist has a different per spective than an ethical humanist. Schellis a very idealistic humanist, and he believes fundamentally that reason can leapout of its situation at this point and "reinvent history."As Schell embarks on his resolution,(where he is discussing the solution andnot the causes of the problem), his language, it seems to me, subtly changes.There occurs a real shift in the role of freedom in history, as he unravels his argument. Sovereign states which use forceand violence arose from freedom, he nowargues. Since it invented them, freedomcan, therefore, manipulate and changethem. He says, for example, that we havenow chosen to continue the system of sovereignty. This is an interesting use of theword "chosen". I'm not sure that issueever came up for choice. Or, as he puts it,"We have refused to give up sovereignty."Notice the analogical use of languagehere. One knows what a univocal use ofthe word "refuse" is: An alternative is presented, and you say "No." That's the ordinary use of the language, but that ordinary use is not his present use, it seemsto me.He speaks of our "insistence on continuing history as it's always been." Now"insistence" is a pretty good word there,but not quite on the mark as to what ishappening psychologically or sociologically. These are words implying freedomover history as well as freedom within history, if one can make that distinction.And one notices that he definitely did notmake that distinction earlier. That is tosay, in his earlier analysis of the problemfreedom had not functioned in quite thatway. We did not choose sovereignty, itwas given to us by the mysteries of historical development. Now he argues that wehave chosen it. And since he has said thatall of us "want to," (and even "insist on")"defending our national groups," it is hardto see on what basis such freedom willchange all of a sudden.Anyway, says Schell, the choice isnow ours, and it's an absolute choice between life and death, between the preservation of the future on the one hand, andthe murder of humanity and the future onthe other. It is a choice between history(notice, "history" in terms of universalhistorical habits, history as it's alwaysbeen) and death on the one hand, and "reinventing history," changing it fundamentally, and life on the other. This is whatwe face.What we must choose, Schell says, isquite simple: 1. total disarmament; 2. theabandonment of the politics of sovereign-UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAr.A7INF/F;,ll loaiLangdon Gilkey (at podium) addresses a Divinity School class. Shown are two of his co-teachers, Paid Ricoeur (1.) and Stephen Toulmin.ty, of sovereign political groups and communities; and 3. devising a system for settling issues without violence. Schell callsthis reinventing history.I was reminded very much of the discussions about world government just after the second world war. The issues arevery much the same: "World governmentwill solve it, therefore let's do that." Itseems to me the same quandary facesSchell's solution today. The quandary inboth cases is that the possibility of this solution, namely disarmament, dispensingwith sovereignty, devising a system forsettling issues without violence, itself represents already the solution. Its possibilitypresupposes the solution itself, namely acommon rationality and trust, that is, acommon trusting community that is willing in all its parts to dispense with rulingsovereignty, with power. If one has thatmutual consent and trust within a community, then one can establish, perhaps, atrustworthy power ouer the community.Without that trust, it's a little hard tomove in that direction.This was the argument then posed between the United Nations on the one handas a collection of sovereign powers, and world government on the other. As far asthe theoretical argument was concerned,world government was obviously better.The problem was that one had already tocreate a trusting community in order tocreate the world government that would"solve" the problem. That is to say, it presupposed its own answer; at least so itseemed to me at that time.I think this book is really a great contribution, but this reader ended wondering where reality was at this point. Theelusiveness of reality, what it was to be"realistic," was what impressed me. Whois in touch with reality? Who is in touchwith the "reality principle," to use Freud'slanguage. Is anyone? Can anyone be intouch with reality in such a situation? Orare the alternatives equally unrealistic?Again, I suggest if you're going to dealwith the category of apocalyptic, you'regoing to end up in that kind of a mess.This is probably one element thatmakes history so strange, not to say atodds with itself in our time, this feelingthat every path is unrealistic. To proceedrealistically and normally— I think Schellis absolutely right on this point — is now acase of absolute unreason, of the irration al and ultimately the self -destructive. Thehistorical patterns of human life are nowrevealed to be leading to destruction, orseemingly so.On the other hand, to transcend history, even to suggest that one try to transcend history, that is, to seek to changethe fundamental character of historical existence seems utterly unrealistic. The lastpart of the book strikes me as political un-realism. However, Schell has made a veryconvincing case that the alternative isequally unrealistic.I would say that this is probably oneof the consequences of the category ofapocalyptic, one of the intimations of thecategory "the unthinkable in history."With regard to the question of rationalityin history, which we've been discussing,this possibility, if ever actual, representsthe end of rationality in history in anymeaningful sense: The end of history itself, the dissolution, therefore, of eachtopos [scheme, symbol or category] withwhich one conceives history, the end ofboth the structure and meaning of history.It is hard to think how any availableform of understanding can encompassContinued on Page 28MIXED LEGACYAn Austrian historian of Me,discusses the U.S. response, sevetago and today, to revolutioin Latin America. •xi COtv yearsIn December of last year,the prestigious Mexicannewspaper Excelsior printed a letter to the editorclaiming that the scholarFriedrich Katz is a fictitious person. The writer fumed that thename, like the books and articles attributed to it, had been concocted by oneSenator Socorro Salcido Gomez, whosefather had inherited the treasure of revolutionary leader Pancho Villa and whotherefore felt obliged to clear the name of"that unprincipled murderer and bandit."Illustrations by lose Guadalupe Posada The highly respected research of "Katz"on Villa and the Mexican Revolution washis alleged means of doing so.Friedrich Katz, the Morton D. HullDistinguished Service Professor of History at the University, does spend a greatdeal of time spirited away in dusty archives, but his existence is not often calledinto question. His most recent book, TheSecret War in Mexico, was celebrated inthe major historical journals of Europe and this country. In Mexico, it was discussed in the streets, serialized in the dailynewspapers, and abridged for publicationin the Mexican counterpart to Reader'sDigest, Contenido.Countless Mexicans, particularlythose at the margins and on the bottom ofthe society, are as devoted to Villa as theletter writer is scornful of him. That controversy is itself only part of the astound-ingly vibrant and frustratingly ambiguouslegacy of the Mexican Revolution of 1910to 1920. It was fought to free the lowerclasses, but many peasants suffered morethan the ruling oligarchy. It was an expression of national will, but it was forgedlargely through the meddlings of the greatpowers. It was an attempt to throw off theshackles of foreign involvement, but it leftMexico more dependent on the UnitedStates than ever before. The revolutionary tradition in Mexico is so ridden withparadox that virtually every political party in Mexico today, from right to left, canlay claim to some aspect of it.During the so-called "RevolutionaryDecade" the United States backed theMexican rebels, and it did so at least partly for ideological reasons. Now it steadfastly opposes their counterparts furthersouth in El Salvador, again an ideologicalchoice. Despite this fundamental changeof allegiances, foreign involvementworked much the same way then andnow. Such seemingly modern contrivances as spheres of influence, the dominotheory, and claims of foreign agencyfigured in the Mexican Revolution just asthey do in the current turmoil in ElSalvador and Nicaragua.Friedrich Katz is an eminently qualified guide to the Revolution and the questions it still raises today. "He is the outstanding historian of late nineteenth-andearly twentieth-century Mexico," saidJohn Womack, Jr., Robert Woods BlissProfessor of Latin American History andchairman of the Department of History atHarvard University. Katz has also writtenextensively on the Precolumbian culturesof Central and South America and on economic conditions in Mexico prior to theRevolution. In all these works he hasshown himself to be, in the words ofWomack, "a meticulous, indefatigable researcher and a judicious, thoughtful analyst of historical problems."In The Secret War, published by theUniversity of Chicago Press in 1981, Katzdemonstrates how the various factions ofthe Mexican Revolution were used by major powers, particularly the United Statesand Germany, to their own ends, andhow the various indigenous forces in Mexico managed in turn to use the major powers to their ends.The book is not traditional diplomatic history. It is not limited, as Katz saysmuch of that genre is, "to diplomats exchanging notes, embassy intrigues, gov ernment leaders getting at each other'sthroats or exchanging pleasantries, to thefeeling that foreign policy is the work ofdiplomats, and that's about it."What I was trying to show is theforces that first of all shape diplomacyand were affected by diplomacy. In thecase of the Mexican Revolution, it is veryclear that revolutionary events, popularmovements, popular leaders affected diplomacy, but were also profoundly affected by it. Trying to link these two types ofevents — what a diplomat officially does atan embassy dinner and the impact thathas on the countryside — is a major focusof my work." A_,soldiers in northernChihuahua in 1913or 1914 (left), and ayoung Sandinista inNicaragua today.HL resident Porfirio Diazstrikes a decidedly p re-revolutionary pose (above).President Francisco I.Madero (right), the firstleader of the Revolution,succeeded Diaz in 1910. The book is also an important attempt to balance an acknowledged andlong-standing bias toward Americansources on the Revolution. Katz's originalresearch took him to archives in both Ger-manies, in Austria, France, Spain, Cuba,Mexico and the United States, and he evenexamined Japanese records. The processnever ends: this summer he did further research in Austria, France and England.f//^V The Mexican Revolution¦I Br was neither the first norF??| the only of its kind. ItsV^«*3|f ,* ultimate success is still^¦¦f questioned in Mexico and-JM^MB. it certainly felled no dominoes. It was, however, the largest socialrevolution Latin America has ever known,and its ten years of triumphs and reversalsare in their own way as rich in lesson andlegend as the French Revolution.Under Porfirio Diaz, the aristocraticdictator who ruled Mexico from 1876 untilthe Revolution, Mexico was in many respects still a feudal country. The land wasconcentrated in the hands of a few largelandowners (hacendados), on whoseestates large portions of the populationlived virtually as serfs. The country'seconomy was exclusively geared towardthe production of raw materials, and political power was concentrated in thehands of a few large landowners and financiers. Even in this apparently pastoralstate, Porfirian Mexico was growing evermore dependent on foreign investment.The United States, England and Germanyunderwrote and controlled the development of railways, factories, and oilfacilities. By 1910, 40 percent of all American overseas investment was in Mexico.Diaz enjoyed the support of theAmericans until the turn of the century,when he began to favor English oil concerns in the development of newly discovered Mexican petroleum sources. By 1910,the growing revolutionary movement ofthe middle class and peasantry againstDiaz could consider the United States anally: the Mexicans resented Diaz's panderings to foreign interests, and the Americans did not like the particular foreignersto whom he was pandering.It was with considerable American assistance, then, that the liberal hacen-dado Francisco Madero led a successfulmovement to force Diaz and his followersfrom power and to initiate moderate reforms. Here begins a pattern of Americanintentions, Katz believes, that was torepeat itself until the end of the Revolution. "Every victorious faction in Mexicobetween 1910 and 1919 enjoyed the sympathy, and in most cases the direct support of U.S. authorities in its struggle forpower," he writes. "In each case, the administration in Washington soon turnedon its new friends with the same vehemence it had initially expressed in supporting them." The Americans had soughtimproved business opportunities underMadero, but were soon disappointedwhen he legalized labor unions and madeno move to grant U.S. firms the extensiveconcessions they had expected.The Germans, who were also heavilyinvolved in business in Mexico, were nomore pleased with Madero. The diplomatic corps of virtually all the great powersbegan to scheme against him, eventuallylending support to the several conservative groups that coalesced and laid siege tothe National Palace in an attempt to oustMadero. After ten days of battle and intrigue in Mexico City, Madero was defeated in February of 1913. The two rebelcontenders for the presidency, Felix Diazand Victoriano Huerta, were called not toany constitutive assembly, but to theAmerican embassy to hash out the transferof power. The so-called "Embassy Pact,"forged under the watchful eye of Americanambassador Henry Lane Wilson, grantedthe provisional presidency to Huerta.It is a measure of AmbassadorWilson's power that Madero's wife cameto him to plead for her husband's life afterhe was taken prisoner by Huerta. It is ameasure of his arrogance that, accordingto her, he responded that "the overthrowof your husband was due to the fact thathe never wanted to consult with me."Wilson refused to intervene andMadero was executed.The machinations of the great powers began to diverge somewhat afterWoodrow Wilson was inaugurated inMarch of 1913. The European powers continued to support Huerta even after hedissolved parliament and suspended elec-tions; the British relished the control theyexercised over him, and Kaiser Wilhelmsaw in him a kindred spirit.The U.S. under Wilson's leadership,on the other hand, began funding and supporting the revolutionary forces ofFrancisco "Pancho" Villa and VenustianoCarranza in the North. Wilson's motive fordoing so, according to Katz, was a complexmixture of genuine desire for social changeand vigilance for American business interests. "Wilson wanted to use the revolutionaries to a certain degree; he wanted toimpose his own solutions," Katz says. "Buthe did make a sincere attempt to alignhimself with revolutionary forces, and inthe final account he allowed the Revolutionto win. Wilson at least had a vision thatTaft, Theodore Roosevelt and Hardingnever had: that you could not stabilize a situation in Mexico without profoundsocial reform."Wilson's position on social and agrarian reform did not prevent him from sending troops to Mexico on two occasions during his administration, each time exacerbating resentment of the U.S. in broadsegments of the Mexican population.American pressure and the successfulefforts of the revolutionaries forcedHuerta to resign and flee to Spain in Julyof 1914. But with the eradication of therevolution's common enemy, tensionbegan to mount between Carranza andVilla. This falling out, which was to havetragic consequences, is one of the mostcontested historical problems of the revolution. Katz stresses the social and political differences between the two men inexplaining it. Carranza was a landowner and official before the revolution, a man of thebourgeoisie and a strong nationalist. Inthe course of his campaigns, he confiscated many large landholdings, always withthe explicit understanding that they wouldbe returned to their previous owners whenthe revolution ended. Villa, the former"bandido" and peasant leader who officially ranked below Carranza, also confiscated many haciendas, but then insistedon distributing them among the peasants,although he was rarely able to actuallycarry this policy out. This political difference between the two leaders, while emblematic, was only one of many factorsthat led to their animosity. There was alsothe United States.Throughout the first part of the Mexican Revolution, Villa had been muchmore favorably disposed towards the U.S.than Carranza, a fact that Wilson appreciated and rewarded. But in October 1915,when Carranza's forces gained the upperhand in struggle with Villa, the UnitedStates switched and, in exchange for considerable concessions, recognizedCarranza as the leader of Mexico. Villa,who had always tried to use the Americans for the sake of the revolution, now-believed that Carranza was aborting therevolution for the sake of the Americans.In March of 1916, he led a guerrilla raid onthe town of Columbus, New Mexico, inhope of undermining the relationship between the U.S. and Carranza. Though hefailed to sever the tie completely, hisaction did strain it to the breaking point. Wilson sent a punitive expedition to Mexico under General John J. Pershing (withLieutenant George Patton in tow). Notonly did the U.S. Army fail grandly in itsappointed task to capture Villa, but its reluctance to leave Mexico united the bickering factions against any further collaboration with the United States.Katz calls Villa "the most problematicand least understood of the revolutionaryfigures in Mexico," a man "shrouded inlegend — the official Mexican legend, thepopular Mexican legend, the Hollywoodlegend." He rose from a peasant background without education to organize theRevolution's most effective army, administer a complex economy, and thread apath through the quagmire of foreign rela tions. Katz is currently at work on whatpromises to be a definitive biography, duefor publication next year."Villa has always been taken as asymbol by both the left and the right,"Katz says. "On the one hand, a batallionof Mexican volunteers in the Spanish Republican Army called themselves 'Batallion Francisco Villa,' while Mexican fascists in the thirties called their movement'Los Dorados,' the golden ones, whichwas the name of Pancho Villa's elitetroops."But what struck me even more wasthe enormous power of Villa's myth in theMexican population. Villa really livesamong the people, he is an enormoussymbol. A few years ago, his body wasbrought from his resting place near Parralin Chihuahua to the monument of revolutionary heroes in Mexico City to be buriedthere. When it went through the streets ofParral, there were thousands of peoplelining the streets shouting 'Viva Villa!'Now these people have never known him,their parents probably hadn't, and yet thelegend was so strong that they were stillcheering him. So there must have beensomething enormously interesting aboutthe man."The outbreak of the First World Wargreatly intensified foreign intervention inMexico. Germany and England in particular embarked on numerous bungled attempts to use hostilities in Mexico to further global aims. For Germany, this meantprovoking a Mexican-American war tokeep the U.S. out of the European conflict; for England, according to Katz, itmeant "the violent overthrow of theCarranza government" for commercialreasons. These plans all shared a remarkable ineptitude and a callous disregard forthe will of the Mexicans. The German ambassador spoke candidly of "taking control of Mexico," and hoped that Germanycould partake of "the legacy of Cortez."The most famous example of foreignmaneuverings in Mexico was theZimmermann telegram, sent by the German Secretary of State through variouschannels to the German envoy in Mexico,who then discussed it with Carranza. Themessage proposed that Mexico join forceswith Germany and possibly Japan againstthe Allies. In return, the Germans cynical-Ymenustiano Carranza,erstwhile Villa compatriot andpresident of Mexico from 1915to 1920 (above). Francisco"Pancho" Villa and U.S. General John J. Pershing meet onthe neutral ground of the International Bridge between ElPaso, Texas, and Juarez, Mexico, in August of 1914 (left).ly offered Mexico their support for thereconquering of Texas, New Mexico andArizona. Katz writes that the proposal"was in reality a large-scale deceptivemaneuver to incite Carranza to a suicidalattack on the United States." It backfiredin a big way: Carranza saw through theproposal, and its interception by the British provided Wilson with the pretext heneeded to declare war on Germany.In the latter years of the Revolution,Carranza's economic and social policiesbecame increasingly conservative. Hiscontinued alienation from the UnitedStates and disaffection among his followers finally contributed to his fall in 1920.The revolution ended in a military dictatorship, much as the French Revolutionended with Napoleon. But did this meanthat the Revolution had failed? "If youlook at Mexico in 1920, you're not surewhether the social structure of the countryhad really been changed," Katz says.American economic presence was greaterthan before, the agrarian structure of thecountryside remained on balance un- Historical Pictures Service, Chicagochanged, and the middle class and landowners had generally faired better thanthe peasants had.But a change had occurred, accordingto Katz, although it did not express itselfuntil almost two decades later. "Theworld depression led to a series of militarydictatorships in Argentina, in Brazil, andin other Latin American countries," hesays. "In Mexico the contrary was thecase: with the presidency of LazaroCardenas in 1934, you had a turn to theleft with large-scale social reforms. Thatwouldn't have happened if the traditionalstate had not been shattered during theMexican Revolution. And we are not onlyspeaking of the Cardenas period: Mexicohas been one of the few countries in LatinAmerica which has not had a military dictatorship in the past half century." Katzacknowledges that the party that has ruledMexico since the revolution, the aptly-named Institutional Revolutionary Party(PRI), has many dictatorial characteristics. "But Mexico is different from Argentina, it is different from Chile and Uruguaytoday. Masses of people did not disappear,and generations of intellectuals did nothave to flee the country."^^_ Katz's fascination with the¦^B-- Mexican Revolution stems\. "45^ in part from the great im-VtT"^3 Pact political turmoil has^¦WHj^ had on his own life. Short-I^Kmb Jy after his birth in Viennain 1927, his father, the journalist LeoKatz, moved the family to Berlin, wherehe exercised his special talent for satirizingHitler. After the Nazis abolished the lastpretenses of pluralism by setting fire to theReichstag, the Gestapo came to their homein an unsuccessful attempt to find Leo Katz.The family fled to France the next day.Leo's activities on behalf of the SpanishRepublicans made him persona non grata inFrance, too, and in 1938 the family leftEurope altogether.When Friedrich Katz was thirteen, in1940, the family finally found refuge inMexico. "Simply the contact with a culture so different from any I had knownbegan to intrigue me enormously," hesays. "Since then Mexico has remained thebasic object of whatever I've done." The legacy of Austria informs Katz'swork, too. He acknowledges an ideological debt to the political theories of theAustro-Marxists, a group of Viennese social scientists aligned with the AustrianSocial Democratic Party. The Austro-Marxists were notable for binding themany disparate leftist elements of Austriainto a unified party after the first worldwar. "They tried to combine very strongadherence to democracy with a strongMarxist conviction," says Katz, who embodies the same ideal.In March of 1933, Austrian primeminister Engelbert Dollfuss dissolved theAustrian Parliament and outlawed the Social Democratic Party. After increasingprovocation by state-backed fascistforces, the socialists of Vienna took to thestreets on February 12, 1934, in an unsuccessful effort to end fascist rule. Katzpoints out that the German and Italianleftists could never muster the unity to dothe same in their own countries. As anobserver and victim of the subsequenthorrors of Nazism, he refers with considerable pride to this unique record of theAustrian Social Democrats and retains aprofound respect for Otto Bauer, JuliusDeutsch and the other leaders of theparty.After high school in Mexico and twoyears of college in the United States, Katzreturned to Vienna, where he received hisdoctorate in anthropology and history.In 1956, he accepted a position at theHumboldt University in East Berlin whilehe worked on his Habilitationsschrift, asecond and more ambitious dissertationrequired of German scholars.Katz's concentration on Latin America insulated him from the strict allegianceto doctrine that was required of historiansin fields closer to the heart of the East German state. "There was good historicalwork being done at the Institute for General History at Humboldt University, particularly in the field of social history," hesays. "There were broad ranges of optionsand opinions — not as broad as in otherplaces, that is true, but that depended onthe area of study."History in the German DemocraticRepublic had been predicated from thestate's founding in 1949 on uncovering theatrocities of the recent Nazi past. One ofKatz's teachers there, Walter Barthel, hadled an uprising in the Buchenwald concentration camp against the Nazis. Another,Walter Markov, had spent eleven years ina German prison for disseminating anti-Nazi literature.The heavily anti-Nazi focus createdproblems for the state in another sense.The East German Socialist Unity Partystrenuously avoided acknowledging thefailure of its progenitor, the GermanCommunist Party, in not uniting with theSocial Democratic Party in 1933 to repelfascism. As a result, Katz says, "they wereextremely sensitive in areas having to dowith Germany in the last forty or fiftyyears. There the limits imposed by censorship were very great."In 1968, the Soviet Union invadedCzechoslovakia with the aid and complicity of the German Democratic Republic.Katz deeply deplored this action and therepression of dissident opinion that accompanied it. The Katz family, which hadretained Austrian citizenship, left EastGermany.After visiting professorships at theNational Autonomous University of Mexico and the University of Texas at Austin,Katz accepted a position as professor ofLatin American history at the Universityof Chicago in 1970. He teaches regularlyin the undergraduate Latin AmericanCivilization sequence and does extensivework with graduate students. His wife,Jana, is a pediatrician at Michael ReeseHospital; his son, Leo, AB'79, AM'82,JD'82, is now clerking for a federal judgein California; and his daughter, Jacqueline,is a third-year student in the College.Aside from mention of ideology, of terror and of carnage, the names of twoother countries often comeup in discussions of current U.S. policy in CentralAmerica. Those interested in ending U.S.involvement speak of the tragedy of Vietnam. Those interested in continuing or escalating it speak of the communist threatto Mexico.Katz and most other observers agreethat Mexico is facing its bleakest problemssince the Revolution. The country borrowed heavily in expectation of continu ing oil revenues and has suffered grievously since those prices began to fall. MexicoCity has grown to unmanageable proportions, and that trend shows no hope ofslackening. Poverty and hunger are on therise, and the United States has threatenedto close off the traditional safety valve ofthe Mexican social welfare system — theborder.But Katz sees no potential for a revolution in Mexico today. "No party inMexico, certainly not the left, has calledfor a revolution. The Mexican left knowsexactly that if a revolution came, itwouldn't win. If it tried, what wouldprobably occur would be a military dictatorship. So every group within the left hasadvocated more political reform and notrevolution."Whether you have a leftist government in El Salvador or not will have no effect on Mexico. Certainly the victory ofthe Sandinistas in Nicaragua has not inany way led to revolutionary forces inMexico. On the contrary, the Sandinistasmaintain very good relations with thePRI, and there is no indication that Mexican supporters of the Sandinistas want torevolt."Katz bases his own opposition toAmerican intervention in Central America on considerations of both Mexican M.ri(riedrich Katz, MortonD. Hull Professor of History(above). Nicaraguan childrennext to posters opposingAmerican intervention inNicaragua (right).history and his own personal history. Heopposes it, he says, for the same reasonshe deplored the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia: a belief in self-determination,an abhorrence of big states taking theirclumsy hands to small ones.He cites two historical examples toback his view— and, he claims, the viewof most Mexicans — that American involvement does more harm than good.When the avowed socialist LazaroCardenas became president of Mexico in1934, he expropriated the oil fields without compensation, which he was empowered to do by the constitution of 1917. "Hedeclared a six-year plan modeled on theSoviet five-year plan," Katz relates, "andhe enunciated the principle of socialisteducation. As a result, American oil companies approached the Roosevelt administration and asked for energetic measuresagainst Cardenas. They wanted a boycottof Mexican products, and they wanted theadministration's support for a conservative general who was ready to stage anuprising against Cardenas. But Rooseveltsaid no, we will not intervene in Mexico;it was part of his good neighbor policy.Roosevelt stated that he felt negotiationscould be carried out, they were, and as aresult relations between the two countrieshave been good for years."The other example is Guatemala,where Jacobo Arbenz, a disciple ofCardenas, tried to institute measures similar to those of Cardenas — "only moremoderate"— in the early fifties. "He decreed the expropriation with compensation of some of the unutilized lands of theUnited Fruit Company, and he did notconfiscate any more." Nevertheless, Katzsays, Eisenhower sent the CIA in to toppleArbenz in 1954. "They empowered themilitary, which then helped the old oligarchy regain power. Arbenz had carried outsome agrarian reform; the land was returned to its former owners, and the countryside became the focus of a rebellion.That was thirty years ago. Since then,Guatemala has had an uninterrupted history of violence, instability, military dictatorship, guerrilla revolts— it has neverquieted down." Indeed, the latest reportof Americas Watch, an independent human rights monitoring organization, characterizes Guatemala as "a charnel house, a human abattoir."Mexico's own ruling party, the PRI,maintains political control with a flexibility unknown to the Guatemalan or Nicara-guan regimes or to the El Salvadoranruling coalition. Evaluated on the narrowAmerican criterion of stability, it has oneof the best records in Central America."One may be in favor of it or against it,but the PRI has been very effective," Katzsays. Demands for large-scale reform inMexico have only seldom been realized,but it is even rarer for them to be deniedabsolutely: the need is at least acknowledged and partially addressed. Katz thinksthis process of concession and co-optationis largely responsible for Mexico's relativesocial peace. "The policy of supportingmilitary dictatorships, especially dictatorships that are repressive, easily leads torevolution," he says. "A large part of thepeople who are fighting in El Salvador orGuatemala today are not only fighting forsocio-economic reform; they are alsofighting because they know they might bekilled if they stay at home. The PRI hasbeen very careful to avoid that kind ofsituation."Katz believes that the Reagan administration's rigid opposition and growingbellicosity toward the Sandinistas in Nicaragua has forced them to turn increasinglyto the Soviet Union for aid, and he remains convinced that "they would like togo their own way." He points out that theSandinistas maintained good relationswith the Carter administration and still have close ties to Mexico's PRI and theWest European social democratic parties.Katz considers the Sandinistas farmore democratic than the Somoza regimethey replaced. But he is by no means uncritical of them. He views as a mistake,for example, the press censorship they imposed when counterrevolutionary attacksbegan to mount. "Even in a situation ofconflict or war, maintaining a free press isan essential factor, and I think Nicaraguawill suffer for it," he says. "In the SovietUnion, Lenin stated that freedom of theopposition press would be suppressed forthe duration of the civil war, but it didn'treappear after the end of the war. Onceyou suppress something, it doesn't emergeagain very easily."Friedrich Katz is not given to simplistic or dogmatic explanations. He mulls aquestion over until he can provide an answer grounded in historical fact, one limited, if possible, by counterexample. Butthere are some rules of thumb in the delicate balance between the great powersand the third world to which he finds nohistorical exception. Every revolutionarymovement, he believes, has to attempt toutilize the great power rivalries to theirown ends. If the great powers themselveswield their influence too grandly, however, to the purpose of intervention, forinstance, rather than that of negotiation,the results can be disasterous.Katz takes such lessons of history asseriously as the facts of history. For him,the two are of the same cloth. S¦:lEwe years ago,Hanna Holborn Gray wasinaugurated as president ofthe University of Chicago. Ina recent interview with theMagazine's editor, FeliciaAntonelli Holton, Graytalked about her first fiveyears as president and aboutsome of the issues she will bedealing with in the future.Hanna Holborn GrayTheVilewFromThePresident'sChair. HOLTON: When youlook back over thefive years of yourpresidency, whatwould you say aresome of the most important challengesyou have had to face?CRAY: I find it astonishing that it has beenfive years, actually, and that they havegone that fast. I suppose the most important challenges have been those that haveto do with higher education more generally.The most interesting challenge in thepast five years — and one that will continue — is that of maintaining the vitality andthe momentum of leadership of an institution of this kind at a time when we arenot seeing growth at the university level.This is a time when qualitative strengthsand growth, as opposed to quantitativegrowth, has to be the emphasis.It is a time when there is a potentialfor a certain kind of demoralization in theacademic world that could enervate someof its vitality. Therefore, I think the mostimportant challenge is that of activelyinsuring quality in every area of the University, and of insuring that the pace andthe will toward that kind of creativity andimagination should not only survive butflourish.In your first five years here, are therethings that you have not had the op'portunity to do that you would like tohave done?I think the first answer is more of everything. And second, I would very muchhave liked to teach, and that really hasnot been possible, simply because myschedule takes me out of town too oftento make it feasible. It would not be possible to teach without interruption, and Idon't believe in teaching without beingable to meet every class.We HAVE APARTICULARKIND OF ROLE ASA SPOKESMANFOR GRADUATEEDUCATION ANDBASIC RESEARCHAND THEVALUES THEYREPRESENT."Is there a chance you will be able toteach in the future?I think I will at some point, but I amafraid that for the moment it really has tobe in the way of reading courses, whereyou work with an individual student. Onecan maintain that continuity and even reschedule appointments from time to time,rather than try to meet the obligations offormal class study.How will the second five years of theGray administration differ from thefirst five?I'm not sure. I think that over time certainemphases shift as certain kinds of thingseither get put in place, or are made moresecure. Then one can turn greater attention to other areas. In the first five yearswe've done a great deal by way of reviewing a whole series of areas at the University and setting some directions.Most recently, of course, we have reviewed the organization of the College,and of course, we have had the extraordinary report of the Commission on Graduate Education. Out of those reviews comethings that go on being discussed, andthings that one hopes will go on being putin place. We have been conducting a seriesof reviews — of our own central organization; the financial health of the institutionand how we should go about funding forit; the alumni organization itself and howwe should be relating to the larger familyof the University; the questions of admissions and recruitment; the size of the College; the questions having to do with ourrelationship to the Federal governmentand to different sources of support; thedevelopment of academic priorities andobjectives around which our administrative and fund-raising decisions maybe made.I think that without there being achange of direction, there will be moretrying to build on a foundation, and lessexperimenting with a foundation. I wouldimagine that the institution as a wholewould be debating and developing its directions again in graduate and undergraduate education. In the first five years,there was a lot of reviewing and putting aframework in place. I would hope in thenext series of years we can be doing morebuilding on that.This is a difficult time for education.Does the University have a special role in the current situation? What isyour vision of its role in 1991, as theUniversity enters its centennial?There is a special role that we have by virtue of our own particular characteristicsand opportunities, and that goes towardswhat I hope we would be up to in 1991.For example, we have a particular role inthinking about and representing a veryimportant approach to undergraduate education. We have an important role in thedefense and continuing renewal of the liberal arts curriculum.We have a particular kind of role as aspokesman for graduate education andbasic research and the values that theyrepresent. We have a particular role in thestyle of professional education that islinked to those two and in turn has an impact on them. And we have a particularkind of role as a private institution that isstill of human scale that can try to act asspokesman for those best traditions.I would hope that in 1991 we wouldbe both spokesman and representative ofthese traditions, having not simply stoodstill and decided that we're going to go ondoing everything the way we are, but in away that is appropriate, not innovatingfor innovation's sake, but being flexibleand having made decisions about graduate and undergraduate and professionaleducation that would represent those values very strongly.Do you foresee any major changes inthe structure of the College duringyour tenure? If so, what form mightthese take?The Karl Committee on the Government Structure of the College has finished its report, and the College Council has votedon this report. Now the Council of theUniversity Senate will be taking up therecommendations of the College Council,which include some modifications in theway in which the governing committeesand the composition of the College Council itself are arranged. These modificationswill lead to a more explicit definition ofthe College faculty's responsibility forcurricular and other considerations.They will take into account the factthat both general education and the elective and concentration programs of theCollege fit together and need to be considered as a whole. I think that from that willcome more curricular discussion; obviously there is always a need to review thecurriculum and take stock. We will cometo a fuller realization of what, in fact, hasbeen developing over a long period oftime, namely the joint responsibility of avery large majority of the faculty for undergraduate as well as graduate teaching.There are other areas that are of educational concern to the College that wewill also see discussed: the concern for thequality of life for undergraduates, the wayin which the residential programs of thehouses are a part of the larger educationaland central experience of the students. Allof those things belong together and I thinkwe'll see more movement in those directions, not because they're entirely new directions, but because they have gathered acertain kind of momentum.Because of the federal ban on mandatory retirement before age 70, whichwent into effect for faculty membersin 1982, a number of senior facultymembers who otherwise might haveretired at age 65 will remain. Howdoes this affect the potential for youngscholars? What plans do you have todeal with this?The raising of the mandatory retirementage at the University from 65 to 70 has, ofcourse, had some effect on slowing downthe creation of vacancies for youngerscholars. And that tends to accentuate aproblem that has existed for other reasons.Namely, there has been a decrease in opportunities for younger scholars becauseof a lack of overall growth. The problemhas further been heightened by the perception of a bleak job market for youngerscholars, and it has been shaped also by anThe advicei GIVE TOYOUNG PEOPLEINTERESTED INTHE HUMANITIESAND SOCIALSCIENCES IS NOTTO BE AFRAIDTO ENTERGRADUATEWORK INTHOSE AREAS."uncertain demographic future. The shift inthe retirement age intensified these developments rather than created them.We have put in place some retirementopportunities for tenured faculty thatwould allow, for example, half-time retirement options, phasing into retirement,perhaps taking earlier retirement. Themost important thing for us is to makesure that as we consider faculty appointments in general, we make a definite andcontinuing attempt to insure the flow ofyounger scholars. There is no way ofeliminating the fact that there are fewervacancies for younger scholars, elsewhereas well as here. We simply have to keepour goals in mind.Now I'm much more worried, in asense, about uncapping the mandatory retirement age altogether. Legislation islikely to be introduced in Congress thisyear that would eliminate all mandatoryretirement. I think that would have a veryserious impact, not simply on the futureof younger scholars or their perceptions ofthat future, but about the future of thetenure system itself. Retirement wouldthen come at an indefinite time. If this occurred, it would really be a revolution.What kind of advice, then, do youhave for young people contemplatingdoctorates in traditional teachingfields in higher education, such as thehumanities and the social sciences?Well, now I'm going to sound paradoxicalbecause the advice I give to young peopleinterested in the humanities and social sciences is not to be afraid to enter graduatework in those areas. There is a terribletendency nowadays to think that theproblems that we see at the moment aregoing to be the problems five, six, or seven years out.My great fear is that all this talkabout the problems we've been discussingmeans that first-rate people will be discouraged from entering graduate fields.We should remember that somebody whogoes to graduate school in the fall of 1983,particularly in a field like English, is unlikely to receive a Ph.D. in less than fiveyears. By then the existence of vacancies isgoing to be visible because, as we look atthe generation now tenured, there will bea steadier flow of retirements. Academicjob opportunities will open again in thelate 1980s and early 1990s. We're notgoing to have enough first-rate young scholars and teachers when we need them,if we go through another feast-or-faminesyndrome.I would very strongly urge youngpeople graduating from college now, whoare making that choice, to consider it verycarefully, if that is what they really wantto do. I would also urge them to be somewhat flexible if they are really interestedin advanced work, somewhat flexible inthe sense of other career opportunitiesthat may be open. In other words, I don'tthink it's necessary in going to graduateschool to assume that only one kind of career should be thought inevitable. Theretends to be an assumption that if you'regoing to get a Ph.D. in English, you're going to teach and be a scholar. That kind oftraining is equally relevant to a lot ofother things. Therefore, I would urge students to be flexible and not assume thatthey have failed if a particular career isn'timmediately accessible to them.Federal support for student aid, particularly at the graduate level, has beendiminishing over the last severalyears. Would you comment on whateffect this has had on the University,and what steps you have taken to dealwith it?As you know, there are really differentforms of federal support. Direct grants,which have included graduate fellowships, have been declining drastically overthe last years. On the other hand the support for undergraduates through Pellgrants have declined at a somewhat lesssharp rate.On the other side of federal support are the federally insured student loanswhich have become central for both undergraduate and graduate students in helping them to finance their educations. Whatwe've seen is a heavier and heavier loanburden that students have taken on, bothundergraduate and graduate. There hasbeen some attempt in the proposals thathave come from the federal administrationin the last couple of years to cut off graduate students from that source of funding.We have serious concerns, both about thelimitations on federally insured studentloans and about the disproportionateweight that loans have come to bear.In terms of direct scholarship aid, wehave thought it extremely important tocontinue for undergraduates our policy ofso-called "need-blind" admissions, and ofmeeting need as measured by certain criteria. After students have provided throughtheir jobs, through parental support, andthrough loans that portion of their expenses that is allotted to them, we try tomeet the remaining need. We've alsothought it extremely important at thegraduate level to offer the graduate aidthat we have available and try to providegreater continuity and stability to graduate student aid in the Ph.D. programs.The consequence of these efforts hasbeen an enormous growth in the University's unrestricted funding for student aid.For example, in the last four years the portion of unrestricted monies that go to undergraduate student aid has risen over 300percent. It's not quite as high for graduateaid, but again, we've had an enormous increase. That has meant making the reallocation of unrestricted monies to studentaid one of the high priorities of the institution. And it has meant having to scramble, really, to find University unrestrictedfunds in order to make up for externalfunds that have been lost. It also hassomething to do with the need to increasetuition in order to be able to support thequality of education provided by this University, and to be able to offer the kind ofstudent aid that is needed.Tuition at undergraduate, graduateand professional school levels has continued to increase over the past fiveyears or so. Will this trend continue atChicago and at what rate?I think tuition will continue to go up solong as the actual cost that universities arefaced with is going up. It's hard to know21We're notgoing to haveenough first-rate youngscholars andteachers whenwe need them,IF WE GOTHROUGHANOTHER FEAST-OR-FAMINESYNDROME/'at what rate that will be. If inflation continues to decline, then, over time tuitionrates will not have to go up at the samedegree as in more recent times.Some people have wondered whywe've had to go up at a higher rate thaninflation in the current year. The answerto that is that there's a kind of lag. In other words, we have costs that go up at arate higher than inflation so that the diminishing impact of inflation comes moreslowly to us and isn't really felt yet. If youremember, for example, that over sixtypercent of our budget is in personnelcosts, and that social security is certainlygoing up at a higher rate than inflation,health benefit costs are going up at a higher rate than inflation, and so on, you cansee something of what I mean. If youthink about library acquisitions and theinflationary rate that attaches to librarymaterials and certain laboratory costs,that becomes clear. The need to substituteUniversity unrestricted funds for federalmonies is yet another major element.We've been in a period where tuitionhas been bearing a larger share of the unrestricted budget of the University than itdid at one time, and where endowment income has borne a lower share than it didat one time, and that reflects again a decade of experience in the market, and theeffects of inflation on those two sources ofincome.Tuition does not support and neverhas supported the full cost of education. Itsupports roughly half the cost. Now Ithink that is reasonable, but even tosupport half the cost it has to increaseeach year.We hope that we will be able alwaysto continue a policy that will meet students' needs in the terms that I've described. It's important because we shouldbe a place that attracts the best possiblestudents, regardless of family and incomebackground. It's important because thegreater diversity of students we have, thebetter the educational environment this is.Often students or their families lookat the total cost and find that frightening.They don't always understand that throughthese measures of student aid the actualcost to them will be considerably lower. Ithink that we have to communicate consistently and persuasively to potentialstudents and their families that indeedthose are the costs, but above all they should be consulting with us about whatthe actual cost to them will be, given thestudent aid that's available.Nonetheless, students do find thatthey have to work and that they have tostretch. Something the people who wonder about these policies often don't understand is the extraordinary degree to whichit isn't just a matter of the institution helping the student, but the student helpinghimself or herself. In the financing of education, there has come to be a kind ofpartnership, I think, between the institution and the student, and we'd like tocommunicate that.Economic pressures have caused adrop in the number of applicants tothe graduate arts and sciences, at Chicago as elsewhere in the nation, although I understand that this year, forthe first time in several years, therehas been an increase in the number ofapplicants for admission to graduatearts and sciences here. Can you talkabout the effects that this trend willhave on society, on higher education,and on the University? What measuresare planned at Chicago to deal withthe situation?I believe that the high point of the graduate student population here was about tenyears ago, in the early 1970s. I think therewere close to 3,000 graduate students inthe arts and sciences then, and we probably have about 2,100 now. That kind ofdecline does reflect the national trend, asyou indicate. The decrease has sloweddown in the past several years. We don'tyet know whether this year's increased ap plications mean increased numbers ofgraduate students in the end. It's hard toknow exactly what will happen there.My guess is that over a long period oftime, the graduate education enterprise inthis country had probably grown toolarge, coming again out of that age of believing that there was going to be a constant increase in demand. My guess is alsothat the pressures have created a situation in which that whole enterprise hasslowed down.I believe that the best institutionsshould never be trying to cut back thenumber of graduate students. They shouldbe trying to increase the number of first-rate graduate students. They should notbe encouraging less qualified students toattend graduate school. Our role hassomething to do with making that statement and trying to encourage thinkingabout the future and the long-term valuesand consequences of that emphasis ongraduate education.I believe also that some of the kindsof things that the Baker Commission onGraduate Education was talking about areimportant: thinking about alternate careers, the introduction of programs likethe one that we have here providing internships for students in humanities towork in the corporate world, the ways ofthinking about giving support to graduatestudents in the period when they work ontheir dissertations as well as during theyears when they have classes. All of thosethings say to us that we ought to stabilizethe graduate student population. We havegood students. We shouldn't be seekingnumbers at the expense of quality. Andwe should provide an increasingly supportive environment and a diversity ofpossible outcomes for their graduateeducation.I just can't say often enough that tothink about education in general is tothink about the future, and to think aboutgraduate education in these terms is tothink about the long term future not onlyof scholarship, but also of undergraduatecolleges. The graduate students that wetrain now are going to be the teachers andleaders of the undergraduate curriculumas well as the researchers of the future.Everyone talks in this country aboutthe shortage of engineers and computerscientists, but we should also be worryingabout the potential decline in the numbers"TIN THEFINANCING OFEDUCATION,THERE HASCOME TO BEA KIND OFPARTNERSHIP, ITHINK, BETWEENTHE INSTITUTIONAND THESTUDENT, ANDWE'D LIKE TOCOMMUNICATETHAT."of really first-rate college teachers.They're going to be a smaller group andthey're going to be even more importantto the future of education.Federal dollar support of research atcolleges and universities also is diminishing. Would you comment on this,and on the effects it will have on theUniversity — where basic research is soimportant — and on higher education?What measures are you taking to dealwith this shift in federal policy?There are two different problems in federal support of research. One has to do withthe decline in real value. The other has todo with the erratic character of what federal dollars do support. There is probablymore waste in that kind of erratic shift —dollars going first here and then elsewhere — than there is in the way they areused by those to whom they've gone.For example, there certainly has beenover the past four years, accelerating inthe last two, a decline in the real valueof federal support for certain areas of thenatural sciences that used to have verygood support. Support for the bio-medical sciences may begin to drift downwardin that way.At the same time there is a greaterconcern about certain areas of the engineering sciences, for example, that everyone's gotten excited about. There's been abit of a tilt toward applied as opposed tobasic research and that affects a universitylike ours. There has been a movement awayfrom the support of some of the kinds of basic research in physical sciences and socialsciences that are particularly importanthere. We certainly have been seeing the effects on our budget of some removal ofthat kind of support and we've had to tryto make up some of the consequences.But major science cannot be done inthis country without massive federal support because the costs of major experimental science are such that no institutioncould compensate alone. And no privatesupport could compensate alone for reallymassive changes in those areas.Then there are areas where it is hopedthat federal support might at some pointbecome available where it has not been,and where the situation worsens, as for example, in the area of instrumentation. Oneeffect of the success of science in this country is that instruments get out of date and newer technologies need to be applied soquickly.I can't say that we have a solution tothese problems. I think that so far whatwe've been trying to do is to broaden ourbase of support and also, again, to reallocate funds toward supporting enterprisesof high quality where the diminution offederal support has hurt.Over a long period of time, however,we have to work together with other universities in order to encourage the development of programs that do give priorityto some of the long term conditions andlong term opportunities of basic research.Some of the most difficult decisions auniversity president has to make mustbe those concerned with budget cuts.How does Chicago determine what programs and people remain or go?The first criterion has to do with whatabove all have to be the priorities — faculty salaries, student aid, and so forth. Accompanying that is another criterion:what programs are most central to the institution itself? On one hand, that meansclearly that there are programs that we'vealways had in order to provide a good,strong, liberal education. On the otherhand there are programs that one or another institution might or might not havebut at which we are particularly good andought to cultivate and keep alive at thehighest possible level. So the criteria forbudget reductions must look toward thosecentral strengths and priorities.This isn't an institution that has a lotof weak programs. So it isn't easy to say, well, that's not very good, so we'll knockthat off. And it's also an institution thatlooks at the interrelated character of programs so that you can never look at a fieldin isolation. You have to look at how it relates to other fields. And one is thereforedealing with very good programs and verygood people and trying to make judgmentsabout what matters most, not because theother things don't matter and aren'textremely valuable, but again, in somerelative scale of what the universityshould look like ten or twenty years fromnow. Once again, it has to be a judgmentmade not in an ad hoc way but made inrelation to some longer term plan for theUniversity.Now having said that, I don't anticipate that budget reductions mean cuttingout whole departments and that sort ofthing. Budget reductions have to do witha much subtler process of looking at sub-fields within disciplines and looking at awhole nexus of relationships. You mightnot make that kind of appointment, butmight make this kind of appointment.And so gradually you consolidate yourstrengths. Otherwise, cutting out programs, it seems to me, one must look atthe periphery and not the center of theacademic enterprise.But these are very difficult decisionsand by and large budget reductions haveto do as much with the decentralized activity of the University. People responsiblefor given areas often have the best sense ofwhat reductions are feasible. You don't doit by a kind of blueprint. It's an interestingcombination of centralized and decentralized judgments where you want always tokeep alive the notion that around the corner may be an opportunity that you don'twant to close your eyes to. I don't knowhow else to describe the process.There must be enormous demands onyour time, as head of this University. Doyou get many nights when you can justgo home and relax with your husband?On a free evening, usually, I go home andwork, but then, we both do. After all,Charles is preparing classes and lectures,writing papers and a book, and so forth,and that has always been our life. So Idon't regard that as a terrible thing. Wehave an occasional evening off, and wehave an occasional vacation. We get a lotout of those. Besides, I enjoy my worksPhotographs byMichael P. WeinsteinALUMNIA ASSOCIATIONAwards"My cup overfloweth," commentedNobel Laureate Paul Samuelson, SB'35,on being honored with the Alumni Medalat the annual Alumni Association Awardsceremony on June 4.Family and friends joined seven alumni awardees and nine Howell Murray student awardees in Breasted Hall at the Or-ental Institute for the event, which wasfollowed by a champagne reception in theOriental Institute Garden. Later, Presi dent Hanna H. Gray gave a luncheon atthe Quadrangle Club for the awardees.Michael L. Klowden, AB'67, president of the Alumni Association, andCarol Linne, AB'66, executive director,University Alumni Affairs, presided at theawards ceremony. Mrs. Gray welcomedalumni and guests.Samuelson, Institute Professor andprofessor of economics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was awarded the Alumni Medal "for extraordinarydistinction in his field of specializationand extraordinary service to society."Samuelson is an economist of international stature, and has played an outstanding role in the synthesis of mathematical and literary schools of economicanalysis. In 1970 he became the firstAmerican to receive the Nobel Prize ineconomics for his efforts to increase thelevel of scientific analysis in economictheory. In his work, Samuelson has deduced important new theorems and discovered new applications for existingones. His research covers the spectrumfrom international trade to Keynesianmacro-economics to high powered mathematical analysis of economic theories."I am grateful to Alma Mater, for Ifeel that I was born here — born at 8:00a.m. on January 2, 1932, in the RFAT lecture hall of the School of Education on theMidway," Samuelson said, on acceptingthe award. "I came into the world at theage of sixteen, awakened from my preparatory hibernation by the voice of sociologist Louis Wirth as he described Malthus's1-2-4 geometric progression for population and contrasted it with the niggardly1-2-3 arithmetic progression of the foodsupply."From then I never looked back. It isfashionable, I know, to deplore the badeducation one received. In my case thatwould be an ungrateful lie. I reaped a greateducation at The University of Chicagounder President [Robert M.] Hutchins's"New Plan.' At the Harvard GraduateSchool, I landed running and was at thehead of the pack."All my life I have been overpaid andlightly employed. Great scholars havebeen my teachers, brilliant students myclassmates. The cream of the younger generations have graced my seminars. I knowmy luck.Paul A. Samuelson, SB'35"Aside from a priceless education, Ireceived here long ago the highest honor Icould aspire to: a University of Chicagohonorary degree."Now this Alumni Medal maketh mycup to overfloweth. I accept the awardnot as a personal tribute but as a recognition for my subject: economics, the oldestof the arts, the newest of the sciences."Emmett Dedmon, AB'39, receivedthe Alumni Service Medal, given "for extended extraordinary service to the University of Chicago."Dedmon, a senior consultant in thepublic relations firm of Hill & Knowlton,in Chicago, spent several years as editorof the Chicago Sun-Times and as a member of both the executive committee andmanagement board of the newspaper division of Field Enterprises. He then becamevice-president and editorial directorof both the Sun-Times and the ChicagoDaily News.A university trustee since 1946,Dedmon is a member of the Trustee Development Planning Committee. He hasworked for the Alumni Fund since its inception in 1941, and has been nationalchairman of the Fund Board for nearly20 years.On accepting his award, Dedmonremarked:'The 'Outstanding Service to the University' phrase gives me an opportunity toturn the mirror and talk about what all ofus take away from the University ofChicago."Those of us who attended the University, regardless of our field of study,almost invariably come away with twonew elements in our lives. They are: First,a sense of the importance of the intellectand training in the discipline of that intellect. Secondly, the very atmosphere ofthis place breathes into you an excitementover ideas. This is a dimension which notonly makes college interesting— it carriesover into a fuller, more rewarding and exciting life."Both of these are gifts of a University of Chicago education that cannot beforgotten or unlearned. Since they remainwith us throughout life, what could bemore appropriate than that throughoutlife we as alumni maintain our affection,interest, and support for the Universitywhich was the origin of these two impor tant elements in our lives."We alumni can remain a part of thisUniversity community by providing support through our interest and participation in such activities as the Alumni Association, Alumni Schools Committees, Visiting Committees and other organizations.Finally, through the Alumni Fund and thePresident's Fund we have the opportunityto repay in part the debt we owe for whatwe have taken away."In accepting this medal, I do so onbehalf of all the alumni volunteers whohave made this commitment and sharedthe reward it brought."Three alumni received Public ServiceCitations, which are given to "honorthose who have fulfilled the obligations oftheir education through creative citizenship and exemplary leadership in voluntary service which has benefitted societyand reflected credit upon the University."Florence Gelbspan Frank, PhB'28,was cited for "a long and honorable history of leadership in voluntary service."Mrs. Frank was for many years a socialworker, and she used her administrativetalents to bring people together to benefitthe field of social services, the religiouscommunity, and the art world. She was acharter member of the National Association of Social Work, was a founding member of the Chandler Human RelationsCenter and helped establish the YouthEvaluation and Treatment Center, servingPhoenix (AZ) and surrounding communities. As a consultant to the Mesa UnitedWay, Mrs. Frank was involved in creatingsuch agencies as a community council, aday-care center, a mental health center,and drug abuse prevention programs. Shealso has served as president of Friends ofMexican Art, as a docent for the Scotts-dale Center for the Arts, and as a boardmember of the Phoenix Art Museum. Shehas served on many committees of the HarZion Congregation in Scottsdale. In 1982Mrs. Frank received the Arizona CivilLiberties Union's Distinguished CitizenAward.Anthony Pizzo, SB'43, MD'45, whois director of laboratories at Bloomington(IN) Hospital and professor of pathologyin the Medical School of Indiana University was honored for "translating his interests, his talents, and his broad concernsinto service to meet the needs of others Emmett DedmFlorence Gelbspan Frank, PhB'28despite a full professional commitment."Pizzo has served two four-year terms ascounty coroner. As state representative inthe Indiana General Assembly he was effective in helping to enact legislation forstate health care services, a model MedicalMalpractice Act, and support of publiceducation. In addition to serving on manycivic and professional associatons, Pizzohas served six to eight week stints as a volunteer physician in refugee camps on theborder of Cambodia and Thailand, and inZaire as a member of the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society, a service heplans to continue.Frank G. St. Angel, AM'48, was citedfor "rendering distinguished service to hiscommunity of Rockford, IL," which rewarded him by naming him Rockford'sCitizen of the Year in 1979. St. Angelhelped organize the Citizens Committeefor Comprehensive Services Survey andserved as chairman of the WinnebagoCounty Board, working almost full-timefor the improvement of county government. He has served his community inseveral other capacities, including threeyears on the Board of Education.Three alumni received ProfessionalAchievement Awards, for "attainments intheir vocational fields which have broughtdistinction to themselves, credit to theUniversity, and real benefit to their fellowcitizens."Jo Eleanor Elliott, AM'53, has servedin the field of nursing for many years. Hertalents and accomplishments were acknowledged recently when she was appointed director of the Division of Nursing, Bureau of Health Professions for theU.S. Department of Health and HumanServices, the most prestigious and influential nursing position in the country. As director of nursing programs of the WesternInterstate Commission for Higher Education Elliott initiated and administered theWestern Council on Higher Education forNurses, comprised of almost 170 nursingschools. Through her efforts, these schoolshave collaborated on clinical nursingresearch studies and planned curriculumprojects and programs to accommodatethe needs of students and minorities.Elliott has twice been president of theAmerican Nurses Association, and is responsible for the increase in the number ofprograms for nurses and for the move ment of nursing education from hospitalschools to junior and senior colleges.Joseph J. Katz, PhD'42, was honoredfor "demonstrating great versatility in hisresearch during a distinguished career" atArgonne National Laboratory. He has investigated the chemistry of the actinideelements, fluorine chemistry, and the application of stable isotopes to biologicalsystems. For the past decade he has studied chlorophyll function in photosynthesis. In earlier work on the isolation andpurification of uranium and the transuranium elements, Katz made extensive contributions to scientific knowledge. He co-authored The Chemistry of the ActinideElements with Glenn Seaborg in 1957, stillconsidered a classic treatise on the subject.Katz then turned his attention to biological problems and developed methods forgrowing living organisms in which the hydrogen ordinarily present is replacedentirely by its heavy stable isotope deuterium. As a result, numerous fully deute-rated compounds including proteins, nucleic acids, and photosynthetic pigments,were prepared and became invaluabletools in chemical and biological research.Tobias C. Owen, AB'55, SB'58,SM'60, is considered one of the world'sleading planetary scientists. Owen, professor of astronomy at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, hasdone important work on planetary atmospheres, the physics and chemistry of thesolar system, spectroscopy of planets, satellites and comets, and investigation ofplanetary environments from spacecraft.His early work with the telescopes of major observatories included a determination of the mass and composition of theatmosphere of Mars, and the consequentsuggestion of a common source of vola-tiles for Mars and Earth. Serving as amember of the Imaging Science Team ofNASA'S Voyager I and II missions to Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and beyond, Owenanticipated the existence of Jupiter's ringand planned the Voyager I imaging experiment that led to its discovery. He has usedthe information gained by both spacecraftto advance our knowledge of the atmosphere of Titan, Saturn's largest satellite.His recent discovery with two colleaguesthat carbon monoxide is present in Titan'satmosphere strengthens his suggestionsthat this distant moon may offer us a nat-HOWELLMURRAYAWARDWINNERSTOP:Margo L. Hablutzel,Alan S. Granger,Shelley Y. PooleMIDDLE:John A. Nowicki,Elizabeth Cassanos,Clarke (Mac) Gillespie IIIBOTTOM:Jane E. Marcus,Mark D. Bauer,Alison M. O'Neillural laboratory for testing ideas aboutprebiotic chemical synthesis on the earlyEarth. He was a member of the MolecularAnalysis team on the Viking Mars landingin 1966, and is both an interdisciplinaryscientist and a member of the Probe MassSpectrometer Team on the 1986 GalileoOrbiter/Probe mission to Jupiter. Owenhas been honored twice by NASA with itsGroup Achievement Award and in 1977with its Medal for Exceptional ScientificAchievement. In 1982, he delivered the Vernadsky Memorial Lecture in Moscowat the invitation of the USSR Academy ofScience.Nine graduating seniors receivedHowell Murray Awards, in recognition ofoutstanding contributions to the University's extra curriculum. They were: MarkD. Bauer, Elizabeth Cassanos, Clarke(Mac) Gillespie III, Alan S. Granger,Margo L. Hablutzel, Jane E. Marcus, JohnA. Nowicki, Alison M. O'Neill, andShelley Y Poole. SOn ThinkingAbout TheUnthinkableContinued from Page 9such an event, whether that understanding be social, scientific, psychological,philosophical or theological, for such anevent represents the end of everythingthat such an understanding would dependupon in terms of structure and meaning.As Schell drew a very vivid picture of anearth inhabited only by insects and grass,so the intellectual horizon or scenario ofwhat minds might consider to be the various alternatives in the light of this eventseems equally vacant of alternatives. Onemight say that the only alternatives apparently remaining with which to comprehend such an event are unhistorical orquite ahistorical modes of understanding.On the one hand, the event could possiblybe "comprehended" in a universe ruled byblind material forces, heedless of all theirconsequences into which freedom hassomewhat arbitrarily introduced itself tothe destruction of all that had been blindlycreated. Or, on the other hand, it could becomprehended in terms of a totally transcendent, impersonal, pantheistic, mystical, or acosmic understanding of life inwhich there is a divine principle unawareof this new void, because unaware ofanything historical, temporal or spatial.Now I'm not saying that these are the onlyalternatives. But I do say that when onetries to think this out, these are two alternatives that seem somewhat unscathed bythis. Though who's going to comfortthemselves with either one of these alternatives is an interesting question.Our discussion has been on the apocalyptic in history. I think one could wellask: Who would have guessed that thiswould become a real issue, rather than apurely theoretical one, an issue of politics,of international relations, or social theory, as well as of theology? Though the factthat this is a human apocalyptic and not adivine one, interestingly, tends to make itworse, a dealer of death, rather than anopening to redemption of some sort oranother. This role of apocalyptic is genuinely queer, it seems to me, vis-a-vis rationality, and so vis-a-vis the pervasivepatterns and institutions of history, andespecially, (I have tried to indicate the complexity of this), the strange and elusive role of freedom in history.Let me conclude with a couple ofcomments on the role of freedom in history, which seems to me to be the centraltheme of this whole discusssion. If onewere asked: "What have we been talkingabout here?" — well, we've certainly beentalking about the apocalypse. Nevertheless, the fundamental philosophical themethat we've been talking about is: What isfreedom about in history? What can it do?What does it do? What can it do to resolvethings? What's going on in the relation offreedom to destiny, to trends, to the career of good and evil?We have mentioned in this courseKant's theme of the enlargement of thescope of moral action in history as a a clueto history's rationality, both in terms ofstructure and meaning. It seems to me evident that the enlargement of the scope ofmoral acts in history also opens up the enlargement of the scope of immoral acts inhistory. So, let us say with Hegel, the enlargement of freedom in history is whatwe're talking about, the freedom to bemoral or immoral. Notice that changes abit the connotations of the phrase, "theenlargement of the scope of moralaction." If one adds "immoral action" aswell, and certainly that's the theme ofSchell's book, the development of historyhas enlarged exponentially the scope ofhuman action, and therefore enlarged thescope of human immoral action, or of theultimately immoral, that is, the destruction of all life. The enlargement of freedom in history is a pervasive theme in thedevelopment of history and of intelligentcomment upon it. I think that the wayfreedom can develop its own forms of fat-edness is an interesting point here.Now Hegel, I think, thought that theenlargement of freedom in history meantprogress. More freedom meant — in factwhat Kant intimated — more moral action.In our discussion of the apocalpytic, wehave seen two points made very clear.The first is that human freedom has nowvastly enlarged its scope through its muchgreater knowledge, its technical ability, itsnew power, its capacity to do almosteverything it wants to do. Francis Baconwas right: knowledge is power.Secondly, since freedom remains ambiguous, if not estranged, this fact, that ithas enlarged its scope, has resulted in avast increase in the history of peril. Anabsolute freedom can therefore result inan absolute peril to freedom. This, I submit, is the most fundamental question ofthe rationality of history, namely, the role and character of freedom within history.It is a question about the structure of history (because that's what type of questionit is — a question of structure — namely,what does determine things in history,what is the role of freedom among the"causes" in history?) and also a questionabout the career of good and evil, of themeaning of history. It concerns the vastpower of freedom, the wierd fatedness offreedom, and the estrangement of freedom and all its works. I am thinking hereof how unable we are to remove one system of sovereignty and the even greaterdifficulty of self-control.Schell speaks, at the end, with theoptimism of the humanist, that we can berational enough to solve this. I don't meanto be critical of that, but as his final rationalism works itself out in this kind of aserious situation, one sees its difficulties.However, let me end by saying that onecan just as clearly see the difficulties oftheism with regard to this problem.I THINKTHEPROBLEMIS JUSTwhat Mr. Gilkey said it is, that at theend of Schell's book freedom becomes utterly nondialectically related to fate, todestiny, and to history. Furthermore, history becomes utterly non-dialectical, itbecomes pure invention of freedom . . .I think Mr. Gilkey has given us an extremely powerful critique. It shows thoseof us who liked the way Schell raised theissue in the early part of the book, but aredeeply troubled by the last chapter, whywe're troubled.Much of the response to Schell, ofcourse, focuses on the last chapter. Interestingly enough, it's almost never on thekind of issues that Mr. Gilkey raised. It'salmost never on the philosophical difficulties of the text itself, on the relationship offreedom, history, fate-destiny. Rather,most of the debate in response to Schell,particularly on deterrence, assumes therecan only be a purely empirical response,one way or another, so that you'll havearguments pro and con: "Well, it hasworked for 37 years," and "Well, but ifit ever didn't work, too bad." What Mr.Gilkey has shown us is that the level of thediscussion of the problems in Schell missesthe nature of the question that Schell isposing, and this is deeply troubling.It isn't that the questions being askedare irrelevant. But the real question thatSchell poses for reflective persons is exactly the kind of question that Mr. Gilkeycorrectly forces the text to pose. I refer tothe questions of our course on freedomand history, and the relation to fate anddestiny. In Mr. Gilkey 's own work, forexample, as in Reaping the Whirlwind,such questions are spelled out with greatdeliberation.That leads me to a second and finalcomment. There is an assumption bySchell that whatever apocalyptic mightmean, it could only have a purely negative meaning. Scholars like Johann Metzrediscover aspects of apocalyptic, including the tensions of history itself, andthereby the recovery of suffering, of thememory of suffering, of forgotten, marginalized, and oppressed peoples; there isno recognition of these possibilities bySchell. Even with his more positive symbols, I think Schell has difficulty showingtheir dialectical tension. I think Mr.Gilkey quite clearly does not have suchdifficulty. For if you notice, every one ofhis statements was dialectical from the beginning of the critique to the end of it.That is to say, when freedom is discussed,it's discussed in relation to fate and destiny, for example. Or when history as invention is discussed, it also is discussed inrelation to history as in some way given.Or when creation as a possible positivesymbol or even "species-being" as a kindof analogue to that, or apocalyptic as anegative symbol, is discussed, it's alwaysrelated to possible factors like Utopia. This leads me to suggest the following:Perhaps one of the things that this alsocan show us, as a culture trying to facethese issues, is precisely the need to findbetter ways to reflect on possible symbols,to put it in that way, new topoi for possible disclosive power for our commonproblems.YOU MAYKNOWTHAT THEWORDoikoumene first meant "the inhabitedearth." So the act to inhabit, I think, deserves some reflection, because it's possible under the conditions of a kind oftruce, of balance, of equilibrium between,on the one hand the threats of nature, (because in a sense, nature is inhospitable)and man. Man has to break his paththrough so many kinds of physical danger. So there is a threatening aspect ofnature to which corresponds a threat tonature by man, namely his threat to conquer and dominate nature. The very act ofinhabiting, of dwelling, constitutes a kindof truce, between the phases of hostilityfrom both sides. That is to say, it is a trucebetween nature's physical threat, anddomination of nature by man. Scarcity, ofcourse, is one of the aspects of the hostility of nature against which we have to protect ourselves. Therefore I should say thatthe hypothesis of a nuclear holocaust con stitutes a starting point for a reflectionconcerning the condition under whichdwelling is possible, since the nuclear holocaust would be at the same time the endof threat and the end of domination bythe excesses of both.The mere hypothesis of this end reveals to what extent this very act of dwelling is fragile and not to be taken for granted. It's a kind of gift, a miracle we maycall it in that way, natural in a sense, butalso it's unique in the whole world as weknow it. It happened only once that theact of dwelling by thinking beings occurred on the earth.However, the conditions have beenradically changed with the discovery ofnuclear energy, in such a way that it is notonly a quantitative increase in the threat,and in the condition of survival, but aqualitative change . . . Suddenly we havediscovered a new kind of natural threatwhich is incomparable in proportion withall the threats known until now, butwhich is precisely the product of scientific, industrial, or let us say, instrumental control of nature. So the paradox isthere: It is the advances in the instrumental control of nature which have unleashed threats which may precisely destroy the whole of history and the historyof science itself.We could say that all the energieswhich are the products of human activity — steam, coal mining, oil, gas — are, in asense, threats. You may be burned, youmay be in an explosion, and so on. Butnone of these threats, which are the byproducts of the domination of nature, areable to eradicate life. Therefore the verypossibility of destroying the root of life bythe military and perhaps the industrialcontrol of the chain reaction at the atomiclevel, makes a radical change in our relation to nature precisely as inhabitants andas dwellers.Once more I want to insist on this relation, because it has been inverted in asense. What people wanted at first was toinabit, to dwell, in a shelter, and thosewho have read Thoreau's Walden, knowthe place of this concept of shelter. I wasstruck by the fact that Schell says, now weare the shelter of nature, we have to protect nature against this radical threat tonature. In a way we could say that nowpolitics has to become a shelter for earth.I must insist on this new notion ofearth which emerges from the new situation, that is, our ability to destroy all life.Earth was a kind of undelineated place tolive in, and even after the early discoveries, travels around the world and so on,learning that it's a sphere, there is a senseof the finiteness of the earth. But the senseof the unicity of the earth as an individualneeding protection, this, I think, is a newway of being related to earth. Till nowthis could only be found through myth,where earth is begetting or begotten, usually begetting, and it is precisely the beget-tor which has to be protected, and needs ashelter. This personification of earth inmyth suddenly makes sense at the level ofthe radical threat and the responsibilitythat we have in relation to the earth as theindividual.We may relate that to some of ourearlier reflections concerning the unicityof history and mankind. We said that oneof the great problems which arose in the18th century was the idea that there isonly one mankind, one human species,and one history, this tribal collective unity. We have to add a fourth term, earth,and the unicity of the earth, because wehave no alternative earth, if we explodethis earth. Therefore, history, mankindand earth go together.My second set of remarks return tothis notion of human species. Because aswe saw, the main trend of the philosophyof history in the 18th century was to movefrom the notion of species as an indeterminate biological concept, always threatened, to return to that of race. It is veryinteresting that we have to return to thisunbreakable connection between humanspecies and human history.In a sense, this is against the maintrend of the philosophy of history, whichwas to put within the framework oncemore Geist, the spirit in the developmentof history, and then, break, cut the linkwith nature. I see as a leading thread hereone of Schell's most interesting reflections: What is the breadth of the loss interms of future generations, in terms, precisely, of the loss of the biological basis ofhumanity that makes mankind a species?It is these last remarks on future generations which are for me the most important. The concept of generation is, I think,a very complex and intriguing concept,precisely because we don't know where toput it. It's not exactly in biology, and notin history, but it's the turning point at thejoint, the articulation, let us say, betweenthe biological and the historical. Since, onthe one hand, generation has to do withthe act of generating, therefore it has to dowith a natural reproduction. At the sametime it introduces the notion of a culturaltransmission, because the chain of generations is both the continuation of lifethrough natural sexual reproduction, and at the same time it is the place where in aspecific way that I will try to underscore,cultural transmission starts.As you know, this joint, this articulation is represented in anthropology by theproblem of filiation: How to provide astatus in the family to individuals? Because it is this status in the family whichmakes the transmission of life at the sametime a cultural phenomenon followinglaws and norms. Mainly it is thanks tothese kinship systems — we have learnedthat from Malinowski, and from Levi-Strauss in his great work on kinship-systems — that we, in primitive societies, builtthis bridge between the reproductive aspect of generation and the cultural basis ofthought, transmission. I think it is veryimportant that the threat at that level ofthe transmission of life, as the basis of thetransmission of culture, occurs at a timewhen we take more lightly what was oneof the great achievements of humanity,namely the building of systems of kinships. We take that now not only forgranted, but worse, if I may say so, asmeaningless, superfluous, if not repressiveand obnoxious, forgetting that this wasthe way by which all the societies — untilours — secured and preserved the graftingof history on biology without mixingthem. You may remember that in Levi-Strauss the whole problem of incest, theprohibition of incest, is an attempt to separate the social structures from the familystructures, but precisely by providing asystematic order to the family structures.It is this grafting on of tradition onthe transmission of life which is threatened and compels us to think throughmore thoroughly this concept of generation. It's a very intriguing concept becauseon one hand we may say that generationis only a mode of computing the succession of generations. By taking as an average length thirty years, we say that thereare three generations in a century. But,the interesting fact is not that a generationsucceeds to a generation, but that youhave a continuous replacement of thedead by the living, and secondly, that atthe same time in a given society, you havepeople belonging to different generations:young, middle-aged, old people. Now it'snot infrequent that we have four generations living at the same time. Schell makesan illusion to that, when he speaks of the"partnership of generations" as an underlying condition of the phenomenon of tradition. Therefore it links the transmissionof life, of norms, and of culture. Think ofthis striking phenomenon, that an oldman can tell his grandchildren stories which were told to him when he wasyoung by his grandfather. We see thatsuch an action can cover nearly one century and a half. That means that betweenindividual memory and collective memory we can speak of this collective memorybecause of this extension of memory, thememory of memories, which constitute achain of memories making possible thetransmission. Let us say that if historiography starts with documents and monuments left by the dead, we have here inthis chain of memories a kind of intermediary link between the shortness of individual memory and the length of the communal memory. And so you see how thisphenomenon of oral transmission throughseveral generations makes sense to provide a kind of substructure to the historical phenomenon, which is in between, soto speak, the biological and the cultural.Next, I want to consider the notion offuture generation. This is what struck methe most in reading Schell's book: What isthreatened is the possibility of having survivors. You may recall that ReinhardKoselleck says that we cannot have history if we are not able to connect the horizon of expectation with a space of experience through a decision of the present.What is threatened is precisely the verystructure of this connection between thehorizon of expectation, and the horizon ofthe past. The hypothesis of the loss is avery interesting mental experiment,thought-experiment, I daresay, becauseit's not a small loss. Consider the fact thatwe may be survived by nobody, the ideaof what Schell calls "the second death" inhis book. The very fact that we have nobody to whom to transmit something destroys the very idea of transmission. Theidea of transmission is not only a relationbetween the past and us. It is not only thefact that traditions have been transmitted,but that we are transmitters, as the bearers of culture, and therefore we are threatened at that level.We presuppose, that there will always be a future, and therefore, progressis not only engaged in the heightening ofculture and of consciousness, but that it isan open-ended process. And it's very important that this presupposition is included in the very notion of expectation. Thisinfinite proceeding is surely a part of ourvery relationship to a horizon of expectation, and it is this which is threatened.Therefore, we see that this notion oftransmission has two sides, what is transmitted, that which we call "tradition,"and our capacity to transmit . . . We havethe idea that we want to have heirs in away— material or intellectual or spiritualheirs.I want to emphasize something whichmay be more striking, the very fact thatwe cannot even think of our present without anticipating, not only the judgementthat the future generations may pass onus, but the witnessing of our very existence. We assume that there will be peoplewho may tell that we existed.I was very happy to find in Schell'sbook a quote from Hannah Arendt's TheHuman Condition. In the conference thatwe had two years ago on The HumanCondition I used this quote, in whichHannah Arendt says that a commonworld is more than the network of institutions, and that it encompasses not onlythe present but also all past and futuregenerations. It's not by chance that sheuses this term "generations.""The common world is what we enterwhen we are born, and what we leave behind when we die," she wrote. So we presuppose a continuity of generations inwhich we have found a whole in which toput our own destiny. You know howstrong in the Old Testament is this notionof generation — "from generation to generation. . ." (Deuteronomy) — but it is usedalso to make a whole of the history ofAbraham, Isaac, and Jacob, to show thata link of filiation has been established.Therefore we have here a model, a chainof generations or successions.There is no exact translation of theGerman Folge, that a generation followsanother generation, a following of generations. You would say a succession of generations in English, but a succession ismerely chronological. Folgen means tofollow, to have followers. You rememberthat Arendt's last word in The HumanCondition was "natality," which causedmany people concern. They were toomuch concerned about mortality and notenough about natality.It is precisely at that point that Schellintervenes, saying that what is threatenedby the radical mortality of the human isthe natality. We may speak of the crime ofcancelling "the numberless multitude ofunconceived people," death cuts life, extinction cuts off birth. And it's true for oldpeople, that it's a very important experience to live with younger people, to seethat life goes on afterwards. So the relationship between aged people and infancyis a basic experience of life. I understandvery well, what Schell means by the threatof lost birth. He even speaks of the right ofthe not-yet bom which would be deniedby a holocaust. You see here how the debt to the pastis projected to the future as a kind of indebtedness to future generations. It is thedenial of this second debt to the futurethat is cancelled by the hypothesis of nuclear weapons. Therefore I may concludeby saying that in the same way as we become the shelter of the earth— and I thinkthis is the basic ecological problem of ourtime— we have to protect the ecosystemto which history belongs. A part of thisecosystem is the biological continuationof the chain of generations, the followingof the succession of generations.I AMVERYSTRUCKBY THEpresentation of Mr. Ricoeur, for one particular reason.A person whose writing I've alwaysread — though with more fascination thanunderstanding — is Giambattista Vico.Vico develops his own speculative reconstruction of the crucial events of humanhistory. He gives us three. He chooses themoment when human beings learned totake shelter from the elements. He choosesthe occasion when human beings inventedmatrimony and the family. (These twoseem to me to correspond very nicely tothe concepts of "dwelling" and "generation," which Mr. Ricoeur talked about.)But he also talks about the fact that human beings invented burial: both burialceremonies and burial rituals.I asked myself, if Vico had this insight into the crucial importance of"dwelling" and "generation," what couldthis other emphasis on the invention ofburial ceremonies as another crucial stepin speculative human history mean? I suggest one possibility: that if dwelling is ourway of dealing with the problems posed tous by nature, and generation is our way ofdealing with the problems embodied inthe creation of culture, perhaps burial ceremonies are for him a symbolic expressionof the acceptance of human dignity: thatis, the indispensability of a certain kind ofhuman respect. This respect is in its ownway as much a precondition of sustainedhuman existence, of the kind that weknow and have inherited, as either of theother two conditions.Now, anybody who enters into thewhole nuclear debate must, of course,find his own personality stirred by thekind of considerations that JonathanSchell and others force on our attentions.But what strikes me is that the whole post-Hiroshima phase of human history hasbeen marked, not just by negative events,but also by some remarkably positive developments. Vico argues that Providencehas contrived that human beings, facedwith the demands of life within history,always turn out to have been given the capacity to respond by creating new modesof life: by inventing unwittingly, withoutconscious foresight, new ways of life andinstitutions which operate as responses to,and defenses against, the threats thathistory exposes us to. The establishmentof the Washington-to-Moscow teleprinter"hot line" is a good example of this sort ofresponse.In particular, I recall very well thespontaneous responses of people in the1950s. I'm convinced that the signing ofthe Nuclear Test Ban Treaties was accelerated by the strength of public feeling anddemonstrations. And I believe that, if thepresent United States administration underestimated any political force, it is thespontaneous reaction of the great majority of the population to policies which endanger the environment or policies whichthreaten nuclear war. As to that, the evidence makes me, if not optimistic, then atleast sanguine that the sense of mutual respect which makes it possible to think ofhumankind as a unity will bring in itstrain a kind of Epicurean or Vichian creation of new institutions which will resultin our getting under control the monsterwe have created. 8THE PRESIDENTS PAGEBy Michael Klowden, AB'67, President, The Alumni AssociationEven one year as president of theUniversity of Chicago Alumni Association is enough to persuademe — if I ever had any doubt! — that ourUniversity continues to embody the remarkable tradition of intellectual excellence, outstanding research, and culturalenrichment that has always been its hallmark. The tradition is clearly evident inthe University's faculty and students, ofcourse; the last year has reconfirmed tome that it continues to abound also in itsalumni. And the tradition has been amplyreflected in the programs that the University and its alumni clubs have sponsoredacross the country in 1982-83.This past year, volunteers, workingwith the Alumni Affairs staff, have organized over 100 programs, including lectures, discussions, workshops, seminars,and an array of cultural events. Theyhave provided a wonderful set of opportunities for informing our alumni of current faculty and student interests and University developments, while at the sametime generating a great deal of goodwillfor the University. Indirectly, these programs also promoted the efforts of theUniversity to recruit able students whowill come to share this rich tradition andto raise the funds necessary to continuethe great work of the University.Some of the program highlights ofthe past year: Los Angeles alumni gathered at the new Olympic Veladrome towatch the preliminary sprints and enjoyremarks by Charles G. Cale, vice-president of sports for the 1984 Olympics. Oneof America's most distinguished historians, William McNeill, addressed the Clubof Philadelphia on "Pursuit of Power."George J. Stigler, the 1982 winner of theNobel Prize in Economic Science and Director of the Center for the Study of Economy and the State at the Graduate Schoolof Business, spoke before the Universityof Chicago Club of the Bay Area. Asmany as 25 faculty members visited 23cities to meet and talk with our alumni,and President Hanna H. Gray met with alumni in San Francisco, New York, andMinneapolis.Local Club programs included several highly sucessful evenings of theatre forsuch productions as "Nicholas Nickleby,""Mass Appeal," "Twelfth Night," and"Tom Jones." Other programs included aluncheon series featuring local alumnispeakers from the arts, academic, and corporate life. There were architecturaltours, botanical outings, social gatherings — and, of course, a highly successfulReunion '83 back on the Midway in earlyJune. In August, over 700 alumni fromChicago and other midwestern cities willview the Vatican Collection at the Art Institute of Chicago under the auspices ofthe University of Chicago Club of Metropolitan Chicago (UC2MC, as it is fondlyreferred to by its Board of Directors).At the same time, several hundred ofour alumni have been working to help theCollege recruit the very best high schoolseniors in the country: the alumni conducted 1,535 interviews for the Collegethis year. The results, I am told, will be aremarkable class of 750 freshmen who willjoin our great "tradition" this Fall as theClass of '87.I shall leave it to the DevelopmentOffice to report the unprecedented outpouring of affection and loyalty for ourUniversity that characterized the Alumni Fund results this year. But we can bevery, very proud of that part of our tradition too.I have visited a good number of University of Chicago Clubs across the country this year, and other members of yourCabinet Executive Committee will try tojoin me next year in visiting more. Meanwhile, we want to give very special thanksto each and every alumni volunteer whohas given his or her time to make the record of the past year possible. We alsowant to express our gratitude to the University faculty who have taken the time tohelp us carry the University's messagethrough their participation in our Clubprograms. All of you have made our Uni versity of Chicago Alumni Clubs a trulyvital part of a great tradition — the University of Chicago tradition.I invite you to join us in this endeavor of carrying on what the University ofChicago stands for: we are part of its tradition. For those of you who would like tobe part of the alumni activity in yourarea, or who have questions, please feelfree to write or call our staff at the RobieHouse on campus. The telephone numberfor the program director is (312) 753-2195;the number for the Alumni Schools Committee headquarters in the College is (312)962-8664; and while you don't need a telephone number to contribute to the Alumni Fund (just send money!), if you wouldlike to become an AJumni Fund volunteercall (312) 962-6097.On behalf of all our alumni leaders, Iwant to thank you for your continuing interest and help. We look forward to youractive participation. SYour Nominations,PleaseThe University Alumni Affairs staffinvites alumni to assist in the annualawards program by nominating candidates whom you think might bedeserving of one of the alumniawards to be given in 1984.Your nominations should reachAlumni Affairs by October 15. Theywill be kept confidential by theAwards Committee, who, workinganonymously, review and evaluatethe information on each nominee.The committee requests that you notinform candidates that their namesare to be considered.Nominations should be sent tothe Awards Committee, RobieHouse, 5757 Woodlawn Avenue,Chicago, IL, 60637.CLASS NEWS"1 O Helen Edwards Gates, X'13, was hon-_Li^ ored as "Homemaker and Indiana'sFirst Lady" in the December, 1982 issue of TheBulletin, a publication of the Whitley CountyHistorical Society, Columbia City, IN."1 £Z George Caldwell, PhB'15, is enjoyingJ.^ retirement in Brunswick, GA.Wallace E. Leland, PhB'15, lives at theBasilian Fathers Residence, St. Basil's College,Toronto, Ontario.1 fc\ A'J' "A1" Peters' X 16' lives in Madi-I vJ son House, a retirement community inKirkland, WA.1 rj Ethlyn L. Walkington, PhB'17, is the1 / author of two books, tourneyThrough a Century (\9bb), and Gently Downthe Stream (1981).1 Q Harold J. Fishbein, PhB'18, writesJL.O from Lajolla, CA, "when I entered theCollege in 1918 I was fifteen years old, and publicized then (perhaps mistakenly) as the youngest freshman ever to enter. Now I will be ateighty-four among the oldest living graduates."Margaret Thomson Sturges, PhBT8, whois eighty-seven, remains active in the RedCross, A.A.U.W., and church activities in herhome in Winchester, VA.19 Grover C. Wilson, JDT9, is active intitle law in Hazard, KY.O (\ James Mason, PhB'20, works each dayZj\J and is an avid gardener at his home inLaG range, IL.John G. Stutz, PhB'20, retired after fortyyears of public service, lives in Topeka, KS.One of the accomplishments of his career is thecreation of the Public Administration ClearingHouse at 1313 E. 60th St.21 Elizabeth L. Mann, PhB'21, PhD'36,lives in Toronto, Ontario.*} *y Harold F. Gosnell, PhD'22, has received'' ' ' the Charles E. Merriam Award from theAmerican Political Science Association.Florence J. Hallgren, X'22, is active in oilpainting, ceramics, and bridge at The Holm-stad, the retirement community in Batavia, ILwhere she lives.Paul Sanders, X'22, founder of the Community Center Foundation, Palos Park, IL, fifty years ago, remains on its Board of Trustees.O O Letitia Reeves Markham, PhB'23, the*Ll<J widow of Henry E. Markham, X'26,who is eighty-four, is active in hospital volunteer work at her home in Mountain Home, AR.Mary Burkhalter Peregoy, X'23, lives atApple Canyon Lake, IL.Ruth Neville Riemann, PhB'23, who iseighty-seven, lives in Monterey, CA.Ruby P. Sampson, PhB'23, after teachingin the Chicago public schools for nearly fortyyears, has retired and resides in Ogden Dunes,IN. ^\ A Bernice E. Klein Cohen, PhB'24, lives inZml*. Chicago. She is the sister of two alumni, Milton P. Klein, PhB'31, of Highland Park, IL,and (the late) Arthur W. Klein, PhB'28, JD'29.H.C. Hotchkiss, X'24, at the age of ninety-six is retired and lives in Racine, WI.John Peter Long, PhB'24, retired Lt. Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps, lives in WisconsinDells, WI.Ferol Elizabeth Potter, PhB'24, SM'38,spent two weeks in Paris last year. She haswritten several articles on nutrition for olderpeople for the News Bulletin of the RetiredTeachers Association of Chicago. Potter livesin Columbia, MO.Sidney A. Sheridan, SB'24, has made a reproduction of a Stradivarius violin. He hastaught a two-semester course in violin makingat Polaris Vocational Center, MiddleburgHeights, OH, the first course in violin makingever taught in Ohio.Martha Galbraith Whipple, PhB'24, livesin Hendersonville, NC.*J C Edith Heal Berrien, PhB'25, is the&U\J author of twenty books: two novels,children's books, non-fiction in advertising andfashion, and a re-issue of / Wanted to Write APoem with William Carlos Williams. An avidgolfer, Berrien lives in Rutherford, NJ.Yih-Tong Ku, SM'25, PhD'35, is professorof chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai,Peoples Republic of China, where in 1981 he welcomed a 12-member delegation from theUniversity to the Chinese Academy of Science.A banquet was held in March at the DrakeHotel in honor of Brother Charles Severin,F.S.C., SB'25, SM'27, PhD'30, in recognition ofhis fifty years teaching biology on the facultyof St. Mary's College, Winona, MN.O /L Margaret Pittman, SM'26, PhD'29, re-ZjU ceived the Distinguished AlumnaAward from Hendrix College, Conway, AR.Since retirement in 1971 she has been a guestworker at NIH and FDA and has been a consultant or guest scientist in eight countries instandards for biologies and bacterial vaccines.Pittman lives in Washington, DC.Eva Wayman, PhB'26, has retired as aschool social worker. She is on the AdvisoryBoard of Family Services, Hancock County(IN) which she helped to establish. A residentof Greenfield, IN, she is a hostess at the birthplace of poet James Whitcomb Riley.Vida Broadbent Wentz, PhB'26, SM'27,MD'35, spent a month in Micronesia. Wentzlives in Chicago.*"} r"7 Agnes Dunaway, PhB'27, AM'34,Za J teaches senior citizens in Chicago part-time, studies piano, and is a confirmed concert,opera, and theatre goer.28 Daniel D. Heninger, SB'28, is a geologist, active in originating and develop-FAMILY ALBUM— '83Sam L. Stanley, Jr., AB'76, Ellen Li Stanley.Mary Li, Tsung-Ming Li, AM'51, Dean Li,AB'83, Abby Li (Mrs. Pui Yan Kwok),AB'79, who is a Ph.D. candidate in biol ogy, Pui Yan Kwok. AB'79, SM'81. now acandidate in the M.D.-Ph.D. program, andJoachim Li, SB'80, SM'80. (Not shown,Sam L. Stanley, Sr.. PhD'58).ing oil and gas drilling prospects, and consulting. His niece, JoGrace Laird Johnson, AM'76,practices psychology in San Antonio, TX.Heninger lives in Wichita Falls, TX.Elliott A. Johnson, PhB'28, JD'31, in addition to practicing law and operating a ranch, ischairman of the University of Houston Foundation, and is concluding 31 years on the Board ofTrustees of the South Texas College of Law,Houston, TX.Irving B. Pflaum, PhB'28, and his wifeMelanie L. Pflaum, PhB'29, live in Alicante,Spain, where he is the contributing editor forSpain of the World Press Review. Their sonPeter E. Pflaum, AB'58, AB'59, is head of theCaribbean Training Center, New SmyrnaBeach, FL. Son Thomas Pflaum, JD'76, is amember of the law firm Simon, Schindler &Hurst, Miami, FL. He is married to ElizabethTischoff, MFA'76.*J O Sevmour s- Guthman, PhB'29, JD'30,AJlV practices law in Washington, DC,where he is a member of the D.C. Bar Association, the District of Columbia Bar, the American Bar Association, the National LawyersClub, and the Decalogue Socie^ of Lawyers.Guthman lives in Washington.Melanie L. Pflaum, PhB'29, see 1928,Irving B. Pflaum.James M. Stickney, Jr., PhB'29, MD'34, isprofessor emeritus of medicine. Mayo MedicalSchool, Rochester, MN.Robert S. White, PhB'29, AM'36, PhD'45,is president emeritus, Kent State University,Kent, OH. OA N. George DeDakis, PhB'30, JD'31,J \J practices law and Jives in LaCrosse, WI .Darol Froman, PhD'30, attended the December conference commemorating the fortiethanniversary of the first man-made self-sustaining nuclear reaction under the stands in StaggField. Froman lives in Santa Fe, NM.Patricia Gillis Hoag, PhB'30, lives inGainesville, FL.Irma Lee Frantz Watson, PhB'30, Jives inHot Springs Village, AR, where she has beenelected and inducted State Regent of Mexico inthe National Society of the Daughters of theAmerican Revolution.0"1 Marcus T. Block, MD'31, is a derma-JJL. tologist in Newark, NJ. He is assistantprofessor of dermatology, New Jersey University of Medicine and Dentistry, Newark.Milton P. Klein, PhB'31, see 1924, BerniceE. Klein Cohen.Miriam Alexander Zahler, PhB'31, lives inLaguna Hills, CA, and writes, "I am an ongoing art-education major with my hands stillin clay."O O Rev. Roosevelt Alexander Baker,J J PhB'33, AM'35, received an honoraryDoctor of Divinity degree at the fortieth annualcommencement at the Chicago Baptist Institute, in recognition of twenty-nine years ofcontinuous teaching there. Prior to his teachingcareer. Baker was an army chaplain fortwenty-two years. The father of three children,and grandfather of one, Baker is the minister ofthe New Example Baptist Church in Chicago.FAMILY ALBUM— '83Christine Gump. Joseph Gump. MBA'74, Holly Gump. AB'83, and Jean Gump. Josephine Zeman, PhB'33, a retired teacher, lives in Countryside, IL.M Belle Goldstrich, PhB'34, is the grandmother of Michael Goodwin, AB'81,who was recently married. Goodwin is the sonof Bert Z. Goodwin, AB'54, and KathleenWard Goodwin Dullea, AB'54.Kent H. Hughes, PhB'34, retired in February, 1982, from the presidency of Hughes Plastics, which he started in 1943.O /L Lee H. Meltzer, SB'36, was awardedOU honorary membership in the American Association of Petroleum Geologists. He isalso an honorary member of the Gulf CoastAssociation of Geological Societies. Meltzer isa consulting geologist in New Orleans, LA.O r"7 John S. Cousins, AB'37, has retired af-J J ter forty-two years as teacher and administrator in the St. Louis (MO) publicschools. Cousins lives in St. Louis.Sherwin Gaines, AB'37, is in real estate inPalm Springs, CA.Robert S. Hardy, PhD'37, is retired andlives in Sedona, AZ, where he pursues his interest in southwestern prehistoric archaeologythrough participation in local societies andstate organizations.Joan Naumburg Hertzberg, AB'37, see1968, Daniel Hertzberg.38 Louis G. Dalman, SB'38, is professoremeritus, Rush University, Chicago.AC\ David L. Harris, AB'40, AM'41, has^t\J been associate professor of psychology and dean of men at Ripon College, Ripon,WI, for twenty-nine years. Harris received theScott Goodnight Award from the National Association of Student Personnel Administrators(NASPA) for "outstanding performance asdean."June Sark Heinrich, AB'40, AM'41, wasawarded a Ph.D. in the philosophy of education from Loyola University, Chicago.Charles A. Johnson, AB'40, AM'41, in retirement, teaches United States history in WestGermany for the University of Maryland. Priorto that Johnson spent twenty-two years abroad,including two tours in India, as cultural affairsofficer, the U.S. Information Agency.Bundhit Kantabutra, MBA'40, has left theThai government services and founded his ownconsulting firm in actuarial sciences and statistics in Bangkok, Thailand. He is professoremeritus of statistics, Chulalongkorn StateUniversity, Bangkok.A "1 Gene Rickey Cleveland, X'41, retiredTX _1_ from the University of Kentucky, Lexington. She and her husband, Rev. CromwellCook Cleveland, X'42, retired ChristianChurch minister, live in Lexington.Robert E. Koenig, SB'41, PhD'53, andNorma E. Koenig, AM'47, are the parents ofLaura Koenig, a second-year student in theCollege. The Koenigs live in Havertown, PA.W. Silas Vance, PhD'41, is retired from thehumanities department of Pan American University, Edinburg, TX. His essay on frontier lifein Texas appeared in the collection The Folk-lore of Texan Cultures.Emily M. Woodson, AM'41, is on the therapy staff of Group Health Cooperative of PugetSound (WA), in the Mental Health Service.A*J Erving E. Beauregard, AB'42, receivedTX^J the distinguished service award fromthe Ohio Academy of History. His book, OldFranklin: The Eternal Touch, has been published by the University Press of America.Beauregard lives in Kettering, OH.Rev. Cromwell Cook Cleveland, X'42, see1941, Gene Rickey Cleveland.John M. Gandy, AM'42, has retired asprofessor on the Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Ontario.Edgar W. Gilbert, AB'42, lives in NewYork City. He is the father of Amanda Gilbert,third-year student in the College.Viola Granstaff, AB'42, is retired from theSan Diego Unified School District. She is founding president of The Friends of Classics, a society formed to establish a Classics SeminarRoom at San Diego State University, the firstin the state university system of California.A T David Otis Kelley, X'43, since his re-7X»J tirement in 1973 from the ZimmermanLibrary at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, has traveled extensively, most recently to Japan, China, Australia, New Zealand, and Tahiti.Wallace C. Koehler, SB'43, SM'48, research staff member in the Solid State Divisionat Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).Oak Ridge, TN, has been named a co-recipientof the third Frank H. Spedding Award for contributions to understanding the magnetic properties of rare earth metals.A A Charles R. Feldstein, AM'44, presidentTXTX of Charles R. Feldstein and Co., Chicago, is chairman of the board of the AmericanAssociation of Fund-Raising Counsel.Ruth L. Johnson, SB'44, SM'49, is retiredas nurse director (colonel) U.S.P.H.S., aftertwenty-three years in the service. She lives inNorfolk, VA.A tZ Morgan Gibson, X'45, was visitingMwJ professor in comparative literatureat the Center for Advanced Study, the University of Illinois, Urbana, IL.A /L Ruth F. Cooper, AB'46, is a lecturer inTX \s the School of Business, The Universityof Texas at Austin, teaching courses in corporate law and ethics.Robert W. Hanks, PhD'46, has retiredfrom the faculty of the University of Florida,Gainesville, FL, after twenty-seven years researching citrus tree diseases at the University'sInstitute of Food and Agricultural Science(IFAS). He and his wife live in Lake Alfred, FL.Edward C. Hobbs, PhB'46, PhD'58, is professor of religion and chairman of the department at Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, andvisiting professor of New Testament, HarvardDivinity School, Cambridge, MA.ATI Carl H.H. Baumann, SB"47, MD'51,Tt / president of the Fox Valley Neurological Institute, has been a neurosurgeon fortwenty-six years. He lives in Aurora, IL. FAMILY ALBUM-83Stephanie Ferrera, Anne Jackson, Vincent Ferrera, AB'83, Salvatore Ferrera, PhD'69.Wilfred M. Biagas, SM'52, Arty Peters,Barbara Biagas, AB'83, Victoria Biagas. (Not shown, Katherine Biagas, AB'82).Merilyn Cohen Goldberg, PhB'47, practices law in Tarzana, CA. She is the mother offour children.John J. Heckman, Jr., X'47, is the chairman of John Heckman Enterprises Inc., Lake-wood, CO.Teruo Kawata, AB'47, BD'52, is generalsecretary of the Hawaii Conference of theUnited Church of Christ. He was the Earl Lectureship preacher for 1982 at the Pacific School of Religion, Berkeley, CA, and visiting scholar,Doshisha University School of Theology, Kyoto, Japan.Norma E. Koenig, AM'47, see 1941, RobertE. Koenig.A O James W Carty, Jr., DB'48, is profes-TtO sor of communications, Bethany College, Bethany, WV. In May Carty received theDoctor of Divinity degree from the interde-FAMILY ALBUM— '83William F. Schenkein, AB'54, Pamela William E. Schenkein.Schenkein, Suzanne Schenkein, AB'83. andLisa Fein. AB'79, Jeremy Fein, AB'83, EdithSchneiderman Fein, PhB'47. AM'49, ElihuFein. SB'44. SM'46. (Not shown, Joshua Fein, AB'73. Susanna Grier Fein, AB'73.Ann Fein Leveille, AM'77, AM'80, AlbertLeveille MD'78.)nominational Evangelical Seminary of PuertoRico in San Juan. The Seminary has announcedthe establishment of the James W Carty, Jr.biennial Lectureship in Communications andEvangelism.A C\ Howard I. Friedman, AM'49, partnerTX y in the Los Angeles law firm of Loeband Loeb, was elected the 19th national president of The American Jewish Committee at the organization's 77th annual meeting in May.Frank Tachau, PhB'49, AM'52, PhD'58,professor of political science, the University ofIllinois at Chicago, has been awarded a LesterMartin Fellowship to conduct research at theTruman Peace Research Institute of the HebrewUniversity, Jerusalem, Israel.50 Harry D. Eshleman, AB'50, is associate professor of English and journal ism, Kutztown State College, Kutztown, PA.Alan M. Fern, AB'50, AM'54, PhD'60,director of the Smithsonian Institution's National Portrait Gallery and former director ofthe Library of Congress's special collections,has been elected an honorary member of TheAmerican Institute of Architects.Jane Franseth, PhD'50, is treasurer, theEducational Leadership Council of America,Inc., Washington, DC.George K. Plochmann, PhD'50, retired in1982 and lives in Carbondale, IL, where he isengaged in editing the series Philosophical Explorations for the Southern Illinois UniversityPress.[T'l Burton M. Leiser, AB'51, has been ap-%J JL pointed Edward J. Mortola Professorof Philosophy, Pace University, New York,NY. Prior to this appointment Leiser was professor of philosophy at Drake University, DesMoines, IA, for eleven years.Donald C. Lueck, AM'51, lives in London,England.Frank Newgent, AM'51, is director, Wya-lusing Academy, Prairie de Chien, WI, a residential treatment center for emotionally disturbed adolescents.Robert Vosburg, MD'51, is chief of a mental health clinic in Misawa, Japan.tZ *") Harold E. Boysaw, AM'52, and Lucille\J Au Williams Boysaw, AM'57, receivedthe Abraham Centre Community LeadershipAward in 1980. They live in Chicago.Daniel Mann, AB'52, is president, theConference of Jewish Communal Service, theprofessional organization of Jewish communalworkers in the United States and Canada.Mann is on the staff of B'nai B'rith International and a member of the faculty of the BaltimoreHebrew College, Baltimore, MD.CT A luncheon was held in April in honor(JJ of Donald G. Bloesch, DB'53, PhD'56,in recognition of his 25 years of service to theUniversity of Dubuque Theological Seminary,where he is professor of theology.Joseph H. Myers, MBA'53, received anhonorary Doctor of Humane Letters, Muskingum College, New Concord, OH. Myers ischairman of the board of trustees ofMuskingum.Burnett H. Radosh, AB'53, and KatherineM. Koenig Radosh, AB'58, moved from Jed-dah, Saudi Arabia to Bangkok, Thailand,where he is a consultant to Baker andMcKenzie, and she is the information systemsmanager at the American Embassy.Nancy M. Tanner, AB'53, AM'59, wasBenedict Distinguished Visiting Professor ofSociology and Anthropology for the springterm at Carleton College, Northfield, MN.tZA Leonard W. Dodson, X'54, in retire-<^TX ment is a full-time art student at theUniversity of Illinois at Chicago "having thetime of his life." Dodson lives in Evanston, IL.Kathleen Ward Goodwin Dullea, AB'54,see 1934, Belle Goldstrich.Marcella Tilton Gewirth, SM'54, is an environmental planner at the Great Lakes National Program Office, a part of the UnitedWant to know what the future holds? Find your sign below, and see what our resident oracle forecasts.By HomarAB, SB, PhB, The College.You have a restless, inquiring mind. Innursery school you were known as the"class skeptic." You automatically critique every piece of writing that comesyour way, even the label on a box ofgeneric tissues. We know a priori thatyou'll find our basic premise sound,i.e., you should send a voluntary contribution of $10 to The Magazine, sothat we may continue to re-examine—and extoll— your unique education.AH, PhD, The PhysicalSciences.You are by nature both practical andtheoretical. You have an eye for figures,whether they are running through acomputer or romping along a centerfold. We hope you will test the following hypothesis: The University OfChicago Magazine could use an extraten bucks from you to keep it in orbitfor another year.AM, PhD, Social ServiceAdministration.You are warm, sensitive, compassionateand a dedicated fighter for the underdog. HeaLth, education, and welfare foreveryone is your goal. We hope you'llconsider what is best for our welfare,and send The Magazine a $10 voluntarycontribution. AM, PhD, The Social Sciences.You are witty, insightful, and a keenobserver of the human scene. Yourmeasurements of Oreo consumption instreet corner society; observations ofPac-Man addiction from the Gold Coastto the Slum; and recording of sexualorgies among the aging in Endtownhave contributed vastly to our understanding of humankind. Statistically,we'll bet you could predict exactly howmuch difference a contribution of $10from you to The Magazine would make.MD, The Pritzker Schoolof Medicine.Examination is the name of the gamefor you. You are accustomed to beingregarded as someone apart from meremortals, but you're not above performing ordinary, everyday tasks, such aswalking the dog or balancing yourcheckbook. Why not take yours outright now, (checkbook, not Checkers)and prescribe a remedy to help TheMagazine continue on its rounds?AM, PhD, The Humanities.That last word is the key to your innermost being. You are truly a humanitarian. No matter how busy you are-reading proofs on the latest edition of thelife works, arguing the finer points ofstructuralism, defending the authenticityof a Da Vinci, guiding the minds of future Pulitzer winners, or simply waitingto hear from the Nobel Committee-you will always take time to consider awell-presented pitch. Ours is simple. Weneed your help. Send a voluntary con-;r:-!2:;t;n for $10 to THE UNIVERSITY OF AM, PhD, The Divinity School.You are sincere, thoughtful, and unceasing in your quest for the truth. Examining all aspects of an idea is recreationfor you. When you tackle the question"Does The University Of ChicagoMagazine exist?" we trust you'll say"yes" because you contributed to itsbeing. Send us a voluntary contributionof $10.SB, SM, PhD, The BiologicalSciences.You may not wear a coonskin cap towork but you are a pioneer, nonetheless. The rest of us are truly gratefuleach time you emerge from the uniqueworld of macro-creatures you normallyinhabit and reveal that you've discovered another cause or cure. Commoncold sufferers and The Magazine alikeknow that you'll come through for us.Send us a voluntary contribution for$10 now.MBA, The Graduate Schoolof Business.You are truly a twentieth centuryphenomenon. At birth you could already forecast the length of time youcould last between feedings, and theamount of food needed to make yougrow right off the chart. As the rest ofsociety depends on you to lead themout of the current economic quagmire,we at The Magazine look to you for abullish contribution JD, The Law School.You are bold, decisive, and love to argue.Your stars indicate you may soon answerto "Your Honor," "Mr./Ms. Justice," oreven "Mr./Ms. President." Since youare an advocate of justice we knowyou'll acknowledge the rightness of ourplea and send a check for $10 to helpbail out The Magazine for another year.AM, PhD, The GraduateLibrary School.You are cheerful and courteous, whetheranswering a request for a footnote fromAristotle's works or a copy of MADMagazine Stacked next to you, othercollectors aren't worth the floor spacethey occupy. We hope you'll reservespace in your checkbook for a $10voluntary contribution to The Magazine.&ftJust make your check payable to theUniversity Of Chicago Magazine andsend to: Robie House, 5757 WoodlawnAvenue, Chicago, IL 60637. And ofcourse it's tax deductible.FAMILY ALBUM— '83Gustavus F. Swift, IV. AB'78. AM'83,MBA'83, and his mother, Mrs. Gustavus F.Swift. (Not shown, Alice Swift Riginos,AB'63. AM'66. Swift's father, the late Gustavus F. Swift, Jr., PhD'58, and great-uncle, the late Harold Swift, PhB'07, chairman of the Board of Trustees, were alsoalumni.)Margo Hablutzel, AB'83. and her father, Philip N. Hablutzel. AM'61, JD'67States Environmental Protection Agency.Ann Davidow Goodman, AB'54, a freelance writer, is the co-author of a children'sbook. Dinosaur Mysteries, and articles in TheBoulder Daily Camera. Colorado Homes andLifestyles, and other local publications.Goodman is administrative secretary for theBoulder Group of the Colorado MountainClub. She lives in Boulder, CO.Bert Z. Goodwin, AB'54, see 1934, Belle Goldstrich.John H. Harper, MBA'54, lives inFlossmoor, IL.Sebastian K. Opon, AM'54, is retired principal, St. Augustine's College, Cape Coast,Ghana. Former deputy minister of education,Ghana, Opon is a member of the board of directors of Standard Newspapers and Magazines Ltd., publishers of Catholic Standard, anational weekly. £T [T Thomas H. Jenkins, AM'55, was guestsD^ lecturer on human services, the University of Hawaii Leeward Community College, Pearl City, HI. Jenkins was invited toconduct a seminar at Ohio State University,Columbus, OH, sponsored by the Departmentof Agricultural Economics and RuralSociology.William C. Lawton, PhD'55, is professoremeritus of sociology, California State University, Hayward, CA. He is working on the publication of research in industrial modernizationand the evolution of the corporate multinational movement.James J. Lenahan, MBA '55, is director offinancial analysis and banking services, Uni-royal, Inc. Lenahan lives in Cheshire, CT.C/L Alan Gordon, AB'56, is a vocational(JO rehabilitation counselor with the stateof Minnesota. He and his wife spent the springof 1982 in Chesterfield, Britain, visiting rehabilitation facilities as part of an educational exchange with Manpower Services there.David S. Gochman, AB'56, AB'57, is professor of social work, the Raymond A. KentSchool of Social Work, the University of Louisville, Louisville, KY. He was guest editor of aspecial double issue of Health Education Quarterly devoted to children's health beliefs andhealth behaviors. Gochman is a member of theboard of directors of Planned Parenthood ofLouisville, and of the Louisville WellnessForum.Isabelle Havens, AM'56, is in semi-retirement, having moved from full-time to part-time in the microbiology laboratory at St.Joseph Mercy Hospital, Pontiac, MI. Havenslives in Birmingham, MI.Richard Swift, AM'56, composer and professor of music, the University of California,Davis, CA, has been named Faculty ResearchLecturer by the Academic Senate of thatinstitution.Arthur L. Waldman, AB'56, practices neurosurgery in Portland, CT, and is assistant clinical professor of neurosurgery, the Universityof Connecticut, Storrs, CT. His son Brian is asecond-year student in the College.Matthew A. Zuckerbraun, AB'56, AB'57,is analyst and portfolio manager with the Pilgrim Group, Fort Lee, NJ. He served as cantorfor the Jewish High Holy Days in Terre Haute,IN. Zuckerbraun lives in New York City.C f"7 Lucille Williams Boysaw, AM'57, seesJ / 1952, Harold E. Boysaw.James E. Casey, MBA'57, is retired and enjoying life with his wife on the banks of theShenandoah River in Boyce, VA.Edward A. Kolodziej, AM'57, PhD'61, isprofessor of political science at the Universityof Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and co-director, with Stephen Cohen, AB'57, AB'58,AM'59, of the university's Office of Arms Control, Disarmament, and International Security.Kolodziej's son Andrew is a second-year student in the College.Norman Lewak, SB'57, is a lobbyist forthe American Academy of Pediatrics and theNational SIDS Foundation.Harold J. McWhinnie, MFA'57, made fivepresentations at the National Art EducationAssociation Meeting in Detroit, MI.Seymour Siegel, AB'57, was appointed executive director of the United States HolocaustMemorial Council by President Reagan. Siegelis Ralph Simon Professor of Ethics and Theology, Jewish Theological Seminary, New YorkCity.CO Richard Hellie, AB'58, AM'60,^ O PhD'65, professor of history and chairperson of the Russian Civilization Program atthe University, received a grant from theNational Endowment for the Humanities totranslate and write a second volume of commentary on the Russian law code (Ulozhenie)of 1649. Hellie is married to Jean Laves Hellie,BFA'58.Peter E. Pflaum, AB'58, AB'59, see 1928,Irving B. Pflaum.Robert W. Gerwig, MBA'58, PhD'63, ispresident, Conoco Chemicals Operations, E.I.Dupont de Nemours & Co., Wilmington, DE.David M. Hatfield, MBA'58, is director,Frontier Nursing Service, Hyden, KY.Katherine M. Koenig Radosh, AB'58, see1953, Burnett H. Radosh.John Urner, PhD'58, is a chief planner in ateam of in-house advisers to one of the prominent ministries of the Egyptian Government.CQ Charlotte Adelman, AB'59, JD'62, is\Jy first vice-president of the Women'sBar Association of Illinois.Richard P. Coleman, PhD'59, is professorof marketing, Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, Manhattan, KS.Challes Moser Donaho, AM'59, is assistant professor of English, San Antonio College,San Antonio, TX.Donald C. Richards, AB'59, AM'62, is amember of the board of directors, The Mar-schalk Advertising Agency, New York, NY.Richards is senior vice-president and management service director.Harold Woodman, AM'59, PhD'64, professor of history, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, has been named a Fellow of the National Humanities Center for the 1983-84 academic year. The Center, located in ResearchTriangle Park, North Carolina, is an institutefor advanced study in history, philosophy, literature, and other humanities areas.£*C\ Joseph L. Katz, SB'60, PhD'63, wasUv named 'The Maryland Chemist of theYear" by the Chesapeake Chemist, a publication of the Maryland Section of the AmericanChemical Society./L"l Patrick T. Gannon, Sr., SM'61, is as-v_L sistant professor of meteorology, Lyndon State College, Lyndonville, VT.Verne Siegel Ganz, AB'61, is editor of theYoung Readers Division, Feldheim Publishers,Jerusalem, Israel. She is the author of five juvenile books. Ganz and her husband and fivechildren live in Jerusalem.Fred D. Garrabrant, AM'61, is in secondary teaching, working in France and NorthAfrica as an academic advisor for Experimentin International Living, Putney, VT. He is alsothe owner of a men's clothing specialty shop.Kent A. Kirwan, AM'61, PhD'70, is professor and chairman of the political sciencedepartment at the University of Nebraska, Omaha. Deborah Kerman Kirwan, AB'64, is asystems programmer in the Computer Centerat Creighton University, Omaha, NE.Bruce Vermazen, AB'61, AM'62, plays thecoronet in The Chrysanthemum Ragtime Band,which cut its first record album in January forStomp Off Records of York, PA. Vermazenwrites that he still has a "day gig" as associateprofessor of philosophy, the University of California, Berkeley, CA./L*} David Earle, JD'62, MCL'64, and\J^Ll Alexandra Cromelin Earle, AB'66,AM'79, celebrated their twentieth wedding anniversary in December. The Earles, who met atthe University, live in Chicago.Myrna Helmer, AB'62, see 1973, Paul M.Gottlieb.Brian E. Henderson, MD'62, is interimdirector of the University of Southern California's Comprehensive Cancer Center, LosAngeles, CA.Cho-yun Hsu, PhD'62, is University Professor of History, University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh, PA. Hsu was elected to a life-membership in the Academia Sinica, which is theChinese equivalent of a fellowship in the National Academy of Science in the U.S.A.Herbert Jernow, MD'62, is practicinginternal medicine and nephrology in WhitePlains, NY. He has two children.Mark F. Kaufman, SB'62, is a practicingurologist with an office at the Eisenhower Medical Center, Rancho Mirage, CA. Kaufman ismarried and has three children.Barbara Switalski Lesko, AB'62, AM'65, isa technical assistant in egyptology, Brown University, Providence, RI. Leonard H. Lesko,PhD'69, has been appointed to the WilbourChair in Egyptology at Brown University. He ischairman of the Department of Egyptology atBrown, the only such department in NorthAmerica.Adrienne Lipson Kleiboemer, SB'62,works for Mitre Corp. designing computersystems for government agencies. AxelKleiboemer, JD'62, has a private law practicein Washington, DC. They are the parents oftwo sons, ages eight and nine.Samuel A. Livingston, AB'62, is a measurement statistician, Educational Testing Service, Princeton, NJ. Livingston lives in Hopewell, NJ.Michael Oppenheimer, AB'62, is rabbi ofSuburban Temple, Cleveland, OH, and on thefaculty of Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea,OH. Oppenheimer is national chairman of thecentennial celebration for the Central Conference of American Rabbis.Jonathan Wagner, BD'62, is a member ofthe board of trustees of the International Transactional Analysis Association as chairperson ofmembership development. He was elected tothe executive committee of The MetropolitanSt. Louis Council on Child Abuse and Neglect.Wagner is a practicing psychotherapist withadults and adolescents.ZlO Gerry J. Elman, SB'63, has opened\jj a law office in Philadelphia, PA, focusing on business law related to technology. Elman is co-founder and editor-in-chiefof Biotechnology Law Report, a monthlynewsletter.FAMILY ALBUM— '83Lawrence Clark, Elizabeth Johnson.Frances Clark, William Johnson. Justin L.Johnson, AB'83, Florence Justin Johnson.Justin M. Johnson, AB'54, JD'62. and Mrs. Johnson's stepmother, Mary Saxton Lester,AM'56. (Not shown, William A Lester, Jr..SB'58, SM'59. and Augustus Saxton, SB'60.SM'61.)William F. Foley, MBA'63, is vice-president and director of corporate services ofthe Resource Center, Young and Rubicam,Inc., New York, NY.Kenneth R. Jackson, AM'63, PhD'66, isprofessor of history, and a member of the faculty of the Graduate School of Architectureand Planning, Columbia University, NewYork, NY. His exhibit, "Ruins and Revivals:The Architecture of America's Deteriorated Inner Cities," opens in September at The UrbanCenter, New York City.Joseph K. Kovach, PhD'63, is director ofresearch training in the Research Department,The Menninger Foundation.Alexandra Navrotsky, SB'63, SM'64,PhD'67, was the recipient of the MineralogicalSociety of America Award for 1981.Alice Arnott Oppen, MAT'63, teachesAmerican, Autralian and English literature inSydney, Australia.Sue Ketola Reamer, SB'63, is renovatinga Victorian house built in 1892, in ChestnutHill, MA./! A William E. Brennen, MBA'64, is re->_/\X gional vice-president/managing principal of the Midwest office of Fry Consultants,Inc., an Atlanta-based management consultingfirm. Brennen, president of W.E. Brennen &Co., management consultants, is president ofthe Chicago Chapter of the American Marketing Association.Rolland K. Hauser, SM'64, PhD'67, is professor of physical science, California StateUniversity, Chico, CA. In addition he is thetechnical director of NOWCASTING, Inc., a farmer-run, not-for-profit corporation devotedto providing the most modern and detailedweather services to California farmers.Laura Gelles Joseph, AB'64, is a financeofficer for the California Housing FinanceAgency. She lives in Oakland, CA.Deborah Kirwan, AB'64, see 1961, KentA. Kirwan.Jennifer A. Piatt, AM'64, is on the facultyof the University of Sussex, England. She livesin Brighton, England, with her husband anddaughter.Beverly Dahlen Rimpila, AM'64, is on theboard of directors, the Westchester (IL) Chapter of the American Cancer Society.Dena Criz Weisbard, BFA'64, is media/copy director, Lilith Design Associates, Indianapolis, IN./I [T Charles A. Edwards, AB'65, is vice-\JkJ president, Charles R. Feldstein andCo., Inc., Chicago.Eric J. Gangloff, AB'65, PhD'73, associateprofessor of Japanese, the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, has taken a year's leaveof absence to take up a temporary post with theUnited States Information Agency, AcademicExchanges Division, Washington, DC.Robert W. Gray, JD'65, is the residentpartner in the London office of Winthrop,Stimson, Putnam & Roberts. Gray and hiswife, Barbara Brotherson, are the parents ofthree children.Anne Suhre Myers, AB'65, finished training in internal medicine at the Peter BentBrigham Hospital, and is starting a practice inConcord, MA.FAMILY ALBUM -'83John O'Connor. AB'52. Christophe DeGrazia AB"7S Ethel Richards O'Connor,SB'1° AM 37. David De Grazia. AB'83.(Phi Beta Kappa) Nancy O'Connor, assistant dean of students in The College, andEdward R. DeGrazia. AB 48 JD'51. (Not shown: Mabel O'Connor Francis, PhB'16,Alfred J. DeGrazia, Jr., AB'39, PhD'48,Ellen O Connor De Grazia, AB'45,Sebastian A. DeGrazia, AB'44, PhD'48Jessica DeGrazia, AB'69.) John S. Reist, AM'65, PhD'76, is associateprofessor of theology, Central Baptist Seminary, Kansas City, KS. He is vice-president ofthe Kansas City Theological Society.Zl/L Jose de Alvare, MBA'66, lives inOO Marid, Spain.Alexandra Cromelin Earle, AB'66, AM'79,see 1962, David Earle.Everett C. Goodwin, AB'66, is senior minister, the First Baptist Church of Washington,DC. The author of the book The MagistracyRediscovered: Connecticut, 1636-1818, Goodwinlives in Fairfax, VA, with his wife, Edith JaneGray Goodwin, X'67, and their two children.George T. Karnezis, AM'66, is assistantprofessor of English, Monroe Community College, Rochester, New York.John N. King, AM'66, PhD'73, will be aresearch fellow at the Huntington Library, SanMarino, CA, during 1984, studying the literature of the Renaissance and Reformation. Kingis associate professor of English, Bates College,Lewiston, ME.David R. Kinsley, AM'66, PhD'70, is associate professor of religious studies, McMasterUniversity, Ontario. A week before his forty-third birthday, Kinsley completed the grueling Hamilton Marathon. He lives in Dundas,Ontario.Marianne Zimbroff Nathan, AB'66,AM'71, AM'76, is director of adult psychotherapy services, the Fillmore Center for HumanServices, Berwyn, IL, and has a private psychotherapy practice in downtown Chicago.S.D. Verma, PhD'66, a fellow of theAmerican Physical Society, has been selected amember of the national organization committee for the 18th International Cosmic Ray Conference to be held in Bangalore, India. He isprofessor and head of the Space Sciences andApplication Centre and Physics Department,Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India.Denise Weinberg, AM'66, is on the facultyof the Gestalt Training Center, Houston, TX,and a partner in the Westoaks CounselingCenter. She is the mother of a five-year-olddaughter./L F7 Edith Jane Gray Goodwin, X'67, see\J / 1966, Everett C. Goodwin.Marc Lehrer, PhD'67, is co-founder ofMedical Hypnosis Seminars, San Francisco,CA.William G. Lycan, AM'67, PhD'70, is amember of the philosophy department, theUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Hewill spend '1983 at the University of Sydney,Sydney, Australia.Alfred R. Rodi, AB'67, SM'69, is assistant professor of atmospheric science, the University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY. His wife,Virginia Stettner Rodi, BFA'68, teaches for theextended studies program at the University ofWyoming. They live in Laramie with theirthree children.Carlos Segovia, PhD'67, is rector of theUniversidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.Zl Q Salvador J. Fajardo, PhD'68, is associ-\J0 ate professor of Spanish, Illinois Wes-leyan University, Bloomington, IL.Adele Eskeles Gottfried, AM'68, receivedan award as one of the Ten Outstanding YoungWomen of America for 1982, for her professional contribution to educational psychology.Gottfried received a Ph.D. in educational psychology from the City University of New Yorkin 1975. She is associate professor of educational psychology, California State University,Northridge, CA.Roland J. Green, AM'68, is a regular science fiction writer and reviewer for Booklist,the magazine of the American Library Association, and for the Chicago Sun Times.Daniel Hertzberg, AB'68, and BarbaraKantrowitz are the parents of MichaelAbraham Hertzberg, born in August, 1982.Hertzberg is a reporter for the Wall Street Journal. His mother, Joan Naumburg Hertzberg,AB'37, is a member of the visiting committeeto the College, and is active on the AlumniSchools Committee.Joe Limprecht, AB'68, received theDepartment of State Superior Honor Award forhis role in negotiating the 1982 U.S. -Moroccanmilitary access agreement. A career foreignservice officer, he is assigned to the Office ofEuropean Regional Security Affairs. His wife,Nancy Silverman Limprecht, X'70, is assistantprofessorial lecturer in English, George Washington University, Washington, DC.Virginia Stettner Rodi, BFA'68, see 1967,Alfred R. Rodi.Robert L. Schuettinger, AM'68, is a seniorpolicy analyst in the White House Office ofPolicy Development. He works on foreign affairs issues. He has been appointed an associatefellow of Davenport College, Yale University,New Haven, CT.Mary Eastman Sexton, AB'68, is a pianistfor the Portland (OR) Metro Dance Center andthe Portland Ballet School. Porter W. Sexton,SB'69, received a Ph.D. in systems science fromPortland State University, Portland, OR.ZLQ Nancy Abrams, AB'69, has taken a^Jy short break from her legal career to release her first album, "Hard Listening," a lyrical and satirical foray into environmental andother topical issues.Martin Farrell, AM'69, PhD'71, is associate professor of politics and government,Ripon College, Ripon, WI. Farrell was visitingassociate professor in the College at the University for the 1982-83 academic year.Bertha Holliday, AB'69, was the recipientof a 1982 National Research Council/FordFoundation Postdoctoral Fellowship Award.Holliday is assistant professor of psychologyand human development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN.Mary Beth Jorgensen, AB'69, is the federalliaison representative and equal opportunityspecialist for the Maryland State Departmentof Education. She and her husband, Bob Feild,are the adopted parents of Elizabeth Sun-JaJorgensen Feild, born in Taegu, Korea.Leonard H. Lesko, PhD'69, see 1962,Barbara Switalski Lesko.Edwin E.J. Mraz, MBA'69, has joined theLaGrange (IL) Bank & Trust Co. as a vice-president in the Investment Center of their trustdepartment. Mraz is adjunct professor of finance in the MBA program, Lewis University,Romeoville, IL, and professor of accounting inthe Center for Extended Programs, GeorgeWilliams College, Downers Grove, IL. FAMILY ALBUM— '83Theodore Zeichner, Steven Zeichner, H. DuBois, Eloise Barclay DuBois. (Mrs.AB'76. PhD'83, MD'83: Gwendolyn Barclay Zeichner's father, the late Wade CrawfordZeichner, AM '36, Dorothy Geller, Philip Barclay, DB'06, was also an alumnus.)Hannele Haapala, Bill Hyman, MiltonHyman, AM'47, Amie Hyman, AM'83, Anne Kopp Hyman, BSS'47, and BessieKopp.Porter W. Sexton, SB'69, see 1968, MaryEastman Sexton.J. Donald Smith, PhD'69, is assistant professor of chemistry and biochemistry, Southeastern Massachusetts University, North Dartmouth, MA.rjr\ John Edward Filer, AM'70, phD'77, is/ U the P.M.B. Self and William King SelfProfessor of Free Enterprise Economics, the University of Mississippi, University, MS.Steven M. Goldberg, AB'70, is campuscorrespondent for World Student Times andthe College Association for Research of Principles of Ohio. Goldberg is a proofreader forThe Washington Times.Margaret Harris, AB'70, was married inAugust, 1982, to Philip A. Straus, Jr. For thelast two years she has been a nurse atHahnemann Hospital, Philadelphia, PA. SheFAMILY ALBUM— '83Julia Cannon Kable, AB'71, Jeanne KetchumCannon, X'48, William B. Cannon, PhB'47.AM'49, vice-president for Business andFinance, professor in the School of SocialService Administration and the Committee on Public Policy Studies, Robert W.Cannon, AB'83. and Sonia Daryanani,AB'83. (Not shown. Donald M. Kable II,MBA'72.)Carl Butler, a third-year student in the College, Elisabeth K. Butzer, AM'77, Karl WButzer, the Henry Schultz Professor in theDepartments of Geography and Anthropol ogy and the Oriental Institute, HelgaButzer, AB'83. and Birgit Butzer, a second-year student in the College.now lives in Chicago.Margo Kasdan, AM'70, received tenure atSan Francisco State University, San Francisco,CA, in the Department of Film Studies.David J. Kirby, PhD'70, is chief of medicalstaff. Long Prairie Memorial Hospital, LongPrairie, MN.Nancy Silverman Limprecht, X'70, see1968, Joe Limprecht.Ann-Marie Meulendyke, AM'70, PhD'75, is in the open market operations area at theFederal Reserve Bank of New York.David Beach Nichols, AB'70, and MarthaShillens Nichols, AB'71, are the parents ofSarah Patricia Nichols, born in August, 1982.They have a son, Michael, born in December,1979.Stanley D. Nollen, MBA'70, PhD'74,spent the 1982-83 academic year on sabbaticalat the London School of Economics and the University of London Institute of Education.Mary R. O'Neil, AB'70, is assistant professor of history, the University of Washington, Seattle, WA. She married Gregory M.O'Leary in August, 1982.Susan Scurlock, AB'70, is agricultural attache to the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, China.Kamal Wadhwa, AB'70, left Iran and hispost with the International Bank of Iran andJapan, to move to Bombay, India, where heworks in his uncle's law firm.Karen Fishman Wellisch, AB'70, is executive director of the Chicago chapter of the National Organization for Women.r"7"l Christine H. Comstock, MD'71, and/ _L Robert P. Lorenz, MD'72, are the parents of Andrew Comstock Lorenz, bornSeptember, 1982.Roy G. Herman, MBA'71, is director ofAsia/Pacific operations for CPT Corp. of Minneapolis, MN.June H. Koizumi, AB'71, is assistant professor of pathology, the New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, New York City. She isassistant director of the Papanicolaou Cytology Laboratory and medical director of theCytotechnology School.Dale Larson, AB'71, is assistant professorof counseling psychology, the University ofSanta Clara, Santa Clara, CA, and director ofthe Health Psychology Program at USC.Anne Michael Lipke, AB'71, and PeterLipke, SB'71, live in Brooklyn, NY, with theirfour children. Peter has just received tenure inthe Biology Department at Hunter College, theCity University of New York, and Anne worksfor an alternative adoption agency.Martha Shillens Nichols, AB'71, see 1970,David Beach Nichols.William "Philin" Ploplis, AM'71, hasreturned to his career in dance as a principaldancer with the Tampa Ballet.Marilyn M. Richmond, AB'71, is directingdata processing at a shoe manufacturer inSecaucus, NJ, and working on a master's degree in computer science at Montclair StateCollege, Upper Montclair, NJ.Alene Valkanas, MAT'71, was co-directorof the New Music America '82 Festival, andis co-president of the New Music Alliance,Chicago.Michael Wagner, AB'71, is assistant professor of biology, the University of Houston,Houston, TX.Leonard A. Zax, AB'71, is a partner in theWashington and New York law firm of Fried,Frank, Harris, Shriver & Kapelman.ryO Diane Abbrycht Boes, AB'72, is a doc-/ ^-J tor of osteopathic medicine, practicingin Trenton, MI. She has two children.John A. Edwardson, MBA'72, is seniorvice-president, the Financial Services Group,Ferrell Companies, Inc., Liberty, MO.Ruth G. Emyanitoff, AB'72, is senior staffscientist at Genex Corp. She lives in Garthers-burg, MD.Josh Fogel, AB'72, having completed hisPh.D. in Chinese history at Columbia University, New York City is on the faculty of thehistory department. Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.Richard D. Hersher, MBA'72, is vice-THE USES OF GOTHICPLANNING AND BUILDING THE CAMPUSOF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 1892-1932IEAN F. BLOCKWith a Foreword by NEIL HARRISThrough four decades of social change andshifting architectural fashion, the Universityof Chicago adhered to the Gothic style andthe quadrangular plan. The story of theUniversity's architectural development isbrought to life in this handsome volume andits companion exhibit (which runs throughmid-October in the Department of SpecialCollections, Regenstein Library).Jean F. Block examines the meaning of theGothic style for the University of Chicago:why it was chosen as the official universitystyle; how it embodied the hopes of theUniversity's founders and symbolized theirvision of the institution's academic mission:and how it was accommodated to thestructure and style of a modern institution.'i /•V* '\J. i IV-University ofChicago. PRESS . Some of America's most noted architectsbrought their differing interpretations ofGothic to the campus. Block places thearchitecture in critical perspective,assessing its development in distincthistorical phases — from the early yearswhen Henry Ives Cobb was the universityarchitect, to the completion of the Gothicera when a wide variety of architectsdesigned buildings for the campus.With 225 photographs, maps, and drawings.The Uses of Gothic provides a fascinatingperspective on the origins and evolution ofthe University. Itself a visual treat, thisvolume will delight everyone who hasadmired the towers, found comfort in thecloisters, or enjoyed the caprice of agargoyle.Distributed for theUniversity of Chicago LibraryCloth $25.00 281 pages225 illustrations 10% Alumni Discountwith this order formPlease send me copy (ies) ofTHE USES OF GOTHIC (a $22.50 each.(Order #06002-0) / understand that if notfully satisfied I may return book for fullrefund or cancellation of charges. Publisherpays postage. (Orders to Illinois addresses,add 6%; Chicago, 71/2% sales tax)Payment or MasterCard VIS A informationmust accompany order.D Payment enclosed [ J MasterCardU VISAName Address City/State/Zip _Credit Card #_Expiration Signature Bank ID #_Total enclosed $ AD 0573The University of Chicago PressDept. BN580I South Ellis AvenueChicago. IL 60637 tFAMILY ALBUMJane Kahle, John Kahle, AB'83, and his grandmother, Jane Flynn Butler, AB25.Lois Later, Reed Later. SB'47. Paul Later. AB'83.president and director of plant operations,Lakeside Central Co., Chicago.Charles P. Kaplan, AM'72, PhD'76, isdirector for analytical studies, the U.S. Synthetic Fuels Corp., Washington, DC.Robert P. Lorenz, MD'72, see 1971,Christine H. Comstock.Jacqueline Lowe Whalen, AM'72, is English department chairperson, Lewis Mills HighSchool, Burlington, CT. Faye Zucker, AB'72, AM'75, is managingeditor of The Hayworth Press, Inc., New YorkCity.r7T Stephen Gloyd, MD'73, spent three/ O years working for the Ministry ofHealth of Mozambique as a district medical officer. He is in the M.P.H. program at the Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, MA.David B. Goldston, AB'73, is senior coun sel for antitrust, TRW Inc., Cleveland, OH.Paul M. Gottlieb, MBA'73, is assistantvice-president, Products Division of OnlineSoftware International, Fort Lee, NJ. He andhis wife, Myrna Helmer, AB'62, live in EastBrunswick, NJ.Thomas M. Harlan, MBA'73, is associateadministrator, the Presbyterian Hospital, SanFrancisco, CA. He is vice-president of the Anatomical Transplant Association of California,an organization created to increase organ andtissue availability for human transplantation.Harlan lives in Tiburon, CA.Kenneth Jegerski, MBA'73, is manager ofdata base systems, Nutech Engineers, Chicago.William Lynn McKinney, PhD'73, is associate professor of human services, the University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI. The lastthree years he was on sabbatical leave withoutpay from URI as executive director of Indianapolis Settlements, Inc., a not-for-profit socialservices agency in Indianapolis, IN.John C. Nowell, MBA'73, lives in McKinney, TX.^7A Nai-Ho Cheung, AB'74, is lecturer in/ TC physics, Hong Kong Baptist College.He and his wife, Po Lin Tang, live in HongKong.Pua Ford, AB'74, see 1976, JosephErrington.Theofanis G. Gounaris, MBA'74, is marketing manager, Scholl Hellas Ltd., Kalamaki,Greece. Gounaris lives in Athens, Greece.Michael W. Howard, AB'74, received aPh.D. in philosophy from Boston University in1981, and is assistant professor of philosophyat the University of Maine, Orono, ME.Walter "B.J." Jost, AM'74, AM'79, is assistant professor of rhetoric and communication,the University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA.Michael J. Karr, MBA'74, is vice-presidentof the Northern Trust Co., in charge of international cash management consulting for thebank's London branch.r7tT Ping Fong, Jr., MBA'75, is director,/ kJ drug delivery systems development,the Parenteral Products Division of TravenolLaboratories, Deerfield, IL.Lawrence Haydn Lucey, MBA'75, marriedNancy Gina Scaramella in Rockefeller Chapel in November, 1982. He is vice-presidentof Continental Illinois Bank and Trust Co.,Chicago.Michael M. McCall, MBA'75, is assistantto the vice-president of marketing and planning, Hydrocarbons Products Dept., UnionTexas Petroleum Corp., Houston, TX.Timothy McLarnan, AB'75, AM'75,PhD'80, and his wife Ann Leiper McLarnan,AB'81, live in San Diego, CA.Horace Nash, AB'75, after completeing aPh.D. in political science at Stanford University, Stanford, CA, is a first year student atHarvard Law School, Cambridge, MA.Carlos G. Rizowy, AM'75, PhD'81, received a J.D. from the Chicago-Kent College ofLaw. He is visiting assistant professor of political science, Roosevelt University, Chicago.Patricia Polin Wyhinny, AB'75, receivedan MD in 1980 from Rush University MedicalCollege, Chicago, and is doing a residency indermatology.Steven J. Zehren, PhD'75, is instructorof anatomy, the University of Alabama,Birmingham.r7/l John W. Estey, MBA'76, is president of/ O S&C Electric Canada Ltd., Rexdale,Ontario.Joseph Errington, AM'76, PhD'81, is assistant professor of anthropology, Yale University, New Haven, CT. He and his wife, PuaFord, AB'74, live in New Haven.Pamela Jean Frable, AB'76, received aPh.D. in nursing from the Frances PayneBolton School of Nursing, Case WesternReserve University, Cleveland, OH, in May,1982. At the time of her graduation, Frablepresented a paper, "Lesch Nyhan Syndrome,"at the Rozella Schlodfeldt lectureship. Sheresides in Hurst, TX.David R. Greenbaum, JD'76, is executivevice-president and general counsel, the MendikCompany, New York, NY.Jeffery Helgeson, AM'76, is director of theWriting Laboratory, Roosevelt University,Chicago.Efraim Inbar, AM'76, is a senior researcher at the Israeli Research Institute of Contemporary Society (IRICS) in Jerusalem. The managing editor of Crossroads, a sociopoliticalreferee journal published by IRICS, Inbarteaches political science at Tel-Aviv University.JoGrace Laird Johnson, AM'76, see 1928,Daniel D. Heninger.Susan I. Kirschner, AB'76, is director ofrecruiting, the School of Law, Western NewEngland College, Springfield, MA. She and herhusband, Bradford Robinson, AB'76, live inWindsor, CT.Bruce C. Levine, JD'76, works for the Federal Trade Commission, Washington, DC.Stephen Peduto, AB'76, is pursuing a degree in engineering at Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ.Robert Petre, AB'76, having received aPh.D. in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, is a National Academy of Sciences/National ResearchCouncil Research Associate at the Laboratoryfor High Energy Astrophysics, Goddard SpaceFlight Center, Greenbelt, MD. His wife,Bernice C. Ammon, AB'77, is in the final yearof law school at Northwestern University,Evanston, IL.Thomas Pflaum, JD'76, see 1928, Irving B.Pflaum.Elizabeth Tischoff, MFA'76, see 1928,Irving B. Pflaum.Richard E. Wendt, III, AB'76, MBA'77,is a postdoctoral fellow in the Department ofRadiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.ryry Bernice C. Ammon, AB'77, see 1976,/ / Robert Petre.Amanda Orr Harmeling, AM'77, is an officer in the shareholder services administration,the First National Bank of Boston. She is themother of Ashley Ann, born in June, 1982.C. David Hein, AM'77, is assistant professor of religion and philosophy, Hood College, Frederick, MD.Richard C. Hirst, MBA'77, assistantregional commissioner for the U.S. CustomsChicago Region, received an award from the Chicago Federal Executive Board naming himOutstanding Professional Employee of theYear.Eugenia S. Scharf, PhD'77, is a systemsinstructor with SDC-Burroughs. She lives inMcLean, VA.r7Q Douglas A. Burk, AB'78, is on assign-J O ment at the U.S. Embassy in BuenosAires as vice-consul on a two-year tour. He married Barbara Broe in April.Martin Donnelly, AB'78, is an account executive with Dean Witter Reynolds, Home-wood, IL.George Eckard, MBA'78, is vice-presidentin the Santa Monica office of Wells Fargo Realty Finance, a subsidiary of Wells Fargo Mart-gage Co.Paula J. Ehrlich, AB'78, MBA'80, marriedDavid Rudofsky in July. They are both finan-FAMILY ALBUM— '83MMuriel Herson Smock, AM'52, Pamela Smock, AB'83, Richard Smock, AB'50.Shirley DoBos Patterson, SB'43, Brian Patterson, AB'70, and Glenn Patterson.Patterson. AB'83. and Bradley H. Patterson. AB'72.)Jr., AB'42, AM'43. (Not shown: Brucecial analysts for the General Foods Corp.,White Plains, NY.Richard Loarie, MBA'78, has startedLoarie Partnership Architecture and Planningin Laguna Beach, CA.Kathryn Craig Wiss, AM'78, is inpatientprogram supervisor for Proviso Family Services, Riveredge Hospital, Riverside, IL.r7Q G. Alain Bonta, MBA'79, is brand/ y manager, Procter & Gamble Benelux,Brussels, Belgium. He also treasurer of theBelgian University of Chicago AlumniAssociation.Jeffrey J. Keenan, AB'79, MBA'83, JD'83,has joined Lehman Brothers Kuhn Loeb, NewYork City, as an associate investment banker.Claudia Magat Keenan, AB'80, is assistantdirector for public affairs and communicationsat the Cultural Assistance Center, Inc., NewYork City.Anil Khurana, SM'79, PhD'81, is a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Heidelberg,Heidelberg, West Germany.Lawrence W. Woodward, AM'79, is a librarian with the government printing office.He lives in Alexandria, VA.OA Edward F. Dunlap, MBA'80, marriedOv/ Patricia Johns, MBA'80, in August,1982. Dunlap is manager of planning and analysis, PVC Division, B.F. Goodrich, Akron,OH. Johns is a financial analyst for B.F.Goodrich.Gabriela Gamboa, AB'80, lives in ElHatillo, Caracas, Venezuela.Carolyn LaGrange Hart, AB'80, marriedDennis Hart in December, 1981. She graduatedfrom the Stanford Graduate School of Businessin June. They will live in London, England.Claudia Magat Keenan, AB'80, see 1979,Jeffrey J. Keenan.Michael D. Linden, AM'80, ordained aJesuit priest in 1980, has been working in ghettoareas of Kingston, Jamaica. He is the pastor ofSt. Patrick's church, and is involved in community development, human rights advocacy andrelief work.Fotios K. Litsas, PhD'80, is assistant professor of classics, the University of Illinois atChicago.S. David Novak, SB'80, is a systems programmer for the Graduate School of Businessat the University. Novak lives in Hyde Park.Lorenz C. Reinhart, MBA'80, is assistantmanager at the Swiss Bank Corp., New YorkCity.Charles Stone, AB'80, is studying Mandarin Chinese at National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan.Thomas Wellems, PhD'80, MD'81, is amedical resident at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA.Q'l Gregory J. Flemming, JD'81, is withOJL the law firm of Gravath, Swaine &Moore, New York City.Michael Goodwin, AB'81, see 1934, BelleGoldstrich.George Klawitter, PhD'81 has been nameda contributing editor to the new variorum edition of John Donne's poetry.Ann Leiper McLarnan, AB'81, see 1975,Timothy McLarnan. O *} Michael Gerhardt, JD'82, is a clerk for\J Z-i Judge Gilbert Merritt of the UnitedStates Court of Appeals for the sixth circuit.Jane Hoogestraat, AM'82, is assistant professor of humanities, Mary College, Bismarck,ND.Richard Kaye, AB'82, is assistant literaryeditor of The Nation magazine in New York City.Alejandro D. Moglia, JD'82, is a memberof the law firm Winston & Strawn, Chicago,and the Illinois Bar Association,Allison Scott, AM'82, AM'82, is a research librarian at Columbia University, NewYork City in the rare books and manuscriptsdepartment. MDEATHSFACULTYWilliam G. Beadenkopf, assistant professor in the Department of Medicine from 1941 to1943 and from 1945 to 1950. January, 1983.Cly Howard Hatcher, named the School ofMedicine's first resident in orthopedic surgeryin 1930, assistant professor in 1937, associateprofessor in 1944 and professor in the Department of Surgery in 1950. He left the Universityin 1960 to head the orthopedic division of theDepartment of Surgery, Stanford MedicalSchool, Stanford, CA. December, 1982.Meyer W. Isenberg, AB'35, PhD'40, professor emeritus of humanities in the College.Isenberg was named instructor in 1946, assistant professor in 1948, associate professor in1955, professor in 1969 and professor emeritusin 1976. He served as an adviser in the Collegefor many years and received the QuantrellAward for excellence in undergraduate teaching in 1961. April.John C. Jamieson, SB'47, SM'51, PhD'52,professor in the Department of GeophysicalSciences and the College. Jamieson was namedinstructor in 1953, assistant professor in 1956,associate professor in 1961, and professor in1965. He was a 1968 recipient of the QuantrellAward for excellence in undergraduateteaching.THE CLASSES1900-1909Frederick V. Degenhardt, X'08, April 1982.Elizabeth Thielens Miller, PhB'09, EB'09,March.1910-1919Elsie Clark Krug, AM'12, November.Davis G. McCarn, PhB'12, April.Ruth Renwick Watt, PhB'12, December.Kathryn Nath Greenblatt, PhB'13, December.Marie Juel Ross, PhB'13, November 1981.Katherine Harriet Porter, AM'14, April.Lois Whitney, SB'14, AM'15, PhD'21.Lulu L. Bateson, PhB'15, March.Edmund Jacobson, MD'15, January.Elizabeth Spafard Llewellyn, X'15, October1982.David A. Levine, SB'16, MD'19, 1981.Herman R. Miller, X'16, February.Alice Foster Scott, PhB'16, February 1982.H. Kent Tenney, Jr., X'16, August 1982.Justus Chancellor, Jr., PhB'17, JD'19. Sister Marie Anastasia Kurtenbach, PhB'17,October.Hiram K. Ellingwood, X'18.Stanley H. Roth, PhB'18, April.Ruth E. Young, PhB'18, AM'23, January.Marjorie Barrows, X'19, March.Albert F. Hardman, SM'19, May.Louisa Weckesser Rhine, SB'19, SM'21,PhD'23, March.Frank C. Val Dez, SB'19, MD'21, October 1982.1920-1929Deborah Henderson Halford, SB'20,November.Helen Walker Hayes, PhB'20.Richard A. Rubovits, PhB'20, January.Gerald H. Westby, PhB'20, May.Pearl M. Heffron, PhB'21, January.George R. Taylor, PhB'21, PhD'29, April.Gladys Topping Aubrey, AM'22, November.Alfred D. Biggs, MD'22, 1982.Mattie M. Dykes, AM'22, March.Riley F. Thomas, Jr., SB'22, MD'32, April.R. Eugene King, PhB'22, 1981.Harrison F. Ward, SB'22, MD'24, December.Harold P. Winter, PhB'22, 1981.Alden K. Boor, SM'23, 1981.Abraham A. Brauer, SB'23, MD'25, September1982.Norman A. Crawford, PhB'23, JD'27,November.Horace Dawson, JD'23, February.Arthur Dinwiddie, PhB'23, October 1982.Donald W. Falconer, X'23.Moreno Y Levy, SB'23, MD'26, 1980.Grace Lockton, X'23, September 1982.Edward D. McDougal, Jr., JD'23, October1982.Dan H. McNeal, JD'23, November.Minnie M. Miller, AM'23, PhD'28, March.Cecil L. Morrow, SB'23, MD'27, January 1982.Marion Llewellyn Pool, SB'23, PhD'27,November.Huber J. Snyder, PhB'23, December.William L. Waner, SB'23, MD'26, November.Elizabeth Lengnick Danielson, PhB'24, 1982.Ruth Bryant Dunn, AM'24, January.Alfreda Barnett Duster, PhB'24, April.Ralph L. Gezelman, X'24, February.Florence M. Guenther, PhB'24, August 1982.Mary Harms, PhB'24, AM'27, January.Cornelius F. Henze, X'24, June 1982.Lucille Vick Howell, PhB'24, April.Lila Thompson Kidd, PhB'24.Jane Vaughan Lennon, PhB'24, May.Harold H. Young, LLB'24.Maurice L. Cohn, SB'25, SM'27, PhD'29,February 1982.Brucya L. Dedinsky, PhB'25, AM'26, PhD'43,December.Theodore E. Fruehling, PhB'25, AM'34,September 1982.Irwin H. Goldman, PhB'25, JD'27.James Albert Hans, PhB'25.Earl W. Johnson, PhB'25, October 1982.C. Muller Koeper, PhB'25, JD'27, January.Belle T Pardue, PhB'25, April.Dorothy Loewenthal Puklin, PhB'25, March.Mildred E. Stark, PhB'25, April.Susanne Thompson, AM'25, June 1982.Willard L. Wood, SB'25, MD'30, July 1982.Aleck Fried, X'26, December.Alfred Galpin, AM'26, January.Mary McClure Kaserman, PhB'26.Graham A. Kernwein, SB'26, MD'31, January.Eugene H. Kleinpell, AM'26, March.Virgil F. Payne, X'26, August 1982.William B. Steen, SB'26, MD'31, PhD'31,March.Frank G. Williston, AM'26, PhD'35, October1982.Dwight M. Cochran, PhB'27, February.Bernard Epstein, PhB'27, JD'29, February.Louise Shuttles Fred, PhB'27, April.Joseph R. Harmon, JD'27.Henry E. Illick, MD'27.John D. McCarthy, SB'27, MD'32, April 1982.Julian A. Parvin, SM'27, December.Sidney J. Rosenberg, JD'27, March 1982.Robert Ross, AM'27, January.John R. Russell, PhB'27, December.Richard WF. Seebode, PhB'27, March.Charles M. Shumway, MD'27, June 1982.Helen Herlihy Tartakoff, PhB'27, 1981.Melvin F. Abrahamson, PhB'28, JD'29, March.Clara Rutkowski Adesko, PhB'28, March.Audrey Bond Alciatore, AM'28, April.Carl C. Compton, X'28, December.Irma Robinett Dahlquist, PhB'28, January.Mildred Robinson Hardin, AM'28, September1982.Dora Funston Hill, PhB'28, April.Betty Schoenberg Hirsch, PhB'28, February1982.Ruth Egdorf Kendall, PhB'28, February.Norman M. Reid, PhB'28, AM'32, May.William Schull, PhB'28, JD'29.James H. Wilson, AM'28, March.Gordon W. Abbott, MD'29, September 1982.Harry G. Abraham, AM'29, July 1982.Lewis C. Benesh, MD'29, September 1982.Louise Wilson Finston, PhB'29, March.Herbert S. Futran, PhB'29, March 1982.Ralph E. Jones, MD'29, April.Howard Y McClusky, PhD'29, August 1982.Carl A. Nissen, AM'29, February.Dorothy B. Smith, AM'29, February.Demetrias Stylianou, AM'29, April.1930-1939Aleta M. Brownlee, AM'30, March.Anne Stack Cleveland, SB'30, SM'48, PhD'54,November.Louis H. Engel, Jr., PhB'30, November.Marjorie Bacon Ford, PhB'30, AM'33,February.James M. Harmeling, PhB'30, April.Kathleen J. Jacobs, PhB'30, December.William S. Kirkland, X'30, 1981.Aerol Arnold, PhB'31, AM'33, PhD'37,January. Marjorie Solomon Berkenfield, X'31, October1982.Waldo H. Dubberstein, AM'31, PhD'34, April.H. Palmer Gordon, PhB'31, 1981.H. Gary Hudson, PhD'31, November.Alvin Kabaker, PhB'31, JD'32, March.Marian Dunning Parsons, AM'31, January.Thomas M. Beck, PhD'32, March.Mary E. Moulton, AM'32, April.Everett M. Ramsay, PhB'32, November.Joseph J. Wasko, X'32, October 1982.Irma Bassford Forsberg, PhB'33, April.Harold R. Heininger, PhD'33, February.Francis W. ImMasche, AM'33, January.Edvena Wells Owen, X'33, 1981.Ralph M. Perry, PhB'33, AM'37, March.Virginia Jackola Reuterskiold, MD'33.Ella Saline Rothschild, X'33, July 1982.Charles R. Shanner, SB'33, AM'35, 1981.Norman A. Weinstein, PhB'33, January.Esther Beata Wuerffel, PhB'33.Arthur F. Goeing, PhB'34, MBA'48, March.James E. Malone III, SB'34, 1981.Florence Alden Partridge, AM'34, April.Bethany Mather Schuster, PhB'34, January.Malcolm F. Smiley, SB'34, SM'35, PhD'37, July1982.John B. Weir, PhD'34, November.Bartel Zandstra, X'34.Fanny Levatin Abrams, AB'35, January.Lambert F. Craemer, SB'35, May 1982.Edgar H. Gault, PhD'35, November.Robert A. Nason, MD'35, 1980.Hildegarde Wagner, X'35, November.Conrad W Giesen, MD'36, April 1982.Roland L. Kesler, MD'36, June 1982.Joseph H. Mills, X'36, 1981.Joan Guiou Page, AB'36, March.James H. Breasted, Jr., AM'37, May.Sara Frame Cannon, AB'37, December.Ruth Jaburek Ebenstein, SB'37, November.Irwin M. Flacks, SB'37, January.Wallace E. Nissen, MD'37, March.Jerome D. Spitzer, AB'37, May 1982.Charles F. Stroebel, Jr., MD'37, December.Hazel I. Heath, PhB'38.Harold J. Madsen, MD'38, 1980.Burnett Maschal, AB'38.Shirley Barish Miller, AB'38, April.Rochelle Belgrade Rosenberg, X'38, June 1982.Joseph Walzer, MD'38, March.Lester E. Wold, MD'38, February.Oscar Arnold Billeter, MD'39, 1980.Beatrice Behr Eaton, SB'39, SM'40, November.Ruth Lawyer Sokolnikoff Jessup, AM'39,February.Grace Burns Johnson, X'39, March.Jerome L. Lerner, SB'39, SM'48.Thomas A. Miller, AM'39, April 1982.Margaret Stowell Shanks, SM'39, 1981.Edward H. Spicer, PhD'39, April.1940-1949Henry Bast, X'40, March.William A. Dorsey, MD'40, 1981.Hugo C. Fenske, X'40, 1980.Ruth Newell Griffith, X'40, March.Benjamin M. Hair, MD'40, December.Adaline N. Mather, SB'40, October 1982.Jean M. McLain, AB'41, March.Eugene C. Pelton, MD'41, March.A. Robert Caponigri, PhD'42, March.Graham M. Chen, MD'42, 1981. Neil Johnston, AB'42, April.Bernice Shreve, X'42.Marguerite Nettleton Swift, SM'42, March.Marion K. Craine, X'43, March.Ray W. Fry, X'43, 1981.Patricia McKnight Johnston, X'43.Bernard E. Malk, AB'43.Edward H. Storer, SB'43, MD'45, February.Heinz W. Fredericks, JD'44, July 1982.Jory Graham, X'44, May.Martha E. Shackleford, AM'44, September1982.Aneita L. Tidball, X'44, October 1982.James Zeck, X'44, 1980.Joan Hayes Bowman, PhB'45, SB'47, 1980.Gloria Ortner Chapman, MBA'45, April.Janie Berry Gillispie, SB'45, AM'58, January1982.Carol Blumenthal Botkin, PhB'46, 1981.Francis H. Mitchell, AM'46, PhD'51.David A. Rich, PhB'46, SB'48, April.Lester R. Sagar, MBA'47, March 1982.Royal J. Schmidt, Jr., AM'47, PhD'57, April.William W Wilkow, AB'47, JD'48, March.Raymond J. Foley, AB'48, January.Virginia Boyd Goult, BLS'48, February.Charles E. Pitte, Jr., JD'48, May.Carl J. Vanderlin, Jr., PhB'48, SB'50, March.John G. Womack, X'48, 1981.John A. Bellas, MBA'49, March.Allen V Butterworth, SM'49, April.Robert D. DaVee, AB'49, 1980.Erving Goffman, AM'49, PhD'53, November.Carl A. Kasten, MBA'49, April.Herschel F. Webb, AB'49, January.1950-1959James P. Gallagher, PhB'50, April.Frank J. Mahoney, Jr., AM'50.A.R. Van Dyken, PhD'50, March.Albert N. Votaw, AM'50, April.Wendell E. Godwin, JD'51, March.Reo J. Marcotte, MBA'51, April.Michael M. Miller, AB'51, November.Charles B. Williamson, PhD'51, July 1982.Robert D. Best, AM'52, April.Wilhelmina E. Blanks, X'52, February 1982.Robert S. Boardman, DB'52, May 1982.Tracy S. Kinsel, AB'52, SM'55, March.Thomas S. Farr, PhD'53, January.Harvey M. Fine, MBA'53, December.Elizabeth J. Lane, AM'54, May.Ethel I. Starner, AM'54, January.Peter F. Buri, PhD'55, January.Edward F. Kumpe, MBA'57, March.George S. Wallace, MBA'58, March.Marion E. Becker, AM'59, April.1960-1969Edmund O. Rausch, AM'63, November.Laura Godofsky Horowitz, AB'64, June.Samuel J. Hartenberg, PhD'65, April.Grace M. Osgood, AM'65.Donald L. Weinberg, AB'66, March.Wilmajean Williams, AM'66, January.1970-1979Allan Sharlin, AB'70, March.Barbara Thompson Crawford, AM'72,February.Michael W. Hennessey, AM'72, August 1982.Robert E. Boehm, MBA'75. 9BOOKS by AlumniCharles W. Marshall, SB'31, SM'33,PhD'49, Vitamins and Minerals: Help orHarm'' (George F. Stickley Co., 210 West Washington Square, Philadelphia 19106). A guide tothe sensible use of vitamin and mineral dietsupplements, which Marshall feels have beenunscrupulously promoted as the cure fora wide range of diseases and symptoms. Theauthor, for nineteen years an investigative biochemist for G. D. Searle and Co., corresponded with the nation's top nutritional experts incompiling his book.Morgan Gibson, X'45, and HiroshiMurakami, Tantric Poetry of Kukai (KoboDaishi: Japan's Buddhist Saint) (MahachulaBuddhist University, Bangkok). Translationsand commentary on some of the poetic worksof Kobo Daishi, in whose honor the pilgrimagechronicled in the summer issue of the Magazineis still carried out. Gibson is visiting associateprofessor of comparative literature and in theCenter for Advanced Study, University of Illinois, Champaign.Monni Adams, AB'46, Designs for Living:Symbolic Communications in African Art(Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts/HarvardUniversity Press). A catalogue for a highly acclaimed exhibition of African artwork selectedby Adams for Harvard's Carpenter Centerfrom private collections in Boston. She is adjunct associate professor in the Department ofArt, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA.Joseph R. Royce, PhD'51, and ArnoldPowell, Theory of personality and individualdifferences: Factors, systems, and processes(Prentice-Hall). A textbook presentation of ageneral theory of individual differences. Royceis director of the Center for Advanced Study inTheoretical Psychology at the University ofAlberta, Edmonton, Canada.David R. Zimmerman, X'52, The EssentialGuide to Nonprescription Drugs (Harper &Row). A 900-page reference book of over-the-counter drugs for consumers and health professionals based on the massive evaluation ofthese drugs being carried out by the Food andDrug Administration. Kirkus Reviews calls itan "immensely valuable volume for the homehealth library" that could become "the standard reference on nonprescription remedies."Zimmerman is a New York medical and scientific writer whose work has appeared in numerous national publications.Thomas H. Jenkins, AM'55, and Zane L.Miller, PhD'66, editors, The Planning Partnership (Sage Publications). An examination ofthe process of urban planning based on the authors' experience in an ambitious urban renewal project in Cincinnati.Sanford N. Katz, JD'58, and Walter O.Weyrauch, American Family Law in Transition(Bureau of National Affairs). A new theory offamily law based on examination of 115 cases.The book's premise is that problems of businessare inextricably linked to problems of marriageand the family, and that from a legal standpoint, marriage has become an economic part nership. Katz is professor of law at Boston College, chairman of the Family Law Section of theAmerican Bar Association, and editor-in-chiefof Family Law Quarterly.Herbert V. Prochnow, Jr., AM'58, andHerbert V. Prochnow, A Treasure Chest ofQuotations for All Occasions (Harper & Row)."When money speaks, the truth is silent," goesan old Russian proverb included in this indexedcollection of witticisms and bon mots, thelatest of many such compilations from theProchnows.Robert J. Rubanowice, AM'61, Crisis inConsciousness: The Thought of Ernst Troeltsch(University Presses of Florida). An intellectualhistory, the first of major scope in English, ofthe German theologian and philosopher of history Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923), an importantadvocate of historicism and a founder of the sociology of religion. Rubanowice is professor ofhistory, Florida State University, Tallahassee.Hilail Gildin, PhD'62, Rousseau's SocialContract: The Design of the Argument (University of Chicago Press). An examination ofthe step-by-step development of the mostfamous argument for democratic self-government. Gildin demonstrates Rousseau's conscious attention to the essay's structure andargues that he was as aware as his predecessorswere of the differing degree of people's merits.The author is professor of philosophy and director of the Honors Program in the WesternTradition at Queens College of the City Collegeof New York.Joan Mickelson Lukach, AM'66, HillaRebay: In Search of the Spirit in Art (Braziller).A biography of the woman whose efforts onbehalf of "non-objective" painting introducedAmerica to such artists as Kandinsky, Mondrianand Chagall. Rebay (1890-1967) was the primary founder and first director of the SolomonR. Guggenheim Museum in New York. Lukach,who was a student of Joshua C. Taylor at theUniversity, is director of the Vassar College ArtGallery in Poughkeepsie, NY.Zane L. Miller, PhD'66, see 1955, ThomasH. Jenkins.Michelle Burge McAlpin, AB'67, Subject toFamine: Food Crises and Economic Change inWestern India, 1960-1920 (Princeton UniversityPress). In what one reviewer has called "a notable contribution to the economic history ofIndia," the author challenges the dominant viewthat imperialist trade and British colonial policyleft India susceptible to famine, arguing insteadthat British policy actually mitigated the foodcrises. McAlpin is associate professor of economics at Tufts University, Medford* MA.Salvador J. Fajardo, PhD'68, and John C.Wilcox, editors, At Home and Beyond: NewEssays on Spanish Poets of the Twenties (Society of Spanish and Spanish-American Studies,University of Nebraska-Lincoln). A collectionof nine essays, including one by University ofChicago professor Ricardo Gullon, selectedfrom papers presented at a 1980 colloquium onSpanish literature at Illinois Wesleyan Univer sity, Bloomington, IL. Fajardo is associate professor of Spanish at Illinois Wesleyan.Matthew H. Nitecki, PhD'68, editor, Co-evolution (University of Chicago Press). Nineessays delivered at the 1982 Field MuseumSpring Systematics Symposium that addressthe theory that some species, such as parasitesand their hosts, evolve together. Nitecki iscurator of fossil invertebrates in the Department of Geology at the Field Museum of Natural History and a member of the Committee onEvolutionary Biology, University of Chicago.Frederick R. Schram, PhD'68, and JudithC. Dyer, A Manual of Invertebrate Paleontology (Stipes Publishing Co., Champaign, IL). Alaboratory manual and guide to the identification and characteristic features of the majorgroups of fossil invertebrates. Schram is curator of paleontology and chairman of the Department of Geology, San Diego Natural History Museum.Thomas Hedin, AM'69, PhD'77, TheSculpture of Gaspard and Balthazard Marsy:Art and Patronage in the Early Reign of LouisXIV (University of Missouri Press). A monograph that investigates the unusual artisticpartnership between the Marsy brothers andexamines the structure of royal patronage inlate seventeenth-century France. Hedin is associate professor of art history at the Universityof Minnesota, Duluth.Morris J. Vogel, PhD'74, Fredric M. Millerand Allen F. Davis, Sfi/1 Philadelphia: A Photographic History, 1890-1940 (Temple UniversityPress). A history of Philadelphia's fifty-yearperiod of enormous growth featuring photographs by mostly anonymous photographers.The book stresses the lives of the common people of the city, and the publisher claims that itis probably the first illustrated book on Philadelphia without a picture of IndependenceHall. Vogel is associate professor of history atTemple University in Philadelphia.Michael Burawoy, PhD'76, and ThedaSkocpol, editors, Marxist Inquiries: Studies ofLabor, Class, and States (University of Chicago Press). A collection of nine essays thatexemplify the resurgence and diversity ofMarxist ideas in contemporary social research.Burawoy is associate professor of sociology,University of California at Berkeley. Skocpol isassociate professor of sociology and politicalscience. University of Chicago.Steven L. Burg, PhD'80, Cohesion andConflict in Socialist Yugoslavia: Political Decision Making Since 1966 (Princeton UniversityPress). An examination of Yugoslav politicssince 1966 in terms of the communist leadership's efforts to preserve political cohesion inthe face of powerfully divisive domestic conflicts. "As a study of decision making, it is remarkable," writes Paul Shoup of the Universityof Virginia. "No other work has shown such adetailed knowledge of the inner workings ofthe political system in a Communist country."Burg is assistant professor of politics atBrandeis University, Waltham, MA. S%$m THEULTIMATEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOPOSTERIS NOW AVAILABLEDaniels,McClenny andCannoneEnterprises hascommissionedChicago artistRobert Markovltzto design a poster toappropriatelycapture thedimension and theimportance of theUniversity ofChicago to the restof the world. The full color poster,19x24 inches, printedon heavy enamelstock, suitable forframing, is availableby mail for onlyS 10.00 plus S2.50for handling andpostage. Satisfactionis guaranteed. Allow4 weeks for delivery.Please fill outcoupon below andsend to us whilequantities last.DANIELS, McCLENNY and CANNONE ENTERPRISESP.O. BOX 208775, 7920 S. ASHLAND AVE., CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60620PLEASE send posters at $10.00 each plus $2.50 each for handling and postage to:NAMEADDRESS SUITEORAPT.NO.CITY STATE ZIPI ENCLOSE: ? CHECKDO NOT SEND CASH ? MONEY ORDER IN THE AMOUNT OF? Please send information about T-shirts© 1983 DM&C Ent.Our cl i male depends oourwhether tnm3 -f> m»^zr•¦*CDXI1>X< xo>o0>Ulor not you give. Learningrequires a climate in whichideas are freely exchanged and challenged. For nearly 100 years Chicago hasattracted the brightest students and scholars who have created an atmosphere inwhich learning thrives.Your contribution to the Central Alumni Fund will helppreserve a stimulating academic climate for future generations. Please mail yourgift today.The Alumni Fund5^33 University Avenue. Chicago, Illinois 6063"