*>*À miTHEjlNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEMAY/JUNE 1973University of Chicago Magazine5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637I enclose payment for the books checked inthe accompanying list, plus 500 forhandling and postage. (111. résidents add5% for tax.) Please send books to:AddressCity Zip LJ ALTMANN Soc. Communie, amongPrimates? BOWERS Whitman's Manuscripts? CHIERA They Wrote on ClayEU CLOR Obscenity and Public MoralityEU CREEL Origins of Statecraft in China? CROCE History of the Kingdom of Naples? ELIADE The QuestI I FERMI Collected Papers (2 volumes)? JANOWITZ The Military in NewNations ? KELLOGG Porpoises and SonarEU KENN AN Siberia and the Exile System? KITAGAWA Mj/ffo <*nd SymiofaD MAIMONIDES Gawfc o/ the Perplexed? M ARITAIN Md« <*nd flbe SteteD M AYER Tk.)' T/boM^f jfibey Were F>wDMcKEON Thought, Action and PassionEU McNEILL History of Western CivilizationD REDFIELD C«/f«re o/ YawtenD STEINER Creative OrganizationDWELBON Buddhist NirvanaThe University of Chicago Pressoffers a spécial ALUMNI DISCOUNTon a sélection of books from its warehouseSOCIALCOMMUNICATIONAMONG PRIMATES From time to time, as a service toalumni (and in order to reduce itsstorage problems), The University ofChicago Press will make available(while they last) to readers of theMagazine a number of books atsubstantial savings. To obtain one ormore of the books listed below (ailcloth-bound), fill in the coupon aboveand mail it, with payment, to theUniversity of Chicago Magazine (notto the Press).List Alumni List j alumniPrice Price Price PriceAltmann, Stuart Social Communication Kennan, George Siberia and theAmong Primates $15.00 $ 6.00 Exile System 12.00 6.75Bowers, Fredson Whitman 's Manuscripts 12.50 6.75 Kitagawa, Jos. andChiera, Edward They Wrote on Clay 7.50 2.50 Long, Charles Myths and Symbols 10.00 5.75Clor, HarryCreel, Herrlee Obscenity andPublic MoralityWhat Is Taoism? 9.508.95 5.255.00 MaimonidesMaritain, JacquesMayer, Milton Guide of the PerplexedMan and the StateThey Thought TheyWere Free 18.005.005.95 5.003.003.50Croce, Benedetto History of the Kingdom McKeon, Richard Thought, Action,of Naples 9.50 5.25 and Passion 6.00 3.75Eliade, Mircea The Quest 4.95 3.00 McNeill, William History of WesternFermi, Enrico Collected Papers (2 vols.) 47.50 35.50 Civilization 9.75 4.75Janowitz, Morris The Military in the Redfield, Robert Folk Culture of Yucatan 11.50 6.00Political Development Steiner, Gary Creative Organization 6.50 4.00of New Nations 5.00 3.00 Welbon, Guy Buddhist NirvanaKellogg, Winthrop Porpoises and Sonar 5.00 3.00 & Its Interpreters 8.50 4.75The examined life 4Rockefeller and HarperCyrus S. Eaton 10The beginning of lifeMatthew H. Nitecki 17World, henceDonna Dickey Guyer 24Vasectomy in village IndiaPaul R. Fleischman 25A wanderer, fusing past and futureGerhard E. 0. Meyer 2728 Quadrangle news 32 Books30 Letters 33 Alumni news 39 Annual index THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEVolume LXV Number 6May/June, 1973The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, is published six timesper year for alumni and the faculty ofThe University of Chicago, under theauspices of the Office of the Vice Président for Public Affairs. Letters andeditorial contributions are welcomed.Don Morris, AB'36EditorJane LightnerEditorial AssistantSecond class postage paid at Chicago,Illinois; additional entry at Madison,Wisconsin. Copyright 1973, The University of Chicago. Published in July/August, September/October, Novem-ber/December , January/February,March/April, and May/June. The University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 753-2175John S. Coulson, '36, PrésidentArthur Nayer, Director, AlumniAffairsRuth Halloran, Assistant DirectorLisa Wally, AM'68Program DirectorRégional Offices1542 Riverside Drive, Suite FGlendale, California 91201(213) 242-8288825 Third Avenue, Suite 1030New York, New York 10022(212) 688-73551000 Chestnut Street, Apt. 7DSan Francisco, California 94109(415) 928-03375850 Cameron Run TerraceAlexandria, Va. 22303(703) 768-7220cover: Eminent theoretical astrophysicist Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, avétéran faculty member, photographed as he spoke at cérémonies commemoratingthe 500th anniversary of the birth of Copernicus (see Quadrangle News, P. 28).picture crédits: Pages 1, 5, 28, Lloyd Saunders; Page 10, courtesy RockefellerFamily Association; Pages 11, 15, courtesy Cyrus S. Eaton; Page 19, Prof. J.William Schopf, UCLA; Pages 20-21, 22, Richard Roesener; Page 21, MatthewNitecki; Page 23, Dr. Paul Hoffman, Geol. Survey of Canada; Page 29, SandraKronquist; Page 39, Stanley R. Shapin.Tte e^anmiaed lïïfeThe Alumni Cabinet held its annual meeting in Chicago in Febru-ary; members from ail parts of the country renewed their aquaintancewith the campus, attended classes and seminars and in gêneraibrought themselves up to date on the state of the University.Taking advantage of the présence of this far-flung group, themagazine invited four of the younger members to exchange viewson how, at their respective stages of life and in their respectiveorbits, their lives look to them.Taking part in the discussion were Joan Wennstrom Bennett(sm'64, PhD '61), who teaches biology at Tulane University; SydneyBranch Diez (ab'65, mat'68,), who teaches high school English;Robert Firch (PhD '63J, who teaches agricultural économies at theUniversity of Arizona; and Judith Shell Lavinsky (ab'65, am'66^,who teaches English at the University of Colorado.The opening questions were based on Socrates ' assertion thatthe unexamined life is not worth living. "Do you believe this?" thequartet was asked. "Is there an opportunity for self examination inyour busy lives?"lavinsky: Yes, yes. I absolutely hâve to examine mine,because I'm not in a position where my identity is definedexternally at ail. I don't hâve a career that is externallydefined. And I constantly hâve to examine myself inorder to détermine what I'm doing, each day. morris : What about the longer view? Do you look intothe distance?lavinsky: I try. Fil tell you what Fm attempting to do.Fve run through a career as an English instructor at auniversity. And I like it, but Fm at a dead end. Fm trying4to find another career that will be a life's work, that willbe equally satisfying. And I don't hâve an externaldéfinition for a life's work, which other people dohâve — you know, doctors, attorneys, regular académies.As a resuit of not having anything external to dépend on,I think I hâve to define myself on the basis of selfexamination.morris: Why did you décide you were at a dead end?lavinsky: Oh, it was purely a mechanical thing; I lackeda degree.bennett: Well, in Ecclesiastes it says there's a time todo this and a time to do that, a time to sow and a time toreap. My life is extraordinarily busy. I hâve two youngchildren, âges two and three, and when the second onewas born, I was holding down two jobs — first-time teach-ing plus another job — and I haven't had much time forself examination. I haven't had much time for anything but to cope, and every now and then I'm barely coping.This is a time of my life that's just this busy. I'm awoman, I hâve a family, I hâve a career. I want them ail,and to keep them ail going, I don't hâve much time forself examination.diez: I don't think I'm quite that busy, but I think I tendto look at myself in terms of the négative things I see inother people's lives around me. I see women, especially,who start raising a family. They never get back tocareers. Or they never had a career. And I see very muchdissatisfaction. So I think I examine myself in relation tothat: how can I keep it from happening to me? A family isimportant. ï've enjoyed the two years that I've beenraising our son. It's awe-inspiring to watch a little onegrow. But you do see so much dissatisfaction amongolder women.I like high school teaching, and I know that I want toreturn to that. There is another considération — my hus-Four alumni— ail married, ail teachers, ail with degrees received within the past décade — are shown around the tablefor a between-sessions interview at the 1973 Alumni Cabinet meeting. From the left they are Robert Firch, JudithLavinsky, Joan Bennett and Sydney Diez. Back to caméra is Editor Morris of the magazine, who conducted theinterview.5band. Where is he going to be? Probably in a universityarea, where there are faculty wives with teaching abilitiescoming out of their ears. I might not be able to get a job,and then what? I really don't know.At this point, I think everything is pointing to myhusband. I feel Fm really the second person in themarriage. But I don't resent this — maybe Fm old-fashioned in this way — but I feel that until that is settled,I can't settle myself. The moving business is totally up tohis job at this point.morris : And would that be true in reverse? If you weresettled and he weren't?diez: I don't think so.bennett: My husband would be delighted, especially ifmy income became large enough to allow him to retireand go through a life of self examination, 100% of thetime.diez: Well, Fil say that women, especially in teaching,may hâve a better chance at jobs at this point.firch: Yes, it's part of the whole trend of the times. Theuniversities are frankly under the gun, you know — theproportion of women and minorities in their faculties —and most universities are having a very hard time solvingthat.In terms of my own expérience, I guess my opportunités for self examination came really during my under-graduate period at the University of California, Daviscampus. At the end of my junior year, I had reached thepoint where I pushed myself in terms of what I was tryingto achieve in terms of performance in school work, and If elt that I had pretty much reached my peak in terms ofwhat I could accomplish with what I had to work with, soto speak.In addition to that, I was supporting myselfentirely, and my resources were running pretty thin. So Idecided that was probably the time to take a break, andso I took out two year s for the Army, and certainly thatgives you a lot of time to think about where you're going,or where you shouldbe going, and what's life ail about.Then I went straight through and finished my graduatework. I received my master's at Purdue, and my Ph.D.hère. I think the time out was time very well spent.It was f airly obvious that the académie route is not insome way s the most financially rewarding route to go.Maybe it's a kind of backward way of reasoning, but mythought was, well, what does académie life really offerthat you wouldn't get outside. And the biggest diiferencewas the opportunity to teach. So I said to myself, you'dbetter enjoy teaching. morris: Judy, you are the one who was doing the mostexamining.lavinsky: I'm the one who said I was doing the most.We're talking mainly on the level of activity. We'retalking mainly about examining ourselves in terms offinding out about career s, and the direction Fve gone isanother direction from academia. I'm attempting to findanother career, as a writer. And in doing that, I feel thatI'm constantly engaged in some kind of examination ofmyself — in trying to develop my skills as a writer, andalso psychological examination, simply as a source ofmaterial. I'm also constantly engaged in some kind ofexamination of what I know and how I know it, whichfeeds in — in a way Fd hâve difficulty explaining — to thecréative process. I'm a little-known, unpublished author.Fve written about three-fourths of a pretty bad novel,and several short stories that certainly are worth anyeditor's considération.diez: That's self examination.lavinsky: There is a constant self-criticism built intowriting — that is frustrating, and rewarding.morris: Had you written when you were a student?lavinsky: Yes, I was thinking about that on the traincoming out hère. Every biography Fve ever read of a realwriter, and I'm certainly not one yet, says that he or shebegan writing at an early âge. Writers make an earlycommitment, and Fve always felt that I didn't make thatcommitment at ail — that I never wrote, or thought aboutit. But on the train it occurred to me that during vacations, when I also traveled by train, I used to spend alarge amount of the journey hunched over a yellow padwriting — fragments of things — and I think the one defi-ciency in the éducation that I had hère was that westudied so many great works, and so many great crit-ics — great philosophers, and great thinkers. We studiedthem with an attitude of confidence in our ability tostudy, but with absolutely no confidence in our ownability to match the writers we read. I think the kind oféducation I had hère prepared me to do a lot of things,but it didn't prépare me to think about myself as anauthor. The technical kind of skill that I developed in theUC English department has helped me in remarkableways, in the self-critical portion of writing.When I was a student I worked on the Maroon for afew weeks. Then I came down with mononucleosis, justabout the time I think I came down with boredom. And Iwrote bad poetry, of the sort that every other undergrad-6uate probably writes — big secrets. And I wrote littlefragments of things that I might hâve put together asshort stories, if there had been a créative writing course,and if I had had the confidence to take it.But thèse were ail secret activities, and they were ailsort of pressure valve activities — things that I had to doin order to turn out the paper on Aristotle. Never thingsthat seemed to be contributing to any sort of prof essionaldirection.So the writing did begin hère. It also began in child-hood.bennett: While I was still a graduate student hère, Iheard Professor [Wayne] Booth saying that if the roofwere to fall in and you were to die now, would you feelthat you had been wrong, that you should hâve spentyour time doing something else, to this point? It affectedme a lot then, and it continues to. And when I givethought to how I would change my life if I had onlyanother two weeks to live, Fm virtually certain I wouldn'tchange it at ail, in spite of the busyness. Why I couldn't!It's impossible! And I hope there will be times when I willbe able to spend more hours doing things that are lessnecessary — more luxury. But Fm very pleased with whatI'm doing.I had done research for several years bef ore getting ateaching job. Probably it was because I'm a woman, ittook me longer to get a teaching job, in spite of what theysay about it being easier for women. And Fd agrée, Ithink, that I finally was hired because I was a woman.Currently my big thing is isolating a virus from afungus. I guess it's nothing very fancy, but it's my virus,and I don't think it's ever been isolated bef ore. I'm veryproud of it.firch: Fd like to go back to what you were sayingbef ore. I suppose we're ail locked in with our owndisciplines, their own languages. But with the languagethat economists use, we can make a distinction betweenéducation as a consumer good — in other words, that partof éducation which really never will hâve any directmonetary payoff — and as a producer good, which doeshâve a measurable payoff.diez: Well I find a tremendous flexibility in having adegree and in being able to teach if I want to, but it's hardto tell whether that 's what makes my position flexible, orwhether it's my position as a wife who has a husbandsupporting her. I find that I really hâve a lot of choices.I'm not hemmed in. I can teach. I can stay at home — domy weaving. Fve been taking odd courses, learningItalian and taking a course in automotive practice. And it satisfies me to still hâve a lot of options that, almost on amonthly basis, can be changed. I feel very free — to belazy, to hâve a career, or to be a mother.morris: Do you think, as you get older, the options willbecome more numerous, or will diminish?diez: That's very hard to say. I don't see how they candiminish, really. I think being in a university community,there will be lots of opportunities to go in différentdirections — to continue éducation, informally. I thinkthere will be teaching opportunities.bennett: I disagree. I think your options will, by theirvery nature, decrease as you get older. I know when Iwas twenty, I didn't know whether I would marry, or, if Idid, who, or whether Fd hâve children, or, if I did, howmany, and what sex, or what exactly my career would be.Now I hâve married, and I'm pretty sure it's a marriagethat is going to continue, and so I don't hâve the option tomarry someone else — an artist or someone from anotherpart of the world. I hâve two children, and that might beit; they're both boys, and Fd like a daughter, so maybesome day Fil hâve a daughter. But in ten years, Filprobably hâve had ail my children, or adopted ail mychildren, and then those options will ail be over.diez: Yes, but don't you think new options will take theirplace?bennett: Well, there are others, but you sort of use upyour time. I would probably hâve a difficult time becom-ing as expert at anything else as I am now supposedlyexpert at being a plant geneticist.diez: I feel that there would always be something else;that's just my philosophy. I already hâve grown tired of alot of things.bennett: Aren't you talking more about interests thanoptions, though?diez: Well, I think interests lead to options. For instance,if I continued Italian, you know, I might hâve someoptions some day to do something with that. Or weaving,just to keep my hands busy, so to speak. I like it a lot, andif I got to be a good weaver, that might lead to somethingelse.bennett: I agrée with some of that, but I also think thatwith each year, something gets closed off. For example,probably none of us hère could become good profes-sional dancers if we were to start now. Some things youhâve to start earlier. When you're young, that's ail open,or it seems to be. The whole world is there. Of course youcan't hâve the whole world in one lifetime. Each passing7year you realize more and more that the whole world isnot still really open to you. Maybe they call that wisdom.lavinsky: I like Sydney's version better.morris: One of the options that I would think would beopen to you, Bob, would be where you put the emphasisas between your teaching and your writing. Is "publish orperish" something that exists in Arizona?firch: It has not been nearly as important as at mostuniversities, although I see some things developing.But it's clear that "publish or perish" has caused a lotof things to be published that should hâve perished. Atthe same time, of course, I do think it builds in someincentive to accomplishment that otherwise wouldn't bethere. We hâve lots of other avenues for the expressionof ideas, maybe even beliefs, about how things could be.Sometimes we even get ourselves in trouble.morris: Do you welcome that sort of thing?firch: Yes, I think it is challenging, and it is a particularchallenge in a state-supported university. You don't hâvethe independence that a university such as the Universityof Chicago has. There are some subtle kinds of pressurethat corne to bear because ultimately you do look to thestate législature for funding. For instance, we hâve acomplex situation in Arizona. It has to do with a majorproject to bring water into the state under fédéral financ-ing. Our economists in the department there evaluatedthe thing and said it didn't make sensé. In the meantimepoliticians in the state had invested considérable capitalin developing and promoting thèse ideas, so our évaluation didn't go over very well. It didn't cause anyone to befired, but there were some real pressures. It's the kind ofthing, I think, that is increasingly something we must dealwith, as we go into more and more research supported bygrants, from the fédéral government and private or-ganizations — to maintain a level of integrity, to not shadethe results so as to continue financing. I think we're undergreater pressures in this way than the private universitiesare.lavinsky: That's a completely différent kind of writing,although I hâve great respect for it. I wish I were trainedsufficiently and had made a number of personal choicesthat would hâve led me in that direction.bennett: Fve done some, and I'm not at ail proud of theprose that was incorporated into my published scientificwriting. I hâve ail sorts of secret hidden ambitions topublish some junky science fiction stories some day. One of thèse years I'm going to take a summer off and try towrite something. That's one nice thing about teaching —ail those scandalous things you can say without print, theridiculous théories that you can propose that nobody willever hear except your students, and they probably won'tremember them.morris: And if they do, you can deny it. Judy, supposeyou scored some writing successes. Then what?lavinsky: Well, Fd like teaching créative writing, andFd hope to be able to go on doing it, even after thosefantastic successes. I get a great deal of personal satisfaction out of teaching almost any course, but particu-larly teaching créative writing. It destroys me, though,because it takes a lot more time than other things do.People want to see you when they want to see you, andthey want to talk to you about everything, for as long asthey please. When you would like to make them workand they don't feel like it, there 's no way in the world youcan make them do anything. They're frustrating people,and they're perfectly delightful.If I were a man, or if I were responsible for supportingthe family, my life would be quite différent. I don't knowif I would be completely unable, but it would be very,very difficult for me to take a flyer and try to learn towrite. I'm very lucky that someone is willing to supportme while I try.morris: Yes, children complicate it. Fve got a pair offriends who are both writers, and they take turns freelancing. They don't hâve any kids, so one works for awhile, the other one writes. Then they switch off.lavinsky: I think that's an extremely fruitful pattern forother people to attempt.diez: I think it's coming to that more and more.lavinsky: I would be perfectly happy to support myhusband half the time — support a family of any size —with any income I could generate (which isn't much) halfthe time, in order to free my husband to do other things,things he can't earn a living doing. I think that is thesalvation of mankind right there — when we no longerhâve to harness half the human race to jobs to supportthe rest of the human race, which isn't happy at homebeing supported in the first place. Then we will hâveliberated people.firch: Well, I'm clearly outnumbered hère. I guess it'ssimply the maie ego.bennett: By the way, do you hâve a wife? We keepmentioning our husbands.8firch: My wife worked during the entire time we weremarried, up to the time we left Chicago and moved toArizona, and I retired her. And I suppose, as I said, it'sthe maie ego.diez: You mean you won't let her work?firch: No.diez: Why not? You are clearly outnumbered hère.firch: I don't know. Maybe orïe of thèse days Fil cornearound.bennett: Maybe she doesn't want to?firch: I think that she would. If it were clearly herdécision, I think she would. We do hâve a six-year-old athome, and that takes some time. I guess it's old fashionedof me to think a wife should be there.morris: Conceivably, when the six-year-old gets a littleolder, then you might start getting some pressure.firch: Right. I think the pressure will begin to build then.lavinsky: Particularly when she reads this magazine.firch: Oh, then I'm really in trouble. I think the thingthat I would hâve to insist on is that she do something sheentirely enjoys.bennett: Do you think she fully enjoys ail the house-work she does?firch: No, I don't think that.morris: Well, what you hope — or insist on — for yourwife is actually what should be for everybody.lavinsky: Yes, there are many many things that I wouldenjoy doing. Fve never been, even potentially, a special-ist, and that is interpreted by some people who know meas a sign that I lack professional commitment. Perhapsthat's true. Perhaps I really am a product of the gêneraiéducation courses at the University. I feel that I wouldlike to be more confident in a number of fields. But itwould be very difficult for me to give up a lot of things inorder to do one thing extremely well. Any choices andany changes Fve made in my career, or in my vision ofmyself, hâve been a product of this generalist theory, of"let's try something else, see what else I can learn."bennett: I get great pleasure out of gardening and Idon't think of that i\\ terms of a career and what my life isabout. It's like reading an Agatha Christie novel. It'sleisure. It's relaxing. Some people play the piano; somego fishing. I like to play with my pots of plants.diez: I don't know if it's a trend, but I find a lot of people our âge getting an awful lot of satisfaction out ofretreating. We've had a garden for several years, and Ilove picking the vegetables instead of getting the sprayedvege tables in the supermarket. I love the feeling ofbaking my own bread. It's sort of going back to theessentials, and somehow avoiding the complexities.bennett: This year my husband and I together built anapartment. We learned how from reading books. We putin ail the plumbing and ail the wiring and the walls; wehammered and nailed. He found he was quite a goodplumber and quite a bad electrician. And I found I wasquite good at hanging wallpaper but rotten at floatingsheet rock. And we got pleasure out of learning to copewith thèse things. Now when something goes wrong withthe plumbing, we can fix it.diez: Well it seems that today things tend to get out ofcontrol. A person has to hâve some areas that he or shecan control.bennett: That's why I'm taking a course in computers,even though Fve read ail thèse things that say computersare no thing but very stupid, rapidly moving machines. Ican't really know that unless I learn something, a little bitabout how I, myself, can run a program.morris: Yes, but that's in connection with your work,isn't it?bennett: No, I can't imagine any possible use for it. Ijust wanted to not hâve the feeling — with ail the billscoming through the mail — that ail of this is done by somebrilliant giant machine that's going to someday run theuniverse. People hâve told me that's not how computersare, but I felt that I had to learn something aboutit — especially since I can get a tuition waiver.firch: I really think we're entirely too hung up on theidea of classifying activities and things — this is productive and this is not productive. I think we're really headedfor disaster if we don't learn to break down this barrier.What we used to consider productive activity is less andless important.lavinsky: I quite agrée with that. And one of the greatstrengths of the kind of éducation that Chicago peoplehâve had is that it does prépare them to move flexiblyfrom one area to another. If we stop cataloguing our-selves as particular people in particular areas, if we stopseparating our vocations from our hobbies, if we allowour lives or talents to mingle with each other, then it'squite possible that we can make unusual contributions ailover the place.9Cyrus S. EatonIn my long life I hâve had the privilège of knowing someof the world's great personalities, statesmen, industrialand financial leaders, gênerais, scholars, collège présidents and f armer s. If I were to be asked whom I considerthe two greatest men I hâve known in my lifetime, whohâve exerted the most profound influence on the humanrace, high among them would certainly be John D.Rockefeller and William Rainey Harper, the Universityof Chicago's first président.In the first ten years of this century my uncle, CharlesEaton, was Mr. Rockefeller's pastor in Cleveland. Myuncle was a gifted speaker as well as an accomplishedhumorist, and Mr. Rockefeller was very fond of him.During World War I, Uncle Charles used his oratoricalskill to inspire interest in the Allied cause, and as a resuit,he became a congressman. In due time he becamechairman of the House foreign affairs committee, and hewas one of the five American statesmen who set up theUnited Nations at the end of World War II. It was JohnD. Rockefeller, Jr., who subsequently provided the valu-Mr. Eaton, who will celebrate his 90th birthday later thisyear, was elected to the University 's board of trustées in1929. Now a life trustée, his tenure is the second longeston the board. The recollections printed hère were present-ed as a talk before the trustées in January, and some ofthetrustées participated in the questions following the talk. Adynamic entrepreneur, Mr. Eaton over the years hascompiled a roster of business interests which reads like aWho 's Who in utilities, steel and related fields. He is theauthor of half a dozen books, the most récent, TheEngineer as Philosopher, published in 1961.10 Recollections and reflectionsRockefellerable land in New York City on which the permanentheadquarters of the United Nations were erected.At the turn of the century, the Rockefellers used tospend five months of the year in Cleveland at their ForestHill estate, a beautiful place of some thousand acres, eastof Cleveland. It had magnificent trees, two deep ravinesgoing through it, dozens of miles of roads and bridlepaths, and a nine-hole golf course.There were no automobiles in those days, so horsesand carriages were the customary means of local trans-portation. My uncle lived on an adjoining property ofabout thirty acres. Uncle Charles was among the for-tunate few with free access to Forest Hill, surrounded asit was by a high steel picket fence, with guarded gâtesthat were securely locked at night.It was my good luck to get a job with Mr. Rockefellerat Forest Hill during my summer vacations from schooland collège in 1901, 1902 and 1903. My duties were manyand varied, indoors and outdoors. As messenger, clerkand junior aide, I served a business apprenticeship thathas stood me in good stead throughout my life.I was also lucky to be able to stiare in the spécialintellectual stimulus that came from the fréquent visits ofPrésident Harper. My eagerness to work, and willingnessto put in nights, Sundays and holidays, obviously metwith Mr. Rockefeller's approval, for he finally offered mea permanent position after I finished collège. He gave mehis blessing when I chose to go my own way and, duringthe remaining years of the Rockefellers in Cleveland, Iwas not infrequently included in their luncheons, dinnersand picnics.Mr. Rockefeller was the greatest business genius inhistory. He was a strict but inspiring taskmaster, aand Harperdevoted father and husband. He was a citizen of theworld, with the widest ranging interests, but with bothfeet firmly planted on the ground at ail times. Mrs.Rockefeller, a woman of the finest character and one ofthe strongest persons I hâve ever known, made a perfectmatch for him. Her sister, Miss Lucy Spellman, was adelightful and cultivated lady.When Dr. Harper came to Cleveland to confer withMr. Rockefeller on the University of Chicago, the Rockefeller family sought to make the occasion one of relaxation and récréation for Dr. Harper from his strenuouscareer. Mr. Rockefeller, when engaged in constructiveactivities that he enjoyed, became highly animated andoften in gay good humor. During Dr. Harper's visits, Mr.Rockefeller was usually in a jolly mood, and frequentlycracked jokes, sometimes at Dr. Harper's expense. Oncehe said to me in Dr. Harper's présence, "Young men ofyour âge are paying good tuition to sit at the feet of thisscholar. Hère I am giving you the privilège of associatingwith him every day and not charging you a thing. In fact,I pay you a salary while you're doing it." Although thiswas designed to tease Dr. Harper, it simultaneously paidhim a richly deserved tribute.In marked contrast to Mr. Rockefeller, Dr. Harper wasnot much of a joker, but serious in the extrême. Fond ofmusic and a good singer, he occasionally expressed hislighter side in a rendition of one of his favorite hymns forthe entertainment of Mr. Rockefeller as we walkedaround the grounds.Mr. Rockefeller was an inveterate golfer, who avidlyplayed his nine-hole course in the forenoon and again inthe afternoon every day but Sunday. Dr. Harper likedgolf and was glad to join in the game at Forest Hill. I think it was the only exercise he took. Word of theRockefeller-Harper golf games appeared in the Cleveland newspapers in the course of a mayoral campaign,when a Socialist was running on a third ticket. In his nextspeech, he inveighed against golf because, said he, "Itunnecessarily prolongs the lives of our most undesirablecitizens." Mr. Rockefeller found this vastly amusing.On the other hand, he took with the utmost seriousnessthe anarchist threats of assassination then prévalent. Atthe time, anarchism was a Worldwide movement, holdingthat the working men of ail countries were not getting afair deal and proposing as a solution the assassination,Charles A. Eaton and John D. Rockefeller, Sr., shownat Forest Hill in 1903.11not only of heads of state, but also of leading industrial-ists and financiers. By far the wealthiest man in theworld, Mr. Rockefeller was easily the most conspicuoustarget. Forest Hill was well protected, visitors wereseverely limited to close friends and Mr. Rockefellerseldom left the grounds except for church.An exception to the rule was to hâve been a family visitto Buffalo in 1901 for a meeting with Mr. Rockefeller'sfriend, Président McKinley, and a tour of the Pan-American Exposition, celebrating electricity's miracu-lous contributions to human progress. You can imaginehow elated I was to be selected to make the trip asmessenger and gênerai helper. A private car had beenordered, and was sent to the siding nearest to Forest Hill.The railroads had reason to be obliging to Mr. Rockefeller, as one of their major shippers.Ominous news — by bicycleMr. Rockefeller conducted his business and kept inimmédiate touch with world events by private telegraphwire to his home, and so it was that I was suddenlydispatched by his personal telegrapher one particularafternoon to deliver the message that Président McKinley had been shot by an anarchist while attending theExposition.I hopped onto a bicycle and pedaled hard out to thegolf course, where I caught up with Mr. Rockefeller inthe middle of his second round of the day. After readingthe message twice, he said, "Please go back and tell Mrs.Rockefeller and Miss Spellman that the trip to Buffalo iscanceled. Then please hâve the car released."In those years bef ore the automobile, the weekly tripto church was accomplished in a carriage somewhat onthe surrey-with-a-fringe style, always drawn by an excellent team of horses. Coachman and footman sat on anelevated box up front, with the Rockefeller family andfriends ranged on the seats behind, for the hour's driveeach way. As the pastor's trusted nephew, I was includedin the party and, because I was a sturdy youth who haddemonstrated my physical courage in Mr. Rockefeller'sprésence a time or two, I was delegated to sit near him inchurch, on the alert for intruders.On weekends when Dr. Harper was at Forest Hill, thedrives to church and back took on even more than usualinterest. One such Sunday, in my uncle's absence, thevisiting preacher used his sermon to deliver a slashingattack on materialism. His text, as I remember it, was,"The things that are seen are temporal. The things thatare not seen are eternal." He admonished the congréga tion in terms on the order of the following: "Don't beimpressed by great buildings or great undertakings. Theyare merely temporal. The real, eternal things are those ofthe spirit."Never bef ore or after do I recall Mr. Rockefeller beingupset by a sermon. As soon as we got in the carriage tostart home, he remarked that he felt the preacher hadgone too far in his denunciation of the material things ofthe world."After ail," said Mr. Rockefeller, "we do hâve to hâvefood, clothes and houses." He then declared, "One of thethings in my life in which I take the greatest pride is thedevelopment of the Mesabi iron ore range in Minnesota.We hâve given employment to many people there at finewages, and beautiful towns hâve been built from Duluthup to Hibbing. Ail of that is entirely material, but iron oreis the foundation of American industry, and I know it isimportant and valuable."Finally he said, and several times repeated himself , "Iam sure that history in time will praise me for my part inthat totally material development, because I think it hasbeen in the interest of humanity."Dr. Harper cordially agreed, and began to add reasonswhy some material things are worthwhile."In a great university," he pointed out, "You hâve tohâve buildings, laboratories and libraries. I am sure youare going to be remembered, not only for the Mesabi, butfor many other material things, including the Universityof Chicago." Were Dr. Harper alive today, he would beable to recite an impressive list of other material monuments to Mr. Rockefeller and his descendants — theRockefeller Foundation, Williamsburg and the Rockefeller Center among them.'I wish he had asked for more9Although I was on hand during many discussionsbetween Mr. Rockefeller and Dr. Harper, I do not recallhearing any conversations on financial matters. After oneof Dr. Harper's departures, in 1902, I think, Mr. Rockefeller told me, "When Dr. Harper and I were talkingover the University 's finances, he suggested that wemight provide another $5,000,000. 1 wish he had asked formore." Mr. Rockefeller was exceedingly fond of Dr.Harper and immensely proud of the University of Chicago; it was inspiring to witness the thrill he got fromconsidering the University 's progress and future.Ail of us hère are well acquainted with the majorachievements of Mr. Rockefeller and Dr. Harper, but afew spécial words about Dr. Harper might not be amiss at12this point. I don't think I hâve ever observed more energyin any other human being. He not only possessed tremen-dous intellect, but also made constant and intensive useof it.From my long years of observation, I hâve found thatthe most common failing among associâtes in businessand other fields is the lack of intellectual force or drive.Too many people simply will not use their minds to thefull; they fall into a narrow mental groove, and resist ailinvitations to expand their thinking.Dr. Harper was the very antithesis of this, as thebriefest account of his early life illustrâtes. He graduatedfrom collège at thirteen, and spent the next three yearsclerking in his father's store, while teaching Latin, Greekand Hebrew in neighboring schools and collèges. Then hewent to Yale and emerged with his Ph.D. at eighteen. Bynineteen he was head of the departments of Latin, Greekand Hebrew at Denison. (It was from Dr. Harper'stextbooks that I learned Hebrew at my own McMasterCollège in Canada.) That is enough, even though the barebeginning, of Dr. Harper's career to illustrate the humanintellect at its best, backed by unlimited ambition anddrive.Dr. Harper, as well as Mr. Rockefeller, was a citizen ofthe world. There was no trace of parochialism in thereligion or politics of either of them. As a resuit of Dr.Harper's researches on the Old Testament, on which hewas the leading authority, scholars every where were ledto the conclusion that the sacred books of ail religions,while interesting and important literature, had not beendictated and handed down by supernatural power, butproduced by outstanding human beings, in search of asolution to the riddle of this mysterious universe.To Mr. Rockefeller and Dr. Harper, the most signifi-cant élément of religion was the impetus it gave to themoral life, in encouraging men to do their duty to theirfamilies and their communities. I would be sure, from myknowledge of the two men, that they were both wellaware that the religions people adopt, like the languagesthey speak, are accidents of birth.Russia and JapanListening to Mr. Rockefeller and Dr. Harper discussinternational questions broadened my youthful outlook,to say the least. It was fascinating to hear them debatewhich nation was going to be the country of the future inthe Far East. In 1900, Dr. Harper had made a trip to Russia with Charles Crâne, head of the still well known andsuccessful Crâne Company of Chicago. Dr. Harper came back full of enthusiasm over the possibilities of Russia."It's twice as big geographically as the United States,with ail kinds of undeveloped resources. Considering itssize and its vast unexploited natural resources, I think itwill be the country of the future," he predicted.Mr. Rockefeller confessed to being more impressedwith Japan, which was making rapid technological progress and driving vigorously forward in industry andcommerce. Conditions were then in the making for theRusso-Japanese War, which ended disastrously for Russia in 1904.Dr. Harper and Mr. Rockefeller also discussed China,with its vast population, poverty and backwardness.Neither was thinking of it in terms of future greatness,but Mr. Rockefeller was already considering the contributions he and his family would one day be making toit in the way of médical schools and hospitals.Dr. Harper communicated his enthusiasm for Russia tohis son Sam, whose acquaintance I first had the pleasureof making when he visited Forest Hill with his father. Ishall hâve more to say about Sam. For the moment, Iwant to note that he was a fine companion, who sharedhis father's enjoyment of golf. He and I made the roundsduring evenings when I was off duty.Judgment of historyA question that I should like to hâve you consider is,what will the future say about thèse two great men? Ihâve no doubt that the scholars will see to it that as muchis written about Dr. Harper as they can write. As for Mr.Rockefeller, the trouble is that there is small literarytalent among the businessmen and industrialists whounderstand the giant enterprises that he created andconducted.There already exists a considérable body of literaturethat is helpf ul in gaining a better understanding of the twogiants and their influence on others. Let me suggest threeof my longtime favorite books. First cornes Mr. Rockefeller's own little volume, titled Random Réminiscencesof Men and Events. In the briefest compass, it fairly wellcovers his life and describes his reactions to variousevents of the time. It is most informative.The second is Sam Harper's The Russia I Believe In,and I recommend it for its content, as well as for theévidence it gives of Dr. Harper's ability to shape his son'scareer in a vital, new field. Until quite recently, it has notbeen fashionable during the past two décades, especiallyin Chicago, to look sympathetically upon the SovietUnion. Sam first went to Russia in 1904, and for almost13forty years he spent six months of each year there andthe other six months as head of the department ofRussian language at the University of Chicago. He knewthe Czar. He was in Russia during the Russo-JapaneseWar, World War I, the Révolution and the crucial monthsbef ore the beginning of World War II. The time is comingwhen those daily, firsthand reports that comprise hisbook will be recognized as the authentic and reliableaccounts of events in Russia that they truly were.The third book on my list is Raymond Fosdick's life ofJohn D. Rockefeller, Jr. This is far and away the mostsensitive study of the Rockefellers by an outsider. Perhaps outsider is a misnomer in this case, however, sinceRaymond Fosdick was associated with the family forforty-five years, and occupied a vantage point fromwhich he was able to gain a complète understanding oftheir motives and purposes, and particularly their con-cern with the advancement of the human race.Of the many and varied other writings on the Rockefellers, the most voluminous and detailed are Allan Nevins'four volumes, two on Mr. Rockefeller, Sr., and two onStandard Oil. With the assistance of a large researchstaff, he assembled an almost overwhelming array ofdates and facts. Because he had never met Mr. Rockefeller, Sr., he was unfortunately unable to breathe life intohis subject.An interesting new book is Grâce Goulder's Rockefeller and Cleveland. Mrs. Goulder is a talented journalist,whose specialty has been Ohio history.There is much more that I could say about the Rockefellers, but I hâve talked long enough. After hearingMrs. Graham's speech last night, I stand in the shadow ofher brilliant performance. Then, too, going on ninety, Ihâve become a bit lazy, so I shall be glad to hâve yourquestions to bring out some of the points I hâve omitted.William benton: To comment rather than question,Fve always liked George Edgar Vincent's description ofPrésident Harper as "a steam engine in pants." There isanother little book that may not hâve corne to yourattention, the récent private reprinting of F. N. Double-day's The Memoirs of a Publisher. Mr. Doubleday hadcooperated closely with Mr. Rockefeller on the préparation of the Random Réminiscences. The DoubledayMemoirs included a couple of chapters on Mr. Rockefeller.In telling the story of the Mesabi range, Mr. Doubledaysaid Mr. Rockefeller had indicated that he had made$40,000,000 on the transaction. When Mr. Doubleday talked to Frederick Gates about it, he said, "No, he'sforgotten. He was wrong. It was $78,000,000." I wonderif you knew Mr. Gates, who was almost a member of atrio from the standpoint of the early days of the University. Mr. Doubleday deals a lot with Mr. Gates, who setout with Mr. Harper to raise the money to start the University.mr. eaton : Yes. I met Mr. Gates. We're not quite rightabout the Mesabi range. Actually, Mr. Rockefeller re-ceived $100,000,000 when he sold it to United StatesSteel Corporation. But he always believed that he hadgiven it away.mr. benton: Maybe he had $22,000,000 invested in it.Jay [John D. Rockefeller IV], you might hâve somequestions about that.mr. rockefeller: Just keep it up. It's getting better ail thetime.mr. eaton: Mr. John D. Rockefeller has 112 descendantsin the United States. They include some of the mostinfluential men in America, and I hope to live long enoughto see a Rockefeller in the White House.senator Charles percy: A Democrat or a Republican?Could you be more explicit?mr. eaton: They hâve well qualified men in both parties.In any case, it would be highly unusual for son-in-law torun against father-in-law.mr. benton: Do you recommend the Nevins book,Cyrus? I read that years ago. I thought the Life ofJohn D.Rockefeller was a marvelous life.mr. eaton: Yes. Ail the facts are there and canbe reliedon completely.mr. benton: What about the two chapters on theUniversity of Chicago?mr. eaton: Nevins was writing mainly about Mr. Rockefeller and Standard Oil, and gave insufficient attention tothe University of Chicago. He wouldn't hâve done that ifhe had been able to live with his subject and known itbetter. As I mentioned earlier, Raymond Fosdick's bookabout John D. Rockefeller, Jr., is quite the opposite.In those days that I hâve been recalling, Mr. Rockefeller, Jr., lived in New York, but came to Forest Hilloccasionally. He didn't play golf, but rode horseback.Like his father, though, he always went to church. ïwas présent on the occasion shortly after the engagementof Miss Aldrich and Mr. Rockefeller, Jr., when he14*n*'à ¦¦x Jn,»Pausing at the eighth green on the Rockefeller golf course at Forest Hill are Dr. Charles A. Eaton, Dr. Hamilton Biggar,Mr. Rockefeller's physician, and Mr. Rockefeller (plus unidentified caddies). The photo was made in 1905.brought Miss Aldrich to Forest Hill for the first time. Itwas a great event, because this was a visit from the onlyson and heir, with his bride-to-be, so we had to see thatthey had every attention and care.Miss Aldrich was a woman of wonderful personalityand wit in her own right. In addition, what I did not fullygrasp at the time, but learned later as I visited Washington on my own business, was that her father, SenatorNelson W. Aldrich, was one of two men in Congresswhom you had to see. The other was that equallylegendary figure from Illinois, the speaker of the House,universally known as Uncle Joe Cannon.Without consulting our distinguished geneticist,George Beadle, I cannot be sure, but I would suspect thatthe Aldrich infusion may account for today's outstandingpoliticians in the Rockefeller family.The only time I can remember ever seeing Mr. Rockefeller, Sr., exercised over politics was during the 1906contest for governor of New York State between WilliamRandolph Hearst and Charles Evans Hughes, who was aclose friend of the Rockefellers. Mr. Hearst had in-creased the circulation of his newspapers by denouncingthe rich, so Mr. Rockefeller had good and sufficientreason to be concerned.Mr. Hearst suffered a severe licking at the hands of Mr.Hughes, to render the question moot.Mr. Rockefeller was a man of tremendous courage inevery circumstance. While he was the richest man in theworld, he was aware that envy is a universal vice, and never lost sight of the fact that even good people of lessermeans would sometimes be ready to find fault with him.senator percy: Cyrus, could I ask you to try to thinkthrough and say, if you had to name a single characteris-tic that contributed to the accomplishments and genius ofboth men, what you would pick for both of them. Wouldit be their ability to sélect other men and lead them, or didthey hâve the perception of the future? What was it thatmade them so successful?mr. eaton: Both of those things. Mr. Rockefeller select-ed men of marvelous ability as his partners and friends.And Dr. Harper did the same thing, as Harvard, Yale andother older universities found reason to complain about,when he persuaded their first rank professors to join thefaculty of infant Chicago. They both wanted the verybest men they could get, and when they got them, theygave them a free hand.Harper probably possessed the greatest intelligenceever concentrated in one brain. Rockefeller was not onlya man of great intelligence, but also was a tremendousworker, and he would never go into anything without themost careful study and calculation. He had that rarecombination of vision, imagination and drive, yet stillfollowed up on every last détail.mr. benton: In response to Chuck, Archibald [a Rockefeller executive] is quoted in Nevins' book as saying,"John D. Rockefeller could see further ahead than ail therest of us and then he could see around the corners."15keep in toueh.There is no community in the world like HydePark. Some hâve called it 'the neighborhood ofthe 21st century' while others speak less kindlyabout it. Regardless of opinion, Hyde Park hasseen plenty of changes and Hyde Park's goal ofan integrated urban community is no easy one.But if you ask us, Hyde Park is better off for ailits changes — vital, stimulating, alive — as onlythe challenge of change could make it.Now there is a magazine called the HydeParker and we'd like you to know about it.Why? Because we quickly discovered thatwhen you create a magazine devoted to thequality of life in an urban setting, you areappealing to a community that is not limited byphysical boundries but a community of con-sciousness that extends wherever people arethinking and feeling and hoping. Being a Hyde Parker is something you take withyou, and that is why you will want to keep intouch by subscribing to an exciting newmagazine. A one-year (six issue) subscriptionto the Hyde Parker costs $4.00 and a two-yearsubscription costs only $7.50. If you subscribenow, we'll send you a free copy of ourFebruary-March issue with such articles asAnais Nin on The Creative Woman, R.D. Laingon The Psychotherapist as Attendant, Gwen-dolyn Brooks in Report from Part One, réminiscences about her life and work on Chicago'sSouth Side, and the Hyde Parker Interview withRay Bradbury. Plus features by and about HydeParkers.Limited copies of this issue are also availableas sample copies for $1.00 to cover postageand handling.Hyde Parker Magazine5418 South Woodlawn, 2-DChicago, Illinois 60615(312)752-3648t\i^i l'JjjuTir<*JS5r?""*:'aiMji¦vadsk iisw.MAGAZINE16Windows to the PrecambrianmMrnms<s»Matthew H. NiteckiThere is a word the meaning of which has always eludedman. That word is "life." The understanding of thenature of life has been the most serious dilemma in thelong history of human inquiry into the abyss of theunknown. When a créature not quite yet a man crawledout from the cave of his unconsciousness, he faced theeternal tyranny of death, a cessation of his individual life.The first côgnizant effort to defy nature must hâvebeen caused by the discovery of the omnipotence ofdeath. Man learned that there was no freedom, that hisshort sojourn on earth was well marked, and that forceshe could not control — the inhuman, the hostile, blind furyof the unconscious universe — will overpower every manand f orever conquer him to eternal darkness and nothing-ness.In his fear, man turned to the examination of the past.The past appears motionless, unchanging; therefore se-cure and hence beautiful. Man began to see life as a partof a larger process of oneness with nature and with lifeThe author (sm'62, PhD '68J is curator of the University'sCommittee on Evolutionary Biology and also associatecurator of fossil invertebrates at the Field Muséum ofNatural History. Born in Sosnowiec, Roland, he came tothe United States in 1950. His wife is the former DorisJune Vint on (am'57). that appeared to him eternal and divine. Thus man beganto think of the origin of life.The problems of the origin of life hâve been the mostconstant stumbling blocks in the intellectual growth ofman. Political, religious, and philosophical Systems hâvebeen built upon the various hypothèses of life's origin ingênerai, and man's in particular. Wars, atrocities, pain,savage and brutal deeds were inflicted upon f ellow menin the name of différent doctrines of life and man andtheir origins. It is only quite recently that man begananalytical and rational studies of life.Perhaps it is only in our era, possibly precipitated byCharles Darwin, that such studies were possible. Perhapsonly our revolutionary time, with changing morals, art,patterns of behavior, a gamut of social changes andscientific adventures, coûld generate a suitable atmosphère for such studies.Origin of lifeWhy did man begin rational investigations of thenature and origin of life so late? Because the problemswere too difficult, the chemistry of living processesunknown, and no information on the early conditions ofthe earth was available. Nor were studies of other planetsmade for comparison with early earth. Thus it was only inthe mid-20th century that we began the expérimentation17and the build-up of rational models of life's origin. Andwe do not yet know much about it. It is remarkable thatthe origin of life, known to pious men with such certaintyfor âges, is the least understood process in biology.Whether life is defined in terms of molecular biology,biochemistry, or paleontology, life is not only qualities,states or expériences, but processes that because of theircomplexities escape our compréhension. Whether thèseprocesses define chemical interactions, genetic inher-itance, or evolutionary changes, they are still processes.At what state of complexity a process should be ref erredto as living cannot be easily answered. It also cannot beanswered whether a molécule, a protein, or a gène isliving or not.We know possible pathways through which life couldhâve proceeded. We think that life, once started, hasbeen continuous, without interruption. We know thatonly the individual organism dies, but the germ cellcontinues on and is eternal. Life itself appears immortal,continuous, continually changing. We hâve gained arealization that life is a process, and that this processtakes place when conditions are right. Life is a processthat has capacities to reproduce, to change, and toreproduce thèse changes.It has been generally assumed that organic compoundsformed after the earth was formed — more accurately,after the crust was formed. However, the récent dis-covery of amino acids in météorites offers an alternativeexplanation that the complex organic compounds onearth may hâve accreted at low température and at thetime prior to, or simultaneous with, the formation of theearth's crust.Astronomical calculations suggest that the luminosityof the sun four billion years ago was only 60% of theprésent luminosity. Such low luminosity would produceless heat for the early earth, and unless some greenhouseeffects were operating, the températures at the beginningof the earth were below the freezirig point of water. It ispossible that the earth during the first oné-third of itshistory lay under mile-thick ice.It follows that the "higher" forms of life capable ofsynthesizing from simple conjpounds ail of their neededmaterials (autotrophs) evolved before the depletion ofavailable organic matter. Thèse organisms, through theirmetabolic activities, produced the oxygen in the atmosphère, which in turn controlled the évolution of organisms capable of living in an oxygenated environment(aérobic forms). However, solar radiation could alsocause the atmosphère to be oxygenated by decomposingwater and carbon dioxide. From géologie and biologie considérations it is assumed that the first organisms did not require freeoxygen to maintain life (they were anaerobic) and thatthey obtained their nourishment from the available organic compounds (they were heterbtrophs).It is safe tô say that great révolutions (that may hâvelasted for vast periods of time and appear revolutionaryonly from the distance) — the origin of life, autotrophism,andx photosynthesis — ail occurred long before the firstfossil record some three .billion years ago. The othermajor events — the émergence of sexuality, respiration,and the formation of multicellularity — occurred in the'remaining part of the Precambrian. The final inventionsof animais, invasion of land, and great complexities ofsocial évolution occurred at an accelerated tempo in thelater part of earth's history.First organismWhat was the first organism? We can of course specu-late, but we will probably never know exactly. Thedifférence between living and non-living may be semanticwhere the earliest organisms are concerned, and it maybe impossible to décide whether the fossil represents aliving or non-living entity. The exact date of the origin oflife cannot be known. Since life cannot be defined withmathematical rigor^ the time at which it first starteddépends upon our définition of life, and that date maytherefore include a considérable period of time.The assumption made that ail living organisms are trulyrelated to one another by common ancestry cannot anylonger be accepted literally. It surely seems reasonable toassume that if life development was graduai, more thanone molécule or assemblage 'evolved' to be living. If thiswas the case, then there could hâve been many 'first'organisms. There is no reason to doubt that early organicmolécules were also subject to change and expérimentation, and many Systems under suitable conditions crossedthe boundary of 'living.' The early organisms were un-likely to possess complicated anatomical, biochemical,physiological, enzymatic, and other tools to deal withfluctuating environment s.We generally assume that the first organism was small,uncomplicated, and without any spécial organs or ap-paratuses. It had no ability of locomotion, no abilities toperform complex biochemical or physiological functions.Hence it could not hâve been an autotroph, which iscapable of combining simple, inert matter into complexliving, high-energy matter. Therefore early life could nothâve flourished in soil, on exposed surfaces of crystal18Eobacterium isolatum, a more than three-billion-years-old microbe from the Fig Tree formation (left). At right:Eoastrion simplex, a Middle Precambrian microorga-nism from the two-billion-years-old Gunflint iron formation of Ontario. This is possibly a chemosyntheticbacterium.faces, or even in protected shallow marine pools. Earlylife appears to hâve had to be restricted to more protected, less changing, less fluctuating, stabler areas of thesurface of the earth.The ability to cope with a changing, unstable, orfluctuating environment requires a mechanism for adjust-ment to thèse changes. In order for an organism to live infresh water, it must be able to control diffusion andinterchange with the environment; in order to withstandeffects of drying in the air, water protection has to beassured. No need exists to quote many examples forlocomotion, control of température changes, gas pressures, radiation, daily changes, illumination, and so on; itsuffices to say that organisms require abilities (or appara-tuses) for control of thèse changes in environment.The rate of évolution is greatly influenced by population size, géographie dispersai, isolation, and the complexities of organisms. The simplicity of early life was itsbuilt-in conservatism. Little dispersai was possible attheearly period of life, and hence slow rates of evolutionaryinnovations in a great part of the Precambrian resulted.Over the hill?The possibility however exists that early organisms onearth had more abilities. André Lwoff, a great Frenchbiologist, suggested that évolution is a downhill race. Hevisualized the first life as being capable of total synthesis,and he saw living organisms as having lost most of theirsynthetic abilities. Although it is true that animais aredépendent upon plants, the idea that the protoorganismswere superstars, capable of ail synthesis, has been dis-carded by most writers on the basis that such organismswould hâve to originate outside of the solar System or at least outside of earth. Yet the fossil évidence seems tosupport Lwoff's contention. The first known organismsare the blue-green algae and bacteria; their living représentatives today certainly possess thèse powers.How was food provided for the first organisms? If thesea was indeed full of the diluted soup of organicmolécules, did the organism move from one area ofdepletion to another? Or was there movement of waterthat carried 'food' but not the organisms with it? Werethere convection cells,. changes in pressure, water cur-rents, and how did organisms behave in them?PrecambrianGéologie time is commonly divided into Precambrianand Phanerozoic. Phanerozoic is the time of évident life.Cambrian, the first Phanerozoic period, began about600,000,000 years ago. The earth is considered to beabout four and a half billion years old; therefore thePrecambrian encompasses approximately four billionyears, or nine-tenths of ail the earth's history — an unbe-Cephalophytarion grande (at left), a blue-green fila-mentous alga from the Late Precambrian Bitter Springsformation near Alice Springs in central Australia. Atright: Myxococcoides reticulata, from the Bitter Springsformation. In this group of unicellular blue-green algae,daughter cells adhère together after a fréquent cell division.19organic soup — — - — ?lievably long period of time !There are two reasons for a distinct Cambrian-Precambrian boundary. One is that fossil animais withhard skeletal éléments are found above but not below thisséparation line. Second is that Cambrian rocks oftenrestupon Precambrian with great unconformity or hiatus ofthe record. Generally Precambrian rocks are either rem-nants of old mountain roots or so-called continentalshields or nuclei. Frequently Precambrian rocks are morttwisted, deformed, and upturned than younger rocks. Inmany parts of the world the Precambrian consists ofgranités, crystalline deformed metamorphics, and otherigneous rocks. In other places there is a great thicknessof sedimentary and volcanic rocks, and except for tfielack of fossil animais they are not substantially différentfrom rocks of later periods.The oldest fossils so far known are just over threebillion years old. Therefore, life has been présent onearth for at least the last two-thirds of the earth'sexistence; only one-third of the eartjfr's history appears tohâve been lifeless. It is, however, possible that eventuallywe will find life in still older rocks. The older the rocks,the more rarely they are to be discovered at the surface.But what we know now is that major events in thehistory of life took place prior to the Cambrian period. Itwas an immeasurably long time, representing the firstfive-sixths of the known history of life. The tempo ofbiological inventiveness and change was incredibly slug-gish, yet ail major developments of multicellularity ofplants and animais, origin of sexuality and social organization, coevolution, and ail the complexities of lifeknown today took place in the Precambrian.Ironically, individual death also originated in the Precambrian. Individual non-accidental death is unknownamong one-celled organisms. (It may be that the first20 prokaryotes ? stromatolites *>\eukaryotes ~Jorganisms still live today !) It is only known to those largerorganisms that are differentiated into body and sex cells.In such forms the sex cells, when put to use, areeternal, as ail microbes and blue-green algae are, and onlythe vehicle of gène tic continuity of the sexual idea, theorganism itself , the body, dies. Death thus is a necessityof life, a part of growth of the sex cell, which discards itsbodily booster after its journey has been completed.Ail of the Precambrian rocks are immersed in the seaof time, the sea that is opaque to examination, with mosttraces of life permanently obliterated. Rocks yield up buta few of their mysteries — and only one at a time.Occasionally "windows" are found that allow us a closerexamination of Precambrian seas. We hâve four suchmajor Windows intO\the Precambrian life.The oldest fossils, representing actual anatomical enti-ties over three billion years old, appear in the Fig Treeformation in South Africa. The next record of Precambrian fossils is the much younger Gunflint formation ofOntario, which is about two billion years old. The third,the Bitter Springs flora of Australia, is only one billionyears old. The animais from Ediacara Hills in Australiaare the youngest group; in fact they may even belongwith the Cambrian. (There are a number of other, lessimportant, finds scattered through the Precambrian.)The Fig Tree formationThe oldest known microscopic fossil organisms cornefrom black cherty rocks that are about three billion yearsold. They already consist of cells and are almost certainlyphotosynthetic, and are therefore already 011 a "higher"rung of life! One is bacterium-like Eobacterium isolatumand a second is a spheroid, aquatic, most probably/ <*°nBUWMm BMHBKIW-">photosynthetic alga-like Archaeospheroides barbertonen-sis.Thèse fossil forms together with récent bacteria andblue-green algae are placed in a great group of organismscalled prokaryotes. The living world is divided intoorganisms whose cells contain a nucleus (eukaryotes,meaning truly nucleated) and those devoid of a nucleus — prokaryotes. The prokaryotes reproduce only asexu-ally, without the union of specialized sex cells. Becausethey hâve no organized nucleus and are sexless, they areconsidered more primitive than eukaryotes.(Caution has to be exercised not to consider blue-Dickinsonia costata, probably a free-swimming animalsimilar to worms living today. This fossil from theEdiacara Hills in Australia is an impression in sand-stone 500 to 600 million years old. (Photograph of castof spécimen; original in South Australian Muséum.) greens and bacteria as simple or primitive forms. Theyare simple only in structure, in lack of nuclear membraneand cell organelles. In their synthetic vigor and in theirchemistry, they are as complex as many living organisms.)Primitive or not, prokaryotes hâve a complex internaimorphology, as seen under the électron microscope, andare ecologically highly adapted. Today's blue-green algaeand some bacteria manufacture their food by means ofphotosynthesis. Their photosynthetic pigments differfrom those of 'higher' plants in that they are in lamellaelocated peripherally around the body.Nevertheless, photosynthesis, the build-up of highlycomplex, high-energy, organic molécules from the simple, non-living, low-energy molécules is a most complexprocess.The blue-greens, as a group and as individual species,are uniquely varied in their écologie adaptations. Theylive in fresh, sait, or brackish waters; they are successfulin glacial conditions, in hot springs, and in soil, asparasites and as free-living organisms. They are capableof efficient utilization of various light frequencies. Certain of thèse algae require oxygen; others do well withoutit. Ail possess gliding locomotion, and some filamentousforms can move relatively fast through water. Certainspecies can prosper where no others can survive, andhence they thrive in rich pastures of highly pollutedwaters and in human cesspools. Thus blue-green algaeare highly adapted and appear primitive only in lack ofsome anatomical organelles.This is one of our great difficulties: if the first organisms were blue-green algae or bacteria, then they pos-sessed very specialized cell walls capable of controllingthe in- and outflow of salts, they were able to controltheir internai environment, and they must hâve had a21very long life history prior to the time of déposition of theFig Tree sédiments.The intriguing question then is, was André Lwoffright? Was the protoorganism really capable of totalsynthesis, and hence is évolution going downhill? Werethe blue-greens or bacteria the first organisms? Werethey already so advanced? Was there enough time in thePrecambrian before the Fig Tree to make life? Could lifehâve corne from another planet?The Gunflint formationThe Gunflint formation is approximately two billionyears old, and because it contains iron ore, it has been fora long time studied extensively in the field and in détailunder the microscope. For many years some geologistsbelieved that the Precambrian iron was formed by micro-organisms. The Gunflint iron formation is now a veryfamous géologie formation because well documentedPrecambrian organisms were recently discovered in it.There were other earlier claims of Precambrian fossilsthat, however, hâve been later discarded or simply buriedand forgotten. The modem study of Precambrian pale-obiology began in the 1950s with the pioneering work onthe Gunflint by Prof essor Elso S. Barghoorn, Stanley A.Taylor and their colleagues.A wealth of material, in comparison with Fig Treeformation, is obtained from the Gunflint. Organic compounds strongly suggestive of breakdown of chlorophyllare présent. The free-floating organisms of the surface ofthe sea and the bottom dwellers are represented. Ail theGunflint fossils appear, however, to hâve been prokary-otic.StromatolitesStromatolites, sometimes called cryptozoans, are cal-careous, finely laminated sedimentary structures pro-duced by algae, mostly blue-greens. Although they areorganic in origin they do not represent the actual body ofthe organism. Récent stromatolites, particularly fromShark Bay, Western Australia, allow for comparison withthe Precambrian fossils. The Australian forms are similarin appearance to some of the Precambrian fossils andconsist of large bodies made of algal film that trapped thefine sédiments into distinct head-like structures. Wellformed, distinct Precambrian stromatolites can be seen innorthern Michigan along the shores of Lake Superior.The stromatolites from the area around the Great SlaveLake represent one of the most fossiliferous formations known. They consist of columns that may be fifty feethigh, and beds of thèse mounds hundreds of feet thickhâve been traced for more than 150 miles! The récentstromatolites are found only in the very restricted shal-low areas of the sea ftoor devoid of animais. The Precambrian stromatolites on the other hand are very common,abundant, and cosmopolitan. They owe their luxuriantgrowth to the absence of grazing animais, particularlymarine snails.The Bitter Springs formationThe Bitter Springs formation in central Australia isabout one billion years old. Professor J. William Schopfand his students at the University of California at LosAngeles in a séries of very important publications, de-scribed the flora of the Bitter Springs formation. Thèsefossils, just as the Gunflint flora, are preserved in chert.Chert, originally formed around still living organismsas a gel, préserves the morphological structures withmost unusual faithfulness. Today chert, a variety ofsilicon, forms sometimes on the sea bottom. The préservation of fossils in chert is so unique that the remnants ofactual cell division, interpreted as various stages ofmitosis, hâve been observed. The Bitter Springs floraconsists of numerous prokaryotic bacteria and blue-greens, but also, for the first time, well documentedeukaryotes.AH living things other than bacteria, blue-greens, andviruses (viruses consist of only nucleic acids and proteinsand no one knows where to put them) are eukaryotes.The eukaryotic cells are generally larger than the prokaryotic. One-celled eukaryotic algae hâve, in addition toa nucleus, the food manufacturing chloroplasts and cyto-plasm which sustain growth and control through a verycomplex cell wall the exchange of materials with theenvironment. Many living eukaryotes are microscopic,22• mModem algal stromatolites at Shark Bay, Australia (left), compared with Precambrian stromatolites from Great SlaveLake, in Canada.but the best known eukaryotes — mammals, insects,worms, trees, grasses, roses, mushrooms, and so on — arelarge, many-celled, highly specialized individuals withmany organs.AH life is capable of self -reproduction, but onlyeukaryotes hâve great variability in this respect. Thereare many reasons why organisms reproduce. The mostapparent is to increase the number of cells that canspecialize and increase their efficiency. The reason always given in textbooks is the préservation of thespecies.There is nevertheless a necessity to reproduce which isa resuit of growth. We can geometrically résolve aspherical cell into three properties, of diameter, mass andsurface. When diameter doubles, surface quadruples, butthe mass increases eight times ! Therefore an imbalance iscreated, and the surface which provides for entrance ofnutrients and removal of wastes becomes inefficient, andcell division is triggered.Cell division, although it is a disruption of growth, is anecessity of life. AH prokaryotic organisms, bacteria, andblue-green algae reproduce this way. They pinch in themiddle and form two new cells. This process continuesfore ver, and even if cells remain attached to one anotheras in filamentous blue-greens, the resulting 'colonies' arewith little or no differentiation of cells.The eukaryotic organisms differ from the prokaryoticin having a nucleus which controls reproduction andcoordinates gênerai activities. When, because of growth,a small eukaryotic organism divides, the nucleic materialdivides in a précise and complex way. In this process thecontent of the nucleus divides into chromosomes, whichpossess gènes, the primary carriers of genetic material.The genetic material is divided into pairs, and the germcells, gamètes, and eggs form. In eukaryotes the newindividuals originate from the union of two germ cellswhich are sexually différent.Among prokaryotes 'like begets like.' Among eukaryotes like does not exactly beget like, but each time thereis a minute change,- which has given rise to the greatspectrum of fossil forms and great diversity and blos- soming of life. Sexual reproduction allows for the geneticsystem in which the' variable characters of plants andanimais, as seen appearing from génération to génération,are due to paired units of heredity — the gènes. This inturn générâtes the great genetic diversity.The combination, recombination of ancestral traits,and introduction of new traits offer the new charactersfrom which nature sélects the best adapted or rejects theless fitted. The great révolution of the invention of sexoffered the increased varieties of life and was onlypossible among eukaryotes. A great thing is sex, andgreat are its advantages! It first happened sometime priorto the Bitter Springs time, for among the Bitter Springsfossils we already hâve eukaryotic organisms !The Ediacara faunaThe first fossil animais appear in Pound sandstone inthe Ediacara Hills in South Australia. Fossils found thereconsist of an unusual and rich assemblage referred to asthe Ediacara fauna, and are known through the work ofProf essor Martin F. Glaessner from the University ofAdélaïde. The Ediacara animais are various, well pre-served gênera of jellyfish, related organisms very similarto the living sea pens, varieties of segmented worms, a"very primitive arthropod possibly related to trilobites,and some now unknown organisms representing an ex-tinct group of animais.What is also unusual about thèse fossils is that theirpréservation is in the form of an impression in sand, andthat they are 'naked' organisms without skeletons. Thepréservation of soft-bodied organisms is indeed rare inthe fossil record. It is possible that the Ediacara faunarepresent a particular assemblage of fossils and thatothers of the same âge will be found. In addition, theorganisms found near or on mud flats, in shallow waters,as the Ediacara fauna seem to be, are specialized andcertainly différent from other forms living in environ-ments less subject to physical changes.The Ediacara fauna is found just below the transitionof Cambrian and Precambrian. Whether they are Pre-23cambrian or earliest Cambrian is of less significance thanthe fact that they are the earliest animais known and forthat reason most valuable. Similar faunas, also consistingof impressions, hâve been described from other Precambrian localities in Europe, Asia and Africa; in NorthAmerica they are known in Newfoundland.Although thèse fossils are extremely fasciriâting topaleontologists and are important for the study of theearly history of life, they nevertheless are not the first northe most primitive animais. They are already at a tissueand organ level of organization, and are differentiatedinto muscular, digestive, reproductive, and respiratoryorgans, thus representing complex animais. The firstanimais were most probably naked (as the Ediacaraforms were), small, and without muscular locomotion.They probably evolved only after the floating (pelagic)algae became numerous. The 'first' animal remains stillhidden in sédiments.The PhanerozoicLife has learned to utilize the inert matter and theseemingly unlirhited solar energy and convert it into thecomplexity of organisms. Life has learned to use this vastenergy for the sole purpose of living. Life has becomeinterdependent upon other life and has become symbioticinternally, socially, and in the totality ôf living.Into this stage entered yesterday, so to speak, man, aWorld, henceDip your cup into my morning,stranger and exile,taste the crystal-clinging rainfrom a stinging sky.But tie your mouth with scarlet,for you are in vain, a survivorinheriting a ransomed paradise,a necklace of fruit, bracelet of songalready too much bargained for.Will you too be unreadywhen early noon darkens the touch of your longing?DONNA DICKEY GUYER, AB'3624 perfect eukaryote, with little ability to synthesize anything himself , but with the faculty to alter the syntheticpathways of other life only to suit his own aims. Aeukaryote organism with skills to use energy not only tobuild but also to destroy, a eukaryote angel of frightfuldestruction. The eukaryote organism that has reached thegreatest power of reproduction, a sexual superstar thatoutsexed ail other eukaryotes and covered the earth withits own kin.But even from man's viewpoint, ail life has but one aimonly: living. Living is sacred to every organism.It is curious that although ail life has one aim it is notunited. Life conflicts with life, with non-life, and withdeath. Life feeds upon other life, and finds enemieseverywhere. But man brought the conflict of living withliving, conflict of man with ail life, to new heights. Onespecies feeds on ail other life and on ail non-life. Manmade ail life, including his own, profane. Man killsbacteria and bald eagles, and lacks inhibition to slayfellow man. He gives Nobel prizes for an over-kill andholocaust of the microbial world, bounty for dead eagles,and medals for war atrocities.To man the life of fellow man is defiled and a conflict.Only his own individual life is holy. The earth became aplanet of a strange eukaryotic organism, the earth became a human planet! And one day the remains of fossilman and his doings will be studied and a suprêmemagistrate shall judge man, the only judgable eukaryote.And only the future knows what the leaves of thejudgment book will unfold.'He is seecfVaseetomy in village ItidiaPaul R. FleischmanI leave the city in the pre-dawn, swept zigzag through thechannels of dark streets by a frantic Bombay taxi driver.Fires are burning, and phantoms in shawls or whiteturbans are squatting around them. A cluster of men driftapart carrying wicker baskets full of leafy greens. Thetaxi honks, squeals, careens around handcarts loadedwith baskets pushed by slow, straining men. Lumps ofcloth are piled against the wall of J. J. Hospital —homeless street-sleepers of Bombay. (J. J. stands for SirJamsetjee Jeejeebhoy; the initiais are always used, forobvious reasons.)The city unfolds, the poorest men rise to the mostcrushing labor, distributing vegetables and kérosène andrice to the city millions.My hosts at the médical center hâve arranged a briefvisit for me at Palghar, a small town in interior Maharash-tra state — an opportunity for me to see medicine as it ispracticed in India, outside of the sophisticated majorThe author (ab'67^ received his médical degree fromAlbert Einstein Collège of Medicine in 1971. He spentthe winter of 70-71 in India on a travel fellow ship tostudy aspects of the Indian health care System, particularly the overlap between psychiatry and Ayurveda,classical Hindu medicine. Currently he is a postdoctoral fellow in psychiatry at Yale University Schoolof Medicine. He is living in the Connecticut country side"on one hundred acres of field and woodland wheredeer-seed wanders deer-trail mazes. " cities. I push my way through what seem to be hordes ofporters in red turbans, who offer or insist on helping mewith my light bag — some actually try to tug it away — andboard the local.The train carries me for hours over the rough backboneof India. We stop at many villages, where the platformsswarm with train travellers, and also with the dark leanthousands who make their homes anywhere and every-where. Some, usually women and children, beg. Othershunker, motionless, waiting for something other than thistrain.At the district médical center, one of the permanentstaff doctors welcomes me, and over tea, discussesgovernment health care. This center has a small hospitaland maternity ward, and clinics every morning. Butindividual treatment is of secondary importance, a mèreintroduction to the community. The government thinksof its médical services as primarily préventive. Mostimportant are communicable disease control and population control.In this district, Dr. Dave (pronounced "dah'vay") tellsme proudly, where infection with plasmodium wasformerly almost universal, malaria is uncommon. Tokeep it that way requires constant vigilance and ongoingwork of spraying or gathering blood smears from entirevillages.Paraprofessional médical détectives attempt to trackdown and treat every case of leprosy in the entire district,a task made doubly tricky by the village custom of hidingafflicted family members in dark corners of their huts.The government's major emphasis, however, is cur-25rently population control. The doctor smiles: "Everyonefrom the dean of a médical school to the man who sweepsthe floor is an educator for population control." Group"A" families, with fewer than three children, are en-couraged to make use of freely supplied birth controldevices, loops preferred. Group "B" families, with morethan three children, are encouraged to hâve either partneroperated on — tubal ligation or vasectomy.The latter, being simpler, is preferred by the government, but neither is preferred by the population at large.Though hundreds of thousands of opérations hâve beendone, some of them induced in the hésitant by as many asfifteen home visits by a government educator, the population has not shown any effect.In the afternoon I watch a vasectomy. The doctor onthe case is a young médical graduate doing one yeargovernmental service in the village. The patient, orcandidate, is a young man who looks twenty. His hairhangs over his ears; random sprouts and tufts over hisface form a patchwork beard. Though he is six feet tall,he appears to weigh but 100 pounds. An older man helpshim in a fretful way to remove his filthy dhoti, andencourages him to lie down on the table wearing only historn T-shirt.Dr. Parel speaks to the boy in Marathi, the language ofthe state, and then in Hindi, the lingua franca of ail thenorth Indian states. The boy remains expressionless. Theolder man anxiously assures the doctor that the boy hastwo children. Dr. Parel ignores the older man and sendshis assistant for another doctor, and explains to me thatthe boy is from Gujarat, one state to the north. Thoughthis is ail India to me, it is a foreign country to the boy.Dr. Dave appears, and speaks to the boy in Gujarati; heanswers in short low phrases."He says he has two children," and Dr. Dave leaves.The boy continues to lie on the table motionlessly, andI notice dry, round scabby pimples covering both his legs,and his feet — hard, dry and cracked like the earth theyshuffled through on his journey between unknown pointson this leg of land along the Arabian Sea. (Possibly anon-specific inflammation of the skin glands. Probablywouldn't respond to antibiotics; probably would to soap.)Dr. Parel steps outside to wash his hands with waterfrom the little brass tank on the verandah, and explains tome that, as part of the government incentive plan, a mangets twenty rupees (about $2.60) for having a vasectomydone. Whoever encourages him to hâve one is awardedten rupees, and this incentive has become the basis of aprofession: vasectomy promoters. The old man is apromoter. Dr. Parel guesses the old man will be able to con such a country boy out of a good bit of his twenty.Most vasectomies, Dr. Parel continues, are done onmen like this, beggars and such. With them, not everydoctor is overly careful in establishing whether theyreally are married or hâve any children. Vasectomies arealso done on old men, but that's not a complète waste;some of thèse villagers keep on producing children.Promoters often bring in men drunk. Dr. Parel doesn'tlike this. He really doesn't like any of this; he wants to bea surgeon and do major surgery. This is his year ofgovernment service.We walk back into the doorless room. It's small andmonsoon-beaten. The Windows are open and a downypair of sparrows fly in and out, occasionally perching onthe light fixture hanging over the table on which the boylies. The promoter, who has a scarred, impatient face,and who wears rags that were formerly a shirt and shorts,holds the boy's arms up behind his head. The boy muttersnervously and rolls his eyes down — the promoter is nowholding down his head — toward his crotch. No one, ofcourse, can understand him.Dr. Parel swabs the boy's perineum with antisepticsolution and the cotton makes a thick noise as it brushesover the small hard scabs on his skin. The doctor drapesthe surgical field with a stérile cloth, leaving only theboy's scrotum exposed, through a slit in the cloth, tothe dusty air. As the local anesthetic is injected into thescrotal skin, the boy squirms, and grits his teeth; themuscles in the promoter's forearms tighten and standsharply demarcated under his skin. Dr. Parel picks up ascalpel, and wipes some brown gunk off the blade ontothe surgical drape. He feels contemplatively for thespermatic cord, stabilizes it, and the nurse, who hasentered silently, holds it for him. Neither wears surgicalgloves."Some people just eut the entire spermatic cord," saysDr. Parel, as he dissects carefully to isolate the spermaticduct from the blood vessels that sustain the entire testis. Iam distracted by the sparrows fluttering onto the lampover us.The doctor neatly cuts and ties the duct, and repeatsthe opération on the other side. The nurse places cottonover the incisions and stabilizes it with a large loose slingtied from the patient's waist; after the promoter releaseshis hold and the boy stands up, the nurse jabs long-actingpenicillin into his buttock, and gives him an oral dose ofsuif a antibiotics for good measure."They are supposed to keep the bandage on for sevendays and corne back for follow-up," Dr. Parel says as wewalk back to the office, "but they rarely return."26Karma is the Hindu concept; the automatic unravelingof cause and effect; the immutable law that links conséquences to actions which occurred générations ago, evenworlds or créations ago. Better than "motives" or"hopes" or "goals," this concept attaches itself to thepicture of the boy in my mind: he walks smoothly andslowly from the room with a flat expression. He is seed;the forces bear him and dry him. A man is a wanderingcell within the body of mankind.Dr. Rane, from the university, returns to Bombay onthe train with me, and only through him do I learn that thevasectomy-incentive System extends to the doctors also:"Thirty rupees a sack," as he puts it. This district centerdoes 2,000 vasectomies a year, roughly six a day. There isalso a négative incentive; the government assigns eachcenter a target number, and failure is tabulated onpromotion possibilities in the government services.Dr. Rane adds that the merely poor avoid vasectomies,which tend to be done on the desperate. Among the fewwho return for follow-up, or for attempted re-anasthomosis, abscesses are common.A wanderer, fusitig past and futureI hâve gone hère through many joyful and also manypainful expériences. That I hâve "survived" them, andthat I hâve been, to some degree, able to help perhaps nota few among us to educate themselves — ail this is, Ithink, due to the fact that, by natural tempérament, byinherited and somehow renewed f aith and by the circum-stances of my life, I hâve been prepared to take thingsand persons, including this university, my job and myself, seriously, but not too seriously.I could give this a religious label, but I shall speak onlyof a certain distance, a distance or reserve which para-doxically perhaps enabled me to corne close to manyrather différent positions, conservatives and radicals,idealists and realists, and to reconcile many apparent Dr. Rane, who is a full prof essor with a large privatepractice, drives me back to his apartment for dinner. Helives in a tall modem apartment building on one of thearms of land that curve outward from the shoulders ofBombay into the sea. In one of the last dusty alleys wedrive through, a group of children press around the car,begging. We pass them, park, and ascend smoothly in anelevator fifteen stories above the packed city streets.The Windows allow broad views of Bombay: buildingsshoulder to shoulder, up to the edge of the bay, littleparkland, few trees; the only opening is upward.Dr. Rane continues to discuss population control:"Merely thirty years ago, at the time of World War II,Bombay had about 1 ,000,000 people, and in the short timesince the war, the population has swelled to 6,000,000."As he talks, I imagine for a moment the crowds belowus, thronged streets, people carrying the seeds of lifethrough endless channels which curve back on themselves like the blind seed ducts of a wandering beggar."Among Indian cities like Benares or Agra," Dr. Ranecontinues, "Bombay, founded by the British, is a mèreboy."antithèses.Another word for the distance I hâve in mind is being akind of "wanderer" who accepts and enjoys wherever heis, but is not really at home and can be free from thosepossessions which tend to possess one, but a wandererwho has goals beyond to reach and to explore.I should like to suggest that being a wanderer, in theplains and on the mountains, is, with its ambiguities andtensions, a burden, but also a gift or blessing. It enablesone somehow to fuse, or really relate, past and future inthe présent, révérence for the tradition which is with usand in us, as well as rebelling, radical openness andservice for a new future.From remarks by Gerhard E. O. Meyer, University tutor, social science, Collège andNew Collège, at the College's célébration of his seventieth birthday, January 12, 1973.27Quadrangle V^(ewsSituation normalThe Botany Pond, which nowadays isdrained every winter, is again full of water. The students are grinding toward theend of the académie year, their effortsthwarted, as usual, by the euphoriabrought on by the fine spring weather. Ascore of illustrious men and women arefinishing up their packing for the Women'sBoard's trip to China; they are the firstuniversity-afnliated group to visit thatcountry since 1949.Last month's basketball marathon isover, having persisted through 52 consécutive hours. Promoted by Maroon sportseditor Mike Krauss, its goal was to raisefunds for a new swimming pool building,presumably adjacent to Bartlett Gym.Raised: $5,000.And the officiai report for the fall quar-ter by the student Ombudsman, JoëlLevin, noted that "it is not the function ofthe Ombudsman's office to interfère withthe widespread satisfaction people at Chicago receive in grumbling about the University."Cutting of a duly inscribed cake honoringCopernicus ' 500th birthday followed thetwo lectures on the life and achievementsof the Polish physician-astronomer. Hèrethe Chandrasekhars chat with D. J. R.Bruckner, vice-président for public affairsof the University, who presided at the fes-tivities. Behind Mrs. Lalitha Chan-drasekhar is Noël M. Swerdlow, assistantprofessor in the Department of History, theCollège and the Morris Fishbein Center forthe Study of Science and Medicine, whodescribed and evaluated Copernicus ' contributions. Copernicus, and a warningYet ail was not tranquil on the Midway.A célébration of some dimensions markedthe 500th anniversary of the birth of Copernicus. One of two lectures precedingthe cake cutting was given by Sub-rahmanyan Chandrasekhar, renowned the-oretical astrophysicist, who is the MortonD. Hull distinguished service professor inthe Departments of Astronomy and As-trophysics, the Enrico Fermi Institute andthe Committee on the Conceptual Founda-tions of Science. The soft-spoken Mr.Chandrasekhar issued a strongly wordedwarning against threats to liberty in theworld today:"Since Gutenberg's invention of mov-able type," he said, "40,000 printed wordshad been published within a single génération. In one génération an intellectualwasteland had been transformed into aflower garden . . ."Copernicus made the most of the intellectual freedom soon to be ended by theInquisition . . ."One could say that Copernicus closedan old epoch much more clearly that heopened any new one . . ."I think it is true that the very greatestmen, like Shakespeare, Beethoven andTolstoi, do to some extent summarizetheir times," he said. "And I think it istrue to say that the work of Copernicus insome ways sums up the humanist âge inwhich it was created."Striving after truth and beauty are thechief marks of humanism. And we knowfrom the case of [Giordano] Bruno whathappens to truth and beauty when humanism gives place to inquisition.From the fates of Solzhenitsyn and Sak-harov in Russia, and Nixon 's counter-revolution in this country, I think we canwonder whether we are now in a transition period from humanism to inquisition."Cultural identity, and a warningIs there any relationship between commitment to a social cause and the pursuit of atraditional académie discipline that seemsto hâve no connection with the cause?Does the study of German literary history, for example, hâve any relevance fora student who ardently wishes to rightwhat he considers to be a social wrong?James C. Bruce, who is black, is anassociate professor in the Department ofGermanie Languages and Literatures, and he thinks there is. In a campus lecture hesaid:"There is certainly not much obviousrelationship between German studies, forexample, and a student's concern with theproblems of minority groups such as theblacks."But a relationship is there, and itwould be désirable if students learned tosee it."Mr. Bruce stresses the importance ofmoving from a particular point of view toa more gênerai view, and then back againto the particular."For example, a study of the ItalianRenaissance would show how Italian humanism arose partly as a reaction againstchurch authoritarianism. Italian scholarsand students of this period turned back tomany works of the ancient Greeks andRomans that had been neglected for centuries largely because they were con-sidered to be pagan. In rediscovering thèseclassics, they felt that they were the directheirs of that classical tradition as directdescendants of the Roman people."In a way, Mr. Bruce said, this is what ishappening to blacks now as they try toestablish a greater sensé of their owntradition."Just as the Italians looked back ontheir past and took pride in being descendants of the Romans, so we black Ameri-cans hâve looked back to our past andtaken pride in being descendants of thepeoples of Africa."A study of humanism as it spread north-ward to Germany and of later literary andcultural movements in Germany can helpa black student, or a chicano, or a studentof white ethnie background better under-stand his own culture, he said.In 19th century German romanticism,for example, as in the black culturalmovement of récent years, an ethnie spiritand a glorification of tbe past hâve beenviewed and utilized as a force for thebuilding of a new culture."A further romantic feature of the récent black movement has been the ideal-ization of an Africa that is still remote andexotic for many of us, notwithstanding thedegree of spiritual kinship we may feelwith it."With the new créative impetus évidentin the black movement, it is hoped thismovement will give rise to a génération, orgénérations, of artists, thinkers, and scholars who will carry to new heights the ar-tistic and intellectual tradition of their28After a lapse of thirty-one years, the traditional mustache compétition was revivedthis year by the Reynolds Club barbershop. The winners, shown hère with Charles("Bob ") Westcott, manager of the tonsorial establishment, were Wayne Turner (left),a student in the Graduate School of Business, whose upper Up adornment wasadjudged the best groomed, and Richard Souligny, art teacher in the LaboratorySchools, whose mustache, at seventeen inches, wing tip to wing tip, was the longestamong the nineteen entrants.predecessors, as did the romantic movement in Germany."But there is a danger of which blacksmust be aware, Mr. Bruce warned, and, hesaid, study of something as apparently re-mote from black American concerns asGerman literature will illustrate the danger."I cite the Nazi period of German history as a striking example of the dangersthat we in the black movement must try toguard against in our endeavor to propagateour own culture."A dominant feature of Nazism was theperversion of the true ethnie concept thatwas so évident during the humanistic andromantic periods of German history."That perversion consisted in theglorification of certain biological principes; in the restricting of the ethnie concept far too narrowly to those question-able principles; in the establishment ofcertain narrow criteria for the judging ofhumanness."In other words, much of what blacksare learning and doing now has parallels inthe history of other cultures. Present-dayblacks can profit from studying the en-deavors and mistakes of past cultures. Socan other present-day cultures, he said.Two trustées are namedThe University has added two new trustées, A. Robert Abboud, executive vice-président of the First National Bank ofChicago, and Henry W. Meers, vice-chairman and a director of White, Weldand Company, international investmentbanking organization.Maser will be Smart Gçllery directorThe Women's Board was instrumental inthe création of a new studio building adjacent to the Midway Studios (the oldLorado Taft studio) just south of the Midway. It was the first step in a multi-faceted building program which will nextsee the completion this fall of the Davidand Alfred Smart Gallery west of the fieldhouse, the Cochrane-Woods Art Center,and, later, a theater, an art library, and amusic building. (The Music Department ishoused in Lexington Hall, which, miracu-lously, is still with us.)Edward A. Maser (am '48, PhD '57), professor in the Department of Art and theCollège, has been named director of theSmart Gallery, which was made possible by a $1,000,000 gift from the Smart FamilyFoundation. (The Smart brothers were thefounders of Esquire.) The gallery will bepart of the Cochrane-Woods Center,which is being built on the basis of a$1,000,000 gift from the Woods CharitableTrust and named in honor of the lateFrank Henry Woods and his wife, the lateNelle Cochrane Woods."Not that the University has not alwaysbeen able to offer works of art for studyor enjoyment in the past," Mr. Maser saidat a réception announcing his appoint-ment, "but only that one had to search forthem."Bastos is new N. Y. représentativeAlice S. Bastos (ab70) has been appointedto fill the position of New York régionalreprésentative, replacing Rita Kramer, who has resigned to pursue her writingcareer. At the same time, the Universityopens a new office at 825 Third Avenue,Suite 1030, New York 10022.Through Miss Bastos, the Universitywill continue to organize programs and activities with the New York area alumni inaddition to coordinating Schools Commit-tee and fund-raising programs.KudosA new professorship of finance in theGraduate School of Business was estab-lished, honoring Théodore O. Yntema(phD'29), a trustée of the University. Mr.Yntema was a professor on the Midwaybefore leaving to join the Ford MotorCompany, where he became vice-president-finance, chairman of the financecommittee, and a director. Now retired atFord, he serves as a member of the Coun-29William Benton diesWilliam B. Benton, former vice-président and life trustée of theUniversity, former senator, publisherof the Encyclopaedia Britannica,advertising agency founder, diedMarch 18 at 72. He also had served asAssistant Secretary of State for publicaffairs and ambassador to UNESCO.When Mr. Benton and ChesterBowles were graduated at Yale, theyformed an advertising agency with theplan of making $1,000,000 apiece in tenyears. They did so. Later Mr. Bentonjoined another Yale classmate, RobertM. Hutchins, at Chicago, in a vice-presidency which continued from 1937to 1945. He was instrumental in in-creasing the University 's activity in public éducation by radio.After acquiring control of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Mr. Benton workedout an arrangement whereby theUniversity reaped royalties from EBsales, an arrangement which in the pastthirty years has been worth some$43,000,000 to the University.Said Président Levi: "Those of uswho were fortunate enough to knowWilliam Benton in the University ofChicago setting will always rememberhis quickness and openness of mind,his insatiable intellectual curiosity, hisincredible activity and successful mas-tery and assumption of responsibility inmany fields which never, however, dis-tracted him from acts of continuingfriendship and his dévotion to this institution and its ideals."cil of the Graduate School of Businessand as a professorial lecturer there.• Eugène F. Fama, professor of finance,was named to the Yntema chair.• Sune Bergstrom, first to isolate and détermine the chemical structure of pros-taglandin (u of c magazine, November/December, 1972) received an honorary dsin March. He is professor of biochemistryand rector of Karolinska Institute, Stockholm.• Julian H. Levi, professor of urbanstudies and executive director, South EastChicago Commission, has been namedChicago Plan Commission chairman.• And for the winter book: keep an eyeon the University 's basketball team fornext year. The Maroons may wind up ator near the top of the NCAÀ rankings.JÇetters'Nuts and bolts' éducationto the editor: Re: the feature in theNovember/December édition of theUniversity of Chicago Magazine on'Admissions Applications at Chicago,Rising in a Bear Market." I agréeespecially with Professor Playe'sstatement: "our curriculum has remainedrelatively structured. . . . Enteringstudents distrust permissive curriculums."I am a 1948 graduate of the Collège,proud of my University, and am intenselygrateful for what it gave to me. This samepride and gratitude we hâve hoped for inour young people's éducation as well. Ourson had a marvelous freshman year at theUniversity of Iowa, but because of thevery permissive journalism department,was forced to transfer to Northern IllinoisUniversity, which has a fine journalismdepartment, but unfortunately lacksanything else he and we had hoped for.Luckily, for Tom, the Iowa journalismschool lost its accréditation last summer;the board of régents hired a newdepartment head, who was given the goahead; and beginning next fall, there willbe ail new, structured, hard-core journalism courses with good teachers andsound curriculum. Tom is returning toIowa this January and will be able to hâveboth the éducation he wants and theenvironment he so much enjoyed.Iowa 's journalism department hadbecome faddish — in the words of RogerHildebrand, "teaching assistants,encounter groups." To run a weeklynewspaper, Tom realized that he neededto learn the nuts and bolts, the basics ofwriting, editorials, advertising, etc.Already an excellent photographer andfamiliar with much of composingtechniques and ail of the photo composingprocesses, he knew he had to know howto deal with the administrative side andeditor ship.H. ELIZABETH CLIFFORD TERRY, PUB '48Geneseo, 111.Mandrake isn't belladonnato the editor: I read the article by Professor Eliade on the mandragora [Janua-ry/February 1973] with more than passinginterest. I am teaching a course at theUniversity of Vermont on the rôle ofplants in religion and culture, and the mandrake thème is found in many Eu-ropean cultures.As a member of the tobacco-nightshadefamily (Solanaceae) the mandrake containsalkaloids with hallucinogenic propertieswhich undoubtedly can be credited forsome of the cuit and folk-magic surround-ing the plant. Interestingly, the methodsused in Romania to gather the plant arealmost identical to those used in othersocieties at least as far back as theAthenians.I am disturbed that Professor Eliade hasapparently confused the mandrake (Mandragora officinarum L.) with belladonna(Atropa belladonna L.). Although members of the same family, they do not lookalike, and their alkaloid spectrum is différent. One can get a mild high from mandrake extracts, but the response to belladonna is more profound and possiblyfatal. Yet the error is not too surprising.The décision to eliminate the Botany Department to form a Biology Department —read Zoology for Biology — leaves the editor with no source of accurate botanicalinformation.richard m. KLEIN, SB '47, sm'48, PhD '51Burlington, Vt.30For Members OfThe ALUMNI ASSOCIATION of the UNIVERSITY of CHICAGOAnd Their Immédiate FamiliesOn September 21ne re ail inviteclto Switzerlandand Bavaria!Pack your bags! We're about to leave for eight daysin Switzerland and Bavaria! We'll dévote three daysto the capital of German Bavaria, MUNICH and aftera magniîficent train ride through Switzerland - in-cluding the cities of ZURICH and BERN - we'll spendthree days in GENEVA Switzerland, at the base ofthe French Alps. (The French resort city of Annecy,complète with casino and ail the game table trim-mings, is less than an hour from Geneva!)Once we arrive and check in at our hôtel, we'refree to do whatever appeals to us Some of.uswill head straight for the "hofbrauhaus" inMunich, where béer and cheer will lift us intothe lighthearted spirit of Bavaria Some of uswill prefer to get acquainted with the city andits crooked little streets and médiéval buildings.In Geneva we'll probably ail want to strollthe grounds of United Nations Headquarters,and along the shores of Lake Geneva. Whatever we do, we won't hâve to worry about anything but having a good time Ail the arrange ments for hôtels, flights, meals, and porteragehâve been made We've even planned a cocktail party for ourselves in Geneva, a party citywhere we'll ail be in the mood for a bigcélébration!Ail the basics and quite a few luxuries, such as Hiltonhôtels, are included in the trip, as well as round tripjet flights, transfers, luggage handling, American break-fasts and complète dinners, sightseeing and cocktailparties. We're offering the whole week in Europe toour members and their immédiate families for $519from Chicago and $529 from St. Louis, per persondouble occupancy plus 10% tax and services. It's awonderful opportunity to expérience the clean airand breathtaking beauty of Switzerland and Bavariafirst hand. . . no more picture-book dreaming! We'retaking advantage of a spécial charter air fare, andwill probably never be offered a trip like this one,at this price, again. We'd hâte to leave you home,so "hop to" and join us on our festival!DEPARTING SEPTEMBER 21, 1973 FROM CHICAGO AND ST. LOUISSwi$$ Baiwian GarniraiUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALUMNI ASSOCIATION- Swiss Bavarian Carnivai5733 S. University Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637 (312)753-2175Count me in! I hâve enclosed $ or na minimum deposit of $100per person or ? full payment ($570.90 from Chicago, $581 .90 fromSt. Louis) for the whole package, including ail taxes and services,for no. of persons. make check or money order payable to:SWISS BAVARIAN CARNIVALI understand full payment is due 35 days prior to our departure and thatI will be billed for the balance I hâve enclosed an attached sheet withadditional information if I am making réservations for more than one coupleName(s) Street , Phone(City. . State. -Zip.Departure Date:. .Departure City _Return this réservation imrnediately to assure space Réservations are on a first-come first-servedbasis If the aircraft is full for this departure date every effort will be made to obtain an alternative date for you Single rates and rates for children are available on request Tour priées are basedon rates and tanffs in eflect as of this date31'BooksQueen Victoria 's Little WarsByron FarwellAh, the neglected lessons of history!In this account by Byron Farwell(am'68) of some of the military aspects ofQueen Victoria's long reign (in not oneyear of which did her forces fail to seeaction) the reader gets a calm, informativerécital of the seamier side of the processof empire building whose more glamorousmoments furnished inspiration for Rudyard Kipling and others. Queen Victoria'sLittle Wars (New York: Harper & Row,1973. $8.95) is fascinating reading, only inpart because it contains such chilling side-lights as this:"Lord Aukland, having concluded thatthe British should not allow 'Russian andPersian intrigue upon our frontiers,' de-cided that he should 'attempt to saveAfghanistan' by invading the country withBritish, Indian and Sikh troops and over-throw its ruler. The plan was to replaceDost Muhammad with a man named ShahShuja, a more docile Afghan noble who,although unpopular with his own people,had pretensions to the amirship. The British had been keeping him on a dole inIndia for just such an occasion. The plansounds fantastic today, and so it soundedto many in London when it was explained:the Afghans were to be persuaded that theBritish would save them from the clutchesof the Persians and the Russians by invading their country with Anglo-Indian andSikh armies — the Sikhs being the mosthated enemies of the Afghans — and de-posing their ruler, replacing him with aman they distrusted and detested!"The Afghan campaigns were only partof the picture; others: those in China, India, the Crimea, and African territoriesfrom Zululand to the Sudan. Mr. Farwellnot only recounts the happenings , but alsoilluminâtes the motives and thinking (orlack of it) of many of the driving andoften heroic Britons who led their country 's march to colonial growth in Victoria's time.Welfare: A Handbook for FriendAND FOETimothy J. SampsonMr. Sampson (ab'60), a vétéran of severalareas in the field, has written an évaluation of the whats and the whys of welfarewhich makes commonly held attitudes toward this subject, on the part of thegovernment, the public and the press (aswell as a lot of people professionally in-volved) look woefully bad. The foes ofwelfare, he indicates, include those whoget it, as well as those who pay for it.In a book which is as intellectuallystimulating as its typographie dress is bizarre, he outlines the history, structureand functions of welfare; présents its vitalstatistics, lists its myths and counter-myths; and gives proposais for reform for,and alternatives to, welfare. With welfarean issue which is seething at this time andpromising to continue to seethe, the book(Philadelphia: United Church Press, 1972.$3.95) is one which will help to qualify thecitizen to meet his responsibility to makeinformed décisions about the nation'shandling of its poor.Deterrence: The Légal Threat inCrime ControlRécent statements by Président Nixon andirate rebuttals to them hâve brought thesubject of deterrence of crime to whatbroadeasters call the top of the news.Now corne Franklin Zimring (jd'67), professor of law at the University and director of the Center for Studies in CriminalJustice, and Gordon Hawkins, associateprofessor of criminology at the Universityof Sydney, with a book which, by explain-ing how complex the problem of deterrence really is, reveals much of the cur-rent talk on both sides of the fence asunprovable if not meaningless.Deterrence (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1973. $13.50) chops awaymuch of the underbrush of folklore aboutthe effectiveness of crime prévention. Itdoes not provide substitute answers, but itdoes outline the scope and contents of theproblem and suggests the directions whichbadly needed research should take. But ifthe book did no more than clear away theunderbrush, it would still perform a valu-able function.VlCTIMS OF GROUPTHINKIrving L. JanisIn Victims of Groupthink (New York: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1973. $7.95), IrvingJanis (sb'39) sketches the fascinatingthesis that under some circumstances thecohesiveness of a décision making groupcan blind it to factors bearing on its décisions and lead it into gross error. His fournégative examples involve Pearl Harbor,the Bay of Pigs, Korea and Vietnam.Under other circumstances a group mayavoid the self-reinforcing groupthinkwhich can lead to judgment mistakes, Mr.Janis believes. He outlines techniques in-stituted by Président Kennedy after theBay of Pigs to avoid the quasi-auto-hypnosis of that expérience. Accounts ofGeorge Kennan's group sessions devotedto work on the Marshall Plan, bring outother factors conducive of internai criti-cism."Awareness of the shared illusions, ra-tionalizations, and other symptoms fos-tered by the interaction of members ofsmall groups may," he says, "curtail theinfluence of groupthink in policy makinggroups, including those that meet in theWhite House."Mr. Janis is professor of psychology atYale University.The Americanization ofWorld BusinessPierre van GoethemExplanations of the world hegemony ofAmerican business, says Pierre vanGoethem (sm'61), hâve never given fullcrédit to the rôle played by the country 'sfinancial institutions.In The Americanization of World Business (New York: Herder and Herder [Mc-Graw-Hill Book Co.], 1972. $8.95) Mr. vanGoethem, who is a consultant on time-sharing Systems and software, primarily tofinancial institutions, examines the con-trasting structure and functioning ofsecurities markets in the United Statesand abroad and concludes that the higherdegree of specialization which character-izes American financial institutions haspermitted them to attract investment fromail over the world — resources which thenare used in the expansion abroad ofAmerican industry. Adoption elsewhere ofthis country 's highly efficient financialstructure would, Mr. van Goethem says,help to strengthen business managementabroad and also would provide a solutionto some of the problems of developingnations.Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon J.Hawkins32alumni U^^ewsClass notesfyj in memoriam: Edna Stevens Shel-yJ** don, ab'02, died on January 22 inWinter Park, Fia.A 2 in memoriam: Thomas JohnstonVJ Hair, phB'03, former officer ofAcme Steel Co. and Farmer's State Bank,former président of the University of Chicago Alumni Association and the firstalumnus to receive an alumni citation forcommunity service, died March 3 in Ashe-ville, N. C.A"7 in memoriam: Grâce Williamsonv/ / Willett Chamberlain, phB'07, died inDecember at the âge of 89.Club eventsChicago, May 18. Annual Communications Dinner.cleveland, May 3. Milton J. Rosenberg,professor, Department of Psychology andthe Collège, will speak. Mrs. Milton Matz(am'56) will préside.los Angeles, May 10. Prof. Philip M.Hauser will speak on "Implications of thePopulation Explosion, Implosion and Dis-plosion," Emanuel Reznick (am'48) pre-siding.minneapolis, June 15. Guthrie Theaterparty; alumni in the area will be notifiedof détails as they become available. Mrs.James L. Baillie (sb'67) will préside.san Francisco, May 9. Prof. Hauser willspeak on the "Population Explosion, Implosion and Displosion." Roland E. Bran-del (jd'66) will préside.tulsa, May 22. Prof. Norval Morris, director of the Center for Studies in Crimi-nal Justice, will speak, Mr. (jd'45) andMrs. (ab'44, jd'46) Raymond G. Feldmanpresiding.Washington, d.c, May 5. Alumni willtour a station of the partially completedMétro subway, the tour conducted byCody Pfanstiehl (x'37), of the WashingtonMétro Transit Authority. (Capacity: 125.Call Shirley Mecklin to find out if placesare open— [703] 768-7220.) John V. Long(ab'49, jd'51) heads the Washington club. AO in memoriam: Adèle Mehl Burnett,UO am'08, retired educator and writer,died last autumn in Bellaire, O. Ms. Burnett organized the English department atIola (Kans.) Junior Collège and was anassociate professor of language and literature at Kansas State Collège, Pittsburg, atthe time of her retirement in 1958. Shewrote for the Kansas City Star and To-peka Capitol, as well as a number of otherpublications.Uin memoriam: William Roy Carney,x'11; Hurnard J. Kenner, x'H; JohnGeorge Sinclair, sb'11; Roscoe G. VanNuys, md'11."1 / in memoriam: Helen Katherine-L^ Dow Baker, am'14, former professor of Latin and Greek at Hardin Sim-mons University, Abilene, Tex., died lastautumn in Bolivar, Mo.1 T in memoriam: Joseph L. Hirsch,-L J phB'15, jd'17, died in his Munster,Ind., home on March 8. He was 79.1 /l in memoriam: Fredrick K. Branom,¦l-O sm'16, educator, author and ge-ographer, died suddenly in his Chicagohome on November 14; Edna Graham,sb'16, former mathematics professor atWest Texas State University, Canyon,died January 23 in Waco, Tex., at the âgeof 91.Uin memoriam: Albert L. Bramlett,am'17, Clyde, N. C, died on January 23; Helen Adams Selfridge, phB'17,Highland Park, 111., died on March 14.1 O in memoriam: Paul J. Sedgwick,J-O sbT8, PhD '22, professor emeritus ofbotany and bacteriology at Syracuse(N. Y.) University, died on February 3 inSyracuse at the âge of 76. Known inphotographie as well as botanical circles,Dr. Sedgwick was an early user of colorphotography and a pioneer in time-lapsephotography. Some of his photos wereused by Walt Disney.1 Q in memoriam: Norris C. Bakke,*-S llb'19, phB'19, former justice of theSuprême Court of Colorado, assistantchief counsel for the Fédéral Deposit Insurance Corporation during the Trumanadministration, died January 12 in Viejo,Calif ., following a brief illness. Among his iw-il lll ') I •' i~14* j TTÎTl: BIP .~««*-:ïbuildings***%&.SW-:vS?s(SŒBo G®Gîbcsasurvivors is a sister, Ella Cyrene BakkeDear, p1ib'19, of Washington, D. C.TA in memoriam: G. Meredith Brill,^ v sb '20, for thirty-five years assistantnational secretary-treasurer and managerof the central office of Alpha OmégaAlpha Honor Médical Society, died lastAugust in Slaterville Springs, N. Y., aftera long illness. Mr. Brill was knownthroughout his life for his efforts on behalfof local activities, including United Fund;the county mental health association;Slaterville Springs Community Council, ofwhich he was a founder and président;Caroline Valley Softball League; and theBoy Scouts. He sang in church choirsmost of his life.H. Donaldson Jordan, x'20, professoremeritus of English history, Clark University (Worcester, Mass.), died December20.nELIZABETH COCHRAN, AM'21,phD'30, Pittsburgh, Kansas, and afriend visited the Central American coun-tries, except Nicaragua, earlier this year.They went by freighter from New Orléansand "were well pleased — with both seaand land travel."in memoriam: Erik Andersen, SB '21;Leslie S. Fry, x'21; Lucile Gafford,phB'21,AM'25, PhD'30.'J *} sydney shire, sb'22, reports that— ~* "although I am in semi-retirement[in Dallas], I still hold a professional en-gineer's license for 1972-73." Mr. Shire,who retired from Peoples Gas in 1952 as asenior engineer, says that a copy of the33décimal classification he devised for gasengineering files and libraries was re-quested as recently as last year.in memoriam: Frank Eakin, phD'22;Al vin H. Goldstein, x'22; Arthur J. Mur-phy, llb'22.O 2 hugh c. graham, sr., sb '23, md'26,** J pediatrician, was named by thecounty médical society recently to sharewith two other local physicians the title ofTulsa's Doctor of the Year for 1973. Sincehis retirement last August from privatepractice, Dr. Graham has donated threedays a week to working in the outpatientclinics of a local médical center. In addition, he has been able to dévote more timeto a hobby he and his wife hâve sharedover the years — the judging of nationaland international ice-skating compétitions.The hobby began when the Grahams' children were quite young and the whole family took up skating. Both children ad-vanced eventually to the World SkatingTeam and the Grahams, predictably, hâvebeen hooked on the sport ever since.^ / in memoriam: Henry C. Ferguson,£* llb'24; Louis S. Kassel, sb'24,sm'26, PhD '27; Walter MacPeek, phB'24;Maurice R. Marchello, phB '24, jd'26.1C in memoriam: Thomas Latham** ¦* Smith, sm'25, retired académie deanof the Collège of the Ozarks, Clarks ville,Ark., died on March 4.'J/I DAVID M. GANS, SB '26, SM'27,**** PhD '29, director of the Coatings Research Group, Inc. (Cleveland), until hisretirement in March, 1972, and currently aconsultant to the paint industry, has beennamed by the Fédération of Societies forPaint Technology to receive the 1972George Baugh Heckel award for outstandingcontributions to the advancement of thefederation's interest and prestige. RecentlyDr. Gans organized Project COPE, an in-dustry-wide conférence to discuss thereformulation techniques available to meetproposed governmental régulations limit-ing the use of certain heavy metals incoatings. He also served as conférence co-ordinator and editor.in memoriam: Eleanor Fish Emerson,phB'26, wife of Alfred E. Emerson, professor emeritus of biology at the University of Chicago, died last summer in Gran-ville, N. Y. 0"7 EDITH RAMBAR GRIMM, PhB '27, Who** I retired January 31 as vice-présidentin merchandising, Carson Pirie Scott &Co., Chicago, is establishing her own merchandising service in the Carson PirieScott office building at 36 S. Wabash.OO SCRIBNER (POLLY) AMES, PhB'28, is** O the author of Marsden Hartley inMaine, published by the University ofMaine in December, but just issued. Thebook deals with the well known painterand reflects Ms. Ames' own interest andactivity in the fine arts.in memoriam: William E. Jones, am'28,high school teacher in Dayton, O., fortwenty-eight years, died February 24;Elsie Maxwell, am'28, former foods director for state institutions in Salem, Ore.,died February 7 in Portland, Ore., at theâge of 82.OQ in memoriam: A. J. Hobson, x'29,£*S Hampton, Iowa, died November 14;August L. Spohn, am'29, died February 6.2A ralph valentine, phB '30, has beenJ " promoted to corporate vice-président of Patwil Inc., a custom homebuilding firm in Harrisburg, Pa.in memoriam: Norman AllisonChamberlain, am'30; Raymond L.Newenham, am'30; Bernard Weinberg,phB '30, PhD '36, the Robert MaynardHutchins distinguished service professorof romance languages and literatures atthe University of Chicago.21 An appeal for executive clemency•s -*- has been submitted to PrésidentNixon on behalf of William r. ming, jr.,phs '31, jd'33, who surrendered January 8to begin a sixteen-month prison term forfailing to file prompt income tax returnsfrom 1963 to 1966. Filed by the Chicagolaw firm with which Ming was associated,the pétition is based on Ming's long publicservice as a civil rights attorney, his âge,health, and the "further fact that the returns in question had been filed beforecriminal investigation began and the taxespaid before the prosecution was insti-tuted." Pétitions on other grounds wereturned down by the Suprême Court onOctober 16 and December 4, 1972.2 0 david l. miller, pho'32, professorJ^ of philosophy at the University ofTexas at Austin, is the author of George Herbert Mead: Self, Language, and theWorld, published this spring by the University of Texas Press. Miller was a student of Mead at UC, and the biographicalsection of his new work includes information on Mead's years at Chicago. The volume also contains a complète bibliographyof Mead's published works, of articles andbooks on Mead, and of unpublished letters, lecture notes and thèses both byMead and by others on Mead and his philosophy.leo segall, phB '32, jd'34, partner inthe Chicago law firm of Asher, Greenfield,Gubbins and Segall, has been elected tothe board of the National Foundation ofHealth, Welfare and Pension Plans.2 2 eli p. Messenger, phB '33, has re-*/ J) tired as director of personnel andpublic relations for Eli Lilly InternationalCorporation (Indianapolis). He joined thefirm in 1936.in memoriam: Reginald J. Stephenson,phD'33.2 A in memoriam: Charles D. Bussey,3^ md'34, surgeon, associate professorof surgery in the University of TexasSouthwestern Médical School (Dallas),died on December 19 in Dallas.2 C betty sayler frye, ab'35, openedD J 3, United Nations Association Information Center in Palo Alto (Calif .) lastSeptember and is serving as the volunteerdirector.M. GWENETH HUMPHREYS, PhD'35, isone of three faculty members recentlynamed to a Dana professorship, newly-established endowed chairs, at Randolph-Macon Woman's Collège (Lynchburg,Va.). She is professor and chairman of themathematics department there.nathan morris, sb'35, this year cele-brated the eighth anniversary of hisfounding of Chicago's first exclusivelyplant shop — Plants Alive.2/C garrett hardin, sb '36, professor•? " of human ecology at the Universityof California, Santa Barbara, is author ofStalking the Wild Taboo, published inFebruary by William Kaufmann, Inc., LosAltos, Calif. A discussion of the nature oftaboo in sophisticated societies, the bookis subdivided into sections on abortion,religion, technology and compétition. Bydevoting much of his time during the341960s to lecturing and writing on the intellectual and moral bases of abortion, Dr.Hardin helped create the climate of opinion that ultimately led to the legalizationof abortion in the historié Suprême Courtdécision this January. He was called "oneof the intellectual leaders of our time" byScience (12/15/72).27 J. keith butters, ab'37, has been•y I named the first Thomas D. Casserly,Jr., professor of business administration atHarvard business school. Professor Butters taught économies at Harvard beforejoining the business school faculty in 1943as assistant professor of financial re-search. He was named professor of business administration in 1954. An authorityon finance and taxation, he has served asconsultant to several business, law andtrade firms, as well as to various agenciesof the fédéral government.FLORENCE WISSIG DUNBAR, AB'37,mba'39, has been appointed to the National Advisory Eye Council which ad-vises on the awarding of grants by HEW'sNational Eye Institute — the fédéral gov-ernment's primary research organizationon the prévention, diagnosis, and treat-ment of visual disorders — and providesgênerai guidance to the institute on pro-gram development and research policy. Anattorney and faculty member of ChicagoCity Collège, Ms. Dunbar play s anactive rôle in the Women's Bar Association of Illinois and the Chicago BarAssociation.2 Q Religious history professor sidney•/O E# mead, am'38, PhD '40, severedofficiai ties this December with the University of Iowa, a victim of the school 'smandatory retirement âge of 68. ButMead — a longtime advocate of the importance of accepting philosophically theexigencies of bureaucracy, whether withinor without the university — is not in theleast bitter about his enforced retirement,which was strongly appealed without suc-cess by both Iowa's history and religiondepartments.Président of Meadville TheologicalSchool in the Federated Theological Faculty of the University of Chicago from1956 to 1960 and a UC faculty member fortwenty years, Mead is regarded as a pion-eer in the development of a history ofAmerican religion. Previously, church his-torians had seen American religion as merely an extension of the history ofChristianity since the Reformation. Mead'scontention that this country has adopted aunique and changing rôle for religion, différent from that of other societies, hasgained wide support through the years.Mead was honored in December in NewOrléans at a joint session of the AmericanSociety of Church History and the American Historical Association. Reading papersin his honor were associate dean of UC'sDivinity School Martin e. marty, PhD '56,and ROBERT handy, pho'49.in memoriam: Henry Billings II,mba'38; Doris Buell Lyons, x'38.2Q IN memoriam: Sophia FogelsonJ y Kruglick, ab'39, incumbent vice-président of the University of ChicagoAlumni Cabinet and a Cabinet membersince 1968, président of the Phoenix alumni club, member of the Women's Board ofthe University, winner of an Alumni Citation for Public Service in 1968, and prominent Phoenix civic leader, died March 15.A Phoenix city councilwoman, 1964- '68,and the first woman ever elected to thatgoverning body, she won the praise of thecity manager at that time, Robert Coop,for her persistent and effective efforts in"bringing government closer to the people,conducting a local war against poverty andbeautifying our city.'' Mrs. Kruglick wasactive in such local organizations asUnited Fund, Art Muséum League, MentalHealth Association, Psychiatrie Out-Patient Clinic, the Je wish Social Service,and the Florence Crittendon Home forUnwed Mothers.A fi elton ham, ab'40, pIid'69, chair-^" man of the political science department at Kalamazoo (Mich.) Collège, washonored recently at a spécial réception forhis twenty-five years of service to theschool. Last year Dr. Ham took a sabbati-cal leave in order to serve as consultanton urban development to the Inland SteelDevelopment Corp.in memoriam: Oscar V. Anderson,x'40; William Paul Barnds, db'40./ 1 carl q. christol, p1id'41, profes-* -*¦ sor of international law and politicalscience at the University of Southern California, has been elected président of theAmerican branch of the International Institute of Space Law, International As-tronautical Fédération, for the term 1973-74.evon z. vogt, ab'41, am'46, PhD '48,chairman of the anthropology departmentat Harvard, participated both as an editorand author in the work, Culture and Life:Essays in Memory of Clyde Kluckhohn,published in January by Southern IllinoisUniversity Press. The collection memorial-izes the contributions to the concept andtheory of culture of Professor Kluckhohn,especially known for his research andfield work among the Navajo Indians.A^% GEORGE W. ROTHSCHILD, JD'42,*^* Evanston, 111., has been electedsecretary of General American Transportation Corp., Chicago. He also is avice-président, gênerai counsel and director of the firm.in memoriam: Earl Dearborn, PhD '42;Harry R. DeYoung, ab'42; Audrey EarlSus, ab'42; Nelson Walbridge, PhD '42./ 2 RICHARD L. LEVIN, AB'43, AM'47,*-J PhD '57, English professor at theState University of New York at StonyBrook, has won a contest, sponsored an-nually by The Explicator, a literarymonthly edited at Virginia CommonwealthUniversity, for his book The Multiple Plotin English Renaissance Drama (Universityof Chicago Press). The book was chosenas the best explication de texte in the fieldof English and American literature.james c. matheson, x'43, retired navalofficer, is director of Peace Corps opérations in Jamaica.AA^ nora english, am'44, has retired^^ as licensing coordinator for the Illinois Department of Children and FamilyServices after twenty-seven years of stateservice in child welfare. During her careerMs. English played a leading rôle in developing licensing programs and standardsfor state child care facilities.Charles h. parrish, p1id'44, has beenserving as intérim chairman of the socialsciences division at Dillard University(New Orléans) this year during the leave-of-absence of the regular chairman. Mr.Parrish retired from the sociology facultyof the University of Louis ville (Ky.) in1969.AC IRENE H. MCENROE, PllB'45, AM'50,* s is now a copywriter with Liller NealBattle & Lindsey, Atlanta advertising andpublic relations firm.35in memoriam: Raymond G. Carey,pho '45.A£L PAUL LAMBOURNE higgins, db'46,ivJ pastor of the Richards Street UnitedMethodist Church in Joliet (111.) for thepast twelve years, was granted sabbaticalleave from the church beginning May 15.From Rockport, Mass., home base duringthe leave, Rev. Higgins is conducting re-ligious retreats, working on a new book,and lecturing. In addition, he will directseveral seminar tours abroad. He is co-founder and first président of SpiritualFrontiers Fellowship, a national organization interested in the study of psychicaland mystical expérience.EVELYN FREEMAN JOHNSON, AB'46, tookover on February 1 as chief hearingofficer for Cook County in the Motor Ve-hicle Division of the secretary of state 'soffice. Partner in the Chicago law firm ofWestbrooks, Holman and E. F. Johnson,she has specialized in the training ofyoung black lawyers and is an activemember of the Joint Negro Appeal,NAACP, Chicago Urban League and theField Muséum of Natural History.in memoriam: Paul P. Fryhling, x'46.AH DAVID S. BUSHNELL, PhB'47, AM'50,* / senior staff scientist for the HumanResources Research Organization, Alexan-dria, Va., is the author of Organizing forChange: New Priorities for CommunityCollèges, published by McGraw-Hill recently in their Project Focus séries. Project Focus was conducted during 1970 and1971 by the American Association ofCommunity and Junior Collèges to gathera cross-section of opinions concerning thebasic problems two-year collèges will faceduring the décade. As research directorfor the project, Mr. Bushnell establishedthe methodology for and the compilationof the some 15,000 questionnaires used inthe survey. His book provides a précisenumerical assessment of two-year collèges, long-range goals, various trendslikely to influence those goals, and subséquent strategy changes.JOSEPH A. HASSON, MBA'47, AM'50,phD '51, Rockville, Md., has been desig-nated chief economist attached to theOffice of Executive Director, Price Commission, Washington, D. C. He is theauthor of Economies of Nuclear Power,completed while he was a fellow at theLondon School of Economies.lenore whitman mcneer, am'47, di rector of the human services and mentalhealth technology programs at VermontCollège, has been awarded a National Science Foundation grant to study créativeconflict management — the scientific hand-ling of strife between groups of people.Former assistant director of UC's International House, she chairs the Vermont gov-ernor's commission on the status ofwomen and appears frequently before thestate législature to testify on women'srights.in memoriam: Robert J. Plaut, mba'47,died March 2 in New York City.AQ richard atkinson, phB '48, head of±0 the psychology department at Stanford, took office this spring as président ofthe expérimental psychology division ofthe American Psychological Association.esther m. conwell, phD'48, has joinedXerox's Rochester Corporate ResearchCenter as a principal scientist at theJoseph C. Wilson Center for Technologyin Webster, N. Y.carl dellaccio, pIib'48, am'51, direc-tor of foreign language instruction for theTacoma (Wash.) Public Schools, has beenelected président of the American Councilon the Teaching of Foreign Languages. Heis co-author of Spanish for Communication (Houghton Mifflin), a new secondaryschool foreign language instructional pro-gram which emphasizes the goal of learn-ing to communicate with a native Span-ish-speaking person, rather than merelylearning to manipulate the arbitrary formsand conventions of language.sheldon gardner, am'48, has joinedthe staff of Cook County State 's AttorneyBernard Carey as head of the civil division.WILLIAM B. PRENDERGAST, PhD'48, WaSdesignated in November as défense ad-yiser to the U. S. Mission at NATO head-quarters, in Brussels.GEORGE c rogers, am'48, p1îd'53, hasbeen named to an endowed chair in thefield of history at the University of SouthCarolina.A(\ ELEANOR BERNERT SHELDON,*S PhD '49, président of the Social Science Research Council, New York, hasbeen named to the board of trustées of theRand Corporation. Before her appoint-ment at SSRC last September, Dr. Sheldon served as sociologist and executiveassociate at Russell Sage Foundation inNew York. She has published extensively in the fields of demography, children'sstudies, médical sociology, family économie behavior and social indicators. Alsonamed to the board of trustées by Randwas soia mentschikoff, professor inUC's Law School.CA WILLIAM R. BRANDT, JD '50, Bloom--?U ington (111.) attorney, was this year'schairman of the American Cancer Society 's McLean County residential crusade.CHARLES E. COHN, AB'50, SM'53, PhD'57,Clarendon Hills, 111., a physicist in the ap-plied physics division of Argonne NationalLaboratory, has been issued a patent forhis invention of a "random number gener-ator."ada hawkins, sm'50, professor andformer director of the University of Okla-homa Collège of Nursing, has retired aftera 21 -year association with the school.in memoriam: John A. Pond, mba'50.C 1 PAUL A. BENKE, AM'51, MBA'54, isJ -¦- now with AMF Incorporated (WhitePlains, N. Y.), producer of leisure timeand industrial products, as corporatevice-président and group executive of themarine group.warren r. halperin, ab'51, has beenappointed controller of Fields, Grant &Co., an investment counseling firm inMenlo Park, Calif.Liberty, Justice, and Morals: Contempo-rary Value Conflict s, a new book by bur-ton m. leiser, ab'51, professor and chairman of the philosophy department atDrake University (Des Moines), has beenreleased by Macmillan & Co., New York($4.95). The thesis of the critique generallyis that government has no right to enforcemorality against an individual whose actions harm no one but himself , but thatcontinued existence in a civilized societyrequires stern enforcement of legitimatelaws against criminal behavior. Dr. Leiserhas a book on génocide in the workswhich should be ready for publication inabout a year.in memoriam: Mark M. Atkinson,am'51.C ^ herman sirlin, am'52, is currentlyJ ** involved in a three-year study,head-quartered in New Haven, Conn.,which is to produce a plan of action forthe protection, conservation and wise development of Long Island Sound and sur-rounding land. The project is coordinated36by the New England River Basins Commission, a partnership of fédéral, state andinterstate agencies.C 2 philip j. cohen, ab'53, am'56, hass J been promoted to assistant executive director, administration, of the JewishCommunity Center of Greater Rochester,N. Y.ADMA JEHA d'HEURLE, PlîD'53, psychol-ogy professor at Mercy Collège, DobbsFerry, N. Y., has been selected for listingin the 1972 édition of Outstanding Edu-cators of America.ROGER T. HILDENBRAND, MBA'53, an ex-ecutive with the Détroit News since 1962,has been appointed gênerai services manager of the newspaper.john h. martin, p1id'53, db'54, profes-sor of humanities and director of the Li-brary and Learning Resource Center atCorning (N. Y.) Community Collège, became administrative officer of the CorningMuséum of Glass on January 1 .john o'neill, am'53, has left the University of Houston faculty, to accept anappointment at the University of Wiscon-sin — Eau Claire as dean of the new graduate school of social work, slated to openin January, 1974. Emphasis in the newschool is to be on the training of masterslevel professionals for social and publicservice in rural and semi-rural régions.in memoriam: Peter Jernberg, ab'53,am'57.CA^ ROBERT HOWAT, AB '54, AB '55,J* am'57, has been appointed chairmanof the history-theory department in theschool of music, Wittenberg University,Springfield, O. In 1972 he was the récipient of the Wittenberg alumni body'saward for distinguished teaching.FRANK Y. ICHISHITA, AM'54, pastor ofPeoples United Presbyterian Church, Den-ver, took office early this year as modef-ator of the Denver Presbytery of theUnited Presbyterian Church in theU. S.A.paul neimark, x'54, Highland Park,111., reports that ABC has purchased therights to his novel, She Livesï, to make a"Movie of the Week." Also an excerptfrom his second novel is to be publishedin the midwest édition of Fiction.C C URSULA BOHLE ELSHOLZ, AM'55,s J and family hâve moved from Dus-seldorf to Bonn (Germany). She is cur-rently teaching English and religion in a collège level public school which special-izes in training for social work, teachertraining (kindergarten), etc.BENJAMIN C. BOYLSTON, AM'55, hasbeen advanced by Bethlehem Steel to assistant to the vice-président of industrialrelations.in memoriam: Mary C. Gasteyer,am'55; D. Clint Smith, ab'55.C /T STANLEY GUTERMAN, AB'56, joineds" the faculty of Southampton (N. Y.)Collège last fall, as associate professor ofsociology.HARRIET MANELIS KLEIN, AB'56, Leonia,N. J., is currently assistant professor ofanthropology at Montclair State Collège,Upper Montclair, N. J.CLIFTON R. WHARTON, JR., AM'56,pho '58, président of Michigan State University, has been elected to the boards ofdirectors of the Ford Motor Co. and theBurroughs Corp. He will receive no Personal compensation for the directorships.Instead, as with previous board member-ships, he has arranged with the MSUboard of trustées, which approved his ac-ceptance of the posts, that ail fées whichordinarily would be due him as a boardmember will be paid directly to MSU inthe form of unrestricted grants. (Ford andBurroughs pay their directors base annualsums of $10,000 and $6,000 respectively.)C "7 jaro mayda, jd'57, has been namedJ I director of the new multi-disciplinary Institute for Policy Studies &Law at the University of Puerto Rico.During 1971 a fellow-in-residence of theWoodrow Wilson International Center forScholars at the Smithsonian Institution,Professor Mayda recently served as policyadviser to the study, "Puerto Rico and theSea," commissioned jointly by the gover-nor of Puerto Rico and the U. S. Environ-mental Protection Agency.JOHN t. morgan, mba'57, Rye, N. Y.,has been elected senior vice-président ofFranklin Savings Bank of New York.fred p. seymour, mba'57, as the newdirector of sales for the midwestern régionof the U. S. Postal Service, is responsiblefor ironing out the problems of majormailers. Mr. Seymour was an executivesalesman for many years with R. R. Donnelley and Sons.58 bahia khalil, am'58, since return-ing to this country in 1965 from her native Palestine, has been teaching ele-mentary school in Richmond, Calif. She isalso président of NAJDA — which standsfor "help in time of need" in Arabie — alocal non-political organization devoted tohelping Arab refugees.Programming: Introduction to ComputerTechniques, by douglas maurer, sb'58,was published last year by Holden-Day,Inc., San Francisco. Intended as a follow-up to a previous book, Programming: AnIntroduction to Computer Languages andTechniques (1968), the new work discussesmachine organization and data structures.Dr. Maurer 's expérience includes researchin the mechanization of pure mathematicsat MIT and programming a RussianMINSK computer at a hospital in Czecho-slovakia. He is currently a faculty memberat the University of California, Berkeley.in memoriam: Floyd Morton Fryden,ab'58, am'60, was killed in the IllinoisCentral crash in Chicago last October.CQ An honorary doctor of laws degreeJ S was conferred upon peter b.clark, PhD '59, by Pomona Collège (Gare-mont, Calif.) last fall. Clark is chairman ofthe board, président and publisher of theDétroit News.edward c. stone, sm'59, p1id'64, California Institute of Technology physicist,has been named project scientist for the1977 Jupiter-Saturn Mission. As such, hewill coordinate eleven scientific investigations scheduled for the dual-planet fly-bysthat will carry a Mariner spacecraft pastJupiter in 1979 and Satura in 1981.don villarejo, sb '59, sm'60, phD'68,assistant professor of physics at UCLA,spoke before a récent meeting of theAmerican Physical Society on the declin-ing interest among young people in physics as a career. Interest in the subjectpeaked between 1961 and 1963, he noted,but has been waning ever since, while theappeal of mathematics, excluding engineering, and the biological sciences ascareers has remained roughly constant."One of our handicaps is that physics hasbecome more specialized and compétitive — counter to the trend among youngpeople whose values are the opposite."Physics, which once dealt mostly with anunderstanding of natural phonomena, hasbecome specialized into such disciplinesas high energy, solid state, atomic and mo-lecular, and nuclear physics. To revive interest, he suggested a return to emphasison, for instance, the physics of vision,37hearing and music.^A david r. babb, jd'60, attorney in^^ Belvidere, 111., has been named bythe Illinois Suprême Court as a circuitjudge in the 17th judicial circuit for BooneCounty, 111./l'A The Rev. harold d. buck, db'61," -*• has accepted a position with Good-will Industries of Santa Clara County (SanJosé, Calif.) as director of resources development.Janet and alexander rabinowitch,AM'61, With LADIS K. D. KRISTOF, AM'56,PhD '69, are co-editors of Révolution andPolitics: Essays in Memory of B. I. Nico-laevsky, published February 16 by IndianaUniversity Press.K/J GEORGE A. DRAKE, DB'62, AM'63,V^» PhD '65, is resigning July 1 as deanof Colorado Collège in order to return tofull-time teaching duties in the history departmentrobert e. howard, mba'62, becameassociate superintendent for vocational af-fairs, Indiana Department of Public Instruction, on March 15.mary anne krupsak, jd'62, Democrat,was one of the three women elected to theNew York State Senate in November. Astate assembly member for the two termsfrom 1968 to 1972, Sen. Krupsak is serv-ing on five standing committees of thesenate.William c. lee, jd'62, resigned earlythis year as U. S. district attorney for thenorthern district of Indiana with the intention of returning to private law practice inFort Wayne. Lee cited the heavy travelrequirements of the job, taking him awayfrom his family, as the primary reason forhis résignation.William r. savage, p1id'62, is currentlya member of the seven-person Washingtonstaff of Oklahoma Représentative JamesR. Jones.£/l THOMAS JOSEPH COTTLE, AM'63,*J •) phD '68, has authored a book of casestudies in social psychology: The Aban-doners: Portraits of Loss, Séparation andNeglect (Little, Brown & Co., $7.95). Thevolume is a collection of dialogues on theexpérience of abandonment, about what itmeans to lose someone — to death, to ide-ology, to indifférence, to another person.Mr. Cottle is a member of the educationalresearch center and a practicing psycho- therapist in the médical department ofMIT./l A NORMAN E. BASH, AB'64, MBA'67,^ * has been promoted by GeneralElectric (Pittsfield, Mass.) to the post ofmanger-business planning and development for the sheet products section of thechemical and metallurgical division. Hehad been business development specialistfor the strategy, review and venturesopération of the same division.lena lucietto, am'64, p1id'69, resignedin April as assistant to the président ofOakton Community Collège, MortonGrove, 111., to accept an appointment atthe University of Rhode Island as associate professor of éducation and assistant to the président.^C ROBERT HASSENGER, PhD'65, as Of"J September, is associate professor ofsociology and éducation at Empire StateCollège (Rochester), expérimental, non-residential collège of the State Universityof New York.JUDITH MILGROM CARNOY, AM'65, hasjoined the west coast office of Health Policy Advisory Center (Health/Pac), a research institute that publishes reports onthe nation's health delivery System. Ms.Carnoy is co-editor of A House Divided:A Radical Reader in American SocialProblems, a collège text published inMarch by Little Brown and Company.(if* GEORGE PSACHAROPOULOS, AM'66,VKj pho '68, lecturer in économies, Lon-don School of Economies and PoliticalScience, University of London, has co-authored a new book, Returns to Education: An International Comparison (Studies on Education séries, vol. 2, publishedby Elsevier, Amsterdam).MARY CULLEN LEAHY, JD'66, Chicagoattorney, as new director of the IllinoisEnvironmental Protection Agency, hasbroad authority to administer and enforceIllinois' pollution control laws. An in-dependent Democrat who ran unsuccess-fully for city alderman last year, Ms.Leahy served as an attorney for the challenge delegates who replaced Mayor Dal-ey's regular Démocratie slate at the par-ty's 1972 national convention. As a dele-gate to the 1970 Illinois ConstitutionalConvention, she authored and pushedthrough an environmental article by whichcitizens may file suit to protect their rightsto a healthy environment. /^l richard gordon, ab'67, is teaching" I photography and running a photography gallery with two colleagues in SantaCruz, Calif. The enterprise is named Gallery 115/Light Workshop (115 Maple St.,Santa Cruz) and their first exhibition was"The Somnambulist" by Ralph Gibson.Upcoming shows will be by Jerry Uels-mann, Anthony Nobile, Marion Patersonand Judy Dater. Also Mr. Gordon is pub-lishing a limited édition (100) volume oftwenty-two hand made photographs en-titled New York ($50 until September 1,1973; $75 thereafter).arvid F. sponberg, am'67, now assistant professor of English at Valparaiso(Ind.) University, is completing his PhDdissertation for the University of Michiganon the Irish playwright, J. M. Synge. In1971-72, he conducted research on Syngeat the Queen's University of Belfast as anexchange fellow from Michigan./1(\ FRANCIS s. idachaba, am'69, who*JS received his PhD in agricultural économies last year from Michigan State University, has accepted a faculty appointment at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria,as lecturer in agricultural économies.^ A JULIET WHEATON WALKER, AM'70,/ " doctoral student at UC, is lecturingin history at Roosevelt University.n james b. johnson, ab'71, has en-tered an executive training programwith the State Bank of Rockford, 111.ANN ELIZABETH MOLLISON, MAT'71, andedward waters m, am'70, were marriedlast fall in Ontario. The couple are livingin Chicago.¦^O ANTONI° cisneros, am'72, La Paz,/ ^ informs us of his nomination as director of the new social research center ofthe National Academy of Sciences of Bo-livia.judith cherniack, ab'72, is on a graduate assistantship to the Atomic EnergyResearch Lab, Michigan State University.THOMAS m. gannon, s.j., p1id72, hasbeen appointed chairman of the sociologydepartment at Loyola University (Chicago). A faculty fellow of UC's Center forSocial Organization Studies, he has beenelected président of the Religious Research Association and was elected to theexecutive council of the InternationalConférence for the Sociology of Religion.38Folk music still hath power. This year's was the thirteenth animal Folk Festival at the University, andalthough some of the front-row sitters at this workshop session in Ida Noyés seem to be more interested inphotography, most students are there for the music (in this case, blues by the Rev. Pearlie Brown).The University of Chicago Magazine Volume LXVNov/Dec '72 Admission applications at Chicago: rising in abear marketMar/Apr '73 Anderson, HerbertThree questions about the sustained nuclearchain reactionMar/Apr '73 Armstrong, PatriciaA 'botanista 's ' adventures in the AndesJul/Aug '72 Bernstein, Sidney R.The American industrial révolution — its third(and final?) phaseJan/Feb '73 A bridge for digging [report on Rosenwald Hall]Jan/Feb '73 Cawelti, John G.Reflections on the new western filmsJul/Aug '72 Early Albright work cornes to the UniversityMay/Jun '73 Eaton, Cyrus S.Rockefeller and HarperJan/Feb '73 Eliade, MirceaThe cuit of the mandragora in RomaniaMay/Jun '73 The examined life [taped interview]May/Jun '73 Fleischman, Paul R.Vasectomy in village IndiaJul/Aug '72 Frozen traffic [sculpture by Wolf Vostell]May/Jun '73 Guyer, Donna DickeyWorld hence [a poem]Nov/Dec '72 High energy physics conférence [photo portfolio]Mar/Apr 73 Honor roll of alumni donors /inserted for alumnionly] May/Jun '73 Meyer, Gerhard E. O.A wanderer, fusing past and futureNov/Dec '72 New facts about an unusual alumni bodyMay/Jun '73 Nitecki, Matthew H.The beginning of lifeSep/Oct '72 Peripatetic alumnus [Ernest J. Morris, PhB '15]Jan/Feb '73 Perlman, Helen HarrisSmall crimes and afterthoughtsSep/Oct '72 Philipson, MorrisWhat is a university press worth ?Jan/Feb '73 Photographing the atomMar/Apr '73 Trodigal son ' /sculpture b} Lynda CaspeJNov/Dec '72 Raskin, Marcus G.America's Manichean approach to militarism:the case for légal action on war crimesJan/Feb '73 Rosenberg, Milton J.The failings of policy scienceNov/Dec '72 Rosten, LéoIrony and insuit: the matchless ploys of YiddishJul/Aug '72 Shils, EdwardIntellectuals and the center of societyMar/Apr '73 Stone, Ursula'We're hère to stay!'Nov/Dec 72 Swartwout, Joseph R., M.D.PGFia and ail thatSep/Oct 72 A taie of two dam sites: Tell Abu HreyraSep/Oct 72 Trustée élections add three alumni to boardSep/Oct 72 Wilson, John A.Nubian rescue39When you visit Chicagowhy not stay on campus?The Center offers thèse facilities and services:118 guest rooms with twin beds, private baths10 suitesDaily maid serviceAir conditioningOff-street parkingConférence rooms accommodating up to 400 personsCocktail loungePublic and private dining rooms for up to 500 personsCafétéria for breakfast, lunch, and snacksTwenty-four hour téléphone switchboard serviceNewsstand, tobacco shop, and personal sundry counterFor information contactRESERVATIONS1307 E. 60th St.Chicago, 111. 60637(312) 753-4462 THE UNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOCENTER FORCONTINUINGEDUCATIONTHE CENTER, DESIGNED BY EDWARD DURELL STONE, IS NOW TEN YEARS OLDPULMVERSITY CF CHlCACCLMVERSITY AR O IV ESJOSEPH REGENSTEIN LIEPARV1100 EAST 5711- StPEElCHICAGO IL 6C637