, «m- THEVERSITY^f*mttg^J \MAGAZINE ¦;••t fci>RITHEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEConferencemanshipAndrew M. GreeleyHuman Guidance of Human EvolutionArnold W. RavinThe Pentagon Papers and the Rule of 'No Prior ,Restraints' 16George AnastaploFrank H. Knight, 1885-1972 29Politically, the Midway Student Is Différent 3032 Quadrangle News33 People34 AlumniNews43 LettersVolume LXIV Number 4March/April 1972The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, is published nve timesper year for alumni and the f aculty ofThe University of Chicago, under theauspices of the Office of the Vice Président for Public Arïairs. Letters andeditorial contributions are welcomed.Don MorrisEditorJane LightnerEditorial AssistantSecond class postage paid atChicago, Illinois; additionalentry at Madison, Wisconsin.Copyright 1972, The Universityof Chicago. Published inJuly/October, November/December, January/February,March/April, and May/June. The University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 753-2175John S. Coulson, '36, PrésidentArthur Nayer, Director, Alumni ArïairsRuth Halloran, Assistant DirectorJudith Goldstone Landt, '68, MAT' 70Program DirectorRégional Offices1 542 Riverside Drive, Suite F,Glendale, California 91 201(213) 242-8288320 Central Park West, Suite 14ANew York, New York 1 002 5(212) 787-78001000 Chestnut Street, Apt. 7DSan Francisco, California 94109(415)928-03372721 Ordway Street, N.W.Washington, D. G 20008(202) 244-8900Cover: Ida Noyés Hall became a bookstore for three days in April, and a busy one atthat (see Quadrangle News on Page 32).Picture crédits: Cover: Leslie Siemens, University of Chicago Press; Page 2, Dea Rein-waldt; Page 10, S us an Langreth; Page 16, Lynn Martin.C0IFERENCEM1NSHHow to Conduct Oneself Succès sfuïly at Learned MeetingsWithout Actually Disrupting ThemAndrew M. GreeleyOur occupational prestige is measured not only by our salaries,our cars, our homes, and the kind of coats our wives wear, butincreasingly by the number of prestigious meetings we attend.A sure sign of a slip in prestige is the absence of a name froma conférence list. It is pathetic to see a man who was once agiant at conférences look puzzled and hurt when a colleaguesays, "Of course Fil see you at next week's meeting," and hemust perforce reply in embarrassment and confusion, "Whatmeeting?"But maintaining one's conférence prestige is a difficult task,particularly since it's practically impossible to be knowledgeableon ail the subjects which we are expected to discuss at meetings.If one admits that he doesn't know what anybody is talkingabout, or sits quietly by while those who are well informedparade their érudition, the conference-convening establishmentis going to start putting question marks af ter his name. It there-fore behooves us ail to be highly skilled at the art of attendingconférences.Empirical social research can make a considérable contribution to the maintenance of such skills. The advice to conf erence-goers contained in this article is based on extensive and objective research. It is presented in the hope that it will protect aconsidérable number of conference-goers from a décline in theirCPI (Conférence Prestige Index).Much of the advice contained herein is more or less specific-ally directed to conference-goers (attendees, as they are knownin some circles) participating in gatherings devoted to largeissues in the social arena, but the suggestions hâve, mutatisThe author, AM '61, PhD '62, is Lecturer in the Department ofSociology, the University of Chicago, and Director, C enter forthe Study of American Pluralism, National Opinion ResearchCenter. A Roman Catholic priest, he is a previous contributor tothèse pages as well as to other publications. mutandis, some gênerai applicability in connection with staffmeetings, board meetings, symposia on various scientific mat-ters, pta meetings, etc.It must be noted at the beginning that conferencemanshipneed not necessarily involve disruption, even if one happens tobe young or black. Young people or black people will be invitedto conférences whether they disrupt them or not. But if one ismerely white or middle-aged, disruption strategy offers verylittle payofï. While one may be able to get away with it on oneor two occasions, alternative méthodologies are essential unlesshe is to find that a great big thick line has been drawn throughhis name on the Master Conférence List.Fortunately, progress in the social sciences makes disruptionunnecessary. Alternate stratégies indicate actions which are thor-oughly respectable and laudatory, and which enable the individ-ual to attend conférences with honor and dignity without actually disrupting them.PréparationThere are those who would argue that one should préparefor conférences by reading the position papers, and perhapseven by familiarizing himself with background materials on thesubject being discussed at the conférence. Conferencemanshipmust view such préparations with grave réservations. It is verylikely that there will be people at the meeting who know farmore about the subject of the conférence, and if one permits theconférence to remain on that subject it will be nothing morethan a display of their learning before one's own embarrassedand awkward silence. A record of too many silent meetings putsa conferenceman's réputation in great jeopardy. It is far moreappropriate, therefore, that ail advance préparation for the meeting be devoted directly and wholeheartedly to conferencemanship.31. It is first of ail necessary to master a séries of appropriatephrases which can be used at the beginning of one's statementsat a meeting and are designed to stop side conversations duringsuch statements. The table below provides a handy list of suchstatements along with an appropriate translation.SUGGESTED STATEMENTS AND THEIRTRANSLATIONS FOR USE BY CONFERENCEMENStatementFm confusedI don't see exactly whatour objectives are inthis discussion I don't understandwhat s being said . . .I don't know muchabout this subject,but l'm very naive, but . . .I've been bothered forthe last several hours(days) by I think we ought to askourselves again whatwere hère for I don't understandwhat 's being said . . .It seems to me thatwhat we might needis more action andless talk Translation(Fm not really confusedat ail, but you peopleare trying to confuseme.)(You people wanderedaway from the point atleast three hours ago.)(I understand damn wellwhat 's being said, but Idon't think you peopleknow what you're talk-ing about. )(I may not be an expert,but I know more thanyou people do.)(Fm really not naive atail, but I see thingsclearly and the rest ofyou don't.)( I can't believe how irrelevant everything youpeople hâve said is. )(If the chairman had anysensé at ail, he wouldhâve got us back on thetrack hours ago. )(I know what you're say-ing, but I can't believeyou'd be dumb enoughto say it,)(Isn't it about time weadjourned for the cofifeebreak? ) It will be observed, through inspection of the accompanyingtable, that thèse opening gambits are designed to put one's col-leagues on the défensive without actually seeming to do so. Thisis one of the primary principles of conferencemanship— onemust call attention to the clarity of one's own insight and therigor of one's own standards in contrast to the fuzziness andvagueness of one's colleagues— but always in such a way that oneseems to be confessing one's own inadequacies. One can restassured that one will never be accused of doing this if one beginswith the proper ploys.2. It is also necessary to use the proper words, for the choiceof vocabulary is extremely important in establishing one's réputation as a conferenceman, and one must expend considérableamounts of effort keeping one's vocabulary up to date. For example, two or three years ago the word "dialogue" was mostacceptable for a conferenceman. But a good conferenceman to-day would not be caught dead using it. However, it is fairly easyto update our statements out of the past simply by crossing outthe word "dialogue" and inserting in its place the word "confrontation."The following table présents a list of "good" and "bad" words.The "good" words should be used more frequently than the"bad" words, although the bad words may be used too, providedthey are always used in the péjorative sensé.GUIDE FOR CONFERENCEMEN-"GOOD" AND"BAD" WORDS"Good" "Bad"third world United Statesyoung middle-agedblack whitefuture pastcommunity structurepoor middle classconfrontation dialoguerévolution establishmentinsurrection modérationguilt clear conscienceAmerican Indians white ethniefeeling compétenceradical libéralIt will be observed in examining this list of words carefully thatone can almost randomly arrange them in sentences that providethe conferenceman with powerful weapons. For example, "Thepoor, young, black, and the citizens of the third world demandaction toward the création of community; they are willing toengage in confrontation and even révolution if the white,middle-aged, middle class structure of the American establishment does not abandon its clear conscience about the past." Sucha sentence cornes close to being an all-purpose sentence and canbe of extrême value to the hard-working conferenceman.3. By judiciously combining éléments of Tables i and 2, theconferenceman can quickly go through the third phase of thepreparatory process— the establishment of his own "line." (Toput the matter more crudely, he can détermine which ax heproposes to grind at a spécifie conférence. ) The "line" needs tobe revised from meeting to meeting, depending on the subjectconcerning which the conférence has allegedly been convened.However, there are some all-purpose "lines" which can be usedat practically any conférence. Two of the best are: "The futurebelongs to the young." "The future belongs to the third worldin its revolt against white domination."Now it might be argued that there are many inadequacies inboth thèse "lines." It could be said, for example, that the futuredoesn't belong to the young, because in the future, those whoare young now will be old. It also could be said that the thirdworld nations cannot possibly achieve afHuence without tech-nical competencies of the society against which they are pur-portedly revolting. It might fihally be argued that both the thirdworld and the young seem to be devoting most of their énergiespresently to factionàl and tribal conflicts among themselves.However, the conferenceman must keep in mind that good"lines" are never formed by permitting oneself to be mired innuance or qualification. To suggest any qualifications or réservations about either the young or the third world is so unfash-ionable in contemporary conférence culture that one need notworry about having either of thèse all-purpose "lines" challenged.Attitude Is Key to Participation4. This brings us to the most critical phase of the preparatoryprocess— the establishment of a "proper attitude." The conferenceman must, flrst of ail, be flrmly persuaded that practicallynothing will be accomplished by a serious, intellectual discussionof the subject for which the conférence was convened. Theproblems that society faces are so complex, in any event, that no conférence is going to solve them. Furthermore, those whoconvened the conférence would probably much prefer that theconférence get attention in the média because of the controversywhich develops at the conférence than to hâve it ignored. Ofcourse the conveners would be absolutely horrified if the médiawere to report that the conférées were unable to arrive at anysolutions about the problems discussed. Hence, even the conveners are secretly hoping for conferencemanship, rather thanserious, intellectual discussions about the problems.Unlearn Old HabitsNevertheless, it requires some considérable effort for mostAmericans, particularly of the académie variety, to give uphabits learned in their childhood and adolescence, and to facerealistically the fact that most conférences are not really intendedfor serious, intellectual discussion. Practice in this matter, as inail others, makes perfect.5. There are numerous différent mental attitudes that areuseful at conférences. Some years ago, hope for the secular citywas a very helpful style. More recently, utter despair has beenfound of service by a good number of conferencemen. But inthe présent author's expérience, a combination of profoundguilt feèlings with intense moral righteousness is, on balance,probably the most useful of ail mental attitudes with which toapproach a conférence.Guilt feèlings are relatively easy to corne by. One need onlyponder one's swimming pool, one's last European vacation, thenumber of students one really saw during the previous semester,the size of the most récent consultante fee, the dinner one hadthe night before the conférence (on the conference's expenseaccount), the cost of one's new color télévision or stéréophoniephonograph. After ail, how many children in Biafra can affordcolor télévision?Moral righteousness is a little harder to achieve, but the conferenceman should not be discouraged at the thought that moralrighteousness and guilt feèlings are hard to combine. There isample évidence in our society that it is not hard at ail. Theprésent writer has found that one of the best ways to acquirethe proper attitude of righteousness is to read religiously ( theexpression should be excused) three magazines: The ChristianCentury, The Commonweal, and Commentary. A steady diet ofthèse journals almost guarantees one the proper emotional set.5If one chooses ( and this writer strongly advises such choice )the style of guilt combined with moral righteousness, then thestrategy for the meeting itself is fairly clearly indicated. Onefashions one's style and behavior at a conférence to stir up guiltfeèlings in one's colleagues and to urge them to share one's ownsensé of moral righteousness. But it must be clearly indicatedto the colleagues that one is dubious that they can be either asguilty or as righteous as the conferenceman, himself, is.6. It follows, therefore, that the sixth phase of préparationis to study carefully one's colleagues at the conférence. A helpfulhint for maay conférences is to ascertain the religious back-ground of others who will be in attendance. Protestants find theguilt-righteousness style almost irrésistible. Catholics, on theother hand, perhaps because of the rite of confession, seem to besadly déficient in guilt feèlings— unless they happen to beapostates— thèse can generally work up real righteousness onlyin denouncing their own ecclesiastical leadership. Jews are un-predictable at présent. Not so long ago one could hâve safelypredicted that most Jews attending conférences would hâvefairly high levels of guilt feèlings, but through a peculiar, andas yet little understood, mutation in the Jewish personality,there is an increasing number of Jews who seem to hâve evenfewer guilt feèlings than Catholics.It must be stressed that the authentic conferenceman cannotexercise too much care in préparation for a conférence. Eventhe most expert practitioner of the art must not run the risk ofbeing casual or sloppy in reviewing the six steps we hâve de-scribed above; sloppiness eventually will lead to a tragic situation where a once able conferenceman rarely, if ever, sees theinside of his local airport.ExecutionIf préparations are properly made, a skilled conferencemanwill hâve little or no trouble in maintaining his integrity at themeeting itself. Nevertheless, there is some purpose to be servedby describing a number of the gambits and ploys that can beused at conférences, if only because they illustrate in a morepractical fashion the theoretical insights on which our adviceabout préparation was based:1. As early as possible in the conférence, protest the absenceof "minority groups"— particularly the young, the black, the third world, and women. If you are young, black, a third worlder,or a woman, it is better for you to let someone else point outunderrepresentation before you rise to make your statement ofprotest. It is generally safe to assume that someone will makesuch a statement, but if no one does so within the first two hoursof the conférence, then the représentative of the discriminatedgroup must quickly point out the fact of underrepresentation.There may be some residual feeling among the conferencementhat the meeting is not necessarily a parliament, and that pro-portional représentation is not absolutely essential. Such feèlingsmust be firmly resisted, because, as we hâve already pointed out,the purpose of a conférence is not the serious discussion ofissues.Actual Numbers IrrelevantFurthermore, one need not be troubled to take an actual headcount to détermine whether in fact the minority group is under-represented. To repeat, reality is completely irrelevant at aconférence. At one récent meeting I was privileged to attend,the blacks were, indeed, represented in their proportion ad thetotal population. This did not prevent the skilled conferencemen présent— both black and white— from making a major issueof the underrepresentation of blacks. If anyone does raise thequestion of the possibility that a minority group may indeed beprésent in appropriate numbers, the obvious response is to in-sist that because of the importance of the given group, it shouldbe ov er represented— thus, one-third of those présent ought tobe between 18 and 25, or one-half ought to be black. No effectiveresponse to such a statement has yet been devised.2. "Reactormanship" is a spécial sub-division of the art ofconferencemanship which deserves more careful attention thanit has received. The good reactor, first of ail, says very littleabout the paper to which he is reacting, save possibly to distortsome of the assertions of the speaker, or to use them out ofcontext in order to make him look like an utter fool. The reactor 's proper attitude, of course, is that if he had been invited togive the paper, he would hâve given a much better paper. Hethen proceeds to prove this by doing just that— reading his ownprepared paper— which, ideally, should be somewhat longer thanthe paper of the original speaker. A really good conférence session would consist of a paper and then two reactions, both ofwhich were longer than the original paper. One master of the6art of reactorship (name available on request) set the currentworld record when he reacted to a twenty-minute présentationwith a one hour and forty-five minute commentary, a commen-tary which continued through, not merely the question periodand the cofïee break, but also consumed the entire small groupdiscussion period and part of the lunch hour. It must be ad-mitted, of course, that académies hâve certain spécial advantagesfor reactorship because they merely need to pull out a collectionof their classroom lecture notes and convert thèse notes into areaction.3. Another very useful ploy is the caucus-resolution strategy.First of ail, one forms a caucus within the meeting. It may bemade up of members of a homogeneous group, such as a blackcaucus, a youth caucus, or a woman's caucus. The conferencemanwho is none of thèse secretly hopes that not enough black oryoung or women are around to form their own caucus, and thuscan join with thèse oppressed minorities to form a "radical"caucus.Row to Use a RésolutionAt some meetings such caucuses présent "unnegotiable de-mands." But the présent writer must confess that he has someconsidérable réservations about such a strategy, for "unnegotiable demands" can really bring a meeting to a standstill whilethe conferenceman still has many other ploys up his sleeve thathe would like to use. The "resolution" alternative to "unnegotiable demands" is frequently far more functional. One's caucusputs together a list of resolutions, perhaps one-third of whichare so harmless that anyone can accept them. Another third arecontroversial, but probably acceptable to a majority of those inattendance, and a final one-third are likely to be completelyoutrageous to most of the conférées ( for example, one resolutioncould put the conférence on record as endorsing the nonpay-ment of fédéral income tax as a protest against whatever injustice one happens to be protesting against).It must be carefully borne in mind that it is not necessary forthe resolutions to pass. If they pass, the radical caucus can claimvictory. But if they lose, the radical caucus can daim even morepublic attention by lamenting the fact that once again it hasbeen martyred by the establishment.It is also completely irrelevant to ask whether conférencerésolutions ever hâve any impact on public policy. The only answer to that question is that of course they do not hâve anyinfluence at ail, but the skillful conferenceman carefully avoidsthe temptation to make such a comment.The caucus-resolution ploy is most effective at the end of theconférence, when considérable numbers of those in attendanceare keeping their eyes on their watches in order not to miss thelimousine to the airport. Nevertheless, the existence of thecaucus and the fact that it is preparing resolutions should bemade known on the first day of the meeting, so that the rest ofthe conférence attendants can be properly intimidated, both bythe activities of the caucus and by the fact that they hâve beenexcluded from it.4. Tell the conférence about what your particular institution,group, community, or organization is doing. This is a somewhatrisky ploy, because one can be accused during the cofïee breaksof "tooting one's own horn." However, if one tells one's ownstory with the proper display of humility using phrases like"We've made an awful lot of mistakes," or "We're just begin-ning to understand the problems," or "What we're doing maybe of no help to anyone else," one can easily gct away with it—provided that the accounts of the accomplishments of one'sown institution are long enough and detailed enough. Hère,again, the conferenceman must realize that effective attendancein the conférence requires behavior exactiy opposite to whatthe uninitiated might expect. It might be thought that brief accounts of one's activities would be acceptable and that longaccounts would not. Any skilled conferenceman knows thatexactiy the opposite is the case.Parliamentarianism5. Introduce parliamentary procédure into the meeting. Itshould be an article of faith for the conferenceman that thereis no better way to get the meeting ofï the subject matter andonto important issues than parliamentary procédure. Grantedthat Robert's book was designed to produce order; in fact, itrareiy does so, because most conférées do not hâve confidencein their grasp of the exact procédures of the rules of order. Theconferenceman, of course, should be a master of thèse rules, because he looks very good when he is susta ined by the rulings ofthe chair. (If one can properly intimidate the chair, he caneven be sustained when acting in direct contravention ofRobert's régulations.) Knowing the rules, one can also adopt7an attitude of superiority toward the rest of the conférées whenthey become hopelessly bogged down about what actually isgoing on, or about what motion is being voted upon. The conferenceman has been a real success in the parliamentary ploywhen at least half his colleagues hâve no idea what they're votingfor or against, should a motion ever finally be put to a vote.6. When ail else fails, one can use the ploy of lecturing theconférence: one can tell one's colleagues that what they are doingis irrelevant, that they are engaging in talk while action isneeded, and that it is necessary now to take a stand and to putone's body on the line. One may further adjure them to return tothe subject for which the conférence was convened and warnthem that the third world and the young people are listeningwith suspicion and contempt. There may be much contradictionin such moralistic lecturing, but no good conferenceman will beinhibited by contradictions.The most serious accusation one can bring against a conférence at présent is that it is irrelevant. Almost any conférencecan be lectured on its failure to cope with the issues of peace orrace, and it is very important to note that the lecture can begiven with telling efïect even if considérable attention has beendevoted to such subjects.Me, Irrelevant?At one meeting I attended, the speaker devoted perhaps two-thirds of his présentation to questions of peace and race, andnonetheless was informed by a member of the young radicalcaucus, at the end of his talk, that it was irrelevant because hehad not, mentioned peace or race. No one, of course, correctedthe young protester, but even had he not been young, he stillcould hâve gotten away with his ploy, for there is no effectivereaction to the charge of irrelevance. It has absolute value and isabsolutely irrésistible. He who permits himself to be put in aposition where he can be accused of being irrelevant can onlysit in quiet shame.Time and space prevent our describing any more ploys in theart of conferencemanship. However, it should be clear, evenwith this rather brief exposition, that it is an art which requiresa good deal of effort and sustained practice. Nevertheless, acompétent and intelligent American who puts in the effort andspends the time on practice will be surprised at how skilful hecan become as a conferenceman.8 Counter-conferencemanshipOccasionally, of course, it becomes useful to engage in coun-ter-conferencemanship. It is an extremely risky art, and practically guarantees that he who practices it will not be invited tojoin the same group again. But for those who are under doctors'orders to eut down on conférences, it must be confessed thatcounter-conferencemanship is a splendid way to go.It is unnecessary to analyze in great détail the complexitiesof counter-conferencemanship; simple indication of a numberof possible gambits should suffice:• "While we're talking about underrepresentation, I don't seeany members of the Polish working class at this meeting, either."• "If you don't like the conférence or what's going on hère, whydon't you pack up your bags and go home?"• "Youth is irrelevant, and the future doesn't belong to it."• "The third world is reverting to barbarism, and if you don'tbelieve it, look at Nigeria, Indonesia, and the Red Guard, tosay nothing of the, Congo."• "If you'd take the wax out of your ears, you'd know that Ialready said exactiy what you've said, in at least three ways."• "I find the distortion of my remarks almost as offensive asthe intolerably long time it took you to distort them."• "Why don't you try to forget about being black or young ora woman and rejoin the human race?"• "Now that you've got yourself quoted in the press, why don'tyou shut up and let the rest of us get on with the meeting?"• "Even though you're black (or young, or a woman) I don'tthink you're a spokesman for many black (young) (women),and I think your posing as a spokesman would be hilarious if itwere not so pathetic."• "What is appalling is neither your ignorance nor rudeness,though both are in heroic proportions, but rather, your lack oféducation. Your thought processes display absolutely no tolérance for complexity or nuance, and your powers of articulationare incredibly déficient. You seem to be nothing more than afree-floating collection of slogans and clichés. I can't for the lifeof me imagine what you're doing at this meeting."• "Up Kerry!" (This shout is followed by pushing over a tableand advancing toward one's adversaries, firmly grasping a shil-lelagh, shouting terrible Celtic curse words. Almost any Celticphrases will do, because if shouted loudly enough, they ail soundlike curses.)Human Guidance ofHuman Evolution:Possibilities and ProblemsArnold W. RavinAmong living things man is unique. Yet his uniqueness is notdue to a spécial kind or arrangement of atoms and moléculesabsent in other living créatures. On the contrary, what we hâvelearned about the organization of tissues and organs reveals thatman is quite similar in this respect to other mammals, and thathe shares more in common with the mammals in such processesas nervous transmission, muscular movement, hormonal control,digestion, circulation and excrétion than the mammals do withcertain other living things like insects or flowering plants. Because of thèse very similarities in physiological fonctions, manhas stood to profit enormously from research on mammaliananatomy and physiology. The diabetic rat or dog suffers fromsymptoms similar to those of the human diabetic, and the needfor insulin is little différent in the diabetics of thèse différentspecies. Nor does man differ fundamentally from other crea-The author, Prof essor of Biology and Research Associate (Pro-f essor), Department of Microbiology, is Master of the BiologicalSciences Collegiate Division and a member of the Committeeson Genetics, Evolutionary Biology and the Conceptual Founda-tions of Science. He is author of The Evolution of Genetics andco-editor of Genetic Organization, both published by AcadémiePress. tures as we examine the molecular and supramolecular orga-nelles of which their cells are composed. Man's cells liberateenergy and synthesize proteins and nucleic acids by chemicalpathways that are very similar to those encountered in ail otherforms of Hfe, be they yeasts or ferns or octopi or mice.The biochemical unity of living things provides in fact apowerful argument for the view that ail présent species hâveevolved from a common ancestor, for the biochemical machineryof life represents a common thème upon which many variationscould be developed.In what way then is man unique? The answer résides in thefact that, in the evolutionary flow line leading to man, importantchanges hâve occurred in the organization of the brain, changesthat hâve resulted in a capacity for conscious thought and communication unlike in degree anything to be seen elsewhere inthe living universe. Man, for better or worse, has acquiredpowers unequaled by those of any other living species. In thedevelopment of rational behavior and of language to transmitthe knowledge gained from sucrT behavior, an entirely new formof évolution arose in man.What this new form of évolution entails is best understoodby contrasting it with the form of biological évolution that manshares with ail other organisms. This gênerai form of évolutionis based uponxwo conditions: the constant, albeit rare, production of variations in the genetic material that passes from one9.'.'"''j'-'-'V'v'-'-Above is an électron micrograph showing portions of a DNA molécule from acrab. For photographie purposes the molécule was shadowed with platinum. Themagnification is approximately 50,000 times. The entire molécule, in crab orhuman, is extremely long in relation to its thickness; if the DNA molécule were aone-inch rope, it would be more than 300 miles long.génération to the next, and the difïerential rate of reproductionof thèse variations. The variations themselves, we know today,are changes in the çhemical structure or arrangement of thegènes in the chromosomes of the cell nucleus and, to a lesserextent, in certain organelles of the cell cytoplasm. In every cellof the organism there exists a group of gènes, each capable ofeffecting the production of a particular kind of messenger. Thetotal group of gènes, or génotype of the organism is constitutedwhen a paternal set of gènes joins an homologous maternai setat fertilization of the egg by a sperm. The génotype representsa set of instructions that guides the development of the organism. In actuality the instructions are not absolutely rigid, for aparticular génotype spécifies a range of developmental possibili-ties that require différent environmental conditions for theirfulfillment. The phenotype of the organism— that is, its totalstructure and behavior— at any given stage of its development isdetermined by the çhemical messengers specified by the gènesas well as by the environmental conditions in which thèse messengers can be synthesized and function. Différences in thestructures of gènes make for différent developmental possibilités, that is, for différent phenotypes under similar environmental conditions.'Only Man Know s9Like other organisms man has mutable gènes, which areshufïled into various combinations by the events underlyingsexual reproduction, and the exigencies and limitations imposedby the environment make the bearers of thèse various gène combinations unequal in their capacity to pass on their genetic mate-rial to succeeding générations. Such unequal transmission ofgenetic material from génération to génération is what biologistscall natural sélection, and is an important process underlyingbiological évolution. Where man is unique, however, is in hisability to acquire and transmit knowledgç; or as the geneticistsWallace and Dobzhansky hâve epigrammatically put it: "Ailbiological species hâve evolved, but only man knows that he hasevolved." The possession of this ability makes it possible forman to alter his environment and make it conducive, if it werenot otherwise so, for the life of man and other species of livingthings. It goes without saying, however, that the same humanability can make the environment totally inhospitable for humanor any other life. In summary, the biological évolution of manhas led to a higher order of évolution, sometimes referred to as cultural évolution, which can supplément, even if it cannot sup-plant, biological évolution.The significance of cultural évolution can hardly be exagger-ated. The development of the languages and literatures of theworld, of média of mass communication, of science and tech-nology, hâve altered immeasurably man's mode of existence.What is of particular significance is man's increased potentialfor guiding the course of future évolution. He has certainlygained powers, through his understanding of the mechanismsunderlying natural phenomena and of the means of predictingand controlling natural events, to make the bearers of certaingénotypes more or less successful in survival and reproduction.Spreading fDefective' GènesIn fact, it is difficult to imagine how man, given his présentpowers of acquiring and transmitting knowledge, can possiblyavoid intervening in further évolution. Consider, for example,the development of médical knowledge. In understanding howthe body works and how diseases occur, man is in a position tocircumvent certain pathological processes, to prolong life andto increase fertility in individuals whose génotypes would, inthe absence of médical knowledge, make improbable theirgenetic contribution to future générations. Diabètes is oftencited in this regard, for it is a disease we hâve learned to controland, by doing so, we hâve probably increased the frequency inthe human population of those génotypes known to contributeto insulin deficiency. Clearly a great deal of what man learns todo technically has genetic and evolutionary conséquences, andin at least some cases, as in the case just cited of diabètes, he isaware of the conséquences. The response to this awareness has,however, been sharply divided and illustrâtes the dilemma be-fore humanity. On the one hand, there are those who hâveargued that the palliation of human ills and prolongation ofhuman life are overriding virtues, while on the other hand, therehâve been those who hâve argued that the spread of "defective"gènes in the human population is the overriding evil. Indeed,many supporters of the latter view hâve proposed that the distribution of génotypes in the human species can and should besubject to human control by régulât ing human reproduction:individuals with certain génotypes might be encouraged toreproduce, while others would be discouraged or even physicallyprevented from doing so by the adoption of certain social mea-sures. Such controls of the incidence of human génotypes hâvenbeen called eugenic measures, and the science of such controlscalled eugenics. Eugenicists hâve not been unanimous in whatthey regarded as the appropriate measures for society to take,for some hâve deplored négative eugenics (discouragement oractive prévention of reproduction) while advocating positiveeugenics (encouragement of reproduction by the putativebearers of désirable génotypes ) . There is a current tendency toregard eugenics as passé given the opportunities for "geneticengineering" made available by recently acquired knowledgeof the molecular basis of heredity. The truly revolutionary dis-coveries about the çhemical nature of the gène and its mode ofaction hâve in fact raised great ambitions about the eventualfabrication of gènes or of the spécifie modification of génotypesalong desired lines: human génotypes, or indeed those of anyother species, become in this view the stufï to be worked up orover in the geneticist's crucible. Yet there is a basic assumptionshared by eugenicists and some enthusiasts of genetic engineering. This is the assumption of an idéal génotype for membersof the human species, or at least a narrow range of optimalgénotypes fitting man to the kind of life properly regarded ashuman.An 'Idéal9 Génotype?The irony of the présent situation is that, while the prospectsfor genetic engineering, for the direct manipulation of thegenetic material, are real enough to be taken quite seriously,the assumption of an idéal génotype for a given species mustbe regarded skeptically especially in the light of récent knowledge about the extent of genetic variability in natural populations of living species. Let us consider in turn then what modemgenetics suggests may be possible in the way of human directionof human évolution and what modem genetics cautions us inthis regard.Thanks to an amazingly productive research into the molecular basis of heredity during the past three décades, there islittle doubt today that we know what gènes are made of andhow they act to affect the phenotype of the organism. A particular gène is à segment of an extremely long, linear chain of de-oxyribonucleic acid (DNA). The information contained in thegène résides in its spécifie séquence of building-blocks, whichare of four kinds ( A, G, C and T, for brevity's sake ) . The orderof the building-blocks in a gène détermines the order of building-blocks in its ribonucleic acid (RNA) mèssenger, which subsequently directs the linear order of amino-acids in a givenpolypeptide. Polypeptides in turn become sub-units of proteins,the physiologically important agents of cells. Within gènes,çhemical conversions of one building-block into another ( fromA to G, for example) occur rarely, but when they occur, suchmutations cause altered proteins to be produced. Witness thedifférence between the hemoglobin of normal persons and thatof persons suffering from sickle-cell anémia: as a conséquenceof a mutation in a single gène, sickle-cell anémies make a slightlyaltered hemoglobin that causes ail the miseries of that particulardisease.Genetic TransformationIn gaining his knowledge of how gènes replicate, mutateand détermine physiological function, the geneticist has learnedhow to perform a number of impressive tricks. Thèse tricks areoften performed upon isolated cells, such as single-celled bac-teria or yeasts or molds, or cells removed from a multicellularorganism and cultured in a médium containing substances necessary for growth and multiplication. One of the tricks is knownas genetic transformation, and occurs principally in bacteria. Itconsists m extracting DNA from a population of bacterial cellsthat difïers in some genetkally determined trait from anotherbacterial population. The latter population is then exposed tothe extracted DNA for a very brief period of time. In ways thatare not yet fully understood, the extracted DNA enters thetreated bacteria and replaces gènes already présent in theirchromosomes. The resuit is that a very large proportion of thetreated bacteria are genetkally transformed: they exhibit thetrait possessed by the bacteria from which the DNA was obtainedand transmit the genetic capacity for the expression of this traitto their descendants. This is a truly remarkablephenomenon,for if it can be generalized to ail types of cells', a means of con-trolling génotype is at hand.At the présent time, there appear to be only a few, but im-oortant, technical difficulties that bar the road to such control.In the first place, we hâve not yet learned enough about themeans by which living cells absorb DNA from the médium toinsure reproducibility of this phenomenon in cells more com-plicated than bacteria. Secondly, we hâve not yet developed amethod for separating the différent kinds of gènes présent inthe heterogeneous genetic assortment represented in the totalcellular content of DNA. Purification of individual gènes will be12an important step, since if one wished to control heredity, onewould seek to affect only a particular gène and not others inad-vertently. This is an especially important considération for, aswe shall see below, the génotypes of two human beings are aptto difïer in respect to many gènes and not just one. The DNAfrom one human being's cells could, if not' first separated intodistinct gène components, transform the génotype of anotherhuman being's cells in more ways than the desired one.While methods for separating gènes are being developed, asthey are at the présent time, there is another research development which might effectively lead to the same resuit. This is thecréation of gènes in the chemist's test tube. To synthesize a gènewould involve hooking together the four kinds of building-blocks (A, G, C, and T) in the proper séquence. To date, molec-ular geneticists hâve not been able to détermine the séquenceof building-blocks in DNA in the same way that they hâve beenable to détermine the séquence of amino-acids in polypeptides.As increasingly sharper methods of visualizing molecular structure are developed, the possibility of reading off séquences inisolated gènes may not be out of the question. There is anothertrick that might be resorted to, however. In the case of certaingènes, we know what their eventual polypeptide products areas well as the amino-acid séquences of those polypeptides. Oncethis séquence is known, it is theoretically possible to détermine,albeit with some correctable ambiguity, the séquence of building-blocks in the corresponding gènes. It then becomes possible,although difficult, to construct a synthetic DNA polymer havingthe séquence of building-blocks of a natural gène. In fact, suchsteps are being taken at the présent time in the laboratories ofNobel Lauréate H. G. Khorana.Uses of VirusesAnother trick that has been learned about getting DNA intocells involves the use of viruses. Not ail viral invaders of cellscause pathological disturbances. Some viruses, called temperate,may infect cells and, while changing the host cell's propertiessomewhat, may multiply in synchrony with the host cell withoutkilling it. Some temperate viruses are made of DNA and protein,but only the DNA enters the host cell. In some cases, the enter ingDNA is actually inserted into the DNA of the host chromosome.It is even possible to obtain viruses that hâve a spécifie portionof their host's DNA attached to their own viral DNA. In this way,spécifie host gènes can be conceritrated in a particular viral prép aration. Such viruses containing host gènes are a potential toolfor transferring desired gènes into cells with defective counter-parts of those gènes. Another class of agents that are potentialvectors of gènes are known in bacteria and ref erred to as epi-somes. Thèse episomal agents are not viruses by the usual cri-teria, but can infect living cells by one route or another. Again,as in the case of viruses, episomes can pick up DNA from thehost cell, which then can be stably associated with its ownepisomal DNA. Episomes are especially interesting because thehost DNA that is associated with them may be active and bephenotypically expressed once the episome infects a cell; thus,the infected cell's phenotype may be altered as a conséquence ofepisomal présence even though no insertion of episomal DNAinto the cell's chromosome cornes about. Episomes are in effectautonomous genetic agents, but little is knQwn of them in cellsmore complex than those of bacteria.Beyond the CellSo far I hâve been discussing mechanisms of controlling thegénotype of individual cells. This is a far cry from controllingthe génotype of an entire multicellular organism. If one wantedto effect the cure of a person who owed his diseased phenotypeto a mutant gène, it might be necessary to modify or replacethat mutant gène in most, if not ail, of the cells of the body. Thisproblem could be circumvented if the gène in question wereactive in only a specialized group of cells in the body; in thatcase, k would be necessary to get the mutant gène modified orreplaced in that group only. It is difficult to imagine how onecould substitute one gène for another in ail of the cells of thebody by treatment with DNA having the desired génie type. Thiswould require most efficient transport within the body of theDNA in a state protected from damage, as well as highly efficientuptake and intégration of the DNA by the cells in the body. If itwere necessary to transform only a few cells with appropriateDNA to effect a phenotypic cure, transformation might be aneffective tool. However, if large numbers of cells had to begenetkally altered, infection by temperate viruses or episomesmight be the more efficacious mechanism. In dealing, withviruses or episomes, however, one would hâve to be extremelycareful. Many tissue-invading viruses, even if initially temperate,may change after a sojourn in host cells and become carcinogenic(cancer-inducing) . Indeed, some human cancers are believed tobe due to viruses that multiply for awhile without pathological13manifestations in the host until altered by certain environmentalconditions, or by mutation, to become malignant.If we are not primarily concerned with génie cures of individuals— and, in fact, there may be better ways of overcoming the illsof mutant individuals— the use of purified DNA or vector-carriedDNA may be of greater significance in the modification of sexcells. Eggs or sperm known to harbor a mutant gène might betreated so as to insure the addition of, or substitution by, thenormal or desired form of that gène. Such genetic changes ofsex cells hâve not been perf ormed as yet, but they are conceivableonce our knowledge of DNA uptake by mammalian cells hasexpanded sufficientry and once the technique of culturing mammalian egg cells is adéquate. Methods for storing sperm byf reezing are already wrell developed, and their possible manipulation in vitro is not out of the question.In genetkally akering sex cells, an evolutionarily potent technique will be made available, for one would be directly manipu-lating the relative frequencies of gènes in human populations.Since genetic modification of mammalian cells in gênerai, letalone sex cells, is still far off , other methods hâve been proposedthat would hâve similar conséquences. The science of cell cultureis now very advanced, and it is possible to remove a few cellsfrom the human body, for example, and grow them for longperiods of time in a culture médium specially designed to replace the conditions prevailing in the intact organism. As anisolated cell grows and divides, its DNA is replicated in an exactfashion except for occasional inévitable mutations. The cellulardescendants of the original isolated cells are ail, therefore, verymuch alike, especially if culture conditions are kept constant.Uniformity Through CloningThèse descendants are said to constitute a clone, and the technique of establishing a genetkally homogeneous cell line iscalled cloning. A given individual's génotype (even if not hispersonality) may achieve an immortality in this fashion. Another skill that has developed is the transplantation of nucleiinto cells, particularly fairly large cells like the eggs of amphi-bians. Indeed, the cell into which a nucleus is to be transplantedmay hâve its own nucleus destroyed or removed prior to transplantation of the foreign nucleus. This has been done with frogand salamander eggs, so that development of the eggs couldlater take place under the direction of the transplanted nucleus.If the nucleus cornes from a source of selected cells, such as a clone whose génotype is well determined, the production ofindividuals with controlled génotypes is thus assured. Indeed,if one produced individuals exclusively with the nuclei of asingle clone, a very reproducible and homogeneous group oforganisms would be obtained. While nuclear transplantationhas not been achieved in the relatively small human egg cell,ova hâve been removed safely from human ovaries and keptalive sufficiently long in vitro to inseminate them with spermthat hâve been maintained in frozen storage. In fact, thèse arti-ficially inseminated ova hâve developed up to the stage where,in the normal situation, they would implant into the utérinewall after their journey down the Fallopian tubes. Sufgkal implantation of embryos in human uteri is not far-fetched, as thisprocédure has already proved successful in other mammals.Potential DisasterThus, if one wanted to direct the génotype of a human indi-vidual, it is entirely conceivable that one might be able to substi-tute a nucleus of known génotype into an isolated ovum, activatedevelopment and then implant the young embryo into a hostutérus. ( If our knowledge becomes great enough, one could evenimagine an artificial utérus, just as we hâve kidney and heartmachines today for short-term treatment of certain diseases.)The transplanted nucleus might either be micro-surgically intro-duced into the ovum, or if that proves too délicate, the currentlyavailable techniques of cell fusion might be employed to get ahuman ovum (with or without an intact nucleus of its own)to fuse with a cloned human cell.This picture of human control of human heredity is not sim-ply the création of a wild imagination, for as I hâve attempted toshow, it is based on reaiities and the crédible prédictions of cur-rent knowledge and advancing technology. The problem, ofcourse, is what to do with this knowledge: obliterate it, preventby social and political means its application to human heredity,or utilize it in ways rationally chosen by society. I do not under-estimate the problem of social control of anything, for the bur-dens of war, environmental pollution, inéquitable distributionof wealth, and national and racial hatreds are too much with usto ignore. I will, however, try to présent some sound geneticreasons why the tampering with human heredity, even if it weretechnically possible today, might well be prématuré and disas-trous. This évidence cornes from récent studies of the geneticvariability in populations of various species, including man.14Much of this work began and is being continued at the University of Chicago, in the laboratories of Professors Hubby, Lewon-tin, and Throckmorton. Although population geneticists likeTheodosius Dobzhansky had long suspected that there was con-siderably more genetic variation in natural populations thancould be accounted for by the classic model of évolution, thetechniques for measuring the extent of this variation were notavailable until recently. Thèse techniques dépend upon theknowledge provided by advances in molecular genetics, and con-sist in determining the genetkally controlled différences invarious proteins extracted from cells of individuals sampledfrom natural populations. The results, first obtained in that versatile subject of genetic research, the fruit-fly Drosophila,showed that, for at least 12 percent of the gènes in the averageindividual, the paternal and maternai homoîogs (alleles) arenot identical; or, as geneticists would say, at least 12 percent ofthe gènes are heterozygous. Moreover, at least 40 percent of thegènes in a given population are represented by more than oneallelic type, the différent allelic types having arisen originally bymutation. Since Drosophila was studied, many other speciesof plants and animais hâve been studied in a similar way, andthe same gênerai resuit was obtained. In man, where the problemhas been studied largely by H. Harris in England, the averageproportion of gènes for which an individual is heterozygous is atleast 16 percent. Many gènes of man are represented by two ormore alleles in the population at large. Variability of such magnitude was hardly to be expected from the evolutionary modelaccording to which natural sélection produces an idéal génotypeshared by ail individuals and marred only by rare mutations.Value of HeterogeneityThèse revolutionary findings do not necessarily indicatethat natural sélection is not operating in species populations, forthe opération of sélection is in évidence in many species, includ-ing man, where deleterious mutations do occur and are weededout when their harborers fail to develop or are infertile. Thèsefindings do suggest, however, either that most mutations are"selectively neutral" (that is, confer no change in the "fitness"of the individual) or that évolution opérâtes in a more complexway than previously thought. The first of thèse alternative suggestions may be in the process of being ruled out, as corrélationsare found between the ecological niches that certain populationsinhabit and prépondérant frequencies of certain gène alleles or certain gène combinations. If the second suggestion is correct,we may need to regard a high level of heterogeneity as adap-tively significant to the population. Af ter ail, the environment ofa population is unifornl in neither time nor space. Geneticheterogeneity may assure survival and adaptation of the speciesas a whole in a discontinuous environment. We may need, inshort, to cherish the genetic variations between individuals. Inthis view, how can we define an idéal génotype? This idéal maybe more an illusion than a reality. The effort to produce a uni-form génotype may in fact be disastrous.Some Possibilities Are BénéficiaiThis cautionary taie should not paralyze us from any actiondealing with the conséquences of genetic variation. Clearly somepeople become ill as a conséquence of their genetic make-up.We need not refrain from adopting our traditional practice ofapplying bio-medical knowledge to the palliation of thèse ills.In so doing, we are simply changing the environment in whichthèse individuals develop, and in the changed environment theyare no longer "unfit." In the changed environment, moreover,the previously "unfit" génotype may hâve some marked advan-tages. We need, however, to understand what we are doing tothe extent we can, despite the fact that our knowledge is, at anytime, imperfect. A particularly sensible way of proceeding, forexample, seems to me to be the way in which we are dealingwith married couples whose génotypes are known to incur ahigh probability of producing a severely defective child (suchas one with Tay-Sachs' disease or chromosomal def ects of certainkinds ) . Amniocentesis is a technique for withdrawing a smallamount of fluid from the amniotic sac of a pregnant woman.In this fluid are contained cells that hâve sloughed off from thedeveloping fétus. Thèse cells can be cultured and tested for certain biochemical defects or examined for chromosomal anomalies. If the fétus is evidently the product of a deleterious com-bination of maternai and paternal gènes, the option for abortionof the fétus is available and is being elected by large numbersof parents.We are at a stage of cultural évolution which tests the evolutionary strategy that led to man. Our choices are crucial andagonizing, but we cannot defer them. Even the deliberate suppression of rational behavior is a choice and will hâve evolutionary conséquences. It is difficult to be a species that knowsit is evolving, but that is the challenging essence of humanity.15George AnastaploWe must not be af raid to be f ree.Justice Hugo L. Black366 US. 116(1961)I discussed in the previous issue of this publication what may belearned from the Pentagon Papers about the way our govern-ment conducts our affairs and about how our public servantsconceive of our limitations— and hence of their duties. Thechairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee has recently observed that the préparation, disclosure and publicationof the Pentagon Papers "are unprecedented in the histôry of ourcountry.""Also unprecedented," he added, in a comment reflecting thepassions aroused among us by the war in Vietnam, "is the extentto which the executive branch misled both Congress and the16 THE PENTAGONpublic." (Were not the déceptions of the Woodrow Wilson andFranklin Roosevelt administrations even more extensive andfar more serious? )The author, AB'48, JD'51, PhD' 64, Lecturer in the Libéral Arts,the University of Chicago, and Prof essor of Political Science andof Philosophy, Rosary Collège, is the author of The Constitu-tionalist: Notes on the First Amendment, published recently bythe Southern Methodist ^University Press. It has been said in areview by Laurence Berns, AB'50, PhD' 57, of the "range oftopics dealt with penetratingly and carefully in this book}snotes," that it "must be seen to be believed" and that it is "likea little university, a second University of Chicago!'PAPERS AND THE RULE OF'NO PRIOR RESTRAINTNow we turn to what may be learned from the unprecedentedlitigation attending the publication, in June, 1971, of the Pentagon Papers. In doing so, we should keep in mind an editorialobservation made in 1851 by the eminently respectable Times(ofLondon):The first duty of the press is to obtain the earliest and mostcorrect intelligence of the events of the time and instantly,by disclosing them, to make them the common property ofthe nation. The statesman collects his information secretlyand by secret means. He keeps back even the current intelligence of the day with ludicrous précautions. But the presslives by disclosures.Echoes of the English editor's sentiments may be detected in a statement made on June 19, 1971, by a Washington Posteditor. He said that a désire to demonstrate to the Justice Department that silencing the New York Times would not "killthe story" was one of the reasons why the Post decided to publishwhat it could from the Pentagon Papers archives.The publication of the Pentagon Papers raised, among otherconstitutional questions, that of whether the government of theUnited States may impose a "prior restraint" upon the press.That is, should the government (either through the courts orotherwise) be able in the normal course of events to preventnewspapers from publishing materials in their possession, therévélation of which the government sincerely believes to beharmful to the national interest? This question was addressed,and in part dealt with, in the litigation which quickly found itsway up to the Suprême Court in June, 1971, when the govern-17ment attempted to stop first the New York Times and then theWashington Post from publishing "top secret" materials fromthe Pentagon Papers.The f Tribune9The strength of the American tradition against "prior re-straints" is reflected in the open défiance by even so law-abidinga newspaper as the Chicago Tribune of the massive efforts ofthe government to stop publication of the Pentagon Papers.Thus, the Tribune observed in an editorial of June 25, 1971:We want to play it square with our readers and explainwhy we hâve not printed something exclusive about thebackground of the war in Vietnam that would get us en-joined by a fédéral court.The primary reason, we must confess, is that no disaff ected,ex-government employé has handed us copies of the topsecret purloined Pentagon Papers.. . .We tried to get copies of the Pentagon Papers last weekafter the courts shut off the stories in the New York Timesand the Washington Post. We dropped the word in placeswhere we thought it might be picked up by disaffectedformer Pentagon and State Department officiais....As indicated above, we probably would hâve accepted thehandout ourselves, because we believe that much of thematerial which has been printed should be made known tothe American public. This was the reason why last Sundaywe devoted most of our Perspective section to a summaryof the material printed in the first three chapters of theNew York Times story....On July 1, 1 971, the morning after the Suprême Court an-nounced its décision in the Times and Post case, a ChicagoTribune editorial included thèse judgments (despite the dis-senting opinions of those members of the Court which theTribune is usually most sympathetic with) :The Suprême Court has probably reached the most sensibleconclusion it could reach under the circumstances— namelythat the so-called Pentagon Papers do not contain materialwhich would so jeopardize the national security as to justifyprior restraint by the government against their publication. . . . ...If the décision is a rebuke to anyone, it is to the succession of bureaucrats who hâve undermined the security System by overclassifying documents, often only to protecttheir réputations, and by failing to declassify them or lowertheir classification when this should hâve been done.......The court ruled for a free press.In this article I consider the effect upon the United States ofthe security breaches seen in the Pentagon Papers révélations,and what the government may do ( particularly by recourse tothe courts) to prevent or to repair such breaches in security.But it is important to emphasize that my inquiry is not primarilyinto the question of what the government may conceal from thepublic, but rather of what should happen when the press doesget something the government has (perhaps even legitimately )tried to conceal from public view.It was agreed by most of the judges involved in the PentagonPapers litigation, and evidently by ail the lawyers representingthe two newspapers, that the prior restraint sought by the government may be in some circumstances legitimate. It was forthem "a question of fact" whether irréparable harm to theUnited States would be done on "this occasion" if the intendedpublication should be permitted. I analyze the situation, accept-ing for much of this article their assumption that the constitu-tional prohibition upon prior restraints is not absolute.Even so, an examination of the facts of such cases has led meto the unorthodox conclusion that the prohibition on "priorrestraints" among us is and should be for ail practical purposesabsolute. (A useful discussion of the Pentagon Papers opinionsof the justices of the Suprême Court, written from the orthodoxpoint of view, may be found in the informed article by HarryKalven, Jr. in Volume 85 of the Harvard Law Review. See, forthe jurisprudential, or rather the rhetorical, underpinnings ofthe orthodox position, the article on "légal reasoning" by Edward H. Levi in Volume 15 of the University of Chicago LawReview.)Illusion of ProtectionMy principal argument (which is developed below) can besummed up in this manner: The seeming availability to thegovernment of the remedy of prior restraint does not provide(in ordinary constitutional circumstances) serious protection18for the United States, but only an illusion of protection, whichillusion can hâve several bad side effects. One bad side effect isthat it provides an opening for unscrupulous exercises of government power in more répressive times. Another bad side effectis that it immediately encourages more reckless publication thanwe should like. Thus, for example, the press is encouraged(under the orthodox view) to try to "beat the government tothe punch." If, on the other hand, it should be generally recog-nized that there is (in ordinary constitutional circumstances)no possibility of prior restraint, a publisher is aware that hecannot be kept from publishing if he should consult the government about the national security conséquences of what he intends to publish from secret documents in his possession. ( Eventhe way the New York Times released its Pentagon Papers, byrecourse to sériai publication, did give the government an op-portunity to reason with the Times while the séries was in process of being published. )Prohibition of Prior RestraintA realistic view of the effect of an acknowledged absoluteprohibition of prior restraints should promote (although, ofcourse, it cannot guarantee) a responsible approach to the useof sensitive information by properly instructed and conscien-tious editors.If a prior restraint seems to be available in the courts on anyground, the government will eventually be tempted to believe itcan do better than it did in June, 1971. As the law is presentlyunderstood, the government can usually get a temporary re-straining order if it makes a serious effort to do^so. And— humannature being what it is— governments will from time to timeconsider doing so, in the expectation that they can organizebetter the required allégations and évidence in their effort tomake the temporary injunction permanent. Thus, both government officiais and newspaper publishers are likely to conductthemselves diff erently from the way they would if they were notaffected respectively by such expectations and fears.In the event the government happens to learn of an impend-ing publication of catastrophîc proportions (the extrême casewhich is sometimes conjured up in discussions of thèse matters ) ,there are provided in our constitutional System ( as we shall see )extraordinary measures which can be employed (independentof judicial injunctions) to forestall such publication. (Variouskinds of persuasion, to say nothing of less polite measures, may also be available.) In less than catastrophic circumstances, onthe other hand, the government has available (as we shall alsosee) many mundane measures to discourage the misuse ofsensitive information.Advantageous but UnjustThe fundamental question raised by the entire PentagonPapers controversy bears upon the character of the constitutionunder which we live. The underlying and perennial problemabout the relation between a concern for a sometimes usefulsecrecy and a désire for démocratie rule may be discerned inwhat Plutarch reports of an épisode in Athens during the life-time of Aristides the Just:Themistoçles once declared to the people of Athens that hehad devised a certain measure which could not be revealedto them in public, but which was most important for theadvantage and security of the city. They ordered that Aristides alone should hear what it was [that Themistoçles pro-posed} and pass judgment on it. So Themistoçles toldAristides that his purpose was to burn the naval station ofthe Greek confederates [of Athens], for in this way theAthenians would be greatest, and lords of ail. Then Aristides came before the people and said of the deed whichThemistoçles purposed to do, that none other could be moreadvantageous and none more unjust. The Athenians, hear-ing this, gave Themistoçles order to desist; such was thelove of justice felt by the people [at that time}, and such thecrédit and confidence they reposed in Aristides.Can responsible members of Congress and publishers of news-papers be brought to appreciate and respect their Aristideanopportunities and duties? Is not this our most prudent "wayout" as a people, to be able to discern and to trust the Aristidesamong us on those occasions when we should not insist uponknowing ail that could be known about whatever is,proposedby the government to be done on our behalf and in our name?But to be able to defer to an Aristides, do we not need as wella Themistoclean government, one which deals with us in goodfaith by alerting the public and its Congress when somethingtruly questionable is being considered?However that may be, it was fortunate for American constitu-tionalism that the dramatic struggle in 1971 between the gov-19ernment and the press found the contenders obliged to acknowl-edge and to respect each other 's patriotism. It was fortunate,that is, that the issues I discuss below did not first reach thecourts in, say, the 1950s, with, hypothetically, the CommunistDaily Worker preparing (on the basis of classified documentsin its possession) to expose for public examination "the insidestory" of General MacArthur's disastrous advance to the YaluRiver and his subséquent insubordination. We might then hâvehad really dangerous précédents of repression of the press toreckon with for générations to corne.It is partly to head off such dangerous précédents, as well asto guard against self-defeating reliance upon illusory protection,that it seems to me prudent for us to insist upon the absoluteprohibition, "no prior restraints." (Constitutional governmentand the rule of law mean that there are often good reasons whyone can be put in jail for doing something which one cannot belegally stopped from doing. Of course, the prospect of suchjailing should hâve a restraining e&ect in ordinary circumstances. )Whatever may be done to an offending publisher and his informant after publication, we as a communky at least retainfor our considération the information they run the risk of pro-viding us. We can then consider as well whether they wereright'or wrong, gallant or foolish, just or unjust in having daredto run for us the risk they did.New Orthodoxy and OldHad there been more that was truly new than there was in thePentagon Papers, the adverse effect of publication upon securitymight hâve been more of a problem for the courts than it was.But it would be rash to insist that no possible harm has resultedfrom the massive publication we hâve seen. The Times didinsist in its editorials that it would not hâve made its décisionto publish "if there had been any reason to believe that publication would hâve endangered the life of a single American soldieror in any way threatened the security of our country or the peaceof the world." I do not believe that this is a prudent test:, anycourse of action (ranging from rigorous censorship to unin-hibited publication) runs risks and endangers lives. What mustbe determined is which course is most likely, in our circumstances, to serve the common good: a "body count" does notsuffice.It should be rioted that the government was obliged to con cède during the Pentagon Papers litigation that it is, strictlyspeaking, irrelevant to consider as a cause of harm, and henceas a basis for suppression by injunçtion, the fact that the documents in question might hâve been stolen. Indeed, Americannewspapers frequently publish, and are even expected to publish, purloined papers.Potentially Far Reaching PrécèdentJt should also be noted that the government was also obligedto concède during the litigation that the fact that a documenthas been designated a state secret does not settle the question ofwhether publication of it may be enjoined, not even if the désignation seems to be both authorized and reasonable. After ail, ourform of government is such that the press is obviously left free,in ordinary constitutional circumstances, to publish materialswhich may indeed (and ail too often do) harm the nationalinterest. Yet the government's case and the concessions madeby the newspapers would tend to permit Congress to providefor suppression by injunçtion of any publication which is likelyto cause some serious damage to the country. The orthodoxopinion, with respect to thèse matters, does not seem to me torealize that it permits, in principle, press censorship in the national interest, irrespective of whether the materials involvedhappen to hâve been classified.We see hère the fundamental questions under the FirstAmendment touched upon by this litigation, questions whichshould indicate why the orthodox opinion against "absolûtes"(and in favor of sélective prior restraint by injunçtion) con-ceals genuine dangers to our form of government. (I am re-minded, by this orthodox opinion, of the damage done to "free-dom of speech [and] of the press" since 1919 by the "clear andprésent danger" test.)That is, it seems to me constitutionally improper for thegovernment, in an effort to suppress by injunçtion the intendedpublication of secret documents, to rely upon any standards orreasons which would justify, as well, the suppression of publications based not on secret or classified materials but on whatsomeone may figure out from unclassified material to be happening in the United States or abroad. The latter publications,without reliance on any classified materials, may be in a particular instance much more damaging to the national interest thanthe former. But would not "everyone" agrée that analyticalpublications, not based on classified materials, should be beyond20the reach of the law? Still, if the test is that agreed to by thegovernment and the newspapers in the Pentagon Papers litigation, why should not Congress be able to act against such publications, even though they are not based on classified materials?This is one reason I suggest the orthodox opinion with respectto thèse matters does not appreciate what it opens the door to.What, then, one might ask, is the purpose of classifying documents if newspapers cannot be prevented by injunçtion ( at theoption of the government ) from publishing whatever may corneinto their possession? Classification is justified with a view tohow the government tries to control the information it considersimportant to the national interest to keep secret, not with aview to what the government may do to- recapture informationit has lost control of. For if the government is permitted torecapture or immobilize by injunçtion information it has lostcontrol of, it can only do so on the basis of légal principles andstandards which would undermine and endanger that freedomof the press upon which our form of government so much dépends to keep the sovereign public informed.Thus, I am obliged to argue on this occasion— despite theinsisterice of the currently orthodox opinion on this subject—that the government can hâve no authority, in ordinary constitutional circumstances, to secure even in the national interest aprior restraint upon publication of any materials (classified orunclassified ) which happen to be in the possession of the press.This argument seems to me not only to be doctrinally sound(echoing as it does the genuine orthodoxy of Mikon's Areo-pagitica) but also to be in accord with contemporary journalisticpractices. (See Anastaplo, "Due Process of Law," University ofDétroit Law Review [Dec, 1964].)Security and WisdomWe need not assume, in making thèse preliminary observations about the légal merits of the Pentagon Papers case, thatAmerican journalistic practices today are necessarily the bestway of ordering things. Any realistic effort to justify suppressionmust take thèse practices, as well as the character of our formof government, into account. Lest too much be made of theharm that may be caused by publication of classified material—is it not obvious that harm can resuit from such publication, aswell as from the publication of unclassified material?— it shouldbe kept in mind that leaks of classified documents and of highlevel military décisions were expected and experienced through- out the Vietnam War. Indeed, such leaks were even promotedand exploited by our government (including high officiais inthe Pentagon), for political as well as for military (includingpropaganda) purposes.There hâve been, it should be remembered, more importantrévélations about the conduct of the war published in newspapers in récent years than anything exposed in the PentagonPapers, révélations which did not hâve their news value drama-tized by massive publication or by the Attorney General's efforts.(Something should be said, in passing, about the usefulness ofhaving potential enemies know a good deal about each others'capabilities, intentions and modes of solving problems. Ourshas become a world in which surprise and the erratic should beminimized, lest things get completely— and permanently— outof hand. )Exploiting the Power to ClassifyThere was probably little in the Pentagon Papers that theViet Cong and the North Vietnamese did not already know.Indeed, it is évident in thèse papers that ail too often the primary"security" concern of our government was not to keep information (say, about air strikes or about offensives) away from theenemy (for the enemy had already experienced them and maysometimes hâve known of them in advance ) but away from theAmerican public, and even from Congress.It seems to be common knowledge in Washington that manygovernment documents ( some experts hâve testified to as manyas 95 percent of those which are restricted) should not beclassified. It seems that the use of the "secret" classification isoften exploited either to prevent political embarrassment or tomake a document or the officiai classifying it Iseem worthy ofserious attention. Is it not obvious that the best way to improvesecurity, and to enlist the necessary coopération of publishersin such an effort (for government employées will, for good aswell as for bad motives, supply publishers classified documentsfrom time to time) , is to scrupulously reserve the "secret" classification for appropriate documents?It is also said— to continue this review of arguments aboutthe possible adverse effects on security as a resuit of the publication of the Pentagon Papers— that the prospect of more suchrévélations inhibits our private discussions with foreign govern-ments. Once again, one has to examine cases and our circumstances. Curiously enough, it is suggested by the Pentagon Papers21that it was secrecy, rather than exposure, which often inhibitednegotiations on this occasion. One sees again and again that ourgovernment pretended in public during the course of the Vietnam War that it was open to negotiations even while it workedin private to prevent them.However that may be, there is relatively little in the papersI hâve seen which reports conversations with any foreign government other than that of South Vietnam. Certainly, there isnothing so dramatic and so troublesome as the récent unilatéraldisclosures by our Président of secret negotiations in Paris, dis-closures which some of his critics are so uncharitable as to consider to hâve been dictated by domestic political concerns.Possession Is the ProblemThe lack of conversations with foreign governments in thepublished documents is, we are told, in part due to the fact thatthe supplier of the material to the newspapers retained fourvolumes of the Pentagon Papers archives dealing with negotiations. That is to say, he also evidently tried to take the interestsof the United States into account, as did the publishers who drewupon the materials they did receive. This should point up thefact that improper publication should not be the primary con-cern of the government, but rather whether truly sensitive materials corne, in the first instance, into the possession of someoneinimical to the interests of the country. Such a possessor of sensitive materials is not likely to send them to American newspapers for publication, but rather to foreign governments; andthis he is likely to do in secret, not giving our government anopportunity either to intervene before he acts or to apprehendhim afterward.I go one step further concerning our dealings hereafter withforeign governments. Has not the publication of the PentagonPapers improved rather than damaged our standing abroad?That is, has it not helped the American people begin to repairthe damage done by our government (because of Vietnam) toour standing, and hence our interests, among civilized peopleevery where? Has there been any serious criticism of publicationfrom communities with a form of government similar to ours?I suspect, instead, that many governments are relieved to learnthat a country as powerful as ours has begun to pay greater respect than in récent years to what an informed world opinionthinks about how we use our power.Critics of the press hâve said that publication of operational documents inhibits discussions among the President's advisers.One is tempted to- reply, "Well and good, let's hâve more suchinhibition. Let's hâve it understood that it can become knownwithin a few years what considérations are taken into accountin the making of public policy. Perhaps this will make our leaders take old-fashioned morality more seriously and 'realistic'power politics less seriously than they hâve heretofore." In anyevent, we simply cannot tolerate a dispensation under whichpublic information about what goes on in government councilsis limited ( as would be the case with a tame press ) to what thegovernment chooses to disclose.One would be more concerned about inhibiting discussionamong presidential advisers if one saw that that discussion withrespect to Vietnam had indeed been frank, full and varied ratherthan narrow-minded and at times even obsequious. The secrecyof the 1960s did not liberate presidential advisers to questionthe morality of the war; rather, it permitted the reliance bythèse advisers on arguments which could not bear the lightof day.Even Under Secretary of State George W. Bail, who ( accord-ing to the Pentagon Papers) tried to argue against our Vietnam effort ail along, seems to hâve moved within strictly definedlimits. This unreconstructed Cold Warrior must hâve thoughthe could continue to get a hearing with the Président only if hespoke primarily in terms of costs, never in terms of moral judg-ments. If he was a "dove," he was one with clipped wings.Neither he nor the CIA (which is revealed by the PentagonPapers to hâve consistently expressed a skeptical view of ourVietnam policy from the Truman to the Nixon administrations )said outright, so far as we know, that the United States did nothâve the right to do in Vietnam and to the Vietnamese peoplewhat it was doing.What Must Be Secret?What, then, should the press not be "legally" entitled to print?Most orthodox students of this subject would agrée that tacticalinformation and décisions should be, if the government wishes,kept secret (with the use of injunctions) until the immédiatemilitary advantage of keeping them secret passes. But such arule, even thèse students would say, should not apply to debateson national policy, and certainly not when there is no declaredstate of war. Should there not be a presumption against keepingsecret either what the enemy already knows or discussions of22the over-all purpose of what our government is doing?There does remain the problem of morale, but suppressionof publications with a view to morale (which recalls the eigh-teenth century offense of "seditious libel") présupposes thereshould be no substantial question open to the community aboutthe purpose of what the government is doing and for which themaintenance of morale is needed. (It should be noticed that ifthe government may suppress with a view to morale, the govern-ment's powers would extend far beyond control of secret documents: even, for example, the listing of food or stock marketprices in the press can affect morale adversely.)At Stake: Capacity to Détermine DestinyThus, our concern for security and for breaches in securityalways brings us back to the question of the kind of régime oursis and should be. What is the effect on the public, including onthe compétence and morality of our people and its Congress, ifit does not hâve, and believe itself to hâve, a pretty good ideaof what is going on? The Président observed recently, in order-ing new procédures to be used in classifying information, "Fun-damental to our way of life is the belief that when informationwhiclî properly belongs to the public is systematkally withheldby those in power, the people sôon become ignorant of theirown affairs, distrustful of those who manage them, and— even-tually— incapable of determining their own destinies."The more complicated our community becomes, the less isthe kind of secrecy sought by our government with respect toVietnam likely to be useful. Such secrecy is more apt to hurt usthan is exposure apt to help any potential enemy. Thus evenour current économie difficulties can be traced back to theunwillingness of the Johnson administration to tell Congresswhat it planned to do about the war. The refusai of the administration to face up publicly to what we were doing and what wewere likely to do meant that our vast expenditures for Vietnamcould not be financed properly. Such secrecy is also apt to hurtus when it raises fundamental doubts for a génération about thegood faith of any government of the United States.Still, it is realistic to recognize explickly— even as we attemptto confine legitimate government secrecy to the narrowest possible extent— that any régime in which public opinion is criticaldoes hâve serious limitations. It is no doubt better to be ruled bywise men than it is to be dépendent upon what the public mayhappen to believe from time to time. Wise men can safely détermine, for example, what it is salutary to reveal to the public.But, unfortunately, there are far fewer wise men among us thanthere are experts; and there are far fewer experts than there aremen who believe themselves, or are believed by others, to beexperts.It must be recognized as well that it is rare when the genuinelywise man (who must be distinguished from the idéologue) ispermitted to rule, even iî he should be willing to do so. Indeed,it may be a mark of practical wisdom for us to recognize thatwe must settle for far less than the best possible régime. And,considering the dreadful alternatives we hâve been offered thiscentury, constitutional government— especially when temperedby a sensé of its own limitations, by a people's sensé of naturaljustice, and by tradition— may be the best kind of governmentavailable in pur time.Justice Black, in his concurring opinion in the PentagonPapers litigation, observed that "paramount among the respon-sibilities of a free press is the duty to prevent any part of theGovernment from deceiving the people and sending them off todistant lands to die of foreign fevers and foreign shot and shell."There is about his "foreign fevers and foreign shot and shell"something archaic. It was appropriate, in the course of unpre-cedented litigation which touched upon questions about the verynature of our régime, that one of the oldest justices ever to siton the Suprême Court of the United States should hâve, in hislast officiai pronouncement, instinctively reached back, in lan-guage as well as in thought, to the very foundations of thisrepublic.Courts and PrécédentsI believe it salutary that it be generally believed today thatboth the Suprême Court and the press hâve begun to redeemAmerican honor and to restore the faith of Americans in theirinstitutions, especially at a time when many hâve become re-signed to mindless violence. It is important for our civic healththat the United States diligently expose its own misdeeds andthat it be generally understood that it is likely to do so.Thus, it is important to notice that although the three dozenanalysts who prepared the Pentagon Papers were selected byDepartment of Défense officiais, they were nevertheless willingand able to begin a serious assessment of the mistakes of ourgovernment in Vietnam. It is also important to notice that thedistrict court judge in New York, who ruled for the New York23Times after hearing the government's case, had just been ap-pointed to his post by the very administration bringing beforehim its unsuccessful suit for permanent injunctive relief.Action vs. WordsOne can see both in the press and in the courts, when drawnfrom and served by a high-minded bar, the institutionalizationof a respect for reason and for ethical judgment in public affairs.On this occasion, the Suprême Court ratified, in effect, what thepress had done. And it did so at a time when the public wasprepared to be assured that its mounting ethical concerns aboutthe war were in fact justified. I suspect that the fact that theCourt did not forbid the Times and the Post to continue pub-lishing may be far more important in this case than what theCourt said in acting as it did.What the Suprême Court did hold depended on two propositions: first, that there has always been a presumption in American constitutional law against any restraint upon a publisherprior to publication, except in the case of immediately impend-ing irréparable harm to the security of the United States; second,that the government did not show on this occasion that therewas "irréparable harm" threatening the country as a resuit ofthe intended publication of the Pentagon Papers.It should be évident, in the light of the comments I hâve justmade about the security aspects of this matter, why the government could not measure up to the "heavy burden of showingjustification for the enforcement of such a restraint" as it hadasked for. The sort of évidence which might hâve been persuasive to the Suprême Court, but which the government could notprovide, would hâve described impending publication, in timeof war, of information about troop movements, weapon development and stratégie planning and perhaps impending publication of materials which would seriously interfère with negotiations vital to the very sur vi val of the country.The three justices who dissented in the Pentagon Papers casedid not claim that the government had made the required showing but argued instead that the government should hâve beengiven a further opportunity to show what it could in the fédéraldistrict courts. (In fact, the Suprême Court was, on certainfundamental issues, unanimous.) Complaints were registeredin the dissenting opinions about the lack of sufficient time tomake the kind of record needed for proper considération of theissues.24 There is something to the complaints of undue haste in June,1971. Thus, it was pointed out in a dissenting opinion that theTimes was pressing for an immédiate disposition of the case, inthe name of its readers' "right to know," when it itself had heldback the documents and its story for months. On the other hand,is it relevant how long a publisher has been contemplating publication? When he moves, he is contitutionally entitled to beable to publish immediately, unless there is a clear légalprohibition.But it should be said that if the government's argument (tothe effect that injunctions may be secured to prevent "irréparableharm" tothe country) is accepted to the extent it was acceptedby the newspapers, then I do not see why the government shouldnot hâve been given more time to make its case at the trial courtlevel— even to change if necessary its original allégations andto introduce new évidence as it became more familiar with thevoluminous record. In such circumstances, it is unrealistic toexpect the everyday rules of civil procédure and of évidence tobe scrupulously observed.Even if there should be (as I hâve argued) an absolute prohibition upon prior restraints of the kind sought on this occasionin the courts, the government still has "a way out." In fact, ithas several ways out, including the power ( in the event of certain truly critical emergencies) of recourse to martial law orto the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Such emergencymeasures would permit, for example, effective control for themoment of any publisher regarded as likely to attempt to publishanything (classified or not classified) the government believesshould not be published in the immédiate circumstances. Thus,extraordinary remédies are available which permit our peopleand its government to set aside temporarily our traditional constitutional privilèges and practices. But such remédies are of soobvious a magnitude that no sensible people will permit themto be invoked except in the most extraordinary circumstances.Nor does an absolute prohibition upon prior restraints meanthat the government cannot take, in circumstances far less thanthe most critical emergencies, vigorous measures to preventnewspapers from acquiring government documents which, oncethey hâve them, they cannot be prevented at law from publish-ing. Thus, to illustrate, the government can make it évident thatit will (pursuant to législation) discipline ail who transmitInternai Securitydocuments they are not supposed to transmit; the governmentcan from time to time discipline anyone responsible for suchunauthorized transmission (without being obliged to show "irréparable harm") ; the government can guard carefully the documents it is most concerned about; the government can be carefulalso about the people to whom it en trusts such documents; andthe government can attempt to "persuade" newspapers not topublish certain documents which do happen to corne into theirpossession.Such persuasion (which can take various forms, some ofwhich it may be better to leave veiled ) dépends, in part, on thegovernment being able to show publishers that it is serious andknows what it is doing; that its classification System is reason-able; and that it is dealing in good faith with both the press andthe public. The most important measure available to a besiegedgovernment is, of course, to redress the long-standing grievanceswhich (in a healthy community) usually lie at the heart ofsuch open défiance of the government— and such répudiation ofthe Vietnam War— as we saw in the Pentagon Papers épisode.But it should be évident, from what I hâve said about emer-gency measures properly available to the government, that thecase I make in this article for an absolute prohibition upon priorrestraints of the press (in ordinary constitutional circumstances)cannot rest simply upon a sentimental désire to see freedom"maximized." Rather, we are obliged to consider what among uspromotes and serves human excellence, genuine freedom, andhence the common good.Illusions and AbsolûtesIt can be argued that the New York Times did "freedom ofthe press" a disservice by not publishing in one issue, as it couldhâve done, ail it intended to publish from the Pentagon Papers,thereby preventing the Attorney General from even attemptingto secure an injunçtion and from establishing certain dubiousprécédents. True, the Suprême Court ruled that the injunctionsin this case could not be made permanent— but no majority ofthe Court said that they should never hâve been issued even on atemporary basis. I believe it would hâve been safer, as well as asounder reading of the Constitution, if the Court had lifted theremaining restraining orders immediately upon reading thelower courts' opinions after each case had been filed on its docket.Instead, it may seem to hâve been established by what theCourt did (and did not do) that a temporary injunçtion may be properly secured merely upon an allégation by the governmentof grave danger to national security. In a sensé, such a remedycan be said to hâve been always available for the government—for it did secure this remedy the first time it was moved to seekit. But it may hâve been better for us not to hâve had such a"first time." It took a massive, even unprecedented, stimulus toprod the government into an attempt this "first time." Far lessmay suffice next time, now that the wall has been breached. Itremains to be seen whether we will remember this litigationprimarily for what it confirmed about the extent of freedom ofthe press or primarily for what it suggested about previouslyunsuspected powers in the government to abridge (if onlytemporarily, as on this occasion) that freedom. To suggest thatthe government has powers which, in practice it cannot reallybenefit from makes it likely that we will lose sight of the ra-tionale for the powers the government does hâve and can benefitfrom. ( The powers it does hâve for ordinary circumstances permit it to rely upon such measures as I hâve provided a half dozenillustrations of.)Individual Actions by NewspapersThe relevant constitutional doctrine, concerned as it is primarily with the ability of citizens to discuss freely and fully ailmatter s necessary for making political judgments, is itself re-flected in everyday practice. That practice is quite revealingabout the character of our régime. Suppose, for example, thatthe government had succeeded in preserving its injunctions, ifonly until extended hearings had been conducted in the districtcourts. Precisely what would such hearings, or even the enteringof permanent injunctions thereafter, hâve meant both in thèsecircumstances and as précédents? It appears that nothing wouldhâve prevented publication of the Pentagon Papers by somenewspapers in the United States.That is, the permanent injunctions sought for by the government against the New York Times and the Washington Postwould not hâve applied to other newspapers even in this countryuntil the government had moved specifically against them as well(as it had already moved against the Boston Globe and the St.Louis Post-Dispatch ) . But the government would hâve had nobasis for thus moving until such other newspapers had published,or had indicated they were about to publish, articles based on thesame or similar top secret archives. A "victory" by the government in the Times and Post cases would hâve meant that the25enterprising publisher of another newspaper with access to thesame material should, if he desired to publish without government interférence, hâve brought out in one édition everythinghe intended to publish. This he could hâve done, it should benoticed, without the spécial liability (psychological as well aslégal) which would follow upon deliberate défiance of aninjunçtion.It should be noted in this connection that no sensible judgewants to issue an impotent decree. The Suprême Court obviouslyrealized that it would not do much good to maintain restraintsupon the Times and the Post, in order to g'we the governmenttime to make whatever case it could, when newspapers ail overthe country were appearing almost daily with their own glean-ings from the secret documents under review. There is something to be said for having court orders conform to what peopleare going to do anyway.One Possibility: Print and RunThus, one resuit of ail this litigation may be to induce dedi-cated publishers to print immediately hereaf ter ail that they hâvewhich they believe the government might be disposée! to challenge in court (unless they décide that they or the communitymight benefit from the publicity attendant upon an attemptedsuppression). By printing immediately everything which theyintend to publish, and taking their chances on criminal prosecu-tion thereafter (in which the question of their intent to harmthe country may become vital; in which a jury is available; andin which the burden of proof remains the government's— assum-ing there is a constitutional statute governing what may bepublished), publishers can avoid the inconvenience and sometimes considérable expense of even a temporary injunçtion.Thèse are contingencies which they will be well advised toassess hereafter.It should now be apparent why it is that everyday practice,as well as our constitutional doctrine (as I understand it) , makesprior restraint an illusory remedy for the government to relyupon. When a newspaper has unauthorized possession of anymaterial, the first the government usually knows of it is when itis published— and then no injunçtion is useful. This does notmean, of course, that the conscientious publisher should not, incertain instances, consult with responsible government officiaisbefore he uses the material that may happen to corne to hand.He is not bound to publish whatever he cannot be legally pre-26 vented from publishing.Will, however, the memory of government efforts with respect to the Pentagon Papers tend to discourage publishers fromconsulting government officiais before publication (as, it seemsto me, it would sometimes be patriotic for publishers to do)?Should not the government now say something to counter sucha tendency, something disavowing recourse by it to injunctionswhen consulted voluntarily by publishers?It also should be now apparent from what I hâve said that(whatever the illusions and dangers of certain précédents)there cannot be among us an effective System of prior restraintsupon publication through the use of spécifie injunctions. Priorrestraint requires, except in those rare circumstances calling forthe proper suspension of some constitutional processes, a com-prehensive System of censorship which insures that ail prospective publication must be reviewed by the government. Since thisis highly unlikely to be established in this country in the fore-seeable future, what could the Attorney General hâve hoped toaccomplish in June, 1971?Was the integrity of the classification System for documentssomehow to be defénded? If that was intended by the AttorneyGeneral, it was misconceived, for it has now been made evenclearer than it had been that particular classifications can belegitimately examined and reassessed by publishers and bycourts. Was it expected that the Times and the Post might beintimidated into consulting (or encoura^fëd to consult) withthe government about what they should publish on this or on afuture occasion? Instead, the government action and its seemingfailure in court stimulated other newspapers to publish whatever they could get hold of . Or was it expected that it would be"shown" to the country that the government had "tried" but that"the Eastern press" had once again misbehaved?Government Misread ConséquencesWhat was shown to the country? The government seems tohâve misread the discontent that there is among both the pressand the public about the war and about how the country wasmaneuvered into it. The government may hâve demonstratedthat it is still for "law and order." But in doing so this way, thegovernment made law and order look less attractive than itshould be. It also imprudently identified the Nixon administration with its predecessors' war, something which the currentdesperate bombing of North Vietnam is also doing.Of course, the government may simply hâve set out to "win"without stopping to consider just what the cost, form and effectsof such a victory would be. Surely, one might respond, this cannot be so, since the hollowness, the price and even the danger ofvictory must hâve been apparent to the Attorney General fromthe outset or at least from the moment the Pentagon Papersbegan showing up elsewhere after the Times was silenced. Buthas not our observation in récent years of how the previous administrations proceeded in Vietnam alerted us to the dearly-bought follies which intelligent men are capable of in conscien-tious pursuit of what can really be little more than an emptysuccess?There is in this respect something disturbingly fitting aboutwhat the government attempted to do to the Times and the Post,for it was repeating in miniature what was done on a grand scalein Vietnam. That is, there was hère still another mistaken ap-praisal both of our people's concern and of the powers availableto the government to succeed in what it attempted to do. It issignificant how little criticism there has been of the SuprêmeCourt's décision in this case: this, too, can be said to reflect adeep appréciation among us of the character of our régime andof the rôle among us of a truly free press.Political Achievement QuestionableUnfortunately, there was not available ten years ago "a courtof last resort" which could promptly call a hait to our Vietnam"litigation." (One cannot help but wonder whether the government we are finally obliged to leave behind in South Vietnamwill be able to make permanent the "injunçtion" we hâve in-sisted upon there against coalitions and neutralization. One cannot help but wonder, that is, whether we hâve misjudged thenationalistic aspirations of the Vietnamese people.) The onlyreliable "court of last resort" available in disputes among nationsis that which appeals to the natural sensé of justice in civilizedpeoples. Perhaps that Aristidean sensé of justice will permit thiscountry to become united, as it never was on the prosecution ofthe Vietnamese war, in the great work of reconstruction to whichour repentance, wealth and talent can contribute in Indochina.But, to return to our immédiate concern in this article, whatshould the press do with the virtually unlimited right it has beenshown still to hâve (at least in everyday practice) to publishwhat it chooses to publish without prior restraint? The Post andthe Times, government spokesmen hâve conceded since the Pentagon Papers litigation, acted responsibly in selecting whatthey did publish from the archives in their possession. This cannot be the last word, however, for publishers will make seriousmistakes— if not this time, then next. Indeed, publishers do publish, almost every day, things which they should not publish,things which need not hâve anything to do with classifieddocuments to make their publication questionable.But we should not exaggerate, even as we recognize and provide against, the risks a free community runs in permitting its, press to publish freely. Private citizens, whether publishers orpublishers' informants, hâve far to go even to begin to match,either in scope or in eûect, the deàdly misjudgments the pastdécade with respect to Vietnam by the government of the UnitedStates.EpilogueI gave, in May, 1966, on the campus of the University of Chicago a talk entitled, "Vietnam and the First Amendment: ThePresumption of Citizenship," in which I expressed my longstand-ing réservations about what we had been doing in Indochina. Irecognized on that occasion that it would be good for the UnitedStates to get out of Vietnam immediately, adding the observation "that we should not do so without offering to take with usanyone who would be thereafter endangered because of his asso-, ciation heretofore with us." I recognized as well the f olly of ( touse Kipling's words) "making mock of uniforms that guardyou while you sleep." The concluding section of my May, 1966,talk (copies of which are available from me) suggests what canbe said (when the fighting is at its height) about a miscon-ceived war:"The public servant is obliged by circumstances to use hisopportunities: he cannot be irresponsible; he must makean effort. Whether we citizens make use of our opportunities is another matter. Our attention shifts easily: thoseinterested in civil rights yesterday are interested in Vietnamtoday and will be interested in poverty tomorrow and perhaps even religion the day after tomorrow."One problem we hâve, as we use our opportunities as citizens with respect to the war in Vietnam, is to do so in sucha way as to prevent or at least to restrain the émergence ofbitterness. There are citizens defending the war who areas patriotic, as sensitive and as well-intentioned as any critic27of the war. One must be reminded of, and thus be moder-ated by, the broader issues to which the artist, the religiousman and even the philosopher [discussed earlier in the talk]would direct our attention. Ail three aspire > for eternalthings, as does in his way the citizen as well ". . . We must take care lest the families that hâve made sacrifices should f eel betrayed by whatever we now do in Vietnam. We see hère the uitimate test both of the Administra-tion's position and of public criticism of that position: wedo not want to disparage sacrifices already made— we hâvelearned something important because of the sacrifices madein Vietnam as well as in Korea; we do not want to see addi-tional sacrifices made without purpose and effect; we donot want so to conduct ourselves now that our people willnot respond properly hereafter when the country facesgenuine dangers which legitimately require great sacrifices. "Our primary concern as citizens should be with what wedo to, with and for ourselves. I was recently told by twoSwiss visitors that our public discussion of the war wasdisturbing the friends of America abroad, that when thePrésident and his experts decided on a policy, the peopleshould simply obey. I hâve elaborated this evening the response I made on that occasion: 'In America there are noexperts in political matters, but only sovereign citizens.'Besides, I asked our visitors in the spirit of the FirstAmendment, should not foreigners be assured rather thandisturbed to see the most powerful country in the historyof the earth subject its governmental policies and décisionsto public discussion and, it is to be hoped, to rational correction? Indeed, is this not the measure of the superiorityof life under this kind of régime to any other available else-where today?"28Frank H. Knight, 1885-1972With the death April 15 of Frank H. Knight, Morton D. HullDistinguished Service Prof essor Emeritus of the Social Sciencesand Philosophy, the University lost one of its landmark scholars.He had been a member of the faculty since 1928. In honor ofDr. Knight, the MAGAZINE reprints a tiny sampling from hiswise and often pithy published statements. The quotations arefrom On the History and Method of Economies, a compilationpublished by the University of Chicago Press in 1936.It is typical of economists of ail schools, the classical no lessthan the historical, to sensé correct conclusions and supportthem with nonsensical reasoning. [1928]The modem businessman views everything he does as productive— in" gênerai naively and about one-half falsely, to besure, but the spirit is fully as important to the historian as thedeed. [1928]No discussion can be carried on in propositions beginningwith the words "I want." Everyone— when not momentarily de-fending a theory to the contrary— recognizes a différence between individual préférence and what ought to be, betweenPersonal taste and good taste, between personal opinion or wishand truth. Thus values belong to a value-cosmos which has thesame kind of validity, or reality, for our thinking as thé externalphysical world. [1940]As a sociological datum we may throw in the observationthat the traditions of literature and learning as well as religionmanifest a romantic-aristocratic préjudice against "the market";practically anything that has a connection with money is regarded as "sordid." But the market is simply a mechanism fororganizing relations of mutual advantage, which is assumed tobe a good; and, incidentally, the free-market organization leavesany persons who do not like the terms of co-operation estab-lished in the market, by the meeting of minds of ail interestedparties, free to adopt any other terms on which they can agréeas better. [1943] Inflation is of course to be brought on as a more pleasantalternative to taxation and then suppressed by law and policeaction. Try to get people to see that if the value of money hasbeen depreciated by, say, 45 per cent, any price, charge, or taxthat has not risen in money terms by over 80 per cent has actuallybeen reduced. If the rulers of democracy, the démos, will notheed simple arithmetic, what is the use of talking and writingabout problems which really are problems— not to mention de-veloping higher mathematicàl formulas in which the "given"magnitudes must be largely guessed at. Why engage in publicdiscussion at ail, unless one is content with what seems to beour rôle to serve as an antidote to the poison being disseminatedby other social scientists, even economists? Is it insulting one'sown intelligence? [1950]Hence the final word of the candid economist to the publicmust be— don't expect too much in the way of freedom or justice, along with the immeasurable increase in technical efficiencythat results from thèse two facts of modem civilization, spécialcompétence and centralized direction. In particular, don't expecttoo much of "the state"; be very critical in appraising the prospects for good and for harm to resuit before calling on "Levia-than" and giying him power. [1950]The danger now, in the world and in the West, is that freedom will be- thrown away for a promise or hope of justice butwith an actual resuit of neither justice nor freedom, and verylikely the suicide of civilization in war without rules. Theworld could be heading toward a new âge of essentially religiouswars, ideological wars. Historically this would be nothing new,except for its scale and for the destructiveness of modem military technology. Otherwise, Europe is reverting to form. For asI hâve said, communism, in its social program or pretensions,is largely a revival of historical ecclesiastical Christianity, withthe church more effectively merged in one all-powerful state.From the downfall of the Roman imperium to the âge of lib-eralism, Europe lived under one or more dogmatic, intolérant,persecuting, and violently proselyting religions— claiming possession of the formula for salvation, they could not be or dootherwise— and much of the time in a state of war between twoor more such religions. [1950]29^Maroon's' Bernstein Analyzes for Alumni (Students'Politically, the Midway Student Is DifférentThe fifth annual meeting of the Alumni Cabinet— held in Chicago in February— set for itself the challenging goal of keepingits members well informed about the University 's current state.Through a weekend séries of panels, présentations and otheractivities, 77 alumni participants ( nearly 60 percent of the totalmembership) were able to expérience campus life once again.They found it exciting. "I came away inspired and rejuvenated,"said one old-new student.Although the Cabinet program changes annually, attendanceat undergraduate classes— first offered in 1971 and continued in1972 by popular request— continued to be acclaimed.Learning something about the non-academic side of studentlife on campus was also a much-fek need among members of theCabinet. A few, who were able to arrive on campus several daysprior to the meeting itself, lived in University résidence halls,planning their own programs and meeting informally withstudents. For the majority, unable to spare that much time, aperspective provided by Paul Bernstein (72) was a high pointin the weekend. Mr. Bernstein, a co-editor of the Maroon, wasone of four panelists who discussed "Student Life at the University" during the Cabinet meeting. The others were Skip Landt,director of student activities; Lorna Straus, dean of undergraduate students, and Anne Moses, student ombudsman.The text of Mr. Bernstein's remarks is reproduced hère inmil:Fm going to discuss the décline of political activity on campus, and I'm sure that that topic sounds very familiar to most ofyou. It's been difficult to pick up a newspaper or news magazineover the past two years without reading something about thenew "quiet mood" on campus. Usually it's some pièce that pointsto the decrease in political activism at a number of schools,makes a few vague références to the new mood of "introspection," and leaves one with the impression that ail those radicalswho were throwing deans out of their offices a few years agoare now relaxing in their apartments, lost in the music of theirstereo Systems.I don't intend to make generalizations of that kind, partlybecause I don't think they're very accurate, but also because Ithink it's possible to forget for a minute that this phenomenonis a national one and to concentrate on the very spécial brandof apathy that is to be found at Chicago. Interestingly enough,it's an apathy that co-exists with a high degree of political interest and awareness, and I hope that by explaining the natureof that paradox, I can help put the récent lack of political activity in better perspective.When I first came to this school four years ago, I was struckby how politkized a campus it really was. There was a host ofpolitical organizations on campus, each with its own ideology(and each one hypersensitive about being confused with othergroups— whose views were almost identical). Leaflets and position papers were constantly being circulated around campus;there was constant political debate and discussion in dormitoriesand other social centers. Fve always fek, since then, that politicsis an important part of student life hère, as a source of this kindof diffuse social and intellectual activity.What makes this campus so political? Part of the answer, ofcourse, is that it attracts some of the brightest— and most opin-ionated— students in the country. They like to argue about politics. But another important factor has to do with the environment that Hyde Park provides for this kind of activity.Hyde Park is one of those rare enclaves of ultra-liberalism inChicago. It's a community which is extremely tolérant of differ-ing life styles and viewpoints. There's a prévalent philosophyof "anything goes" that is very conducive to the birth of avant-garde and offbeat political causes.I think it's safe to say that there are as many political causesrepresented in Hyde Park as in any other community of a comparable size, anywhere. The list is endless, and would includewomen's lib, gay lib, peace groups, anti-pollution groups, recy-cling centers, population-control groups, tenant unions, draftcounseling, abortion and health reform groups, and even liber-tarian and conservative groups. Hyde Park, then, is a very important élément in this atmosphère of political involvement anddiversity.Salutary DiversityIt would be a mistake to conclude from what Fve said so farthat this school is a hotbed of activism that can explode at anytime. The irony is that because there are so many political groupsand viewpoints, because there is so much debate and disagree-ment about politics, and because activism is channeled into somany différent causes, political activity does not take the formof large-scale, dramatic acts of protest. The activists are toodogmatic and divided to get together and plan some massiveaction. And their audience is usually too politically sophisticatedto be responsive to such an appeal, even if it were to be made.There is no better guarantee for a "quiet" year than the fact that30no two Chicago students can agrée on anything.Even when mass protest action has taken place, it has beenkilled by this kind of divisiveness. It's useful to look at the twomost important protest actions of the last few years— the 1969sit-in and the 1970 class strike— from this perspective. Once400 students were occupying the administration building, themost important division was no longer between the demonstra-tors and the university administration, but among the demon-strators themselves. Every day, a différent set of demands wouldcorne out of the building: the student power demands, thewomen's lib demands, the socialists' demands, the minority students' demands. There was very little to hold the sit-in together,and finally the protestors simply gave up and left.Competing FactionsA very similar process occurred during the May, 1970, classstrike to protest the expansion of the Indochina war. Once students began staying away from class and attending politicalrallies on a mass scale, the activists decided to take full advantageof this advertising market. Each group began to peddle its ownanalysis, arguing that the protest should be tied to its cause andnot to someone else's. As a resuit, the over-all purpose of thestrike never emerged.There are other aspects of student mentality that might helpexplain why political protest has such a hard time getting offthe ground hère. This is a campus of intellectuals, althoughmany of them don't want to admit it, and students tend to bringa certain académie skeptkism into the realm of politics. Fvealways found it ironie that while student radicals critieize theUniversity for propagating a philosophy labeled "the life ofthe mind," nowhere is that ethic more in évidence than at theirown political rallies. Anyone attending one of the famous "massmeetings" held after the invasion of Cambodia soon realized thatthe main topic of discussion was not anti-war action at ail, butsuch things as parliamentary procédure and the wording ofresolutions.I remember one meeting in particular at which, after a lengthydiscussion on how the Roberts rules of order were to be applied,the body was finally prepared to vote on a resolution. At thispoint, a motion was made to strike a word from the resolution,because it made one of its sentences redundant. The body ofsome 1,200 people actually voted on that motion by show ofhands, and there were as many hands voting one way as the other. While ROTC buildings were up in fiâmes at other cam-puses, students at the supposedly radical University of Chicagowere split on the ail-important issue of sentence structure. Itwas one of those quintessential U. of C. expériences that I don'tthink Fil ever forget.The final élément in this strange apathy is cynicism. Cynicismis an intégral part of the campus culture, although it's somethingof a mystery as to why that should be. Fve heard it said thatChicago students are cynical because they didn't get into Harvard. It's also possible that they become cynical as soon as theyrealize that no one has heard of the university they're attending.Whatever the explanation, there is a tendency among studentshère not to let the opportunity to be cynical slip by. And it hasbeen very easy to become cynical about political activity, whatwith the futilky of anti-war marches, the hypocrisy of politi-cians, etc.On a more gênerai level, of course, the mystique that used tosurround radical acts is gone. In the year of the Columbia sit-inand the Chicago Démocratie convention, there was a sensé ofexcitement among students everywhere about the possibilky offashioning similar events on their own campuses. By now, however, political awareness has filtered down to the high-schoollevel, and most students hâve done their share of marching anddemonstrating before they get to collège. This change in theattitude of entering classes is an important factor if one con-siders that freshmen participated in the 1969 sit-in far out ofproportion to their number.This has been a somewhat disorganized récital, but I hopeFve left you with the impression that generalizations about thestate of political activity hère are very problematk. It wouldcertainly be wrong to call this campus a hotbed of radicalism;large-scale protest is not and has never really been the Chicagostyle.Sui GenerisOn the other hand, if the term "apathetic" suggests an imageof politically ignorant adolescents, it is nô more accurate a description. The real point, I think, is that Chicago students ap-proach politics in the same way as everything else. They'recritical. They're independent-minded. And they think for themselves. If there's one school in the country where the so-called"trend" is likely to break down, it's this one. And I suppose thatin a strange sort of way, Fm proud of that.31Quadrangle V\(ewsProgress Reported TowardSemi-Synthetic Cancer VaccineIs it possible to convert the mechanism throughwhich a "foreign" heart or kidney is rejectedby the body into one which will reject a tumor?An encouraging step in this direction was reported in April by two University pathologistsat the annual meeting of the Fédération ofAmerican Scientists for Expérimental Biology.The men : Dr. John Coon, pathology résidentat the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital, whois combining his residency with pursuit of aPh.D. in pathology; and Dr. Robert Hunter( MD'65, PhD' 69 ) , a Schweppe Foundation research fellow in pathology.A key problem was that the response to theintroduction of many antigens into the body isthe production of antibodies— a response whichactually stimulâtes tumor growth. If cellularimmunity could be induced instead, the tumormight be rejected.Aware that the cells which médiate thecréation of cellular immunity are produced inthe paracortex area of the lymph nodes, andhaving noted that lipids ( f atty substances )selectively concentrate in the paracortex, theyset out to find a way to make lipids carry aforeign protein antigen into the paracortex oflymph nodes.The method they came up with was to at-tach chemically, in experiments with guineapigs, bovine sérum albumin, a known antigen,to a lipid— dodecanoic acid. They found that,whereas injection of unmodified bovine sérumalbumin produced large quantities of antibodies without creating cellular immunity, injection of the lipid-conjugated protein developed strong cellular immunity while pro-ducing few antibodies, or none, even aftermultiple injections. The modified sérum wasretained in the paracortex of the lymph nodes."Many workers hâve identified and isolatedcancer antigens," said Dr. Coon, "but attemptsto use thèse antigens to treat tumors hâveusually resulted in the production of antibodieswhich make the tumors grow faster."Many human and animal cancers can berejected by cellular immunity in much the same way as heart and kidney grafts are rejected," hesaid. "In addition to providing new insightinto the mechanisms which control immuneresponses, thèse experiments provide the firstrationale for the production of semi-syntheticcancer vaccines."Book Sale Packs 'em InBooks may be a cool médium, but they were ahot item in April at Ida Noyés Hall as theUniversity of Chicago Press held its first-everwarehouse sale. Block-long lines waited out-side, and buyers jostled each other inside( estimated total : 1 4,000 ) , as the Press disposée! of more than 45,000 volumes for morethan $90,000. (The books were marked downsharply, but the priées did not represent a loss,since most of the value of the books had already been written off. ) Though the sale makeslittle more than a dent in the Press' total in-ventory, it does hâve the desired effect of clearing out warehouse space for 45,000 new books.What were the best sellers? Chicago:Growth of a Metropolis by Harold Mayer andRichard Wade; Bernard Berenson's TheDrawings of the Florentine Painters (a $37book going for $9.50) ; Richard Lattimore'sThe Iliad; Richard I. Storr's Harper's University.Mellon, Kenan, MerrillGifts Aggregate $3,000,000Three gifts received by the University thisspring totaled $3,000,000.The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation hasgiven $1.25 million to the University ofChicago.The University will use the unrestrictedgrant as the basis of a matching program toendow four named professorships in the under-graduate Collège. A search for four matchinggifts of $300,000 each will be conducted bythe University's Faculty Support Task Force.The Charles E. Merrill Trust presented$ 1 ,000,000 to the Graduate School of Businessfor graduate éducation in the management of not-for-profit and public organizations. Mr.Merrill was a founder of the brokerage firm ofMerrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith.Agiftof $750,000 from the William R.Kenah, Jr., Charitable Trust will establish theWilliam R. Kenan, Jr., Professorship in theCollège.In making the grant, the Kenan Trust said,it is "our wish to support and encourage ascholar-teacher whose enthusiasm for learning,commitment to teaching, and sincère Personalinterest in students will enhance the learningprocess and make an effective contribution toyour undergraduate community."Président Levi, in announcing the grant,said that the establishment of the chair "is ofimmense importance to the continued excellence of the Collège and for this reason to theUniversity.Jean Allard (JD '53), gênerai counsel andsecretary of Maremont Corporation, hasbeen appointed vice-président for businessand finance of the University, succeedingGilbert L. Lee, who has resigned. The appoint ment was effective May 1, Prior to herservice at Maremont Corporation, Mrs.Allard was assistant dean of the Law School.32People3C MARTIN E. MARTY, prof essor of modemchurch history and associate dean of the Divin-ity School, was honored this spring in theunanimous sélection of his book, The Righ-teous Empire: The Protestant Expérience inAmerica, for the National Book Award in thephilosophy and religion category.5C ROGER SESSIONS, distinguished composer,has been appointed visiting professor of musicat the University for the spring quarter. Amember of the faculty of the Juilliard Schoolof Music, he has composed eight symphonies,concerti for the violin and piano, two opéras,two string quartets and other chamber music,and he is also the author of three books onaspects of music.X DR. DANIEL X. FREEDMAN, chairman andthe Louis Block Professor of Psychiatry, andEDDIE N. WILLIAMS, vice-président for publicaffairs and director of the Center for PolicyStudy at the University, hâve been named tothe board of the Drug Abuse Council, Inc., thenew national council which will evaluate treat-ment methods, support basic research, circulateinformation, and study control methods fordrugs.The Ford Foundation, the Carnegie Corporation of New York, the CommonwealthFund, and the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation hâve pledged $2.5 million for first-yearopérations.Vi DR. UWE T. FREESE, who joined the médicalstaff of the University in 1956, has been appointed professor in the Department of Ob-stetrics and Gynecology in the Division of theBiological Sciences and the Pritzker School ofMedicine. DR. ATEF MOAWAD, formerly at theUniversity of Alberta, has joined the University as associate professor in the same depart-ment.X Twenty-three men and women from acrossthe nation hâve been appointed to the newly-created Visiting Committee on the Department of Music at the University of Chicago.MRS. J. HARRIS WARD, of Lake Forest, Illi nois, has been named chairman of the committee.According to HOWARD M. BROWN, professorand chairman of the Department of Music,the Visiting Committee will assist the Department in evaluating its curriculum, in planningits programs, and, in gênerai, will act as anadvisory group.Members of the committee include : Mrs. J.Harris Ward, chairman, Lake Forest, Illinois;MILTON BABBITT, Department of Music,Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey;MRS. DUDLEY WINSTON BAKER, Lake Forest,Illinois; BRUNO BARTOLETTI, Lyric Opéra,Chicago, Illinois; MRS. KURT BISS, DeKalb,Illinois; ELLIOTT C. CARTER, JR., New York,New York; MRS. MAURICE COTTLE, Chicago,Illinois; MRS. JAMES H. DOUGLAS, Lake Forest,Illinois; CAROL FOX, Lyric Opéra, Chicago,Illinois; MARTHA ASHER FRIEDBERG, Chicago, Illinois; PAUL FROMM, Chicago, Illinois;TITO GOBBI, Lyric Opéra, Chicago, Illinois;BERTRAND GOLDBERG, Chicago, Illinois;WILLIAM E. HARTMANN, Chicago, Illinois;JAMES C. HEMPHILL, Chicago, Illinois; MAR-GARET HILLIS, Chicago, Illinois; GEORGEIRWIN, Quincy, Illinois; GEORGE FRED KECK,Chicago, Illinois; LEON KIRCHNER, Department of Music, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts; GEORG SOLTI, Chicago,Illinois; EILEEN SOUTHERN, St. Albans,NewYork; MRS. JOHN V. SPACHNER, HighlandPark, Illinois, and PETER GRAM SWING,Swarthmore, Pennsylvania; }5< VALENTINE L. TELEGDI has been named tothe newly-created Enrico Fermi DistinguishedService Professorship.The Board of Trustées of the Universityauthorized the new chair, named in honor ofthe latelinrico Fermi, Nobel lauréate and University of Chicago faculty member. Fermi di-rected work at the University leading to theworld's first contrôlled nuclear chain reactionin 1942.Telegdi joined the University as an instruc-tor in 195 1 and was associated with Fermi inthe Institute for Nuclear Studies, now theEnrico Fermi Institute, up until Fermi's death in I954-In 1956, Telegdi and Jérôme I. Friedmanof the Fermi Institute, along with other expérimental teams at Columbia and the NationalBureau of Standards, demonstrated the Lee-Yang theory of violation of parity. Chen-ningYang ( PhD, the University of Chicago, 1 948 )and Tsung-daoLee (PhD, the University ofChicago, 1950) subsequently won the 1957Nobel Prize in Physics for their theory.More recently, following up on work per-formed at Princeton University by James W.Cronin and Val L, Fitch, Telegdi's group hasstudied CP-violation in K° ( k meson ) decay,using the Zéro Gradient Synchrotron at Ar-gonne National Laboratory."In plain words, we did an experimentwhich tells how to tell matter from antimatter,or, equivalently, the world from the anti-world," says Telegdi. "Using the same ap-paratus, we are currently searching for a veryrare ( but potentially very revealing ) decaymode of short-lived K° mesons."Currently, Telegdi's group is preparing forone of the first experiments to be run at theNational Accelerator Laboratory at Batavia,Illinois, which is about to go into opération.Its goal is to compare the properties of matterand antimatter as a function of energy at thehighest available énergies.They are also conducting a séries of veryprécise studies of muonium, a man-made hy-drogen-like atom having a muon for nucleus.Says Telegdi: "Thèse expérimental studiesserve to check the prédictions of quantumelectrodynamics, the most complète theoryavailable in physics to date. Any departurefrom this theory would be a major discovery."The muonium experiments were the last tobe conducted on the University of Chicago'scyclotron. Once the world's greatest atom-smasher, it was recently dismantled for transport of selected parts to Batavia's new muonfacility. The Telegdi team meantime has continued the muonium experiments elsewhere.Telegdi is the author and co-author of nu-merous professional papers on electromagneticinteractions in nuclei, muon physics and mesic. X-rays, hypernuclei, poskronium, theoreticalphysics, and physics instrumentation.33alumni V^(ewsCluh Events Class NotesATLANTA: A slide-illustrated lecture byJoshua G Taylor, the William Rainey Harperprofessor of humanities at the University ofChicago and director of the National Collection of Fine Arts of the Smithsonian Institution, was co-sponsored by the High Muséumof Art and the Alumni Association on April10. Dr. Taylor's talk, "The Modem Image,"was given in connection with the museum'sspring exhibition of the same title. The exhibition was coordinated by John Howett( AM'62, PfiD'68 ) who teaches in the Department of the History of Art at Emory University.BALTIMORE: Sol Tax, professor of anthropol-ogy, spoke on "The Current American Crisis—An Anthropological Perspective" at an eveningmeeting April n. Russell Jalbert (AM'47 ) ,new Baltimore program chairman, presided.The prize-winning film about the University,A Very Spécial Place, was shown.CINCINNATI: Walter Fackler, professor inthe Graduate School of Business and directorof management and executive programs, spokeon "Nixonomics and the Business Outlook" ata dinner meeting on March 2. Ken Léonard( AB'6o, MBA' 66 ) served as chairman.HONOLULU: Alumni residing in the Hawai-ian Islands gathered on April 17 for cocktailsand to view two films about the University. Itwas the second alumni gathering in the areaand was organized by Horace Clay ( PhD' 5 8 ) .INDIANAPOLIS: Ralph W. Nicholas, professorof anthropology and a specialist in Bengalivillage politics and religion, spoke to Indianap-olis alumni April 27 on "The Birth of Bangladesh." The new film, The Collège— TheUniversity of Chicago, was also shown. Themeeting was held at the home of Jordan(AB'50, MBA'55) and Joan Zabronsky(AB'48, AM'52) Leibman.MIAMI: "Hypnosis" was the title of Professorof Psychology Erika Fromm's address to Miamialumni on March 16. Ted Aidman (AM'47,PhD' 51) served as chairman. NEW ORLEANS: Hans Mattick, professor andlecturer in the social sciences and co-directorof the Center for Studies in Criminal Justice,discussed "Prison Violence in the UnitedStates" on March 2. Chairman for the meetingwas Joan Wennstrom Bennett (SM'64,PhD'67).NEW YORK: A symposium, "New Perspectiveson China," was co-sponsored by the Universityof Chicago Club of New York and the AsiaSociety on March 8. Participants were Ping-tiHo, the James Westfall Thompson professorof history; Tang Tsou, professor of politicalscience, and Phillips Talbot ( PhD' 5 4 ) , président of the Asia Society, moderator.New York alumni had an opportunity toview the works of Philip Pearlstein, a con-temporary realist, on display at the AllanFrumkin Gallery, on the evening of April 5.Wine and cheese were served, and the groupwas able to talk informally with the artist.Allan Frumkin received his PhB in 1945.PHOENIX: Joseph Kitagawa, dean of theDivinity School and professor of far easternlanguages and civilizations, addressed thePhoenix club April 26 on "The Many Faces ofChina." His talk analyzed Maoism as a reli-gious, ideological and r evolutionary move-ment. Sophia Fogelson Kruglick (AB'39) isprésident of the Phoenix club.SAN FRANCISCO: Saul D. Alinsky may bemore widely known currently for his interviewin the March, 1972, issue of Play boy than forhis having graduated from the University ofChicago in 1930. It was as an alumnus, however, that he addressed the San Francisco clubon April 25. His topic was "The Middle ClassRevolt." Alinsky is the founder of the Indus-trial Areas Foundation.WASHINGTON, D. c. : Président Edward H.Levi discussed the future of higher éducationat the annual dinner of the Washington clubon April 2 1. He was introduced by KatharineMeyer Graham ( AB'38 ) , président of theWashington Post Company and a trustée ofthe University. r\ ç>l in memoriam: Samuel M. Morwitz,y SB09, MD'n; George W. Phillips,AB'09; Willard H. Robinson, Jr., AB'o9,PhD'i 5 ; Karl Park Shuart, PhB'09.T^ KATHARINE POWELSCHMEHL, PhB' 12,part- time student at Northwest Commuanky Collège ( Powell, Wyo. ) , boasts that sheis "the oldest coed on campus," according tothe Casper (Wyo.) Star-Tribune. Enrolledsince last f ail when the school initiated a program under which any citizen of the countyaged sixty or over may take an unlimitednumber of courses, ail tuition-free, Mrs.Schmehl has been taking conversational Ger-man and ceramics, the latter of which hasespecially caught her f ancy. To date she hasfashioned several small ceramic items, including a small pot, a pen holder, a combinationcandie holder and flower vase, and a turtle.IN MEMORIAM: Frances Lucy Swain, SB' 12,AM' 14; Ashton Melville Tenney, X' 1 2.T A EVELYN COLE DUCLOS, PflB'14, Winter1 Park, Fia., though retired as président ofthe Central Florida Civic Theater ( Orlando,Fia. ) , nevertheless continues her support ofthe group through membership on several ofthe theater's standing committees and chair-manship of three: benefits, program and program advertising, and theater exhibits.IN MEMORIAM: Edwin F. Hirsch, PhD' 14,MD'15.T r1 GEORGE CALDWELL, PhB'l 5, after sev-^J ' eral years of beachcombing in Jackson-ville Beach, Fia., has returned to Oak Ridge,Tenn., which he intends to make his permanent home. A man of multiple careers who fortwenty-three years was a Presbyterian minister,Mr. Caldwell has also had considérable expérience on the stage. His interest in theater beganwhen he was in high school in Belleville, Ohio,and continued in Chicago when he became amember of the Chicago Grand Opéra and ap-peared on the same stage with Enrico Carusoand Mary Garden. A supernumerary, taking arôle wherever needed, even walk-on parts, hewas "star-struck" from way back and found itexciting just to be on stage, no matter how34small the part. Mr. Caldwell has appeared atthe Oak Ridge Playhouse as Cardinal Wolseyin A Man for AU Seasons in 1 967 and as anEpiscopalian clergyman and as a drunk inDylan in 1968. Since his return to Oak Ridge,Mr. Caldwell has been singing bass in thechurch choir, looks forward eagerly to theresumption of his acting career,' and "goes tosome dance every Saturday night."y A JEHIEL S. DAVIS, SB'16, Van Nuys,Calif., retired school teacher and realestate agent, and his wife plan to take an"easy" vacation this year. They will fly toMiami and, aboard the Norwegian ship NordicPrince, will cruise to Nassau, St. Maarten,Martinique, Trinidad, Grenada, Barbados,Antigua, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands.rs r\ IN MEMORIAM: Rosetta Karow Blaha,X'20; Edward O. Denison, PhB'20;Ethel Feldkirchner Hudson, PhB'20; ThomasJ. Matousek, X'20; Earle V. Pomeroy, SB'20;Thomas S. Rogers, X'20; Frank Victor Theis,SB'20,MD'23.A|IN MEMORIAM: Arthur L. Demond,^ PhB 2 1 ; Arthur C. Kelley, AM'2 1 ; Ed J.Nunn, PhB'21, JD'23.O*! LIVINGSTONHALL,PhB'23,deanofJ the Harvard Law School, has beenelected secretary of the Fellows of the American Bar Foundation, the research afïiliate ofthe ABA. Consisting of some fourteen hundredlawyers elected for their outstanding achieve-ments and contributions to the légal profession, the Fellows represent one-quarter of onepercent of the nations lawyers. Mr. Hall, président of the Massachusetts Bar Association in1963, has been a member of the MassachusettsJudicial Council since 1956.J. RUSSELL WARD, PhB'23, one of thef ounders of Associated Bank Services, Inc.,registered bank holding company based inGreen Bay, Wise, has retired as chairman ofthe executive committee and as a director ofthe firm. Mr. Ward also was a founding member and treasurer of the Neenah (Wise. )Municipal Muséum Foundation and has served as vice-président and treasurer since 1967.IN MEMORIAM: Louis F. Gillespie, PhB'23,JD'24; Léonard F. McGee, x'23; Allan F.Reith, SB'23, PhD'25; Cilena Grâce Walker,SB'23, AM'34,<y A THEODORE VIMMERSTEDT, PhB'2 4,l" représentative ( D ) to the ChautauquaCounty ( N. Y. ) Législature and chairman ofthe Public Works Committee, was profiledrecently in the Jamestown (N.Y.) Post- Journal. A salesman for Metropolitan Life Insurance Company from 1933 until his retirementin 1 964, Mr. Vimmerstedt listed gardening,photography, stamp collecting, and fishing ashobbies. He commented, "The only unusualaccomplishments I can think of are beingelected to public office five times with only onedef eat, sending three children through collègewith only one wage earner and having livedfor seventy years and hoping to enjoy manymore."IN MEMORIAM: Oscar Harry Gibson,AM'2 4.f} £ VICTOR LEVINE,SB,25,MD,29, hasJ donated a set of rare books, a complètetwenty-six volume set of Handbuch der spe-ziellen Pathologischen Anatomie und Histologie, to UC's Department of Pathology.Printed from 1924 to 1937 and no longer inprint, the set in its time "was the most authori-tative and complète référence work of itskind," according to ROBERT WISSLER, professor and chairman of the Department of Pathology and professor in the Collège. The set"represents the outstanding achievement ofclassical pathologie anatomy based on thef oundation of cellular pathology, and is completely and beautif ully illustrated with dia-grams and drawings in color," noted Wissler,and is "a historical document of great valuefor students of the history of the knowledgeof disease."IN MEMORIAM: Aubrey L. Goodman,SB'25,MD'3i.O O NORMANF- ARTERBURN, JD'26,Vkl-cennes, Ind., has been selected as thefirst long-term chief justice of Indiana under a new state law. Judge Arterburn, a Republi-can, has been a member of the state SuprêmeCourt since 1955. Until now, the position ofchief justice has been filled on a rotating basisby the judges of the high court. Arterburn hasbeen serving as chief justice under the currentrotation. Under a judicial amendment passedby the Indiana Législature in 1967 and 1969and approved by a voters' référendum in 1970,the chief justice will serve five years and thenbe subject to reappointment by the JudicialNominating Commission.IN MEMORIAM: Francis Wright Bradley,PhD'26.r\ m KATHARINE TYLER BURCHWOOD,/ PhB' 2 7 , AM' 3 1 , has authored a book,The Origin and Legacy of Mexican Art, published recendy by A. S. Barnes & Company,Inc., Cranbury, N. J. Lavishly illustrated, thebook, based on extensive on-location research,surveys and interprets the art of Mexico fromits prehistoric beginnings right up to the artsand handicraf ts popular in that country today,with spécial emphasis on the great modemmural artists— Rivera, Orozco, and Siqueiros.A résident of Evanston, 111., Mrs. Burchwoodhas long been a teacher of art practice andhistory and art éducation.IN MEMORIAM: Merle C. Prunty, AM'27.f\ Q HOWARD R. ANDERSON, AM'28, hasretired as senior consulting editor inthe school social studies department, HoughtonMifHin Company, Boston.DOROTHEA RUDNICK, PhB'28, PhD^l,professor of biology at Albertus Magnus Collège, New Haven, Conn., has been appointedacting chairman of the school's biology department.IN MEMORIAM: Victor John Andrew,SM'28, PhD'32; John W. Ashton, PhD'28;Ronald P. Carter, MD'28; David Dressler,PhB'28; Jacob M. Hofer, AM'28; Christian B.Jensen, AM'28, DB'29; Harold Kaminsky,PhB'28, JD'32; Henry M. Leppard, PhD'28;Caroline Thompson Nivling, PhB'28.29 IN MEMORIAM: Winifred D. Brod-erick, SB'29; Carlos Clinton Crawford,35AM'29; Isaac H. Miller, Sr., PhB'29.^5 O RUTH ROSENTHAL FLEGELMAN,J PhB' 30, has joined the staff of the Lib-ertyville ( 111. ) real estate firm of J. C. Forney& Company.BLAIR PLIMPTON, SB' 30, AM'38, PhD' 57,superintendent of Park Ridge ( 111. ) schoolsfor twenty-three years until his retirement inJuly, 1970, has joined Central TéléphoneCompany of Illinois as an adviser to its vice-président and division manager. Dr. Plimptonis currently président of Maine Township HotLine, a téléphone answering crisis service foryoung people, and serves on the advisorycouncil for the Illinois Program of Development for Gifted Children under the stateOffice of Public Instruction.IN MEMORIAM: Peter T. Swanish, PhD' 30.^ y HELEN M. CAVANAGH, AM'31, PhD'38,J has retired as professor of history atIllinois State University. Professor Cavanagh,who joined the ISU faculty in 1946, has spe-cialized in middle and récent periods of UnitedStates history and is author of Punk of PunksGrove: P armer, Legislator and Cattle King ofthe Old Northivest.A. U. MINER, JD'3 1, has retired as gêneraisolicitor for the Union Pacific Railroad Company, Sait Lake City, but will continue to servethe firm as spécial counsel.^ O MICHAEL FERENCE, JR., SB'33, SM'34,J J PhD' 3 7 , vice-président of scientific research for the Ford Motor Company ( Détroit )since 1965, has retired from the firm. Hejoined Ford as chief scientist of the scientificlaboratory in 1953.IN MEMORIAM: Viola M. DuFrain, AM'33,PhD'44.^2 A NOËL B. GERSON, AB'34, bas producedJ 1 another book, Temptation to Steal,published by Doubleday and Company inFebruary.IN MEMORIAM: Thomas W. Blair, AM'34;Alex N. Edidin, PhB' 34; Thomas E. Foster,AB'34, JD'35; Charlotte Healy, PhB' 34; HalJames, PhB' 3 4. "2 f\ IN MEMORIAM: James Edward Mc-J Donald, x'36; Richard J. Stevens,MD'36; Robert T. Whittenberger, SB' 3 6.^2 *7 ROBERT H. BETHKE, AB' 3 7, chairmanJ / of the executive committee of DiscountCorporation of New York, has been electedto the board of trustées of Dry Dock SavingsBank, which has offices in the New York Cityarea.IN MEMORIAM: Edward L. Hilton, JD'37;Ruth A. Zipperer, PfiB'37.^2 X M AMIE L. ANDERZHON, PhB' 3 8,J SM'48, University of Pennsylvania atIndiana, Pa., geographer, was honored withthe Distinguished Service Award of the National Council for Geography Education at theCouncil's annual meeting held in Atlanta. Theaward is the highest récognition geographyofïers for outstanding teaching and notablecontributions to the discipline. Miss Ander-zhon began her career as an elementary teacherin Shenandoah, lowa, and has taught for a yearin India on a Fulbright and for a year in Aus-tralia. A prolific writer, her most récent workis a three- volume set entitled Steps in MapLOIS KLAR LEDERMAN, AB'38, COOrdinatorof reading for ail six grades in a Buffalo Grove( 111. ) elementary school, has been selected bythe local Jaycees as "Outstanding Educator ofYouth" for 1972. Selected from among eightcompeting teachers who each gave shortspeeches and answered the questions put tothem by a five-judge panel, Mrs. Lederman, aswinner, walked away with a $50 savings bondand plaques for herself and her school. Shetold the audience and judges that teachers hâveto be concerned with the way children per-ceive things they hear. She recalled that oneboy, when asked for a définition of the equa-tor, said, "It's a ménagerie lion running aroundthe world."Subsequently, as one of the questions shewas called upon to answer, Mrs. Lederman wasasked for a définition of "génération gap." Heranswer : "It's a 'ménagerie lion' running aroundour brains. It's a refusai on the part of adultsand children to really try to corne together." <2 Ç\ E- F- "BUD" BEYER, AB'39, associateJ y professor of physical éducation andvarsity gymnastics coach at Plattsburgh( N. Y. ) State University Collège, has collab-orated with the Coronet Film Company inChicago to produce an instructional film entitled Improve Your Posture for use in classesfrom the junior high school through collègelevel. Head gymnastics coach at UC for fif teenyears, Beyer has served on the U.S. OlympicCommittee and the Pan-American OlympicCommittee, and was chairman of the NCAAGymnastics Committee for seven years.ANITA-BAKER BOOK, AB'39, is designer ofthe Binita fruit arrangements ( "Binita" is herregistered trâdemark ) , the first artistic arrangements from artificial fruits for the homedécor ever produced commercially. Fruit ar-ranging started as a hobby for Mrs. Book whileshe was a student at UC living at InternationalHouse where she had exhibitions. In 1 947 sheestablished her own business, Binita Fruit &Gift Wares, in Chicago, and in 1 949 her hus-band resigned from his traveling position tobecome the firm's engineer and productionmanager. In 1953, the Books moved to Skokie,111., to build their own factory and this is wherethey hâve continued to operate to this day. Mrs.Book designs the spécial containers for herarrangements, and Mr. Book manufacturesthem. Mrs. Book is also extremely active incivic affairs, especially in the League of Wom-en Voters, and is listed in Who's Who ofAmerican Women, Who's Who in the Mid-west, and the Royal Blue Book (coronationissue ) , to mention a few.JEAN ANDRUS CROCKETT, AB'39, AM'48,PhD' 50, University of Pennsylvania, has beenelected chairman of the school's faculty senate.E. w. SCOTT, SB' 3 9, has been elected président of the médical staff of Ingalls MémorialHospital (Harvey, 111.) for 1972. On the Ingalls médical staff since 1946, Dr. Scott holdsmemberships in the Chicago Médical Society,Illinois Médical Society and the AmericanAcademy of General Practice.A C\ VIRGINIA CLARK DAVRAN, AB'40,T* AM'4 1 , professional belly dancer, isteaching her trade of navel navigation to two36hundred women at Chicago's Loop YWCA thisyear, according to an Associated Press report.There has been a belly dancing explosion inthe last year brought on, in Mrs. Davran'sopinion, by Président Nixon's physical fitnessprogram. "However, I don't find weight reduc-ing or fitness the main reason for enrolment inmy classes," said the trim blond, who has beena dancer since childhood. "Five percent aregirls who want to turn professional," she said."And the majority are housewives who wantto surprise their husbands." Ranging in âgefrom 1 6 to 70 and in weight from 80 poundsto around 250, the students, meeting with Mrs.Davran two days a week, are drilled in thebasic techniques of belly dancing— flutteringthe diaphram, neck manipulation and rib cagerippling. "Belly dancing is création of an illusion," stressed Mrs. Davran. It is "sensuouswithout being vulgar."GEORGE W. SMITH, JR., MD'40, director ofthe radiology department since 1948 at Col-umbia ( S.C. ) Hospital, has been chosen chiefof staff for the hospital for 1 972. Dr. Smith ison the boards of both the Richland CountyCancer Society and the South Carôlina CancerSociety.CARL E. STRAUSS, AB'40, MBA49, has beennamed assistant chief for gênerai services inthe management services division, Departmentof Motor Vehicles, state of Conriecticut. In thenew post Mr. Strauss' main duty will be tooversee the opération of fédéral highway safetyprograms.A T O. D. OLSON, AB'41, MBA'48, retired in1 April as président of the Exchange National Bank in Colorado Springs, Colo. Hisassociation with the bank began in 1954.LOUIS M. WELSH, AB'41, partner in the SanDiego law firm of Welsh and Gibson, has beenappointed by Governor Reagan to fill avacancy on the San Diego Superior Courtbench. A Republican, he becomes the county'stwenty-fifth Superior Court judge.IN MEMORIAM: Herbert K. Livingston,PhD'41.42 NANCY BULLOCK McGHEE, PhD'42, amember of the Hampton (Va.) Insti tute faculty since 1945, is currently professorand chairman, Department of English, and theAvalon Professor of the Humanities at theschool. Vice-président of the National Councilof Negro Women from 1953 to 1957, she ispresently vice-président of the Virginia Humanities Conférence and vice-chairman ofthe Commission on the Humanities ( SouthernHumanities Conférence ) . Her articles andreviews hâve appeared in several publications,including the Journal of Negro Education andthe Journal of American Folklore.CONSTANCE MIDKIFF, AB'42, director ofthe Paterson (N.J. ) Office on Aging since1 967, has been appointed to head the Office ofProgram Analysis, a newly-created division ofNew Jersey's Department of CommunityAffairs which will conduct a continuing reviewof the efficacy of ail community affairs programs.IN MEMORIAM: William A. Caudill, AB'42,AM'48, PhD' 50; William H. Johnston, SB'42,SM'49, PhD' 50.A ^ JOHN K. DIEDERICHS, AB'43, directorij of planning and development of theSunbeam Corporation, Chicago, has been appointed to the additional post of vice-président, Industrial/Commercial Division.ROBERT E. SMITH, AB'43, associated withPan American World Airways for over twenty-nine years, has accepted a new appointment asvice-président of National Bulk Carriers andwill be responsible for ail the firm's interests inMexico, including sait production, mining,property development, low cost housing andthe new Princess Hôtel & Club de Golf inAcapulco. Mr. Smith, who will maintain officesin Mexico City, San José ( Calif. ) , Costa Ricaand New York, will also supervise propertydevelopment in Central and South America,Europe and the Pacific.IN MEMORIAM: Fred F. Nicholson, SB'43.A A NQRMANBARKER, JR.,AB'44,MBA'53,§ ¦ Arcadia, Calif., président of the UnitedCalifornia Bank, Los Angeles, and a trustéeof the University of Chicago, has been electedto a three-year term on the board of directorsof Charles R. Drew Postgraduate Médical School.MARY ELLEN JONES (MUNSON), SB'44,distinguished researcher in enzymes and met-abolic pathways, has joined the University ofSouthern California School of Medicine as aprofessor of biochemistry. Formerly with theUniversity of North Carôlina and BrandeisUniversity, where she was a scholar of theAmerican Cancer Society for five years, Dr.Jones' research is ultimately directed towardfurnishing important information regardingcancer and a type of mental retardation re-sulting from an enzyme deficiency. She is aconsultant on the biochemistry study sectionof the National Insti tûtes of Health and isassociate editor of the Canadian Journal ofBiochemistry.A H DOROTHYI. CLINE,AM'45,Albuquer-1 %J que, reports that she retired in 1970as professor of political science and directorof the Division of Government Research,University of New Mexico. A delegate andf ourth vice-président of the New MexicoState Constitutional Convention in 1969, inthe same year Professor Cline was awarded thefirst lif etime membership ever in the NewMexico Park and Récréation Association.THOMAS T. TOURLENTES, SB'45, MD'47,director of psychiatrie services of the Compre-hensive Community Mental Health Center ofRock Island and Mercer Counties ( 111. ) , hasbeen appointed to the consulting staff of Mercer County Hospital.A A WILLIAM B. BEACH, JR., MD'46, is theT* new deputy secretary of public welfarefor mental health and mental retardation, stateof Pennsylvania. Formerly deputy director ofthe California Department of Mental Hygièneand chief of its local programs division, Dr.Beach will also serve as commissioner of mental health in his new post. He has participatedin a number of national and California conférences dealing with juvénile delinquency,childhood mental illness and mental retardation, and was selected as the single représentative to the White Hpuse Conférence on Children and Youth by the American Academy ofChild Psychiatry in December, 1970.37HARRIETT BERGER KOCH, SB'46, AM'58,executive director of Video Nursing, Inc.,Evans ton, 111., has been elected director of theIllinois Nurses' Association.RILEY SCHAEFFER, SB'46, PfiD'49, chairmanof the Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, has been elected chairman of the American Chemical Society's division of inorganicchemistry for 1972.LEILA STUART SHOSTAK, PhB'46, MAT'7 1,English teacher at Thornwood High School( 111. ) , has been admitted to membership in PiLambda Thêta, national honor and profes-sional society for women in éducation.A m JERROLDMEINWALD,PhB'47,SB'48,I / professor of chemistry at Cornell University, gave this year's Julius Stieglitz lectureat the University of Chicago. His topic: "Or-ganic Chemical Communication and RelatedChemical Society and UC's Department ofjointly by the Chicago section of the AmericanChemical Society and UC's Department ofChemistry, the annual présentation is namedin honor of a former chairman of UC's Department of Chemistry.A V WALTER H. EHRMANN, AB48,\ MBA'49, executive vice-président ofFinancial Management Associates, EvergreenPark, 111., has been elected to the Board of Di-rectors of the new South Suburban Hospital inHazel Crest, 111. A résident of Olympia Fields,Mr. Ehrmann is chairman of the board of theHéritage Bank of Country Club Hills andformer chairman of the Roseland area servicecommittee of the Salvation Army.PETER O. EVERSON, AB'48, who formerlyheaded his own management consultant firm,has been named director of marketing and development, métal opérations, by the Continental Can Company, New York.SAMUEL ENOCH STUMPF, PfiD'48, président of Cornell Collège (Mount Vernon,Iowa) , is one of fifteen persons named to theorganizing committee of the Institute forWorld Needs. Sponsored by the Boeing Company Aerospace Group of Seattle, Wash., theinstitute is to bring together experts from various disciplines to formulate workable solutions to problems caused by complications of tech-nological advances and rapid rates of changein today's world. Président of Cornell since1967, Dr. Stumpf has written five books inphilosophy and ethics, including A Démocratie Manifesto, Morality and the Law, andPhilosophy: History and Problems.IN MEMORIAM: Leonora B. Rubinow,AM'48.A Ç\ THOMAS GORDON, PhD'49, clinkall" y psychologist, author of the book, ParentEffectiveness Training: the No-Loss Programfor Raising Responsible Children (PeterWyden, Inc. ) , and originator of the ParentEffectiveness Training clinics, is now involvedwith a New York télévision présentation forpreschoolers and their parents which drama-tizes PET techniques. The program, now available for enrolment in f orty-eight states, teachesbetter communication methods between parents and children. The needs and rights ofparents as well as children are recognized, but"no-loss" techniques are substituted for parental power confrontations which damage thechild's self image. Dr. Gordon, who feels thatparents and children represent the last master/slave relationship in this country, points outthat while blacks and women are gaining theirlibération, children are still treated as property by their parents. To parents who feel thatit is their duty to direct their children's lives, hesays, "Don't confuse 'direct' with laying downthe law. When you say you must direct him,you're really saying you want your child to sub-mit to your authority." For the TV show—"Watch Your Child/The Me Too Show"( aired Monday through Friday from 1 : 00 to1:30 PM ) — Dr. Gordon writes the tape ex-planations telling parents what is being taughttheir pre-school viewers, and furnishes thef amily problems which koala bear puppetssolve through PET methods.WATTS S. HUMPHREY, SB'49, MBA* 5 1, director of IBM's Systems Development Division laboratory in Endicott, N. Y., has beenelected a f ellow of the Institute of Electricaland Electronics Engineers.IN MEMORIAM: Samuel Fuerstenberg,PhB'49. £ f} RHEA OSTEN BERTELLI, AM'50, this«3 year is directing a state-funded gériatrieproject to serve the spécial needs of seniorcitizens in the south suburban area of Chicago,operating out of the Family Service and MentalHealth Center, Chicago Heights, 111. For thepast eight years, Mrs. Bertelli worked for theCitizen Information Service, the educationalarm of the League of Women Voters. Beforethat she was employed by the Chicago Housing *Authority in community-tenant relations.Médical director of the Family Service andMental Health Center and a consultant to thegériatrie project is Dr. ELISABETH KUBLER-ROSS, formerly with UC's Department of Psy-chiatry and author of the landmark book, OnDeath and Dying.GERALD L. GARDEN, AB'50, cartooning in-structor at a Pasadena, Calif., high school, wasrecently presented with the battle-worn draw-ing board and métal stand of Pulitzer Prize-winning political cartoonist Vaughn Shoe-maker upon the occasion of Shoemaker's re-tirement. The board, which now bears an inscription "to Jerry Garden's Cartooning Class,"will hopefully act as a source of inspiration tothe students. Garden, who in 1970 receivedhis master's degree in art from California StateCollège Los Angeles, does free-lance cartooning— his work has appeared in the ChicagoDaily News— in addition to his teaching. Whenin grade school, Garden began a correspond-ence with Shoemaker after attending a "chalk-talk" lecture given by the latter at the Art Institute of Chicago. That correspondence lastedthrough the years and developed into a f riend-ship when Garden first met Shoemaker tenyears ago in Chicago.E. E. LUNGREN, PhB' 50, JD'52, has beennamed gênerai attorney for Trailmobile, a division of Pullman, Inc., Chicago.MYRON MATLAW, AM'50, PhD' 5 3, is authorof Modem World Drama: An Encyclopedia,published recently by E. P. Dutton & Company, Inc., New York, the only published en-cyclopedia that expressly concentrâtes ontheater literature since from the mid-nine-teenth century. More than eight years in themaking, the work provides an ail-inclusiveréférence to modem world drama in one ex-38tensively indexed volume containing a singlealphabetical listing of plays, playwrights, coun-tries, and technical terms. At Queens Collègeof the City University of New York, where heis a professor of English, Matlaw teachesdrama, his specialty, and other literaturecourses.RUTH HERMAN SHIMER, AB'50, is authorof Squaw Point, published in March by Harper& Row as a Harper Novel of Suspense. Sealhunts, the f ogs and wild storms of Alaska, theempty terrain, the fishing fleets, the handful ofpeople who hâve learned to live the hard wayin a demanding climate, are deftly combinedby Mrs. Shimer (who once taught school inAlaska) with a taie of suspense and a lovestory in an unusual island setting.£ r\ The contribution of the banking system3 to the économie development of acountry dépends more on the structure of thesystem than on the Personal qualities of thebankers, says RONDO CAMERON, PhD' 5 2, theWilliam Rand Kenan University Professor atEmory University (Atlanta, Ga. ) , in the introduction to the new book he edited, Bankingand Economie Development: Some Lessons ofHistory (Oxford University Press, NewYork) . Intended as a sequel to Dr. Cameron'searlier work, Banking in the Early Stages ofIndustrialization, which f ocuses on countrieswhich achieved significant industrialization inthe nineteenth century, the new work includesstudies on the rôle of banking in four Euro-pean countries ( Austria, Italy, Spain, andSerbia) which failed to industrialize in thenineteenth century, or did so incompletely.LOIS JOSEPHS ELY, JD' 5 2 , has been swornin as an assistant Bergen County (NJ. ) pros-ecutor and is the first woman to serve in sucha capacity since the county was formed nearlythree centuries ago. A member of both theIllinois and New Jersey bars, Mrs. Ely has beenassigned to handle criminal trials in the Bergen County courts. She and her husband hâvethree children, ail in their teens.CHIAKI NISHIYAMA, AM'52, AM'56,PhD' 60, director of industrial relations atRikkyo University, Tokyo, and a member ofthe Japanese Economie Research Institute, spoke at a March meeting of the ChicagoCouncil on Foreign Relations on the effects ofrevaluation on the Japanese economy. A former member of the économie mission of theJapanese government, Mr. Nishiyama was alsothe Japanese participant in the InternationalEconomie Forum of Lincoln National Corporation, held in Chicago in May, 1 97 1.JAMES C. PHILLIPS, AB'52, SB' 55, SM' 5 5,PhD' 5 6, was awarded the Oliver E. Buckleysolid state physics prize at a meeting of theAmerican Physical Society held in March. Nowwith the Bell Téléphone Laboratories (Mur-ray Hill, N. J. ) , Phillips was a professor ofphysics at UC from 1965 to 1968.GEORGE L. RIVER, AB'52, has been namedfull-time hematologist in the Department ofInternai Medicine and head of the HematologyClinic at St. Elizabeth Hospital, Youngstown,Ohio. Dr. River earned his médical degree atLoyola University and completed his intern-ship and residency in internai medicine atCook County Hospital. For the past nine years,he has been with the Marshfield (Wise. )Clinic and was also chief of staff at St. JosephHospital, Marshfield, and clinical instructor atthe University of Minnesota.IN MEMORIAM: Donald T. McMurray,MBA'52; Hans Oppenheimer, PhD' 5 2.£ ^2 ALFRED A. ROSENBLOOM, JR., AM'53,3 J dean of the Illinois Collège of Optome-try (Chicago) since 1956 and a faculty member there for twenty-three years, was unani-mously elected président of the school onMarch 6. Chairman of the American Optome-tric Foundation Advisory Research Councilsince 1969, Dr. Rosenbloom served as an instructor during the summers of 1953 and 19 54in the Department of Education readingclinics, University of Chicago. He lectureswidely on gériatrie vision problems, lowvision, contact lenses, and vision of children,and was named "Optometrist of the Year" bythe Illinois Optometric Association in 1967.ROSS VON WIEGAND, MBA'53, addressed aMarch gathering of the Schenectady County( N. Y. ) Chamber of Commerce and the Alco-holism Council of Schenectady County recently on the subject of alcoholism in business and industry. Director of labor-managementservices for the National Council of Alcoholism, New York, Mr. Von Wiegand hasserved on the faculty of the University of UtahSchool of Alcohol Studies since 1965 and hasalso provided industrial alcoholism consultingservices to British and Irish industry in coopération with the national councils on alcoholism in London^ and Dublin.IN MEMORIAM: Charles Graves, Jr., AM'53.£ A CATHERINE WESLE Y BECKER, PhB' 5 4,O l AM'59, has assumed her new duties asthe first full-time psychologist for the Rochelle( 111. ) Elementary School District.AN-SHIH CHENG, AB'54, Chicago, has beenappointed director of the American DentalAssociation's new Office of Advertising Ile-vie w. Miss Cheng was with the code authorityof the National Association of Broadcasters inNew York City for eight years.ROBERT V. HOWAT, AB' 5 4, AB' 5 5 , AM' 5 7 ,associate professor of music at WittenbergUniversity, has been named 1972 récipient ofthe school's distinguished teaching award.Nominations for the award, which consists ofa $500 honorarium and a citation, were madeby students, alumni, faculty and staff members. During the past three years Mr. Howathas been a f eatured artist at Chicago's BeverlyArts Center.FRANK W. PELLETTIERE, X'54, is présidentof Management Technology DevelopmentGroup, a new business development companywith offices in the Chicago suburb of OlympiaFields, in San Francisco, and in Vienna. Mr.Pellettiere, who holds forth in the OlympiaFields office, was associated with the industrialresearch divisions of Illinois Institute of Technology from 1 961 to early 1 97 1 , first as manager of international opérations for HT Research Institute, and then as vice-président andgênerai manager of Gas Developments Corporation.ROBERT ZENER, AB'54, JD'58, associategênerai counsel of the fédéral EnvironmentalProtection Agency, spoke recently at the University of Wisconsin-Parkside Wood RoadCampus on "the problems that the environ-mental movement is encountering in its pres-39ent stage, when environmental régulation isbeginning to hâve some teeth and to forcesignificant changes in ways of doing business."Before joining the EPA in March, 1 97 1 , Zenerpracticed law in New York City and workedin the civil division of the Department ofJustice. He is currently gênerai légal counselfor EPA water pollution control programs.IN MEMORIAM: Harry W. Ru ter, MBA' 54;Harry B. Smock, MBA' 5 4.£ £ CRYSTAL R. HALSTEAD, AM' 5 5 , super-kJ %J visor of nursing and administrativeservices for the médical services department ofChrysler Corporation, Détroit, has been namedto the Michigan Board of Nursing. Miss Hal-stead is the first industrial nurse ever appointedto the twelve-member board, which approvesail liçenses for nurses in Michigan and setsminimum standards for practice and for nursing éducation.JAMES E. HORNER, MBA' 5 5, has been pro-moted to director of marketing for the pipeline division, Colorado Interstate Gas Company, with responsibilities for gas sales, prod-uct sales and other marketing activities.JESSE M. SHAVER, MBA' 5 5, chairman andprésident of American Air Filter Company,Louisville, Ky., has been elected président ofthe Air-Conditioning and Réfrigération Institute.£ h\ ROBERT H. BOSCH, AB'56, has beenJ3 promoted to assistant vice-président ofthe methods and planning department, OhioNational Bank.EUNICE ORODENKER SHATZ, AM^ô, hasbeen named to the faculty of Boston Univer-sity's School of Social Work. As adjunctassociate professor in the school's division ofcontinuing éducation, she is developing programs for trainers in mental health. Mrs. Shatzis currently working on her doctoral dissertation at the Florence Heller Graduate Schoolfor Advanced Studies in Social Welfare atBrandeis University.JERI EVERETT WARRICK, AM'56, broadcaststandards supervisor and producer of "It'sAcadémie" for WMAQ-TV in Chicago for thepast seven years, has been promoted to senior policy manager for WNBC-TV, NationalBroadcasting Company station in New York.A member of UC's Alumni Cabinet, Mrs. War-rick was president-elect of the Chicago chap-ter, American Women in Radio and Tele-Ç n DENNIS ADRIAN, AB' 5 7 , history de-^J § partment, Roosevelt University (Chicago ) , and former assistant curator of printsand drawings for the Art Institute of Chicago,has assembled a group of three art shows fortraveling for the Illinois Arts Council, anagency of the state. Entitled "Modem Printsfrom the Collection of Mr. and Mrs. JosephRandall Shapiro," the three shows each em-phasize a différent significant trend in the artof the twentieth century. Show I, "Abstractionand Pure Form," features prints by artists suchas Josef Albers, Alexander Calder, and JoanMiro. Show II, "Fantasy and Imagination," in-cludes works by Chagall, Dubufïet, and MaxErnst. Show III examines the "Pop Art" move-ment with prints by Andy Warhol, RoyLichtenstein, and Robert Rosenquist, amongothers. JOSEPH R. SHAPIRO, x'34, founderand current président of Chicago's Muséum ofContemporary Art, and his wif e hâve beenamong the most generous of ail American col-lectors in freely lending their works of art tocountless exhibitions. He is donor of the Uni-versity's "Art to Live With" collection whicheach quarter enables hundreds of lucky students to borrow a major work of art.DANIEL W. KRUEGER, SM'57, has retired asmeteorologist in charge of National WeatherService at Atlantit City Airport (Pomona,N. J. ) after thirty-one years of fédéral service.SEYMOUR SIEGEL, AB' 5 7 , prof essor oftheology and rabbinic thought at the JewishTheological Seminary in New York, has beenelected président of the newly-formed National Jewish Community Security Council, anorganization dedicated to help préserve thesecurity and character of Jewish communitiesand neighborhoods. Rabbi Siegel was a member of an interdenomi national team whichvisited South Vietnam in the summer of 1969to investigate the state of civil and religiousliberties in that country. r* V FRANK CHILTON, SB' 58, SM' 58,3 PhD' 60, of the Stanford Research Institute Low Température Laboratory (MenloPark, Calif. ) , and a colleague hâve theoreti-cally proved the design feasibility of high-speed vibration-free railway cars, supportedand guided by the forces of magnetic repulsion, and are now working out détails of anopérable model. Superconducting magnetswould supply the forces necessary to lift theweight of the vehicle and to propel it to ex-tremely high speeds, meanwhile guiding itaround curves— ail without mechanical contactbetween vehicle and rail. Pushed by linear induction motors, the vehicle could travel invirtual silence at over three hundred miles perhour. A transit system using thèse vehiclescould, conceivably, compete with airlinersoperating in high density travel corridors (say,between San Francisco and Los Angeles ) and,as a bonus, operate free of weather-causeddelays.KENNETH Z. KURLAND, MD'58, has Openedan office for the practice of orthopedics in theImpérial Valley Médical Center, El Centro,Calif. Dr. Kurland completed his internshipat San Francisco General Hospital and hisresidency in orthopedics at Walter Reed General Hospital. He and his wife, Mary Jane,hâve five children ranging in âge from two tothirteen.f\ /^ MARVIN bram, AB'6o, who last yeartaught at the University of Hawaii, isnow an assistant professor of history at Hobartand William Smith Collèges .( Geneva, N. Y. )and is teaching courses in comparative civiliza-tions, history of science and history of psy-choanalysis. He currently has two books undercontract— A World History for Science Research Associates, and Sources in TwentiethCentury Intellectual History, a two-volumeset, for McGraw-Hill.A. JAMES MEIGS, PhD' 60, a vice-présidentwith Argus Research Corporation, has au-thored a new book, Money Matter s (Harper &Row) , called by Business Week "the first intel-lectually robust attempt to evaluate the mone-tarist counterrevolution," spearheaded by UC'sMilton Friedman among others, which has40been taking place over the last fif teen years orso. Mr. Meigs did graduate work under Fried-man and authored Free Reserves and theMoney Supply, an application of capital theoryto the détermination of banks' desired reserves.HARRY WOODWARD, Am'6o, director of thecorrectional program of the W. Clément andJesse V. Stone Foundation of Chicago, has beenappointed chairman of an advisory groupwhich will assist Chicago State University indeveloping programs in the field of corrections.A T JOHN E. HARR, AM'6i, is editor andpublisher of a newsletter, U. S. A. 200,which concerns a United States centennialcélébration planned for 1976. Active in civicaffairs in Glen Ridge, N. J., Mr. Harr is treasurer of the town's tàxpayers' association andlast year was chairman of its school affair committee. From 1950-52 he was press attachéwith the U. S. Information Agency in Tel Aviv.RICHARD E. SPEAR, AB'61, associate professor of art at Oberlin ( Ohio ) Collège and aspecialist in the field of Italian baroque art, hasbeen named director of the college's Allen ArtMuséum, effective July 1. Spear, who has con-ducted extensive research on the baroquepainter, Domenichino, is on leave this year inRome under a fellowship from the AmericanCouncil of Learned Societies to finish the research for the first complète monograph on thepainter. He is also readying for publication astudy of a major private collection whkh hediscovered in Rome.Herbert j. stern, jd'6i, U. S. attorneyfor New Jersey, was designated one of Amer-ica's Ten Outstanding Young Men for 197 1by the U. S. Jaycees at their annual awards congress held this year in Indianapolis. Appointedto his présent post in February, 197 1, Sternwas cited "for his formidable record in thesuccessful prosecution of corrupt public officiais and organized crime figures within thestate of New Jersey."EMIL J. VENUTI, JD'61, Milan, is gêneraicounsel of J. C. Penney S.p.A., a subsidiary ofthe U. S. retailing organization, which is aboutto open its third store in Italy. Mr. Venuti in-forms us that he has held two art exhibitions of his paintings in Milan and, in addition,writes "for various newspapers in the UnitedStates."SIDNEY H. WEISSMAN, SB'61, has beennamed assistant professor of psychiatry at theUniversity of Illinois' Collège of Medicine,Chicago campus.A r\ david B. goshien, JD'62, professor oflaw at Cleveland State University, hasbeen reappointed the sole académie consultantto the U. S. Internai Revenue Service, auditdivision. Goshien will advise the division onthe content of a national exam that will beadministered simultaneously to candidatesacross the nation that are seeking admission topractice before the 1RS.EDWARD KITTRELL, PhD'62, Northern Illinois University professor of graduate économies, leads a double life. When he's not inhis classroom teaching micro-income analysis,price economy and price theory, he's morelikelythan not "jamming" with a Dixielandjazz group. Or, if it's Saturday night, hell bein Rockf ord ( 111. ) playing his cornet with theTammany Hall Jazz Stompers. He learned jazzas a youth in East Thomas, Ala., where the localyoungsters would get together for sessions withkazoos, tin can drums and washboards. Evi-dently he learned well, for he has toured Europe and parts of Asia with the USA JazzBand, a government-sponsored good willgroup; has made an annual pilgrimage to Lon-don for the past ten years ( where he plays inpubs by night and does research at the BritishMuséum by day) ; has played with such jazzgreats as Woody Herman, Benny Goodmanand Louis Armstrong. Although he's nevermade a recording, he has received a number ofoffers, including a standing invitation to record with Decca. But he isn't tempted, accord-ing to a récent profile carried in the Rockf ordRegister -Republic, because "my music is justa form of relaxation."MILTON E. NELSON, JR., JD'62, ParkRidge, 111., has been promoted to gênerai attorney for the Santa Fe Railway, headquarteredin Chicago.The Révérend DE SALES SNYDER, AM'62,Downers Grove, 111., has been promoted to as sistant professor of éducation at Lewis Collègein Lockport, 111.JOYCE RUKAS THUNNISSEN, AB'62, andJACQUES H. THUNNISSEN, x'65, returned tothe United States in March. Jacques has beenappointed assistant vice-président of First National City Bank in New York. While theywere in Belgium, Joyce studied at the University of Brussels while Jacques attended the University of Louvain. The Thunnissens are mak-ing their new home in New Canaan, Conn.A ^ JAMES T. CANIVAN, JD'63, has openedJ an office for the practice of law inGlastonbury, Conn.f\ A LAURAGODOFSKYHOROWITZ,AB'64,l" editor of the Maroon in 1 962-63, hasformed an editorial services firm, EditorialExperts, in the Washington, D. C. area. Thefirm specializes in éducation, urban, and consumer affairs. Mrs. Horowitz has held staffpositions with the Collège Press Service, theNational Association of State Universities andLand-Grant Collèges, Fédéral City Collège,and the ( D. C. ) Mayor's Economie Development Committee. She has also done free-lancework for associations, government agencies,newspapers and magazines, and is currently aleader of the Virginia Citizens ConsumerCouncil.G. EDWIN HOWE, MBA'64, has been appointed director of hospital administration atOhio State University Hospitals.VICTOR PEPER, AM'64, has been installedas principal of Luther High School North,Rockville, Ind.BILL PETERMAN, AB'64, SM'66, specialistin meteorological information processes, iscurrently an assistant professor of geography atBowling Green State University in Ohio.A £ JOËL L. HANDELMAN, JD'65, has beenC? promoted to vice-président, Loan Division E, the First National Bank of Chicago.Loan Division E serves mortgage bankers andreal estate companies and investors.RAYMOND W. WIRSING, MBA'65, has beenpromoted to assistant controller of the Walgreen Company, Chicago.4iA A JOSEPH KARANGIS, JD'66, partner inthe Chicago law firm of Patner &Karangis which represents community groupsthat are investigating and seeking to résolveurban controversies, also represents the stateof Illinois in air and water pollution litigationas spécial assistant attorney gênerai. For thetwo years following graduation from UC'sLaw School, Mr. Karangis served as a law clerkto Fédéral District Judge HUBERT L. WILL,AB'3 5, JD'37, and as a Bigelow Teaching Fel-low and instructor at the Law School.JULIE GORDON STOLTENBERG, AB'66, willbe returning to the United States in Augustafter living four years in Cremona, Italy, whereher husband has been studying at the Stradivarius school of violinmaking. Upon her re-turn, Mrs. Stoltenberg plans to study libraryscience at Rosary Collège ( River Forest, 111. ) .A m jOHND.DENNE,MBA'67,asaplan-/ ning associate for the Illinois RégionalMédical Program, gave a présentation recentlyon "New Approaches to the Analysis of Hospital Data in the 1970 Discharge Survey of theChicago Metropolitan Area" to a joint seminarof the American Statistical Association/ American Public Health Association, coordinatedby UC's Center for Health AdministrationStudies. Mr. Denne lives in Oak Park, 111.A Q JANICE MOULTON ROBINSON, AM' 68,PhD'7 1 , is a visiting assistant professorof philosophy at the University of North Carôlina, Chapel Hill, this year. Her hobbies, ac-cording to the Wilmington (N.C.) News, arecarpentry, photography, auto mechanics, andbiology. Her interest in plants and animaisstarted with house plants. "You need them inChicago because there's so little grass," saidMrs. Robinson. "But then I got more interestedin the bugs crawling on them than I was in theplants themselves! " Now she looks for micro- organisms on rotting lettuce and is an amateurmycologist.THOMAS ADRIAN WEAVER, SM'68, has re-joined the staff of the Los Alamos ScientificLaboratory in New Mexico and will work withthe testing division. He was employed by thelaboratory during the summers of 1970 and1 97 1 as a research assistant.ALLEN M. YOUNG, PhD' 68, assistant professor of biology at Lawrence University, Ap-pleton, Wise, has been awarded two separategrants totaling $43,000 for conducting environmental studies. On a three-year grant of$42,500 from the National Science Foundation, he will study the cicada this summer inCosta Rica. His other grant, $500 from theBâche Fund of the National Academy of Science, will support a project on the Lawrencecampus involving the çhemical défense systemof the Morpho butterfly, a giant tropical vari-ety, whose larvae émit an offensive sécrétionwhich makes them unpalatable to predators.> NATHANIEL L. CLARK, JD'69, MBA'70,has been named executive vice-président and treasurer of Gourdine Systems, ahigh-technoiogy firm located in Livingston,N. J., which does research and produces prod-ucts based on Electrogasdynamic Systems.KENT DRUYVESTEYN, AM'69, in addition toediting Virginia Cavalcade, a historical peri-odical, is busy writing a doctoral dissertationon the World's Parliament of Religions, whichwas part of the 1893 Chicago World Fair.DOUGLAS K. PINNER, MBA'69, fias beennamed gênerai manager of opérations forMacomber, Inc. ( Canton, Ohio ) , a subsidiaryof Sharon Steel Corporation.LOWELL C. PAUL, JD'70, consideredone of the top ten or fifteen half-milerunners while competing in amateur trackevents in the United States, is in Germany this year studying international law at the University of Freiburg on a scholarship. Althoughthis winter is the first season he has missedrunning in the U. S., Mr. Paul has been competing in various European meets this year,and last fall went to Tel Aviv to run the half-mile event with the U. S. AAU team.WILLIAM C. ROWLAND, MBA'70, becameprésident and chief executive officer of Hawai-ian Téléphone Company on April 15. Untilthen président of General Téléphone Companyof Illinois, Mr. Rowland has been chairmanof the régional advisory committee to Gov-ernor Ogilvie's Commission on Urban AreaGovernment.7 J BARBARA ELLINGSON-WAUGH, AM'7 1 ,research analyst in the Wisconsin Division of Family Services, is now writing a bi-weekly column on the women's movement forthe Madison Capital Times. Carried on theeditorial pages, Ms. Ellingson- Waugh's column will be exploring the issues and present-ing the best thought currently coming out ofthe women's libération movement.JUDITH MEARS, JD' 7 1, attorney, has beennamed first légal director of the ConnecticutCivil Liberties Union Foundation, an affiliateof , but separate from, the American CivilLiberties Union. Miss Mears is maintaining anoffice in New Haven.FRED MORIARTY, JR., MBA'7 1, Blooming-dale, 111., is currently employed as a financialanalyst by the Motorola Corporation, FranklinPark, III.JOHN SIEFERT, AB'7 1 , Franksville, Wise,was recently selected as a delegate to the Démocratie National Convention from Wisconsin'sFirst Congressionai District, pledged to Sen-ator McGovern. Said John, now a law studentin Madison, "In 1968, back in Chicago, I wason the outside. This time Fil be inside. It'squi te a switch."42JÇetters*12ers Hold Reunion EarlyTO THE EDITOR: I thought it might be of interest to other members of the Class of 1 9 1 2,which should hold its 6oth Anniversary thisJune, to tell that two of us, with our wives,held a 6oth Célébration a few days ago hèrein Coronado, California.It happened when Dick Teichgraeber( PhB' 12) and his wif e were visiting his sisterin Los Angeles and they ail came down to visitwith us. Of course the important subject wasour class of sixty years ago, and we celebratedwith a fine dinner at the Hôtel Del Coronado.It was a great aff air.Dick is retired and still lives in PelhamManor, New York, and is the same wonderfulperson. I retired from the lumber businessyears ago, and hâve lived in Coronado foryears. Gardening is my hobby. Maybe a line inthe magazine would bring word from other191 2'ers. Dick and I would greatly appreciate it.ROBERT W. BAIRD, PhB' 12Coronado, CaliforniaSitwell on Ping-PongTO THE^DITOR: With respect to DavidWindsor's timely photographs ("Ping-Pong:Four Views of a Game," The University ofChicago Magazine, July/October 1971)1should like to call your attention to the fol-lowing passage from The Scarlet Tree, one ofthe numerous' volumes of memoirs writtenby the late Sir Osbert Sitwell (the year isabout 1900):"In gênerai, I was not nearly so far ad-vanced as Edith [Sir Osbert's elder sister, thefuture poetess], and was only just beginningto be instructed in the masculine counterpart toféminine accomplishments, riding and cricketand tennis and, even, rounders and Ping-Pong.Ping-Pong was, in a sensé, the very oppositeof the obsolète attainments which I hâve dis-coursed upon; it had only just made a trium-phant appearance in the world, but was deemedto hâve arrived f orever, so that I remember my father [Sir George Sitwell, baronet, amateur landscape gardener, and prof essional ec-centric] expatiating to me on what a big part itmust of necessity play in my life. He talked ina strain of great seriousness about it, andwound up with the words, 'Unless you learnH to play Ping-Pong properly, you can neverhope to be a Leader of Men.' "PATRICIA PILLIARD PARSONS, AB'51Riverdale, New YorkPayoff as Cave-inTO THE EDITOR: Rarely do I find myself asenthusiastic over a socio-political spokesmanas I did over Thomas Sowell ( "Violence andthe Payoff Society," November/December1 97 1 ) . "Much of today 's organized violence. . . is 'élite violence/ growing. . . out of a senséof having the right to commit violence, because of either moral or intellectual superiority. . . very much nurtured by the current moralclimate and by our habit of odhing and aahingat the Collège Board scores. . . . It is painf ullyobvious that they are no more given to examin-ing the bases of their beliefs than any othercollège génération, however much clevernessmay go into their tactical maneuvers in pursuitof preconceived goals." Just one sample of thewords that ought to be printed in letters of fireacross the face of the night sky for a year.I suppose, by today's standards, I class as aconservative or even a reactionary. So let mesay right now that I attended the U. of C. during the days of R. M. Hutchins. I went out ofmy way to take his "Survey of the Social Sciences" after graduation, and read at least onebook that changed my liie—Straight andCrooked Thinking, by R. Thouless. And mypervasive f eeling about the collège rioting andmoralizing that I hâve seen in the last ten yearssums up to a bitter contempt. And it is as aresuit of this behavior by those who pursuewisdom at centers of learning that the vote hasbeen extended in a direction to give more de-cision-making power to the immature. It's not as if I had any strong objection tothe extension of the vote to the late teens.Frankly, I don't expect any changes we makein the electorate to affect the f ate of democracyfor good or ill. But this is a fine example of thesort of "payoff" Thomas Sowell mentions. Thesure way to get what you want in this violence-hating democracy of ours is to smash something, anything, anybody. Automatically weail run around panting, what did society dowrong?— and the answer is, give the smasherswhatever they demand. Then, to our vast aston-ishment, more groups start smashing thingsand get what they want. Wa-hoo. . . .Professors and teachers do not hâve to caterto their customers to keep alive or stay in business. When they do cater, there is far less excuse for them than for editors, reporters, journaliste and TV commentators. Let our learnedmen do their job, and let other prof essional s becourtiers il they must to survive. John Doedoesn't need more courtiers than he has already—and our young people, God knows, do needqualified teachers.ALFRED B. MASON, M.D., SB'38Brooklyn, New YorkCity vs. SuburbTO THE EDITOR: It seems a waste to quibblewith an author as enjoyable as Thomas Sowell,but his article on violence in the current issue[November/December 1 97 1 ] of your magazine does contain a most uncharacteristic de-tour from his usual élégant and tightly rea-soned argument.We do not need a priori reasons for preserv-ing the city, as opposed to the suburb or thetown; we find them in the necessity to rein-force the fabric of our society, in the need tohouse more people cheaply, and to reduce theheavy costs, including ecological costs, of dailytransporting millions of people to and fromjobs, récréation, and shopping facilities.I know of no scientific studies that stronglysuggest that crowded living promûtes aggres-43sion, nor do my own observations suggest this;studies do indicate that aggression is one indexof over-crowding, and that either isolation orover-crowding may produce socially unaccept-able behavior, which may take the form of aggression. The highest urban densities I amfamiliar with occur in the high rise "swinger"buildings, small apartments often shared bytwo or more young office workers. They do notseem to be unduly violent.The city's one great advantage is not thatactivities and people are "near," but that conditions of city living encourage exposure to bothin unscheduled and thinly structured situations. Social serendipity is possible; a degreeof understanding of other races and classes isinévitable. The barriers that separate man andman are perceived as less formidable, and social mobility is nurtured. This is the renforcement of our social fabric I referred to earlier,and that is so lacking in our uni-class suburbs.It is unremarkable that the young products ofthèse suburbs are so enthralled with "happenings;" the social events of their lives dépendupon adult transportation till late adolescence,and could best be described as "contrivances."There can be blessed little spontaneity aboutthem.As for the propriety of using tax dollars to"restore historical patterns," of résidence, Isee nothing improper in this, providing thepattern, historical or not, appears to fit theneeds of our society and costs no more thanpreserving or expanding other patterns. Oursubsidy of the commuter middle-class suburbthrough the highway program, government in-sured home loans, and benign income taxtreatment of home ownership expenses hasbeen forthright enough; indeed, it is difficultto believe that without such support the récentexplosive suburban growth would hâve beenpossible. It is a truism that ail housing locations are compétitive, and thèse subsidies hâvetherefore been peculiarly iniquitous, employ-ing the urban tax dollar to enhance the ameni- ties of the compétitive suburb, and conse-quently draining off the traditional urban ,leadership éléments— who were also the verypeople who could afford and would demanda high level of city services.It seems simplistic, given thèse conditions,to say that "fewer people want to live in cities.... than in the past. . . ." We hâve learned toexpect better from Mr. Sowell.HERBERT J. ERFURTH,X'50Chicago, IllinoisChicago Fire SidelightsTO THE EDITOR: Your fine article on the Chicago Fire [November/December] prompts meto add a few items, relevant or not, that I cameacross in researching for my historical novel,Hubbard' s Trail (Chicago, 1952) :Somebody once remarked that if the cowstarted the fire by kicking over the lantern shemust hâve lighted it herself . I incline to thetheory that the scoundrelly O'Leary Gang setthe fire., as they had everything to gain andprecious little to lose, in a holocaust. Then, ina city that was largely "wood and stucco, lathand plaster," with sidewalks and even roadsmade of wood, the man who turned in thealarm had a wooden leg!Gurdon Hubbard, pioneer Chicagoan, hadcampaigned tirelessly for a safer city. He builta brick factory; he was Chicago's first fire-in-surance agent; he was volunteer fire chief forsome years; and he personally financed thepurchase of Chicago's first pumper, importedfrom New York City.An "explosion" that spread the fiâmes im-measurably, that first night, occurred when thecontents of the huge "gasometer" were sud-denly released and went Boom.A little golden-haired girl ran past a saloon,with her hair on fire. When a kindly spectatorthrew a glass of whiskey over her, to see whatwould happen, she was instantly enveloped insearing blue flame. . . .Gurdon Hubbard' s showplace home, on the near north side, was totally destroyed, and hisPersonal fortune was wiped out by the fire.But his insurance company paid one hundredcents on the dollar. What a man!ALFRED H. HOLT, AM'2 6Fort Lauderdale, FloridaTO THE EDITOR: For at least one Chicagoan,the great recovery Mr. Kogan speaks of beganwhile the fire still raged. My great-grandfather,John B. Drake, whose Tremont House burned( the ruins of it are shown on Page 25), madea down payment on the Michigan AvenueHôtel at a moment when it looked as if it, too,might burn; but it did not. His recovery wasassured when he was able to make the sale stickafter the fire. He renamed this hôtel TremontHouse and went on two years later to rebuildthe Grand Pacific Hôtel, which had also beendestroyed in the Great Fire.CARLOS C. DRAKE, JR., AB'55Bowling Green, OhioMaxwell Edison Mystery SolvedTO THE EDITOR: I find most intriguing the en-try in your November/December issue about"Maxwell Edison, X'69, winner of the JohnHenry award in the third annual Amateur SteelDriving Compétition," who "has applied foradmission to the Ralph J. Scalpel School ofMedicine in Dismal Seepage, N. D. . . ."Gentlemen, I think you've been had. I onlywish Fd thought of it first.JANET BENSON KAYE, AB48, AM'67Falls Church, VirginiaTO THE EDITOR : . . . Ail I can say, is what'swith this? Is somebody pulling your leg, ordid the editor need a small item to fill thecolumn? Or is some alumnus poking a littlefun at this type of information?GUS B. LANGE, AM49Pordand, OregonReader Lange is correct with Conjecture 2. Thesituation was desperate; it will not recur.44OQOw*JC/3?-^-^c*aOOoooOos-4