OF CHICAGOMAGAZINErôi? \iÀ^\v_"&THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEPreliminary Reflections on the Pentagon PapersGeorge AnastaploEarthquakes and Continental Drif tPeter J. Wyllie 1230 Quadr angle News34 People38 AlumniNewsVolume LXIV Number 3January/February 1972The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, is published five timesper year for alumni and the faculty ofThe University of Chicago, under theauspices of the Office of the Vice Président for Public Arîairs. Letters andeditorial contributions are welcomed.Arthur NayerActing EditorLynn MartinArt DirectorJane LightnerEditorial AssistantSecond class postage paid atChicago, Illinois; additionalentry at Madison, Wisconsin.Copyright 1972, The Universityof Chicago. Published inJuly/October, November/December, -January/February,March/April, and May/June. The University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 753-2175John S. Coulson, '36, PrésidentArthur Nayer, Director, Alumni AfïairsRuth Halloran, Assistant DirectorJudith Goldstone Landt, '68, MAT' 70Program DirectorRégional Offices1 542 Riverside Drive, Suite FGlendale, California 91 201(213) 242-8288320 Central Park West, Suite 14ANew York, New York 1002 5(212) 787-78001000 Chestnut Street, Apt. 7DSan Francisco, California 94109(415) 433-40502721 Ordway Street, N.W.Washington, D. C. 20008(202) 244-8900Cover: Symbolic représentation of the earth quaking. (See "Earthquakes and Continental Drift" on page 12.)PRELIMINARY REFLECTICMGeorge AnastaploO, it is excellentTo hâve a giants strength; but it is tyrannousTouseitlikeagiant. P, , , u , ,,° Shakespeare, Measure for MeasureI gave to the wif e of a f riend a f ew years ago, on the occasion ofher naturalization, a bronze plaque depicting the stratagem em-ployed by Odysseus to rescue his men from the cave of theblinded but still deadly Cyclops: it shows, of course, a manlashed to the underside of a ram. I explained that my gift illus-trated a fundamental principle of constitutionalism whichAmericans should take to heart, a principle which helps décentcitizens avoid despair and curb desperation. The principle îs2 that "there's always a way out": that is, there are legitimatemeans provided within our xonstitutional System for dealingwith each of the dangers we are likely to face and with the vari-ous inequities we should attempt to remedy.Among the lessons needed to make and keep citizens and theircountry décent is one taught by still another "Odysseus." Thus,General Ulysses S. Grant instructs us in the second chaptêr ofhisMemoirs:. . . Ostensibly {our régiments) were intended to preventfilibustering into Texas, but really as a menace to Mexico in caseshe appeared to contemplate war. Generally the officers of thearmy were indiffèrent whether the annexation was consummatedor not; but not so ail of them. For myself, I was bitterly opposedto the measure, and to this day regard the war, which resulted,as one of the most unjust ever waged by a stronger against aDN THE PENTAGON PAPERSweaker nation. It was an instance of a republic following thebad example of European monarchies, in not considering justicein their désire to acquire additional ter rit or y.Texas was originally a state belonging to the republic ofMexico. . . . {Us} occupation, séparation and annexation were,from the inception of the movement to its final consummation,a conspiracy to acquire territory out of which slave states mightbe formed for the American Union....It is to the crédit of the American nation, however, thatafter conquering Mexico, and while practically holding thecountry in our possession, so that we could hâve retained thewhole of it, or mode any terms we chose, we paid a round sumfor the additional territory taken; more than it was worth, orwas likely to be, to Mexico. To us it was an empire and of incalculable value; but it might hâve been obtained by other means. The Southern rébellion was largely the outgrowth of theMexican war. Nations, like individuals, are punished for theirtransgressions. We got our punishment in the most sanguinaryand expensive war of modem times.Archives and EditorsThe publication of excerpts from the "Pentagon Papers"archives began in the New York Times on June 13, 1971, con-tinued for 2 more installments before being enjoined in the fédéral courts until June 30, at which time it resumed again for 7more installments. In the meantime, publication started in theWashington Post, the Boston Globe, and the St. Louis Post Dispatch, ail of which evidently drew extensively on copies of theTop Secret archives (of some tX/i million words ) originally madeavailable to the Times and ail of which were similarly enjoined3as they appeared in print with the story. The Suprême Court décision of June 30 permitted newspapers with access to the archives to publish what they chose. (Perhaps as many as 14 jour-nals printed firsthand révélations from the secret documents. )Thèse archives, as probably every reader of this magazineknows, dealt with the history of American involvement in theVietnam War. Subséquent to the lifting of the injunction, theNew York Times version of the Pentagon Papers was collected(and rearranged) for publication by Bantam Books. There wereappended to the 10 articles which had appeared in the Times5 editorials of that newspaper published during and immedi-ately after the litigation as well as the opinions of the SuprêmeCourt in what became the New York Times and WashingtonPost case. The articles, as they appeared in the Times, includedmaterials drawn from the Top Secret archives as well as com-mentaries by Times reporters on the archives materials (materials which consisted both of government operational documentsand of analyses by some 3 dozen anonymous scholars of thosedocuments and of the government' s conduct of the war) . Thereappeared in the other newspapers many références to and quota-tions from documents in the archives which were never used bythe Times. ( Indeed, it seems that the Times could use no morethan 10% of the archives material made available to it. Even so,the Bantam paperback édition which has been published, and towhich citations in this article are made, cornes to 677 pages. Inaddition, the Government Printing Office has published an-volume set of the Pentagon Papers and the Beacon Press a 4-volume set. I hâve not yet examined either of thèse sets. Thecomplète classifled study, of 47 volumes, was omcially entitled,History of U.S. Decision-Making Procès s in Viet Nam Policy.)The operational documents are the most important materialsin the newspaper collections. But it is dimcult for even the in-formed reader to understand them properly without the aid ofthe analysts' discussion. The three dozen analysts evidentlystudied many more documents than they included in their 47-volume archives, with the resuit that the typical reader needs theadditional help provided by the press. The press has culled thedocuments and analyses and placed them in context. That suchculling and interprétation dépend on one's expérience and pré-suppositions may be seen upon comparing what has appearedin the différent newspaper accounts which hâve drawn directlyuppn the archives. (Much of what appeared in various newspapers can be conveniently gotten by combing the CongressionalRecord for June and July of 1971.) Thus, care should be exer-cised by the citizen lest any particular newspapers interprétativeaccount be taken as authoritative, espedally when the intentionsof government officiais are reconstructed and assessed.The care with which ail thèse press accounts should be ap-The author, AB*48, JD'^i, PhD '64, Lecturer in the Libéral Arts,the University of Chicago, and Prof es s or of Political Scienceand of Philo sophy, Rosary Collège, suggests that this article canserve as the seventh appendix-to his book, The Constitutional-ist: Notes on the First Amendment, published recently by theSouthern Methodist University Press. proached is suggested as well by what one knows to hâve hap-pened to the opinions of the Suprême Court (which we cancheck in their entirety in the Suprême Court Reports) in theirrepublication by the New York Times and in the Bantam paperback. The footnotes for those opinions, which include not onlycitations to and quotations from relèvent statutes and précédentsbut also observations and comments by members of the Court,hâve been omitted. Indeed, the failure of the editors to includethe footnotes, which were immediately available upon the re-lease of the opinions, means that certain perhaps significantqualifications by the justices of what they said in the body oftheir opinions hâve been neglected.It should be noticed that it is implied by the Times that theopinions are reprinted in their entirety: certainly, there is noindication either that there were more than two dozen footnotesor that they hâve been omitted. It should also be noticed thateditorial décisions about the opinions seem to hâve been madeby someone not familiar with the opérations of the Court. Thus,for example, the opinions hâve been reprinted in what a studentof the Court would hâve known was the wrong order. Is similareditorial judgment, with its conséquent adverse efïect upon précision and depth of understanding, évident as well in the selec-/tion and publication of the Pentagon Papers? Is there, in fact,something about the pressures upon the daily press which distorts what is done by editors? Is there not something about thelimitations of public opinion which hobbies even our best newspapers?We hâve heard much in récent months about the right ofcitizens to know. But a corollary to that right is the duty ofcitizens to think. Indeed, a citizen cannot really begin to knowwhat is going on if he does not think about the informationmade available to him. Among the pitfalls to be avoided by theinquiring citizen is that pitfall into which the men who"brought us Vietnam" fell, that which is concealed by one'sfailure to assess properly the actions and motives of others. Weshould, that is, resist the temptation to make mère villains ofthe men who were responsible for the costly mistakes of tr^eUnited States in Southeast Asia. (Would it not hâve set thingsin better perspective, and been fairer in assessing governmentactions, if there had been reprinted with the Times collectionsome of the early editorials of that newspaper supporting thepolicy of our government in Vietnam?) We should also resistthe temptation, as we perform the citizens' duty of cbncerningourselves primarily with American décisions, to forget the short-comings of the callous men in Hanoi, Peking and Moscow whoalso contributed (perhaps even more than the American government) to the slaughter of hundreds of thousands of men, womenand children in Indochina. Consider, for example, the manylives ruthlessly sacrinced for the dubious victory of the 1968Tet Offensive. (See General S. L. A. Marshall's review, inBook World of October 24, 1971, of Don Oberdorfer, Tet! TheStory of a Battle and Its Historic Aftermath. )Révélations and ConfirmationsIt may be a matter of chance that the appearance of the Pentagon4Papers was as dramatic and hence as instructive as it was. Thetiming was such that nothing else of considérable interest com-peted in the news with the publication of thèse papers: cam-puses had been quiet for a year; Congress was between battles;the opening toward Peking had not yet been announced. Thepapers appeared at a time when dissatisfaction with the war inVietnam was mounting, when (it is salutary to believe) moreand more respectable Americans were expressing, and lookingfor opportunities to express, serious réservations about whathad been done there in our name. It was évident the war hadlong lost serious Establishment support: after ail, an eminentlycautious university président had been obliged to say publkly(even though still ambiguously) in November 1968, "The outrage of this war continues." (See Anastaplo, The Constitu-tionalist, p. 817, line 1, p. 822, Une 45.)The institutional source of the Pentagon Papers— there mighthâve been less public interest in them if they had had to hâvebeen labelled the "State Department Papers"— probably con-tributed to the glamour of the journalistic enterprise, as did theconsidérable effort and space that so prestigious a newspaper asthe Times was prepared to dévote to them. In addition, therewas the promised pleasure of looking at forbidden documents,a pleasure intensifièd by the efforts of the Attorney General tosuppress publication of the séries. Thèse efforts of the AttorneyGeneral to secure such ' prior restraint" seem to hâve insuredthat other newspapers would go looking for copies of thearchives and that they would publish at considérable lengthwhatever they found. Once the Suprême Court permitted re-sumption of publication by the Times and Post, the Americanpress lost much of its interest in the Pentagon Papers. (Nodoubt, interest would be revived if the Department of Justiceshould be so imprudent as to insist upon prosecuting DanielEllsberg for releasing the papers to the press. Will it not beawkward to prosecute him without indicting and prpsecutingas well the New York Times reporters and editors who receivedand retained possession of thèse papers? But it would be evenmore awkward in an élection year to convict men who seem tobe destined to receive a Pulitzer Prize for journalism. See Con-gressional Record, vol. 118, p. H359, Jan. 26, 1972.)(And now the columnist Jack Anderson has published aséries of "papers" of his own. His inconclusive séries of paperson American policy toward India and Pakistan was only a fewweeks old at the time of publication and may be much more"sensitive" than the Pentagon Papers were when they werepublished. When informed that an assistant attorney gêneraiwas investigating him, Mr. Anderson replied, "I'm going toinvestigate him. I hâve an idea 111 know more about him thanhe knows about me. He can take his [information] to a grandjury, and 111 take mine to the public." Chicago Sun-Times,Jan. 5, 1972. Cf. Congressional Record, vol. 118, p. S133, Jan.20, 1972. But see ibid., vol. 118, p. S313, Jan. 24 1972. Mr. Anderson opened an article on his right and duty to publish classi-fied documents with the question, "Do you feel as an Americancitizen that you hâve the right to know about an impendingwar?" Parade, Feb. 13, 1972.) The Attorney General could hâve said, as the séries began inthe Times, that there was really very little new in the PentagonPapers, little which had not been revealed before or which informed citizens had not long suspected. Certainly, anyone whoneeded thèse papers to enable him to understand what theUnited States did in Vietnam should reconsider what he readsor how he thinks about such matters. That which may hâve beennew in the papers fit in so well with what we had previouslysuspected that it seemed as if we knew it ail the time. We didnot know, of course, of spécifie "covert" opérations and plans ofthe government, but we did know of such things: learning thespécifie names and dates is not necessary for us to understandwhat has been going on.It has been noticed that the papers, whether or not new, aresomewhat fragmentary. We are not given everything we couldhâve, but only materials which happened to be in the filesopened to the Pentagon analysts. But, it should also be noticed,the conformity of successive révélations in récent years to whatwe already knew suggests that further révélations (no matterwhat files should be drawn upon hereafter) will not add any-thing critical to what we already know about the informationand arguments relied upon by our government in reaching décisions about Vietnam. When something like this war has beengoing on as long as it has, with the extended debate we hâve hadin a free press, during political campaigns and in Congress, it ishighly unlikely that data and reasoning believed by officiais tohâve been significant would not hâve become public knowledgeby this time. Thus, we should not expect from any futurememoirs of former officiais much in the way of either information or argument not already familiar to us. What we can expectfrom time to time is an extended self- justification, reflectingthe personality of its author and buttressed by excerpts fromclassified documents. (Thomas B. Ross observed, in his reviewin the Chicago Sun-Times of November 7, 1971 of Lyndon B.Johnson's The Vantage Point, "The chapters on Vietnatti are abreathtaking exercise in rewriting history. With no fear offollowing Daniel Ellsberg into the dock, Mr. Johnson quotes ex-tensively from the same top secret documents that provided thebasis of the Pentagon Papers." A few weeks later, Jack Andersonreported in his Chicago Daily News column of November 30,1971, "Lyndon Johnson is $1.2 million richer for selling hispresidential memoirs, while Daniel Ellsberg faces a possiblejail term for giy'mg away a différent version of the same story.LBJ's book. . . contains a detailed account of precisely the factswhich government lawyers contended would imperil the national security if published in the Pentagon Papers — ÇothLyndon Johnson and Daniel Ellsberg made public secret documents, including some of the same documents about the Vietnam War. Johnson quoted only the selected passages that madehim look good. Ellsberg released uncensored documents, whichgave an objective, unvarnished account of the war." It shouldbe noticed that Mr. Johnson's book was set in type before thePentagon Papers appeared.)Butto say ail this is not to say that publication of the PentagonPapers has served no useful purpose. It did bring things to-5gether, in a not uninteresting way, thereby inducing citizensonce again to consider as a whole our Vietnam misadventureand providing them still another occasion to collect theirthoughts about that war. Such accounts may also provide meansto the community for purging itself of some of the passionsstirred up by the war. There is about this story— about how andwhy the United States did what it did and about the efïect ofthat action on this country— something of a morality play. Eventhe language and moral tone of our officiais (which the Pentagon Papers do expose to view in a novel manner) lead thealert reader to dread the calamities which flow from arrogance,imprudence and gross miscalculation.In addition, it can be argued that thèse papers are valuable inlarge part precisely because there is not much in them reallynew. Would it not raise even more serious questions about ourrégime than are usually raised if vital considérations in themaking of public policy should not be, in the normal course ofthings, available in due time to public inspection? Thus, thereshould be something reassuring about the oppressive familiarityof the Pentagon Papers.But there might be about this lack of révélation somethingdisappointing as well: for the patriot might hâve hoped that hiscountry 's leaders did know something, and did think of something, which he was not aware of and which justified whatseems to some to hâve been, in its essentials, a thoughtless cam-paign to which thousands of lives hâve been recklessly sacrificed.Thus, we are induced by the publication of this séries to recon-sider not only the war itself but also our very form of government. Perhaps even more important, reflection upon thèsepapers permits us to notice certain things about the modemworld which transcend both the Vietnam War and the UnitedStates."Experts" and PoliticiansThe cast of public officiais in the story told in the PentagonPapers is made up of intelligent, conscientious, hardworkingmen. There is about them a dévotion to duty and to the nationalinterest which is worthy of commendation. They are men whocould honestly say, as did the Joint Chief s of Staff in a mémorandum of October 14, 1966, "Certainly, no one— American orforeigner— except those who are determined not to be con-vinced, can doubt the sincerity, the generosity, the altruism ofU.S. actions and objectives [in Vietnam]" (p. 552). The experts who advised the Président— civilian and military expertsalike— considered their country, to say nothing of freedom anddignity in the modem world, to be threatened by a barbarie,armed and ruthless creed; they were determined to do what theycould to protect humanity both from piecemeal enslavementand from the nuclear holocaust which the prospect of eventualcomplète enslavement might precipitate.Much has been made by newspaper commentators upon thePentagon Papers of the déception of the American public prac-tised by the Executive during the élection campaign of 1964.But it is far from clear to me, upon reading carefully througheverything which appeared in the Times and through much of what appeared elsewhere, that it was certain during the summerand fall of 1964 that the Président had definitely decided toraise significantly the American stake in the Vietnam War. I get,instead, the impression of a Président who was putting off aslong as he could the décision being urged upon him by hisprincipal advisors. But there was the appearance of déception:thus, it can now be taken for granted, as it was last year in aHouse of Gommons debate, that the American governmentdemonstrated a "shameless" lack of candor at the outset of theVietnam war. (Economist, July 31, I97i,p. 11.)Not too much, it seems to me, should be made of contingencyplanning: that sort of thing must go on ail the time. Thus, wecan read in the Pentagon Papers of many contingency planswhich were never used, including plans which foresaw recourseto nuclear weapons. Such plans must often be, in the nature ofthings, rather fanciful. One might even say that public servantswould be derelict in their duty if they did not plan for ail kindsof contingencies, some of them highly unlikely and even bizarre.They would also be derelict, of course, if they did not do whatthey could to make certain that most of the contingencies antici-pated never materialized.The impression of deliberate déception in 1964 is no doubtintensifièd in this instance because of the character of the Président, a man who liked to play his cards close to his chest and,indeed, preferred not to hâve to play them until the last possiblemoment, if at ail. The serious problem was not precisely that ofdéception but rather of the failure of the administration tohonor the explicit and repeated assurances it gave us during the1964 campaign: so far as we knew then, and so far as any document revealed since shows, the circumstances at the time ofescalation in early 1965 were essentially those anticipated duringthe period when the reassuring campaign promises were madeto the electorate. There is no indication in the documents, how-ever, that anyone stood firmly in presidential councils for whathad been promised to and ratified by the American people. It issad to realize that the officiais who made so much of their tough-ness, in their memoranda to one another, did not hâve thecourage of our convictions and of the President's pledges.Still another défense can be made against the much publieizedcharge of déception. However much our officiais might hâvewanted to deceive us, they faced one difficulty which madedéception virtually impossible for them to carry off, whether in1964 or subsequently. Déception, strictly speaking, impîies thatthe deceiver really knows, at least up to a point, what he isdoing. But it is far from clear that thèse officiais ever did knowwhat they were really doing. And, even more serious, they didnot seem aware that they did not know. (See Plato, Republic,350,414-415,516.)Of course, the officiai experts believed they knew ail kindsof things. They knew, for instance, how the "dominoes" wouldfall if South Vietnam came under Communist domination. Theiraccounts of what could be expected to happen were graphie.Wlien they got ail wound up, in memoranda to one another,they saw, following upon the loss of Vietnam, the subversion ofail of Asia and even Africa, with Europe and North America6imperilled as well. At least, that was how their accounts ran inthe early years. Later, after repeated setbacks suggested theprospect of their failure in Vietnam, they modified considerablythèse forebodïngs, some of them even going so far as to concèdethat ît would hâve been better for the United States never tohâve gotten involved at ail. (Cf. Harold W. Rood, "DistantRampart," U. S. Naval Institut e Proceedings, March 1967.)Thus, the experts' spéculations were both excessive and flexible, tailored somewhat to their prospects and to the mood oftheir superiors. Their main defect may hâve been their insis-tence that they "knew" things they could not hâve known. Indeed, one is obliged by their performance to wonder whatexpertise means in thèse matters. One sees again and again inthe operational documents shoddy argument and an inadéquategrasp of fact. The officiais who liked to believe they ran the warwere obliged on various occasions to dismiss the consistentlyaccurate forebodings of those intelligence agencies which hadbeen reformed because of the Bay of Pigs débâcle. It was almostas if thèse officiais were determined to hâve themselves a warto be remembered by. Their self-righteous confidence shouldwarn their critic against similar failings of his own.One wonders again and again upon reading through theoperational documents, what did our public officiais and theirexperts consider "the enemy" to be like? They had some gênerainotions about global communism, perhaps even some notionsabout the Russians and the Chinese in particular. But theirunderstanding of the Vietnamese, whether north or south, wasprimitive. The character of the enemy was, for practical pur-poses, irrelevant. It seems to hâve been thought that ail that wasneeded for the United States to get its way in Vietnam was moreand more military power. In short, were not American plannersessentially mater ialistic? They did not, in consider ing how tooppose this manifestation of worldly Communism, take sufficientaccount of things of the spirit. It was only late in the war thatwe, having been forced to become aware of our miscalculations,began to think seriously about what the Vietnamese were like.The occasional fiery self- immolât ion of Vietnamese monksshould hâve made us wonder from the beginning whether weunderstood that people.Not only did our public officiais not know their enemy,neither did they know their own experts. For instance, theyshould hâve realized, much earlier than they did, that theirmilitary subordinates could never get enough of what theyasked for. Failure in campaigns was repeatedly explained awayas due to the lack of this or that: something more could hâvebeen, even should hâve been, done. When much more had beenexpended in the war than anyone ever had dared at its inceptionto suggest might be necessary, there did remain the legitimatequestion whether it had been expended efficiently. (See StefanT. Possony's critique of how the war was conducted by theUnked States. National Review, Aug. 24, 1971, pp. 916-917.)It would always be conveniently forgotten what expectationshad been conjured up for each phase of the escalation, expectations which took adéquate account of neither Vietnamese re-siliency nor the scruples of the American public. Also forgotten would be the concerns there had had to be about the open intervention of the Chinese if we went too far or too quickly.But, it should be emphasized, our failings in Vietnam werenot military but rather political. Civilian officiais misled theirmilitary subordinates in the most décisive respect: they de-prived the military of the guidance and discipline provided byfirm, -realistic political principles. (See Congressional Record,vol. 117, p. E6 12 9, June 17, 1971-) That is, the military wereworking in a political vacuum— and so they were reduced simplyto prescribing "more of the same." How else but as a "politicalvacuum" should one characterize our overriding désire, con-firmed again and again in the Pentagon Papers, to préserveAmerican prestige and to avoid humiliation? The national testbecame primarily whether the United States government couldbend others (allies, enemy and its own public) to its will.By 1966, we were reduced to insisting, in effect, that wewould not be driven from a place where we did not really wantto be anyway. It was as if Odysseus had insisted upon attemptingto fortify himself in the Cyclops' cave.Pragmatism and MoralityEven more striking for the reader of the Pentagon Papers thanconfirmation of the realization that our public officiais did notknow what they were doing are the many indications that con-ventional ethical considérations were, for practical purposes,consider ed irrelevant.Officiais simply took it for granted that they were the onlyones intellectually and emotionally equipped to décide anything,not merely that they were the ones constitutionally èmpoweredand obliged to décide for the community. It was also taken forgranted by them that what was really happening, and what wasplanned, did not need to be shared with the American peopleand its Congress. Public opinion, whether in the United Statesor abroad, did hâve to be reckoned with, but merely as something to be lulled, circumvented or reshaped. Only the men be-hind the scènes knew what was "really" going on. Even moreimportant, only what went on behind the scènes mattered.Everything out in front was merely for show (for the "audiences" referred to again and again in the memoranda), not tobe taken seriously by men who know what power is and how toget and to use it. One need not say that they wanted to deceivethe American public; rather, they seemed to believe that thepublic could not be counted upon to understand such matterseven enough to be truly deceived. But they did recognize thatpolitical power in this country dépends ultimately on publicopinion and they conducted themselves accordingly.Thus, public opinion was "respected"— in the way that wearyparents move quietly through a house so as not to wake thetroublesome infant who has finally fallen to sleep. World opinion was considered hopeless from the beginning; but even thebabied American opinion threatened from time to time to become bothersome. What is wrong with any public opinion, itwas evidently assumed by our public officiais, is that it is far toolikely to be permeated and hence softened by morality than isthe opinion of experts. Thus, they could disparage "the breast-7beating in Europe or at home" (p. 587) f they insisted that, justas other countries acted in their self-interest, so should theUnited States, instead of "conduct[ing] ail its affairs on thebasis of a world popularity contest" (pp. 369-370) .I do not recall a single passage in the operational memorandareprinted in the press from the Pentagon Papers in which officiais expressed explicitly any concern about the morality ofwhat they were doing. No doubt some of them were troubled,but they evidently did not consider it relevant or manly to showsuch concern in their day to day exchanges. They could sym-pathize with the "agony" of their colleagues, but it was agonynot at being obliged to kill thousands of innocent people butrather at being kept in suspense as to whether they could goahead and bomb their favorite targets (p. 478) . They could tellone another that they wanted the United States "to émerge from[the Vietnam] crisis without unacceptable taint from [the]methods used" (p. 432) . But the concern was about the "taint,"not about the character of the methods. That is, it is again andagain évident that they were far more concerned with the ap-pearance of and réputation for morality than with moralityitself. The nearest thing to an explicit statement of moral principle, as something to be directly acted upon, may hâve beenthe concern expressed by General Paul D. Harkins in 1963 aboutthe impending betrayal by the United States of Président NgoDinh Diem, a betrayal capped by the shameless hypocrisy ex-hibited in the final téléphone conversation between our am-bassador and the doomed South Vietnamese président (pp. 221,232).Ail this is not to say that there are not in the documents anumber of indications of moral concern— but they almost alwaysappear implicitly as the problem of public opinion. It seemed tobe assumed by officiais, when manipulating public opinion,"It is their morality, not ours!" Insofar as there was for them anyethical imperative, it was transformed into "loyalty" (and,ultimately, loyalty to the man who happened to be Président ofthe United States). When high government officiais becamedisenchanted, they might surrender their offices, but without anyexplanation to the public of what had happened to them or ofwhat they had learned, thereby leaving it to lower échelon officiais to expose what was going on by running the risk of illegallyleaking documents to the press. Indeed, the disenchanted maynot hâve been able to tell even themselves what had happened tothem: that is, they may never hâve realized what was reallytroubling them, but they could hâve at least tried to make publictheir concerns.Consider, for example, the mémorandum opposing a proposedescalation of the bombing of North Vietnam which was pre-pared by the Secretary of Défense for the Président in May 1967(p. 580):The primary costs of course are US. lives: The air campaignagainst heavily defended areas costs us one pilot in every 40sorties. In addition, an important but h ard-to -measure cost isdomestic and world opinion: There may be a limit beyond whichmany Americans and much of the world will not permit theUnited States to go. The picture of the world' s greatest super -8 power killing or seriously injuring 1,000 noncombatants aweek, while trying to pound a tiny backward nation into submission on an issue who se merits are hotly disputed, is not apretty one. It could conceivably produce a costly distortion inthe American national consciousness and in the world image ofthe United States— especially if the damage to North Vietnam iscomplète enough to be "successful!'The most important risk, however, is the likely Soviet,Chinese and North Vietnamese reaction to intensifièd US airattacks, harbor-mining, and ground actions against North Vietnam.It seems that the troubled author of this mémorandum or hisintended reader, or perhaps both, had become insensitive bythis time to straightforward ethical discourse. The emphasis isstill upon the "picture" and the "image." The effect on worldopinion is a "hard-to-measure cost" (the known, and it wouldseem real, costs are American lives ) . Nothing is said explicitlyof that which makes the picture "not a pretty one" or of thatwhich might adversely afïect world opinion. Nothing is saidexplicitly, that is, of ethical standards which do not dépend,ultimately, on what others can be induced to believe about us.Thus, nothing is said of the problem of using as callously as wehâve for a décade another people ( in both the south and north jof Vietnam) to protect ourselves from dangers we anticipateyears from now (p. 434). Indeed, it was insisted upon againand again that the Vietnamese should bé prevented by theirAmerican benefactors from attempting among themselves torésolve their différences by any negotiations or coalitions. (Seee.g, pp. 244, 310, 324-25, 584-)One must wonder whether the fear both of China and Russiaand of world opinion saved us from even worse misdeeds thanwe were guilty of in Vietnam just as the existence of our tre-mendous power as well as of world opinion kept the Russiansfrom behaving even worse than they did the past quarter cen-tury. However that may be, we hâve become to, a distressingextent like the enemies we would "contain": indeed, "contain-ment" has become literally that, in that we hâve ail too oftenincorporated into ourselves the worst of them. It is difficult tothink of any thing Americans disapprove of in the enemy inVietnam which we hâve not been guilty of as well, sometimes. to a greater, sometimes to a lesser extent. It is ironie, therefore,that our 1965 escalation was heralded by an emphasis upon "thesimple fact that at this stage of history we are the greatest powerin the world— if we behave like ït" (p. 422 ) . What, one mightask, does "behave" mean?When we notice that world opinion was with respect to Vietnam a more reliable guide to proper action than calculations ofour self-interest, we should not do so without noticing as wellthe limitations of world (or, indeed, any public) opinion. Thèselimitations are particularly acute with respect to the conduct offoreign policy. There are legitimate concerns of a communitywhich the generality of mankind cannot be depended upon toappreciate; there are fine points of global politics and of diplo-macy which only the disciplined and experienced mind canunderstand. Thoughtful men hâve always known that mostpeople are not likely to be equipped to assess properly theforeign and military policy of a community. Serious men hâvelong been aware of the difficulties posed for the conduct offoreign policy by the enthronement in democracies of publicopinion.One can concède such difficulties even as one recognizes thatthe United States would hâve been better served during the1960s if a décent respect had been paid by us to the opinions ofmankind. This continues to be true with respect to our callousbombings in Southeast Asia and our curious policy toward India,Pakistan and Bangladesh. (See, also, Congressional Record, vol.117, p. E13889, Dec. 17, 1971.)It is évident throughout the Pentagon Papers that influentialcivilians in the government fancied themselves not only tough-minded but scientific as well. One expects, and even requires,toughness from gênerais. ( Thus, an American gênerai counseledin 1964 against the "danger of reasoning ourselves into inaction" p. 251.) The toughness in gênerais should be balanced,however, by the deliberative élément in others. But "science"has taken the place of "délibération," and with it the adoption ofnew terms which conceal old sins. Not only are délibération andserious argument neglected; they are disparaged as merely"noise level" (p. 297), "public noise" (p. 424), and "heat"(p. 430).With the dépréciation of the deliberative élément in man—the transformation of the rational into the merely calculating—there has corne a dépréciation of that serious morality whichdépends upon reason. Morality, as our Vietnam officiais saw it,was something which the public was saddled with, even crippledby: morality fetters one's ability to understand how things reallywork; it is something which reveals and insures a naive grasp ofthe affairs of this world. They themselves were liberated fromsuch old-fashioned restraints. That is, they praised as ' prag-matism" what would once hâve been recognized and hence con-demned as "Machiavellianism."It was Machiavelli himself who observed that the people intheir naivete tend to be morality-minded in their concerns:while the nobles can be depended upon to want more and more,not caring how they get it, the people are content to be left withthe little which is their own. Educated men recognized longbefore Machiavelli the limitations of public opinion to which Ihâve referred; they considered it one of their duties to try toshape public opinion in a useful manner. But those men, inrefusing to go along fully with the simple pieties and naivemoralism of the public, did not consider themselves liberatedfrom the demands of morality. Rather, they recognized themselves as best equipped and thereby obliged to serve and realizethe very same ethical standards and aspirations which publicopinion vaguely, fitfully (sometimes even erotically) but def-initely pur sues.But what happens in an âge when the teachings of Machiavellihâve prevailed, when they hâve ensnared the more gifted men?(See, on those teachings, Léo Strauss, Thoughts on Machiavelli.Glencoe, 111.: The Free Press, 1958.) The "educated" continueto recognize the limits, as well as the power, of public opinion (and hence public morality) , but they themselves (unlike theirpredecessors ) are not guided by anything really higher or finer.Instead, they become eminently cautious, if not even fearful,as they sacrifice principle and good judgment (to say nothing ofthe good itself) to the demands of ambition: Plato's Thrasy-machus and then his Callicles become their models of sensiblemen. Thus, the educated modem is not likely to be moved byanything but a morality keyed to success and appearance. Indeed, he is apt to be persuaded that it is expected of him that heshould keep even natural compassion well in check. If there isto be, in such circumstances, any significant ethical restraintupon the exercise of power by the more gifted men it has tocorne from the sentimental, even backward, public, at least untilMachiavellian man can be shown what he does and does notknow.It is the success of Machiavellianism (with its persuasion ofhright men that they should not be concerned about conven-tional morality) which helps legitimate the modem constitu-tional élévation of freedom of speecr^ and of the press in publiclife. For it is freedom of speech— which never had to hâve inancient (that is, pre-Machiavellian) times the status it enjoystoday— which can help the public become as informed as it iscapable of becoming. It is freedom of speech (with ail its risksand banalities) which makes it possible for the deepest moralsensé of the community, however crudely it may be expressedat times, to make itself felt in the conduct of foreign affairs. It isalso freedom of speech which permits and even obliges citizensin private life to speak on public affairs, those private citizenswho are as informed and intelligent (and sometimes even asexperienced ) as the men who happen to be in high office. Thus,it is freedom of speech and public opinion which help make itpossible for us to live humane lives in an âge in which even themost respectable among the sophisticated and ambitious hâvebeen so taken by Machiavelli as to permit themselves to do terrible things with "a good conscience." ( See Garry Wills, "Are ailof us war criminals?", Chicago Sun-Times, Jan. 11, 1972.)Lessons and ProspectsWhen we are obliged to rely upon public opinion to keep theeducated modem at least outwardly respectful of commonmorality, we should do so with the limitations of public opinionclearly in view. For such opinion is crude, susceptible to dema-goguery and to transient passions and in constant need of informed guidance. Consider, for example, the passionate Mr.Ellsberg's perceptive observation, "One senator told me that theAmerican public doesn't care about Vietnamese dying. I saidthat's because no Président or senators hâve told them theyought to care." {Chicago Sun-Times, Aug. 14, 1971.)Two reform measures should, in our circumstances, be considered, one which would make public opinion as good as it canbe ( even while its limits are recognized ) , another which woulddo something about what passes for éducation today. That is,both public opinion and the wayward educated are badly in needof reform. ( A third measure has to do with institutional checksand balances: thus, for instance, one faction among the educated9should be countered by another. But one difficulty with checksand balances is the disturbing tendency we hâve of requiringpartisan polit ics to "stop at the waterf ront." )The measure which looks to the reform of éducation is themore fundamental, for it affects not only the quality and char-acter of our leaders but, indirectly, the calibre of public opinionas well. When we reflect upon the Pentagon Papers, we canbegin to see what the civic éducation of our future leadersshould include. It should be recognized, for instance, that ethicalconsidérations are a vital part of any political judgment, just assound political judgment is at the core of any serious militarystrategy. It should also be recognized that the enduring basis ofAmerican réputation (and of a proper sensé of self -confidence )is not mère power, nor the willingness and ability to use thatpower efficiently, but rather the use of great power sensibly andhence humanely. That is, we should make an effort to rediscoverwhat the ancients thought they knew about the nature of manand of the universe which kept them from taking the f ateful stepwhich Machiavelli took ushering in modernity and its righteouscallousness.The other reform measure I hâve mentioned addresses itself( in various f orms ) to making public opinion as good as it canreasonably be expected to be. A healthy community can be de-pended upon to retain a conventional moral sensé— and thatsensé, when properly informed and guided, is not likely ( exceptin spécial circumstances) to diverge outrageously or for longfrom what natural right prescribes or at least permits. (SeeAnastaplo, "Natural Right and the American Lawyer," Wiscon-sinLaw Review [Spring, 1965], "Law and Morality," WisconsinLaw Review [Winter, 1967].) A somewhat refined publicopinion, but not "refined" in such a way as to suppress the moralsensé of a people, may still be found in Congress, among themen and women there who hâve time and information and expérience and sanctions which permit them to learn things thatthe public may not or perhaps should not learn at once. That is,Congress should be encouraged to insist, with its tax powers asthe critical sanction, on its constitutional prérogatives with respect to the establishment and informed supervision of nationalpolicy v Furthermore, Congress should, in order to préserve itsinfluence, discipline those of its members who so abuse theirprivilèges as to place ail congressional prérogatives under acloud. A responsible Congress is certainly to be preferred toirresponsible journalism. Does not the former make the latterless likely?The Président 's Vietnam advisors, it should be noticed, werefar less likely than the public, Congress and the press normallyare to succumb to demagoguery: that which kept them hardenedto moral concerns tended to protect them against obvious demagoguery as well. On the other hand, people can learn, and Congress can confirm, from the Pentagon Papers how the Executiveconducts our affairs: most important, perhaps, everyone canlearn ( both from the Papers and from the war ) the limits of experts. (This, by the way, seems to be something that experiencedpoliticians are likely to be aware of. It is not insignificant, Ibelieve, that there was not among the President's immédiate10 advisors on Vietnam anyone who had campaigned for andserved in élective office. That is, the political touch was missing—and the political touch is, at its roots, ethical. Nor is it insignificant, I believe, that Lyndon Johnson was never able, on hisown, to become a national politician: there was too much ofTexas and the frontier in him, something which the Easternintellectuals who served as his advisors exploited in pushing himto go further than his common sensé may hâve wanted him togo. One may even detect hère the inception of the kind of resent-ment of intellectuals by politicians which the late Senator JosephMcCarthy exploited. )We hâve seen in the Vietnam war, and this the PentagonPapers point up, that various key assumptions of the Cold Warhâve to be reconsidered if the public is not to be led astray again.Thus, we find ourselves again and again relying upon the senséof restraint of the Russians and even of the Chinese. In a way,this practical reassessment, if not répudiation, of the Cold Warhas been gotten relatively cheaply. That is, things could hâvebeen even worse than they were the past décade. Indeed, we canexpect our next such international involvement to be far moreserious than Vietnam has been, if only because the more bellig-erent among us will be inclined to argue ( unless they can be setstraight beforehand) that our principal difficulty in Vietnamwas that we did not strike at the foreign source of our enemy 'spower from the outset.We hâve also seen as a resuit of the Vietnam war that a peoplecannot continue to subscribe indefinitely to the errors we hâvecherished without being seriously hurt from time to time. Thereis, perhaps, some reassurance and hope in this: it is good to bereminded that there is (as General Grant indicated) a naturalorder of things which one ignores or transgresses at one's péril.Thèse errors hâve been partly responsible for the illusions andpassions which hâve been permitted to build up and survive andwhich move the extremists among us. A concern about suchextremists may hâve interfered with the development by theJohnson administration of a sensible foreign policy: concernwas expressed on several occasions about what the effect wouldbe at home if the administration backed down in or even got outof Vietnam. Memories of the domestic débâcle which followedupon the "loss" of China twenty years before were still vivid.Thus, the Cold Warriors, even when they personally came tosee that the national interest called for withdrawal from Vietnam, were obliged to cater to the continued belief by a signifi-cant minority of their constituents in the myths which had beengospel for a génération. And in the process they inadvertentlysucceeded in misleading other constituents of theirs into be-lieving that various truths upon which American foreign policyhas relied for a génération are in fact outmoded myths. (SeeCongressional Record, Vol. 117, p. E8492, July 29, 1971.)Perhaps there hâve been provided, by the expérience in Vietnam, an incentive and an opportunity to refurbish the dogmaswe hâve lived with since the Second World War, dogmas which(whatever their usefulness at one time) hâve corne to paralyzerather than to sustain and to guide us. Consider, for example,the significance of John F. Kennedy's supposed intention towithdraw from Vietnam in 1965. That is, we hâve been given tounderstand, Mr. Kennedy did not dare withdraw before theélection and Mr. Johnson did not dare esçalate until af ter it. Caneach be understood to hâve catered to différent impassionedéléments in the country? Such a state of affairs conceals deadlypérils and requires correction.Because of our expérience in Vietnam, we hâve been obligedto recognize the limits of even a superpower's power. The irre-sponsible gamble we seemed to take and win during the Cubanmissile crisis, in response to that of the Russians, threatened tomislead us about what we could and should do. Did that gamblelead to an accelerated modernization of the Russian navy as wellas to the conséquent weakening of our ability to provide thegallant Israelis the assurances they are in need of ? Perhaps wehâve corne to a better idea of what China is and is not, havingbeen obliged to "rely" upon her close up. ( It would be usef ul tostudy the many tacit agreements entered into between theAmericans and the Chinese during the Vietnam war. ) Perhaps,also, the Chinese hâve corne to a better idea of what we are not.That is, perhaps the "confrontation" in Vietnam has made possible something of a rapprochement between the two countries.We should hâve now a better idea as well of how our own peoplebehave in such circumstances, of what can be expected of themand of what should be guarded against, what we are capable ofand what we are not and indeed should not be capable of .Even more serious a problem than the Cold War and itsdogmas is the problem of the language by which we live, aproblem which antedated the coming of the Cold War andwhich is intimately related to the difficulty of engaging in serious discourse today. I hâve already noticed, in the language employée! in the Pentagon Papers, the absence of explicit ethicalconcern. This deficiency is accentuated, if not even made possible, by the mechanical descriptions and awful jargon that ourpublic officiais used day in and day out to explain to ( or perhapsto conceal from? ) one another what they were trying to do. Itis as if everything could be reduced to formulae and slide rulesand tables, emptied of tradition and human content, and thensimply manipulated. Ail this contributes, along with simplemoral obtuseness, to the depressing effect of reading thèsememoranda, the same kind of effect the sensitive reader shouldget. from exposure to rank obscenity, a saddening of the spiritat the sight of the corruption and exploitation of somethinggood. (See my essay, "Obscenity and Common Sensé: Toward aDéfinition of 'Community' and Individuality'," to be publishedby Swallow Press in the Spring of 1972 as a part of Robert E.Meagher's collection, Toothing Stones: Rethinking the Political.Has there ever been a time when men in high office in thiscountry wrote such godforsaken prose as thèse men put to paper?(The memoirs of General Grant do provide a refreshing antidote.) The very least a Président should require of his subordinates are memoranda which employ complète sentences andreal words. To be caught up with jargon suggests that one hasno mind of one's own, that one likes to be fashionable, that onehas no serious respect for language. The debasement of languagecontributes to the impairment of thought, which contributes in turn to the weakening of moral judgment. (See Richard M.Weaver, Ideas Hâve Conséquences [Chicago: University ofChicago Press, 1948].) A cable from Harold Wilson providesa welcome interlude among the Pentagon Paper documents (pp.448-49). (It is évident, in his carefully worded message to aPrésident desperate for reassurance from allies in Europe, thatMr. Wilson considered our Vietnam involvement quite dubiousindeed.) There was, even in so devious a politician as thatBritish prime minister, a sensé of grâce of language which thetoughminded men close to the Président were professionallyincapable of .The language of the Pentagon Papers suggests, perhaps morethan anything else about them, the facile shallowness of theintelligent men upon.whom the Président relied. I return, withthis observation, to what should be at the root of our concerns,the problem of the éducation of Americans. The educated man—the man who has some idea about what the world is like andabout the limits not only of man's knowledge of the world buteven more of man's ability to control it and himself— is open tothe age-old case for modération and for self-restraint. That isone reason why the truly educated man tends to be conservativeand pacifie. (See Joseph Cropsey, "Radicalism and Its Roots,"Public Policy [Spring 1970].)There is no substitute for a civic éducation which fostersunderstand ing of and hence respect for ail the virtues, par-ticularly those of prudence and justice. (See Laurence Berns,"Aristotle's Poetics," in the collection of essayists, Ancients andModems [New York: Basic Books, 1964]. See, in the samecollection, my essay on Plato's Apology.) It is only prudent toinsist, not merely because fashions in "villains" change, that theintellectuals who hâve been high in the councils of a discreditedprésident should not be denied, upon their return to privatelife, posts in the better universities. Much can be learned ifserious students should be exposed to them. In addition, theythemselves can learn from having to try to teach to the skepticalyoung what they believe themselves to know.Preview of Coming AttractionsTo talk of serious reform in éducation is to talk of "the longrun." Is it not prudent to consider, along with the possible bene-fits of the publication of the Pentagon Papers, the immédiateadverse effects of such publication upon "the seeurity of theUnited States"? One should consider, among other things, thepurposes, effects and abuses of our System of classifying documents as well as the centuries-old Anglo-American press tradition of "no prior restraint."Both the risks and the safeguards of a régime such as ours, forwhich a free press is vital, remain to be considered, as do theimplications of "no prior restraint." Thus, I propose to discussin the second part of this essay the prudent "ways out" availableto both citizen and government in circumstances such as thoseattending the préparation and publication of the PentagonPapers.{The concluding part of this article will appear in the nextissue of the Magazine.)1100W W %^ %¦*• j» _, ¦P&// •• .jt:.* • */# ^** « • ^0 : «r> «t jb, * * X- ** m,.* >^ ¦i • >A,»* » *•Peter J.WyllieCalifornia's worst earthquake in 38 years shook the résidents ofLos Angeles from their sleep at 5 : 59 a.m. on February 9th, 1971.Widespread damage occurred with many patients kilied beneaththe rubble of two collapsed hospitals. Freeways were closed byfallen overpasses, damaged bridges, or buckled roadways. Manyfires were started by broken gas lines and electrîcal cables. Thou-sands of people and homes were menaced by a cracked dam inthe San Fernando valley. This was the tenth major earthquakein recorded California history since 18 12.Nerve-wracking as this earthquake was, with aftershocks con-tinuing for months afterwards, the event was insignificant com-pared with prédictions that had been made a few years earlier.In the latter half of the 1960's, clairvoyants and soothsayers pre-dicted that the State of California would soon split asunder, andone half would drift away and founder in the Pacific Océan.This séparation would be accompanied by devastating earth-quakes and tidal waves. A number of religious sects announcedthat Doomsday was imminent, and they prepared themselves forthe end of the world. The population of California has oftenbeen warned that sooner or later the state will be shaken by another earthquake, but the normal educated citizen knew per-fectly well that California could not sail off into the PacificOcéan, and the topic for a while provided entertaining materialfor cocktail party banter. And y et... what about that theory ofcontinental drift and sea-floor spreading? Many articles in thepopuiar press informed readers that most geologists now be-lieved in the reality of continental drift.In 1966 and 1967 various lines of évidence led to the formulation and widespread acceptance of a modem version of the oldhypothesis of continental drift. This was proclaimed as a révolution in the earth sciences, The concept known as sea-floor spreading ( figure 1 ) serves as a master plan which appears to accom-modate and link together many topics in the earth sciences whichpreviously had been treated as subjects for independent research.Preceding pages: Displacement along the San Andréas fault isclearly visible in this aerial photo graph of a région a few milesnorth of Frazier Park, Calif., where the fault runs almost dueeast and tue st. This east-west section of the San Andréas fault ispart of the <(big bend" where the fault appears to be locked.The photo graph is reproduced with north at top. The hillyrégion beloiu the fault Une (south) is moving left (westward)with respect to the flat terrain above, causing clearly visible 'off--sets in the two largest watercourses as they flow onto the alluvialplain. A theory for the whole earth provides a framework for theexplanation of localized geological phenomena. In particular,earthquakes are caused by the slow movement of one part ofCalifornia independently of the main American continent. Thiswas grist for the clairvoyants and some rather distorted versionsof the theory were circulated. It began to appear that the proph-esied schism of the state had the respectable scientific backingof a highly touted new global theory of earth sciences, By 1 969,when the prophets of doom specified dates, the téléphone switch-boards into university .departments of geology and geophysicsbegan to hum with enquiries from the ànxious citizenry. Thegrowing concern of the California public made newspaper head-lines across the country, For example, an issue of the ChicagoTribune on March 30m, 1969, reported: "Disaster talk runsrampant in California: quake will destroy state, seers say."Monday, April 14m, 1969, the day most frequently cited forthe great event, was awaited with interest, with concern, or withdisdain by various groups of people. The day came and went.Another Monday had started another working week and thestate remained in one pièce. No earthquakes rumbled from thefaults to test the stability of the fine high-rise buildings in theurban centers. The citizens laughed and told-each other that theyhad known it was a hoax ail along. It was reported that a number of prominent politicians whose business had forced them tobe out of state on April i4th returned to their offices in California. Some disappointed religious sects prayed that next timeArmageddon was announced it would really corne.The prédictions of the seers and soothsayers actually erredonly in one respect: they used thewrong time scale. Accordingto scientifically-based prédictions, one section of California isindeed destined to slide away from the rest of the state, at therate of inches per year. and to disappear 60 million years hencebeneath Alaska. The seers, in their far-sighted visions, com-pressed the anticipated events of a few million years into a fewhours.Let us now examine deduced history and anticipated eventswith the proper time scale and see to what extent the revolu-tionary new global theory is capable of explaining and predict-ing the occurrence of earthquakes.Révolution in the Earth SciencesThe earth sciences hâve been shaped by a séries of great con-troversies and a host of minor disputes. It has sometimes seemedthat geologists enjoyed the excitement of debate more than get-t'mg together to define their terms in an effort to résolve a dis-14pute. The debate of this century has been about continental drift.Continental drift is an old idea, formulated originally to ex-plain the striking parallelism of the Atlantic coasts. It was nottreated very seriously until Alfred Wegener and his followers,from 191 2 onwards, compiled impressive lists of évidence sup-porting the former existence of a single super continent, Pangaea,which began to split up 180 million years ago, with the southerncontinents moving westwards, or towards the equator, or both.According to Wegener, South America and Africa began to driftapart initially, with opening of the North Atlantic being accom-plished mainly during the past few million years.The hypothesis suffered from a lack of définitive évidence,and each line of évidence developed in favor of drift was op-posed by a counterargument. Opponents of drift argued that theknown physical properties of the Earth would not permit themovements proposed. Proponents of drift, on the other hand,argued that geological facts should not be ignored simply because there was no physical explanation available for them.Then, other experts disputed what were claimed to be geologicalfacts, referring to them instead as inferences. The argumentscontinued in this indeterminate vein, like some médiéval phi-losophical controversy, until a stalemate was reached in the1940's. Just about every thing that could be argued for andagainst continental drift had been written many times, and thedebate faded for lack of additional évidence.The controversy was revived in the 1950's by the research onpaleomagnetism, which is concerned with the direction of mag-netization of rocks at their time of formation. The paleomag-netic results indicated that the former position of the Earth'smagnetic pôles had changed relative to the continents. The newévidence led many geophysicists to consider the theory of continental drift seriously, whereas many geologists remained un-impressed by, and suspicious of this new approach. This is areversai of the situation during previous years, when geophysicists denied the physical feasibility of the drifting proposed bygeologists.During the same period, exploration of the océan floor bymarine geologists and geophysicists produced many discoverieswhich prompted several attempts to synthesize the new data ona global scale. In i960 the late H. H. Hess of Princeton pre-sented the concept of sea-floor spreading which is illustrât edschernaticaliy in figure 1. He proposed that the major structuresof the sea floor are direct expressions of movements within theEarth's interior. Convective motion occurs in the hot, solid ma-terial of the asthenosphere. Convecting material rises beneath the mid-oceanic ridges and moves away laterally, carrying as ifon a conveyor belt a surface layer of cool, rigid rock called thelithosphère. The sea-floor is thus spread apart at the mid-oceanicridges, and the tensional gap is filled with new océan crust gen-erated by the injection and éruption of lava rising from thedepths. Where convection cells converge a slab of lithosphèreis carried down into the Earth's interior where it is heated andeventually assimilated. Thèse locations are sites of compressioncharacterized by mountain ranges, or oceanic trenches and as-sociated volcanic island arcs. Figure 1 shows that the continentalland masses f orm part of the lithosphère layer; as the lithosphèremoves so do the continents.Most geologists were persuaded of the reality of sea-floorspreading and concommitant continental drift by évidence published in 1966 and 1967. This évidence was derived largely fromthe Earth's magnetic field and magnetic history, and from im-proved studies of the distribution and characteristics of earthquakes. Refinement of the global scheme, including préciseestimâtes for the directions and rates of movement of largesectors of the Earth's outer layer, the lithosphère, led to formulation of the theory of plate tectonics, which incorporâtes bothsea-floor spreading and continental drift.The theory is being tested by an ambitious program, the DeepSea Drilling Project, with the main aim of gathering information about the âge and processes of formation of the océanbasins. The Glomar Challenger is a revolutionary ship for arevolutionary era. It was constructed specifically for the purposeof drilling and recovering long cores of sédiment from the océanfloor. In an editorial for Science on December 5 m, 1969, P. H.Abelson wrote:"To date, examination of the cores hâve been conducted onshipboard, but major conclusions hâve already been announced. . . Results from the drilling strongly support hypothèses of sea-floor spreading and continental drift... the deep-sea drillinghas changed spéculation into something that must be regardedas established."Despite the compelling évidence and the bandwagon atmosphère associated with the new theory, not ail geologists and geophysicists consider sea-floor spreading and plate tectonics to bea panacea. They cite évidence not explained by the theory. Pro-The author is a Prof essor of Geophysical Sciences at the University. Parts of this article first appeared in The Great Ideas Todayicf/i.They are reproduced hère by kind permission of Encyclo-paedia Britannica, Inc.15I Mid-Atlantic RidgeSouthAmericaocCDcteCDOO rr*Ot%AhdesMts?--l>\ccacdoOo'5ro0. RisingLava Lava rises fromasthenosphereinto the oceanicridge rift valley H®/ieJ_ SI ¦ iT Lithosphère Lithosphère tfigure 1. Schematic représentation of sea-floor spreading and continental drift. Large plates of lithosphère containing the continentsmigrate away from the oceanic ridges as if on a conveyor belt, and the plates are carried into the Earth's interior along boundarieswhere plates collide.tagonists of plate tectonics tend to neglect this évidence, arguingthat time and improved understanding will bring forth explana-tions. Some Western geologists believe that Soviet scientists arefollowing a party line that dénies the validity of plate tectonics.Russian geologists state that the results of two centuries of datagathering from the continents should not be oversimplified inorder to bring them down to the level of the schematic dataavailable for the océans. They are more impressed with geological data from the Eurasian continent than with the new évidencefrom the océan floors, and they detect évidence for dominantlyvertical movements of the continental crust rather than thehorizontal movements required by plate tectonics.Whether or not the new global theory proves to be correctthere is no doubt that a révolution is in progress. Earth scientistsare reviewing old évidence through new eyes, geological cur-ricula are being revised and new textbooks are being written.The distribution of earthquakes and volçanoes is directly related to the new global models, and earth scientists are exploring theimplications for the prédiction of earthquakes and éruptions,and even for the control of earthquakes.Stable Plates and Active Belts:The Theory of Plate TectonicsPlate tectonics is concerned with the relative movements andinteractions of the plates of lithosphère, shown in figure i, andwith their conséquences. It is thus concerned largely with thesurface and crust of the Earth, although the causes of plate movements are within the Earth.The surface features of the Earth are shown in figure 2. Thereis a primary division into stable continental platform at an aver-age élévation of 2,760 feet above sea level, and the stable oceanicplatform at an average depth of 12,450 feet below sea level.About 10 per cent of the continental land mass is covered byocéan; this région is termed the continental shelf. The boundary16between the two platforms is not the présent shore-line betweencontinents and océans, but the continental slope extendingsteeply down below the edge of the continental shelf.Each of the stable régions is traversed by elongated belts thatare geologically active; thèse belts are characterized by earthquakes and volcanoes. Figure 2 shows the distribution of thesuboceanic mountain ranges, the oceanic ridges, which rise anaverage of about 3,000 feet above the abyssal océan floor. Theexistence of rift valleys along the ridge crest has been cited asévidence that the ridges are in a state of tension.Also shown in figure 2 is the distribution of the geologicallyrécent mountain ranges, formed during the past 65 million years,which rise above the continental platforms. The contorted rockstructures indicate that thèse are régions of compression. Othermountainous belts are geologically older, and they are not activein the sensé that earthquakes are associated with them. Thevolcanic island arcs particularly well developed in festoonsaround the Pacific Océan are considered to be extensions of theactive, récent mountain chains. The active mountain chains andisland arcs form two main belts following approximate circlesaround the Earth: one extends through the Alps, Turkey, Persia,the Himalayas, Indonesia, New Guinea, and New Zealand; andthe other forms the circum-Pacific belt, from the PhilippineIslands, Japan, Alaska, the Rocky Mountain System, the AndesMountains, and into Antarctica. The island arcs and some activecontinental margins, such as western South America, are bor-dered by the oceanic trenches, elongated hollows in the océanfloor, extending to depths as much as 24,000 feet below theaverage abyssal océan basin.Figure 2 shows a third feature of the Earth's surface indicat-ing activity, in addition to the tensional oceanic ridges and thecompressive récent mountain belts. This is the séries of greatfaults which transect and displace the crest of the oceanic ridgeSystem.The study of earthquakes has made important contributionsto the theory of plate tectonics. Earthquakes are caused by theabrupt release of strain energy stored up in rocks as a resuit ofslow déformation. Energy release occurs from foci at alï depthsfrom near surface to a maximum of 700 kms. The distributionof earthquakes coincides closely with the oceanic ridges, theyoung mountain belts, and the volcanic island arcs. Deep-focusearthquakes occur only in parts of the compressive belts; onlyshallow-focus earthquakes are associated with the tensionaloceanic ridges.According to the theory of plate tectonics, the surface of the Earth consists of a few rigid plates in motion relative to eachother. The cooler, rigid lithosphère plates are about 100 kmsthick (figure 1). The warmer layer beneath the lithosphère,called the asthenosphere, is relatively mobile although still solid.Apparently the asthenosphere is capable of movement by slowdéformation, or creep, in contrast to the brittle lithosphère whichfractures if it is deformed. The lithosphère plates are aseismic,that is, almost free of earthquakes, and the boundaries betweenplates where the relative motion is manifest are the sites ofearthquake belts."- The significant features of the surface of the Earth accordingto plate tectonics are not the océans and continents illustratedin figure 2, but the lithosphère plates defined by the active earthquake belts. It appears that the major features of the Earth'ssurface can be represented in terms of the six separate platesoutlined in figure 3. Slightly différent plate distributions hâvebeen proposed, and récent work suggests that there are in addition a number of smaller plates, such as the Caribbean plateand portions of the Mediterranean Sea. Compare the plateboundaries in figure 3 with the earthquake belts in figure 2.Analysis of earthquake waves confirms the picture required bythe hypothesis of sea-floor spreading, with three types of plateboundary; tensional, compressional (figure 1), or with neithersignificant tension or compression. The lithosphère plates shownin figure 3 are moving away from each other at the oceanicridges, and moving towards each other along the lines of volcanic island arcs and active mountain chains. New lithosphèreis generated at the oceanic ridges. This requires that, elsewhere,lithosphère is removed in some way. According to figure 1, thelithosphère is pushed or dragged down into the Earth's interioralong the belts of compression. The occurrence of deep-focusearthquakes along thèse belts and nowhere else is considered asévidence that cool slabs of lithosphère do extend down into theinterior to depths as great as 700 kms. In other régions, températures become too high at depths greater than about 100 kmsfor rocks to fracture and produce earthquakes.The third type of plate boundary is represented by the greatfracture zones shown in figure 2 that transect the oceanic ridges.The earthquake évidence indicates that lithosphère plates aresliding past each other along thèse boundaries, without significant tension or compression.The présent distribution of active belts tells us the présentdistribution of lithosphère plates, and study of the relative motions indicated by earthquakes tells us the relative movement ofthe plates at the présent time, or for a few years back. They do17not tell us how long the movements hâve continued, nor whetherthe movements hâve remained continuous in direction andspeed, or hâve changed with time. The inferred existence ofslabs of lithosphère extending 700 kms into the Earth's interiorbeneath compressive plate boundaries implies that the processhas been continuing at least long enough to transport the lithosphère laterally through 700 kms. Rates of movement are re-quired before the times can be estimated, and magnetic datafrom the oceanic ridge régions provide this information.Sea-Floor Spreading:Evidence from the Earth's Magnetic FieldThe critical évidence for the sea-floor spreading model illustratedin figure 1 was based upon the history of changes in the Earth'smagnetic field. The Earth behaves as if it enclosed a large magnetwith magnetic axis almost parallel to the Earth's rotational axis.This hypothetical magnet is referred to as the magnetic dipole.Figure 4A shows schematically the distribution of lines of magnetic force around the Earth at the présent time. It has beenconfirmed that at intervais in the past, the field produced by theEarth's magnetic properties has been reversed, as shown in figure4B. Reversai of the magnetic field requires reversai of the Earth'shypothetical internai magnet.Many rocks become weakly magnetized as they are formed.The direction of magnetization préserves a fossil record of thedirection of the Earth's magnetic field at the time and place offormation. The geomagnetic time scale for polarity reversaisshown in figure 4c was determined by measuring both the âgeand the direction of magnetization in carefully selected rocksfrom séries of lava flows in various parts of the world. The firststudy with âges of sufficient accuracy was published in 1963.The dating method was radiometric, involving the radioactivedecay of an élément in the rock. This study indicated a patternof alternating polarities with periodicity of the order of 1 million years. Thèse intervais were termed polarity epochs (figure4c). Extension of the studies revealed the existence of polarityintervais with shorter durations of about 100,000 years, andthèse were termed polarity events.Figure 4C shows the corrélation between the radiometricallydated lavas and the directions of magnetization as it appeared in1967. A dating error of 3 per cent in a rock 4 million years oldamounts to more than 100,000 years, which is the total durationof many polarity events. The epochs are clearly demarcated, butthe events are less clearly defined. The errors in the datingmethod become too large for extension of the geomagnetic time scale further back than 4.5 million years. Additional eventshâve been discovered since the compilation of data representedin figure 4c, from the study of lavas and the magnetic properties of rocks in deep-sea sédiment cores.Figure 4 illustrâtes changes in the Earth's magnetic field as afunction of time. The polarity epochs and events are synchro-nous in widely spaced parts of the Earth, and there can be noreasonable doubt that thèse events are caused by a rather rapidswitching of the Earth's magnetic dipole.According to the simple model in figure 4A, the magneticfield at any point on the Earth's surface is caused solely by themagnetic dipole. In fact, most rocks in the Earth's crust areweakly magnetized, and the normal field due to the dipole ismodified by the influence of thèse rocks. If the rocks in a par-ticular région are magnetized in the same direction as the exist-ing Earth's magnetic field, then the magnetic field is strength-ened, and this is called a positive anomaly. On the other hand,if the rocks are magnetized in direction opposite to the existingEarth's field, then the intensity of the magnetic field is reduced,producing a négative anomaly. Thus, at any given point of time,the intensity of the Earth's magnetic field at the surface willvary according to the magnetic characteristics of the underlyingrocks. The hypothesis of sea-floor spreading became theory whenséquences of weak linear magnetic anomalies observed at theprésent point in time were correlated with the time scale forthe Earth's polarity reversais.A detailed magnetic survey of the northeast Pacific Océanpublished in 1958 revealed a pattern of narrow, remarkablystraight anomalies, alternatively positive and négative, about30 km width, trending north-south for as much as 1,000 kms.The largest anomaly is less than 2 per cent of the average fieldfor the région. The remarkable regularity of this striped magnetic pattern pointed to some simple cause, but it was not until1963 that a satisfactory explanation was forthcoming.When F. J. Vine was a student at Cambridge, he and D. H.Matthews suggested that the pattern of linear magnetic anomalies was due to strips of the océan floor being magnetized inopposite directions. The strips magnetized in the same directionas the Earth's magnetic field produced a positive anomaly, andthe strips magnetized in the opposite direction produced anégative anomaly. They explained the existence of such stripsby correlating the anomalies with sea-floor spreading and reversais of the, Earth's magnetic field, as illustrated schematicallyin figure 5.According to sea floor spreading (figure 1 ), a convective up-18FIGURE 2. The surface of the solid Earth. The stable continental platforms (orange) and the stable océan basin floor (white)are traversed by active mountain belts (black) and submarine ridges (blue stipple). The rifted crest of the submarine ridge (thickblack lines) is displaced into segments by fault zones (thin black lines). The heavy dotted lines show the deep océan trenches, adjacentto volcanic island arcs or to continental margins. Earthquakes are associated with the mountain belts, the submarine ridges, theocéan trenches and island arcs.current in the Earth beneath an oceanic ridge is accompanied bythe formation of new oceanic crust by the intrusion and extru-sion of lava. Let us assume, quite arbitrarily, that sea-floorspreading began at a ridge 3 million years ago. Figure 5A showsthe effect produced during a portion of the Gauss normalpolarity epoch (figure 4C), between 3 and 2.75 million yearsago. As the lava cooled and solidified, it became magnetized in the direction of the existing (normal) magnetic field, producinga positive magnetic anomaly. As sea floor spreading occurred, thismagnetized crustal strip was transported laterally away from theridge as if on a conveyor belt, retaining parallelism with theridge, producing the section ab. The Matuyama reversed polarityepoch began 2.5 million years ago. Continued spreading for 0.25million years produced the situation in figure 5B, with the block19of new crust cd magnetized in the opposite direction to theoriginal block ab m figure 5 A. The latter block has becomeseparated into the two blocks ac and db, which produce négativeanomalies in the Earth's reversed magnetic field. The block ofcrust cd which was magnetized during the Matuyama epoch produces a positive anomaly above it. In this way, the séquence ofpolarity reversais for the whole Earth (figure 4c) becomes im-printed on a strip of oceanic crust as if this were a tape recorder.Figure 5C is a cross section of the séquence of magnetized stripsresulting from the polarity reversais of the past 3 million years.The alternating directions of magnetization of the strips produce a séquence of positive and négative anomalies, symmetricalabout the ridge, as depicted.Corrélation of the observed séquences of linear anomalieswith the polarity reversai scale provides a means for calculatingrates of latéral movement during sea-floor spreading. The average velocity of movement is given by the distance of a spécifieanomaly from the ridge crest divided by the âge of the correlatedpolarity epoch. This âge is the time. taken for that strip of crustto be conveyed to its présent position from the ridge where itwas generated.Average rates of movement from various ridges for the past4 million years hâve been determined by plotting the distancesof anomalies from ridge crests against the geomagnetic timescale for the corresponding polarity reversais. The gradients ofthe lines so obtained give rates varying from 1 cm /year to morethan 6 cm /year, and the distances of the oidest dated linearanomalies from ridge crests thus range from 40 kms to morethan 240 kms. The pattern of magnetic anomalies extends muchfurther than this, so if the assumption is made that spreadingrates hâve remained reasonably constant, then the spacing ofthe linear anomalies can be used to extrapolate the time scalebeyond the 4 million year limit imposed by the dating methods.In this way, the geomagnetic time scale for reversais has beenextrapolated to about 80 years.Easily identifiable anomalies hâve been numbered for référence purposes and for corrélation from one profile to another.Each anomaly is thus assigned an âge, and the distribution ofanomalies in the océan basins corresponds to the distribution ofisochrons for the océan basin floor. The locus of a spécifie magnetic anomaly is a line of constant âge, where the âge corresponds to the time of magnetization, which is interpreted as thetime that this part of the océan floor was brought to the surfaceas lava at an active oceanic ridge. Despite the provisional natureof the âges in the extrapolated time scale, the ability to contour the océan basins with isochrons provides the prospect of un-ravelling the history of the océan basins, and the résultant movement of the continents, with a précision of détail inconceivableduring the debate about continental drift that occupied the firsthalf of the century.Figure 1 shows the South Atlantic Océan increasing in widthby sea-floor spreading. The continents of Africa and SouthAmerica are drifting apart because they are carried in the lithosphère conveyor belt. If the spreading process were reversed atthe same half -rate of 2 cm/year, then 4 cm of océan would dis-appear each year, and in less than 150 million years the océanwould be closed and the two continents would be in contact.Continental DriftGiven the process of sea-floor spreading as depicted in figures 1and 5, then continental drift follows. Paleomagnetism providesévidence for the relative movement of continents quite inde-pendently of the évidence for sea-floor spreading. The lines ofmagnetic force in figures 4A and 4B show that the direction ofmagnetization of a rock will be towards the magnetic north,making an angle above or below the horizontal. This anglevaries with the magnetic latitude, and provides a measure ofthe distance between the magnetized rock and the magneticpôle. Therefore, measurement of the fossil magnetization pre-served in a rock spécimen from its time of formation gives thedirection of the magnetic pôle at this time, and the distancebetween the spécimen location and the magnetic pôle.Results for rocks older than 20 million years hâve paleomag-netic pôles departing significantly from the position of theprésent géographie pôle. The results indicate that ail continentsexcept one hâve moved relative to each other, and they may ailhâve moved. The rates of relative movement determined frompaleomagnetic studies are a few centimeters per year, which isthe same as results obtained from sea-floor spreading and analy-sis of the magnetic anomalies. The paleomagnetic results sug-gest that the continents hâve drifted rapidly at times, inter-spersed with periods of little or no movement. Much more information is needed to complète the picture, but it seems possible that the évidence from paleomagnetism for the relativemovements of the continents during the past 500 million yearsor more, combined with the évidence from sea-floor spreading,may permit the detailed reconstruction of plate movements andcontinental drift through this whole period.In the October 1970 issue of Scientific American, R. S. Dietzand J. C. Holden positioned the ancient supercontinent of20120° 180° 120° 60° 0° 60°figure 3. Plate tectonics. The distribution of major rigid plates of lithosphère, relatively free of earthquakes, bordered by activebelts characterized by earthquakes. Compare the plate boundaries with features in figure 2, The shoreline between continent andocéan is not significant with respect to lithosphère plates unless it coincides with an active belt.They also extrapolated présent day plate movements to pre-dict the appearance of the world 50 million years from now.Among the predicted changes are continued opening of theAtlantic Océan, movement of Australia into contact with theAsian plate, the virtual closure of the Mediterranean Sea by thenorthward drift of the African plate ( figure 3 ) , the création ofnew land in the Caribbean by compression and resulting uplift,and some significant changes in the geography of California.The San Andréas fault is part of a large fracture System re-. ¦ l2 1Pangaea for the first time in absolute co-ordinates on the Earth'sglobe. Their guiding rationale for the reconstruction was thedrift mechanism associated with plate tectonics and sea-floorspreading (figures 1, 3, and 5). Using thèse same guidelines,they prepared four maps illustrating the breakup and dispersionof the continents during the past 180 million years. Absolutegéographie co-ordinates were assigned for the continents aswell as for the active oceanic rift zones and the oceanic trenchesas they migrated to their présent positions ( figure 2 ) .A. NORMALNorth C|/ NorthGéographie j ^ MagneticB. REVERSEDNorth \ i JGéographiefe'^ZZ^NorthMagnetic c.>CQCDO03<o-<CD0) LAVA FLOWSMAGNETIZED POLARITYEPOCHSNormal ReversedBrunhesNormalMatuyamaReversedGaussNormalGilbertReversedFIGURE 4- The lines of force associated with the Earth's magnetic field: A, withnormal polarity, and B, with reversed polarity. C. The geomagnetic polarity reversai time scale determined by the directions of fossil magnetization of radio-metrically dated lavas.22sponsible for many of the earthquakes that periodically shakeCalifornia. Intermittent displacements ambunt to average movement rates on the order of centimeters per year, which is thatrequired by sea-floor spreading. The boundary between thePacific plate and the North American plate (figure 3) appearsto follow the trace of the San Andréas fault zone. Baja Californiaand a sliver of California west of the San Andréas fault areapparently drifting to the north west with the Pacific plate, whilethe North American plate drifts westward. Dietz and Holdenestimated that in about 10 million years Los Angeles will beabreast of San Francisco, still fixed to the mainland, and that inabout 60 million years Los Angeles will start sliding into theAleutian trench south of Alaska as the Pacific plate sinks downinto the earth's interior.We hâve considered the occurrence of continental drift during the past 180 million years, and for the next 60 million years.This represents a very small fraction of the immense span ofgeological history. The Earth was formed more than 4.5 billionyears ago. Erect, two-legged primates developed only about 2million years ago.The épisode of continental drift that began 180 million yearsago occupies only 4% of geological time. The drift of lithosphère plates is believed to be responsible for the élévation ofthe active mountain ranges of Cenozoic âge, whose distributionis shown in figure 2. Geological history includes many periodsof mountain building, and présent investigations are seekinglinks between thèse periods and earlier épisodes of continentaldrifting.Voyages of the Glomar Challenger:Deep-Sea DrillingThe Glomar Challenger began the first of many cruise segmentsacross the world's océans on August nth, 1968. According to apamphlet from the National Science Foundation dated August,1970, the first two years of opération of the Deep Sea DrillingProject: "produced information of such significance as to markit as one of the most successful scientific expéditions of ail time.In this per iod approximately 195 holes were drilled at 125 sitesin the Atlantic and Pacific Océans. Sédiment and rock cores wereobtained from the earth's crust under water more than 20,000feet deep. Several holes were drilled deeper than 3,200 feet intothe océan bottom. The drilling ship has used the longest drillstring ever suspended from a floating platform—20,760 feet,almost four miles."The sédiments on the océan basin floor consist of a mixture of sand, silt and volcanic ash transported from the continentsby rivers, the wind or drifting icebergs, of minerais precipitatedfrom the océan, and of the shells and skeletons of microscopicanimais and plants (plankton) that live in abundance near theocéan surface. The sedimentary layers provide a continuons his-torical record of geological and biological évidence of manykinds. Within the miles of sédiment core stacked in storage,awaiting detailed examination, are many undiscovered and un-anticipated facts about the history of the continents around theocéan basins, about paleomagnetism,. about biological changesin the océans, about the océan waters, and about climaticchanges. The cylinders of mud and oozes represent the greatesttreasure trove y et yielded by Davy Jones' Locker.The Glomar Challenger is 400 feet long with 10,000 tons displacement, and amidships there towers a 142-foot drilling derrick, its top almost 200 feet above the water line. Drill pipe issuspended from the derrick, and through an opening about20 x 22 feet extending through the bottom of the ship. Once thedrill bit touches the océan floor, the entire drill string is rotatedfrom the drilling deck. Drilling continues until the drilling bitis worn out, and then the string is retracted and the sédimentcore recovered from the core barrel above the bit.A dynamic positioning System maintains the ship's positionwithin a radius of a few hundred feet. A beacon that emitsacoustic signais is dropped to the océan bottom, and the sonarbeams are received by four hydrophones beneath the ship's hull.A computer translates the puises into directions and distancesfrom the^ship to a point directly above the hole, and actuatessome combination of the ship's main propellors and four sidethrusters to move the vessel back to its station. There is a métalfunnel device which permits a drill core to be removed, the bitreplaced, and the drill string to re-enter the bore-hole on theocéan floor. The target is tiny: an invisible 5-inch diameter holethousânds of feet away, with both the drill stem and the vesselbeing constantly afïected by océan currents.The drilling results appear to confirm the youth of the océanbasins. No sédiments older than 150 million years were en-countered. The sea-floor spreading model (figure 1) predictsthat the greater the distance from a ridge the older should be thedeepest sédiments overlying the oceanic crust. At each drillingsite the paleontological âge of the deepest sédiment overlyingthe lava of the crust was determined from microfossils, and theâges do increase with distance from the ridge, as predicted.Moreover, the paleontological âges show good agreement withthe âge of the crustal lava predicted from the magnetic anomaly23A. 2.75 MILLION YEARSGAUSS NORMAL POLARITYn MagneticFieldIntensity J\ PositiveAverage NégativeSea LevelMantle B. 2.25 MILLION YEARSMATUYAMA REVERSED POLARITY| MagneticFieldIntensityNégativeSea LevelMantle Convectionfigure 5. Schematic représentation of the séquence of magnetization of new océan floor generated at oceanic ridges as the lithosphère is transported laterally away from the ridge. The blocks of crust with directions of magnetization alternating as reversaispattern, assuming a constant spreading rate. Although not ailgeologists are completely satisfied that no more sédiments liebeneath what was interpreted as basement in the South Atlanticdrill holes, the results are generally considered to be a dramaticproof for the sea-floor spreading theory.EarthquakesAn earthquake is a minor conséquence of the global processof sea-floor spreading, but the magnitude of the dévastation thatit can wreak in human terms is almost beyond belief. About500,000 earthquakes are recorded by instruments every year,but only about 50,000 can be felt without instruments. Of thèse,about 100 are strong earthquakes, and about two are very strong,strong enough to cause widespread dévastation. It has been esti-mated that during the period 1900- 1968 earthquakes causedthe death of about 800,000 people, with property damage on the order of 10 billion dollars. In the United States more than1,500 people were killed, and property damage was about 1.3billion dollars. Most deaths are due to secondary causes suchas building collapse, Ares, landslides and giant waves calledtsunamis. Underdeveloped areas with poorly constructed homes,often on loosely compacted earth, suffer most in loss of life.Plate tectonics explains the observation that earthquakes areconcentrated in narrow belts (figure 3), and distinction amongthe three types of plate boundaries can be made on the basis ofthe type of earthquakes occurring. For example, the boundarybetween the Pacific and South American plates is of the compressive or collision type, where the Pacific plate slides under-neath the other as shown in figure 1. In this environment theepicenters of the earthquakes occur close to a plane that startsat the floor of the oceanic trench and dips at an angle of about450 beneath the continent. The cause of the deep earthquakes24C. PRESENT TIME. BRUNHES NORMAL POLARITY,i MagneticFieldIntensity PositiveNégativeSea LevelMantle Convectionof the magnetic field occur (see figure 4c) produce alternating positive and négative anomalies on the ambient Earth's magnetic feldas measured at the surface of the océan.lies in the slippage of material in the direction of this plane todepths of 700 kms. In contrast, in California the boundary between the Pacific and North American plates is a fracture zonewhere the two plates are slipping past each other. Shallow earthquakes occur in this environment following the build-up ofstrain caused by horizontal stresses.Peru is situated in the belt of compression between the Pacificand South American plates. The Andes Cordillera are slowlyrising in response to the tremendous compressive pressure below, producing magnificent mountain peaks but great instability.The deadliest earthquake in the recorded history of LatinAmerica occurred in Peru on May 3ist, 1970. At least 50,000people died, another 100,000 were injured, and nearly 1 millionout of the population of 13 million were left homeless. Estimâtes of property damage exceeded 250 million dollars.The epicenter of the shock for the earthquake was located beneath the océan trench, about 16 miles west of the coast, and27 miles below the surface. As the energy vibrations were trans-mitted to the continent, towns and villages collapsed. In an areacovering 25,000 square miles, eighty per cent of the adobehouses were destroyed or made uninhabitable. Many of thevillages are situated on poorly Consolidated alluvial soils. Additional damage was caused by secondary effects, including a massive avalanche of ice, water, mud, rocks and other débris thatswept down a valley in the Cordillera Blanca. This type ofavalanche, a huayco, killed 41,000 in Ecuador and Peru in 1797,and another in 1939 killed 40,000 in Chile.The huayco had its source about 9 miles east of the resorttown of Yungay and about 12,000 feet higher in the moun tains.Apparently, the earthquake broke loose a mass of glacial iceand rock about 3,000 feet wide and a mile long. This moveddownslope, picking up -earth and rocks, and melting during25descent. Enormous boulders were hurled across the valley withcalculated veiocities as high as 248 miles per hour. Survivôrs ofthe earthquake in Yungay were praying in the streets amid thewrecked buildings when they heard the thunderous roar of thehuayco as it swept down the valley. Within a few minutes, thewreckage was covered by earth, mud, and boulders with thick-ness up to 45 feet in places.Many nations rushed to aid the stricken country, but it willprobably take 10 to 15 years to repair the damage. Meanwhile,more strain builds up beneath the océan trench and Andesmountains as the Pacific plate is forced beneath the South American continent (figure 1 ) .As the Pacific plate moves northwards relative to the NorthAmerican plate, intermittent slippage along the San Andréasfault System causes shallow-focus earthquakes in California.Effects of the 1971 Los Angeles shock were outlined at thebeginning of this article. In the 1906 San Francisco earthquakeabout 390 people were killed, with property damage estimatedat 400 million dollars. Much of this damage was caused by thegreat fire which raged out of control for three days becausebroken water mains left no water for fire fighting.A report released in 1970 described the possible effects if anearthquake équivalent to that of 1906 were to recur. Accordingto the report, many buildings would collapse. The alluvial soilsaround the Bay area would turn into quicksand and buildingswould sink. Communications would be disrupted as the free-ways buckled and railway tracks twisted. At. least one of themany dams would fail, releasing flood water from the réservoirto inundate large areas. Water mains would break. Estimatedproperty damage would amount to about 30 billion dollars, andestimated deaths number tens or even hundreds of thousands.The total of ail previous losses caused by earthquakes in theUnited States are insignificant in comparison.According to the theory of plate tectonics earthquakes are con-centrated in belts, and they are infrequent in the large stableplates (figures 2 and 3). The most violent earthquakes knownto hâve occurred in the United States, however, were locatedwell within the North American plate.The New Madrid earthquakes shook the central part of theMississippi valley in 181 1 and 181 2 with such intensity thatthey were felt over two-thirds of the United States. Eight hun-dred miles away, in Washington, D.C., sleepers were awakened,dishes and Windows were rattled, and walls were cracked. Thevibrations rang church bells in Boston. The earthquakes causedmajor changes in topography over an area of 50,000 square26 miles. Large areas sank from 3 to 9 feet, and dépressions 20 to30 miles long and 4 to 5 miles wide were produced. The courseof the Mississippi River was changed. The area was sparselypopulated at the time, and the loss of life was small but notprecisely known.The Prédiction and Control of EarthquakesIt is the power of explanation and prédiction that makes thenew global theory so différent from previous concepts in theearth sciences. The fact that data from the study of earthquakesgives strong support for the sea-floor spreading theory is closelyrelated to increased understanding of the distribution of, andthe characteristics of earthquakes. With the new theory andgreatly improved geophysical instruments, some scientists wereoptimistic in 1970 that accurate prédiction of earthquakes willbe possible within three to five years, and that their control mayfollow very soon after this. Considérable research effort is di-rected to the subject of earthquake control, especially by fédéraland state agencies and universities in California, where attention is concentrated on the San Andréas Fault System.It was discovered only recently that along parts of some faultsin the San Andréas System déformation is accomplished by faultslippage without açcompanying earthquakes. This process iscalled fault creep. While parts of a fault may creep in distinctépisodes at rates up to 10 cms/year, other parts of the same faultmay not creep at ail. In thèse locked portions the déformationcauses accumulation of elastic strain energy with the prospectthat later energy release will produce a large earthquake. Hopesfor earthquake control lie in development of methods for releasing locked portions of faults so that the crustai blocks slidepast each other with only small energy-dissipating tremors.Before prédiction becomes possible, it is necessary to learnthe patterns of movement, and energy storage and release. Thereare now more than 100 seismic stations deployed to locate theboundaries of moving blocks in California from the distributionof small earth tremors, with the help of new, ultrasensitive instruments.Fault creep is accompanied by tilting of the ground. Thechanges are very small, but careful measurement of ground tiltand rates of fault creep can be correlated with subséquent earthquake tremors.Clear sky lightning has traditionally been regarded as a pre-cursor of earthquakes in Japan. This has some scientific basis.There is évidence that the electrical and magnetic propertîes ofrocks can be changed by strain, and it has been calculated thatin rocks where the minerai quartz is arranged in suitable crystal-line order and texture, the effects of strain could generate enoughvoltage to produce lightning. There is also évidence that fluctuations in the earth's magnetic field are associated with earthquakes.The measurement of earthquake activity, fault creep, accumulation of strain in rocks, ground tilt, and continuousmonitoring of the magnetic field provides an assemblage ofdues which should soon permit short-range prédiction of earthquakes with a warning interval of hours or days. Présent knowl-edge of the processes involved in the génération of earthquakesis not sufficient to guide an engineering program for earthquakecontrol, but there is good évidence that earthquakes can betriggered by several means.The occurrence of earthquakes appears to be linked with theconstruction of dams and the impounding of large masses ofwater in réservoirs. Earthquakes also appear to be associatedwith the injection of fluids into the ground. Underground explosions of nuclear devices hâve also been associated with in-creased earthquake activity, apparently by releasing naturalstrain energy in the région. Earthquake hazards can possibly bereduced if fluid injections and perhaps explosions can be employée! to free locked portions of fault Systems to release theaccumulating strain before it builds up to dangerous levels.The rôle of water or other interstitial fluid in earthquakeactivity is receiving considérable attention. The first serioussuggestion that earthquakes could be controlled arose fromstudy of the séries of earthquakes triggered near Denver by injection of waste fluids into a deep disposai well at the Army'sRocky Mountain Arsenal. The case hère is strong for a cause-and-eff ect reiationship between the injection of fluids and trig-gering of earthquakes. Small amounts of water may produce theeffects of a lubricated surface on which fault displacements canoccur. The injection of water may free locked fault Systems.Earthquake control may thus become feasible eventually, butonly in régions where the locked fault zones can be reached bydrilling. This approach will not work for the earthquakes orig-inating beneath océan trenches, like the 1970 Peru earthquake.Many engineers emphasize that it is not the earthquakes thatkill people, but the failure of buildings that people construct.They maintain that the best approach is not to predict and control earthquakes, but to erect sound buildings, bridges and damson reîatively safe sites. Then cornes the problem of judging thesafety of development sites and the effectiveness of buildingcodes. In California and Japan, where earthquake activity is z.c-cepted as a fact of life, building codes include provisions forearthquake-resistant construction. No such provisions aredeemed necessary in the central U.S. A. where the land is considered to be stable. If the New Madrid earthquakes had oc-curred this year the wreckage could hâve been catastrophic. Atthe présent time, we hâve no way of predkting the likelihood ofsuch an occurrence in the supposedly stable plates, but we doknow that their frequency is low.ProblemsThere are social, économie and political problems associatedwith the prédiction of earthquakes. Suppose that a scientificteam predicted the occurrence of an earthquake of significantmagnitude centered in a densely populated urban région twodays hence. Would the city authorities order évacuation?Imagine the cost of such an évacuation, the social upheaval, andthe économie loss through interruption of normal business opérations. If the earthquake failed to materialize on schedule howlong would the population stay away, waiting for the shock?Perhaps the authorities would décide that the conséquences of apossible earthquake might be less harmful to the city than thedefinite social and économie disruption of an évacuation. Perhaps they would then issue warnîngs and ad vice about takingshelter beneath strong tables or door jambs, and mobilize thecivil défense. What political récriminations would then resuitif the prédiction was folio wed by a major earthquake thatlevelled the city and killed thousands!If faced with this kind of décision, city leaders would prob-ably regret scientific progress and wish that our ideas on theoccurrence of earthquakes had remained in the state of mysteryillustrated by the following quotation from Shakespeare's KingHenry IV:Of t the teeming earthIs with a kind of colic pinch'd and vex'dBy the imprisoning of unruly windWithin her womb; which for enlargement strivingShakes the old beldam earth and topples downSteeples and moss-grown towers.No individual could be blamed for not anticipating an accidentarising from Mother Nature's discomfort.Following pages: San Franciscans watch as fire rages over thecity in aftermath of the famous 1906 earthquake.27'If If IQr: * t &KlfW+Y i^tm^ *y*£. *%&*»>IQuadrangle j\ewsAssociation May OrganizeMainland China TourThe Alumni Association would like to organizea group tour to the People's Republic of Chinaif there is enough interest among its alumni.Although détails are not available yet, the tripshould be three weeks long and may cost between $1,500 and $2,000 per person. Any onegroup is limited to thirty-five persons. It wouldbe possible to arrange a departure date for thefall or winter of 1972-73. If you are interested,drop a note to the Alumni Association, 5733University Avenue, Chicago 60637, marked ¦"China Tour."SSA Kudos forOutstanding AlumniThe Alumni Association of the School of Social Service Administration at the Universityof Chicago honored four of its members at itsannual dinner meeting October 28, 197 1.The honorées are: Wilma Walker, EvaHance, Katherine A. Kendail, and ElizabethWisner.Miss Walker, professor emeritus in theSchool of Social Service Administration (SSA),received the Présidents Awaird for "excep-tional service to the Alumni Association andSSA." She joined the SSA faculty in 1928 as astudent superviser and at her retirement in1962 was dean of students.Miss Hance received an SSA Alumni Citation for "outstanding community service."After receiving the PhB degree from the University in 1932, she worked with the FédéralEmergency Relief Administration and theWorks Progress Administration. At the timeof her retirement she was director of the SocialPlanning Committee of the United Community Fund of San Francisco.Mrs. Kendail, who also received an SSAAlumni Citation for "outstanding service tosocial work éducation," received the PhD degree from UC in 1950 for work completed atthe School of Social Service Administration.Her dissertation, "Training for Social Work:An International Survey," was published bythe UN in English and in French. In 1952, shewent to the Council on Social Work Education to serve as consultant on éducation service.She is currently secretary-general of the International Association of Schools of Social Work.Miss Wisner, winner of the 1971 SSAAlumni Medal for "distinguished service tohuman welfare," received the PhD degree in1929 from the University for work completedat SSA. Her latest book is Social Welfare in theSouth from Colonial Times to World War I(1970), She was dean of the Tulane UniversitySchool of Social Work for twenty-nine years,and is now dean emeritus. Miss Wisner wasgiven an honorary doctor of laws degree in1962 by Tulane, and received the George H.Freeman Award from the Louisiana Conférence of Social Welfare for her outstanding contribution to social welfare.Lynn H. Vogel, who returned recently fromVietnam, addressed the gathering on "SocialWork and Social Development in Vietnam."Vogel ( AM' 69 ) is presently in the doctoralprogram at SSA.Vox Populi, Vox HauserA banquet honoring Philip M. Hauser, professor of socioiogy and director of the Population Research Center at the University, washeld on November 17, 197 1, the twenty-fifthanniversary of the center.Former Secretary of the Department ofHealth, Education and Welfare Wilbur Cohen,now dean of the School of Education at theUniversity of Michigan, was the featuredspeaker. His topic was "Towards a Social Report."Hauser, one of the nation's foremost authorities on population, demography, andcensus, came to the University in 1932.He played a major rôle in the establishmentof the Population Research Center (PRC) .Initialiy, démographie research at the centerfocused on population trends in the Chicagoarea, but in récent years its scope has becomenational and Worldwide.From 1947 to 1951 Hauser was UnitedStates représentative on the population commission of the United Nations Economie andSocial Council.Educated at the University of Chicago, Hauser served as consultant to the PrésidentsCommittee on Population in 1968-69. He iscurrently chairman of the Technical AdvisoryCommittee for Population Statistics of theU. S. Bureau of the Census.The Population Research Center during theacadémie year 1970-7 1 completed its twenty-fifth year of activity, and its eighth year ofopération under a Ford Foundation grant fordémographie activities.China Scholar LaudsPeople s RepublicA University of Chicago history professor,fresh from a trip to mainland China, said at apress conférence in December and at a lecturesponsored by the University's Center for PolicyStudy, that the People's Republic of China is"the most equal society in human history."Ping-ti Ho, the James Westfall ThompsonProfessor in the Departments of History andFar Eastern Languages and Civilizations, saidwhat he saw on his thirty-six-day trip, duringwhich he visited communes, factories, univer-sities, and other key centers of activity, far ex-ceeded his expectations."I expected some progress, but I did notexpect that much progress," said Ho who hadlived in Tientsin, Pékin and other cities beforehe came to the United States in 1 945.Ho described China as a selfless societywhere every adult is an employée of the stateand where the people are well-fed, energeticand the spirit is high.The state not only provides "cradle to grave"care for ail citizens but opérâtes ail businesses—from fabric stores to restaurants and fromliving quarters to transportation— which exist"purely for service to the people," he said.Food, he commented, was "extremely plenti-ful" and prices low. Restaurants in every cityvisited were always crowded with people, heremarked. "This shows that people hâve moneyto spend."Ho attributed the abundance of f ood toChinas priority in the 1960s of developingagriculture and light industry.Each city, he said, is self-sufncient with aninner ring of communes which grow vegeta-30blés and an outer ring of grain communes.The historian predicted that the years aheadwill find China forging ahead in heavy in-dustry development, particularly in steel. "The197 os will see a takeoff of heavy industrywhich will also pull agriculture and light industry at the same time. The resuit would bean upward économie spiral in China," he said.Ho faced persistent questioning by reportersabout China's past and présent rôle in theworld— specifically whether that country wasbent on fomenting social unrest in that world."China is sympathetic to most of the révolutions in backward countries," an understand-able feeling for the Chinese, he pointed out,who hâve long known poverty and struggle.Ho denied that this sympathy concealed aChinese finger in revolutionary pies. China'sintervention in the Korean War and its aid toNorth Vietnam in the Vietnam War were spécial cases, he said, because Korea and NorthVietnam are "close neighbors" of China. "Ifthe Americans cannot tolerate the installationof missiles in Cuba, it is against a sensé of fairplay to expect the Chinese to keep their handsofï Korea and Vietnam."A member of the Academia Sinica, Ping-tiHo has been a Chicago f aculty member since1963. As an historian, he has concentrated onthe économie, social, and institutional historyof China. He is the author of Studies on thePopulation of China, 1 368-1953; TheLadderof Success in Impérial China: Aspects of SocialMobility, 1368-19 11; History of Landsmann-schaften in China; and The Loess and the Ori-gin of Chinese Agriculture.Ford Program Aims toReduce Teacher DropoutsMost rookie school teachers do not return asecond year to the same school. But they aremuch more likely to when trained under aUniversity of Chicago expérimental programdesigned to prépare them specifically forschools in the inner-city.James F. McCampbell, assistant director oîthe Ford Training and Placement Program( FTPP ) 5 speaking before a Denver meeting ofthe National Council of Social Studies, said that 62 percent of the program' s first-yearteachers return to the same school the following fall. This figure compares with a nation-wide average of 35 percent rétention rate forail beginning teachers and a 27 percent ratefor Chicago's inner-city schools.In assessing the four-year-old FTPP,McCampbell relied on more than the rétentionrate to measure the program's success. A "moreeffective" indicator, he said, was how the program improved the schools' curricula, influ-enced the schools' faculty, and involved thecommunities where the schools are located.The program entails the création of threecadres of from sixteen to twenty-sjx memberseach per year to work in cooperating, primarilyblack-attended, public schools in Chicago. Thecadres comprise University student interns,adult educators, educational psychologists, anda matching number of professional classroomteachers, administrators, and other specialistsfrom the schools.Of the cadres which hâve become inde-pendent of the program, McCampbell con-siders nine of them to be successful.Library Receives LargeCzech and Slovak CollectionA collection of books and other source materialproduced by Czech and Slovak communitiesin the United States since 1848 has beendonated to the University of Chicago Library.The collection, which contains several thou-sand pièces, was given by Dr. Zdenek Hruban,associate professor in the Department ofPathoiogy of the University's Division of theBiological Sciences and the Pritzker School ofMedicine.Dr. Hruban, a long-time student of Czechand Slovak life in the United States, acquiredthe material as sources for a history of theCzech and Slovak communities and for a di-rectory of prominent immigrants.Included in the collection is a handwrittenbook of folk songs, dated 1886, reflectingthèmes of everyday life in the old country, anda rare pamphlet on the early history of Czech,Slovak, and Moravian people in the UnitedStates. Other valuable data is contained in a set of newspaper clippings, more than elevenhundred pages in ail, relating to the historyof Czechs and Slovaks in Michigan.It will be housed in the Department ofSpécial Collections at the University's newRegenstein Library.Trylt, You U Like It!Additional important évidence regarding therelationship of overeating to hardening of thearteries and heart attacks was presented by twodoctors from UC at the American Heart Association Meeting held recently in Anaheim,Calif.It has been suspected for many years thatexcessive eating increases the chances of con-tracting thèse ailments, according to DoctorsKatti R. Dzoga and Dragoslava Vesselinovitch,research associâtes and assistant professors inthe Department of Pathoiogy at the Univeritywho are members of a team studying the effectsof blood fats on aortic tissue culture cells.Working mainly with the aorta ( the mainartery ) of Rhésus monkeys, the team is nowexperimenting to détermine what particularfraction of fat in the blood is responsible forthe changes in the cells of arteries which leadto atherosclerosis ( hardening of the arteries ) .The artery is removed and the cells are grownfrom small pièces in a tissue culture Systemwhere they are "fed" various blood lipids( fats ) . The team studies the reactions of thecells to various types of fat in the blood.If sérum from normal animais is given tothèse cells, they grow. However, if the sérumis obtained from animais fed certain high^fatdiets, the cells grow and divide to a muchgreater extent than with sérum from animaison normal diets. This stimulâtes, the growthcomponent of hardening of the arteries.A man or an animal who eats more alsowelcomes more fat into the bloodstream. Theaortic cells take up this fat and multiply, caus-ing lésions which ultimately lead to hardeningof the arteries.Once the arteries take up fat, depending onthe type and amount, the cells respond byprolifération, injury, or death. The resultinglésions lead to hardening of the arteries.3iThe University of Chicago researchers arenow study ing the components of the lipopro-teins of animais fed a high fat diet whichcause an increase in the growth of aortic cells.According to Dr. Dzoga, cholestérol in sérumis an index to the cause, but she asks, "Is itactually the real culprit?"Optimism Présides ^at Forecast LuncheonThe nation's trillion-dollar-plus economy ispicking up steam and will forge ahead in 1972for a gain of at least 9 percent: two-thirds ofthe increase real and one-third resulting fromprice inflation.That is the opinion of three eminent économie forecasters with a ten-year record foraccuracy. They are :— Walter D. Fackler, professor of businesséconomies and director of management pro-grams in the Graduate School of Business, theUniversity of Chicago;— Irving Schweiger, professor of marketing,Graduate School of Business, and editor of theJournal of Business;—Béryl W. Sprinkel, senior vice-présidentand economist, Harris Trust and Savings Bank,Chicago, and editor, Bar omet er of Business.The three addressed an overflow crowd ofmore than two thousand businessmen recentlyat Chicago's Conrad Hilton Hôtel. It was theAnnual Business Forecast Luncheon of theUniversity's Graduate School of Business andthe Executive Program Club.Sprinkel predicted 1972's Gross NationalProduct would be $1,145 billion; Schweigerand Fackler predicted $1,152 and $1,153,respectively. Ail three discounted the effects ofPrésident Nixon's new économie policies, withphrases ranging from "minimal assistance" to"mostly bad." Recovery was under way withoutcontrols, they said. The new restrictions willwork only because "économie forces are work-ing with them," according to Fackler.Fackler cited thèse reasons for optimism:( 1 ) leading économie indicators are up; ( 2 )business investment in plant and equipmentshows "unmistakable" signs of revival; ( 3 )consumer spending is up and should rise fur- ther; (4) expected tax réductions should bestimulative; ( 5 ) monetary policy, "that greatunknown at this stage," should turn expansivesoon; ( 6 ) with Président Nixon up for réélection, "stimulus is called for now if the 1972figures are to be attractive.""If I am right," Fackler said, "1972 will bea very good year for the country and for Mr.Nixon. There will be broad advances on ailfronts. Unemployment will remain too high,but drift down to around 5 percent of the laborforce by the end of the year."Corporate profits should reach a $100 billion before-tax rate by the fourth quarter of1972, said Fackler, and prospective tax changesshould improve the after-tax picture evenmore. He warned, however, that there has beenzéro growth in the money supply since the endof June. "If the Fédéral Reserve Board continues to depress the money supply for anotherthree or four months, the recovery will almostsurely be aborted."Sprinkel saw prospects for 1972 dependingcritically on fundamental monetary-nscal policies, not the new policy approach of the Nixonadministration. He saw consumer spendingrising 8.3 percent to $720 billion in 1972,"another banner year" for housing, an $8 billion-plus expansion in inventories, a rise ofnearly 9 percent in capital spending "as défense outlays ceasè declining and rise moder-ately," and an 1 1 percent rise in state and localgovernment spending to $ 1 5 1 billion. Unemployment should décline throughout the yearto an average level of about 5.4 percent, saidSprinkel, and corporate taxes after profitsshould rise nearly 19 percent to $54 billion.Schweiger predicted that by the fourth quarter of 1972 the real GNP would be growing atalmost a 7 percent rate, with inflation moder-ated to "slightly less than a 3 percent rate.The 1 972 gain in Personal income in realterms will be the largest in our modem historyboth in the aggregate and per capita, and thegains will be widely distributed," he said.In the household sector, Schweiger saw in-creased consumer confidence and greater will-ingness and ability to spend, particularly fordurable goods, and a significant increase in thenumber of marriages and formation of new households. He predicted a record gain of $65billion in disposable Personal income to about$807 billion, and a record 10.5 million automobile sales with an increasing share of themarket to domestic producers. The housingboom should continue with a moderate increase, he said; and he forecast a record-break-ing rise in consumer installment crédit.In summary, Schweiger said, "the economywill enter 1 972 at a slow pace but finish like achampion."Art Department PilotsProsthetic Sculpture CourseA marriage between art and science at theUniversity of Chicago may make it possiblefor people with major facial disfigurements torecapture a more normal appearance.At the University, a pilot course for maxillo-facial prosthetic technicians has one studentenrolled and is still under study. But initialévaluations seem to indicate that it does serveits purpose.The course is a sculpture course, focused onthe human head and limbs, being offered by *the University's Midway Studios of the Department of Art to technicians studying in theProsthetics Laboratory of the Zoller DentalClinic on campus.Its purpose is to acquaint prosthetic technicians with the muscular and skeletal structure of the human form so that they will bebetter equipped to produce more lifelike sub-stitute features for patients.Virginio Ferrari, sculptor-in-residence andassistant professor of art at the University,teaches the course.New Urban Study ProgramOffered by Extension DivisionAdults concerned about Chicago's future arehaving an opportunity to study the city's com-plex and pressing urban problems through anew program initiated this year by the University of Chicago.An advisory committee of sixty-one leadingcitizens and University faculty with interestsand backgrounds in urban affairs advise the32new adult éducation program and help sélectand define problem areas of study.The Metropolitan Institaite at the University's Downtown Center "is solely devoted tonon-credit community éducation," accordingto G Ranlet Lincoln, dean of the University'sExtension Division.More than sixty instructors and guest speakers from the University and various government, labor, business, and independent agen-cies are participating in the winter quarterofferings, which include: a course on Chicago'spolitical spectrum; a one-day seminar on innovations for Chicago public schools; a course onethnie and économie adaptation to suburbanlife; a séries of discussions on consumer rightsin the 1970s; a clàss on tenant unions, and astudy of Personal, practical économies for theurban family,Chairman of the institute's Advisory Committee W. Léonard Evans, Jr., président andpublisher of Tuesday Publications, Inc., trustéeof the University and long-time Chicago résident, considers the new program "an important commitment" by a major private institution to join with Chicago area résidents as theycorne to grips with the urgent problems of the1970s.UC Biologists ConstructEmbryonic Brain TissueScientists at the University of Chicago hâveconstructed embryonic brain tissue in the testtube from suspensions of single brain cells.They performed this feat with cells isolatedfrom the f orebrain ( cerebrum ) of mouse em-bryos and with a spécifie cellular "glue"-typematerial which they obtained from cerebrumcells. This material, referred to as cerebrumcell-ligand, links together only celebrum cells.Other kinds of brain cells appear to producetheir own spécifie ligands.Biologists A. A. Moscona and Béatrice B.Garber explain that the cerebrum cell-ligandmaterial coats the surfaces of the cerebrumcells which produce it. "Because of its molecu-lar properties this material makes thèse cellsstick together to fqrm brain tissue," said Moscona. "Moreover, it enables cells to 'identify' each other by 'coding' the cell surface withmolecular identification markers. This makescerebrum cells 'recognize' each other as beingdistinct from| other nerve and from non-nervecells and causes them to associate with eachother into cerebrum tissue. If they are mixedwith cells from other tissue, cerebrum cells dis-tinguish like from unlike and adhère only toeach other."This is the first instance of isolation of sucha spécifie cell-binding material from mam-malian cells. The possibility of obtaining themfrom brain cells and of "synthesizing" tissuesfrom cells in the test tube opens up new waysof studying tissue formation and brain de-velopment.The complète reports of Garber and Mos-cona's work are scheduled to appear in thejournal Developmental Biology. This researchwork was supported by funds from the National Institutes of Health.Moscona is professor in the Department ofBiology and the Committee on Genetics in theDivision of the Biological Sciences and thePritzker School of Medicine. Garber is assis- ¦tant professor in the Departments of Biologyand Anatomy.Commented Moscona: "The aim of thiswork was to explain one of the most importantand hitherto elusive problems in biology— howdo cells associate into tissues? How do différentkinds of cells in the embryo recognize eachother and assemble into complex Systems? "Public Polled on Médical CareThree out of four heads of American familiesagrée that there is a "crisis" in médical caretoday. Three out of four also agrée that a national health insurance program, patterned onMedicare but extending benefits to the totalpopulation rather than to only those sixty-fiveand over, would bring more or better healthcare to people of low and moderate incomes.However, there is wide disagreement onwhether such a program should be adopted; asizeable minority— 42 percent— oppose it.Thèse were among the findings of the firstphase of a nationwide survey, conducted in thefirst three months of 197 1, designed to dis- cover how consumers view the médical careSystem in the U S. today. The study, fundedby the National Center for Health Services Research and Development, a division of theU. S. Public Health Service, is under the direction of Odin W. Anderson, principal investi -gator, professor of sociology, and associatedirector of the University's Center for HealthAdministration Studies; Ronald M. Andersen,study director and research associate at the Center; and Joanna Kravits, assistant study directorand a Center research associate.The findings of the first-phase study, basedon the responses of a total of 3,232 familyheads, were reported by the investigators in aspécial issue of the Economie and BusinessBulletin, published by Temple University.Vérifications of what the respondents reported are now being sought from physicians,hospitals, and insurance companies. The physi-cian vérification is the first of its type ever at-tempted in this country.ConvocationThe University of Chicago awarded 408 académie degrees, one honorary degree, and oneRosenberger Medal at its 338th ConvocationonDecember 17, 1971.Receiving an honorary doctor of science degree was James L. Gowans, the Henry DaleResearch Professor of the Royal Society anddirector of the Médical Research Council Cellular Immunology Research Unit, Sir WilliamDunn School of Pathoiogy, Oxford University.The Rosenberger Medal was presented toCrawford H. Greenewalt, former chairman ofthe board and currently chairman of the finance committee of E. I. du Pont djk Nemours& Company.First awarded in 1924, the RosenbergerMedal was established by Mr. and Mrs. Jesse ;L, Rosenberger in 19 17 in récognition of dis-tinguished achievement through research, inauthorship, in invention, for-discovery, forunusual public service, or for anything deemedof great benefit to humanity. In the fifty-fouryears since the medal was established, thirty(now thirty-one) distinguished men andwomen hâve received it.33People3C EDWARD SHILS, professor of social thoughtand of sociology, has been named to a distin-guished service professorship.When EDWARD H. LEVI, président of theUniversity, made the announcement of theappointment, he said, "Distinguished serviceprofessorships were established at the University of Chicago to recognize superior ability,learning, and eminence. In every possible way,Edward Shils possesses thèse qualities."Mr. Shils' colleagues, not only hère butthroughout the world, consider him prééminent as a scholar and teacher. We are honoredby his contributions to knowledge."Shils joined the University faculty in 1938.At Chicago he was the f ounder and first chairman of the Committee for the ComparativeStudy of New Nations of which he is still amember.He spends a portion of each year in England,where he is a fellow of Peterhouse Collège,Cambridge University, and editor of Minerva,which he founded in 1962 to deal with thesocial, administrative, political, and économieproblems of science and scholarship. Today,this quarterly is considered the leading journalof its kind in the world.At the University of Chicago he is also afellow of the Center for Policy Study. He isbest known intellectually as a challenger ofthe accepted, one who detests shibboieths. In1 968 he was elected to membership in theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences.He has served as an adviser to the NationalEducation Commission of the Government ofIndia and wrote the two chapters on higheréducation in the commission's 1966 report.His books include Toward a General Theoryof Action (with Talcott Parsons, Harvard,1 95 1 ) ; The Torment of Secrecy ( Free Press,1956); The întellectual between Traditionand Modemity: The Indian Situation { Mouton, 1961 ) ; Political Development in the NewStates ( Mouton, 1965), and S elected Es say s(Chicago, 1970).35 A University of Chicago professor has received one of Canadas most distinguishedmédical awards. DONALD F. STEINER, discov-erer of the chemical precursor of insulin in the body and of the process by which insulin isformed, has received one of the five 1 97 1Gairdner Foundation Awards.Dr. Steiner is the A. N. Pritzker Professorof Biological Sciences in the Division of theBiological Sciences and the Pritzker School ofMedicine at the University.This year's five awards, totaling $2 5,000,were presented by the Gairdner Foundation ofCanada in récognition of outstanding achieve-ments in insulin research.Dr. Steiner received both his MD and the SMdegrees from the University of Chicago in1956.He interned at King County Hospital inSeattle, Washington, from 1956 to 1957, and,after three years of research and clinical workin the Department of Medicine of the University of Washington, Seattle, returned to theUniversity of Chicago to join the faculty.In 1956, Dr. Steiner earned the Universityof Chicago's Borden Award for outstandingresearch during médical training. His récenthonors include the American Diabètes Association^ Lilly Award for research in diabètes( 1968 ) and the Hagedorn Medal of the Steen-sen Mémorial Hospital of Copenhagen, Den-mark (1970).Dr. Steiner's research during the past fif-teen years has been concerned with the production and action of hormones in the body,and the régulation of growth and differentia-tion of normal and malignant cells.H JAMES A. DAVIS, professor and chairman ofthe Department of Sociology at DartmouthCollège, has been named director of the National Opinion Research Center (NORC) atthe University of Chicago. Davis succeedsNORMAN M. BRADBURN, who is a professor inthe Graduate School of Business. Bradburnwas recently appointed master of the SocialSciences Collegiate Division, associate dean ofthe Collège, and associate dean of the Divisionof the Social Sciences.The announcement was made by D. GALEJOHNSON, président of NORC, acting directorof the Joseph Regenstein Library, and professor and chairman of the Department of Economies. The National Opinion Research Center is agênerai social research institute, founded in1941 and afflliated with the University since1947. The research activities of the Center,which center around surveys of spécial population groups, are financed by grants from andcontracts with private foundations, government agencies, and universities.After receiving his doctorate in sociologyfrom Harvard in 1955, Davis was an assistantprofessor in the Department of Sociology atthe University of Chicago and a senior studydirector at NORC until his appointment atDartmouth Collège in 1966.Davis received the National Institute ofMental Health Career Development Awardfor 1965-67. He is a member of the AmericanSociological Association and was recentlyelected a member of its Council. He was co-chairman in 1967-68 of the Sociology Panel,Behavioral and Social Sciences Survey Committee, and the National Academy of Sciences-Social Sciences Research Council.His most récent book is Elementary SurveyAnalysis ( Prentice-Hall, 1 97 1 ) . Davis hasalso written numerous articles for prof essionaljournals.X PAUL G. HOFFMAN, the man who ran thepost- war Marshall Plan, has been awarded theUniversity of Chicago's William Benton Medalfor Distinguished Service.Hoffman, eighty, administered the MarshallPian which helped rebuild Western Europeafter World War IL He recently retired asmanaging director of the United Nations Development Programme ( f ormerly the U. N.Spécial Fund ) . He had been a trustée of theUniversity of Chicago from 1937 to 1950when he resigned to become président andtrustée of the Ford Foundation.The award ceremony this spring will markonly the second time the William BentonMedal has been awarded. It was established bythe University of Chicago in 1968 to honorthe most extraordinary service to the field oféducation and to the University. The medalwas named in honor of WILLIAM BENTON,former U. S. senator and currently a life trustéeof the University.34Hoffman was born in Chicago on April 26,1891. He spent most of his early life in Western Springs, Illinois, and was graduated fromLyons Township ( Illinois ) High School in1907. He then enrolled at the University ofChicago, but left after a year to become anautomobile salesman.He joined the Studebaker Corporation salesstaff in 1 9 1 1 and rose rapidly through theranks until he was président in 1 935.One of the leaders in the industry's effortsto promote traffic safety, Hoffman was a director of the Automobile Manuf acturers Association, served as chairman of its Safety TrafficCommittee, and was président of the Automotive Safety Foundation.His interest in the problems of the world'sunderdeveloped countries began in 1942when, while still président of the StudebakerCorporation, he helped found the Committeefor Economie Development.He is the author of three books : SevenRoads to Safety (1939), Peace Can Be Won(i95i),and World without Want (1952).X bernice L. neugarten, prof essor andchairman of the Committee on Human Development, has received the 197 1 Robert W.Kleemeier Award from the GerontologicalSociety.Mrs. Neugarten, the first woman ever to re-ceive the award, received it for "outstandingcontributions to research on aging" at the so-ciety's twenty-fifth anniversary meeting heldin Houston, Texas, in October.Mrs. Neugarten has been director of theGraduate Training Program in Adult Development and Aging at the University since 1958.She has co-authored seven books and morethan sixty research papers, monographs, andreview articles, most of which deal with adultdevelopment, middle âge and aging, and therelations between âge groups. Among thebooks are Society and Education, Personalityin Middle and Late Life, Middle Age and Aging, Adjustment to Retirement, and SocialStatus in the City.Mrs. Neugarten has been active in numer-ous professional organizations. She is a formerprésident of the Gerontological Society, former member of the Council of Représentatives ofthe American Psychological Association, andconsultant to the National Institute of ChildHealth and Human Development. She is alsoa fellow of the American Sociological Association, of the American Association for the Ad-vancement of Science, and a member of SigmaXi. She is a member of the Technical Committee on Research and Démonstration for the1 97 1 White House Conférence on Aging.Mrs. Neugarten served as chairman of theCommittee on University Women, a sub-com-mittee of the Council of the University Senateof the University of Chicago in 1969-70.She has been an associate editor of the Journal of Gerontology, and of Human Development, an international research journal.Mrs. Neugarten grew up in Norfolk, Ne-braska, and received her higher éducation fromthe University of Chicago: the AB from theDivision of the Humanities, the AM from theDepartment of Education, and the PhD fromthe Committee on Human Development. Shejoined the University faculty in 1 948 as research associate, becoming associate professorof human development in 1 960, and professorin 1964.X Nuclear warfare strategist HERMAN KAHNopened the 1971-72 term of the University'sCenter for Policy Study Arms Control and Foreign Policy Seminar in November speaking on"The Rôle of the Intellectual in Military Décisions."A physicist, Kahn is a specialist on the sub-ject of deterrence of nuclear warfare. In two ofhis books, On Thermonuclear War&nd Think-ing about the Unthinkable, and in many articles, Kahn has considered the possible alternatives if deterrence should fail. His most récentbook, Can We Win in Vietnam?, was published in 1968.Kahn was one of the chief proponents of astrong civil défense program for protectionand as a déterrent to war.He is director of the Hudson Institute inNew York and has served as senior physicistand military analyst for the RAND Corporation,and consultant to the Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory. One aspect of his job with the RAND Corporation was to conduct lectures for military andcivilian leaders. This group included some ofAmerica's chief policy-makers.The three-year Arms Control and ForeignPolicy Seminar is supported by a $264,000Ford Foundation grant and consists of a sériesof public conférences and lectures by prominent scholars and disarmament experts fromthroughout the world.X ARTHUR MANN, an authority on Americanhistory and civilization, has been appointedthe Preston and Sterling Morton Professor ofHistory at the University of Chicago.The Preston and Sterling Morton Prof essor-ship was established in 1955 by the late Sterling Morton, chairman of the board of theMorton Sait Cbmpany, in his name and that ofhis wif e, Preston.Mann is the fourth University faculty member to hold the chair. He was born January 3,1922, in Brooklyn, New York. He graduatedsumma cum laude from Brooklyn Collège in1944 and received his PhD ( 1952 ) degreefrom Harvard University. During World WarII he served in the U. S. Army Infantry.He taught at the Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology and at Smith Collège and came tothe University of Chicago in 1966. Mann'sinterests hâve centered on social movements,cities, immigration, religion, and the rôle ofethnie factors in American civilization.His first book, Yankee Reformers in theUrban Age, was published in 1954. Subséquent books include Growth and Achieve-ment: Temple Israël, 1854- 1954 (1954),La Guardia, a Fighter against His Times,1 882 -1933 (1959), The Progressive Era,Libéral Renaissance or Libéral Failure?( 1963 ) , La Guardia Cornes to Power: 1933(1965), and Immigrants in American Life(1968).X THOMAS PARK has been named EminentEcologist for 197 1 by the Ecological Societyof America.Park is professor of biology in the Divisionof the Biological Sciences and the PritzkerSchool of Medicine at the University.35The Eminent Ecologist Award is "restrictedto ecologists who hâve made important, andlong sustained, contributions to the field," according to the constitution of the society.Working with insects, as well as with sta-tistics, Park has been investigating basic scientific problems of population growth andrégulation since he was an undergraduate.After having joined the University of Chi-•cago in 1937 he was also a Rockëfeller Foundation Fellow at Oxford University and a visit-ing professor at the University of California.In 1949, Park was senior scientific attachéat the United States Embassy in London. Healso was président of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science in 1961 and .of the Ecological Society of America in 1959.X Dr. CHARLES B. HUGGINS, 1966 Nobellauréate in medicine and a University of Chicago faculty member, has been named to thehonorary post of chancëllor of Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada.Dr. Huggins is the William B. Ogden Distinguished Service Professor and directoremeritus in the Ben May Laboratory for CancerResearch in the Division of the Biological Sciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine atthe University.He will continue to live in Chicago and doresearch full-time in his présent faculty position at Chicago. He will visit Acadia University three or four times a year for periods ofseveral days to préside at convocations anduniversity cérémonies.A native of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Dr. Huggins is a 1 920 graduate of Acadia University.He received the MD degree at Harvard University in 1924 and held a surgical internship andinstructorship at the University of Michiganbefore joining the University of Chicago in1 927. He has been a faculty member of theUniversity of Chicago's médical school, todayknown as the Pritzker School of Medicine,since 1927.Dr. Huggins in 1966 shared the NobelPrize in medicine with Dr. Peyton Rous ofRockëfeller University. He received the prizefor his discoveries concerning the hormonaltreatment of prostate cancer. Dr. Huggins headed the Ben May Laboratory from its establishment in 195 1 until1 969. The laboratory recently moved intonew quarters, consisting of the top four storiesof the north wing of the University of ChicagoHospitals and Clinics.X NOR val MORRIS, the Julius Kreeger Professor of Law and Criminology, has beenelected to the Board of Trustées of the National Council on Crime and Delinquency. Aninternationally recognized educator and crimi-nologist, he is presently director of the Centerfor Studies in Criminal Justice at the University of Chicago.Prior to thèse appointments, Dr. Morris wasthe director of the United Nations Institutefor the Prévention of Crime and Treatment ofOffenders in Tokyo.Born in New Zealand, he received his LLBand LLM degrees at the University of Melbourne, Australia. Later, he obtained a PhDdegree in law and criminology at London University.He is the author of innumerable articles andco-author of The Honest Politician's Guide toCrime Control.Dr. Morris currently serves as chairman ofthe Illinois Governor's Advisory Council onAdult Corrections and was a member of thePrésidents Task Force on Prisoner Rehabilitation in 1969-70.Dr. Morris is a récipient of the HutchinsonSilver Medal, London School of Economies,London University, for his outstanding thesisin the fields of law, political science, international relations, and political history.Headquartered in Paramus, New Jersey, theNational Council on Crime and Delinquencyis the nation's leading non-governmentalagency in the crime control field. It was established in 1907 to help improve the criminaljustice System through research, surveys, stan-dard-setting and citizen action, courts andcorrections.X Five outstanding scholars joined the facultyof the Division of the Social Sciences at theUniversity in October.They are BARRY d. KARL, professor of his tory at Brôwn University; STANLEY LIEBER-SON, former professor of sociology and director of the Center for Studies in Demographyand Ecology at the University of Washington;RALPH W. NICHOLAS, professor of anthro-pology at Michigan State University; MICHAELSILVERSTEIN, a junior fellow in linguistics atHarvard University; and JOHN D. KASARDA,instructor of population problems at the University of North Carolina.Karl, forty-four, was appointed professorof American history in the Department ofHistory. He received his AM ( 1 95 1 ) from theUniversity of Chicago and PhD ( 1 960 ) fromHarvard University. In 1963, Karl was co-winner of the Harvard University Press FacultyPrize for his book, Executive Reorganizationand Reform in the New Deal ( Harvard University Press, 1963 ) .Liebersoh, thirty-eight, received his AM degree (1958) and PhD (i960) from the University of Chicago.Nicholas, thirty-six, will be professor in theDepartment of Anthropology and the Col-legiate Division of the Social Sciences. He received his AB degree ( 1957 ) from the University of Chicago. He is a member of Phi BetaKappa. Over the past ten years he has conducted extensive anthropological field researchin rural areas of the West Bengal State inIndia.Silverstein, twenty-six, will be an associateprofessor in the Departments of Anthropologyand Linguistics. He received his BA degree( 1965 ) summa cum laude from Harvard Collège and his PhD ( 1 969 ) from Harvard University. He is a member of Phi Beta Kappaand reads, writes, and speaks eight languages.Silverstein, who also reads texts fluently inseveral American Indian languages, is a formerNational Science Foundation Graduate Fellowin Linguistics.Kasarda, an assistant professor in the Department of Sociology, received his PhD( 1 97 1 ) from the University of North Carolina. He is a member of the American Soci-ological Association, the Population Association of America, and the Southern Sociologi-cal Society.36Now Available To Members OfALUMNI ASSOCIATION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOAnd Their Immédiate FamiliesNever Before A Vacation Value To Matchnomm caRnivàlONE FULL gLORIOUS WEEK IN SUNNY ITALY:ROME-NAPLESCAPRi • SORRENTOPOMPEII ! !Steeped in history, rich in art, bursting withmusic, sunshine and beauty, spiced withgood food and wine, Italy welcomes you tothe vacation adventure of the year.¦4 $449per person double occupancy plus 10%tax and services via Overseas 'NationalAirwaysLOOK AT EVERYTHING THAT'S INCLUDED IN THIS VACATION OF A LIFETIME!!• Round trip jet flights with food and beveragesserved aloft• Accommodations at the world famous deluxehôtels: The Cavalieri Hilton, Hôtel Excelsior orcomparable hôtel in Rome and deluxe hôtelsin the Romantic South• Full American breakfasts• Gourmet dinners nightly at your sélection ofsome of Rome's finest restaurants• Ail meals (breakfast, lunch and dinner) in theRomantic South• AH gratuitiesDEPARTING ON JULY 14, 1972 FROM CHICAGO, • Welcome cocktail party• Specially arranged optional sidetrips• Free sightseeing tour of Rome• Ail transfers• Àll luggage delivered to and from your hôtelrooms and airports (tips included)• Pre-registration at ail hôtels• Tour escôrt throughout• Carnival staff in your hôtels• NO REGIMENTATION — you are free to do asyou please, when and where you pleaseILLINOISUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO ALUMNI ASSOCIATION5733 S. University Avenue/Chicago, Illinois 60637/(312) 753-2175Please PrintGentlemen: Enclosed please find $ of persons.Make check or money order payable to: ROMAN CARNIVAL$449.90 per person double occupancy. $100 minimum deposit per person. Final payment due 30 daysbefore departure. as deposit D as payment in full D for . numberNAME_STREET.CITY _PHONE_.STATE _ .ZIP.DEPARTURE CITY. _DEPARTURE DATE.Return this réservation immediately to insure space. Réservations limited. Single accommodations anadditional $50 Cancellations accepted up to 45 days before departure; within 45 days, $100cancellation charge. D Please send me your ROMAN CARNIVAL brochure.alumni ^h(ewsClub Events Class Notesbloomington/peoria: Alumni of Bloom-ington-Normal and Peoria, 111., gathered onJanuary 1 4 at Illinois Wesleyan University tohear Martin E. Marty, professor and associatedean of the Divinity School, speak on "TheRelocation of Religion in American Culture."Stanley Heggen served as chairman.CHICAGO: Six hundred fifty alumni flocked tothe Mandel Hall performance- of "The Best ofSecond City" on February 24. The event, whichwas jointly sponsored by the Alumni Association and the Student Activities Office, provedso popular that two performances had to bescheduled— and both were sold out.DETROIT/LANSING: On January 26 Julian H.Levi, professor of urban studies and executivedirector of the South East Chicago Commission, spoke to alumni on "Urban America— theFading of the American Dream." His talk,which followed a dinner meeting at RaleighHouse, concerned the prospects for our cities'survival. George Fulkerson served as chairmanfor the meeting.LOS ANGELES: Dr. Daniel X. Freedman, theLouis Block Professor of Psychiatry and chairman of the department, spoke on treatmentand rehabilitation programs for hard-drugaddicts on January 27 in an address entitled,"Treatment of the Addict: The Politics ofCutbacks and Cures."NEW YORK: Nicholas Rudall, associate professor of classics, and his wife, Diane, per-formed a séries of Shakespearian scènes beforethe New York club at their January 1 3 meeting. Rudall is director of University Théâtreand teaches the University's first course on thetechniques and philosophy of the théâtre.OAK PARK/RIVER FOREST: On January 2 1two hundred suburban Chicago alumni hadthe opportunity to view the private art collection of alumnus Joseph R. Shapiro, présidentof Chicago's Muséum of Contemporary Artand donor of the University's "Art to LiveWith" collection. Wrote one alumna: "It wasa rare and fabulous opportunity." SAINT LOUIS: Local University of Chicagoalumni staged a joint meeting on February 2with the Bar Association of Metropolitan St.Louis. The featured speaker was Arthur E.Wise, associate dean and assistant professor inthe Graduate School of Education, who spokeon "Equality of Educational Opportunity andthe Law." The hospitality committee includedHarry Fisher, Roger Bernhardt, and LéonardSchermer.SAN FRANCISCO: Alumnus Alfred V. Frank-enstein, art critic of the San Francisco Chron-icle, spoke to the San Francisco club on artforgery détection February 9. His talk, entitled"After the Hunt, or Sleuthing among StillLifes," was held at the San Francisco Muséumof Art.WASHINGTON, D. C: "Prisons 1972" was thesubject of Norval Morris' address to the Washington club on February 29. Morris, the JuliusKreeger Professor of Law and Criminology,was introduced by Congressman Abner Mikva( D-Ill. ) , JD' 5 1 . The event was jointly sponsored by the Washington club and the LawAlumni Association.FIFTY DANCING GIRLS-FIFTY-won t be therefor ALUMNI REUNION, June 2 and 3, butalmost everyone else will be. And that includesthe Class of 1922, whose planning committeehas already secured commkments from overone hundred class members who plan to attend. Contact El wood Ratcl ift, 612 FranklinAvenue, River Forest, ïll. 60305, with suggestions! The Class of 1927, which will hold itsreunion dinner at the Quad Club June 2, isplanning to raise $45,000 for student aid inhonor of their forty-fifth anniversary. ContactJ. Parker Hall, 2369 Maple Lane, HighlandPark, 111. 60035, for more information. Otherclasses with definite reunion plans currentlyunder way are 1 9 3 2 ( contact Jean Hyde Kroe-sen or Jack Berghoff) ; 1937; and 1942. Wantto plan a Reunion? Hâve questions? Need aclassmate's address? Call the Alumni Office!(312) 753-2175. f\ A JOSEPH R. MORRELL, MD'04, °n E>e-l* cember 7 , the occasion of his ninety-third birthday, was honored at a luncheon atOfficers' Open Mess, Défense Depot Ogden( Utah ) . Base physician for eleven years untilhis retirement in 1967, he was born in Logan,Utah, in 1878.IN MEMORIAM: Charles F. Leland, AB'04;Maude Clendening Lower, PhB'04; Ernest J.Stevens, PhB'04.T r\ JESSIE HECKMAN HIRSCHL, PhB'lO,a Hyde Park résident for most of herlife until she moved to California in 1964 tobe close to her daughter, died in Pasadena onMarch 4 at the âge of eighty-three. A UCAlumni Citation winner in 1950, Mrs. Hirschlwas a tireless and loyal University and civicsupporter who worked for the Mary McDowellSettlement League, Chicago Lying-In Hospital,International House, the League for Peace andFreedom, the Jane Adams Center, and theOriental Institute. She is survived by herdaughter, MARY HERSCHEL SWANBERG, SB'43,MD'46, of Atherton, Calif., and two sons:W. AUSTIN HERSCHEL, AB41, AM'51, of SanAntonio, Texas, and ANDREW J. HERSCHEL,X'40, of Franklin Lakes, New Jersey.T T HARVEY FLETCHER, PhD' 1 1 , who de-veloped the first stéréophonie soundSystem in 1933 while he was with the BellTéléphone Laboratories, is still busily unravel-ing the yet-unsolved mysteries of sound in his$8,000 anechoic (echoless) lab on the campusof Brigham Young University where he isdean emeritus of the Collège of Physical andEngineering Sciences. His latest research,which involves the measuring of the physicalproperties of musical sounds— frequencies,intensities, harmonies, vibratos, trémolos— isdirected toward determining why each instrument sounds characteristically the way that itdoes.IN MEMORIAM: Herbert L. Willett, Jr.,AB'n.T r\ IN MEMORIAM: James F. Groves, SM'12,PhD' 1 5 ; Thure Hedman, PhB' 1 2 ; HomerB. Reed, PhD' 12.38r ^ IN MEMORIAM: Heber M. Hays, Am'i 3,A^) PhD'31; Alfred P. James, AM' 13,phD'24; Smart A. Prosser, X'13; Julia Daven-port Randall, AM' 1 3 ; Weightstill Woods,jd' 1 3 ; LeRoy B. Young, LLB' 1 3.HAlberta Homestead: Chronicle of aPioneer Family, editëd by LATHROP E.ROBERTS, SB' 14, PhD'19, professor emeritusof chemistry at the University of Arizona,originally published by the Modem Press,Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in 1968, has justbeen released in a U. S. édition by the University of Texas Press. An authentic chronicle ofpioneer life taken from his mother's hand-written daily record of events when the Robertsfamily moved and settled in western Canada,the book has been praised by the Alberta His-torical Review as "one of the most significant,interesting and well-written accounts of pioneer life in western Canada."IN MEMORIAM: Frank L. Berger, SB' 14;Maurice L. Heller, PhB'14; J. Warren Mad-den, JD'14; Dorothy Williston Shor, PhB'14.T £ RUTH GRIMES E WING, AB' I 5 , AM' 2 1 ,+J has just published a book, Our Life withthe Garos of Assam, India, through DorrancePublishers, Philadelphia. She and her husband,RAYMOND H. EWING, DB'2 1, AM'29, also anordained minister of the United Church ofChrist, hâve two children and now live inStaples, Minnesota.IN MEMORIAM: Harold L. Allsopp, PhB'i 5;Ethel Russell Wickenden, PhB'15.T A IN MEMORIAM: B. C Bren, SB' 16; FerneGildersleeve Dahl, PhB' 1 6; Archie Leland Gleason, SB' 1 6, MD' 1 8 ; John V. McCor-mick, JD' 1 6; Léo T. Wolf ord, JD' 1 6.T n JOHN H. NICHOLS, MD' 1 7 , Oberlin,/ Qhio, returns this June to CampPemigewassett on the shores of Baker Lake,near Wentworth, N. H., for his fifty-third yearthere as a camp director and owner. Until hisf etirement in 1955, Dr. Nichols was professorof physical éducation and for twenty yearsdirector of athletics at Oberlin Collège.FREDERICK W. STAVELY, SM'17, PhD'22, has won the 1972 Charles Goodyear Medal,the highest honor in rubber chemistry. Leading a team of scientists at the Firestone Tire &Rubber Company, Akron, Ohio, where he wasdirector of the chemical and physical researchlaboratories, Dr. Stavely developed a processthat led to the synthesis of natural rubber in1955. In addition to supervising the development of suitable compounding techniques forthe wide use of the new rubber, he also di-rected the research on another new rubbercalled "polybutadiene rubber" and developedit into commercial production.TA VAN METER AMES, PhB'19, PhD'24,y emeritus professor of philosophy at theUniversity of Cincinnati, was in Tokyo duringOctober participating in a lecture séries on hisgreat Chicago philosophy teacher, GeorgeHerbert Mead. Professor Ames' book, Zen andAmerican Thought (University of HawaiiPress, 1 962 ) , is currently being translated intoJapanese. Also présent at the Mead seminarwas DAVID L. MILLER, PfiD'32, University ofTexas, who is authoring a book, The Philosophy of George H. Mead.r\ T ROY R. GRINKER, SR., SB'2 1 , MD'2 1 , hasbeen elected to the Board of Trustées ofChicago's Michael Reese Hospital and MédicalCenter. Founder and director of the hospital'sPsychosomatic and Psychiatrie Institute andchairman of its Department of Psychiatry, Dr.Grinker is also a professor of psychiatry atUC's Pritzker School of Medicine.ALICE BAILEY NIGHTINGALE, SM'2 I ,PhD' 3 2 , professor emeritus of biological sciences at the School of the Ozarks, Point Look-out, Mo., has been notified that she will receivea listing in the British publication, Two Thou-sand Women of Distinction— 197 2. Since herretirement in 1969, Dr. Nightingale has beendeveloping a herbarium collection which already contains more than five thousand spécimens of Ozarks plants. In 1970 the schoolnamed the Alice A. Nightingale Cedar GladePréserve in her honor.IN MEMORIAM: Milton M. Bowen, PhB'2 1 ;Mabel Garden Masten, SB'21, MD'2 6; M.Aurilla Wood, PhB'2 1, AM'26. f> rs About sixty portraits from the work ofEDWARD H. WEISS, PhB'22, artist, col-lector, and chairman of the board of EdwardH. Weiss and Company, Chicago ad agency,hâve been on exhibit ( January 3 1 -March 25)at Mundelein Collège in Chicago. Spanningthe past thirty years of his work, the portraitsinclude assemblage, collage, oil, and acrylicportraits of personalities from Pope John XXIIIto Golda Meir to Marilyn Monroe.IN MEMORIAM: Fabian Miller Kannenstine,PhD'22; Samuel H. Nerloye, PhB'22, AM'23;Charles A. Siler, MD'2 2; Chauncey W. Smith,SM'2 2; Archer C. Sudan, SB'2 2, SM'2 3, MD'2 6.r\ ^ CLARENCEBURTON DAY, AM'23, StillJ writing at the âge of eighty-two, reportsthe following: the second édition of hisChinese Peasant Cuits was published in 1969in Taipei, Taiwan; The Candleberry Taies (ofChina) was published in 197 1 in Taipei; TheDragon' s Puise, a novel, is scheduled for publication in 1972 in Taipei; Peasant Cuits inIndia, illustrated with thirty-eight color platesof Hindu deities, is likewise scheduled for publication in 1972 in Taipei; and Career inCathay, his memoirs, will be published in 1972in Taipei. Mr. Day résides in Duarte, Calif.WALDEMAR M. HEIDTKE, AM'23, since hisretirement from the faculty of Concordia Collège in Milwaukee in 1966, has been at theUniversity of Heidelberg doing graduate workin German history and literature and workingon a doctoral thèsis, entitled "The LiteraryCharacter of the Protestant Hymn." First inGermany in 1939, Heidtke was on the last shipto leave Hamburg for the U. S. later that year(August) before World War II erupted. Hesubsequently served as a translater at theNuremberg Trials.r% £ CARTER V. GOOD, PhD' 2 5, dean andJy professor emeritus of the University ofCincinnati's Collège of Education and HomeEconomies, has had the second revised éditionof his research methods text, Essentials of Edu-cational Research, released by Appleton-Cen-tury-Crofts, New York. Dr. Good, who retiredin 1 968 after a thirty-eight year career at Cincinnati, is also editor of ail three éditions of39the Dictionary of Education ( McGraw-Hill ) .IN MEMORIAM : Varney C. Arnspiger, X' 2 5 ;Helen W. Henderson, PhB'2 5; Florence A.Imlay, AM'2 5 ; Ted R. Ray, AB'2 5 ; Peter L.Wentz, JD'25.r% ^J ALBERT W. MEYER, SB'27, PhD'30,has/ retired as executive secretary of thePlastics Institute of America, Hoboken, N J.,and will continue to work for the firm part-time as a consultant.IN MEMORIAM: Miriam Beauchamp Gal-lagher, PhB'27 ; George L. Maury, LLB'27 ;Benjamin Charles Piser, JD'27; Roger S.Strout, SM'27.0 O JEANNE DeLAMARTER BONNETTE,y X'29, has just had her fifth book ofpoetry, In This Place, published by South andWest, Inc., Fort Smith, Arkansas. Mrs. Bonnette recently produced two séries for KNME-TV in Albuquerque, including eight weeks ofpoetry readings by members of the NewMexico Poetry Society of which she is viceprésident.ELIZABETH MICHAEL, AM'2 9, professor offoreign languages at Eastern Illinois University, has been decorated by the French government Her award, the "Chevalier dans l'Orderdes Palmes Académiques," goes only to those"who hâve distinguished themselves in university teaching and hâve given of themselves inthe propagation of French culture."IN MEMORIAM: I. Owen Horsfall, AM'2 9;Harry L. Monroe, PhB'2 9; Parke HaroldWoodard, MD'29.1 O VICTOR H- EVJEN, AM'30, assistant^J chief of probation in the Administrative Office of the U. S. Courts since 1 940 andfor eighteen years editor of the journal FédéralProbation, retired from government service inDecember. The 1 968 winner of the Irving W.Halpern award, one of the two top awards inthe field of criminal justice presented each yearby the National Council on Crime and Delinquency, Mr. Evjen played a prominent part inreorganizing and modernizing the Army'sparole program for gênerai prisoners.ELIZABETH PAXTON LAM, AM'30, PhD'39, , who retired in August as executive associatefor the Committee on International Exchangeof Persons, and JOHN ALBERT VIEG, PhD'37,retired professor of government at Pomona( Calif . ) Collège and the Claremont GraduateSchool, were married in October in Alexan-dria, Va. The couple will spend the springmonths in Alexandria but will make Claremont, Calif., their permanent home.IN MEMORIAM: Robert W. Feyerharm,x'30; Ernest S. Oison, MD'30; Ashby G. Smith,PhB'30, JD'32. .^ T ALICE L. EBEL, AM'3 1 , professor ofJ political science at Illinois State University ( Bloomington-Normal ) and head ofthe Department of Political Science there from1966 to 1969, has retired after more thanthirty-seven years of teaching. First womanever to be elected to the McLean County ( 111. )Board of Supervisors in 1961 and a memberof that body ever since, Dr. Ebel was selected"Woman of the Year" by the Bloomington-Normal Professional Woman's Club in 1961.LEIF ERICKSON, PhB'31, JD'34, attorney inHelena, Mont., has been appointed to thePrésidents Council of Carroll Collège ( Helena) . A former associate justice of the Montana Suprême Court, Mr. Erickson served as adelegate to the Démocratie National Conventions from 1952 through 1968.IN MEMORIAM: Grâce M. Henderson,SM'31.^2 O NORMA ROOKER TURNESA, PhB' 3 2 , isJy teaching French this year at Port Charlotte (Fia.) University.IN MEMORIAM: Gilbert W. Bannerman,AM'3 2; Frank Crowe, PhB'32, JD'35; S. King-sley Shull, SB'32; I. Jacques Yetwin, SM'32.^ £ The Révérend EVERETT C. PARKER,Sj %D AB' 3 5 , is director of the Office of Communication of the United Church of Christ,New York City, responsible for the denomina-tion's relationships to the press, TV and radio,and motion pictures, and for educational workin mass communication. Also chairman of theBroadcasting and Film Commission of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U. S. A., Dr. Parker has led a twenty-five-yearcrusade to make broadeasters accountable tothe public and to gain access to the air on radioand TV for blacks and other minorities and hasactively opposed the broadcasting of extremistviews without time being made available to airopposing opinions. In 1969 he received thefirst Alfred I. DuPont-Columbia University ;Award "for long and devoted advocacy of thepublic interest in broadcasting." Writer andproducer of numerous national radio and TVprograms, Dr. Parker is currently producing"Congressional Comment," a séries of five-minute daily radio programs aired on morethan 950 stations in which Congressmen express their opinions on various issues.O^ FREDERICK L. DEVEREUX, JR., X' 37,J / whose article "Local Hour Angle ofAries Tables" was published in the summer1 97 1 issue of the Journal of the Institute ofNavigation, moved in January to South Wood-stock, Vermont. His book Practical Navigationfor the Yachtsman is set for publication thisspring by W. W. Norton, New York.GEORGE N. STEWART, SB' 3 7, SM' 3 9, hasmoved to an apartment in Greensburg, Pa."With our baby a senior at Penn State," hequips, "discrétion dictated unloading the oldhouse so that our six children, twenty-fivegrandchildren and one great grandson wouldbe limited to visiting in shifts."IN MEMORIAM: Abraham J. Kosman,PhD'37.s* V LeROY T. CARLSON, AB'38, chairman^3 and président of Téléphone and DataSystems, Inc., Chicago, has been named a director of the newly-formed Rural TéléphoneBank, according to a White House announcement. Mr. Carlson will be one of three members representing commercial borrowers on thethirteen-man board of the new bank.EDWARD T. MYERS, SB'38, engineeringeditor of Modem Railroads magazine, wasmarried in Chicago recently to Laura MarionPazder, a secretary in the mechanical depart-ment of the Illinois Central Railroad.IN MEMORIAM: George C Comstock,PhD' 3 8.401 O ROBERT °* ANDERSON, AB'39, boardJ) / chairman of the Atlantic RichfieldCompany and trustée of the University, wasnamed Youth Services National Industry Manof the Year by thè B'nai B'rith on December 6at their Fifth Annual Youth Services dinner,New York City.CAROL COTTON BOWIE, PhD' 3 9, who diedin November, 1 97 1 , was the subject of thefollowing moving tribute by RUTH BISHOPHEISER, SM'36, PhD'39: "Mrs. Bowie had amulti-racial, multi-national, multi-cul turalhéritage. When old enough to enter collège,she moved to Oberlin, Ohio, and then went onto pursue graduate work at the University ofChicago from which she received a doctoratein psychology in 1939. Her career includedemployment by a number of governmentalagencies, but as a dedicated black Americanshe chose to spend the major portion of hertime as a stafï member of Negro collèges :Knoxville Collège (1932-36), Barber- ScotiaCollège ( 1 940-43 ) , and North Carolina Collège ( 1 95 1 -62 ) . That courage to do what shebelieved would lead to better understandingand productivité among ail those she knewdominated her entire life; it likewise was thedriving force in her death."ELOISE CLARKE FREDERICK, AM'3 .9, retiredin September as a high school social studiesteacher in New Orléans. A member of the vLeague o£ Women Voters, Foreign RelationsAssociation, American Civil Liberties Union,and the United Negro Collège Fund, she plansto center her volunteer activities with the NewOrléans branch of "Friends of Amistad."IN MEMORIAM: Charles R.'Purdy, SM'39.A Ç\ ARTHUR HILLMAN, PhD'40, professorT" of sociology and chairman of the inter-departmental Urban Studies Program atRoosevelt University, Chicago, left January 3 1on a seven-month study tour, on a researchfellowship, through England, Scotland, Hol-land, Sweden and Finland to investi gâte thesocial aspects of planned new communities. "Itcan be assumed that something distinctive oc-curs in the life of people who corne togetherto live under new physical conditions," ex-plained Hillman who will observe about six new towns on the tour and do intensive fieldwork on three. He feels that a study of thesocial aspects of new towns also may throwlight on community processes in gênerai.WILLIAM C. ROGERS, AB'40, AM'41, PhD'43,director of the Minnesota World Affairs Center, University of Minnesota, was elected président of the Society for Citizen Education inWorld Affairs at its annual meeting held recently in Washington.NORMAN B. SIGBAND, AB'40, AM'41,PhD' 5 4, professor oi business communicationsin the Graduate School of Business, Universityof Southern California, was named recently toreceive the Dean's Award as "outstanding professor" in USC's School of Business Administration. Communications for Management, Dr.Sigband's newest book, has been released byScott, Foresman and Company.A A MARTHA MITCHELL BIGELOW, AM'44,ri PhD'46, formerly chairman of the history and political science department at Mississippi Collège, Clinton, Miss., has beennamed director of the historical division ofMichigan's Department of State ( formerly theState Historical Commission ) . Dr. Bigelowhas published several articles oh the Civil Warand Reconstruction period and is currentlyworking on a two-volume history of the blackin Mississippi during that period.DOROTHY SEFCIK BLADT, SB'44, associateprofessor of teacher éducation at WesternMichigan University, is one of six fellowfaculty members to hâve been named a winnerof WMU's alumni award for teaching excellence. As a winner, she received a certificateand pocketed a $ 1 ,000 check.MAURICE R. HILLEMAN, PfiD'44, directorof virus and cell biology research at the MerckInstitute for Therapeutic Research in suburbanPhiladelphia, has been named winner of the197 1 Procter Award of the Philadelphia DrugExchange, an award presented for outstandingachievement that has benefited the health ofthe public and has contributed to the progressof the health professions in the pharmaceuticalindustry. Dr. Hilleman, whose research inviral diseases and their prévention was creditedwith blunting the impact on the U. S. of a severe influenza épidémie from the Far East in1 9 5 7 5 was cited for the leading rôle he hasplayed in virus research ranging from influenza to cancer.A J* ELIZAMcCORMICKFELD, PhB'45,TJ JD'48, Cambridge, Mass., is happy toannounce that "I hâve at last had a book published." Would You Believe Love, a novelwritten under the name of Eliza McCormack,was published by Random House this past fall.FRANZ SCHULZE, PhB'45, acting chairmanof the Department of Fine Arts, Lake Forest( 111. ) Collège, has won a $ 10,000 GrahamFoundation Fellowship for his projected bookon the revival of commercial architecture inChicago since the mid- 1950s. He plans to dothe research and writing during his sabbaticalleave in 1972-73. Professor Schulze writesregularly on Chicago's art scène for the Chicago Daily News' weekly Panorama magazine.IN MEMORIAM: Betty Dieterich Cutler,AM'45; Wilber C. Harr, PhD'45; Esther E.Twente, AM'45.a **] The Party's Over: The Failure of Poli-l" / tics in America, by national politicalcorrespondent for the Washington Post andnationally syndicated columnist DAVID S.BRODER, AB'47, AM'5 1, was released for publication by Harper & Row on March 1.JOSEPH ORME EVANS, AB'47, Bloomington(111.) architect, designed Lincoln (111.) Col-lege's new Johnston Center for PerformingArts which was dedicated in February.'CARL W. LARSEN, X'47, director of publicinformation, National Accelerator Laboratory,Batavia, 111., for the past four years, has beenappointed director of public affairs for theSmithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C.MICHAEL WEINBERG, JR., AB'47, treasurer,Weinberg Brothers & Company, has beenelected to a one-year term as chairman of theChicago Mercantile Exchange Board of Gov-ernors.A V FLOYD J. LANDIS, PhB'48, vice presi-i" dent for development at the MannesCollège of Music for two years, is now directorof development for the Metropolitan Opéra4iAssociation. Several years ago in memory oftwo great teachers at the University LaboratorySchools, Mr. Landis endowed the Bovée-SpinkAward for excellence in French studies. "Oneof my objectives in creating this endowment,"he writes, "was to encourage other alumni tomemorialize their teachers in a similar mariner."D. T. LINGO, PhB'48, AM'51, author ofNeural Cybernetics, Syllabus of Survival, andThe Iron Book, is director of the AdventureTrails Survival School near Blackhawk, Colo.In opération since 1957, the school researchesand teaches brain self-control "to reach ahigher state of consciousness and créativeability."A r\ CLARK BUBLITZ, PhB'49, PhD'55, hasI / been promoted to associate professorof biochemistry in the University of ColoradoSchool of Medicine.JAMES FINN, AM'49, is editor of World-view, a new monthly journal devoted to ethicsand international affairs. Finn is the author ofone récent book, Protest: Pacifism and Politics,and the editor of two others: Conscience andCommand: Justice and Discipline in theMilitary and A Confiict of Loyalties: The Casefor Sélective Conscientious Objection.CO VERA CHANDLER POSTER, AM'50,3 Tuskegee Institute, Ala., citizen/volun-teer extraordinary, conceived and conductedthe project HELP FOR HUNGER (under theDelta Sigma Thêta Sorority ) to acquaint thepublic with the needs, opérations and servicesavailable to the needy through food programs.As part of the project, she spearheaded a localdrive among black collège students for contributions to the NAACP Emergency ReliefFund which raised more than one thousanddollars worth of food to be distributed to needyfamilies in the area.EDWARD E. MARCUS, AM'50, resigned onJanuary 1 as assistant director of the PublicPersonnel Association in order to résumestudies at the University of Chicago where heis pursuing a PhD degree in éducation, spécial -izing in the éducation and training of theaged. He continues to free-lance on a con sultant basis in the design and planning ofconférences and seminars, personnel management, and manpower planning.WALTER E. RUTLEDGE, MBA' 50, receivedhis doctorate in May, 197 1, from the Schoolof Education, Georgia State University, and ispresently department chairman, Office Occupations, Atlanta Area Technical School.IN MEMORIAM: Richard S. Brody, AB'50,JD53; John F. Kreiner, X'50; Christine C.Tetaz, AB'50.5T ARTHUR MOSKOWITZ, SM' 5 I , has beennamed to the new post of vice présidentof technical services for the Crucible stainlessdivision of Coït Industries, Pittsburgh. He hadbeen director of technical services.MARGUERITE CAROLINE RAND, PhD'51,professor emerita in the Department of Span-ish and Portuguese, University of Maryland,has written a book on Ramôn Pérez de Ayala,published by Twayne in New York as part oftheir Twayne World Author Séries.IN MEMORIAM: Don L. Weston, AM'5 1.5rs JAMES V. COMPTON, AM' 5 2 , San Francisco State Collège, is editor of a newbook just published by Houghton Mifflin,America and the Origins of the Cold War. Inthe book, fifteen articles written by Americanand European historians and political scientistsare included to présent a wide range of perspectives on the development of the Cold War.Dr. Compton has been the récipient of a KonradAdenauer Fellowship in International Affairsand is author of The Swastika and the Eagle:Hitler, the United States and the Origins ofWorld War II, also published by HoughtonMifflin.WAYNE SELSOR, DB'52, until recently withthe Council of Churches, is now working assilversmith, artist sculptor, and teacher atCreighton University, the University of Ne-braska at Omaha and Joslyn Muséum.£ P* PAUL A. COHEN, AB' 5 5 , prof essor ofO O history at Wellesley Collège, has beennamed the first récipient of the school's EdithStix Wasserman Chair in Far Eastern Studies.A specialist in modem Chinese history, Mr. Cohen is an associate of thé East Asian Research Center at Harvard. At présent, he isworking on a book about Wang T'ao, pioneerreformer and journalist in nineteenth centuryChina.GLENN W. GILMAN, PhD'55, reports that it's"rather lonely" at the Collège of IndustrialManagement, Georgia Tech ( Atlanta ) , wherehe is the Régent' s Professor of Management,because there is "only one other sociologist."r* f\ ROBERT H. BOSCH, AB' 5 6, has been3 promoted to assistant vice président ofthe Ohio National Bank, Columbus, Ohio.DARWIN T. TURNER, PhD' 5 6, fcrof essor ofEnglish at the University of Michigan, is au- .thor of the recently published In a MinorChord: Three Afro- American W rit ers andTheir Search for Identity ( Southern IllinoisUniversity Press ) . In the critique Mr. Turnertraces the careers of Jean Toomer, CounteeCullen, and Zbra Neale Hurston, ail importantfigures in the Harlem Renaissance of the1 92 os, the first period during which a significant number of people examined Afro- American culture and encouraged black authors andartists to increase their productivity.£ m YUNG-KEUN LEE, SM'57, nuclear phys-O / icist and biophysicist, has been promoted to full professor at the Johns HopkinsUniversity, Baltimore. A discovery by Dr. Leein 1965 led to an investigation of new Moss-bauer gamma rays which revealed vital information on atomic nuclei. He also inventeda new gamma ray polarization detector whichis now widely used, and he is assisting in theconstruction at Hopkins of what may well bethe most powerful électron microscope inexistence when completed next year.F* V carl O. BANGS, PhD' 5 8, professor of3 historical theology at Saint Paul Schoolof Theology, Kansas City, has authored a newbook, Arminius: A Study in the Dutch Reformation ( Abingdon Press, Nashville, Tenn.).CHARLES M. BAUGH, SB' 5 8, is at the University of Alabama in Birmingham School ofMedicine where he is a professor of biochemistry in the departments of pediatrics, biochem-42istry, and medicine, and heads the biochemistrysection, nutrition program.SURINDAR KUMAR TREHAN, PhD' 5 8, is aprofessor of applied mathematics at PanjabUniversity, Chandigarh, Panjab, India.IN MEMORIAM: Miles E. Taylor, MBA' 5 8.H f\ FRANKLIN A. KATZ, MD'59, Los An-3 / gelés pediatrician and an associate professor at the University of Southern California,is serving with Project HOPE's postgraduatemédical éducation program in the West Indiesthis year.EDWARD WALBRIDGE, SB'59, SM'6o, PhD' 67,a research coordinator to the Urban MassTransportation Association of the Universityof Illinois Chicago Circle Campus and assistantprofessor in the school's Department of Systems Engineering, has been appointed by thevillage board as the Libertyville (111.) trustéeto the North Suburban Mass Transit District.At présent, he is working on a Personal RapidTransit plan in which a commuter enters avehicle, dials his destination, and lets the cartake over. The speed and most efficient routeare determined and controlled by computer.A ç± EARL JOHNSON, JR., JD'6o, professorat the University of Southern CaliforniaLaw Center, has been awarded a $2,000 JustinDart Award for académie innovation for hisrôle in conceiving and developing the "USCClinical Semester," believed to be the first full-time, law school supervised internship for lawstudents in the country. Under the program,students spend two full days a week workingin neighborhood law offices handling the civilproblems of the poor and two full days serving,as student prosecutors or defenders in thecriminal courts. On the fifth day, they attendclasses which stress skills relevant to trial procédure. Students in the program personallyprosecute preliminary hearings in felony casesand jury trials in misdemeanor cases under thesupervision of the Los Angeles District At-torney's Office.A. E. NYEMA JONES, SM'6o, PhD'62, waspromoted to the position of deputy minister oflands and mines during the reorganization ofthe Liberian government following the inaugu ration of Président Tolbert this January. Mr.Jones had headed the Liberian GeologicalSurvey.GEORGE N. TRUJILLO, AM'6o, recentlymoved to Tucson, Arizona, where he is thenew director of the Social Work Department,University of Arizona, University Hospital.Mr. Trujillo, who has been cited for distinguished service in médical and psychiatricalsocial work, was listed in the twelfth édition ofWho9 s Who in the West.A| GEORGE JOHN PAPAGIANNIS, AB'6l,until recently deputy director for theCenter for Cross-Cultural Training and Research, University of Hawaii, Hilo, Hawaii,is at Stanford now studying for his doctorate ininternational development éducation. He willbe returning shortly to Thailand to conducthis field work where he previously spent anumber of years as régional director for thePeace Corps.A ^ PAULBLACKSTONE,AM'63,assumedJ the position of director of counselingservices at the Family and Children's Serviceof Fort Wayne, Ind., in August.PHILIP S. DALE, SB' 63, is "recovering fromthe culture shock" of returning to the University of Washington, where he is assistant professor of psychology and linguistics, after asabbatical visit to the University of Edinburgh,where he studied language and cognitive development in cmldren. His book, LanguageDevelopment: Structure and Function, will bepublished in March (Dryden Press ) . His sonJonathan "is busy disproving most of thebook."WALTER SCOTT, JR., AM'63, has beencommissioned a captain in the Air Force andis doing psychiatrie social work at Forbes AirForce Base Hospital, Topeka, Kansas.A A JAN HOWARD FINDER, SM'64, who is¦"currently teaching chemistry at theMayen Gymnasium, Mayen, Germany, is busyputting together another Tolkien program,this time for EUROCON-I, an all-European science fiction conférence to be held in Trieste,Italy, in July. RICHARD L. JACOBSON, SB' 64, clerked fora year for Walter Ely, U. S. Court of Appealsfor the Ninth Circuit, after receiving his JDdegree in June, 1 970, from the University ofSouthern California. This year he is a lawclerk to Mr. Justice William O. Douglas.VIVAN RICKS WOLF, AM'64, PhD'69, hasbeen named this year' s Outstanding YpungWoman of the State of Washington by theNational Advisory Board of OutstandingYoung Women of America. Assistant professor in physiological nursing and director oîundergraduate curriculum revision at theUniversity of Washington, Dr. Wolf is currently directing a $393,000 five-year grant torevise the baccalaureate program in the Schoolof Nursing.A £ LYN GRAY CLARKE, AB'65, MBA'69,O is aiming for 1973 to complète herPhD in social psychology at Boston Universityand is specializing in group dynamics andorganization development. She holds a lecture-ship in the school's psychology departmentand is teaching social psychology using participative learning techniques in large classes( 100-1 50 ) . Using her several years of business expérience, she is currently exploring theuse of human relations training and consultingskills with groups and organizations com-mitted to building alternative life styles, e.g.communes.JULIUS HOVANY, AM'65, has been workingin the Executive Office of the governor, stateof Illinois. At the présent time he is spécialassistant in the Governor's Office of HumanResources.SHERWIN LIFF, AB'65, AM'67, is now viceconsul in the American Consulat General inFrankfurt, Germany.A A MARVIN H. KOSTERS, PhD' 66, has beenappointed assistant director for planning and analysis for the Cost of Living Council. Kosters was director of planning and analysis during the Phase I wage-price freeze,when he was on loan from his regular positionas associate director for policy, évaluation, andresearch in the U. S. Department of Labor'sManpower Administration. He also has served43as a senior staff economist on the Council ofEconomie Advisors.ALEXEI PANSHIN, AM'66, science fictionnovelist and researcher whose book Rite ofPassage won him the prestigious NebulaAward, taught a course at Columbia Universitylast summer on science fiction.A m BARRY A. POLISKY, AB'67, a predoc-/ toral fellow in the Department ofMolecular Cellular Developmental Biology,University of Colorado, Boulder, has receiveda distinguished research award from the American Institute of Molecular Petulogy for workleading to an elucidation of the fine structureof vaccinia virus poxplasm.JON D. ROLAND, SB' 67, has been in Washington for the past year and a half lobbyingfor such causes as population control, protection of the environment, governmental reform,and "especially, international fédération."Together with several associâtes, he has beenforming a new, multi-national association topromote international fédéral union. Thisassociation, now sponsored by more than twohundred past and présent members of theparliaments of twelve nations, was successfulin getting a resolution reported out of theHouse Subcommittee on International Organisations and Movements to call an international fédéral convention of several démocratienations, including the United States. According to Mr. Roland, chances for passage of theresolution (HJR 900) by the House "appearto be excellent."MAURICE M. ROUMANI, AM'67, who wasawarded his PhD in politics from the University of London in November, is currently aresearch fellow at Harvard's Center for MiddleEastern Studies. During 1968 while Mr.Roumani was in Israël researching his dissertation on the Israeli Army, he met his Englishwife-to-be, Eve, who was then studying at Tel-Aviv University. In addition to teachingEnglish at Tufts University, Mrs. Roumani isnow studying for her PhD.JUDITH TESTA, AM'67, instructor in art atNorthern Illinois University in DeKalb, wasa member of the organizing committee forWOMEN '7 1 Midwest Women's Art Compéti tion, the first major art show organized, en-tered, and judged entirely by women.IN MEMORIAM: Richard G. McBroom,JD'67.A W MICHAEL ABRAMSON, AM'68, photo-journalist, has had his book, Palante—Young Lords Party, published by McGraw-Hill. The resuit of a journalistic effort whichbegan in the fall of 1969 when Mr. Abramsonbegan following the group with caméra andtape recorder, the book is the first to be published on the Young Lords Party, a revolutionary political organization that was formedin New York City in the summer of 1 969 andwhose influence has rapidly spread to PuertoRican communities throughout the countryand to Puerto Rico itself.DAVID LONDOW, AM'68, is an assistant professor of political science at Kalamazoo Collège, Michigan.A f\ VIRGINIA M. BRANTL, PhD'69, has beeny appointed to the faculty of Pennsyl-vania State University as director of nursingservices at the Milton S. Hershey MédicalCenter and as professor of nursing in the Collège of Human Development.CHESTER J. REMPSON, AM'69, has movedto Kansas City, Kansas, where he is now theassistant vice-chancellor at the University ofKansas Médical School and assistant professorin the Department of Human Ecology.rj f^ MARTIN R. COHEN, JD'70, fias been/ appointed légal counsel for the Penn-sylvania Department of Health.DANIEL HANSBURG, AB'70, is enrolled inmédical school at Washington University, St.Louis, Mo.RITA WIGGLESWORTH PLAISTED, SB'70, hasjoined the staff of the Los Alamos ( N.M. )Scientific Laboratory to work with the Com- vputer Sciences and Services Division.*JT MARY M. AMSLER, MAT'71, is teaching/ English this year at Mount GreylockRégional High School in North Adams, Mass.JEANNE ANN CAIRNS, AM'7 1 , was married to REX A. SINQUEFIELD, graduate student at UC in business administration, on December31. Mrs. Sinquefield, who is completing doctoral studies in sociology at UC, recently completed a three-month research project on population control in Washington for the U. S.Census Bureau. Last spring she was invited bythe United Nations to lecture in Bangkok andwill do so again this April.DONALD V. COSCINA, PhD'7 1 , is now a permanent neurochemistry stafï member at theClarke Institute of Psychiatry in Toronto andis teaching psychology at the University ofToronto. He and his family réside at 44 TangleBriarway, Willowdale, Ontario, Canada.CARL F. KOHRT, PhD'7 1, has joined theEastman Kodak Company and has been as-signed to the Kodak Research Laboratorieslocated in Rochester, N. Y.MATTHEW E. RODINA, JR., MBA' 7 1 , hasjoined On-Line Décisions, Inc., Chicago',builder of corporate financial planning models,as a consultant. He had been a budget analystfor United Air Lines.RAYMOND ANTONY RUHAN, PhD'7 1, nowlecturing in the Department of the History ofScience and Technology, University of Papuaand New Guinea, "shall attempt to communi-cate some of the knowledge which I acquiredfrom Professor Richard P. McKeon" to hisstudents. Papua and New Guinea, a trust territory of the U. N. and Australia which willvote on independence this March, is an islandof two to three million inhabitants to the northof Australia.IN MEMORIAM: Janice K. Wong, AB'7 1.Picture CréditsGary Settle, The New York Times, 12-13Arnold Genthe, courtesy The Art Instituteof Chicago, 28-29Joël Snyder, 45At right: The new Albert Pick Hall forInternational Studies, $8th and University,with Virginio Ferrari' s sculpture, "Dialogo,'in the foreground.A4•s>iOoO•*iQOQ.Ns^iOotq%CI-tqOteOQOZO00ONO