THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINE&*.'*' " :')T&* X2 J Tx\?v<<kï*5*^*tT3> H* •- k^lTHEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEViolence and the Payofif SocietyThomas Sowell 2The University BudgetJohnT.Wilson 8The Gypsy and the CityYarïa Draznin 13The Great Fire: Chicago 187 1HermanKogan 1630 Quadrangle News34 People35 Letters36 Alumni NewsVolume LXIV Number 2November/December 1 97 1The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, is published rive timesper year for alumni and the faculty ofThe University of Chicago, under theauspices of the Office of the Vice Président for Public Afïairs. Letters andeditorial contributions are welcomed.Gabriella AzraelEditorLynn MartinArt DirectorJane LightnerEditorial AssistantSecond class postage paid atChicago, Illinois; additionalentry at Madison, Wisconsin.Copyright 1 97 1 , The Universityof Chicago. Published inJuly/October, November/Decëmber, January/February,March/April, and May/June. The University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312)753-2175John S. Coulson, '36, PrésidentArthur Nayer, Director, Alumni AfïairsRuth Halloran, Assistant DirectorJudith Goldstone Landt, '68, MAT70Program DirectorRégional Offices1 542 Riverside Drive, Suite FGlendale, California 91 201(213) 242-8288320 Central Park West, Suite 14ANew York, New York 10025(212)787-78005 1 Buena Vista TerraceSan Francisco, California 941 17(415) 433-4050272.1 Ordway Street, N.W.Washington, D. G 20008(202)244-8900Cover: Drawing imaginatively perpetrated by one W. O. Mull, depicting the famedorigins of the great Chicago Fire which u celebrated" its centennial in October, 19 ji.(See "The Great Fire: Chicago 187 1" on page 16.) Courtesy of the Chicago HistoricalSociety.Thomas Sowellirtiloioi nd m piiirr stoiilsViolence is sometimes said to be caused by a breakdown in lawand order, and in one sensé this is merely a truism, since légalrules and the state power to enforce them exist precisely to pre-vent private attempts at forcible solutions of problems, privaterevenge for wrongs, etc. In another sensé there is more than atruism hère. For where violence has flourished— in America(with its frontier traditions), in periods of rapid social change(such as the présent), among people peculiarly striving forchange and people peculiarly threatened by change (as amongblack and white ethnie minorities, respectively ) , in peoplepassing through a transitional stage of life where they hâve notyet established a rôle or an identity ( as in young adults ) —-thecommon thread has been the absence of a dependable, predicta-ble order. Not necessarily a just order, a beneficent order, or anThe author is an as s o date prof es s or of économies at the University of California at Los Angeles. His "Available University"which we published in the November/December, 1970 issueof the Magazine, aroused an unprecedented surge of fan mail,and was duly read into the Congressional Record. intellectually reasonable order, just an order— something to letpeople know where they are, what they can expect— the knowl-edge that everything is not just fup for grabs."In a sensé, the proponents of "law and order," with its currentconnotations, are right in saying that law and order are prior tojustice, if prévention of violence is the first considération. It isno answer to speak of the "violence" of hunger, dégradation orfrustration. Thèse are vital alternative considérations whichmust be dealt with, but we get nowhere by simply applying thesame word to very différent phenomena. No social problem isgoing to be solved by verbal sleight of hand. Many problemspersist precisely because society has attempted to solve themwith phraseology. We need only think of "separate but equal,""rugged individualism," and "the war to end wars." If phraseology were our salvation, we would hâve been saved long ago.The real weakness of the "law and order" position, even as ameans of reducing violence, is that a set of massive and irréversible expectations of more démocratie social change has been putin motion, so that a mère clampdown cannot restore the essentialingrédient of the legitimacy of the status quo in the eyes of the2Uj ar y fuy\ L /lyv^public, which is the major force restraining violence at itssource. The use of organized force by the state against those whowill not recognize the legitimacy of any order can be only a supplément to this mass acçeptance of the social order. Far worsesocial orders than the présent one hâve been accepted in the past—the need for order as such being so great— but now, after theprésent social order has been searchingly questioned, from thelowest depths of society to the highest court in the land, anyattempt to restore the legitimacy of the status quo would be likean attempt to restore virginity.One of the great obstacles to seeing problems in clear focusis that we hâve gotten into the habit of talking about somebodynamed "Society," who thinks and acts like an individual, and hasthe same individual désire for self -préservation. But everybody'sbusiness is nobody's business— or, at least, it is not business ofthe same urgency as immédiate personal interests or the interestsof particular social-economic groups. One conséquence has beenthat decision-makers as individuals hâve been far more con-çerned with getting immédiate problems ofï their backs thanwith the long-run conséquences of their décisions. This has ledto the development of what I would call "the pay-off society," inwhich the comfort, peace and good conscience of "responsible"decision-makers takes precedence over the interests of societyand the gênerai sensé of the legitimacy of the social order, onwhich everything else ultimately dépends. It is not surprisingthat the pay-ofï approach is most developed in those institutionswhere decision-makers can pay ofï with other people's money—the universities, the churches, and the government. It is not surprising that those who are looking for pay-offs direct much oftheir attention to thèse three institutions.Pay-offs are made not only out of fear, but because, withinlimits, it is much less bother than attempting to solve basicproblems and construct a rational social which can commandgênerai respect. Of course, no amount of pay-offs will legkimizesociety; even ks bénéficiâmes will hâve only contempt for society, and perhaps for themselves. A pay-ofï atmosphère worksonly to the advantage of the fanatic and the opportunist. Onlyincidental crumbs are likely to fall to those to whom societyowes a genuine and substantial debt.Pay-ofïs need not always be in money, or in the things thatmoney can buy. One important pay-ofï is exemption from thenecessary standards of society, including society 's prohibitionagainst violence. Having created an impossible world for manyyoung people, having denied opportunity to the poor, havingdiscriminated against black people, the "responsible" decision- makers permit them the safety valve of a certain amount ofrandom violence and buy ofï more serious inconvenience withstrategically placed concessions. Nor is this something whichcan be blamed solely on a distant "establishment." It is, for example, not uncommon for faculty members wrio make sure thattheir neighborhood schools hâve a décisive difïerential advantage over schools in poorer neighborhoods— though they neverphrase it this way— to be ready to admit ghetto youths of doubt-ful qualifications to collège and to fudge on grades to get themthrough. To provide equal educational opportunity, so thateveryone could actually be equally qualified, would cost hugesums of tax money, and would cost still more to the parents ofmiddle-class children whose current substantial advantages inthe compétition of life would be drastically reduced. Winkingat admissions standards and telling a f ew white lies about blackstudents costs the faculty nothing, and gives some of them aglow of bargain-basement nobility.Not only can socially disadvantaged groups be paid ofïthrough toleration of certain kinds of violence under certainconditions, by certain représentatives of thèse groups— unionsduring strikes, militant groups during démonstrations, etc.— theindividuals representing the law itself can be paid ofï by allow-ing them "a free hand" in dealing with groups who are particu-larly disliked by policemen. It is cheaper than paying them thesalaries necessary to attract the kind of men needed in the num-bers needed for dealing with social complexities of the day.When people say, "support your local police," they almost nevermean it literally in the sensé of providing higher incomes; theymean assume an air of partisanship in judging policemen's actions, particularly their use of violence. Again, instead of doingwhat is right— and costly— we take the cheap and easy way out,and then give ourselves airs of nobility while doing it.We hâve reached the stage in the condoning of violencewhere the question may reasonably be asked whether the for-bidding of violence by a particular group at a particular timeand place is not an act of discrimination. One of the importantways in which discrimination takes place is precisely through, the sélective application of fundamentally sound principles. Wehâve seen unions grow powerful through the use of violence andthe implied threat of violence; farmers' violence and armedrésistance to would-be mortgage foreclosures during the GreatDépression was an important factor in the development of NewDeal agricultural relief programs. Now the same "right" is beingclaimed by collège youth, ghetto dwellers and assorted politicalvigilantes of the left and right. There are those intellectuals who4claim that they should ail hâve this right. Logical symmetry isvery important to intellectuals, whatever fatal conséquences itmay entail.But before travelling further down this road, we may wellask, what has it achieved in the past? Did violence "free" theworker, the farmer, etc., from "oppression," so that we can ex-pect similar émancipations of others? It did not. It led to sélective pay-ofïs, which had only symbolic value to the poorer mem-bers of the groups concerned. Through unionization, spécifieunion leaders gained greatly, and rriembers of some unions ac-quired important difïerential advantages which could be main-tained only by excluding other workers from employment op-poftunities— thèse other workers being typically from furtherdown the social-economic scale, often black. The relevant question is what has unionization done for workers as a whole?Although often invoking the mystique of the downtrodden,union workers in gênerai are now, and, hâve been in the past,above the national average in income, even before their occupations were unionized. Numerous studies by leading economistshâve failed to show any gênerai change in labor's share of national income over the past fifty or a hundred years. Of course,workers are much better ofï today, when the whole national income is higher, than they were in the past, but the same is trueof many groups, organized and unorganized. Those who deal insymbolism rather than substance can still claim that "Labor"has improved its relative position, meaning by "Labor" the organized minority of workers who were better ofï even beforeunionization. Those who had hâve gotten more; this may or maynot hâve been a good thing, but it is hardly a social révolution.Similarly, the national concern for "the poor farmer" has led tolaws which each year transfer millions of dollars from the U. S.Treasury to large agricultural corporations, in the name of thepoor farmer. Ail the while, rural poverty remains desperate inmany parts of the United States.The whole approach of aiding broad catégories— Labor, Agriculture, etc.— rather than specifically poor people, benefits theorganized and aggressive minority within the loosely definedcategory, rather than those who are in fact deprived and disor-ganized. Along with the material aid usually goes a moralclimate in which questions, facts, and honesty about actual re-sults are regarded as painful breaches of étiquette or as évidenceof an insensitivity to the higher things. A similar process of seek-ing social solutions by creating sacred cows is now underway fordealing with the problems of today. Black people are beingnominated as the sacred cows of this era, even though (i) a significant part of the discrimination against them is due to thesacred cows of the previous génération (notably labor unions),and ( 2 ) there is no real advantage to being a sacred cow if thismeans merely that you are a very good shield behind which spécial interests can hide. Because there are people in desperatecircumstances in the urban gheçtoes, it is being said that "TheCity" needs help. But it is those particular people who need help,not The City. This is not a matter of semantic fastidiousness.Aid that is aimed broadly at The City is unlikely to eflfectivelyreach those particular people who really need help. Nor is thereany a priori reason to préserve one particular form of residentialorganization— The City— if people happen to prefer another,say, The Suburbs, or The Town, etc. Ail the scientific studies thathâve been done on animais and impressionistic évidence onhuman beings strongly suggests that crowded living promûtesaggression. The city's one great advantage— the nearness of avariety.of activities and people— means less and less as trans-portation networks shrink distances, as téléphones link peopleand télévision permits decentralized viewing of entertainment.That fewer people want to live in cities under thèse conditionsthan in the past is neither surprising nor something which mustbe dealt with by using tax dollars to préserve or restore histori-cal patterns.The whole cycle of mass violence and symbolic pay-oflf has acertain appealing élément of poetic justice, which has undoubt-edly helped to shield it from scrutiny and criticism. But thisprocess works only as long as the violence remains at the nuisance level and does not become a serious threat to those whohold power and make décisions. The fact that a certain amountof violence has forced a certain number of concessions and re-form does not mean that greatly increased violence will forcegreatly increased concessions and more fundamental reforms.The great danger is that insurgent leaders and their intellectualcamp-followers will make such a simple extrapolation. Althoughit is a common cliché of our times that people are products oftheir environment ( often said to excuse behavior that would becondemned otherwise), the intellectuals who walk this wayseldom consider that the moral climate to which they are con-tributing is an important part of that environment. Intellectualsare inclined to debate such questions as whether violence de-rected against injustice is justified; the real question is whethera tolérant attitude toward violence directs it against injustice orsimply unleashes it to strike whoever happens to be in the way."Law and order" are unquestionably biased against the poor, butwhen violence is unleashed, the poor and the helpless are evenmore certainly its first victims. The riots of récent years mayhâve caused middle-class suburbanites to arm themselves, butsuch people are almost never harmed by thèse éruptions; thecold statistics show the dead to be almost entirely poor andblack.To many middle class people, the idea that policemen areguilty of lawless acts against the poor is likely to be either re-jected as unbelievable in the light of their own expérience withpolicemen or else regarded as a peculiar horror of our time or ofAmerican racial strife. Actually, the bias of the law and itsagents against the poor is neither new nor peculiarly Americannor always racist. On the contrary, whatever rights and considération the poor receive today from police are relatively récent developments in history. The middle class person's com-fortable relations with the police and his friendly image of themis not false; it is simply not generalizable.Not only police behavior and practices are biased against thepoor. The same is true of the institutional structure and'adminis-tration of the law. The asymetrical enforcement of contracteraiobligations is a clear case in point: a tenant-landlord contractcan usually be swiftly enforcëd when the tenant fails to pay thespecified rent, but it is nearly impossible to get it enforcëdagainst slum landlords when they fail to provide services forwhich rent is paid and which they are legally obligated to provide. Similarly for consumer goods: the speed with which repossession or garnishment of salary can be executed if a buyerfails to make the payments specified in the contract contrastssharply with the frustration of trying to obtain redress againstsellers of defective or even dangerous products. In criminaljustice, it is a cliché that only the poor are executed.Neither the personnel nor the institutions of "law and order"as it exists for the poor can command the respect which isneeded to maintain its efïectiveness through a gênerai sensé oflegitimacy rather than through overwhelming force. Moreover,the taxpayers are not prepared to pay the high cost of overwhelming force. The easier course is to use inadéquate force,or force exercised by inadéquate people, in such a way as to takesymbolic or indiscriminate revenge upon groups for the actionsof individual members (whether ghetto dwellers or studentactivists) who commit crimes or who harass or attack police.This is known as "taking the wraps ofï the police." But once weaccept the underlying idea that guilt is collective— an idea beingpeddled on the far left as well as the far right— we will hâvetaken ia fatal turn down the road to group warf are.Turning from the question of law and order to the question of revolutionary violence, three important questions arise: ( i )the source of révolution, (2) the rationale of révolution, and(3) the moral climate in which révolution flourishes. Themodem rationalistic explanations of révolution tend to empha-size conflicts of interest between groups, especially conflicts oféconomie interest. This is sometimes popularly associated withthe Marxian theory of history, though this is a very inaccuraterendering of Marx, and the real Marxian theory cornes closer tothe truth, in my opinion. Marx regarded économie changes ascreating new problems and new possibilities, to which différentgroups react difïerently, according to whether their objectivepositions in the social-economic complex cause them to expérience or perceive more the positive or the négative aspects of thenew économie forces, and causing them to take différent viewsof the abstract rightness or wrongness of available alternatives.If ail that was involved were économie interests, then at somepoint it would become clear that everyone's économie interestsrequired some form of mutual accommodation, which wouldpreclude révolution. Révolution occurs precisely because peopleregard themselves as defending a gênerai principle— "the American way of life" or "freedom now! "—which it would be coward-ice and betrayal to compromise. As Marx said, "each class at-tempts— from its own spécial point of view— to emancipate society." Thèse spécial points of view were considered to be fonctions of social and économie variables, but because there was nota fight over direct économie interests, the conflict was likely tobe pursued on both sides beyond the point where mère interestswould hâve dictated mutual accommodation. In a similar vein,Scottish philosophers of the eighteenth century argued thatselfishness could be controlled by just laws, but that widespreadnobility in the public interest would utterly destroy society,since everyone would hâve différent ideas of how thèse nobleideals should be realized.Revolutionaries are not unique in seeing the evils of the exist-ing order, or even in their estimate of how much evil there is.What is essential to the revolutionary position is the convictionthat most of this evil can be isolated in some relatively smallclass of individuals and institutions which can be eliminated orradically changed. Thé whole notion of a décisive confrontationof good and evil disappears if we see evil as an all-pervasiveélément throughout mankind and in ail forms of society. Theidea of a décisive battle then disappears as we resign ourselvesto a never-ending guerrilla war which can erupt anywhere with-out warning, not only between recognized opponents, butamong allies and friends, within families and even in our own6hearts and minds. The weakness of the revolutionary 's positionis not that things are not as bad as he says, but that they are farworse. Even radical surgery is not going to cure some diseasewhich has spread through every cell of the body, though gêneraimédication and constant treatment may help. Revolutionarycreeds of the left or right must arbitrarily focus on a particularbrand of evil selected from the great variety available: capitalistexploitation, white racism, Communist threats to freedom, etc.Part of'the explanation of the well-known tendency of youngradicals to abandon their revolutionary creeds with âge— asidefrom the cheap explanation that they hâve ail "sold out"— maybe.not that they hâve gotten more optimistic as they got older( that seldom happens ) , but that they hâve gotten more pessi-mistic. They begin to see exploitation in ail sorts of relation-ships, societies, and even revolutionary movements, that hâvenothing to do with capitalism; they begin to see racism as thecurse of ail mankind and freedom as threatened from ail sides.This is no reason to give up* but it is a reason to join the fightwith à clearer understanding of what is at stake and what thebattle is likely to be like.The convenient notion that there is some central "establishment" which can be blamed for social ills goes against a greatamount of évidence, at least as far as contemporary Americansociety is concerned. There are indeed concentrations of powerand privilège, but the most blatant evils of our time often cornefrom precisely the opposite condition: namely, the fact thatvarious institutions can act independently of any central socialpurpose, benign or sinister. Police departments are at their worstwhen they act as a law unto themselves. Boards of éducation areat their worst in protecting their own narrow practices andlocal interests, above ail, following short-sighted policies ofshort-changing schools in poor neighborhoods, for example, ob-livous to the fact (which any centrally directed institutionwould hâve to face ) that what is being saved in its own budgetis going to be lost several times over in the budgets of the wel-fare department, the police department and the bureau ofprisons. Institutions generally are inclined to protect their own,including their own inertia, regardless of the effect of this on thegênerai scheme of things. To talk about the Establishment inthis context is to lpok for labels and bogeymen instead of doingthe hard thinking and hard work that are needed to deal withthe xeal problems.Much of today 's organized violence on campus is "élite violence," growing not out of the desperation of the poor and thedisinherited, but out of a sensé of having the right to commit violence, because of either moral or intellectual superiority. Indeed, there is sometimes a felt duty to commit violence or disrup-tion to prevent evils which lesser mortals either do not see orhâve been corrupted into accepting. This view goes beyond themore or less normal arrogance of the intellectual, and is verymuch nurtured by the current moral climate and by our habit ofoohing and aahing at the Collège Board scores of students andsaying that they are the brightest, most sophisticated, etc., inhistory. Whatever the intellectual potential of thèse students, itis painfully obvious that they are no more given to examiningthe bases of their beliefs than any other collège génération, how-ever much cleverness may go into their tactical maneuvers inpursuit of preconceived goals.Hère the académie community has helped create its ownFrankenstein, partly by giving students an inflated idea of thevalue of their untrained potential and partly by overselling éducation as a personal and social panacea, so that now the compétition of the job market demands a degree, whether the jobitself calls for it or not. Perhaps the most legitimate of ail stu-dent grievances is that they hâve to be in collège at ail, for manyhâve no genuine commitment to its goals. An army whose ranksconsisted primarily of pacifists and conscientious objectors whohad been drafted, or a church whose pews were constantly filledwith atheists and agnostics who were pressured into attending,would soon find itself in very much the same predicament as thecontemporary university. It would hâve its hands full trying tomaintain internai order, and would find its institutional pur-poses increasingly compromised by efforts to appease the con-scripts in its midst who do not share its purposes.Violence cannot be stopped by force without legitimacy, andshort-run pay-offs to get out of sticky situations underminelegitimacy and make more sticky situations inévitable. Nor canthe élimination of grievances be looked to as a substitute forlegitimacy, for grievances are inévitable as long as human beingsdirect human afïairs. Ultimately, the only way for society to ap-pear legitimate is for it to be legitimate— to face up to majorwrongs and try to right them, whether thèse wrongs hâve beenformulated into demands or not, to resist rhetoric and romanti-cism and the pressures to be fashionable at the expense of in-tegrity and common sensé. Goodwill and good sensé may seemvery mundane in this âge of self-proclaimed "bold" new proj-ects, "startling" research findings, and "revolutionary" innovations. And yet, in the end, that is ail we hâve to dépend on, indealing with the problems of violence or the many other socialills of our time.JohnT.WilsonIn late October, 1970, the Deans' Budget Committee began itsdiscussions in an atmosphère that included, among other stormwarnings, an autumn quarter enrollment some six hundred students below the level upon which the 1970-71 budget was pred-icated. The deans' délibérations led to a recommendation for a5 percent réduction in the académie portion of planned gêneraifunds expenditures for 1971-72. This recommendation was inthe direction, but below an earlier pronouncement by Mr. Levi,in which he stated that, in his judgment, a 10 percent réductionwould be necessary.As we started preliminary discussions with the deans, we hadin mind such a possibility, although recognizing that a réduction of that magnitude: probably would be very difficult for theCollège and for the Library; probably would not be possible forthe graduate divisions, and would most likely be attainable forthe professional schools.Budget discussions with the deans took into considération the"total académie program level" in each of the areas. To em-phasize this point, I should say that in past years budget reviewshâve stressed that portion of the area's support that dérivesfrom unrestricted University income, i.e., student fées, unre-stricted endowment, unrestricted gifts, indirect costs, etc. Thisyear we gave detailed attention to available funds from re-striçted sources, in addition to funds traditionally identifiedas the "gênerai budget." Thus, in arriving at the allocationsfrom unrestricted University funds, we trièd to maintain exist-ing académie program levels by the increased employment , ofrestricted funds available for the use of a given académie area.Where restricted funds were relatively readily available, par-ticularly where they had been accumulating, this was not difficult, although I would not describe it as having been entirelypainless to the deans and the departments. In other areas, whererestricted funds were not so readily available, and especiallyThe author, the Provost of the University of Chicago] is also aProf essor in the Departments of Education and Psychology.8 where fédéral government funding has deteriorated, it wasmore difficult. Consequently, some "gênerai budget" allocationswere less amenablé to réductions than were others.The 1971-72 budget assumes a continuation of the "no-growth policy" in total faculty size. In other words, we are aim-ing this year at having a faculty no larger than last year's faculty,which in turn was no larger than that of the 1969-70 académieyear. To avoid a "freeze" in the pattern of the faculty withinacadémie areas, the deans are free tô balance ofï acquisitionsand departures within areas and schools, giving highest priorityto recommendations for reappointments and recruitment thatwill significantly enhance the quality of the University.Quadrangles enrollment in 1971-72 was projected to be between 7,300 and 7,400 students, including students-at-large.Although applications declined in many areas (the Law Schooland the Pritzker School of Medicine being the striking exceptions), the proportion of applications accepted increased. Forthe Collège, it was assumed that total Collège enrollment wouldbe 2,100, as compared to 2,200 in 1970-71, a fact which reflectsthe cumulative efïects of the décision made in 1969 to eutback the size of the entering class to 500. The drop in graduatestudent enrollment was mainly caused by the réduction in vari-ous fédéral government support programs.In keeping with the recommendation made by the Deans'Budget Committee in 1969 of increases of $150 per year eachyear from 1971-72 until further notice, tuition was raised $50per quarter, bringing it for undergraduates to $2,475 ancl f°rgraduate students to $2,625 for a normal three-quarter académieyear. The committee also recommended an increase of 10 percent in room and board for undergraduates and a 10 percentincrease for married student housing, beginning autumn quarter, 1971. The 1971-72 budget was built and adopted on thebasis of thèse recommended increases.Ail of thèse recommended increases, as well as various otherpending actions relating to salaries throughout the University,were, of course, subsequently subject to the conditions of the"wage-price freeze" imposed by Président Nixon. However,despite a considérable amount of uncertainty regarding someaspects ôf the order, it does not appear that the "freeze" willhâve a significant impact on the University s 1971-72 budget.The University's Consolidated Budget for 1971-72 as adoptedis shown in the accompanying Table. The projected Consolidated Budget totals $156,597,000— $5,130,000 over the analo-gous figure for 1970-71. Theoretically, ail auxiliary enterprisesare financed out of related revenues and thus are "self-balanc-ing." However, in fiscal 1971-72 approximately a million dollars from unrestricted University funds will be required to un-derwrite various auxiliary enterprises, primarily student housing, University food services, and the Center for ContinuingEducation. During the current académie year, a great deal oftime and effort will go into an attempt to reduce the amountof underwriting necessary for thèse fonctions.In General Funds (Unrestricted), expenditures are budgetedat $50,811,000, a réduction of $2,324,000 (4.4 percent) fromlast year 's level, the réduction coming largely from Instructionand Research, which were reduced slightly over $2 million (7percent). Taking into account ail activities that are related tothe strictly académie portion of the General Funds (Unrestricted) sub-budget, the réduction amounts to 6.8 percent.Estimated year-end savings for 1971-72 from various sourcesare expected to be about $500,000 less than last year, when theywere budgeted at a level of $1,000,000. Consequently, an escrowfund of $250,000 has been included within expenditures forGeneral Administration, and any recouped funds will be addedas they become available throughout the year, to compensatefor unrealized year-end savings in 1971-72.General Funds (Unrestricted) revenue sources are: studentfées, unrestricted endowment income (including capital gains,where permitted ) , income from temporary investments, royalties and other (formerly called "sundry") income, indirect costallowances from grants and contracts (primarily from the fédéral government), and unrestricted gifts. General Funds (Unrestricted) revenues are budgeted at $51,787,000 for 1971-72,down $2,148,000 (about 4 percent) compared to last year 'sbudgeted revenues.Unrestricted endowment income should be significantlyhigher in 1971-72 (by an estimated $3,200,000) as a resuit ofthe University's changed investment policy, which places increased emphasis on current income and on a higher percentagereturn in capital gains from funds which are permitted to makesuch payouts. A drop in estimated income from temporary investments, royalties, etc., is partially offset by an estimated in crément in anticipated revenue from indirect cost allowances.The latter is a function of an improved negotiated raté in allow-able indirect costs on government grants and contracts. The incrément in overhead should be realized despite a décrément inthe estimated restricted income from this source, which is downslightly more than a million dollars compared to the estimatefor last year.The category, Gifts Required, is budgeted at $5,987,000, ascompared to $10,435,000 last year. The category is a euphem-ism of sorts, historically used to indicate in the budget theamount of funds necessary to balance expenditures over andabove those estimated as being available from other revenuesources. It is composed of gifts that might be expected in agiven budget year and also includes funds carried over from theprior year that remain available for expenditure, plus any fundsbeyond the total of thèse two sources that are necessary to balance the budget.In keeping with the "total académie program level" conceptas discussed with the deans, the réduction in General Funds(Unrestricted) revenues and expenditures has been offset by anincrease in budgeted revenues and expenditures in the Restricted Funds sub-budget: slightly over $900,000. The two significant items in this sub-budget are the increased restrictedexpenditure for Instruction and Research, which amounts to$2,458,000 over last year, and the major réduction (about $1.4million) in government programs.The Consolidated Budget for 1971-72 as adopted is in balance. By the time of the closing of the 1970-71 books, the ac-tual shortfall in the budget for the fiscal year amounted toslightly over $8 million, The déficit was then met and thebudget was balanced by: 1) a spécial distribution of capitalgains from funds functioning as endowment; 2) from cashrealized by the sale of a major portion of holdings originallyobtained in the Ford challenge grant, and 3 ) by a change in themethod of recording investment income, which moved forwardinto the 1970-71 budget year funds that would hâve been,under the cash accounting method formerly used, unavailableuntil 1971-72. This last item is, of course, a non-responsibleexercise.Perhaps the most fondamental point regarding last year 'sbudget expérience was the décision of the Board of Trustées tomodify its investment policy. In so doing, the impendingbudgetary crisis was met and some breathing room for the 1971-72 budget was created. This décision was reported by PrésidentLevi in his February, 1971, State of the University message: "To9CONSOLIDATED BUDGET: REVENUES AND EXPENDITURES, 1970-71 and 1971-72¦Revenues (Estimated) 1970-71 1971-72 Expenditures (Appropriated) 1970-71 1971-72A. General Funds (Unrestricted) A. General Funds (Unrestricted)Student fées $ 21,500,000 $ 21,200,000 Instruction and research $ 28,000,600 "$ 25,958,500Endowment income 8,800,000 12,000,000 Library 3,300,000 3,300,000Income from temporary invest- Student services , 2,358,700 2,220,000ments, royalties and other Physical properties opération 7,789,000 7,921,000(formerly "Sundry" income) 6,600,000 5,300,000 General •administrationDevelopment and Public Affairs 790,7001,985,000 1,021,5001,906,000Indirect cost allowance 6,600,000 7,300,000 Business opérations 3,481,000 3,384,000Gifts required 10,435,000 5,987,000 Student aidStaff benefits— undistributed 6,325,000105,000 5,500,000Total $ 53,935,000 ,$ 51,787,000 100,000Estimated year-end savings (1,000,000) (500,000)B. Restricted FundsTotal $ 53,135,000 $ 50,811,000Endowment income $ 3,157,000 $ 4,979,000Government contracts - B. Restricted Fundsand grants 34,941,000 33,832,000 Instruction and research $ 43,968,000 $ 46,426,000Other 11,721,000 11,924,000 LibraryStudent services 465,00074,000 434,00022,000Total $ 49,819,000 $ 50,735,000 Physical properties opération 2,000 8,000C. Académie Auxiliary Enterprises General administration 260,000 245,000Student fées: precollegiate $ 3,030,000 $ 3,248,000 Student aid 5,050,000 3,600,000Income from patients: Total $ 49,819,000 $ 50,735,000Hospitals and Clinics 27,524,000 33,150,000 C Académie Auxiliary Enterprises rGifts and fées : Precollegiate $ 3,030,000 $ 3,248,000Industrial Relations Center 1,130,000 871,000 Hospitals and Clinics 27,524,000 33,150,000Total $ 31,684,000 $ 37,269,000 Industrial Relations Center 1,130,000 871,000Total $ 31,684,000 $ 37,269,000D. Auxiliary EnterprisesBookstore $ 2,000,000 $ 2,770,000 D. Auxiliary EnterprisesHousing and food services 3,681,000 4,050,400 Bookstore $ 2,000,000 $ 2,770,000International House 760,000 837,600 Housing and food servicesInternational House 4,671,000760,000 5,011,400837,600Center for Continuing Education 913,000 891,000 Center for Continuing Education 964,000 1,011,000University Press 7,145,000 6,838,000 University Press 6,953,000 6,638,000Miscellaneous activities 1,530,000 1,419,000 Miscellaneous activities 1,481,000 1,514,000Total $ 16,029,000 $ 16,806,000 TotalE. Consolidated Expenditures(Total ofA,B,C,D) $ 16,829,000$151,467,000 $$: 17,782,000E. Consolidated Revenues(Total of A, B, C, D) $151,467,000 $156,597,000 156,597,000IOmeet both the déficit for this year and the needs of the budgetnext year, the University has changed its investment policy toplace greater emphasis on current income, and also to pay outa higher percentage, where permitted, of capital gains "A second aspect of this year's University budget relates tothe support from the fédéral government. The fédéral budgetfor fiscal year 1972 refiects a number of new directions in thesupport of higher éducation and académie science which hâveparticular significance for the University of Chicago.The 1972 budget for the Office of Education appears to beresponsive to last year's appeals to continue support for lan-guage area and training activities. Secondly, it appears thereare troubles ahead for activities funded from the EducationalResearch and Development program. The third developmentin Office of Education activities is the proposed National Foundation for Higher Education. A proposai made last year for suchan agency died aborning, but a modified plan for the new foundation is recommended under proposed législation. Accordingto the language in the budget, the foundation "will providefunds to collèges and universities that wish to experiment withnew educational forms and techniques and assist in the development of national policy in higher éducation."Although it is difficult to détermine how pending Office ofEducation législation will émerge from Congress, it is apparentthat student aid prôgrams will take the form of a combinationof grants, work-study payments, and subsidized loans. Emphasiswill be on lower-income students, with students whose familyincome exceeds levels set by the fédéral government being eligi-ble only for unsubsidized guaranteed loans. It also seems clearthat prôgrams will emphasize innovation over traditional ap-proaches to higher éducation. Another, and a somewhat con-troversial development, would provide direct institutional support to both private and pubic universities and collèges to helpmeet increasing operating costs. Although the fédéral government has aided institutions of higher éducation in buildingfacilities and with research grants, it has not previously pro-vided funds for actual operating expenses.Of the specialized manpower and training support proposaiscontained in the 1972 fédéral budget, one which carries greatsignificance for the University is the Health Manpower Education program. The législation proposed would provide fundsin addition to already existing grants for experimenting withcurricula and for specialized training activities within médicalschools.As planned, the government-sponsored prôgrams in 1971-72 will hâve a particûlarly adverse effect upon aid for graduatestudents in the sciences. The plan is to finance graduate studentsin the sciences largely through problem-oriented research grantsrather than by traditional fellowships or traineeships. The du-bious theory behind the plan is that better control can thus bemaintained over the production of scientific manpower to meetsocietal needs. The theory is being applied especially to National Science Foundation prôgrams, but it is also reflected inthe press to reduce or eliminate National Institutes of Health(NIH) training grants. The élimination of the NIH traininggrants will affect biomédical research beyond reducing the number of graduate students, for half of the training grant fundssupport faculty, postdoctoral trainees, and technician salaries,as well as gênerai research.Centrally important to the University in the 1972 fédéralbudget are those prôgrams which support académie science,particûlarly research and related activities. To give you someperspective, total obligations for research and development infiscal year 1972 are budgeted at $16.7 billion, up about $1.2billion over last year (about a billion dollars of this is for défense research and development). Of this total, some $1.89 billion is for research and development within collèges and universities. This represents an increase of $243 million, ail ofwhich, as proposed, would corne from civilian agencies. Moreimportant than the numbers are the policy thèmes in thérhetoric of the budget, which are: 1) increased emphasis onresearch aimed at solving society 's problems— health, environ-mental pollution, crime, transportation, etc., and 2) a détermination to maintain and increase our eminence in bas ic research, with the National Science Foundation playing a centralrôle.In support of thèse policy thèmes, much of the university-re-lated research prôgrams of the National Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration and the Department of Défense are scheduledto move to the National Science Foundation. Indications arethat the National Science Foundation is not expected to pickup ail of this activity, but will make transfers on a sélectivebasis after review by the foundation. The tightness in thebudget of the Atomic Energy Commission university programwill also force thpse who hâve formerly been supported by thatagency to seek support from the foundation.Other agencies— the Justice Department, the Post Office, theDepartment of Transportation, and the Department of Housing and Urban Development— with little or no prèvious research activities, show increased emphasis on research and de-11velopment prôgrams in the budget, with funds that will findtheir way into industrial and independent research laboratories,rather than into universities.A matter of spécial concern regarding fédéral governmentsupport is the growing tendency, as réductions in fonds are ex-perienced, to make académie year salaries a prime target for réduction within various support prôgrams. The problem appearsin two différent forms. The first form involves the substitutionof grant funds for University budget funds, reflected as "salarysavings" in any given year. This is obviously an important wayof helping the académie budget. Up to this time it also has beena reasonably controllable feature of the budget. The secondform of salary underwriting from government fonds has beenused in prôgrams supporting the esoteric language areas. Inthèse prôgrams, funding has included support for faculty ap-pointments as an intégral part of the support pattern. If thepressure to reduce thèse prôgrams is not successfully countered,the University will be faced with the responsibility for thèsefaculty salaries which must be met from other, non-governmentfonds.What do thèse developments mean for the University? Whatare the most appropriate responses to them?From the viewpoint of the académie prôgrams, there is nodoubt that we are going through a period of readjustment,probably approaching a more steady state than has characterizedthe University since World War IL The readjustment is goingto be more difficult for some areas than for others, with the sciences experiencing the most trauma.Taken as a whole, the percentage of support from governmentsources for académie prôgrams does not strike me as excessive.On the other hand there is no doubt, taking individual académieunits into account, that one might wish for a better balance.With spécifie référence to présent trends in fédéral governmentscience policy, which appear to be aimed at diverting supportfrom basic scientific research toward applied goals, we shouldmake the point at every opportunity that, although it is withinthe rights and duty of the fédéral government to offer incentivesto universities to undertake spécifie eategorical prôgrams, thegovernment has a simultaneous obligation not to erode thecountry's work in basic science, or to subvert its académie institutions into taking directions inconsistent with their essen-tial fonctions.If we are to maintain the improved qualitative thrust thathas characterized the University over the récent past, there is anobvious need for additional fonds. In the unrestricted category, I believe endowment and gifts are the two sources of incomeupon which we are going to hâve to dépend most heavily. I donot believe that tuition income— even if increases occur as pro-jected in the recommendation of the Deans' Budget Committee,or if we were to go in the direction of a pay-as-you-earn planof some kind— can be increased sufficiently to recover the levelsof support from unrestricted funds that will be needed in theacadémie budget for 1972-73 and the years beyond. If, for example, we could meet a goal of approximately $10 million inunrestricted gifts in the 1972-73 budget, and for the next twoor three years thereafter, it would be a long step in the directionof arriving at a viable steady state. This estimate involves variousassumptions regarding restricted support, particûlarly the re-liability of various fédéral government funding sources. It alsoassumes continuation of faculty size at a level of about 1,075 to1,100 and a student body of 7,500 to 7,800 composed of currentproportions of undergraduate and graduate students. Most im-portantly, it assumes that we will be successfol in replacing unrestricted funds which hâve been available from the Ford chai-.lenge grant.As for restricted income, it seems to me that ail of the académie units must work hard to make appealing those académieareas that do not now appear so. A récent reliable estimate in-dicates that the fifteen largest private foundations will be required by the Tax Reform Act of 1969 to make additional grantsof $75 million in 1972, this figure increasing to $175 millionby 1975. The University is in an excellent compétitive positionfor thèse fonds, if it goes after them vigorously. A very brightspot, for example, is the Regenstein Library. The Regenstein is,in my judgment, the gréâtes t non-faculty asset available to anyuniversity in this country.Regarding fédéral government prôgrams and the problemsrelating to them, we hâve entered an anxious period. At thesame time, however, we hâve as good, and perhaps a better un-derstanding of their working mechanisms than other institutions in our class. It is a problem of responding with imagination and energy, not only to prôgrams as they are administered,but to prôgrams as they are conceived, as they are put into législative form, and as they are shepherded through the Congress.It would be pleasant to close by saying that I believe we areout of the fiscal woods. Obviously, that is not true. Many problems, budgetary and académie, remain to be solved. But I dobelieve we are in a much sounder position than was the caselast year, even if only because we hâve a better perspective onthe nature and the magnitude of the problems.12Yaffa Draznin"My object ail sublime, I shall achieve in time, To make the punishment fit the crime, The punishment fit the crime. . . " THE MIKADOSimple intellectual curiosity on as loaded a topic as The Law andThe Citizen has become a' casualty of the municipal wars of thesixties. This peculiar kind of ruminating wonder goes one stepbeyond the ordinary, old-fashioned scientific approach to socialstudies. In the scientific approach to social phenomena, a tentative hypothesis to explain some activity is proposed, ail the factsbearing on that phenomenon are accumulated and examined,and, should the facts disprove the hypothesis, the hypothesis(not the facts) is discarded in favor of another. Intellectualcuriosity starts out without a gênerai thesis at ail; in thèse daysof relevancy, it is as anachronistic as the crossbow.But in the early sixties, such indulgence was not yet indécent.It was then when, in the course of the public information workI was doing for the Chicago Police Department, I found myselfreviewing, in random snatches, some of the police reports thatcame in each day, eventually to end up, in thousands of dog-eared manila envelopes, on the shelves of the Records Divisionat main headquarters. It soon dawned on me that the recordsthere, gathered by people who were unconcefned with any research purpose, constituted a unique case-history repository ofMs. Draznin, AÏÏ43, made a modest proposai to the Women'sLiberation movement in tfOn a New Domestic Function," published in the January/February 1971 issue of the Magazine. detailed examples of how the interaction between the citizenand the law actually worked out in the daily lives of Chicagorésidents. A social scientist, trying to understand the motives andmorality of persons in huge urban complexes, might find in thismother Iode of facts a virtual Sutter's millstream of opportunity.Take, for example, the business of the fortune-tellers in theFillmore district. I picked up this case at random and once usedit to show how unspectacular but solid, conscientious policework could bring about an effective arrest. The incident in itselfwas minor; its exécution, routine. Later, the more I thoughtabout the ramifications of its conclusion, the more intrigued Ibecame with this tiny scrap of political ecology. As Alice says,"curiouser and curiouser."The story was not an involved one. It ail began, according tothe first report in the file, when the çommanding officer at theFillmore police station received a phone call one morning fromthe editor of a local community newspaper. The man complainedbitterly about a fortune-telling parlor operating on PulaskiRoad, and demanded that the police shut it down immediately.The commander, as it so happened, was very interested in thecomplaint, for the fortune-telling racket was becoming quite aproblem in his bailiwick.Now it's obvious that, as far as crimes go, fortune-telling initself is not of much account. In three obscure paragraphs in thecity municipal code, under "Public Peace and Welfare," it is13legally defined as a misdemeanor ( together with other municipal disorders as defacing houses of worship, throwing of objectsonto athletic fields, and the promotion of marriage for profit),and is punishable by a $25 to $100 fine.But fortune-telling has two characteristics that make it muchmore of a problem than might appear, putting it in the verysélect company of those major crimes against society as gam-bling, prostitution, and illégal traffic in narcotics. Like them, itis an activity that manages, at one and the same time, to beagainst the accepted standard of public morality and yet be veryattractive to a large number of people. As a resuit, citizens who,according to the law, are its victims usually are the most anxiousto see it continued. So, as with the other crimes against society,when the police try to enforce the ban against it, they meet massive noncooperation not only from the doer but from the done-in. As will also be seen later, they get no coopération either fromthe gênerai public, whose wishes they're supposed to be enforc-ing in the first place.In addition, the police of Fillmore were concerned about thefortune-tellers because of the host of other law-enforcementheadaches they brought to the community besides their illégalprophesying. The police indictment is very spécifie. Family unitswhose women engage in readings of the future, they say, ofteninclude men whose respect for the sanctity of other people'sproperty is elastic, to say the least. In other words, they'rethieves. Then, since the reading of palms isn't very lucrative, thewomen often try a bit of prostitution on the side to augment thefamily income. The storefronts where they live are never meantto be living quarters, so they invariably hâve a host of building-code violations. Finally, the school-age children are sure to hâvelong-established historiés as truants. From the police point ofview, definitely not very désirable community résidents.As soon as the commanding officer hung up on his caller,according to the sheet in the file, he sent a beat man to the news-paper office, hoping the editor would swear out a citizen com-plaint. The editor refused, for reasons of his own about whichthe police were to learn later. But he did gi\e the patrolmansome additional addresses of illégal establishments, togetherwith a gratuitous lecture on police laxity and indifférence. (Thislast was not in the report; it was just a sour verbal comment bythe police officer.)Now, as Perry Mason, "The Defenders," and "The YoungLawyers" ail hâve taught us, it's one thing to be aware of anillégal activity; and quite something else again to prove theillégal activity in court to get a conviction. To get a convictionunder the fortune-telling ordinance, the prosecution must dofour things: one, prove that the act was done for payment; two,prove that the person arrested was, in fact, the one who told thekfortune; three, prove that the money found on her person was,in fact, the actual money received for the service; and, four andmost important of ail, find witnesses to testify to this in opencourt.Since it's almost impossible to get fortune-telling victims totestify, even if they feel they've been defrauded; the police usually bypass the legitimate customer altogether. Acting for"society," they take it upon themselves to posé as customers inan underçover opération. If the ploy is successful, they not onlyhâve the évidence they need to satisfy the court, but they aresure to hâve willing witnesses, themselves, to testify.So when the report of the beat officer came back to the districtstation commander, he sent the case to the Détective Divisionfor underçover handling. The détective lieutenant asked for, andwas assigned, two polieewomen to investigate the case and, ifpossible, arrest the illégal operators..The two women, vétérans with the Department and in handling thïs sort of matter, had previously worked together and,together, had developed a proven modus operandi. The routinewent as follows: First one officer, dressed as a housewife, entersthe suspected parlour, clutching a purse in which are tucked afew marked bills. She talks to the proprietor about her terribletroubles and her need to know what the future might bring.(She must be careful not to actually corne out and ask for areading; this might open her up to an entrapment charge andendanger the legality of any arrest made later. )When the fortune-teller offers to tell her fortune, as she invariably does, the officer must haggle a bit to give her partnertime to show up. Enters the second polieewoman, also in theguise of a housewife. Since quarters are invariably close, it'salmost certain that officer No. 2, while waiting her turn, willwitness the reading of No. i's fortune and see the transfer ofmarked bills. That ends the opération. As soon as the transactiontakes place, the two identify themselves and arrest the proprietor.( The report continued. ) Early one morning, about two weékslater, the two polieewomen went into the store on Pulaski Road.Their charade went ofï just as planned. The first officer was im-mediately asked by the woman in charge (called, for conveni-ence, a Mrs. Green) if she wanted to hâve her fortune told.When the second officer came in, the reading was already inprogress; she saw the cards on the table, heard the conversationand saw the marked money pass from her colleague's hands tothat of the fortune-teller. As soon as the bills changed hands, thewomen announced who they were and then placed the incredu-lous and loudly indignant Mrs. Green under arrest. Driving heras quietly and as quickly as they could to the district station, theyturned her over to the desk sergeant and went back on the street,hoping to make arrests at the other places on their list beforeMrs. Green got out on bail and spread the alarm.At this point, the planned opération went awry. They hadforgotten to take into account the zeal of the local press, Evenas he was complaining to the police about their lack of enforce-ment, the newspaper editor had been laying the groundwork fora giant exposé on "the fortune-telling racket in the Fillmoredistrict." Unaware of, or indiffèrent to, the effect of prématuréexposure, he had had a reporter out working on a story for anumber of weeks; and the first installment, complète with athree-inch banner headline, had hit the newsstands the previousafternoon.14Mrs. Green obviously hadn't bothered to read the communitypress. Other gypsies, or their friends, just as obviously had. During the next four hours the police visited one fortune-tellingparlor after another. Nowhere could they get a reading. Some ofthe women pretended not to understand; others sullenly orderedthem ofï the premises. One cheery soûl announced that the heatwas on just then so she couldn't help them out, but if they cameback later when things quieted down a bit, she'd make it up tothem.Mrs. Green was out on bail late that afternoon. Âfter twopostponements that stretched over a protracted period, her casefinally came up in Rackets Court. Both polieewomen were thereto testify as witnesses for the prosecution although, by that time,they were long back to their regular jobs in the Youth Division.But it turiied out that their testimony wasn't even needed. Mrs.Green pleaded guilty, offering innocence and hardship as ex-tenuating circumstances. On her solemn promise to mend herways and leave the city, the judge suspended her $25 fine andlet her go.In ail, the hearing lasted ten minutes, if that long. And onthat inconclusive note, the file ends. This particular policeopération against the fortune-tellers in Fillmore was over.From the hardline police point of view, the whole adventurewas an exercise in frustration. ( Again, this was not in the reportbut was merely verbal commentary of court officers after diefact. ) The indifférence of the community, while not surprising,was as galling as ever. Although the newspaper's investigationwas done quietly, many were questioned; yet not one personcalled the police to alert them of the pending exposé, least ofail the editor who, presumably, was as interested in the arrestof the operators as they were. And, as always, the police officerswere confounded by the lenient, almost nonchalant, attitude ofthe, court which not only refused to acknowledge that Mrs.Green was in fact a prof essional ( as evidenced by a long historyof previous arrests for the same thing) ; but did not even makea gesture toward seeing that the court-stipulated conditionswere met. The détective lieutenant said the woman had simplymoved to some other Chicago neighborhood and started up herbusiness there.Of course, the police, being participants, might be consideredspécial pleaders. But an uninvolved observer, one even moredisinterested than I, might hâve reason to be disturbed at sopointed a disregard for the Law, even when the crime was asminor as this. Logic would tell him that, when law enforcementis inéffective, the authority of the courts flouted, and civic re-sponsibility abdicated; an érosion of justice must certainly resuit.Surprisingly, this was not the case. On reflectioii, it appearsthat what is bad government in the abstract is not necessarilybad government in the concrète instance. The end resuit of thisépisode seems to be wholly consistent with the intent, wishes,and expectations of those concerned. By some Mobius-bandpathway, Justice seems to hâve triumphed. To wit:Mrs. Green goïTout of paying a fine, which she probably couldn't hâve paid without telling more illégal fortunes; butthe inconvenience to which she was put in setting up shop else-where was a reminder that she could not break the law and getofï scot-free. Neither a more stringent fine nor repeated arrestwould hâve deterred her from following the only profession,save one, that she knew.The polieewomen had a refreshing change of venue, an opportunity for more exciting work than checking on waywardgirls and questioning runaways. Being experienced officers,they were unhappy with but hardly shocked at the court 's laxity.In fact, their failure to get a conviction may hâve warmed uptheir sporting blood, giving them added incentive to hope forbetter luck on their next try in court.While the newspaper editor didn't achieve his ostensiblepurpose of ridding the community of the gypsy fortune-tellers,he may hâve reached a subsidiary one of increasing his paper'scirculation. At any rate, he did manage to implant the impression that he was an ardent crusader for good government andcivic improvjement: and who can deny the positive possibilitiesof such a posture?Those people in the Fillmore neighborhood who f elt that thefortune-tellers were a bad influence on the community, andthere were many, were also satisfied; for they had managed toforce at least one practitionèr from the area. Since they had noreal quarrel with Mrs. Green in particular, they certainly weren'tinterested in having her harshly punished. They only wantedher to go away; and if the arm pf the law had to be used for thissomewhat nonlegal purpose, they were sure that, for the sake ofthe community, it was only right that this be done. While it wasa pity that more fortune-tellers weren't forced out, those whoremained operated much more circumspectly than before— asthey ought. Evil, if kept private, need not be recognized as evilatall.As for Mrs. Green's past patrons, if they were deprived fora time of their magie potions and prescient soothsaying, theyweren't denied for long. After a short hiatus, they had no troublefinding others who were just as eager as she to relié ve them oftheir money.Now, if this is a parable on the durability of Justice undertrying circumstances, its meaning, like that of most parables,is very unclear. Perhaps some discerning social scientist canfind in this vignette some gênerai nomological principles ofpolitical truth; I can' t. Ail I'd venture to suggest is that, in theunique relationship between man and the body of law he him-self créâtes, there operate rules of logic and reason not imme-diately apparent, but no less valid simply because they don'tconform to traditional définitions of Right or Wrong.At any rate, the story ended happily ail around, for even theshabby neighborhood of Fillmore did not lose out this time.While the empty storefront on Pulaski Road, from which Mrs.Green was evicted, did not contribute much to the community 'sgênerai appearance; at least it blended so well with the overalldilapidation of that particular section of the street that it didnot even constitute a neighborhood eyesore.15Il GREAT'iffT J*Herman Kogan§^\fg| the Saturday evening of October 7, 1871, a mannamed George Francis Train stood on the stage1 of Chicago 's Farwell Hall and, in the midst of hisspeech, made a statement that added to his famé™ ™as an author, world traveler, and lecturer an extradimension of uncanny prophecy:"This," he said, "is the last public address that will be de-livered within thèse walls! A terrible calamity is impendingover the city of Chicago! More I cannot say! More I dare notutter!"No one in that hall at Madison and Clark had any clear ideaof why he said what he did or on what he based his words, but inlittle more than twenty-four hours after the audience troopedinto the streets events were under way that would prove him aremarkable seer.Indeed, on the very night Train spoke, it seemed that hemight be a day early in his prédiction. Out in the West divisionof the city, fire broke out in a planing mill and it was so fiercethat it devoured nearly every building in a four-block area,caused at least one death and many injuries, and engaged nearlyhalf of the city 's 185 weary firemen. In its story about that fire,the Chicago Tribune noted that the summer had been an un-usually dry one, with very little rain, and that in the first weekof October there had been no fewer than twenty-seven fires—and it sounded a warning almost as chilling and ominous asTrain's: "Everything is in so dry and inflammable a conditionthat a spark might set a fire which could sweep from end to endof the city."This article was adapted from a speech during Chicago' s récentfire Centennial Week by the author, AB'36, a Chicago news-paperman for over thirty-five years and a lifetime Chicago buff.Now editor of the Chicago Sun-Times Showcase magazine, hehas written many books including the recently published (withRobert Cromie) The Great Fire: Chicago 1871 (G. P. Putnam'sSons).Opening spread on preceding pages: The Marine Hospitalnear the Chicago River showing patients, doctors and nursesstreaming toward relief. The photograph (courtesy of the Library of Congress) is a segment of the famed Gross Cyclorama,a 400-foot painting executed by a dozen artists in 1891 for theworld's Columbian Exposition and later sold for junk, not,fortunately, before the remarkable work was photographed forposterity.18 On the very next night— the fateful night of October 8— sucha spark did set such a fire.Whatever the spécifie cause, it began in the barn behind thehome of Patrick and Catherine O'Leary on De Koven Street,near Halsted and what is now Roosevelt Road. In the next thirtyhorrifying hours, it spread with incredible swiftness toward thenorth, east, and west.It destroyed four square miles of the tumultuous city, including its central business district and governmental buildings,slum areas and neighborhoods of the wealthy, mansions andhovels, theaters, churches, sporting houses, and railroad dépôts—much, much more for a loss of nearly $200 million in property.It was a fire in which there were 120 known dead and as manyor more forever missing, and which left 100,000 homeless; a firewhich brought out the noblest in men and the basest and whichwould forever provoke mysteries and unanswered questions thatstill create disagreement and controversy in the year of its centennial.One such controversy still revolves around the question: DidCatherine O'Leary 's cow really start the fire? Did she indeedkick over a lamp that set afire dry hay stored in the barn?In the hours just after the big blaze began, there seemed to belittle doubt that this was precisely what happened. In fact, Mrs.O'Leary herself, according to contemporary records cited in amonumental and detailed monograph about the Great Fire byHoward A. Musham in 1941, admitted as much.The first person she told the story to seems to hâve been aRobert Critchell, an insurance man who questioned Mrs. O'Learyand reported that she told him— "in a rather ungracious way,"he later wrote in a memoir, Recollections of an Insurance Man—that the initial accounts were true, that she had gone into thebarn to get milk for milk punch, and that the cow, in a momentof irritation, had kicked over the lamp.Another contemporary witness was Jacob Schaller, a youthwho worked for the O'Learys delivering milk to the neighborhood. Schaller related that on the Sunday of October 8 he haddone his chores, bringing the usual fifteen pints to customers.On the next morning, with the city aflame, he spoke with Mrs.O'Leary. She told him she was distressed because she was sureher cow had perished. She placed her arms around the boy andwhen he asked how the fire started, she told him that she hadcompany and needed milk for Tom and Jerrys. Because the day 'ssupply had been sold, she went to the barn and sat down to milkthe cow. She had gotten about half a pint when the cow, ob-viously resentful at being milked a second time that day, raisedup her right hind leg and gave a light kick which hit the lanternand knocked it over and set fire to the barn.Anôther account had Mrs. O'Leary saying she went to the barnto look after an ailing cow. She put feed into the bin. The cowbecame skittish, kicked over the lamp by accident, it explodedand set fire to hay and barn. Yet another had Mrs. O'Leary sittingon the front steps of her own house the second day of the fire—the house, ironically, was never touched by fiâmes— rocking andmoaning, "My poor cow, my poor cow. She is gone and I hâvenothing left in the whole world." What she told then was thatshe was in the barn to check on her sick cow and while she wasreturning to her cottage for some sait the cow kicked over thelantern she had set down nearby.As the hours of disaster continued, and as the wide extent ofthe damage became apparent, Mrs. O'Leary did little talking—indeed, remained silent until officiai inquiries in November.And by that time she virtually denied everything she had saidearlier. One can hardly blâme her, considering the fire's ruinand dévastation. Nor can anyone blâme her many descendantsover thèse one hundred years for denying— usually to newspaperreporters at least once every décade— that she or the cow had any-thing to do with the fire.Other théories of the fire's origin hâve persistently been putforward. The old Chicago Times published by Wilbur FiskStorey— the "father of yellow journalism" and more than a littledemented— ran a front-page story in the weeks after the firealleging that agents of the Paris Commune had been dispatchedto set the city ablaze. Others— especially one of the more notableO'Leary offspring, "Big Jim" O'Leary, a multimillionaire gam-bling boss on the city's South Side by the time he died in themid- 1920s— insisted the cause was spontaneous combustion.Still others claimed that small boys had been smoking in thehayloft or that one or the other of the O'Leary neighbors hadcorne sneaking into the barn looking for milk for punch or forwhiskey and had dropped a lantern. Varied groups, from theKu Klux Klan to Indians, hâve been accused of conspiring totouch off the holocaust; that amazing George Francis Train,tracked down in Denver several days after the fire and asked ifhe had based his prophecy on knowledge of a spécifie plot,alleged he knew of none and that he had inserted the statementabout the dire fate that awaited the city strictly for dramaticefïect because Chicago had a wicked réputation and anythingthat calamitous would be no surprise. (In this centennial year, Chicago's fire commissioner, Robert Quinn, received a strongly-worded letter from one who identified herself as a Women'sLiberationist calling on him, once and for ail, to smash the"libelous charge" that anyone female— Mrs. O'Leary or her cow—had anything to do with starting the blaze. It was quite évident,the ïady insisted, that that horrid maie chauvinist, PatrickO'Leary, had thrown a lighted cigar butt into a stack of hay inthe barn. Quinn set his researchers to work and ultimately re-plied to the letter-writer that although many causes had beencited over the years, the least likely was the Patrick-O'Leary-cigar-butt theory. )1 In retrospect and from this historical perspective, it is reallynot important, intriguing as the mystery evidently continues tobe, to détermine the spécifie cause. For the tragic irony is thathowever the fire started, it could very easily hâve been stoppedearly except for some errors, the most perplexing of which in-volved the sounding of the alarm.The fire, according to the best authorities, started between8: 30 and 8:45 P-m- One °f tne O'Learys' neighbors turned in analarm from a nearby box, but according to later testimony theapparatus was faulty and the alarm did not register at the Court-house at Clark and Randolph. Meanwhile, from the Courthousetower, the man on fire watch there, Matt Schaeffer, spottedsmoke and flame and called down the tube to William Brownin the fire office to sound the alarm for a fire company to proceedto the fire. The horrid error was that Schaeffer gave Brown thewrong location, summoning a company a mile away instead ofone that was only three blocks from the O'Leary barn. A fewminutes later Schaeffer realized his mistake and directed Brownto sound the right box. But for reasons never explained, Brownstubbornly and stupidly refused and again sounded the wrongalarm. By 9:21 p.m. the fiâmes had advanced beyond the O'Learybarn to sheds, barns, and wooden houses. The watchman of thenearby Little Giant Company saw them and roused the men,who hurried to the scène. It was almost forty-five minutes afterthe fire began that thèse first firemen got there— an obviouslyfatal delay.Once started, the fire grew fiercer and fiercer. The firemenwere valiant, they were brave; but in most cases their effortswere futile. Equipment broke down, hoses burst, the water sup-ply was lower than usual because so much had been used infighting the West Side fire the night before.Moreover, vicious kinds of winds whipped the fiâmes— theywere called "fire devils," made of self-generating whirls of flame19and heated air— and they were forceful enough to send brandsand sparks and masses of flame forward in a single stretch forhalf a mile.Neighborhood after neighborhood fell, building after building— Conley 's Patch as well as Terrace Row, such mighty andmagnificent establishments as the new Palmer House, the Tre-mont Hôtel, the Grand Pacific, Crosby's Opéra House, the Sher-man House. By 1:30 in the morning on the second day of thefire, the Courthouse itself, standing where now the présent CityHall and County Building stand, was ablaze, and within half anhour, its bell still clanging, down came its tower and much ofthe famous structure.Many believed that the main branch of the Chicago Riverwould be a natural barrier to the fire's northward march, but thathope was in vain. The first brands carried by the fire devils didcomparatively little damage. But then several hit a kérosènetank railroad car ontracks near the présent site of the WrigleyBuilding. After an explosive burst, other buildings caught fire,more firestorms were generated and the fiâmes swept northward.On every street leading toward the main branch of the riverand to the "blessed lake shore" surged the people. There werecrazed men and brave ones, noble ones and craven ones. OnLake Street, still the street of merchants, and along RandolphStreet, whose bridge, still intact and whole, offered egress toparts as yet untouched by the blaze, the press of men, women,and children was suffocatingly close. They carried boxes andpackages, bundles, babies, housewares, toys. picture frames,chairs. They crashed through fences and ripped down awnings.Some yelled and some plodded along silently. Some pushed theirway down the street and some were shoved and trampled. Andhère and there sômeone, eyes glazed and face streaked withsmoke grime, cried out, "Chicago is doomed! God has punishedus ail!" On other streets leading away from the center of the firewere men with coaches, omnibuses, and wagons. They offered tocarry anyone who could pay— $150 was the asking price— towardthe lake shore or over the river bridges to the city limits beyondLincoln Park; some of thèse men were honest, but some werescoundrels, ready in an instant to dump their passengers if othersoffered more money.There was looting. Even while fiâmes streaked through department stores on State and on Wabash, vandals broke in andleft with bolts of cloth, suits, silks, dresses. A block from Field,Leiter and Company, where Marshall Field and his associâteshad fought in vain to save their ' marble palace," men andwomen stomped along the streets through stacks of oil paint- ings, books, musical instruments, mirrors, glassware. From theWindows of dry-goods stores thieves hurled silks and fabrics toaccomplices on the crackling sidewalks. Mayor Roswell Masonhad already issued the first of many emergency proclamations,ordering ail saloons to close; there was little need for such précautions now, for already many of the drinking places in theburning sections had been invaded by looters who smashedbottles and guzzled liquor and overturned whiskey barrels. Notonly stores but private homes were broken into; on MichiganAvenue's fashionable Terrace Row, William "Deacon" Bross,Illinois' former lieutenant-governor, came upon a rascal fleeingfrom his half-demolished house and wearing half-a-dozen of hissuits. Beetle-browed Bross made only a perfunctory move tostop the thief, saying, "Well, go along, y ou might as well hâvethem as let them burn." Down State Street's cobblestones stag-gered a woman, her scrawny arms laden with stolen dresses andfinery, and over and over again she shrilled, "Chickey chickeycraney crow! I went to the well to wash my toeî" And at thefoot of the Clark Street bridge sprawled a boy, dead beneath amarble slab; on his hands were two white kid gloves and in hispockets were stuffed dozens of gold-plated sleeve buttons.Finally, almost as if of its own choosing, almost as if weary ofhaving spent ail its awesome fury, the Great Fire began to subside. By late afternoon of October 9, it started to taper off andthen rain— "merciful rain" someone called it— started to fall inthe evening. And in the early hours of Tuesday, October 10,despite sporadic spurts of fire hère and there, it was over.On that Tuesday morning, Chicago stared bleakly at the dévastation.From outside the city came laments from the sympathetic andcruel cries of exultation from civic rivais. In a poem epitomizingthe grief and pessimism, John Greenleaf Whittier droned "Menclasped each other 's hands and said, 'The city of the West isdead!' " A New Orléans newspaper predicted: "Chicago will belike the Carthage of old! Its glory will be of the past, not of theAt right: Ruins of a business building, northeast corner of Clarkand Washington Streets. Wagons standing by to remove débris.As soon as nearby telegraph offices reopened, one businessmansent the following classic wire to his wife in New York City:"Store and contents, dwelling and everything lost. Insuranceworthless. . . . Don't cry." Glass lantern slide courtesy of the Chicago Historical Society.20/~ikjm'^[^{ *i*.%1* «S fc Fprésent, while its hopes, once so bright and cloudless, will be tothe end marred and blackened by the smoke of its fiery fate."And a Révérend Granville Moody of Cincinnati expressed sentiments echoed by moralists evéry where: "It is retributive judg-ment on a city that has shown such dévotion in its worship ofthe golden calf ."Yet even before the fiâmes had mercifully burned themselvesout and wisps of smoke and the acrid smell of smoke filteredthrough the devastated city, there were counter-cries of op-timism.John Stephen Wright, publisher, historian, civic zealot, wasasked by an associate amid ruins at Wabash and Congress:"Well, Wright, what do you think now of the future of Chicago?" Wright's reply: "I will tell you what it is. Chicago willhâve more men, more money, more business within five yearsthan she would hâve had without the fire." And his friendwalked off, muttering that Wright had gone mad.Joseph Medill issued his call to recovery with a front-pageeditorial in his Tribune: "Cheer up! In the midst of a calamitywithout parallel in thé world's history, looking upon the ashesof thirty years' accumulations, the people of this once beautifulcity hâve resolved that Chicago shall rise again!"George Frederick Root, who had already composed twosongs about the holocaust— "Lost and Saved!" and "PassingThrough the Fire!"— now dashed off another that teemed withhope and concluded: "Our city shall rise! Yes, she shall rise!Queen of the West once more!,}Deacon Bross was prime among the city 's boomers andboosters. He sped to the East Coast to give dramatic interviewsand to persuade bankers, financiers, and industrialists to extendlibéral crédit terms. To audiences, wherever he found them, hecalled out, "Go to Chicago now! Young men, hurry there! Oldmen, send your sons! Women, send your husbands! You willnever again hâve such a chance to make money!" The Great Firehad leveled social and économie distinctions, had made everyoneequal in a renewed race for riches. "Now is the time to strike! delay of a year or two will give an immense advantage tothose who start at once." Despite the destruction of his ownAt left: Ruins of the Field and Leiter Store (later Marshall Fieldand Company). Some $6oo,ooo~worth of goods were saved bythe enterprising Messrs. Field and Leiter, who showed up earlybefore the fiâmes had actually threatened the building. Glasslantern slide courtesy of the Chicago Historical Society. home and the theft of much of his property from the burningdwelling, he was buoyant about the city 's future: "I tell you thatwithin five years Chicago's business houses will be rebûilt, andby 1900 the new Chicago will boast a population of a millionsoûls. You ask me why? Because I know the Northwest and thevast resources of the broad acres. I know that the location ofChicago makes her the center of this wealthy région and themarket for ail its products. . . . What Chicago has been in thepast, she must become in the future— and a hundredfold more.She has only to wait a few short years for the sure developmentof her manifest destiny! "The Révérend Robert Collyer, in his sermon the first Sundayafter the fire, struck a similar thème to his flock outside UnityChurch: "We hâve not lost, first, our geography. Nature calledthe lakes, the forests, the prairies together in convention longbefore we were born, and they decided that on this spot a greatcity should be built! "Henry Greenebaum, a pioneer banker, sent letters to Easternand European investment bankers in which Chicago's positionas the focal point of the nation's commerce was emphasized andwhich stressed opportunities for profitable investments in a citythat, despite ail its récent misfortune, had prospects for recoveryas swift as its growth had been in the décade before the GreatFire.Two fellows known only as Shock and Bigford became offi-cially the first merchants to set up shop in the burned sector withan old mahogany sideboard on Dearborn Street across from thedestroyed Post Office where they sold, at what they advertised as"old priées," cigars, tobacco, grapes, apples, and cider.William D. Kerfoot gathered friends and colleagues on thatvery Monday while parts of the city were still ablaze and clappedtogether on Washington, between Dearborn and Clark, awooden shanty he called "Kerfoot's Block" and whose crudelylettered sign above the entrance seemed to typify the tone ofrésurgence: "W. D. Kerfoot. Ail Gone but Wife, Children andEnergy."There were massive relief measures, public and, private. TheChicago Relief and Aid Society— forerunner of United Charities— distributed food and clothing. A week after the fire was overthere were over five thousand temporary structures of wood,mostly two-room frame cottages equipped with bedding, stoves,and coal. Some two hundred permanent buildings were alreadyunder way.Funds came from a variety of sources. Eastern bankers didextend considérable crédit. The Illinois législature appropriated23$3 million, primarily for restoration of bridges and viaducts.Even persistent trade rivais aided: St. Louis sent clothing andsupplies and cash amounting to $500,000, and Cincinnati notonly established free soup kitchens on the West Side where3,500 refugees were fed daily through the rest of the year butalso sent $160,000 for varied purposes. In ail, some $5 millionwas contributed in the months following the Great Fire, one-fifth of that amount from twenty-nine foreign countries.Major mer chants were especially busy, led by Marshall Fieldand Levi Z. Leiter, whose splendid establishment at State andWashington, which they had rented from Potter Palmer for$50,000 a year, had been utterly destroyed. They set up temporary quarters in a horse-car barn at State and Twentieth andset in motion plans for a new wholesale building at Madisonand Market, completed within one hundred days, and a newretail store on the previous site.Banks and commercial houses recovered in short order.Within forty-eight hours after the fire's end, twelve of thetwenty-nine burned-out banks has established makeshift quarters. Before the week was out thèse were ready to pay depositors1 5 percent. And in four days more, ail stobd prepared to makeunconditional payments.A month after the Great Fire, Joseph Medill was electedmay or on the Union-Fireproof ticket and in his inaugural ad-dress he vowed action that would make another such catastropheimpossible. Ordinances were passed calling for greater use ofsuch fire-resistant materials as brick, stone, and iron, an im-proved water supply System, a larger fire-fighting force, limitson frame structures, prohibitions against false wooden fronts.But as building continued at a feverish rate many of thèseordinances were deviously defied. Many contractors sidesteppedtechnicalities, advertised ail-brick "fireproof" buildings thatwere mainly of wood except for exterior walls of stone. Hardlyany action was taken against such transgressors because theneed for housing was so intense and the city lacked sufficientlytrained inspectors to root out the ordinance violators. Medillwarned frequently of the possibility of another tragedy, andsought valiantly but in vain to punish major wrongdoers. Hiswords were rarely heeded and construction— bad, médiocre, andgood— continued swiftly. "There are nô ruins left," exulted theTimes early in 1872, "save an arch in Dearborn Street standinglike that of Titus in Rome." That summer, a British visitornoted, "Every hour of every working day there is built a brick,stone, or iron warehouse."He might well hâve said the same of office buildings, theaters, cottages, and hôtels. In the case of the four biggest hôtels, theSherman, the Tremont, and the Grand Pacific ail were up againearly in 1873, and the grandest— the Palmer House, in 1875—was considered by most a virtual masterpiece among the world'shôtels, with large rooms, an assortment of dining rooms, abàrbershop in whose floor were imbedded silver dollars. Aminority report was that of Rudyard Kipling who not only dis-liked the city ("inhabited by savages") but described the PalmerHouse as "a gilded and mirrored rabbit warren" whose ornatelobby was "crammed with people talking about money andspitting about every thing."Before the Great Fire, Chicago had no free libraries. But nowan abandoned water tank at La Salle and Adams was set up asthe city 's first free tax-supported library with some seven thou-sand books mainly from Great Britain where Thomas B. Hughesled a campaign in which Queen Victoria, Charles Darwin, JohnSmart Mill, Benjamin Disraeli, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, andCharles Kingsley participated. The library opened officially onNew Year's Day, 1873, and remained there until 1897, whenthe présent structure went up. Around this same water tank wasbuilt a two-story building that served as a temporary city halluntil 1885. It came to be called "The Rookery," because it at-tracted pigeons, a name retained by the imposing office buildingthat later went up on the site and stands yet as one of the city 'snotable surviving architectural landmarks.On the first anniversary of the Great Fire, hundreds of newbuildings were up. Most of the streets had been repaved andthere were patches of park and stretches of saplings along somestreets. Real estate values, of course, soared, especially in thebusiness area, and old fortunes were revitalized and some newones created. "This is a peerless metropolis," later wrote anebullient Lakeside Monthly essayist, "that has proved itself suchin its indomitability of spirit, in its solidity of structure, in itsdevelopment of a sleepless vitality, an unaltering faith and anirrépressible progressive impulse."At right: Ruins of Tremont House, posh hôtel on Lake andDearborn Streets, once felt to be one of the city f s "chief orna-ments." Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas both spoke fromits balconies. The sign redirecting travelers to the railroad station refers to the fairly self -évident fact that the Tremont Houseticket office was closed until further notice. Glass lantern slidecourtesy of the Chicago Historical Society.24&è*ss* PI X ¦--\-^ta — v* ' «S*»"*1^* JJÉ^PS ¦J>, ^ T^Ss >*<•b^fer- "W *V,* "a « ^W Wl"*^» .^ 1 M aW^ *""»"^^MlsVl^S ^vtlThe amazing résurgence was not without its less laudableaspects. By October, 1872, there was one saloon for every 150inhabitants— and there were dives of ail low kinds, brothels andgambling houses in districts called "The Levée," "Little Chey-enne," "Satan's Mile," "Hell's Half-Acre," and "Dead MansAlley." And on the night of July 14, 1874, a ^re started not farfrom where the Great Fire had begun. It swept north and eastover a shoddy slum area and Hcked at the business district. Onlya lack of winds as fierce as those stirred in the fire of 1871 keptthe city from undergoing the same-^or worse— fate. As it was,the damage came to $4 million.But even this blaze, like the Great Fire, yielded positive re-sults. A génération of bright young architects was inspired tothoughts about the use of iron and steel supports and of innova-tive construction methods. Many were made aware of the endof one architectural epoch and the start of another. The fires of1871 and 1874, a writer in Industrial Chicago aptly put it, "werefortunate events for the Garden City as a whole, and none prof-ited directly by them so much as art and architects, for the flamesswept away forever the greater number of monstrous libels onartistic house-building, while destroying the few noble buildings of which old Chicago could boast."There were still more than a few "monstrous libels on artistichouse-building" in the post-fire city— especially some mansionsof the very rich which aped European styles at their worst. Butthe imaginations of youthful architects were stimulated, andamong forerunners and later participants in the years that cameto be known as Chicago's "golden era" of architecture was William LeBaron Jenney, whose Portland Block in 1872 at Dearborn and Washington and Leiter Building at Wells and Monroein 1879 embodied new structural principles that would corne tofruition in his famous ten-story Home Insurance Building,America's first skyscraper. In 1879, too, Dankmar Adler, arabbi's son, completed the Central Music Hall at State andRandolph and took on a new associate named Louis Henri Sullivan, and together they prepared to step into that décade of im-At left: Temporary housing for the homeless on the North Sideof the city. Class lantern slide courtesy of the Chicago HistoricalSociety.Following pages: The partially navigable section of the Chicago River after the fire. Elsewhere, the river was clogged withcharred wood, skeletons of fallen bridges, and burned out v es-sels. Courtesy of the Chicago Tribune. mense creativity along with such fledgling architects as DanielBurnham, John Weilborn Root, and William Holabird, ail readyto add their concepts to the créative décade of the 1880s.No account of the décade after the holocaust can be authenticwithout recording that certain important éléments of the citywere not destroyed and that, for ail the horrors and ruins, Chicago remained in a stratégie position in a section of the countrythat was on the verge of intense expansion.Chicago was still in a vital location, directly on the line of thegreat national highway between the two océans that boundedthe country on the east and west. Three-fourths of its grainstores had been unafféeted by the blaze, and 80 percent of itslumberyards, some six hundred factories, rolling mills, andmachine shops lay outside the burned neighborhoods. Railroaddépôts had been wholly or partially destroyed, -but eighteentrunk lines with direct connections to thousands of miles oftrack were almost ail intact, along with twenty miles of LakeMichigan dockage. And a prime asset, the Union Stockyards,had not been touched by so much as a tiny flaming ember andcontinued to thrive and grow busier and busier.And if 40,000 of the pre-fire population of 334,000 fled thecity in the days after the Great Fire, thousands came to replacethem— and thousands more, for news of the calamity and theway in which the city had rebounded from it had spread to manylands. By 1881, 503,185 people were living in Chicago, and by1890 its population would be 1,099,850— beating Deacon Bross*estimate by ten years— and of thèse, 41 percent would be foreignimmigrants, mainly from Germany, Ireland, the Scandinaviancountries, and Great Britain.So the Great Fire was followed by the Great Recovery. Thedécade was frenetic and busy a,nd thriving and fruitful. The prédictions of the boosters and the boomers were more than amplyfulfilled. Visitors of fyigh and low degree came from ail over theworld. Some deplored Chicago's lusty ways, its excesses of style,its definite aggressiveness. But few could find fault with theévidence of résurgence from what was then considered a disasterof massive proportions. Most who came as skeptics left as con-firmed believers. And by the decade's end, a British novelist andjournalist, Lady DufTus Hardy, spoke what was in the minds ofmany. She wrote: "We expected to find traces of ugliness anddeformity everywhere, crippled buildings and lame, limpingstreets running along in a forlorn, crooked condition, waitingfor time to restore their vigor and build up their beauty anew.But Phoenixlike the city has risen out of its own ashes, granderand statelier than ever."27/ im! I J^m 9fÇ!¦ ».'-«.Epg|' ,^*-i-*i&•-• »>i wtà*iprjraïià^rîSssF f»™gfcgs*fc?] ^»4fll %I»r37j&*&*ùlT $BÊÊÊWWM&,*i'!p*-^ 4V "¦*.».#; _* M**fe*W.Quadrangle V\(ewsRalph Isham Scholarshipand Salary Fund CreatedA bequest made more than thirty years ago bya prominent Chicago businessman has established a new $1,027,186 fund to support student scholarships and faculty salaries at theUniversity of Chicago.Edward H. Levi, président of the University,said the bequest by Ralph Isham, who died in1 937, will be used to create the Ralph IshamScholarship and Salary Fund. Isham willedone-quarter of his estate to the University.He left a similar amount to the ChicagoYMCA, with the remaining half of the estategoing to Mrs. Isham. His estate was to be leftin trust and the fund for the University to beestablished upon the death of his widow,Mary Otis Isham.Mrs. Isham died March 24, 1 97 1 , at the âgeof ninety-nine, in Santa Barbara, California.By the time of her death, the trust had grownconsiderably.Isham started his career in 1889, when theUniversity was still in the planning stages. Hissuccess as a railway officiai and the growth ofhis private business paralleled the period ofgrowth of the University as one of the prééminent institutions of higher learning.Born in Chicago in 1865, he began workingas a clerk for the Chicago & Eastern IllinoisRailroad Company and the Illinois Steel Company. From 1906 until his retirement, Ishamoperated a real estate business. He was a mem-ber of the Chicago Athletic, Onwentsia, andSaddle and Cycle clubs, and belonged to theSons of the Révolution-Loyal Légion.Senior Board Scores ReflectTop Med School TrainingThe University of Chicago has received re-newed proof of the excellence of training at itsmédical school, according to Joseph Ceithaml,dean of students for the Division of tbe Bio-logical Sciences and the Pritzker School ofMedicine.He said ail sixty-one of the graduatingseniors of the Pritzker School who took thePart II examinations of the National Board ofMédical Examiners in April, 1 97 1 , passed. The board examinations are in three parts.Successful passage of each of the three partsof the boards is accepted for licensure to prac-tice medicine by ail states except Arkansas,Florida, and Georgia, with varying restrictions.Ceithaml said that practically ail Universityof Chicago médical seniors got better than 7 5on every part. The grade average for the class-as a whole was 82.4. Three students attainedan honors score of 88 or better for the entireexamination.Law School Sponsors Tax ConférenceIntended for lawyers, accountants, and businessexecutives whose work involves problems rela-ting to fédéral taxation, for those with substantial background in fédéral tax matters, the24m Annual Tax Conférence sponsored by theUniversity of Chicago Law School was heldin Chicago in October.Among the subjects covered were "Tax Incentives— The Policy Issue," "The New A.D.R.Rules for Dépréciation," "How Infirm aFoundation," and "Withdrawing Funds fromClosely-Held Corporations (at the Lowest TaxCost)."Weekly Cultural TreatHigh noon every Tuesday there is somethinggoing on over at Rockefeller Chapel. EdwardMondello, University organist, is either givinga lecture démonstration or conducting a tourof the chambers housing the Chapel's mighty4-manual, 126-stop, 7,000-pipe, forty-three-year-old Skinner organ.One fall Tuesday, dressed in striped pantsand a velour shirt, still looking like a dark-haired choirboy, Mondello sat at the organtalking to two large groups of school childrenstanding in the chancel. Then, flanked by "twohuman computers pulling the stops" due to theunreliability of the pre-set mechanism, Mondello began to play, his fingers running overthe keys, his feet dancing over the pedals. Itwas a late nineteenth century work, the Introduction and Passaeaglia in d minor, by theGerman composer and ardent Bach devoteeMax Reger. To the school teacher' s complaint that the pièce sounded "dissonant," Mondellopromised that sufficient exposure to twentiethcentury contemporary music would surely curethat. Then Mondello urged the children to stepdown into the chapel to join the couple dozenUniversity people there, for their "clothes wereabsorbing the sound." He then played some"little Bach," a minuet from the Notebook ofAnna Magdalina which Bach used in teachinghis wife and which he intended for the pre-eighteenth century "positif" organ, a muchsmaller, portable instrument often equippedwith no more than three stops. Disappointedwith the inappropriateness of the "little Bach"sound on the Rockefeller organ, Mondelloturned "back to bombast with Benjamin Brit-ten," at the conclusion of which there was aburst of applause. Though the étiquette of thechapel may militate against it, the quality andgrand scale of the performance demanded applause. It was a splendid performance. Andail for free.Ward Foundation Gif tfor Business East AnnouncedA gift of $ 100,000 from the A. MontgomeryWard Foundation to the Graduate School ofBusiness has been announced by the trustées ofthe foundation and Edward H. Levi, présidentof the University.The gift will be used for rénovation ofBusiness East, the central building of threeoccupied by the business school on the University's Midway campus. A large, tiered lectureroom will be named the A. Montgomery WardLecture Hall.Inquest Held intothe Coroner SystemThe coroner system in the state of Illinois wasdiscussed at a three-day symposium held in theUniversity of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics,September 15,22, and 30.The symposium, "Medical-Legal Investigation and the Rights of the Individual: Timefor Change in Illinois?" was sponsored by theDepartment of Pathôlogy in the PritzkerSchool of Medicine.30The symposium, divided into three segments, was coordinated by Dr. Robert W.Wissler, professor and chairman in the Department of Pathology and professor in theCollège, and was moderated by Dr. SeymourGlagov, professor in the Department ofPathology and director of autopsy services. Itfeatured leading practitioners of forensic med- apprehending criminals; 5 ) ignorance of certain other wise pr even table hazards to publichealth, and 6 ) the impairment of the value ofvital statistics.Arguing that it is essential that an efficient,coqrdinated administrative structure includingmodem laboratory facilities be established,and that a medical-legal System supervised byThe new Art Centericine from states which hâve a modemmedical-legal investigative System."Expérience has shown that most coronersare not adequately trained in the field of pathology, to say nothing of forensic pathology,"said Dr. Glagov. "In Illinois, elected coronersare not required to be physicians, and détermination of cause of death is often madewithout on-the-scene investigation by med-ically qualified personnel.". Six areas of error were cited by the positionpaper on modernization of the coroner System.The paper states that ineffectuai investigationof causes of death prédisposes to : 1 ) the non-recognition of murder; 2 ) the unjust accusation of innocent persons; 3 ) the improperévaluation of médical évidence bearing on thecircumstances of death; 4 ) failure to acquiremédical évidence which would be useful in an impartial state commission and adminis-tered regionally in the manner of the Illinoiscourt system would provide the best and mosteconomical mediçal-legal investigative systemfor the state, the position paper is supportedby the chairmen of ail university pathologydepartments in Illinois.Ground Çroken for NewFine Arts ComplexGround was broken for the first phase of afine arts complex to go up in the 5500 blockof Greenwood Avenue and expected to cost$2.75 million.Phase one (tô coin a phase) of the complexwill be the Cochrane- Woods Art Center which *will include the classrooms for the art department and a sculpture courtyard; and the David and Alfred Smart Gallery.The art center is named in honor of the lateFrank Henry Woods and his wife NelleCochrane Woods. Their son, Frank H. Woods,trustée of the Woods Charitable Fund, is alsoa trustée of the University.The gallery will be named in honor ofDavid and Alfred Smart, elder brothers ofJohn Smart, chairman of the Board of Trustéesof the Smart Family Foundation which contrib-uted one million dollars toward the construction.The University is seeking funds for furtherphases ; classroom facilities for the music department, an art library, and a theater.Countdown on UCs MightyAtom Smasher BeginsThe University of Chicago is dismantling itssynchrocyclotron, once the world's mightiest"atom smasher" ( particle accelerator ) .By today's standards, the synchrocyclotronis a pipsqueak beside the mighty acceleratorjust starting up at the National AcceleratorLaboratory ( NAL ) , Batavia, Illinois. NAL hasthe world's mightiest accelerator today.But shed no tears for the synchrocyclotron :Its 2,500-ton magnet is needed at NAL forexperiments with high-energy muons. (Muonsare a type of subatomic particle— particlessmaller than the atom— of fleeting existenceand of a mass intermediate between électronsand protons. The latter are highly stable subatomic particles. ) A spécial site is being pre-pared at NAL for the synchrocyclotron magnet.And there, starting in July, 1972, a Universityof Chicago-Harvard University-NAL-OxfordUniversity team will study the scattering ofhigh-energy muons from targets made ofliquid hydrogen and other materials. The experiments will utilize a 200 to 500 BeV( billion électron volt ) proton beam from theBatavia accelerator.Enrico Fermi, who fathered the world's firstcontrolled nuclear chain reaction at the University ôf Chicago in 1 942, proposed that theUniversity build the synchrocyclotron. Ghan-cellor Robert M. Hutchins helped obtain thefinancing for the particle accelerator and for3ithe Institute for Nuclear Studies, now theEnrico Fermi Institute, which operated thesynchrocyclotron.In 1952, Fermi and his colleagues discov-ered the first résonance state of the proton bybombarding protons with pions produced bythe synchrocyclotron, and physicists every -where became aware that a new world ofparticle research was opening up. Today,twenty years after the synchrocyclotron became operational, the search for the final,irreducible particle of matter is still on.Library Awarded Grants toAutomate Book Data FilesThe University of Chicago Library has beenawarded a grant of $400,000 from the Councilon Library Resources, Inc., with a matchinggrant from the National Endowment for theHumanities, in partial support of a five-yearprogram for the continuing investigation anddevelopment of computèrized library dataSystems.Thèse grants, totalling $800,000, providefunds for the five-year program' s major objective— the development of an efficient computèrized system to handle large bibliographiedata files. The five-year program calls for de-veloping such a system and applying it tovarious library services.Is This the Party toWhom I Am Speaking?How can a university keep in touch withseventy-five thousand far-flung alumni? Atéléphone call now and then certainly helps.It's ail part of the Alumni Fund's phonathonséries, where an evening of telephoning isconducted in various cities to raise money forthe University. A growing number of alumnihâve been called each year since the phona-thons began in 1968. Before 197 1 is out, sometwenty-five to thirty thousand will hâve beencalled, almost twice as many as last year. Therewill also be an international touch: the firstCanadian phonathon, based in Toronto, willcover Toronto, Hamilton, and London,Ontario. The number of volunteer callers— alumniand their spouses— has also been going up.This year there will be almost one thousandcallers compared with last year's f cur hundred.The Alumni Fund seeks gifts from alumnion an annual basis, and is one of the University's most important sources of unrestrictedsupport. This year's fund goal is $7 50,000, ofwhich a substantial amount is expected to beraised by the phonathons."The University of Chicago is the magieword," reported Samuel Sa vas ( AB' 5 1 , SB' 5 3 ) ,first deputy city administrator for -New YorkCity. "There was friendliness and acceptanceamong ail the people I called. It's not likeselling encyclopedias or déodorant, or doinga survey."Chy ty howorych po-Ukrainsjkomu?The University is offering a Ukrainian lan-•guage course for the first time this fall. Thenew program resulted from efforts of theRégional Council of the Ukrainian NationalWomen's League of America ( UNWLA) . Thecouncil, representing seven Chicago chaptersand one each in Milwaukee and Minneapolis,has raised sufficient funds to support a three-year program with a Ukrainian-born languageinstructor.The program is being administered throughthe Department of Slavic Languages andLiteratures. The department currently offersprôgrams in Russian, Czech, Polish, Lithua-nian, and South Slavic languages and literatures.The major source of funds for the new program resulted from a $2 5-a-plate banquet heldlast February in Chicago, sponsored by theUNWLA Régional Council.How You Gonna Keep emDown on the Farm?Perhaps there still is such a thing as "the lureof the big city."The University of Chicago's Office of Admissions and Aid reports that approximately6 percent of the freshman class this fall isenrolled under the University's Small School Talent Search Program. This program, now inits twelf th year, is designed to encourage students from small high schools, mostly in townsand rural areas, to enroll in the University'sundergraduate Collège. Because many of thestudents corne from farm or ranch back-grounds, the program has become known asthe Grass Roots Talent Search (GRTS)program.Over the years it has proved very successful;most of the students in the program achievetheir collegiate goals despite having to com-pete with urban and suburban area studentsfrom larger, better-equipped high schools withmore comprehensive high school éducation.According to the Admissions Office: "TheGRTS kids bring to the campus a sensé of in-dependence, curiosity, and purpose. Theiradjustment to a denïanding éducation and tourban living is thus made easier and more en-joyable. They take advantage of the social,cultural, and recreational opportunities of theUniversity and the city. GRTS students can al-ways be found at the Art Institute, symphonyconcerts, opéra, and the Cubs and White Soxparks. Their lives are not grim."WhatnotsThe Renaissance Society of the University ofChicago presented an exhibition, "The NewCuriosity Shop," from October 5 throughNovember 1 3, 1 97 1 , in Goodspeed Hall.Organized by Joseph R. Shapiro, présidentof Chicago's Muséum of Contemporary Art,who is also responsible for the very popular ¦"Shapiro Art to Live with Collection," a price-less collection of originals lent out quarterlyto students, the exhibition consisted of contemporary works of art of ail média, shown ina setting evocative of a curiosity shop.Works by more than fifty artists, includingJoseph Cornell, Richard Lindner, LucasSamaras, Alexander Calder, Cliff Westerman,Mary Bauermeister, Donald Baum, and KarlWirsum were shown.In describing his conception of the exhibition, Shapiro said: "Our curiosity shop isstocked with ail manner of marvelous thingsof astonishing invention. No formai paintings32or sculpture as such, madness forbid! Butbizarre objects of wonder, surprise, wit, andaudacity. Aesthetic objects there are; butmostly anti-art, random pièces of life— kooky,irrational, funky, garish, and absurd."New Diagnostic Technique forHodgkin's Disease DiscoveredA new radiological scanning technique involv-ing radioactive gallium- 67 has helped University of Chicago cancer specialists to diag-nose Hodgkin's disease deep within the body.Dr. Steven M. Pinsky reported in LosAngeles in June that the technique hadachieved about 95 percent açcuracy. Gallium-67 emits radioactivity that can be recordedphotographically.Hodgkin's disease is a cancer of the lym-phatic system that was considered almostalways fatal ten years ago. Diagnostic surgeryplus high-energy x-ray radioactive cobalt treat-ment increased the cure to about 7 5 percent inrécent years.Dr. Pinsky, chief résident in diagnosticradiology at the Argonne Cancer ResearchHospital, University of Chicago, reported theresults of research by himself and co-workersat the i8th annual meeting of the Society ofNuclear Medicine.Co-authors of his paper were Dr. Paul B.Hoffer, Dr. David A. Turner, Dr. Paul V.Harper, Jr., and Dr. Alexander Gottschalk, ailfrom the Division of the Biological Sciencesand the Pritzker School of Medicine of theUniversity of Chicago.The Argonne Cancer Research Hospital,950 East 59th Street, Chicago, is operated bythe University of Chicago under a contractwith the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.Brain Research Instituteand Surgery Building PlannedThe University of Chicago has announced thatit is proceeding with plans to construct a four-story Brain Research Institute and SurgeryBuilding on Ellis Avenue between 58m and59th Streets.The $8.5 million structure will be financed by funds from the Brain Research Foundationof Chicago, by a giit of $2 million from Dr.Clarence C. Reed, an alumnus, and by othergrants and University funds.Faculty planning committees, working withSchmidt, Garden & Erikson, Chicago architects, are now going forward with spécifications for this complex structure.Edward H. Levi, président of the University,said: "We are most grateful for the support theBrain Research Foundation has provided forthis much-needed facility and for the fundsthey hâve contributed over the years to basicresearch. At a time when many are timid oruncertain about supporting private éducation,the Brain Research Foundation has providedimpressive leadership."Dr. John S. Mullan, professor and actingchairman of the University's Department ofSurgery and head of the Section of Neuro-surgery, will be director of the Brain ResearchInstitute. He said: "the staff of the Brain Research Institute represents ail of the basicdisciplines dealing with the complex problemsof brain function and disease. The new building will provide a focus for thèse eminentphysicians and scientists, many of whom hâvebeen drawn from the faculty of the University.We feel that the work carried out in this newbuilding will greatly advance patient care."Dr. Clarence Reed, a 1925 alumnus of theUniversity of Chicago Rush Médical Collège,in 1967 pledged $2 million for constructionof a new surgery building which will formpart of the corribined facility. Dr. Reed is aplastic surgeon in Stanton, California.Timely HistrionicsThe University of Chicago Court Théâtre thissummer presented three productions : TheCrueible by Arthur Miller, The Taming of theShrew by Shakespeare, and the by now bywordfor our times Lysistrata by Aristophanes. Astory of women who vow to abstain from sexwith their husbands until they vote for peace,the production brought nothing but praisefrom the Maroon. "Skillfully acted and staged,this production allows the many facets of thisplay to émerge, and the slapstick, the bawdy dialogue, and the characterization are ail welltreated."The University Théâtre has a new director,Nicholas Rudall, assistant professor of classicsat the University and a native of Wales. Hisspécial area of académie interest is thecomédies of Aristophanes. Hence, the excellentproduction of Lysistrata.StrokesWashington, D. C, July 26— The AmericanAlumni Council ( AAC) , now in its forty-thirdyear, presented the f ollowing awards to TheUniversity of Chicago Magazine: an ÀACgênerai award for "distinguished achievementin alumni content"; an AAC gênerai award for"distinguished achievement in appearance"; aNewsweek plaque "in récognition of achievement in alumni publication content relatingthe institution to public afïairs," and anAtlantic Monthly award "for excellence in[staff] writing."New Collège Center in the WorksThe University of Chicago has received a$75,000 grant from the Gulf Oil Foundationto assist in creating a new Collège Center.The Center and a new undergraduate librarywere made possible when the UniversityLibrary moved last year into the new JosephRegenstein Library for the Humanities and theSocial Sciences.The Collège Center will occupy the first twofloors and the towers of the Harper MémorialLibrary Building and part of the adjoiningWieboldt Hall. Construction is expected tostart in 1972. In addition to providing administrative facilities for the Collège, the Centerwill include additional classrooms, seminarrooms, student and faculty lounges, and facultyoffices.33PeopleX The University of Chicago honored businessman and philanthropist MAURICE GOLD-BLATT at a dinner December i o at the ConradHilton Hôtel on the occasion of his eightiethbirthday.The birthday célébration coincided with thetwenty-fifth anniversary of the University ofChicago Cancer Research Foundation (UCCRF),which Goldblatt founded to secure funds forthe support of cancer research prôgrams at theUniversity.Edward H. Levi, président of the University,said "Maurice Goldblatt's generosity and dedi-cation hâve enabled scientists at Chicago toreach across the frontiers of knowledge to tryto unlock the secrets of this dread disease.Countless individuals hâve benefited hère andelsewhere from the research and treatment de-veloped through this support. Mr. Goldblattis truly one of the most magnanimous men Ihâve known."When his brother Nathan died of cancer in1944, Goldblatt proceeded to examine workbeing done in cancer research in the UnitedStates. He found that the University of Chicago was a leader in the field and was the firstand one of the few to hâve a full- time teach-ing-research staff in the biological sciencesand the hospitals. The UCCRF was formed as aresuit of Goldblatt's investigation; to date, thefoundation has raised $18,098,080.51. Contributions to the UCCRF from the Goldblattf amily i nter ests alone hâve totalled $ 2 ,9 9 4 ,0 3 8 .X CHARLES L. FEFFERMAN, twenty-two, whojoined the faculty at the University of Chicagoa year ago as an assistant professor in the Department of Mathematics, has been appointeda full professor. He is the youngest full professor in the history of the University of Chicago and possibly at any major university.John T. Wilson, provost of the University,said "The University of Chicago traditionallyhas had a distinguished mathematics department, and Mr. Fefferman's appointment to fullprofessorship signifies the University's strongdétermination to continue this tradition."The department has twenty-four full pro-fessors, including four who hâve received distinguished service professorships for outstand- ing scholarship and service to the University.Fefferman first became interested in mathematics in the fourth grade. "I was extremelyinterested in chemistry and physics, but wascompletely snowed by the physics texts I triedto read," he said in a récent interview. "Myfather suggested that in order to understandphysics, I'd hâve to learn mathematics. WhenI began studying mathematics, I lost interestin physics."By the time he was fourteen, he was readyfor collège. Maryland state law forbade the admission to state universities of students lack-ing a high school diploma, but a change in therégulations was made for Fefferman, and heentered the University of Maryland as a fresh-man in 1963. Three years later he earned theB.S. degree. His first published work, "Cardi-nally Maximal Classes of Non-EquivalentOrder Types," was written when he was afifteen-year-old undergraduate.In 1969 he received his doctorate fromPrinceton where he taught for a year beforecoming to the University of Chicago.In 1 97 1 he studied at the Institut Mittag-LefÏÏer in Sweden, and received the Prix Salem,the world's top mathematics prize in his spécial ty, harmonie analysis and Fourier séries.While there is no Nobel Prize for mathematics, the Prix Salem is certainly its équivalent in international récognition.X A world authority on international mathematics éducation has been appointed résidentmaster of the University's Woodward Courtdormitory for the 197 1-72 académie year.IZAAK WIRSZUP, who continues his full-time teaching and research duties, assumed hisrésident mastership [see "The New Masters"in the Nov/Dec '70 issue of the Magazine] byinaugurating two séries of informai lecturediscussions to be held in his attractive privateapartment in Woodward Court.Izaak Wirszup was born in Vilnq, Poland,in 1 9 1 5. He received a Magister of Philosophyin Mathematics degree from the University ofVilno in 1939, and was a lecturer at the Tech-nical Institute there from 1939 to 1941.In 1949 he accepted an invitation from theUniversity of Chicago to join its faculty; he became a U. S. citizen and was named professor of mathematics in 1965.Wirszup is director of the National ScienceFoundation Survey of Récent East EuropeanMathematical Literature. Forty books preparedby the survey, primarily translations and adaptations from the Russian, hâve already ap-peared.In 1958 Wirszup received the Universityof Chicago's John and Harriet ManchesterQuantrell Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching. He is famous for holdingclasses so interesting that no one— mirabiledictu—ems them everlA fluent linguist— he has mastered six languages— Wirszup has travelled and lecturedwidely. He served as consultant for the FordFoundation in South America advising majoruniversities on the development of mathematical prôgrams.He and his wife, who teaches advancedRussian at the University, collect African woodsculptures and are interested in art, music, andliterature. They should be as fine an enrich-ment in the lives of the students in WoodwardCourt as WAYNE C. BOOTH and his wife were.X DR. LEON O. JACOBSON, dean of the Divi-sion of the Biological Sciences and the PritzkerSchool of Medicine, has been named a chartermember of the Institute of Medicine of theNational Academy of Sciences, Washington,D. C. The academy announced the initial listof 1 1 o members of the Institute this past June.Announced purpose of the institute is "theprotection and advancement of the health ofthe public."Underway already is a staff study on thecomparative efïectiveness of health deliverySystems such as group practice, single practice,and community health organizations. It also isinvestigating proposed universal health care,and is discussing establishment of a study on"death with dignity."X JOHN C. LIGHT, professor of chemistry inthe Enrico Fermi Institute and in the Collège,has received a Défense Department grant of$35,984 for work on "Quantum Studies ofReactive Scattering."34jfyttersTO THE EDITOR: Has the rébellion of youthreally been revolutionary in nature? My question is not meant to discrédit Ralph W.Conant, whose article ["The Prospects forRévolution," May/Jun '71] appears to be acompétent and rational summary of eventsfrom the prevailing académie viewpoint. I aimto challenge the rationale which my colleagueshâve made conventional. Their interprétationof youth's rébellion is, I contend, narrow, self-serving, and inadéquate. Among other things,calling the rébellion revolutionary suggeststhat it moves with the current of history. Doesit? May it not be counterrevolutionàry?The counterpoising of youthful protestersand the greater part of America's institutionalleadership need not imply that youth is free ofparochial attitudes. When Conant refers towhat "youth saw" he seems to imply that thevision of youth was especially clear, but theyouths in question were much too old to beuntouched by social affectations. Thus it mayhâve been the spécifie nature of their biaseswhich distinguished them. Since rébellion hasbeen centered in our most prestigious institutions and departments of higher learning, it isconvenient for académies to believe that therebels hâve been especially perceptive. A con-trary view would almost certainly raise questions about the quality of higher éducation Are protesting students speaking with incisive candor, or do they mouth the cant of adivergent subculture? Do they speak primarilyfor a movement of their own, or as "nouveauxsavants" anxious to proclaim their membershipin a privileged class whose mature membersare more discrète? Are they actually opposingconspicuous consumption, or is their éducation itself a socially accepted waste? Is thedepth of their concern for the rjghts of disad-vantaged minorities to be measured by theirown testimony, or by their inclination to mixdéfense of those rights with such trivia as longhair and pot? Does the appeal of the McCarthyand Lindsay type of leader rest upon records ofservice, or upon reasonable anticipation of performance, or is it chiefly a matter of style?. . .Questions about student life styles and cur-nculum requiremerits, as well as those aboutCommunists on campus, strike me as being peripheral in significance. The key questionshâve to do with the nature and rôle of libéraléducation in a society where leisure and information are abundant. Should we anticipatethat thinking of the most créative and humanesort will "trickle down" only from a few culti-vated minds, or hâve the numerous and variedpeople who occupy the remainder of societymajor contributions to make?Génération gaps and aliénation are com-monly used to describe the division betweenyouths, especially those educated in the libéralarts departments of our leading collèges anduniversities, and the political leaders and private citizens who are sometimes identified asthe silent majority. It is a crucial part of mycase that, while the latter group hâve madenumerous concessions to reconcile protestingyouth, the protesters hâve utilized everythingfrom oudandish dress and obnoxious languageto planned insults and acts of destruction toassure that the gap remained, a gap they viewas the resuit of an intellectual and moral lag inthe rest of society. To compromise would there -fore be degrading.In March of 1968 Senator Fulbright inter-rupted Secretary of State Rusk with the admonition that the senators needed no lectureson patriotism but that they were concernedabout the "pigheadedness" which seemed toguide American policy. Usually, men of Ful-bright's standing manage, as befits their ad-vanced achievements in intellectual style, to bemore circumspect. The Senator's outburst wassignificant. From the protest viewpoint, thedivision in America has been between the pig-heads who react to conventional symbols ofpatriotis'm and piety and those discerning individuals who perceive and pursue humanevalues. That estimate of America's social division is now dramatized in the CBS program"Ail in the Family."Télévision deserves far more attention in ex-planations of the youth rébellion than Conantgave to it in his article. How else could aburgeoning youth movement hâve learned soquickly to identify its leaders, its issues, and itsmost effective tactics? Where else hâve personsof libéral learning expressed themselves sofreely to such wide audiences as they hâve in the news and public affairs prôgrams of télévision?Freedom, especially freedom of verbal expression, has been a major issue of the rébellion. Is a laissez faire approach to verbal expression inherently more valid than a similarapproach to business enterprise? May not bothhâve acquired their aura of sanctity as politicalobjectives of privileged groups? Does un-limited freedom for intellectuals to attack thesymbols by means of which less articulate people communicate contribute to knowledge andcommunication, or does it amount to a unilatéral privilège of aggression? I suggest thatthe readiness with which the' more articulateprofessions deny that social harm and personalinjuries resuit from unbridled use of languageis as crass a bit of hypocrisy as any élite hasever advanced in rationalizing its own privilèges IVAN W. P ARKINS, AM'48 , PhD' 5 5Political Science Department,Central Michigan UniversityMount Pleasant, MichiganTO THE EDITOR: I hâve just today receivedyour May/June issue and hâve just finishedreading it. Your Communist oriented articlesreally are disappointing and very superficial,particûlarly is this true of your article on student unrest when unrealistic reasons are givenover and over for student rioting and the realissue never presented.It seems to me a great university located inthe central part of our nation ( and my ownaima mater ) should be able to présent muchbetter balanced reasoning.GEORGE S. BENSON, AM*3ISearcy, ArkansasTO THE EDITOR: After having read the [May/Jun '71] issue of the Magazine which includedthe Binder article on the Middle East and theConant article on révolution, I felt compelledto write, as so many others must hâve done, tocongratulate you on this excellent Magazine.It never varies in its high quality and read-ability.SAMUEL H. RUBIN, SM'57 (MD)New York, New York35zjHurnni 3\{ewsClub EventsCHICAGO: Récent alumni of the Collège, mostof whom had never seen a football game oncampus, and some of whom had never seen afootball game anywhere, were invited to returnto watch the Maroons battle Saint Benedict'sCollège at Stagg Field October 23. Thosespending the day on campus were invited totour Regenstein Library, lunch at Jimmy's,hear a calliope concert before the game, andenjoy free hot chocolaté and a brass band concert afterwards. ( "Now if you eut out thefootball, it might be a nice way to fritter awaya Saturday," commented one alumna, whoiamented the passing of "dedication to thegentler life" on campus, and remarked of theopposition: "Gentle Saint Benedict would turnover in his grave! " )In an attempt to be fair, h was originallysuggested to those who still retained stronganti-football sentiments, that they might wishto consider rooting for the opposing team. Onecaution did, however, hâve to be offered:When the new Stagg Field was built two yearsago, the University, in an uncharacteristicshow of partisanship, constructed no stands forthe visiting team.In the end, those opposing football had thelast laugh. At the first alumni "homecoming"in more than thirîy years, k rained. Not a re-freshing fall drizzie; not a brief, pleasantshower; but an unrelenting déluge. Footballprôgrams were touted for their outstandingimperméable qualities when used as rainhats.The peanut vendor urged fans to "get 'emwhile they're dry." Even the formidable présence of Big Ed, the fourteen-foot long, world'slargest kazoo, failed to inspire many membersof the famous kazoo marching band to perforai at half-time. A surprisingly large numberof spectators who were able to last until theend, however, found not only that the Maroonshad won, but also that the University BrassChoir, which perf ormed after the game,actually knew the Chicago Marching Song—and repeated it three times during the concertby popular request.Those attending the game were also offeredan additional all-too-rare opportunity foralumni— to hâve dinner with students in theUniversity résidence halls. Alas, most of those graduating since 1950 found themselves toooverwhelmed with memories to risk the opportunity. ("Are you MAD?" responded thealumna quoted above when asked if she wereinterested. "I choked down four years of thisgastronomie abomination. Even years of goodfood hâve not dulled the taste of the gruesomegruel! " ) Those who did sup in the dormi torieswere pleasantly surprised, however, to discoverthat the once-dreaded "Baloney Cup" had beenretired from the menu. It was an appropriatefinale to the day.DENVER: Norval R. Morris spoke to Denveralumni and guests on November 18. His talk,entitled "Prisons 1971," was co-sponsored bythe University of Denver Collège of Law.Joyce Kligerman Newman ( PhD' 5 5 ) is président of the Denver club.JANESVILLE: Alumni from the Wisconsintowns of Janesville, Beloit, and Madison andfrom Rockford, Illinois, spent a raw and windySeptember 2 5 at Tallman House, the largestrestored Victorian résidence in the upper Mid-west. Richard Hartung ( AB'58 ) , director ofthe Rock County Historical Society, gave thehistorical background on Tallman House aftera buffet lunch; tours followed.LOS ANGELES: Harold A. Richman, professorand dean of the School of Social Service Administration, spoke on "The Welfare Crisis,1 9 7 1 "on November 1 6.NEW YORK: Slides and films illustrating thefindings of his investigative team highlightedRoy Mackal's présentation, "The Mystery ofLoch Ness," on November 10. Mackal is as-sociate professor of biochemistry at the University. A capacity crowd attended this firstfall program of the New York club at theCUNY Auditorium.NORTHWEST INDIANA: The first meeting ofUniversity of Chicago alumni in Gary andvicinity was held on October 7, with Philip M.Hauser the featured speaker on "Chaos in theU. S.— Why?" The evening was an outstandingsuccess, with about ninety alumni in atten- dance, and plans are currently underway for theformation of a club, according to Reed Reynolds ( MBA' 67 ) , the chairman.PHILADELPHIA: Roy Mackal, associate professor of biochemistry, addressed Philadelphiaalumni and their guests November 1 1 on "TheMystery of Loch Ness." William C. Musham( MBA'49 ) served as honorary chairman forthe meeting.PHOENIX: The November 5 meeting of thePhoenix club was addressed by Norval R.Morris, the Julius Kreeger Professor of Lawand Criminology and director of the Centerfor Studies in Criminal Justice. Dr. Morris'talk, entitled "Crime Control," was videotapedby the director of the Arizona State Department of Corrections for later showing to localand state police and corrections professionals.Sophia Keats Kruglick ( AB'39 ) is présidentof the Phoenix club.PROVIDENCE: Alumnus Werner A. Baum( SB 43, SM'44, PhD'48 ) , président of the University of Rhode Island, addressed the RhodeIsiand club's fall dinner meeting on Novembern.SAN DIEGO: Norval R. Morris discussed"Crime Control" before an audience of alumniand prominent local guests on October 26.James A. Malkus ( AB'59, JD'61 ) served aschairman for the meeting.SAN FRANCISCO: The Fairmont Hôtel was thescène of the fall meeting of the San Franciscoclub on November 17. Harold A. Richman,professor and dean of the School of SocialService Administration, spoke on "The Welfare Crisis, 1971."WASHINGTON, D. c.: Philip M. Hauser, professor of sociology and director of the Population Research Center and Chicago CommunityInventory, addressed the first fall meeting ofthe Washington club on October 14. He discussed "Conséquences of the Population Explosion, Implosion, and Displosion."36Class Notesf\A FLORA WEIL SACHS, PhB'04, New York1 City, who will "soon be ninety yearsold and can't get a job," informs us that shecan still belt out the old Chicago songs, "JohnD. Rockefeller" and "We Came Hère in theAutumn of 1892."LILIAN "PAULA" STEICHEN SANDBURG,PhB'04, widow of the late, great Cari Sand-burg, Pulitzer Prize winner in history andpoetry, résides in Ashe ville, N. C, where sheand two of her three daughters moved in 1969after selling their Fiat Rock (N. C. ) home andgrounds to the fédéral government for reconstruction as a national, historié site. The formerhigh school Latin teacher, gifted amateurgardener and landscapist, breeder of championgoats— she once served as vice président of theAmerican Milk Goat Record Association-continues at the âge of eighty-eight to activelysupport the campaigns of libéral, politicalcandidates and to back various civic and hu-manitarian causes. The People, Y es is herfavorite among her late husband's writings"because," she says, "it expresses his faith inthe real America."rvrJlN MEMORIAM: Dora A. Atkinson,3 PhB'o5; Don M. Compton, PhB'05;Edna AÎartin Coppuck Hall, PhB'05; JonnLéonard Hancock, AB'05, PhD' 13.r\*j dora H. KELLEY, PhB'07, retired/ school teacher, died this Septemberafter a brief illness. She had lived in SouthBend, Ind., ail her life. A young next doorneighbor of hers, LINNEA BRANDWEINVACCA, AM'69, wrote us the following touch-ing tribute: "My family and I had not verymuch time to know Miss Kelley. But even inthe few months we knew her, we developed agreat fondness and admiration for this splen-did, indefatigable, and— she was proud of it—mildly eccentric spinster lady. . . . Miss Kelleywas [also] very proud of her affiliation withthe University of Chicago."T T JOHNF.REDDICK,X'n,andhis,wifeHelen, celebrated their fiftieth weddinganniversary on June 12, the same day thatTricia Nixon was married, and received a note of "warm congratulations and best wishes"from the Président. The Reddicks live in LosAngeles.ROSCOE G. VAN NUYS, MD'l I, retiredradiologist, Berkeley, Calif., has authored abook, The Whole Man: Body, Mind, Spirit,published recently by the PhilosophicalLibrary.IN MEMORIAM : LeRoy Bowman, AB' 1 1 ;Minnie Mabel Swanson, PhB'i 1.T^ IN MEMORIAM: Robert C. Buck," PhB'i2; Cleland W. Dearing, SB'12;Frances Meigs Fales, PhB' 1 2 ; John C. Garriott,X'12; Annette B. Hopkins, PhD'12; HelenHull, PhB'12; Ruth Ransom Rankin, PhB'12;Walter Albert Young, AM' 12.T A J ANET TYLER FL ANNER, X' 1 4, who,i" writing under the name of "Genêt,"has been interpreting the French political andcultural scène since 1925 in the New Yorkermagazines biweekly "Letter from Paris," hasjust had the second volume of her collectedcolumns, Volume Two, Paris Journal, 1965-1971, published by Atheneum. The first volume, Paris Journal, 1944-1965, won her aNational Book Award.IN MEMORIAM: Leland Hurd Anderson,SB' 14, MD'16; Willard C. Atkins, PhB' 14,JD'18; Ruth Morse Calkins, PhB' 14; BéatriceVan Wagner Condon, PhB' 14; William M.Sebring,X'i4.T £ HELEN CARNES, PhB'i 5, retired person-3 nel director for the Metropolitan Building Company in Seattle, is now retiring asexecutive secretary of the Seattle Chapter ofthe United Nations Association. With the in-formational organization since 1957, MissCarnes did the financial work and the news-letter, dealt with numerous appeals for UNfunds, and handled a wide range of requestsfor information, including one phone call froma man in South America who wished to discusshis nations problems with her; another timeshe received a bomb threat. And like AnnLanders she received countless requests fromchildren who wanted their school papers donefor them. Asked why she is retiring, Miss Carnes told the Seattle Daily Times that thecomputer is driving her out. "I can't take thecomputer," she said. "The national organization computerized our mailing list and I keepgetting calls from persons I know paid theirdues but the computer insists are delinquent."She added that she has never lost faith in theUnited Nations. Just in its computers.IN MEMORIAM: Raymond N. Beebe, JD'i 5 ;John G. Burtt, SB'i 5; William Pierce Carson,PhB' 1 5 , AM' 1 6; Joseph F. Gulick, AM' 1 5 ; CariL. Huffaker,SB'i5.T r-i Don't Put on Your Slippers Y et, by/ COLENA MICHAEL ANDERSON, AM'l 7 ,was published on November 2 6 by ZondervanPublishing House, Grand Rapids, Michigan.CHARLES O. LEE, SM'17, member of theOhio Northern University Collège of Phar-macy faculty since 1954, was awarded a medalby the school, at which he still teaches part-time, during June commencement exercises.Dr. Lee also received an honorary degree thisyear from Purdue University where he taughtfrom 191 5 until 1954.BERTRAM W. WELLS, PhD' 1 7 , who retiredseventeen years ago as head of the botany department at North Carolina State University atRaleigh, lives with his wife on a 1 50-acre farmin Wake Forest (N.C.) and "at eighty-sevenam able to do most of the upkeep."IN MEMORIAM: John B. Doyle, MD'17;Howard T. Hill, Sr., JD'17 ; Harold P. Huis,PhB' 17, JD'21; Mary Louise Strong, AB'17.T Q MAY THEILGAARD WATTS, SB'l8, nat-uralist emeritus at the Morton Arbore-tum in Lisle, 111., was awarded a spécial citation by Rogers Morton, secretary of the interior,for providing the original impetus which ledto the establishment of the Illinois Prairie Pathas part of the National Trails System. In September Harper & Row published her newbook, Reading the Landscape of Europe, atreatise on ecology in a broad sensé, with pen-and-ink illustrations by the author. Her earlierbook, Reading the Landscape (Macmillan,1957 ) , is in its ninth printing.IN MEMORIAM: Charles Edwin Galloway,SB'i 8, MD'20; Paul Bloomfield Zeisler, PhB' 1 8.37T S^ HAZEL SCHMOLL, SM'19, PhD'32, Stilly lives in Ward, Colo., where she and herfamily first moved in the late 1860s when thetown was still a thriving mining camp. Sheowns much of the town, including many formerly deserted shacks that she has been rentingto young people who now compose aboutthree-fourths of Ward's fifty permanent résidents. The influx of youths that might be called"hippie" to Ward and other small Coloradomining towns— some settling down perma-nently, others just passing through— startedabout three years ago. The former Coloradobotanist and teacher at Vassar, now in hereighties, had some trouble with her new rent-ers. "But on the whole," she said, "I thinkwe've got a fine bunch living in Ward."IN MEMORIAM: Charles WashingtonBecker, X' 1 9 ; Thomas Campbell, X' 1 9 ; LumanE. Daniels, SB' 19, MD'20; Raymond House-holder, SB' 1 9, MD'2 1 ; John Wilson Taylor,PhD'19; Edward D. Allen, MD'19.r\ A J. DUNCANBRITE,AM'24, PhD'37,l" member of the Utah State Universityhistory faculty for thirty-eight years, retired inJune. An award, the J. Duncan Brite Scholarship, funded by voluntary contributions of thestaff and to be awarded annually to an outstanding junior history student at Utah State,has been established in his honor.ALFRED A BARNETT DUSTER, PhB 24, iscurrently chairman of the Mid-South ModelArea Council, part of the "Model Cities" program in Chicago. She is also employed twodays a week as director of community relationsfor the Opportunities Industrialization Cen-ters, a self -help program which off ers jobtraining and basic éducation to résidents ofWoodlawn, her own neighborhood on Chicago's South Side. An active civic and community worker over the years, Mrs. Dusterspends the rest of her time doing volunteerwork for the Chicago Public Library, theWoodlawn Community Services Agency's"catalyst for youth" program, the WesleyanService Guild ôf the Woodlawn United Meth-odist Church, the YWCA, and the United StatesAssociation of the United Nations. Her fivechildren, whom she finished raising by herself in the slums after her husband's death in 1945,ail won scholarships to collège. "There was noUpward Bound in those days, so scholarshipswent to students in the upper 5 apercent oftheir classes. We did schoolwork at home together after school and on weekends to makesure the little Dusters stayed in that group,"she said in "People Who Care," the ChicagoDaily News séries that spotlights Chicago-area volunteers. Evidently the regimen paidoff: Benjamin (44) is an attorney and investment broker; Charles (42 ) is an architect;Donald ( 40 ) is a financial analyst; Mrs. Al-freda Farrell ( 36 ) is a teacher of emotionallydisturbed children, and Troy (36) is a professor of sociology at the University of California at Berkeley who recently authored TheLégislation of Morality, Law, Drugs, andMoral Judgment.IN MEMORIAM: Hay ward M. Severance,PhD'24; Arthur Stenn, ^'24, MD'28.rs A EDWARD C. AMES, PhB' 2 6, leader inbusiness, civic affairs and éducation,former journalist, winner of UC's Alumni Citation in 195 1, has retired as vice président ofthe administrative division, Owens-Illinois,Inc., Toledo, Ohio. Retirement plans includefinishing the greenhouse he is building in backof his home so he can become a year- roundgardener. "It's as foolproof as possible," hesaid, "with automatic heat, ventilation andhumidity controls and corne Christmas I hopeto hâve a profusion of blooms."IN MEMORIAM: Donald M. Jacobsen,PhB'26.rs m john allison, PhB'27, upon his re-/ tirement from Frostburg ( Md. ) StateCollège as associate professor of psychologyand counselor, was awarded an honorary doc-tor of humane letters degree, the first honorarydegree to be bestowéd by the school in itsseventy-three-year history.JACK P. COWEN, SB'27, MD'32, Chicago,has been invited by the International EyeFoundation to inspect and survey médicalteams and hospital facilities in Afghanistanand Iran. Previously an officiai delegate tomeetings of the International Congress of Ophthalmology, Dr. Cowen has lectured atuniversities in New Delhif, Izmir, Istanbul,Tokyo, Athens, Tel Aviv, Prague, Rome,Vienna, Amsterdam, and London.WALTER E. MARKS, PhB'27, vétéran IndianaState University dean, professor, coach, formerBig Ten athletics officiai, retired in June.Marks joined the ISU staff in 1927 after grad-uating from Chicago where he won eight var-sity letters— three each in football and trackand two in basketball. Playing under AmosAlonzo Stagg, he was a sophomore f ullback onChicago's last Big Ten cjiampionship footballteam in 1924 and captained the 1926 footballteam. At ISU he coached football and baseballfor sixteen years and basketball and golf foreight years. He officiated at Big Ten events fortwenty years— eight years in basketball andsixteen in football— and was one of the i960Rose Bowl Game officiais.The Montgomery Collection, family papersof the manager- slaves of Jefferson Davis recently donated to the Library of Congress, in-cludes a 2 50 -page ty peser ipt by GLADYS BYRAMSHEPPERD, PhB'27, of the 1872 diary of MaryVirginia Montgomery, entitled The Montgomery Saga, from Slavery to Black Power.IN MEMORIAM: Shields Mcllwaine, AM'27,PhD'37; Festus P. Summers, AM'27.r\ f~\ CLEMENT D. ROCKEY, PflD'29, bishopy of the Methodist Church serving inIndia and West Pakistan until his retirementfrom active service in 1964, attended with his,wife a November meeting of the Bishops ofthe Methodist Church, held in Des Moines.The Rockeys make their home in Eugène,Oregon.JOE D. THOMAS, PhB'29, AM'30, an after-dinner humorist for some time, was invitedabout a year and a half ago to address a wom-en's organization and to "do Mark Twain." Sohe appeared brandishing a big cigar, resplend-ent in a white suit, and did a Hal Holbrookianimpersonation of Twain. Two days later inDallas, he did another brief impersonationwhich resulted in several on-the-spot solicita-tions for future engagements. Since then hehas been in great demand, especially in hisnative Southwest, and has bookings straight38through 1973. Born only a hundred milesfrom Florida, Mo.— Samuel Clemens birth-place— Mr. Thomas is able to sound authenticduring his recitations simply by imitating theway his grandparents and f ather spoke. Mr.Thomas is also— to his own unending amaze-ment— â professor of English and secretary ofthe faculty at Rice University in Houston.ROBERT I. WHITE, PhB'29, AM'36, PhD'45,président of Kent (Ohio) State Universitysince 1963, retired from the post this fall.Président White had intended to announce hisretirement in the spring of 1 970, but the May4 tragedy of that year, during which four students were shot to death and nine werewounded when Ohio National Guardsmenfired into a group of demonstrators protestingthe widening of the war into Cambodia,"forced a delay in the timing." After a sab-batical leave, he plans to résume teaching atKent as professor in the Department of Educational Administration.IN MEMORIAM: Dice Robins Anderson, Jr.,AM'29; Virginia Christian Farînholt, AM'29,PhD'36; Irène Graham Strebel, AM'29.^ ry The UN and the Palestiniân Refugees:J A Study in Non-Territorial Administration, by EDWARD H. BUEHRIG, PhB' 32,AM'34, PhD'42, was published on October 29by Indiana University Press.\ IN MEMORIAM: John Chester Ellickson,X'32; I. E. Haebich, SM'32; H. Fonce Haworth,SB'32; Robert L. Thomas, PhB'32; Harold B.Tukey, PhD' 3 2.*2 A LEON T. DICKINSON, AM'34, PhD'45,J? I* professor of English at the Universityof Missouri, is spending the current académieyear at the University of Montpellier, France,as a lecturer in American literature under theFulbright program. He is the co-author ofCollège Course in English Composition andauthor of A Guide to Literary Study.MARTIN RIST, PhD' 34, Boulder, Colo., professor emeritus of the Iliff School of Theologyin Denver where he taught New Testamentand was the librarian, is now archivist of thehistorical records of the Rocky Mountain Conférence of United Methodist Church. Former editor of Roundup, monthly magazine of theDenver Westerners devoted to Western history, Mr. Rist continues to write, for publication, in the fields of New Testament and Western history.^2 £ DAVID H. KUTNER,AB' 3 5, formerlyJ 3 président and chief executive officer ofHammond Organ Company, has been appointed to an executive capacity in the officeof the président, W. R. Grâce & Company,New York.IN MEMORIAM : Paul T. Bruyère, MD' 3 5 ;Leslie M. Davis, PhD'35; Claude E. Hawley,AB' 3 5, PhD' 3 9.*-S r\ EARL McGRATH, PhD' 3 6, director of theJ Higher Education Center, Temple University (Ind. ) , is currently heading a feasi-bility study for Franklin (Ind.) Collège whichadministrators hope will lead to a three-yearbachelor of arts program. Dr. McGrath hasserved as the director of the Institute of HigherEducation at the Teachers Collège of Colum-bia University.IN MEMORIAM: Garnet Bradley, MD'36;Norman W. Inlander, JD'36; Edward C. H.Lammers, PhlS'36.*2 n VERNE E. CROCKEL, AB'37, AM'40, hasJ / moved to Joliet, 111., where he is work-ing part-time as a supervisor of student teachers in the Department of Education, Collègeof St. Francis. Mr. Crockel retired from publicschool work last February after more than fif tyyears in the profession.>2 X McCREA HAZLETT, AM'38, PhD'51,J former vice président for public affairsat the University of Rochester ( N. Y. ) , leftlate this summer for New Delhi, India, to takeup his new duties as chief cultural afïairs officerof the U. S. Embassy there. Hazlett has exten-sive background and interest in Indian educational and cultural afïairs. During the past yearhe was chairman of the board of the AmericanInstitute of Indian Studies, a coopérative or-ganization of about twenty-five collèges anduniversities established to advance teachingand research on India. In 1963-64, while on leave from Rochester, he was the first résidentdirector of the Institute at Deccan Collège inPoona, India. At Rochester, he has been chairman of the Council on International Educationand director of the South Asia Language andArea Center. Hazlett was dean of students atUC before joining the University of Rochesterin a similar capacity in 1957.IN MEMORIAM: Pauline E. Holt, PhB'38.^ fv LILLIAN LANE BRISTOW, AM'39, re-J / tired social worker who is now a volun-teer tutor and class instructor at the Salem( Ore. ) Rehabilitation Facility, was namedVolunteer of the Year at an October meetingof the Volunteer Bureau of Salem Area, Inc.Mrs. Bristow's distinguished service award waspresented to her by KATHLEEN BEAUFAIT,JD'56, outgoing président of the bureau'sBoard of Directors.LEONARD MORTON EDWARDS, SB' 3 9, hasearned a doctor of philosophy degree in chemistry from the University of Delaware.A T Physicist JOHNH. COVER, SB'4l,isthe\ inventor, now seeking a patent, of anon-violent (non-lethal) weapon, the "Taser"gun, which stands for Tele- Active Shock Electronic Repulsion. This gun is designed to beused in plane hi-jackings, Attica State Prisonuprisings or other such friendly encounters, aweapon that will totally immobilize, but notkill. His sister, EVLYN COVER WYLIE, SB'40,f ondly reports that the true meaning behindthe acronym T( A) SER is: Tom Swift's ElectricRifle, for Mr. Gover was a true Tom Swift bufïin his childhood.BLISS FORBUSH, AB'41, AM'47, headmasteremeritus, Baltimore Friends School, has writ-ten a history of the Towson, Md., private psychiatrie institution of which he is honoraryprésident. Published by J. B. Lippincott Company, the work is entitled The Sheppard andEnoch Pratt Hospital, a History: 1853-1970.CATHERINE LEIRER JUSTICE, SB'41, received a PhD degree from Purdue Universityin June. Mrs. Justice, who researched the die-tary intakes and nutritional status of selectedaged patients in nursing care facilities for herdoctoral thesis, found during the course of her39investigations that even elderly people whosediets are prepared according to the highestnutritional standards, often sufïer nutritionaldeficiencies because they fail to consume ail orsome of the portions which are served to them.Mrs. Justice, mother of six, received her doc-torate within weeks of when higher éducationdegrees were conferred upon her two eldest:Robert, the oldest, received a doctor of lawsfrom Harvard while Jonathan walked ofï withan AB from DePauw University. The fourother Justices are: Margaret, a senior at Rad-cliffe; Samuel, a sophomore at Reed Collègein Portland, Ore.; Elizabeth, a junior highschooler, and Amy, a grade schooler in Logans-port, Ind. Mr. Justice is an attorney in Logans-port.IN MEMORIAM: Robert Blackwell Smith,PhD'41.A ry MARGARET KUEFFNER CHANDLER,T AB'42, AM'44, PhD'48, business professor, Columbia University, and former mem-ber of UCs Committee on Human Relationsin Industry, has co-authored with L. R. SaylesManaging Large Systems: Organizations forthe Future. In the work, published in Octoberby Harper & Row, the authors find traditionalmanagerial principles regarding controls, incentive Systems, and planning to be inadéquatein the context of large Systems. A 1965 book,Management Rights and Union Interests, wonProfessor Chandler the McKinsey Award forthe best book in the field of management.A Change in the Wind, one of the dozensof books by LESLIE WALLER, X'42, is soon tobe produced as a film. Author of the triiogyThe Banker, The Family, and The American,Mr. Waller also has written on travel andfinancial matters for Air Travel, Signature,and the New York Times.A SJ HARRYW. FISCHER, SB'43, MD45, for-arJ5 merly professor of diagnostic radiologyat the University of Michigan and head of theDepartment of Radiology of Wayne CountyGeneral Hospital, succeeded to the chairman-ship of the Department of Radiology at theUniversity of Rochester ( N. Y. ) Médical Center as of September 1 . EDWIN S. MUNGER, SB'43, SM'48, PhD'51,Africanist and professor of geography atCaltech, has been elected président of theL. S. B. Leakey Foundation, a Los Angelesbased organization which supports scientificresearch into the origins of man, évolution,and the environment.ROBERT C. SPENCER, AB'43, AM'52, PhD'55,président of Saugamon State University inSpringfield, 111., has co-authored a study of thelosing candidates in a congressional élection.In The Politics of Defeat, published recentlyby the University of Massachusetts Press, suchquestions are examined as to what motivâtesmen and women to seek congressional officewhen the chances of victory over an incum-bent are remote? What leads them to extensivePersonal and political commitments when theyield is certain to be small for most of them?Mr. Spencer has been research director at theDémocratie National Committee while hisco-author, Robert J. Huckshorn, was directorof the Division of Arts and Sciences of theRepublican National Committee.IN MEMORIAM: Lorenzo Blanton, AM'43;Albert Z. Carr, AM'43.45 The most récent of the prizes picked upby artist EMILY WROBLEWSKI PIN-KOWSKI, PhB'45, was the second prize in ashow sponsored by the American Council ofPolish Cultural Clubs for American Artists ofPolish Descent. Her other prizes are many toonumerous to mention, and her exhibitionshâve been ail over the country. Mrs. Pinkow-ski, mother of four, paints in acrylics, and hersubjects are mainly machinery.IN MEMORIAM : Verna White, PhD'4 5 .A r\ B. EVERARD BLANCHARD, AM'46,r DePaul University School of Education, disclosed in the letters section of a récentChicago Sun-Times a new procédure for de-termining one's tendency towards obesity.Formulated during a six-year study of a groupof several hundred DePaul students and especially helpful, we would présume, to anyonewith limited access to mirrors or bathroomscales, the method is as follows: Subtract yourwaistline from your height ( both measured in inches) ; "a différence of 34-36 may be con-sidered normal, a différence of 3 3 or less in-dicates you are too fat . . . and a différence of38 or above indicates a tendency towards beingthin." For measuring, women should removetheir shoes; men should not. "Naturally, women should remove their girdles and exhale atthe time of measuring their waistline."JAROSLAV PELIKAN, PhD'46, professor ofreligious studies at Yale University, has published the first of a nve-volume séries on theChristian Tradition. The Emergence of theCatholic Tradition (100-600), released thissummer by the University of Chicago Pressand called by Newsweek "the first original history of Christian doctrine written in nearly acentury," relates the troubled history of thefirst six critical centuries after Christ, duringwhich the fundamental affirmations of Christian doctrine emerged from the welter of be-liefs and teachings. A prolific author on various aspects of Christian history, Mr. Pelikan iscurrently editing a thirty- volume séries whichwill présent the works of Martin Luther.APJ ROBERT J.KIBBEE, AM'47, PhD' 57,1 / previously vice président for administration and planning at Carnegie-Mellon University in Pittsburgh and président of the Pitts-burgh Board of Education, has been namedchancellor of the City University of New York.MARY ELLA HOPKINS REUTERSHAN,PhB'47, candidate for town councilwoman, hasbeen endorsed in her first bid for elected officeby the Independent Voters of East HamptonTown, N. Y.48 FRANK J. CORBETT, AM'48, director ofthe Office of Urban Afïairs, Universityof Buffalo, has been named chairman of theschool's Advisory Committee on MinorityAfïairs. The committee, formed a year ago toencourage the recruitment of minority faculty,staff, and students, will open its membershipthis year to représentatives from the commu-nity-at-large as well as from the university.SIGNI FALK, PhD'48, professor of Englishat Coe Collège, Cedar Rapids, lowa, and afaculty member there since 1947, retired inJune. In 1961 Miss Falk's. book Tennessee40An advertisement for Chicagochairs, with some little-known factson the birch tree, from theRoman Empire to the University. . .In the athletic contests of ancientRome, trophies of birch branches wereawarded to the victors, a practice whichlater spread to récognition of achievement in other areas. I n time, the "f asces"—a bundle of birch rqds, sometimeswith a protruding axe —became a sym-bol of authority, carried through thestreets on civic occasions by lictors,the sheriffs of their day.In the New World, the birch had beenused extensively by Indians, notablyfor wigwam pôles and the bark canoë.But the earliest settlers largely ignoredthe tree in favor of softer woods whichlent themselves more easily to construction in primitive circumstances.Woodsmen often were discouraged bythe labor needed to hew down a birch,especially when they felled a treewhose toughness had kept it uprightlong past its useful âge for lumber.Most observers, deceived by thebirch's gracefulappearance, were un-aware of its great strength. JamesRussell Lowell called it "the most shyand ladylike of trees."The sap and leaves of the birch yieldan oil similar in fragrance to winter-green, and one of the tree's early useswas in the flavoring of a soft drinkknown as birch béer. As the characterof its wood became apparent, the birchbegan to be used in the manufacture ofproducts where durability was important: tool handles, wagon-wheel hubs, ox yokes, barrel hoops, wooden-ware. Challenging oak and hickory forstrength, and excelling them in beauty,birch soon came to be favored by themakers of sleighs and carriàges. And,finally, cabinetmakers adopted thewood for the finest furniture.Sorne of the first railroad tracks werespiked to birch crossties. In the earlydays of the automobile, birch was usedby some coach makers for the mainframe and other structural members.During the métal shortages of WorldWar II the British used the wood in themanufacture of airplanes —especiallyin the well-known mosquito bomber,constructed almost entirely of birchplywood. Tennis rackets and skis arestill made of birch.Some years ago, the Alumni Association found a century-old New Englandfurniture manufacturer who continuesto employ hand craftsmanship in theproduction of early American birchchairs. The firm, S. Bent & Brothers ofGardner, Mass., is still operated bythird and fourth génération descendentsof its founders. Hundreds of their piècesare now in the homes and offices ofalumni and —especially the sturdy arm-chairs— are found everywhere on campus, from the Présidents office to theQuadrangle Club.At least one United States Président,while in the White House, owned aBent & Brothers armchair, identical incolor, design, and construct on to the model available through the AlumniAssociation.The designs for the Chicago chairsoriginated in colonial times and reachedtheir présent form in the period from1820 to 1850. The selected yellowbirch lumber cornes from New Brunswick, Canada, and from Vermont andNew Hampshire. Except for modern-day improvements in the adhesives andthe satin black finish, the chairs arefaithfully traditional.Identification with the University isachieved by a silk-screened goldChicago coat of arms on the backrest,complementing the antique gold détail stripings on the turnings. The arnvchair is available either with black ornatural cherry arms. Ail chairs areproduced on spécial order, requiring aminimum of four weeks for delivery,and are shipped express collect fromthe factory in Massachusetts.[— " : 1I The University of Chicago| Alumni AssociationI 5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637| Enclosed is my checkfor$ , payable toi The University of Chicago Alumni Associ-[ ation, for the following Chicago chair(s):- — Armchairs (cherry arms) at $48.00I _ Armchairs (black arms) at $46.75 Boston rockers at $36.00 Side chairs at $28.50Name (please print)Address Williams was published by Twayne of NewYork as part of their United States Authorsséries. Her second book in the séries, ArchibaldMacLeish, was published in 1965. She is thef oster daughter of the late Professor ClydeTull who headed the Cornell Collège (Mt.Vernon, Iowa) English department for manyyears.SEYMOUR HALLECK, PhB'48, SB'50, MD'52,director of student health psychiatry at theUniversity of Wisconsin and chief psychiatrieconsultant for the Wisconsin Division of Corrections, is now writing an exclusive, bi-weekly column for the Madison ( Wisc. )Capital Times. In the column, which toucheson a wide range of social and ethical problems,Dr. Halleck attempts to avoid, insofar as hecan, an "advice" or "case" approach. "One ofthe things I like about psychiatry is that it'sone of the most honest kinds of relationshipsyou can hâve," he told the newspaper. "Youlearn how awful people feel about themselves,how angry they really are, how ashamed theycan feel. People really hâte more than they prétend; they are more selfish than they prétend;they are more narcissistic than they prétend.They also love more than they prétend."A f~\ MICHAEL E. BLAW, PhB'49, MD'54,T" 7 spent several weeks during last springteaching Vietnamese physicians— candidatesfor the faculty of the Médical School in Saigon—in the AMA-sponsored program, "Educational Project in Saigon." As part of the trip,Dr. Blaw made stops at the National University of Taiwan in Taipei and the Ail India Institute of Médical Sciences in New Delhi. Heand his wife, HELEN PETERS, PhB'49, live înTexas where he is professor of neurology andpediatrics at the University of Texas South-western's Médical School at Dallas.L. HARVEY DAVIS, PhB'49, MBA'53, hasbeen appointed vice président and manager ofthe Bank of California's new branch in London.IRVING LIBERMAN, JD'49, his wife ESTHERGELLER, AM'49, and their four children, agedfour to thirteen, were among the 242 Ameri-cans who took passage in July aboard theT.S.S. Anna Maria of the Greek Line for Israël,where they intend to setde permanendy. The Libermans had been living in Washington,D.C.ALAN J. WHITNEY, X49, former présidentof UC's New York alumni club, has beennamed night managing editor of the New YorkPost.IN MEMORIAM: Clifïord W. Berg, AM'49.5T P ATSY TAKEMOTO MINK, JD' 5 1 , COn-gresswoman from Hawaii, is testing thepolitical winds toward a possible bid for theDémocratie presidential nomination. According to the Washington Evening Star, Représentative Mink is actively encouraging a pétition drive in Oregon to get her name on thatstate's ballot for the May primary. The f ourth-term congresswoman who serves on the HouseEducation and Labor Committee was ap-proached by a group of Oregonians, unhappywith the choices offered Democrats for theélection, and now a "Mink for Président" officehas opened in Portîand.£ rs DAVID RAY, ab' 5 2 , AM' 5 7 , contem-^J porary poet and editor, has acceptedappointments at the University of Missouri-Kansas City as editor of their iiterary publication, the University Review, and as associateprofessor of English. Mr. Ray's work has beenpublished in Atlantic Monthly, Epoch, LondonMagazine, the Nation, New American Review,New Republic, North American Review,Quarterly Review of Literature, Paris Review,and Poetry magazine, as well as in several anthologies. In 1958 his journalism earned himNew Republic magazines Young Writer'saward. Later he spent three years living inGreece, Italy, and England on a five-year f el-lowship from the Woursell Foundation andthe University of Vienna— the world's thirdlargest Iiterary prize. He has taught at CornellUniversity, Reed Collège, University of Iowa'sWriters Workshop, and most recently atBowling Green (Ohio) State University.KENNETH S. TOLLETT, AB'52, JD'55,AM'58, former dean, Texas Southern Schoolof Law, and a member of the UC Alumni Cabinet, has been appointed a distinguished professor in higher éducation at Howard University, Washington, D. C. P* "^ According to JESSIE TODD, longtime%3j teacher at the UC Laboratory School,her onetime student, CAROLINE LEE KNEZE-VIC, AB'53, has a one-man sculpture show run-ning in Paris this fall and has been called oneof the more promising younger artists in Europe. Says Miss Todd, Lab School graduâteswill probably well remember Caroline's "nearlife-sized horses" painted for school exhibition when she was in the f ourth, fifth, and sixthgrades.£ A PAUL G. NEIMARK, X'54, Highland+J M Park, 111., has written his ninth bookand first novel, She Livesl Set for publicationearly in 1972, "the novel is based partiy upon ¦my expériences at the University," writes theauthor. His eighth book, I, Pig, was reviewedin Time this fall.£ *J ANN NORDSTROM BOND, PhD' 57, as-O / sociate prof essor of zoology at ChicagoState University and formerly an assistant professor of zoology at UC, has been named chairman of CSU's Department of Biological Sciences.CARL E. LINDERHOLM, AB' 57, SB' 57,SM'58, PhD' 63, Department of Mathematics,University of Reading (United Kingdom) ,has published a satirical book, MathematicsMade Difficult. Author of numerous otherwritings of "merely" scientific interest, Dr.Linderholm "loves cheese mites and children,and breeds both freely."ROBERT L. PERLMAN, AB'57, SB'58, MD'6l,PhD' 63, has been appointed associate professorof physiology at Harvard Médical School. Dr.Perlman, who interned and took his residencyin pediatrics at Bellevue Hospital, New York,had been on the pediatrics faculty at HowardUniversity School of Medicine.GERALD TEMANER, AB'57, one of severalChicago political filmmakers featured in a récent Chicago Sun-Times article, works withKartemquin Films, the organization whichgrew out of Home for Life, a film he andGORDON M. QÙINN, AB'65, shot several yearsago at the Drexel Home for the Aged andwhich is acclaimed as a classic of Americancinema-verité filmmaking. Temaner has taken42a position at the University of Illinois CircleCampus where he is experimenting with videotape which, he feels, will facilitate the shorter,more political, films Kartemquin now wantstodo.£ r^ EDWARD G, JONES, AB'59, after many3 y years of employment in the computerindustry in various management positions, hasformed his own executive recruitment andplacement firm— E. G. Jones Associates, Ltd.,in Baltimore. The firm is specializing in plac-ing professionais within the financial andcomputer industries in the East Coast mega-lopolis area.IN MEMORIAM: Joan Sabonis Kapocius,AM'59.f\ /^vbrian CAPON, SM'6o, PnD'61, chairman of the botany department at California State Collège, Los Angeles, is now a fullprofessor at the school. A specialist in désertannual plants, Mr. Capon has done researchin température control, water stress, and heat-increasing germination of thèse plants.KING V. CHEEK, JR., AM'6o, JD'64, wasinaugurated as the seventh président of Morgan State Collège, Baltimore, Md., on October16.DAVID S. CHERNOFF, AB'6o, JD'62, is apartner in the newly founded Chicago lawfirm of Vihon, Fuchs, Temple & Berman, OneNorth LaSalle Street.MARTHA CHURCH, PhD'6o, has accepted theposition of associate executive secretary of theCommission on Higher Education of the Middle States Association of Collèges and Sec-ondary Schools, a régional accrediting agency.Upon her résignation as dean of the collège andprofessor of geography at Wilson Collège(Chambersburg, Pa. ) at the end of the 1970-71 académie year, she received a distinguishedservice award from the school.IN MEMORIAM: Virgil E. Fieker, MBA'6o.r\ r\ LARRY W. BOWMAN, AB'62, AM'65,specialist in Af rican poli tics, is now anassistant professor of political science at theUniversity of Connecticut. Before joining theConnecticut faculty in 1 969, he taught at the University Collège of Rhodesia and Nyasa-land.SHOLOM A. SINGER, PhD'62, rabbi of B'NaiTorah in Highland Park, 111., and associateprofessor of history at DePaul University, haspublished a book, Médiéval Jewish Mysticism—Book of the Pious ( Whitehall Publishers,Inc., Northbrook, 111. ) .VERNON ZIMMERMAN, AB'62, pioneer underground director, will be surfacing whenParamount releases Deadhead Miles ( starringAlan Arkin ) . Mr. Zimmerman, who has threeteams of film editors busy on the final eut, be-lieves that the film will do for truck driverswhat Easy Rider did for motorcycle bufïs.IN MEMORIAM: George C. Habenicht,MBA' 62.A A FRED BRANFMAN, AB'64, for fourl years a volunteer in Laos, has returnedto the United States to found Project Air War,a group trying to awaken America to the factthat, by admission of officiais closely connectedwith the war, Laos has been the most heavilybombed country in the history of aerial war-fare.A £ BENJAMIN M. BLUMBERG, SM'65,^J doctoral student in biochemistry at UC,was rescued by Coast Guardsmen from LakeMichigan in late September after clinging sixteen hours to a bobbing buoy to which he hadmanaged to swim after falling from a sailboatofï Navy Pier. Although his body températurewas down to ninèty-two degrees when he wasbrought by ambulance to Chicago WesleyMémorial Hospital, Blumberg was pronouncedin good condition by physicians there and trans-ferred to Billings until recovery was complète.He and UC médical student ERNEST HAMELhad taken their sailboat out onto the lake onan afternoon when lake winds were gusting tothirty miles an hour, according to the WeatherBufeau. At about 3 p.m. Blumberg fell fromthe sixteen-foot boat in choppy waters near acrib three miles ofï the Near North Side.Hamel immediately hauled in sail and combedthe waters for about an hour before returningto Navy Pier and alerting police. The policemarine unit searched for Blumberg until 6 p.m. when Coast Guard watercraft and heli-copter joined the hunt which continuedthrough the night. Rescuers finally sightedhim at 6:45 a.m. His first words to the CoastGuarders : "Can I catch a ride with you f el-lows?"ROGER BOWEN, MBA'65, a co-founder andformer actor in Chicago's celebrated "SecondCity" revue, plays Hamilton Majors, Jr., thetide-roler's polo-playing boss, in the CBS télévision séries "Arnie.*' Mr. Bowen got histheatrical start in Chicago when he joinedElaine May ( and later Mike Nichols ) in PaulSills' Compass Théâtre, an improvisationalgroup, as a writer. But they wouldn't let himwrite unless he also acted.7 RICHARD CHOLBROOK, AM'65, AM'68, 1and SHIRLEY MADELEINE KATZ, MAT' 69,married on August 29, are in France wherethey will be living for one year.DONALD KIRK, AM'65? as the new FarEastern correspondent for the ChicagoTribune, will be in Taiwan for a while observ-ing the Nationalist Chinese following theirexpulsion from the United Nations. Mr. Kirkhas been in the Far East since 1965 where hereported on the Vietnam wâr and wrote abook, Wider War: The Struggle for Cam-bodia, Thailand and Laos, published last Juneby Praeger. His articles on the abortive Indo-nesian coup d'état of 1 965 and the graduaioverthrow of Président Sukarno, published bythe New York Times Magazine, New Leader,and Reporter magazine, won him a spécialcitation from the Overseas Press Club ofAmerica.MICHAEL DAVID KLEIN, AB'65, who received an MD degree recently from Case Western Reserve University, is interning at theUniversity of Washington Affiliated Hospitals(Seattle).RICHARD OMARK, AB'65, AM'69, doctoralcandidate in sociology at Michigan State University, is the editor of Summation, publishedtwice yearly under the auspices of the SocialScience Research Bureau of the Department ofSociology, Michigan State University, EastLansing, Michigan 48823.ALAN M. WIENER, MBA'65, as director ofmarketing for the Specialty Foods Division,43Riviana Foods Inc., Houston, Texas— a job hebegan last May— is involved in the marketingof such products as boxed chocolatés, kosherfoods, and Iranian caviar. During the summer,Mrs. Wiener tried to seil their house in Wil-mette, 111. , with no luck, before they had tomove into their new Houston home. Anyoneinterested in buying a nice home in Wilmetteshould contact Mr. Wiener at 422 Piney PointRoad, Houston, Texas 77024.DAVID P. WOLF, AB'65, JD'68, and his wife,GRACE DANIELS, AM' 66, "PhD eventually,"hâve moved from Fairbanks to Anchorage,Alaska, where David is now executive directorof Alaska Légal Services Corporation. "Hismain claim to famé of late," reports Grâce,"has been the injunction he obtained from fédéral District Court in Washington, D. G, onbehalf of five Indian villages against theSecretary of the Interior issuing a pipelinepermit. Only after his injunction did the con-servationists go to court." She sends "best regards to ail from the sub-Arctic."MICHAEL A, YESNER, AB'65, MBA'67, ad-vertising research project director, Sears, Roebuck and Company, Chicago, is a f ather. StaciDyan, a giri, the Yesners' first child, was bornon August 2 1 .IN MEMORIAM: William H. Field, PhD'65. sworn in as assistant U. S. attorney in thesouthern district of New York and is assignedto the civil division to represent the fédéralgovernment in civil suits.| RICHARD J. BALL, AB'66, joined thefaculty of Illinois State University( Bloomington-Normal ) this fall as assistantprofessor of management in the Collège ofBusiness. Since 1 969, he has held a graduateteaching assistantship at the University ofKentucky and is currently a doctoral candidatethere.NICHOLAS J. BOSEN, JD'66, assistant deanand dean of students at the Law School, hasbeen appointed a member of the ChicagoHousing Authority succeeding RICHARD C.WADE, former UC professor of history.WILLIS L. PETERSON, PhD' 66, associateprofessor at the University of Minnesota, isthe author of a two-voiume économies principes text, Principles of Economies: Macro andPrinciples of Economies: Micro, published byRichard D. Irwin, Inc., Homewood, 111.FRANK HAROLD WOHL, JD'66, has been DARILYN W. BOCK, AB'67, AM'68, hasjoined the faculty of Illinois WesleyanUniversity as an assistant professor of English.RAYMOND Tf SHEPHERB, SM'67, PhD'70, isspending the current académie year at the University of Florida at Gainesville on a researchfellowship. He is on leave from Elmhurst( 111. ) Collège where he is assistant professor ofmathematics.JEFFREY SWANSON, AM'67, is now editorof the Natty Bumppo Review, a quarterlywhich, according to the October issue ofW rit ers' Digest, solicits material on "earlyAmerican life and literature, especially refer-ring to James Fenimore Cooper, the AmericanIndian ( Eastern tribes and the Westo Con-federacy) and pioneer life subjects. SpecificallyWestern Indians, cowboys, life on the range,etc., are taboo."MICHAEL R. A. WADE, AB'67, of Washington, D. G, as the rent", sales housing, and realestate expert at the National Opérations Centerof the Office of Emergency Preparedness ( administrative headquarters of Président Nixon'swage/price control program ) , explains thePrésidents économie stabilization policies tomajor trade organizations, and also providesthe Cost of Living Council with option paperscontaining his price stabilization recommen-dations in the housing field.BARBARA DIAMOND GOLDIN, AB'68, isteaching a class of emotionally dis-turbed children at the Beeman MémorialSchool in Gloucester, Massachusetts.f\ ç\ MAXWELL EDISON, X'69, winner of they John Henry award in the third annualAmateur Steel Driving Compétition, has ap-plied for admission to the Ralph J. ScalpelSchool of Medicine in Dismai Seepage, N. D.DAVID R. MOORE, AB'69, former PeaceCorps worker in Jamaica, has been named tothe position of counselor, Jefïerson CommunityCollège, Watertown, N. Y. RAYMOND M. RAHNER ("Ray Rayner" pro-f essionally ) , AM'69, who left "Bozo's Circus"last Mardi after playing the part of the clownOliver O. Oliver for almost a décade, is pro-ducer and star of "Ray Rayner and HisFriends," the long, strong-running Chicagomorning TV show ( 7 to 8 : 30 a.m., weekdays ) .JERRY C. ROBBINS, AB'69, is stationed atLowry Air Force Base, Denver, Colo.> ALFRED C. AMAN, JR., JD'70, clerk fora fédéral judge in Atlanta, has been appointed to the University of Rochester's Trustées Council, an advisory group to the board oftrustées. An accomplished pianist, drummer,composer, and arranger, Mr. Aman has published a book on percussion.7 Y ALFRED J. GOLDBERG, MBA'7 I , mar-ried CAROL R. BRYAN, master's candidate in French at UC, in August in Glovers-ville, N.Y. After a wedding trip to France andSwitzerland, the couple took up résidencein Norwalk, Conn., where Mr. Goldberg isan administrative assistant at the NorwalkHospital.THOMAS SYLVESTER HORNBACH, SM'71,and BARBARA JEAN HESS, graduate studentin information sciences at UC, were marriedduring the summer in Flossmoor, 111. Both areemployed by Bell laboratories in Napêrville,111.CARL SUNSHINE, AB'7 1 , is doing graduatework in computer sciences at Stanford University on a National Science Foundationgrant.IN MEMORIAM: Dale Richmond, AB'71.Picture CréditsWarren Linn: 3Sander Wood Engraving: 31Orlando Cabanban : 45At right: Albert Pick Hall for InternationalStudies, $8th and University, formally dedi-eated June 14, 197 1.44>, -* firate•-#>yg '^^.ZE909 11H>! 1i tqt*i50oj?>[OtunQOQNi— «t*i^>>— <Hentun¦ — inOOoONo^1