THE;univeRsityof chicagomagazine ij^*\ <dK*^'-.*V>£ '-.5»"THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOLIBRARYTHEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEExistential Sickness and HealthSalvatore R. Maddi 2Why Dont You Do It My Way?Wayne C. Booth 15Ping-PongFour views of a game by photographier David Windsor 20June Reunion 1971A sociological recap of events 2832 People38 AlumniNewsVolume lxiv Number iJuly/October 1 97 1The University of Chicago^Magazine,founded in 1907, is published five timesper year for alumni and the f aculty ofThe University of Chicago, under theauspices of the Office of the Vice Président for Public Affairs. Letters andeditorial contributions are welcomed.The University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 753-2175John S. Coulson, '36, PrésidentArthur R. NayerDirector of Alumni AffairsGabriella Azrael, EditorJane Lightner, Editorial Assistant Régional Offices1542 Riverside Drive, Suite FGlendale, Calif ornia 9 1 2 o 1(213) 242*8288320 Central Park West, Suite 14ANew York, New York 10025(212) 787-78005 1 Buena Vista TerraceSan Francisco, California 941 17(415) 433-40502721 Ordway Street, N.W.Washington, D. C 20008(202) 244-89002nd class postage paid at Chicago,Illinois; additional entry atMadison, Wisconsin. © 197 1, TheUniversity of Chicago. Publishedin July/October, November/December, January/February,March/April, and May /June.Cover: Photograph of a pong paddle in action. See "Ping-Pong: Four Views of aGame" in this issue.Salvatore R. MaddiSalvatore R. Maddi bas been at the University of Chicago sinceI959> where he teaches in the Division of Social Sciences andthe Collège. His interests hâve always been in one aspect oranother of personality: the existential search for life meaningand the varions styles of expression this search can take. He iscurrently completing a ten-year study of personality changeamong men and women training to be Catholic clergy.This article originally was published in the Journal of Abnor-mal Psychology. Social critics, philosophefs, sociologists, and psychotherapistsare raising the cry that aliénation and the problems of existencef orm the sickness of oiir times. Even though a significant proportion of the statements. has been vague and polemical, more andmore people are hanging on every word. I do not think this ismerely the new fad. There is too much insistence and despera-tion in people's attempts to understand the commentaries thathâve been made in some terms that will makë a différence intheir lives. It is too hard to overlook the évidence that peopleseeking psychotherapy do so in ever increasing numbers becausethey are deeply dissatisfied with.the nature and bases of their2GENERAL BOOKB.NDING CO.QUAU1TY CONTROL MARKliving. It is too obvious that even those who do not seek psycho-therapy often feel alone and empty.Under the circumstances, the best thing serious students ofthe human condition can do is try for clarity and précision inthinking about aliénation and the problems of existence. Mytask in this paper falls within this category of endeavor. What Iwill do is offer a model for the understanding of psychopa-thology and then use the model in ordering the various thèmescommon in existential writings. Sometimes I will agrée withwriters in this field, and sometimes I will be reinterpreting theirviews. My basic aim in ail this is to attempt to bring order and structure tô an amorphous and complex literature in a way thatclarifies the parts of it bearing on psychopathology and on mental health.A Model for NeurosisAt the outset we need a model for neurosis that can serve as aheuristic device, a thread of Ariadne, lest we lose our way in thelabyrinth of words that has been created. The model I suggestwe adopt represents fairly standard thinking in the area, happilyenough. It starts with the notion of a neurosis as a set of symp-toms that can be distinguished not only from mental health but3also from other psychopathological states. So the hysterical neurosis, for example, can be described as a set of cognitive andmotor symptoms that are absent not only in the healthy state,but also in other classes of illness, like psychosis, and otherneuroses, like obsessive-compulsiveness. When we discuss theexistential neurosis, then, we will be searching for a set of relevant symptoms that are clearly différent both from whatever weconsider to be mental health and from other forms of psycho-pathology.Further, the model distinguishes between the neurosis itselfand the premorbid personality out of which the neurosis maycorné through a process ôf breakdown. For example, if you areworking within a psychoanalytic framework, you would say thatthe obsessive-compulsive neurosis represents the breakdown ofthe anal character type. While the anal character type bears somestrong resemblançes to the obsessive-compulsive neurosis (e.g.,the reliance upon défense mechanisms of intellectualization,isolation, and undoing), the latter includes symptoms (e.g., obsessions and compulsions) that are considered pathological andthat appear in only minimal form in the former. The premorbidpersonality is within the category of normality, though like theneurosis it can be distinguished from other types of premorbidpersonality. As there is an anal character type, so also are therephallic and oral character types. The différences between thepremorbid personalities define prédispositions to différent kindsof neuroses. The significance of ail this for discussion of theexistential neurosis, is that we will want to define a premorbidpersonality for which the neurosis itself is a believable breakdown product.Premorbid personalities define prédispositions to particularneurotic manifestations because they incorporate vulnerabilitiesto particular kinds of stress. The next aspect of the model, stress,is best considered to be something objectively describable,whether originating inside or outside the person, that representsa comprehensive enough threat to the personality to disrupt thepremorbid balance or adjustment. Obviously, stress has to bedefîned with the characteristics of premorbid personality inmind. Loss of a strong loved one may be especially stressful tothe person with an oral character, because in that character satisfaction of dependency is especially important for adéquate func-tioning. Stress can be a sudden occurence^ or an accumulationof undermining events, as long as what is called stress is rea-sonably specifiable. sThe model states that neurosis is some joint function of pre-morbidity and stress. Without attempting to state the exactnature of the function, some facets of the relationship are ap parent. If there is zéro stress, there should be no neurosis. Further, the amount of stress necessary to precipitate a neurosisshould dépend upon the intensity of the vulnerability consti-tuted by the premorbid characteristics. But it should be kept inmind that the stress must match the nature of the vulnerability if »undermining of the premorbid adjustment is to be possible. Inconsidering the existential neurosis, I will try to identify thekinds of stress that are relevant, though it will be very difficultto make any quantitative statements about how much stress istoo much.Any model which involves the notion of premorbidity, orthat which prédisposes to illness, also involves the notion ofwhat the idéal personality would be. What I am saying is notvery mysterious or new. In psychoanalytic thinking, the idéal isgénital personality, whereas in Rogerian thinking, the idéal isthe fully functioning person. The idéal personality is usually anull class, which nonetheless has the very important theoreticalfunction of permitting spécification of what it is about the premorbid personality that prédisposes to illness. In discussing theexistential neurosis, we should expect to understand at least those' aspects of the idéal personality that insure against the likelihoodof that disorder. It may, in addition, be possible to gain an evenmore comprehensive sensé than that of what is idéal.The rest of the model refers to development. There is firstidéal development, or that séries of early life expériences thatculminate in the idéal personality. Second, there is what mightbe called déviant development— a séries of life expériences lead-ing to premorbidity. It should be possible to specify the particular developmental deviancy that accounts for particular premorbid personalities. It will be important in this article to considerthe developmental vicissitudes producing the premorbid stateout of which the existential neurosis may corne, and, in this considération, a sensé of what would be developmentally more idéalwill necessarily be gained.Without a doubt there are vexing questions that can be raisedconcerning this model. But rather than raise them hère, let meencourage you to consider the gênerai outlines of the model asno more than an interesting and plausible heuristic device. Inthat spiritvlet us plunge in.The Symptoms Called Existential NeurosisLike ail neuroses, we should expect the existential neurosis tohâve cognitive, affective, and actional components. Once wehâve accepted the heuristic notion that there are existentialmanifestations some of which are neurotic and some of which, are not, we hâve already begun to find the road to clarity. The4cognitive component of the existential neurosis is meaningless-ness, or chronic inability to beliéve in the truth, importance,usefulness, or interest value of any of the things one is engagedin or can imagine doing. The most characteristic features ofaffective tone are blandness and boredom, punctuated by periodsof dépression which become less fréquent as the disorder is pro-ldnged. As to the realm of action, activity level may be low tomoderate, but more important than amount of activity is theintrospective and objectively observable fact that activities arenot chosen. There is little selectivity, it being immaterial to theperson what if any activities he pursues. If there is any selectivityshown, it is in the direction of ensuring minimal expenditureof effort and décision making.It is important to recognize that the syndrome describedabove refers to a chronic state of the organism. I do not ref er tostabs of doubt, in the cognitive domain, or occasional indifférence and passivity, in the affective and actional domains. Rather,I refer to the settled state of meaninglessness, apathy, and aim-lessness, such that contradictory states of commitment, en-thusiasm, and activeness are the exception rather than the rule.The temporary state of doubt, though an existential manifestation, is not hère defined as part of existential neurosis. Indeed,doubt is a by-product of vigorous mental health, I shall arguelater, no matter how painf ul it may be.' If my model is to be served, the existential neurosis must bedistinguished from other forms of illness. I take it that the ob-viousness of its différence from such psychotic states as schizo-phrenia and senile psychosis, such character disorders as homo-sexuality and psychopathy, and such neuroses as obsessive-com-pulsiveness and hysteria, is clear without further attention. Ofthe traditional states of psychopathology, the existential neurosisprobably most nearly resembles neuraesthenia and dépression.It is from thèse two disorders that distinctions are important.The major différence between neuraesthenia and the existentialneurosis is that the dreadful lack of energy and somatic decrepti-tude of the former is not présent in the latter. There is certainlylistlessness in existential neurosis, but it is not experienced as aprimarily somatic disability. In addition, the cognitive state ofmeaninglessness is virtually absent in neuraesthenia.The distinction between dépression and the existential neurosis is harder to make, speçifically because the latter state sometimes includes sadness, and usually includes low activity level.But in existential neurosis, dépressive affect is the exceptionrather than the rule, with apathy— an actual absence of strongémotion— being the usual state. Apathy is not typical of dépression, though it may occur occasionally in that disorder. In tradi tional terms, what I am calling the existential neurosis mightactually be called dépression, but this would involve an uriwar-ranted stretching of the latter concept, taking some such formas inferring dépressive affect hidden by défenses such that apathywas the visible résultant. But once we hâve decided that traditional terminology is not necessarily exhaustive in describingpsychopathology, the syndrome I hâve called the existential neurosis is very likely to émerge as discriminably différent fromdépression.The way I hâve defined it, the existential neurosis is char-acterized by the belief that one's life is meaningless, by the affective tone of apathy and boredom, and by the absence of selectivity in actions. This symptom cluster is, to judge from thewriting of many psychotherapists, sociologists, and social critics,rampant in contemporary life. It may seem as if what I am talk-ing about as existential neurosis is much closer to aliénationfrom self, than it is to aliénation from society. But on reflection,it should be clear that the existential neurotic would be separatedfrom deep interaction with others as well as from his own Personal vitality. Therefore, I find the existential neurotic to bealienated both from self and from society. Indeed, the notionsof self -aliénation and societal aliénation represent little more tome than biases reflecting whether the theorist considers the in-dividual or the group to be the most important unit of analysis.It is my impression that there are two milder forms of existential neurosis that might be mentioned. Closest to the extrêmevégétative state described already is nihilism, or the closed-minded dedication to debunking anything that appears to hâvemeaning. The nihilist shows more energy and direction than istrue of the végétative state, but the basis for going on is a para-doxical anti-meaning, with attendant bitterness and disgusttoward the human condition. The mildest form of existentialneurosis is crusadism, or the following of movements not fortheir goals but for the false courage and sensé of involvementthat cornes through being around others who ail seem to believein something sweeping and dramatic. The crusader is a failureat everyday life. In order to avoid the boredom, apathy, and indifférence that would attend an ordinary existence for him, hemust throw himself into hectic, dramatic, group activities. Hissocial action, therefore, is without judgment; the content of themovements he joins is relatively unimportant. In consideringnihilism and crusadism mild forms of existential neurosis, I donot mean to suggest disapproval of ail attempts to analyse andreflect on observations, and of ail bases for vigorous social action.The problem in nihilism is that the analysis is dedicated to de-stroying conventional meaning and is therefore not open-5minded, and in crusadism is that social action is an avoidance ofeveryday life and is therefore undiscriminating. When crusadersand nihilists are added to those suffering the végétative state,then the frequency of existential neurosis émerges as trulyenormous.The character of Meursault in Camus' The Stranger is a per-fect example of the existential neurotic. He frequently says, andeven more frequently implies, that he believes life to be mean-ingless and his activities to be arbitrary. He is virtually alwaysbored and apa thetic. He ne ver imagines or daydreams. He hasno goals. He makes only the most minimal décisions, doing littlemore than is necessary to keep a simple job as a clerk. He walksin his mother's funeral cortège and makes love to a woman withthe same apathy and indifférence. He frequently says, "It's ailthe same to me." His perceptions are banal and colorless. Themost différence anything makes is to be mildly irritating. Hehas this reaction, for example, to the heat of the sun, but thendoes nothing about it. Although it might seem remarkable thata novel about such a person could hâve any literary power at ail,it is precisely because of the omniprésence of the symptomcluster we hâve been calling existential neurosis that the readeris intrigued and shocked. When Meursault fmally murders a manwithout any emotional provocation or reaction, without any préméditation or reason, without any greater décision than is in-volved in resolving to take a walk, the reader is not even sur-prised. Anything is possible for Meursault, specifically becausenothing is anything of importance. His is a végétative existencethat amounts to psychological death. Some writers hâve calledthis a state of nonbeing.The Premorbid PersonalityTurning to the premorbid personality out of which the existential neurosis can corne through a process of breakdown pre-cipitated by appropriate stress, I find that the concept of centralimportance is that of identity. I define identity in phenome-nological terms, as that which you consider yourself to be. Although a person's identity is not necessarily expressed in verbalterms at any given time, it can be so stated if the person reflectsupon the question of what he thinks he is. In focusing uponidentity, therefore, I am not implying something that is barredfrom awareness.Theorists having recourse to this kind of concept of identityor self hâve frequently considered of importance the discrepancybetween one's sensé of identity and one's natural potentialitiesas a human being. In following that lead, I would say that thepremorbid personality corresponding to the existential neurosis is one in which the identity includes only some of the things thatexpress the true nature of man. I will not discuss the true natureof man until the section of this paper on the idéal personality.It will suffice for initial purposes to say that the premorbid identity can be considered overly concrète and fragmentary . Thèseare certainly ideas that are, in one form or another, commonenough in the existential literature. But to say this and nothingmore is to fall short of the précision really necessary for adéquate understanding of the etiology of existential neurosis. Wemust ask in what ways is the premorbid identity overly concrèteand fragmentary?The best way to summarize the problem is that the premorbididentity stresses qualities of man that are, among those he has,the ones least unique to him both as opposed to other speciesand to other men. In other words, the identity is insufficientlyhumanistic. An apt name for this mentality is conformism. Forour society at this point in time, it is easy to say what a conformiste identity looks like. Such an identity leads the person toconsider himself to be nothing more than a player of social rôlesand an embodiment of biological needs. I must stress that thedifficulty is not so much that man is not thèse two things, butthat what he is in addition to them finds little représentationin identity. Considering yourself to be an embodiment of biological needs certainly does not set you apart from other species.Neither does the view of yourself as a player of social rôles, formost subhuman species hâve social differentiation of at least arudimentary sort. And there is little in either of the two com-ponents of identity that permits much sensé of différence between individual men, except in the trivial sensé that the particular social rôles played this moment may be différent for methan for you, and the biological needs that I hâve right now mayhappen to be différent than those you hâve. But tomorrow, or anhour from now, the situation may change, and we may not evenhâve that small basis for distinguishing ourselves from one another. The overarching fact of life for a conformist is that ailmen play a small number of social rôles and ail men embody afew biological needs, and that is that.Consider what it means to view yourself as a player of socialrôles. First, you accept the idea that the social System— a set ofinterrelated institutions operating according to a différent groupof laws than those that govern individual existence— is a terriblyreal and important force in living. Second, you believe that theway you presently perceive the social System and hâve beentaught it to be is its real and unchangeable nature. Fmally, youconsider it not only inévitable, but proper, that you conform tothe pressures of the social System. A major aim in life becomes6playing the rôles that are necessarily yours as well as you can.Also imagine what it means to consider yourself an embodiment of biological needs. First, you believe that such needs asthat for food, water, and sex are terribly important and realforces in living. Second, you are convinced that an importantgauge of the adequacy of the life is the degree to which thèseneeds are satisfied. Finally, you believe that any alternative todirect expression of thèse needs, if an alternative were possible,would be unwise because it would constitute a violation of thetrue nature of man. Ail this means that a major aim in life be-comes biological survival and satisfaction.A person who has only thèse two thèmes represented in hisidentity would f eel powerless in the face of social pressures fromwithout, and powerless in the face of biological pressures fromwithin. Both social and biological pressures would be consideredindependent variables, that is, variables that influence the be-havior of the person without themselves being influenced byhim. Naturally he tries to play his social rôles well and to insurephysical satisfaction and survival. Indeed, he is his social rôlesand biological needs. In other words, his identity is overly concrète. The goals of serving social rôles and biological needs of tenlead in différent, if not incompatible, directions. Generallyspeaking, the person will try to serve social and biological pressures at différent times, or in diffèrent places, keeping possibleincompatibilities from the eyes of others and from direct confrontation in his own awareness. In other words, this kind ofidentity is overly fragmentary.For vividness, consider further the gênerai values and world-view of the conformist. In the cognitive realm, the person wouldbe rather consistently pragmatic and materialistic in his outlookon life. The pragmatism would corne primarily from acceptingthe necessity of playing certain social rôles. How often one hearsthat the world is the way it is, so one might as well be practicalabout it! The materialism would corne primarily from the viewthat man is an embodiment of biological needs. The pursuit ofmaterial things is given the status of a natural process. Howoften one hears that narrow self- inter est is the only real motivat-ing force outside of society! Super imposed upon the fairly consistent pragmatism and materialism would be more transitorystates of fatalism, cynicism, and pessimism. Thèse transitorycognitive states would presumably mirror the moment-to-moment economy of social System and biological rewards andpunishments. There is a final implication contained in conform-ism that is extremely important. If you consider yourself boundby certain rules of social interaction, on the one hand, and inneed of certain material goods for satisfaction and survival, on the other hand, relationships between yourself and otherpeople will be made on contractual grounds, rather than on thegrounds of tradition or intimacy. The person with a premorbidpersonality will tend to look upon relationships as serving somespécifie social or biological end. His view of relationship will berather coldblooded.Turning to the affective realm, the conformist would tend toworry about such things as whether he is considered by othersto be conscientious, whether he is seen to be a nice person,whether he is admired, whether people can guess the animallusts within him, whether he can satisfy his needs without inter-fering too much with social rôle playing. His prédominantaffective states would be fear and anxiety, and thèse wouid beonly aggravated by the fréquent incompatibility between servingother-directed social aims and self-interested biological aims.The other affective states typical of conformism stem from thecontinuai emphasis upon contractual relationships. Since relationships are defined in terms of limited, spécifie goals, and interms of the économie considérations of who is getting whatout of interaction, social life will be rather structured and super-ficial. Contractual relationships are devoid of intimacy, com-mitment, and spontaneity because of the preemptiveness of rôleplaying and need expression. Thus, important affective statesassociated with premorbidity would be loneliness and disap-pointment. On the one hand, the person feels anxious and afraida good deal of the time, while on the other hand, he feels aloneand as if something were missing from his life.You will hâve recognized in the discussion of conformismmany of the features common in writings on aliénation. Thereis much in what I hâve said that is reminiscent of Fromm's marketing personality and Sartre's idea of bad faith, to name onlytwo sources. I want to encourage you to think of conformism notas a sickness in itself, but rather as a prédisposition to sicknessof an existential sort. What I hâve described as premorbidityis simply too common and livable to be considered frankneurosis, though it is a state with its own characteristic suffer-ings and limitations. The conformist is still too much enmeshedin the problems of his living, still too much concerned withhaving a successful life, to be considered existentially neurotic,given the implications of detachment from life included in thatidea.Precipitating StressFor the conformist, life may go on in a rather empty, thoughsuperficially adéquate, way for a long time. He may even bereasonably successful in objective terms, keeping his vague7dissatisfactions and anxieties to himself. But he may also beprecipitated into an existential neurosis if he encounters stressof the right content and sufficient intensity to be undermining.The stresses that will be effective are those that hâve contentthat strikes at the vulnerabilities inhérent in defining yourself asnothing more than a player of social rôles and an embodiment ofbiological needs. The stronger this self-definition the weaker canthe stress be and still produce breakdown. In speaking of pre-cipitating stress, I do not rnean the things that merely make theperson worry. The threat of social censure or biological depriva-tion are potent sources of concern for the premorbid personalitywe are discussing, but thèse things do not ordinarily cause thekind of comprehensive breakdown involved in the existentialneurosis. The stresses that can produce the neurosis are ones thatdisconfirm the conformist identity by forcing récognition of itsoverly concrète, fragmentary , and nonhumanistic nature.Three stresses corne readily to mind, though there are boundto be others as well. Perhaps the most effective of them is theconcrète threat of imminent death. It is my impression that thisthreat must be to your own life in order to be very effective. Eventhe threatened death of someone reasonably close to you may nothâve the force I am about to describe. Perhaps those of you whohâve f aced the threat of death to yourself and to others will knowwhat I mean. In The Death of Ivan Ilych, the great novella byTolstoi ( i960) , Ilych knows he is dying of a horrible disorder,and this colors ail his perceptions and judgments. Most of thevisitors to his bedside are business associâtes who, he cornes torealize, are only performing what they expérience as a distaste-ful obligation of their social rôle. Then he realizes that the samething is true of his own family! None of thèse people is deeplytouched by his drift toward death, for theirs is a contractualrather than intimate relationship to him. And even more horrible, he realizes the appropriateness of their behavior because hetoo has thought of and experienced them only in contractual,superficial terms. The triviality and superficiality of their materialism and social conformity— and his own— are thrown intosharp relief by the threat of death. He becomes acutely aware ofhis wasted life and can tell himself nothing that will permit apeaceful death. He realizes that he has always felt deprived ofintimacy, love, spontaneity, and enthusiasm. By renouncing himself and the people around him, he is finally able to feel trulyhuman and alive just at the point where he dies physically. Thestory is didactically and literarily powerful because this is atragic way to die. What bankruptcy when it is death that freesus from the impoverishing shackles of social conformity andbiological needs. If the conformist who is faced with the threat of imminentdeath should actually recover rather than çlie he is likely to expérience an existential neurosis. Before he dies, Ilych is certainlya good example of this. If the threat of death disconfirms yourprevious identity, then you hâve no identity to work with, andin an adult this is virtually the same as psychological death. Theadequacy of recovery from the existential neurosis will bedetermined by whether the person can use, or be helped to use,the knowledge gained through facing death to build a morecomprehensive, abstract, humanistic identity.The second stress that can precipitate existential neurosis isgross disruption of the social order, through such things as war,conquest, and économie dépression, leading to distintegrationof social rôles and even of the institutionalized mechanisms forsatisfying biological needs. Such catastrophe has two effects onconformists. First, it makes it difficult to continue to obtain theusual rewards for playing social rôles and expressing biologicalneeds. Second, and more important, disruption of the socialorder demonstrates the relativity of society to someone who hasbeen treating it as absolute reality. The conformist is left without much basis for living and an existential neurosis may wellensue. Thinking along very similar channels, Durkheim sawsocial unheaval, or anomie, as a factor increasing suicide rates.The final stress is difficult to describe because it is less dramatic than threat of death and social upheaval. Not only is thisstress less dramatic, but it is usually an accumulation of eventsrather than something that need happen only once. And yet, thisfinal stress is probably the most usual precipitating factor in theexistential neurosis. The stress I mean is the repeated confrontation with the limitation on deep and comprehensive experi-encing produced by conformism. Thèse confrontations usuallycorne about through other people's insistence on pointing outthe person's existential failures. The aggressive action of otherpeople is more or less necessary because the conformist usuallyavoids self -confrontation. But let there be a close relative whois suffering because of the person's premorbidity, and confrontations will be forced.A good example of this kind of stress and its effects is to befound in Arthur Miller 's After the F ail. During the first two-thirds of the play, Quentin discovers that his is what I wouldcall a conformiste identity. The discovery is a terribly painfulstress. It begins when his first wife, working up the courage fora séparation and divorce, tries, after a long period of docility,to force him to recognize the limitations in their relationshipand her deep dissatisfaction with him. In listening to his ownattempts to answer her charges, and in considering her attacks,8he begins to recognize that his has been little more than a contractual commitment to her. He has been merely conformingto social rôles in being husband and father. Under her scrutiny,he begins to recognize his superficial sexuality— a biologicalneed— as well. He feels at fault for his limitations, but can dolittle about them, instead asking pathetically for under standing.His wife is also important in forcing récognition that his offerto défend his old law professor in court is not out of deepaffection, or intimacy, or even loyalty, but rather out of anattempt to convince people that he feels thèse ways toward thisman. Frightened and distraught by what he is learning abouthimself, Quentin finally begins to envy his wife for her abilityto expérience deeply and know what she wants.After the breakup of his first marriage, Quentin moves impul-sively into a second. His second wife, Maggie, idealizes him, andhe feels reassured about himself, though he has not reallychanged much. It is only after they hâve been married for sometime that Quentin begins to appreciate Maggie's extraordinaryneediness and lack of differentiation as a person. Her adulationof him can no longer serve to reassure him, and to make mattersworse, he has new évidence of his superficiality in his inabilityto reach her in any significant way. He must stand by and let hercommit suicide, having decided that the most he can do is tosave his own life. Whatever depth of personality could hâvesaved her in a husband, he simply did not hâve.After Maggie's death, Quentin spends two years or so in astate of meaninglessness, apathy, and aimlessness. He does notwork, he does not relate to people, he merely drifts. This periodis clear ly one of existential neurosis, and can be seen as pre-cipitated by a person's being forced repeatedly to confront thelimitations on living produced by social and biological conformity.The Idéal PersonalityFrom the discussion of the premorbid personality, it will corneas no surprise that the idéal identity from my point of view isabstract, unified, and humanistic. I would remind you of Emer-son's élégant plea for such an identity at the beginning of TheAmerican Scholar:It is one of those fables which out of an unknown antiquityconvey an unlooked-for wisdom, that the gods, in the beginning,divided Man into men, that he might be more helpful to himself;just as the hand was divided into fingers, the better to answer itsend.The old fable covers a doctrine ever new and sublime; that there is One Man— présent to ail particular men only partially,or through one faculty; and that you must take the whole societyto find the whole man. Man is not a f armer, or a professor, oran engineer, but he is ail. Man is priest, and scholar, and states-man, and producer, and soldier. In the divided or social statethèse functions are parcelled out to individuals, each of whomaims to do his stint of the joint work, wilst each other performshis. The fable implies that the individual, to possess himself,must sometimes return from his own lob or to embrace ail theother laborers. But, unfortunately, this original unit, this foun-tain of power, has been so distributed to multitudes, has been sominutely subdivided and peddled out, that it is spilled intodrops, and cannot be gathered. The state of society is one inwhich the members hâve suffered amputation from the trunk,and strut about so many walking monsters—a good finger, aneck, a stomach, an elbow, but never a man.Man is thus metamorphosed into a thing, into many things.The planter, who is Man sent out into the field to gather food,is seldom cheered by any idea of the true dignity of his ministry.He sees his bushel and his cart, and nothing beyond, and sinksinto the f armer, instead ôf Man on the farm. The tradesmanscarcely ever gives an idéal worth to his work, but is ridden bythe routine of his craft, and the soûl is subject to dollars. Thepriest becomes a form; the attorney a statute-book; the mechanica machine; the sailor a rope of the ship.In this distribution of functions the scholar is the delegatedintellect. In the right state he is Man Thinking. In the de gêner atestate, when the victim of society, he tends to become a mèrethinker, or still worse, the parrot of other men' s thinking.This quote criticizes concretizations (e.g., when a man is af armer, instead of man on the farm) and fragmentation (e.g.,one can find a good finger, neck, etc., but never a man), andimplies that the antidote to this ill is humanistic in nature ( e.g.,note the capitalization of man). Rousing and emotionally con-vincing though Emerson is, he does not give us a theory of manthat makes this idéal identity rationally understandable. I shalltry to présent the rough outlines of such a theory, which is basedon Emerson 's intuitive lead and the writings of many otherpeople concerned with the problems of existence.First, let us assume that there are three sides to man's nature—social, biological, and psychological. The social side refers tointerpersonal relationships, the biological side to physical survival and satisfaction, and the psychological side to mentalprocesses, primarily symbolization, imagination, and jùdgment.Assume further that ail three sides are of equal importance for9successful living, and that curtailment of expression of any ofthem sets up some kind of premorbidity.When you express your psychological side fully and vigor-ously, you generate symbols that represent concrète expériencesin the gênerai form that makes clear their similarities to anddifférences from other expériences. You also hâve an activeand uninhibited imagination, which you use as a guide ratherthan substitute for action. In other words, you let your imagination reveal what you want your life to be, and then attempt toact on that knowledge. The psychological faculty of judgmentfunctions as a check upon the validity of your imagination.When you act upon imagination, you can evaluate the nature ofyour ensuing expérience in order to détermine whether it isreally what you seem to want. Does the action lead to satisfaction, or is it frightening or boring? Hence the knowledge gainedthrough exercising judgment is also used as a guide to living.Of the psychological, biological, and social sides of man, itis the psychological side that is most human. Ail subhumanspecies hâve biological requirements for survival and satisfaction, and thèse requirements are generally acted upon in astraightforward and simple manner. Most subhuman specieshâve patterned social relationships. Indeed, sometimes subhuman society is quite complex and extensive. But even then ittends to be rigidly organized and characterized by social role-ship. Only in man is it reasonable to consider the psychologicalside of life to be of much importance. Indeed, when social andbiological behavior is unusually subtle and complex in man it isbecause of his most human, or psychological, side. The idéalidentity is aptly called individualism, because of the effects ofvigorous psychological expression just mentioned. The indi-vidualist will view himself as someone with a mental lifethrough which he can understand and influence his biologicaland social experiencing.Let me make my position more vivid by contrasting the livesof conformists and individualists. Whereas both involve expression of the social and biological sides of man, only individualismshows much représentation of the psychological side. Becausethe conformist does not hâve available to him the generalizing,unifying, humanizing eff ect of psychological expression, encom-passing as it does symbolization, imagination, and judgment, heachieves only the most obvious, common, superficial forms ofsocial and biological expression. He accepts social rôles as given,tries to play them as wéll as he can, and sees himself quiteliterally as the rôles he plays. He accepts biological needs asgiven and acts on them in a way that is isolated and unreflective,however straightforward it may be. The best example of such biological expression is with regard to the sexual need. Thepremorbid person considers sexuality to be no more than ananimalistic urge, and satisfies it as simply as possible, with littleconsidération of relationship, affection, or even comprehensive-ness of attraction. Little wonder that though he seems verysocial, he frequently feels insecure, lonely, and without intimacy,and that though he seems very active in expressing biologicalneeds, he frequently feels incompletely satisfied. The lonelinessand incomplète satisfaction are signs that he is deprived ofpsychological expression.As the conformist does not rely upon the processes of symbolization, imagination, and judgment, favoring instead the viewthat life is determined by social and biological considérations,he not only feels powerless to influence his actions, but also doesindeed lead an existence that is rather stereotyped and unchang-ing. As no human being is completely without psychologicalexpression, the conformist often has a glimmer of awareness thathis life is not what it might be. This accumulated sensé of missedopportunity is what has been called ontological guïlt.With vigorous psychological expression, would corne socialand biological living that is more unified, subtle, deep, andrewarding than that I hâve described above. The individualistwould not feel powerless in the face of social and biologicalpressures, because he puts heavy reliance in living on his ownprocesses of symbolization, imagination, and judgment. Hewould perceive many alternatives to simple rôle playing andisolated biological satisfaction. Because he sees himself to bea "fountain of power," his social and biological living transcendthe concrète instance and involve anything that he can imagineand anything that is evaluated by him as worthwhile.So, if contractual relationships leave him unsatisfied, he canchoose to relate otherwise, such as on the basis of shared per-sonal expérience. He can even make a start on this by talkingwith others about his dissatisfaction with merely playing socialrôles. Once he does this, he will undoubtedly find some peoplewho will be encouraged to share their own feelings of loneliness with him, and the road to more subtle, myriadly rewardingsocial relations has already been found. If simple, unreflectiveexpression of biological urges leaves him unsatisfied, he canchoose to explore other forms of expression. For example, instead of merely seeking food, he can make hunger the basis formore comprehensive satisfaction by cooking especially tastydishes, or by eating in the company of people with whom hefeels intimate. And the same with sex. He can make sexual expression a subtle, complex, changing thing, indulged in withpeople toward whom he feels intimate and aff ectionate on other10than simply sexual grounds. There will be many more parts tothe life of the individualist, and the parts will achieve muchcloser intégration than is true for the premorbid person.One important conséquence of reliance upon his imaginationand judgment as guides to living is that the individualist is un-conventional. Some critics of my position would argue that itamounts to advocating the unleashing of monsters on the world.What is to stop a person from murdering, or robbing, if hefeels so free to put his imagination into opération? Psychologistswould answer this criticism by contending that there is nothingbasic to the organism that would lead in the direction of suchmonstrosities. As the individual is oriented toward survival, sotoo does his natural functioning support the survival of hisspecies. One can easily develop an evolutionary argument forthis position. Rogers would believe that only an imaginationalready perverted by psychopathogenic social pressures wouldlead the person in the direction of terrible aggressions towardhis fellow men. I hâve considérable sympathy for this position,but would like to add to it the notion that judgment is a matur-ing supplément to imagination. Your imagination might eveninclude the bases for catastrophic action, perhaps at a time whensomeone has hurt you badly, and still you might not act on theimagination if judgment provided some balance. I sincerely feelthat although the individualist might well make mistakes in life,he will not be a monster simply because he does not conformto the most obvious societal pressures.It should be remembered that Emerson's conclusion that' whosoever would be a man must be a nonconformist" is echoedby many of the world's finest thinkers. If a critic responds byclaiming that this kind of thinking permits such abominationsas Hitler, I would suggest that he was a badly twisted man whoshowed less imagination than répétitive, compulsive préoccupations, and less judgment than mégalomanie overconfidence.It is only by losing the usual standards of what is meant by imagination and judgment that Hitler and the idéal identity can bediscussed in the same breath! But a secondary argument couldbe made that the position I am taking makes it at least possiblefor some twisted person like Hitler to gain dangerous powerbecause those around him believe enough in imagination andjudgment as guides to living that they may not see that he isonly a pseudo-example o£ this in time to do anything about it.This is a terribly weak argument. Indeed, it is much more likelythat people who define themselves as social rôle players andembodiments of créature needs will not recognize or be ableto stop a man like Hitler. It is to the point that Hannah Arendtsubtitled her treatise on the enacting of the final solution to the "Jewish problem" a report on the banality of evil. To jucîgefrom reports, the rank-and-file Germant were simply followingrules— playing their social rôles— when they gassed people.Another conséquence of relying upon imagination and judgment as guides to action is that the life of the individualist willbe a frequently changing, unfolding thing. New possibilitieswill be constantly developing, though it is unlikely that theprocess of change will be without pattern or continuky. Thereliance upon judgment insures that there will be values andprinciples represented in the personality, and thèse would beslow to change. But more concrète experiential possibilitieswould change, presumably in an orderly fashion, due to theabstract view of expérience and the play of imagination. Theperson with an idéal identity would not, then, be beset by boredom or by ontological guilt. Indeed, he would feel émotionsdeeply and spontaneously, be they pleasant or unpleasant. Hewould be enthusiastic and committed.But his life would not be quite that rosy. When you are in arather continuai process of change, you cannot predict what existential outeomes will be. Interestingly enough, we find thatdoubt or existential anxiety is a necessary concomitant of theidéal identity. When you stop to think about it, it is quite under-standable that someone who is his own standard of meaningwould be unsure and anxious at times when he was changing.Looked at in this way, doubt ( existential anxiety ) is actuallya sign of strength, rather than illness. This is precisely what wasmeant by Camus when he said, "I cherish my nights of despair,"and Tillich when he designated doubt to be the ' god aboveGod." Powerful expression to doubt as an aspect of humanism,and therefore strength, is given by Frankl when he says:Challenging the meaning of life can . . . never be taken as amanifestation of morbidity or abnormality; it is rather the truestexpression of the state of being human, the mark of the mosthuman naïure in man. For we can easily imagine highly devel-oped animais or insects—say ants or bées— which in many aspectsof their social organization are actually superior to man. But wecan never imagine any such créature raising the question of themeaning of its own existence, and thus challenging this existence. It is reserved for man alone to find his very existencequestionable, to expérience the whole duhiousness of being.More than such faculties as power of speech, conceptual thinking, or walking erect, this factor of doubting the significance ofhis own existence is what sets man apart from animal.On logical grounds alone, nothing so basic to man s nature asndoubt could ever be defined as psychopathological, for to do sowould be to call everyone sick by virtue of his true nature. Thislogical argument is made more psychologically compelling byrecognizing that when one is one's own standard of meaning,that will entail accepting and even valuing doubt because it isthe necessary concomitant of the uncertainty produced by Personal change. To avoid doubt is to avoid change and to give overthe power in living to social and biological considérations. Thisis too big a price to pay for comfort alone. In avoiding thetragédies, you also lose the potentiality of triumphs.Precipitating Stress and the Idéal PersonalityIf individualism is truly an improvement over conformism,then the stresses that precipitate breakdown in the latter shouldbe ineffective in the former. You will recall that the threestresses mentioned earlier are the threat of imminent death,social upheaval, and the accumulated sensé of failure in livingdeeply and commitedly.The idéal person would be so actively and enthusiasticallyenmeshed in living socially, biologically, and psychologicallythat the therapeutic effect of threat of imminent death wouldbe markedly diminished. You simply do not need the threat ofdeath to remind you to take life seriously and live in the immédiate moment, if you are already doing thèse things. To theindividualist, such a threat could be frightening to some degree,but it would not be helpful. A definite implication of my sayingthis is the belief that the emphasis on death as what makes lifeimportant, which appears in one form or another in so muchexistential writing, is only of relative importance. Only whenyou think in terms of premorbidity as the true nature of manand the world, do you celebrate the purifying effects of threatof imminent death.If the individualist actually does corne to the point of death,he will die a much more graceful death than that of Ivan Ilych.Death for the idéal person will be no more than a very un-fortunate interruption of an intense and gratifying life process.I contend that someone who is living well will more easily facedeath than someone who sensés that he has not even lived at ail.In any event, it seems clear that the threat of imminent deathwill hardly precipitate an existential neurosis in an individualist.As to social upheaval, it is interesting to note in détail Durk-heim's point of view on anomic suicide:It is not true . . . that human activity can be released from ailrestraint. Nothing Jn the world can enjoy such a privilège. AUexistence being a part of the universe is relative to the re- mainder; its nature and method of manifestation accordinglydépend not only on itself but on other beings, who consequentlyrestrain and regulate it. Hère there are only différences of degreeand form between the minerai realm and the thinking person.Man' s char act eristic privilège is that the bond he accepts is not,physical but moral; that is, social. He is governed not by a material environment brutally imposed on him, but by a consciencesuper ior to his own, the superiority of what he feels. Because thegreater, better part of his existence transcends the bpdy, heescapes the body's yoke, but is subject to that of society.But when society is disturbed by some painful crisis . . .it ismomentarily incapable of exercising this influence; thence cornethe sudden rises in the curve of suicides which we hâve pointedout.Durkheim clearly believes that man's animalistic, self-interestedurges must be held in check by societal régulation of life. Natu-rally, then, social upheaval would lead to a rise in suicide and,incidentally, in existential neurosis. But it is also likely thattimes of social upheaval involve intense creativity. While somepeople are committing suicide, others are using to good ad-vàntage the freedom achieved by the breakdown of monolithicsocial institutions. We should remember that the Italian Renaissance was a time of extra-ôrdinary social upheaval, and whilesuicide must hâve been high, so too was creativity. That theincrease in creativity might hâve been due to the existence ofindividualists, for whom freedom from social pressures washelpful, is suggested by the following quote from the Orationon the Dignity of Man, written by Pico délia Mirandola, a mostRenaissance man:Neither heavenly nor earthly,k neither mortal nor immortalhâve we created thee, so that thou mightest be free according tothy own will and honor, to be thy own créât or and builder. Tothee alone we gave growth and development depending on thyown free will. Thou bearest in thee the germs of a univers al life.Rather than constituting a stress, social upheaval may well be aboon for the individualist.Finally, there is the matter of an accumulated sensé that yourlife is a failure in terms of depth and committedness of expérience. Actually, I am speechless hère. It is simply incompréhensible that an individualist would ever expérience the painfulcourse of self -révélation leading to existential neurosis seen inArthur Miller's Quentin. The individualist will certainly makemistakes, and suffer for them, but will not go for as long as12Quentin with no cognizance of his superficiality and attendantfrustration, and, hence, will not be in the position of condemninghis life.Idéal and Déviant DevelopmentIt is natural at this point to raise the question of how individ-,ualism and conformism develop. But before launching into considérations of early expérience and their effects on later personality, one obviously relevant and thorny problem should beraised. It is the problem of ïree will.Some of you may hâve long since decided that I hâve left thescientific fold with ail this emphasis upon the person himselfas the "fountain of power." Does this not mean, you will ask,that according to me man's actions are not determined by anything but his own will? And is this not a view antithetical toscience? Let me try to explain why I think what I am sayingis quite scientific. I am explicating the way in which a particularset of beliefs about oneself and the nature of the world can leadto actions that are more varied, active, and changeable than istrue when that set of beliefs is absent. In the psychologist'sterms, I am focusing upon proactive and reactive behavior, andattempting to explain the différences between them on thebasis of différences in sensé of identity. The functioning of theindividualist is well summarized by the concept of proactive behavior, with its emphasis on the person as an influence on hisenvironment. In contrast, reactive behavior, which is influencedby the environment, is very descriptive of the conformist. Butjust because proactive behavior is more varied, flexible, andoriginal is no reason to présume it is not caused in a scientificalfyspecifiable way. In my view, proactive behavior is caused by thementality of individualism, namely, the humanistic belief inoneself as the fountain of power, and the associated prepared-ness to exercize fully the psychological as well as social andbiological sides of man. Further, individualism is not a myste-rious implant of God, like the concept of soûl. Individualism,like conformism, is formed out of early life expériences. I propose to sketch thèse expériences in the paragraphs that follow.Clearly, my position assumes that ail action is determined in aspecifiable scientific way. My approach amounts to availing oneself of the value in recognizing that some behavior is activewhile some is passive without assuming anything about a soûl,or divine inspiration, or mysterious freedom.In developing an idéal identity it certainly helps to start outwith a minimum of average intelligence, but once having this,the rest dépends upon the parent-child relationship, and thesupplementation of this in later relationships that are significant. Even relationship of child to teacher needs to be considered.One route to idéal development is for the person tô expériencein his relationships with significant people in his life whatRogers has called unconditional positive regard. This means thatthe person is appreciated as a human being and knows it. Withsuch appréciation, the person cornes to value his own human-ness, and is able to act without fear and inhibition from ail threesides of himself. But unconditional positive regard is notenough. There must be something better suited to point theyoung person in particular directions rather than others. Thepeople around him must value symbolization, imagination, andjudgment and encourage and support the child when he showsévidence of thèse psychological processes. But in this, the emphasis must be upon the child's own psychological processes,rather than on his parroting those of others. In addition, thechild's range of expérience must be broad, so that the generaliz-ing function of symbolization, and the ordering function ofjudgment will hâve raw material with which to work. A broadrange of expérience may also hâve the secondary value of firingthe imagination. Finally, it is crucial that the significant peoplein the child's life recognize the importance of social and biological functioning as well, so that they can encourage him in suchexpression. Their encouragement, however, should not be in theservice of accepting social rôles and animalistic urges, so muchas in the conviction that social and biological living is what youmake it, and, in the final analysis, thèse two sides of man are notso separate from each other and from the life of the mind.From this brief statement, it is easy to see what would bedéviant development leading to conformism. AU you need todevelop a premorbid identity is to grow up around people insignificant relationship to you who value only some aspects ofyou, who believe in social rôles and biological needs as the onlydefining pressures of life, and who are either afraid of activesymbolization, imagination, and judgment, or see no particularrelevance of thèse processes to living. Hâve thèse significantpeople act on their views in interactions with the child, andhe will develop a premorbid identity.While my brief remarks may seem somewhat flippant, I urgeyou to recognize that the two kinds of identity are almost thatsimply caused.Concluding RemarksIf I hâve succeeded in my purpose, you should hâve a clearer,potentially research-oriented sensé of existential disorder, itsprecursors, and its opposite, than you did before. In addition,you should hâve found documented hère aspects of your own13life and those of the people you know well.If I hâve drawn the outlines of premorbid identity at ail well,you will hâve recognized its great f requency in our contem-porary Western world. While one can point to a set of earlyexpériences in explaining the development of conformism,this does not help very much in understanding why this type ofpersonality should be so prévalent thèse days. Inevitably, thequestion is raised of why so many parents and significant peoplein the life of modern-day youngsters instill in them the seedsof conformism. This question requires an answer concerningthe gênerai cultural milieu in which both adult and child exist.It is as products of their culture that adults influence the young.Much has been written about the cultural causes of conformity, materialism, and shallow living, and I do not intend to re-view that literature hère. But I would like to point to three broadviews, of spécial interest to psychologists, that hâve gone fartoward creating a cultural climate congenial to conformism.The men usually associated with thèse views are Darwin, Weber,and Freud.Darwin argued a kinship between ail animais, and this viewhas been sloppily interpreted by many to mean that man is verylittle différent from lower animais. Any characteristics of manthat do not seem amply represented in lower animais must beepiphenomenal, or reducible to simpler, animalistic things.Inevitably, such a view undercuts the importance of psychological processes and humanistic doctrines. And that is just whathappened. I would like to point out, however, that there isnothing in the concept of a phylogenet ic scale that justifies over-looking the importance of characteristics that seem to émerge atone level, having appeared' in what may be only minimal proto-typical form at lower levels. Add this to the reasonable view thatman is really quite far on the scale from his next lower kin, andyou hâve a form of Darwinism that is not so incompatible withmy view of the idéal identity, and that would not be a culturalseed for the existential neurosis. To those psychologists whohâve rashly made what has been called "the audacious assump-tion of species équivalence" between man and white rat I wouldsay that a meaningful comparative psychology is as much in-terested in the différences as the similarities between species.The sociologist Weber was certainly among the first to for-mally specify that modem, industrial society is necessarilybureaucratie in nature. This view has been considered to meanthat the social rôles a person is delegated are the most importantthings about him. Indeed, many a modem sociologist will definepersonality as the sum total of the social rôles played by a person.Anyone who accepts such a view of himself without looking more deeply into the matter will very likely either be on the roadto premorbidity himself, or be the kind of parent that breedspremorbidity in his children. In trying to show that there is analternative to this view, let me agrée that ail behavior can beanalyzed as social rôle playing, but point oiit that this does notnecessarily mean that the social system is unchangeable and anirrésistible shaper of individual living. The first step in convinc-ing yourself of this is recognizing that there are différent typesof social rôles. Social rôles differ in their rigidity, preemptive-ness, status, initiative requirements, and even in the degree towhich they involve the person in changing existing social rôles.The import of ail this is that some social rôles encourage theexpression of symbolization, imagination, and judgment. Clearexamples are rôles of leadership, power, and aestheticism. Thesecond step in convincing yourself that the social System is notnecessarily the prime mover of individual life is to ask yourselfthe question of how any person cornes to play certain types ôfrôles as opposed to others. In any society that does not restrictcompétition for rôles, the rôles that a person actually does corneto play will be determined in part by his view of the good lifeand his sensé of personal identity. The person with the idéalidentity will gravitate toward rôles involving symbolization,imagination, and judgment, while the person with the premorbid identity will avoid thèse rôles. Indeed, the sensé of power-lessness and despair pointed to by Marx in people playing socialrôles that are inhuman may be a psychological problem as muchas a sociological one.Finally, we corne to Freud. It may not hâve escaped yourrécognition that Freud, in classical libido theory, gives expression to the belief that life represents a compromise betweenthe necessity of playing social rôles and of expressing biologicalneeds. He makes what I hâve called premorbidity the idéal. Further, for Freud the psychological processes are défensive innature, reflecting at most no more than a pale shadow of thetruth. It is not hard to believe that our current-day outlook thatthought processes are not to be trusted and that man's self-interested sexual nature needs to be checked by society wasgiven great impetus by Freud's theory. Interestingly enough, histheory may well hâve served as a necessary corrective in his day,when thought had become arid through neglect of the biologicalside of man and too heavy in emphasis upon judgment to thedétriment of imagination. But because his theory was a corrective rather than something more comprehensively adéquate, itsacceptance into the gênerai culture has çontributed to settingthe stage for a new emphasis in psychopathology, namely, theexistential neurosis.14XX ><XXX XX yc> Jt*.£ I IS^x xwxx xx x* x>? xxxx x*Sxx *xxi S*x xxxx | V"X X <>i xXXx x* gxx xxxx Xxxxx *xxx*xKXX X x xg gxxx*.I ixx?I *xxX xxx>3xxx°$XXXX Sv*X X Xx X gx Sx x?8 XXXx 8 xxx 8 L*$< xxx 8X xxxjÈx xxxx* xxx'& xxxx x**x5 SxW<xxxx x*x XXxfccSx xxxx gxxx Si 5 5 XX gx « « *x « *x xxxx xxxx x.xxxx xxxxx x xxxxxx s X x x xxxxxx " Xxxxx x XX XX xxxxx XxxxxS I x& gSE vXX X xxxxx x xXXXX j& œ?x xVx** xxxxS x x xxx x * Q xxxxxWayne C.In the spring of this year the editors of Time-Life, Inc. visitedthe UC campus. Nothing awed by thèse august personages, Mr.Booth delivered this address, by its own admission, sharp. Récentarticles in the Magazine by Mr. Booth appeared in the Nov/Dec'-jo and the Jan/Feb 'ji issues. He is the George M. PullmanProfessor in the Department of English and the Collège.I wonder if you gentlemen can possibly conceive the kind ofanxiety that your présence produces in us professors of humani-ties. Many of us are, after ail, writers manqué: we too weregoing to be men of letters once— novelists, columnists, editors—men whose words would change the world, men whose wordswould even mean cash on the line. And hère we face you whohâve not only made it, but made it big, not just editors but adouble duodecimo of senior editors— not just the men who sentout the rejection slips we began to collect at âge 16, but the menwho established the policies that determined the rebuffs thatstrengthened our characters and made us what we are today. BoothWhat 's worse, in speaking to you we know that you hâve en-countered every conceivable tone, every conceivable witticism.Like Tiresias, you hâve foreknown and foresuffered ail.But the soothsayer Tiresias is not really an adéquate com-parison. If you will think over the tones that might be adoptedby those who speak to you on such a Visitation, you will hear— Ican hear you hearing— speeches that confer on you a higherstanding. What I hear, in fact, is académie America praying:prayer ONE, Pétition or Supplication: We beseech thee, ohTime-Life -F or tune, to praise this university throughout the landand for ail eternity. Enter the hearts of donors and say untothem that the wicked among us hâve been purged, and that weare about our father's business. Etc.PRAYER TWO, Confession: We hâve sinned, oh Lord how wehâve sinned! But thou canst announce to the public that weshall do better— starting after the troops are withdrawn, in 1972.PRAYER three, Praise and Thanksgiving: (Hère my schemebogs down: I can't believe that you will hear any straightforward15prayer of this kind, unless you hâve descended to institutionslacking ail pride. What praise you get will surely be at least aswell disguised as my implied praise for your wisdom, tact, andcharky, contained in every critical word of this speech. )PRAYER FOUR, Prophecy, Sub-Type A: I will tell thee, ohTime-Life -F or tune, what wonders thou wilt see in this land,produced primarily by the wonderworkers in this much-ne-glected university, by the year 2000. And I pray thee to proclaimthe new Futurology in thy columns, and to feature me, the headFuturologist, in a cover story— if indeed it is thy will.PRAYER five, Prophecy, Sub-Type B (The Jeremiad) . I willshow thee many evils that stalk this land and that are leading itto its doom; indeed if thou art interested, I just happen to hâvewith me an 80,000 word manuscript that I submit for thyperusal prayer SIX, The Blasphemous, Type A ( Accusatory) : Drop-ping the faked tone, 111 simply refer you hère to Robert MaynardHutchins' speech some 20 years ago to the Society of AmericanEditors and Publishers. Sooner or later, on your junkets, you aregoing to hear a wicked and profane speech like that one, inwhich Saint Hutchins spoke truth to power, addressing theeditors and publishers as fellow-educators who had gone astray.So far as I can tell he produced little more effect on Americanpublishing than to get himself anthologized widely in freshmantextbook-s and thus to contribute to the widespread convictionamong the young that you are ail bad guys determined to corruptour minds Well, what am I to do? None of thèse six will wash, that 'sflat. Perhaps 1 could get by with a brief account of the book I'mworking on, a brilliant analysis of the ways in which irony getsunderstood and misunderstood. There was that marvelous thingby William Whyte in Fortune many years ago, about the Uni-versal Crédit Card, the one that so many readers took straight—that might interest them and get me off this hook. Why (I goon procrastinating) why— corne to think of k—is there so littleirony in thèse men's pages? Clearly, it's because those pages arenot edited the way they should be, for the audience they shouldhâve helped to create. And suddenly I face squarely the onlything I really hâve any heart for this noon— not prayer, not evenBlasphemy Type A, but good old straightforward blasphemy ofan older kind, that is, "taking on the prérogatives of deity." l'vebeen Rght'mg it for rive minutes, but now I succumb: insteadof disguising my fantasy of a take-over, by telling you what wetry to do in the humanities and hoping that you will take thehint, I choose the unsubtle and totally unoriginal tack of imagin-ing what I would do if I were king. In a time when— as a student not long ago wrote for me— confusion is amiss in the land, whatwould I do that you are not doing, if I had your power, respon-sibility, and brains?My gênerai purpose would not be terribly différent fromyours, I suspect. I infer from your pages that you want to do thebest possible job of informing and educating the public withoutcommercial failure. I, too, will want to stay in business, since ifI do not stay in business I will cease to educate. And 1 will notwant to try to turn Life and Time into the American Scholar,or Fortune into Daedalus or The Public Interest. What I findmissing from your achievement, however, regardless of yourpurposes, is a consistent effort to educate your respective publicsin how to think critically about what you présent them— toeducate them in the how and why of thought and judgmentrather than the mère what. Of course I will know as editor thatI cannot do what our schools and collèges fail to do: that is,turn out from my subscription lists a stream of liberally educatedmen and women. But I look you in the eye— my courage risingas I move further and further out on this limb— and say that if Iwere to set my goal as reducing the number of Americans whothink and behave as Spiro and Howie Machtinger think andbehave, there are many, many things I could do that you are notnow doing. The three I choose to talk about today just happento be at the center of our work in the humanities.The first task I would undertake would be a systematic effort,week by week, month by month, to raise the critical powersand mental habits of my readers. In attacking one of your rivais,US News & World Report, I once argued that in too manyarticles they cater to and reinforce a flat and stupified credulityin the postulated reader: the audience is presumed to be incapable of asking that old-fashioned question: What's the évidence?The hidden presupposkion of how a man becomes informedabout world affairs, in any field, is that he reads someone's ex-planation about it and then he is informed. The notion thatcritical thought is required, comparing this account with thataccount, this witness with that witness— the very notion of thekind of critical activity that goes on in your own editorial conférences, sifting reliabilities, rejecting suspect witnesses, comparing claim with daim— this notion is in fact generally hiddenfrom the public. Readers thus become habituated to intellectualpassivity. Unless some English or history or philosophy teacherhas somewhere along the line taught habits of critical attention,the belief m established and fixed political and cultural truth isunshaken— unshaken unless the reader discovers, perhaps byaccident, that your accounts are, like everyone else's, partial andcontroversial. In that case the kind of disillusionment sets in that16makes it possible for any speaker in any university communityto get a laugh by referring to the "objectivity" of your wo.rk.Now / know that you try harder for accuracy and f airness thanthe myths of either the intellectuals or the Agnews give youcrédit for; but the myths and that resulting derisive laughterwill prevail as long as you don't build into your editing a steadyéducation in critical scepticism about your own work.I would thus install, tomorrow, in every magazine in my immense and glittering domain, a page or two devoted to unmask-ing the effects of gullibility, critical exposés of distortions anderrors committèd by other journals and by radio and T.V. Thèsewould be not the sort of emotional attack that you occasionallyprint as disguised reports on magazines you don't like, such asRamparts or the Rolling Stone; what is needed is spécifie exposés, of the kind attempted, too often unsuccessfully, by TheChicago ]ournalism Review—lively but detailed explanationsof how, in a given account of this or that hero or villain of thelef t or right or center, facts hâve been invented, characters trans-formed, arguments distorted. This column-contra-credulity, thisguide to how to read or view the other média slowly for fun andprofit, would of course be controversial; it would therefore hâvethe nice effect, I predict in my rôle as prophet, of raisingcirculation.But it would not carry its full effect unless it were supple-mented wjth another regular column of exposés of my ownmistakes— not just corrections of errors of fact but analyses pfhow and why I went wrong in last week's prédiction of électionresults, or why my editorial polky about Vietnam was wrongfor so many years. I don't know of any American journal thatdoes this kind of thing regularly: to read any one issue of anymagazine one would think that past judgments had ail workedout well, and therefore that the présent issue, could and shouldbe read in absolute trust. What a breath of fresh air it would beto see my journals carry a page of mea culpas with an occasionalmaxima culpa— -how we damned William Faulkner until he wonthe Nobel Prize, how we panned Catch-22 until it was discov-ered by somebody else; how we predicted the death of rockmusic in 1958. Think of the excitement the following newsitems might create:In Time: "Early last Thursday morning, the phone shrilledon the desk of Time senior editor Blifil. 'Yes?' he barked— andthen he listened for a long time. It was Doctor Anthrax* fromBerkeley,- furious because our story of last week seriously distorted the nature and importance of the doctor's work. He isnot in fact working on cancer but on botulosis, and in his ownview the hope for cure is not just around the corner, as we put it, but at least ten years off. Readers could hâve discovered thismistake by referring to the more accurate account in Newsweek.Time apologizes."In Fortune: "Last month Fortune reported on the efforts ofAmerican industry to curtail pollution. Unfortunately we failedto report, because we had not then been told, that in 1970 industry spent ten times as much advertising their efforts to curtailpollution as was spent actually curtailing pollution. The Editorsof Fortune regret this oversight, which readers could hâve discovered by taking a look at Consumer Reports"In Life: "Last week Life published a photograph of thirteenpregnant high school girls lined up for abortions at the schoolclinic in Santa Fe. Further research has shown that the city wasactually San Fernando, eleven of the girls were not in fact pregnant but were stuffed with pillows, the clinic was not an abor-tion clinic but the principal's office; they were lining up to beexpelled. The photograph was in fact a composite, as a carefulviewer could hâve discovered by looking closely at . . ."My efforts to create and appeal to critical Americans by aregular and systematic exposure of mistakes made by my com-petitors and by myself would lead, surely, to more careful andactive reading and thinking. But I would add to it a secondfeature, a regular barrage of stylistic analyses, révélations ofhow men betray themselves at the moment of writing. It wouldbe a kind of running course in Freshman English, exposing noterrors of judgment revealed by the passage of time but badwriting discovered in the simple slow intelligent reading of thewords as they fall on the page. It would be in the direction ofthe newsbreaks in The New Yorker, which teach readers weekby week that bad writing can at least occasionally hâve theserious conséquence of public ridicule. But I would do it moresystematically and more savagely. I would try to find an H. L.Mencken and I would regularly turn him loose on Americanwriting habits, urging him to lash follies and to name names.With such a threat in the wings, our présidents and senatorsmight try a little harder to majte sensé, to choose their wordsand arguments with more care.Such a column could be absolutely neutral, discovering itsnonsequiturs and stupidities impartially in SDS literature andfireside chats. I offer only one example: Président Nixon sayingabout the récent Washington démonstration, "Thèse youngpeople don't seem to realize that we are working not only forpeace iri our time, but for peace in their time too." Not one ofyou guardians of the public language caught that one when itoccurred— and you ought to be ashamed of yourselves. In short,if you were mine, ail mine, we would ail find ourselves workingvery hard to purify the language of the tribe.I hâve time for only one more major policy pronouncement,the craziest of the lot. If what I hâve been saying so far is thatyou editors are the unacknowledged English teachers of theworld, what I turn to now suggests that for the American publicyou are to an astonishing degree the metaphysicians, theologians,moralists, philosophers of science, sociologists of value, andanthropologists. And if I am right, you hâve inadvertently beenpromulgating outmoded and discredited doctrines— dogmas that,like the rest of us, you took in with your mother's milk, sinceyou were born and raised in 2oth century secular culture. Noone reading your journals would really understand that a vast in-tellectual révolution is underway, perhaps more significant thananything that has happened since the iyth century and certainlyas earthshaking as the killing off of God that was begun in theRenaissance, completed by Darwin, and proclaimed by Nietzsche.I must confess that you can hardly be blamed for editing yourjournals as if this révolution had not occurred, since manyacadémies are still conducting their lives as if it had not. Thevery format of your visit hère— science and "social science"one day, humanities the next— reinforces the old-fashioned viewI think your pages perpetuate.In that view, there are two kinds of man, two kinds of mind.On the one hand there are men of reason, thinkers, scientists,including one kind of social scientist, the "hard" kind. Theyknow that the universe is côld and value-free, that men inventvalues rather than discover them, that values are thus relativeto each inventor, or at best to his culture, and they are thusunverifiable by any standards of knowledge or proof . What canbe knôwn is what is scientific. On the other hand, there are menwho assert values and who try to impose them on each othereither by "mère rhetoric" or by the threat of violence or by violence itself. They care about people and persons and intuitionand insight, so they hâve naturally been forced to give upknowledge and reason.Men on either side of this "modernist split" may be good guysor bad guys, "depending on your point of view," but the dogmarequires us to make a choice between cold reason or blind faith.Ail men of hard intelligence are atheists, because God is afterail dead; only men of ténder hearts make leaps of faith againstcold reason, and assert that God, or Satan, or Buddha, or Allahlives. Interesting news cornes about when values clash, but ofcourse what is really clashing is only the motives and inner compulsions of the clashers, not real issues testable as matters of factand subject to meaningful debate. It is a pity, as C. P. Snow says,that the humanities and the social sciences hâve lagged so far behind the sciences in developing scientific criteria of knowledge, but of course it is— according to the dogma— an inescapablepity: except for whatever is factual and value-free, nothing canbe proved about the subject matter of man's moral and politicalsociety or his artistic achievements.We should honor, of course, those interesting celebrities,those personalities, some of them quite saintly, who dare toassert man's traditional values, man's dignity, man's hopes: weail want dignity and hope and it's nice to hâve such peoplearound. We therefore do features on them whenever they be-come newsworthy. Hère is Father Lonergan, whom many Catho-lics consider a great thinker; and hère is physicist MichaelPolanyi, who talks about personal knowledge and the tacit dimension; and hère is Lévi-Strauss, who talks about universalstructures under fying the various values of diverse cultures; andhère is Dietrich Bonhoeffer who dared to be a Christian: news-makers ail. But such grand figures sort of get mixed up in ourpages with other asserters of value, the rediscoverers of astrologyand black magie, the God-is-dead theologians, the reincarnatedChrists who fill the land. It just goes to show, doesn't it, that asour freshman ail say, when it cornes to values it's ail a matter ofopinion or intuition; what is right is what feels right to me.Thus a kind of crude division of the world into fact and value,science and the humanities, the head and the heart, reason andfaith, objectivity and subjectivity, is perpetuated by much ofwhat you write. You edit yourselves as Americans live their lives—as if we had no choice but to act on the same dichotomies between logic and mysticism, reason and blind feeling, that Bertrand Russell was presenting to the world as daring new truthseventy years ago.The great good news of the past several décades is that ail ofthis seems, to most men who hâve really thought about it, totallyuntenable, intelle ctually untenable. The whole effort to dividethe world into cold factuality and warm values, the objectivelyknown and the subjectively affirmed, has by now been radicallyrepudiated by most original thinkers. It has in fact been old-fashioned at least since the work of our great American pragma-tists and of Whitehead in explaining how values are inséparablefrom what is.When Whitehead did his major work of intégration, inProcess and Reality, there were still many first-class minds whoaccepted anci tried to live with the dichotomized world he at-tacked. But by now, there is hardly a professional philosopheralive, except in one small branch of existentialism, who acceptsthe crude dualism that for three hundred years supported thewarfare between science and religion, or more recently science18and the humanities. The entire skeptical, secular tradition thatput religion on the défensive in the sixteenth and seventeenthcenturies, forcing it to become a matter of "mère faith" or of"the heart," and then easily won battle after battle against acrippled enemy, culminating in our time with a Time f eature onthe death of God— this tradition, like the dogmatic religioustraditions it both produced and attacked, has. been dead for décades— and you hâve not conducted the appropriate public ob-sequies. How many of the readers of any of your journals wouldsuspect that most professional philosophers hâve been redis-covering ways in which values and the world of fact or natureor science are not finally separable— that, as Lévi-Strauss andothers hâve shown, some ultimate values are not relative to cultures but are common to ail mankind; that, as Kurt Baier andChicago's Alan Gewirth and dozens of other philosophers hâvebeen claiming to demonstrate, whether a given moral choice isright can be a plain matter of fact or truth, not dépendent onwhether the person thinks it is right; that, as Michael Polanyihas shown, science is value-ridden and ail value choices are dépendent on scientific, or at least rational thought; in short, thatthe universe as it makes man and as it is known by man is in-herently value-ridden and value-creating.. Popular culture does not know about thèse and many othernew efforts to reunite fact and value. Even popular académieculture does not know about it— it's still too busy conducting theold war by affirming values against "reason" or defending "reason" against "protest." Though the académies are where therévolution is taking place, we hâve failed to get the messageacross departmental boundaries even within individual univer-sities. One resuit is that the public, seeing our impersonal scientific achievements (reported by you) on the one hand, andour value-affirming sit-inners and bomber s ( reported by you ) onthe other, conclude either that we don't believe in values or thatwe don't hâve the guts to défend them. It is not at ail surprisingthat the new left and the new right conspire together to destroythe académies; because, for both, the académies stand for thesplit, the inhuman, soul-destroying split between truth and com-mitment, reason and faith.What would I do about ail this as editor? Obviously I can'tturn over very many of my pages to Father Lonergan's carefularguments restoring insight to cognitive responsibility; or tophysicist Polanyi's défenses of "tacit knowledge" and of "in-dwelling" as cognitive; or to Richard McKeon's or Chaim Perel-man's profound reunion of truth, value, and action in a "philoso-phy of discourse." Clearly I can't summarize each issue of thosenew periodicals, the Journal of Value Inquiry or Philosophy and Rhetoric. But there is one thing I would do; I would find acouple of men and plant them inside one or two of the greatuniversities— I can think of at least one that would do— and leavethem there for three to six months, with the simple assignmentto find out what goes on there intellectually, beneath the surfacebattles and slogans of protest and response. Then I would askfor regular reports, reports which I would try to keep my cotton-picking hands off, about what is really going on among the bestminds in the country.In short, what has been going on in university protest andresponse has been only a manifestation of something muchdeeper in American society, and part of that deeper crisis is aloss of faith in the capacity of men in public discourse to dis-cover meaningful resolution of value différences without violence. And the loss of faith in discourse is in part a loss of faithin the meaning of life itself. You cannot do much about thiscrisis merely by editing yourselves in the old ways, taking sidesas you see fit, affirming thèse values as against those, favoringthe Viet Nam war this year and opposing it next; siding withthe demonstrators this week and against them a week later. Thepublic is grossly in need of rééducation about the very natureof life itself, about life in politicai society, about the necessitiesand limits of human institutions, and finally about the groundsfor our various faiths and for résolution of conflict. When ourprésidents and SDS leaders seem equally to believe that principlescan be taken up and dropped at will, that ail value questions aresimply reducible to politicai and physical power, we are introuble.In one sensé what is at stake is the dignity and meaningful-ness of your own work. If one accepts the views of man, of science, of moral values, of the nature of the self, that you periodi-cally and passively reflect to the American people, then you donot matter because nothing does: your journals are simply disguises for your powér interests, and you hâve no more intel-lectual or moral justification for what you do than has the mostirresponsible bomber or assassin. But if the intellectual révolution that I hâve hinted at is real, and if its founders are right,faith in reason is justified, to préserve standards of public discourse about values is terribly important, and we editors as abody are among the most significant men in the history ofmodem man But with that imitation of Ciceronian rhetoric, leaving youwith the difficult choice of being either on my side or beingfools and knaves, I wake up from my Walter Mitty fantasy,descend from the heights, and return to my proper and naturalhumility: please don't go away mad, and corne again.19HENRY KISSINGER MADE ASËCRÊTfRÏptO CHINA ANMÊRÉll^SINÔ^AMERÏC^N iPteI'nni>w»inmiMwmw¦sw^»^**ww*wt#AS USUAL, WE ASKED DAVID WINDSOR TO DO THIS PHOTOGRAPHIC STUDY OF PING-PONGAS PLAYED AT UC. SOME OF THE PHOTOGRAPHS SHOW TWO OF THE TEAMS BEST PLAYERS,STEPHEN COHEN AND YUM-CHIU WONG, BOTH GRADUATE STUDENTS AT THE UNIVERSITY.s^* 9*4c;~kNineteen seventy-one was the year of the Pentagon Papers,Tricia's wedding, and the Wage-Price Freeze. At the University of Chicago, 1971 was also the year in which Reunion wasresurrected. Whether its success was due more to its earlierdate, June 4-5, which coincided with the 57th Street Art Fair,or to the présence of students on campus, which made the Inter-fraternity Sing and the concluding fireworks display truly all-campus events— the fact remains that 1971 was the year inwhich waning attendance trends were reversed. And a goodtime was had by The CLASS OF 1921 was 105 strong at their fiftieth anniver-sary. Despite the fact that 24 class members who also attendedthe Awards Luncheon earlier in the day were served chickenand a parfait twice within six hours, spirits were undampened.The singing of Chicago songs and the leading of football cheersby Class Président Chai McWilliams led one member of theEmeritusClub (partying next door) to remark: "They certainlydo make a lot of noise. But then, after ail, they are youngpeople."Members of the CLASS OF 1931 wereenticed to attend theirfortieth by Reunion Chairman Julian Jackson's now legendaryoffer of a roast beef dinner for $8.99— "plus one cent for theBenjamin Franklin Scholarship Fund, because Ben would hâveattended the University on a scholarship had it been alive then."His committee also promised unashamedly never to mention their year of graduation or how many years they'd ail been outof school— and threw in free dental floss as part of the bargain.Not only did a record turnout respond, but they so enjoyedthemselves that— to the relief of the Quadrangle Club waiters—no one remembered to demand the dental floss to which theywere entitled.The CLASS OF 1941 disproved the prevailing mythologywhich maintains no class after 1939 really had any class spirit.Although Chuck Percy had to send his regrets, an impressiveroster of sixty '41ers braved one hundred degree heat and de-funct air conditioning at the Center for Continuing Educationto celebrate. A collection of questionnaires returned by members of the class was on prominent display. Although the question "What hâve you been doing?" might to some sound vagueand unimaginative, it managed to excite such unnerving repliesas ' aging rapidly," "full-time practice as an outrageously expensive psychiatrist," and "saving my country 1941-45 and I didn'tdo a very long-lasting job."Only thirty members of the CLASS OF 1946 were on hand fortheir twenty-fifth anniversary, in spite of, or perhaps becauseof Chairman Nick Mêlas' call to "see how well your classmateshâve withstood the ravages of time." Still, those who couldn'tmake it in the flesh were very much présent in spirit via theirclass questionnaires. Although the ranks of teachers and collègeprofessors were largest, the list of occupations given in the28questionnaires included a cab driver, a heavy truck salesman, aU.S. Army officer, and a licensed practical nurse. In spite of thisseeming diversity, it proved amazingly easy to produce a composite portrait of the 1946 alumnus, based on his questionnaireresponses:He appréciâtes intellectual complexity."Did you consider yourself a radical, libéral, moderate, orconservative while at Chicago?""A libéral.""And now?""An older libéral."He's introspective. If pressed to give a more serious label tohis current politicai persuasion, orte, at least, would settle for"guilt-ridden quasi-fascist."He abhors easy ans w ers to difficult problems. If you ask himif he'd send his kid to the University of Chicago, he says, "Yes—and no."He's outspoken. When asked if he'd offer some advice toundergraduates, he promptly responds, "Watch out for pontifi-cating blowhards."He's a realist. "Patriotism, abiding faith, and régénération ofintellect will corne back in fashion," he advises students. "Whatmeasures hâve you taken against that eventualky?"Also reunioning: the CLASSES OF 191 6 and 191 8.The Alumni AwardsThe alumni awards were presented at the traditional AwardsLuncheon in Hutchinson Commons on June 5, 1971. TheAlumni Medal, for extraordinary distinction in one's field ofspecialization and extraordinary service to society, was awardedthis year to two distinguished alumni: Matthew Stanley Mesel-son (PhB'51) molecular biologist and persistent campaigneragainst chemical and biological weaponry {see ^Herbicides,Irritant G as, and the Geneva Protocol," his acceptance speech,printed in full below}, and Mina S. Rees (PhD'31), présidentof the Graduate Division of the City University of New Yorkand first woman président of the American Association for theAdvancement of Science.Dr. Rees, in accepting the Medal, talked about the problemsof organizing graduate work for the entire City University ofNew York through a coopérative effort of the faculties of ailthe çity's publicly supported collèges. "The organizational andhuman problems hâve been, as we say in mathematics, non- trivial If the financial crisis we are f acing can be solved, orat least survived, I believe the City University 's Graduate Division will be recognized as the most impressive coopérative effort in the United States and probably, in the world "It was at [Chicago] many years ago that I first glimpsed themeaning of a great university. Hère the world of scholarshipopened for me. Though the scope and meaning of higher éducation in America hâve changed vastly in those years, Chicagois still one of the great universities of the world and, in myprivàte world, a precious and esteemed institution."Earlier «that same day, Dr. Rees addressed alumnae at theAlumnae Breakfast. Her topic, "The Educated Woman," seemedparticularly timely in a year in which equal rights and opportunités for women hâve been much discussed and debated.Although women attending the breakfast spanned a wide rangeof âges, Dr. Rees' enthusiastically received talk seemed to reachail of them. The most militant in the audience could identifywith her recollections of being asked "Whose secretary areyou?" while serving as the top administrator of the Mathe-matical Panel in the Office of Scientific Research and Development. And yet her final message was gently optimistic: we areapproaching a time when most of the barriers against women'sadvancement are falling, she felt. Urging women who seekcareers to include marriage in their plans as well and later re-ûecting on the problems she faces as a university président, Dr.Rees said: "Substantively, my own broad scientific expériencehas been helpful; but without the intellectual support andhumane wisdom that my husband has provided, I doubt thatI could hâve survived."The Alumni Citations are awarded to those who hâve fulfilledthe obligations of their éducation through créative citizenshipand exemplary leadership in community service which hasbenefited society and reflected crédit upon the University. Thosereceiving citations in 1971 were: Alice Johnson Bostick(phD'09); Seymour M. Hersh (AB'58); Fred Kenneth Hoeh-ler, Jr. (AM'47); Albert A. Raby (x'69); Marcus G. Raskin(AB'54, JD'57), and Fay Horton Sawyier (AB'44, PhD'64).The Professional Achievement Awards recognize those alumni whose attainments in their vocational fields hâve broughtdistinction to themselves, crédit to the University, and realbenefit to their fellow citizens. The 1971 awardees were: RobertA. Cohen (SB'30, MD'35, PhD'35); Martin Gardner (AB'36);Robert A. Harper (phB'46, SB'47, SM'48, PhD'50); Richard Hunt(x'56); Dorothy Price (SB'22, PhD'35); Eileen Jackson South-29ern (AB'40, AM'41,); David B. Truman (AM'36, PhD'39), andClifton Reginald Wharton, Jr. (AM'56, PhD'58).The Howell Murray Awards were established in honor of adistinguished alumnus and trustée to recognize graduating stu-dents for outstanding contributions to the University 's extracurriculum. The 1971 awardees were: Constance June Balint,Marcia Irène Edison, Charles Frederick Flynn, Eugène HarrisGoldberg, Caroline Heck, Mitchell Kahn, Angela Marie Lee,Martin Marcus, Albert Frank Shpuntoff , and Jerry Allan Web-man.The Communicator of the Year AwardThe 1971 Communicator of the Year Award of the AlumniAssociation was awarded to Saul Bellow. No stranger to honors,Bellow has received the National Book Award for fiction threetimes— in 1953 for The Adventures of Augie March, in 1964for Herzog, and in 1971 for Mr. Sammler's Planet. Bellow, professor of letters in the Committee on Social Thought and professor of English, received the award at the Fourteenth AnnualCommunications Dinner on June 4, 1971, at the QuadrangleClub.In his acceptance speech to a capacity audience, Bellow dis-cussed the dilemma posed for the novelist by the modem condition: while his aim is to work toward "a unity, a stillness,and a rest of movement, a séparation from or transcendence ofthe ordinary facts," the tendency of modem society is to disgorge great floods of information upon the individuals whocompose it. Man's consciousness is increasingly preoccupiedwith public questions, and in fact the response of many modemnovelists has been to concède that "the main interest of life,the story, the significant, must lie in the public sphère." Thosewriters who would replace fiction with journalism ignore thefact, Bellow said, that "the entertainment and demagogy sup-plied by writers now in the limelight is devoïd of the art oursoûls continually ask f or . . . for what art brings is not primarilyinformation or interprétation — In every génération it is thedésire of the artist to express feelings which hâve never beforebeen expressed by any man."Strain, agitation, distraction, despair, fear of death, fear ofwhat is worse than death, namely, a meaningless existence, anincrease of consciousness ail over the world, has heightened formankind the intensity of thèse states and émotions which areat least as old as mankind and conceivably even older. To saythat it is a task of an artist to mitigate or purge thèse, is more than any man should undertake to say. No one can be assignedsuch a duty, and no single will is sufficient for the performanceof such a task."The great artist may, however, through his art, "by thosecries, calls, utterances, and harmonious éruptions which hâveno déterminant meaning, but do obviously hâve an implicitmetaphysic and the power to interpret reality . . . make the kindof conquest of chaos that conscious reason by itself can nevermake."PyrotechniesThe fireworks display, which concluded the weekend, seemedappropriately symbolic. For 1971 was indeed the year in whichReunion returned in magnificent full force. J.G.L.Herbicides, Irritant Gas and the Geneva Protocolby Matthew Stanley Meselson[Matthew Stanley Meselson, PhB'51, was a major contributorto the events leading to Président Nixon's endorsement of the1925 Geneva Protocol in November, 1970, which banned theuse of asphyxiât ing, pQisonous and other gases and of biologicalweapons. His scientific work in molecular biology includessome discoveries wrhich are of fundamental importance in theunderstanding of how DNA ( deoxyribonucleic ) molécules, thestuff of which gènes are made, reproduce and recombine. Professor of biology at Harvard during the last ten years, he ac-cepted the request of the American Academy of Arts andSciences (AAAS) to investigate the effects of herbicides andother similar devices in- Vietnam. As head of this group and aninternational study commission on control and détection ofchemical and biological weapons for the International PugwashContinuing Committee, he became the initiating force behindthe July, 1969 Conférence on Chemical and Biological War-fare sponsored by the AAAS and the Salk Institute. He made thefollowing remarks to alumni, in accepting the 1971 AlumniMedal.}"I am deeply honored to receive this medal from my fellowalumni and colleagues. For the past several years I hâve beeninterested in chemical and biological weapons and the prévention of their use. I would like to take this opportunity to tellyou something about the current status of this problem, inparticular, about the international treaty which prohibits the30use of gas or germs in war— the Geneva Protocol of 1925. Ac-cording to its terms, the Protocol prohibits the use in war of'asphyxiating, poisonous or other gases and of ail analagousliquids, materials or devices' and of 'bacteriological methods ofwarfare.' More than ninety nations are party to the Protocol,including ail important countries except the United States.Ironically, the U. S. proposed the Protocol at Geneva in 1925but in the face of strong Senate opposition in 1926 the treatywas shelved and eventually returned to the White House without Senate action."Last August [1970}, forty-four years after its inception,Président Nixon resubmitted the Geneva Protocol to the Senateas one of several widely praised moves to bring chemical andbiological weaponry under control. Hearings hâve now beenheld by the Foreign Relations Committee, but the ratificationprocess seems to be at an impasse. The problem involves a question of interprétation of just what the Geneva Protocol means."The difficulty arises from the fact that, when the présentAdministration took office, United States forces in Vietnamwere already using certain types of chemical weapons. Startingin 1962, chemical herbicides hâve been sprayed over millionsof acres of land in South Vietnam in order to remove végétationand destroy food crops and, from small beginnings in 1965, theuse of a powerful irritant gas called es has escalated to becomeby far the largest combat use of gas by any nation since WorldWarl."As the use of irritant gas and herbicides grew in Vietnamin the middle and late sixties, United States diplomats at theUnited Nations and elsewhere advanced the view that theGeneva Protocol does not apply to irritant gas or to herbicides.Although we were not party to the Protocol, we were sensitiveto charges of violating its spirit and, therefore, argued that ouractions in Vietnam represented no violation. In spite of somemisgivings, the présent Administration has gone along withthis interprétation of the Protocol."As with many treaties, the Getteva Protocol may be inter-preted either broadly or narrowly, but it obvious that the mostworkable rule would be no gas,' no chemical warfare of anykind. This is the overwhelming préférence of the other nationsof the world. The most récent indication of this was a resolution at the United Nations in December, 1969, when eightynations voted against our position and only two voted with us.Never before had we been so isolated at the UN. Althoughthere were thirty-six nations abstaining, nearly ail of them wereour close allies, politefy registering their reluctance to accept the United States viewpoint."The question of the status of irritant gas and herbicidesdominated the recently concluded Senate Foreign RelationsCommittee hearings on ratification of the Geneva Protocol.Secretary of State Rogers, testifying on béhalf of the Administration, told the committee that it should recommend ratification of the treaty with the understanding that herbicides andirritant gases are not prohibited. However, several key membersof the committee felt that thèse spécial exemptions wouldperpetuate international disagreement over the meaning of theProtocol and greatly weaken its politicai and moral force. Fur-thermore, they felt that any loopholes in the Geneva Protocolwould ultimately work to the disadvantage of the United States.Our overriding interest is to prevent any prolifération and useof chemical weapons since they would disproportionatelystrengthen the hands of small or irresponsible power s and wouldraise the level of death and destruction in war. As a resuit ofthèse considérations the Foreign Relations Committee has notsubmitted the treaty for a vote by the full Senate. Instead theyhâve sent a letter to the Président asking him to reconsider theU. Sv position. Two or three years ago a change in the Administration position probably would hâve been out of the question. But récent events in Vietnam greatly weaken any militaryargument for retaining the use of herbicides and irritant gas.On the recommendation of Ambassador Bunker and GeneralAbrams, the use of herbicides in Vietnam has been greatly cur-tailed. Also, the use of gas has fallen to a small fraction of whatit once was. Irritant gas and herbicides are not considered tobe important weapons by many knowledgeable military officers."When we shift our attention from the receding events ofthe past in Vietnam, we see that our future interest is clearlyon the side of building the strongest possible barriers againstchemical warfare. We are in the midst of a révolution in bio-chemistry and molecular biology, leading to the most detailedand subtle knowledge of the living process. Inevitably, this willallow man to manipulate and control living things, includinghimself, in ways that cannot now be spelled out. But it seemsonly prudent to take great care not to generate interest andmomentum toward the military application of this knowledge.If the other nations of the world are willing not to use chemicalwarfare in any form, the United States should be more thanwilling to go along. Expressions of public interest and concernwill be needed to overcome the gênerai bureaucratie reluctanceto change a position which has been strongly defended in thepast."3iPeople3£ EDWARD L. ryerson, life trustée of theUniversity of Chicago, died Monday, August 2,in Chicago, at the âge of eighty-four. He issurvived by his widow, Nora; by a daughter,Mrs. George A. Ranney; and by a son, EdwardL. III.Mr. Ryerson became a trustée in 1923,served as chairman of the Board from 1953to 1956, and was named a life trustée in 1956.He was formerly chairman and later honorarydirector of the Inland Steel Company andJoseph T. Ryerson & Son, Inc., steel manufacturer. He was président emeritus of the Hos-pital Planning Council of Metropolitan Chicago and had been chairman of the IllinoisPublic Aid Commission.}{ RONALD H. COASE has been named thefirst Clifton R. Musser Professor of Economiesin the Law School.Commenting on the appointment, PrésidentEdward H. Levi said: "Through his immenseintellectual independence and pénétration,Professor Coase has established himself as oneof the world's major economists in the areasof price theory and public régulation. Thisappointment is the University's récognitionof his achievements."Born in 1 9 1 o in London, Coase studied atthe London School of Economies, from whichhe was graduated in 1 93 1 . He served as chiefstatistician of the Central Statistical Office,British War Cabinet (1941-46). From 1945to 1956 he also was acting British director ofstatistics and intelligence, Combined Production and Resources Board, and représentativeof the Central Statistical Office in Washing- ,ton, D. C.In 195 1 Coase migrated to the UnitedStates. He came to the University of Chicagoin 1964 as a professor in the Graduate Schoolof Business and the Law School.5Ç ANNE MOSES, a third-year (junior) suident in the Collège, has been appointed studentombudsman for the 1971-72 académie year.She is the f ourth student and the first womanto hold the position since it was establishedin October, 1968.The student ombudsman is an independent officer of the University to whom studentsmay corne with spécifie grievances when exist-ing channels of communication hâve for onereason or another proved unsatisfactory. Thestudent ombudsman may bring such grievancesto the attention of appropriate people or mayinstitute investigations into those cases wherea review seems warranted.5Ç RONALD SINGER has been reappointedchairman of the Department of Anatomy inthe Division of the Biological Sciences andthe Pritzker School of Medicine.Born in Cape Town, South Africa, Dr.Singer received the MB, chB, and DSc degreesfrom the University of Cape Town. He haswritten extensively on the physical anthro-pology of Africa south of the Sahara and wasa faculty member of the University of CapeTown Department of Anatomy from 1 949to i960.In the late 1950s and 1960s he directedexcavations of prehistoric human living sitesat Hopefield and Humansdorp, South Africa.At the former site he discovered the f amousSaldanha Skull, an Af rican Neanderthal. TheHumansdorp site, at the mouth of KlasiesRiver, dates from at least 50,000 B.C. to 100A.D. It is the largest uninterrupted MiddleStone Age deposit discovered to date in Africa.Dr. Singer has published over one hundredscholarly papers, including studies on thesickle cell trait in Africa and in Madagascar.5{ JAMES E. BOWMAN, JR., has been appointed director of laboratories at the University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics, 950East 59th Street.Dr. Bowman, forty-eight, is associate professor of pathology and medicine, and in theCommittee on Genetics and the Collège. Hecame to the University in 1963 as médicaldirector of the Blood Bank and assistant professor of medicine.In the University, Dr. Bowman is liaisonofficer for international activities to the Association of American Médical Collèges, anda member of the Committee on AppointmentInequities, Faculty Disciplinary Panel, andCouncil of the University Senate. In his new capacity Dr. Bowman will directand review the service, teaching and researchprograms of the General Services, ClinicalChemistry, Microbiology, Serology, and relatedlaboratories, and the Blood Bank.A specialist in hereditary blood diséases,Dr. Bowman was born in Washington, D. C.and attended Howard University, from whichhe received his MD degree in 1946. He in-terned at Freedman's Hospital, Washington,and served a residency in pathology at St.Luke's Hospital, Chicago.He then spent six years in Iran as head ofpathology at the Nemazee Hospital, ShirazMédical Center, and the University of Shiraz( now Pahlavi University ) . While in Iran hestudied favism, glucose- 6-phosphate dehydro-genase deficiency, blood groups, and sérumprotein variation in Iranian population. Afterleaving Shiraz, Dr. Bowman spent a year inLondon in research and study in human genetics at the Galton Laboratory, UniversityCollège.Dr. Bowman is the author of numerouspublished studies on red cell enzyme variations, particularly among Middle Eastern,Asian, African, and Mayan Indian populations,and on the relationship of genetic variationand disease.}{ Chicago business leader WALTER ERMANhas given the University a $500,000 gift tohelp support biological éducation and research.The gift will establish the Ida B. and Wal-ter Erman Fund, which will be used to reno-vate the University's Botany Building and tosupport research and teaching programs inthe Department of Biology. The Botany Building will be renamed the 'Ida B. and WalterErman Biology Center."In announcing the gift, Président EdwardH. Levi said: "The Ida B. and Walter ErmanCenter will help make possible vital and basicinvestigations in fundamental life processes,and it will support top-quality training forsucceeding générations of scientists. In thèsetimes of financial pressures, it is especiallygratifying that benefactors such as the WalterErmans demonstrate their faith in privatehigher éducation through their support of32essential research and training."Erman, who has been in the scrap steel business since he was fourteen, is chairman of theErman-Howell Division of the Luria Steel andTrading Corporation, Chicago.As founder and chairman of the LincolnPark Zoological Society, he has periodicallygiven rare animais to the Lincoln Park Zoo.He proposed and directed the planning for theFarm-in-the-Zoo, and he and his wife wereresponsible for the zoo's Ida and WalterErman Barn.A world traveler, Erman also has supportedorphanages in Korea and Italy and helpedChinese refugee farmers in Hong Kong by pro-viding over one hundred pumps to alleviatethe critical water shortage there. He also hasestablished community centers and abouttwenty playgrounds for children in thèsecountries.Erman was made an honorary citizen ofSouth Korea by Président Syngman Rhee. Heis a charter member and chairman of the boardof Cittadella dei Ragazzi which he founded inRome, and which is now part of Boys' Townof Italy. He is an honorary citizen of some fiftyChinese villages in Hong Kong.Erman was born in a family of nine children in Cincinnati in 1893. As a child he soldmagazines, became a sales agent, and raisedchickens to augment the family income. Aftercompleting three years of high school in oneyear, he took a $2.50 a week job with a Cincinnati scrap iron firm. After serving as asecond lieutenant in World War I, he startedhis own scrap business in Chicago. By 1929he was in the railroad salvage business fulltime.Erman married the former Ida B. Godhelp .in 1922. At one time they lived in Hyde Parknear the UC campus.3Ç Three faculty members and a récent PhDrécipient will spend the next académie yearabroad doing postdoctoral research underU. S. Government Fulbright-Hays Act grants:— J. PETER MAY, professor of mathematics,will do research in mathematics at the University of Cambridge, Erigland. May is a graduateof Swarthmore Collège and received his PhD from Princeton University in 1964. His académie specialty is the development of newalgebraic tools in topology. He is the authorof Simplicial Objects in Algebraic Topology(1964) and of articles in professional journals.— TERRY MERZ, who received a PhD inSlavic languages and literatures from the University in 1970, will do research in Slavic lin-guistics at the University of Zagreb, Yugo-slavia. Merz's dissertation concerned "TheMorphology of Aspect in Russian and Slo-venian."—NORMAN H. NIE, assistant professor ofpoliticai science and a senior study director inthe National Opinion Research Center, willwork on a cross-national study of citizen participation at the University of Leyden, TheNetherlands. Also project director of a com-puterized data analysis development programfor the Social Sciences, Nie is a specialist incitizen participation in government. He is co-author of Citizen Participation in AmericanPoliticai Life, which Harper and Row willsoon publish; SPSS: The Statistical Packagefor the Social Sciences ( 1 970 ) ; and severaljournal articles (see "Hello Central Give MeHeaven," The University of Chicago Magazine, May /June '70) .— W. BRAXTON ROSS, JR., assistant professor in the Department of History and theCollège, will spend part of the coming académie year in Italy, where he will edit a four-teenth-century Latin text, De Viris Illustribus.From 1 964 to 1 968 he was a research assistantin Latin palaeography at the Institute forAdvanced Study, Princeton University. Hejoined the University of Chicago faculty in1968 as an assistant professor of history. He. has contributed to Codices Latini Antiquiores,vols. XI and XII.3Ç The Department of History has addedone of the foremost Latin American scholars,FRIEDRICH KATZ, to its faculty.Commenting on the appointment, RobertMcC. Adams, dean of the Division of theSocial Sciences, said "Dr. Katz is an outstand-ing authority on Latin America, and has madeimportant contributions in very diverse fieldsof social history. He will add significantly to the strength of both our Department of History and our program in Latin Americanstudies."Katz, forty-four, was born in Vienna, Aus-tria. He received his PhD (1954) from theUniversity of Vienna, and from Humboldt .University, Berlin ( 1 962 ) . He is author ofThe Social Economie Conditions of the Aztecsin the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries ( Berlin, 1956), Germany, Diaz and the MexicanRévolution— G erman Policy in Mexico 18 yo-1920 (Berlin, 1964), and Pre-Columbian Cultures (Munich, 1969). The latter will be published in English later this year by Praeger.X STUART M. TAVE has been named a William Rainey Harper Professor in the Collège.Tave is the fourth faculty member at the University currently designated a William RaineyHarper Professor in the Collège. The othersare JOSEPH J. SCHWAB, NORMAN F. MAC-LEAN and JOSHUA C. TAYLOR.A specialist in eighteenth and nineteenthcentury English literature, Tave is the authorof The Amiable Humorist: A Study of theComic Theory and Criticism of the Eighteenthand Early Nineteenth Centuries (Universityof Chicago Press, i960), and New Essays byDeQuincey (Princeton University Press, 1 966).In 1958 he received the University's QuantrellAward for Excellence in UndergraduateTeaching, was a Guggenheim Fellow in 1959-60, and is a fellow of the American Councilof Learned Societies for 1970-7 1.3Ç Two of the seven major awards presentedat the io8th annual meeting of the NationalAcademy of Sciences went to University ofChicago scientists.The Henry Draper Medal for outstandingresearch in astronomical physics went toSUBRAHMANYAN CHANDRASEKHAR, theMorton D. Hull Distinguished Service Professor in the Departments of Astronomy andPhysics and in the Enrico Fermi Institute.The award carries a $ 1 ,000 honorarium anda gold medal.EDWARD ANDERS received the J. LawrenceSmith Medal for outstanding investigationsof meteoric bodies. The award to Anders, pro-33fessor of chemistry and in the Enrico FermiInstitute, carries a $2,000 honorarium anda gold medal.The awards were presented in Washington,D. C, on April 26 at the National Academyof Sciences headquarters on ConstitutionAvenue.Chandrasekhar, sixty, has contributed to anumber of différent fields of astronomy. Mostrecently his work has centered on gênerairelativity in astroptiysics. Anders, forty-four,is an authority on the âge, origin, and composition of météorites, as well as on the originof the solar system and on the chemistry ofthe moon.3Ç BERNARD D. MELTZER, professor in theLaw School, has been named to the JamesParker Hall Professorship. Meltzer is particu-larly well known for his knowledge of laborlaw and the law of évidence. He joined thefaculty in 1946 as a professorial lecturer anda year later was made professor of law. Herecently has been a consultant to the assistantsecretary of labor, and has served as a laborarbitrator; he has conducted master's hearingsfor the National Labor Relations Board. Hisservice to the government includes a period asspécial assistant to the assistant secretary ofstate and acting chief of the foreign funds control division (1941-43), assistant to the chairman of the SEC (1938-40), and trial counselfor the Nuremberg War Trials, for which hereceived a commendation from the UnitedStates Army. His most récent major work isThe Law of Labor Relations: Cases andMaterials.The chair to which Meltzer has been ap-pointed honors James Parker Hall, a foundingmember of the Law School faculty who laterserved as dean for twenty-five years.3Ç A Chicago teacher devoted more to éducation than her forty-six years teaching highschool. She devoted her lifetime savings, including $2 million fortune amassed by carefulinvestment in the stock market.MURIEL E. FORSLAND, who died of cancerin 1968, bequeathed almost her entire estateto the University of Chicago, University offi ciais announced on Thursday, July 1 . The be-quest will be used for médical research.The good lady apparently studied the stockmarket every day and proceeded to accumulatea fortune. She invested savings from both herteacher's salary, which never exceeded $9,000annually, and her mother's small earnings.Miss Forsland recorded her biggest gainwhen she took advantage of the fall in marketprices during the Cuban crisis in 1962.Miss Forsland's literary interests were un-usual for an English teacher. Her reading fareincluded the Wall Street Journal, which col-leagues recall she read every morning at breakfast in the school cafétéria, and F orbes, abusiness magazine.Despite the time devoted to the stock market, travel, and photography, Miss Forsland'sclassroom performance did not suffer. "She wasa very strict and good teacher. Her pupilswould corne back years later and thank herfor being so strict," a friend recalls.Miss Forsland, who earned her bachelor'sdegree in 1922, "al way s thought of the University in a pleasant way," according to herfriend. "She felt she learned a lot there andthat it was a very good school."}Ç The University of Chicago has announcedthe 197 1 winners ôf its Llewellyn John andHarriet Manchester Quantrell Awards for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching, believedto be the nation's oldest prize for outstanding teaching.Acting upon the recommendation of JohnT. Wilson, provost of the University, andRoger H. Hildebrand, dean of the Collège,Président Edward H. Levi designated the fol- ,lowing winners : PHILIP c. HOFFMANN, assistant professor of pharmacology; DONALDN. LEVINE, associate professor of sociology;RICHARD P. MCKEON, the Charles F. GreyDistinguished Service Professor, and PETERMEYER, professor of physics.The Quantrell Awards, given annually,were established in 1938 by the late ErnestEugène Quantrell of Bronxville, New York,a former University trustée, in honor of hisparents. Each winner receives $ 1 ,000.In establishing the award fund, Quantrell noted that there were many forms of récognition and prizes for faculty achievement in research but few for outstanding teaching.3C University of Chicago Professors JOSEFFRIED, ROBERT G. SACHS, and HEWSON H.SWIFT are among the fifty new memberselected to the National Academy of Sciencesthis year. The prestigious academy, whichwas chartered by Congress with fifty originalmembers in 1863 to serve as an officiai ad viserto the fédéral government, admits no morethan fifty new members annually.Josef Fried, fifty-six, a pioneer in the sys-tematic chemical altération of steroid hormones for pharmaceutical uses is professor inthe Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Researchin the Department of Chemistry and Bio-chemistry.Robert G. Sachs, fifty-five, a theoreticalelementary particle physicist, has made contributions in the fields of nuclear theory, nu-clear power reactors, solid state devices, atomicphysics, and ballistics, and he has served as amajor contributor to national policies forhigh-energy physics. He is professor in theDepartment of Physics and in the EnricoFermi Institute and is director of the latter.Hewson H. Swift, fifty, a cell biologist whohas studied the nature of gène action inchromosomes and mitochondria at the micro-scopic and molecular level, is professor in theDepartment of Biology, in the Collège and inthe Committee on Genetics.X ARTHUR J. WILSON, a June graduate of theUniversity of Chicago High School, has beenawarded a four-year scholarship by the National Distillers and Chemical Corporation ofNew York City.Described as a "self-disciplined, well-organ-ized" student, Wilson has enrolled at the University of Chicago and plans to major inéconomies.William R. Toussaint, a National Distillersofficiai, presented the National DistillersAchievement Award to Wilson in cérémoniesat University High. At the same time, he presented a Certificate of Spécial Commendationto MARGARET FALLERS, principal of the high34school, for "your school's rôle in preparingand motivating this outstanding student."Wilson is one of two in the nation to re-ceive the award, which has been granted to"outstanding Negro scholars" annually since1965. Depending on the student's need, theawards are worth up to $6,000 for four yearsof collège.3Ç Three high school seniors who are outstanding scholars and athlètes hâve beenawarded Stagg Scholarships.They are MICHAEL A. GROESCH, fromSpringfield, Illinois; ANDREW N. JONES, fromDallas, Texas, and STUART S. RITSCHER, fromColorado Springs, Colorado.Groesch (5'n",i8o lbs. ) won three football and two track letters in high school. Alinebacker on the football team* he wasnamed to the 1970 all-city and all-conferenceteams, and received honorable mention on theall-statè team.Jones ( 6' 5 ", 200 lbs. ) was a center andforward on his school's basketball team whichwon thirty-eight gâmes and lost only two, thebest record in Texas. He averaged eighteenpoints per game. He was also a student councilreprésentative and a member of the National-Biology Honor Society and the Germân Club,Jones' grandmother is a graduate of the University of Chicago.Ritscher ( 6'i ", 1 50 lbs. ) was captain ofhis school's tennis team and played on thebaseball team. He was selected all-city short-stop and in 1 97 1 led the team in batting,home runs, triples, stolen bases, and runsscored. He holds the school record for mosthits in one game and its highest career battingaverage. Ritscher is listed in the 197 1 Who' sWho in American High Schools.The three Stagg Scholars were selected fromforty-six students who applied for the scholarships, which are awarded annually to outstanding scholars and athlètes planning toenrqll in the Collège. The program is nowentering its ninth year.Established in 1963 to honor the lateAmos Alonzo Stagg, long- time football, track,and baseball coach at the University, thescholarships offer a minimum of full tuition for four years in the undergraduate Collège ofthe University and are patterned after theRhodes Scholarships.3C PHILIP M. HAUSER, professor of sociologyand director of the Population Research Center at the University, has been named to thesecretary of state's Advisory Committee forthe 1972 United Nations Conférence on theHuman Environment. He will advise Secretary of State William P. Rogers on population.Hauser spent ten years with the U.S. Bureauof the Census, including periods as deputydirector from 1945 to 1947 and acting director in 1949-50. He has served as a U.S. représentative to the United Nations PopulationCommission and spent a year and a half asstatistical advisor to the governments ofBurma and Thailand.As chairman of the Advisory Panel on Intégration for the Chicago Public Schools, hewas responsible for the "Hauser Report"(March, 1 964 ) , which suggested methodsfor more fully integrating Chicago's schools.Hauser is chairman of the Evaluation Committee that will plan the work for, and carryout the évaluation of, the National Center forHealth Statistics for the Department of Health,Education, and Welfare.3{ SAUL ZWI has been appointed visiting professor in the Department of Medicine of theUniversity's Division of the Biological Sciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine.Dr. Zwi, principal physician and head ofthe Respiratory Unit in the Department ofMedicine in Johannesburg Hospital, Johannesburg, §outh Africa, received the BSc degreein 1950 from the University of Witwaters-rand, South Africa, and qualified as a physicianin 1953. In 1956 he w^s made a member ofEngland's Royal Collège of Physicians. Sincethen Dr. Zwi has been active both in researchand in dissémination of knowledge aboutpulmonary physiology and in the applicationof lung function tests to clinical medicine. Hehas been particularly concerned with trainingthe médical community in understanding andapplying advances in pulmonary medicineand respiratory resuscitation. 3Ç GEORGE L. WIED of the University has received the 197 1 Esther Langer MémorialAward of the Ann Langer Cancer ResearchFoundation. The $ 1 ,000 annual award waspresented to Dr. Wied in June at the foun-dation's Annual Dinner Dance.'Wied, who is the Blum-Riese Professor ofObstetrics and Gynecology and Pathology inthe University's Division of the BiologicalSciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine,has developed a device that diagnoses cancerfrom human cell samples by long-distancetéléphone. A specially-equipped microscopequantifies data about the cell sample andtransmits it through a téléphone receiver to acomputer at the University of Chicago. Ineleven seconds the computer provides adiagnosis..The procédure is called TIGAS (TaxonomicIntra-Cellular Analytic System ) .TICAS can be in several places at once, because the System is linked via téléphone linesto microscopes in the Optical Science Centerof the University of Arizona, Tucson, and inthe Armed Forces Institute of Pathology inWashington, D. C. Thus TICAS can diagnosea patient in Chicago, one in Tucson, and onein the capital in less than a minute. Plans areunderway to add Case- Western Reserve University, Johns Hopkins University, TempleUniversity, the University of Rochester, andLaval University ( Québec ) to the System.The system consists of a high-power lightmicroscope, a light meter, and a high speed *computer. When a cell is placed under themicroscope, the light meter measures theamount of light penetrating the cell at onepoint. This information is fed into a converterthat assigns the spot a number from 1 to i8o>according to how much light is présent— themore light, the higher the number. The lightmeter then moves over about one/one-hun-dred-thousandth of an inch and makes anothermeasurement. Enough of thèse measurementscan be done in a matter of seconds to trans-form the cell into a séries of 2,000 numbers,which are fed into the computer.The computer then analyzes the séquences'of numbers that appear within the cell andarrives at a diagnosis based on probability35ratios, and certain séquences of numbers hâvebeen f ound by the computer to hâve a greaterprobability of being cancerous than others.The entire diagnostic procédure takes TICASabout ten seconds.Until TICAS, diagnosis of cellular materialhad been the specialty of highly trainedcytopathologists and cytotechnologists.Another advantage to TICAS is its hugememory. For the first time it is possible to poolthe talents of cellular diagnosticians fromaround the world by hâving internationallyrecognized experts "label" cell images andthen storing thèse individual opinions inTICAS' memory for future référence.George L. Wied was born in Carlsbad,Czechoslovakia, received his early schoolingin Switzerland and earned the MD degree fromthe Charles University Médical School, Prague,in 1945. He served in the Department ofObstetrics and Gynecology of the Universityof Munich from 1946 to 1948, and joined thefaculty of the University of Chicago in 1954as assistant professor in the Department ofObstetrics and Gynecology and director of theUniversity's E. F. McDonald, Jr., Laboratoryof Exfoliative Cytology.The Ann Langer Cancer Research Foundation was founded twenty-two years ago. It hascontributed more than $250,000 to the University of Chicago Cancer Research Foundation.3Ç A University of Chicago professor hasbeen awarded the Alexander Csoma de KôrôsiMémorial Medal by the Hungarian Geo-graphical Society.The récipient, CHAUNCY D. HARRÏS, is theSamuel N. Harper Professor in the Department of Geography and director of the Centerfor International Studies located in the recentlydedicated Albert Pick Hall for InternationalStudies at the University. He received theaward in August in Budapest, Hungary, in aspécial session of the society celebrating itsone hundredth anniversary.The society is citing Harris for "distin-guished accomplishments in the formationand deepening of the international relationsof geographical science." Harris has written several books, includingCities of the Soviet Union ( 1 970 ) . He editedSoviet Geography: Accomplishments andTasks ( 1 964 ) , and Economie Geography ofthe USSR ( 1 949 ) , and has written manyarticles and compiled several bibliographiesof geography.A native of Utah, he received an AB degreein 1933 from Brigham Young University, aBA in 1936 and an MA in 1943 from OxfordUniversity, where he studied as a RhodesScholar, and a PhD in 1 940 from the University of Chicago.Harris was dean of the University's Division of the Social Sciences from 1955 to i960and was chairman of the Committee on Non-Western Area Programs and Other Interna-tiqnal Studies from 1961 until 1966. Whenthe committee became the Center for International Studies, he became its director. He servedas chairman of the Department of Geographyfrom 1967 to 1969.3Ç A. ADRIAN ALBERT, the Eliakim HastingsMoore Distinguished Service Professor inthe Department of Mathematics and the Collège of the University of Chicago, delivereda paper on "Associative Division Algebras"at the International Colloquium on NumberTheory, held in September in Moscow.Albert, who recently retired as dean of theDivision of the Physical Sciences at the University, said his paper concerns itself withthe question of whether there exist divisionalgebras which are not crossed products.3{ ALEXANDER GOTTSCHALK has been ap-pointed acting chairman of the Department ofRadiology of UC's Division of the BiologicalSciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine.Dr. Gottschalk, thirty-nine, a specialist inthe use of radioactive isotopes as scanningagents in the diagnosis of disease, is a professor in the Department of Radiology and hasserved since 1967 as director of the University'sArgonne Cancer Research Hospital. The hospital is operated by the University under acontract with the Atomic Energy Commission.It is part of the University's Hospitals andClinics complex at 950 East 59m Street. In 1965 Dr. Gottschalk was made an American Cancer Society Faculty Research Associ-ate, and in 1967 the U. S. Jaycees named himone of America's Ten Outstanding YoungMen.3{ The Department of Sociology is proud toannounce the appointment of STANLEYLIEBERSON (AM'58, PhD'6o) as professor ofsociology. Mr. Lieberson, thirty-eight, the author of articles too numerous to mention, re-turns to the University of Chicago from theUniversity of Washington where he was director of the Center for Studies in Demographyand Ecology.3{ University of Chicago economist ROBERTW. FOGEL has been awarded the Joseph A.Schumpeter Prize for 197 1 by the présidentand.fellows of Harvard Collège.Fogel, a professor in the Departments ofEconomies and History at the University, is aco-winner of the prize with Albert Fishlow ofthe University of California at Berkeley. Eachwill receive a cash award of $2,000.Fogel and Fishlow are hailed as pioneers ofthe "new économie history Their work hasextended the range of econometric analysisto long-run problems of économie growth.Their efforts hâve yielded rigorous and f reshinterprétations of the American past."The prize, honoring the late Professor Joseph A. Schumpeter, is awarded to one whohas made an original contribution to économies, regardless of académie standing, affiliationwith educational institutions, nationality, orany other possible restrictions. The primarytest in awarding the prize is depth and orig-inality of perception. It has been awarded onlyfour other times since it was established inI955-Fogel received his AB degree ( 1 948 ) fromCornell University, AM ( 1 960 ) from Colum-bia University, and PhD (1963) from JohnsHopkins University.36THE STRINGQUINTETSOF MOZARTPERFORMED BYTHE JUILLIARDSTRING QUARTETRobert Marin, ViolinEarl Carlyss, ViolinSamuel Rhodes, Viola j^..Claus Adam, Cellowith Guest ArtistJohn Graham, ViolaMANDEL HALL57th and University AvenueDecember 2 & 3, 1971 8:30 RM. \TICKET INFORMATIONSéries: $7 General Admission$5 UC Alumni and CMS Subscribers$4 UC StudentsSingle: $4.50; UC Students, $3All Se ats Reserved. For tickets and informationwrite: Concert Office, 5835 University Avenue,Chicago 60637 '; Tel: 753-2612. Single ticketswill go on sale November 15 ¦The Department of Music and the AlumniAssociation of The University of Chicago incoopération with the Wilfred N. Halperin MémorialFund offer you this opportunity to attendthèse Juilliard Quarte t performances .For your convenience in ordering tickets, please use form below.Concert Office " $ enclosed5835 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637Please send.., séries tickets at $7. 00/ $5 -00 eachSingle tickets $4.50 each Dec. 2 Dec. 3.Affiliation (check one): UC Alumni CMS Subscriber Student tickets sold at the Concert Office upon présentation of ID cardName --•.. Address. ..-..- Zip...: Check made payable to The University of Chicago should accompanyyour order. Please enclose a self-addressed stamped envelope.alumni ZNgwsClass NotesÇ>^ fj GEORGIANA YOUNGS BONITA, AB'07 >/ was specially honored as "the mostsenior senior citizen présent" during festivitiesheld on July 2 3 at the Winnebago Center for 'the Blind in Rockford, 111. , on the occasion oftheir first "Blind Senior Citizens Day," and theninety-eight-year-old guest of honor, thoughtaking it easy during some of the games, madequick work of lunch and then joined robustlyin the sing-along of old-time tunes. Mrs.Bonita, whose eyesight began to fail about fouryears ago, taught English literature at theUniversity of South Dakota for many yearsuntil her retirement in 1945./~V r\ SIDNEY A. TELLER, X 09, who wasy/listed in the 1967 édition of Who' sWho in America as a leading social engineer,has made a gift to the University of Chicagoso that the Sidney and Julia Teller Lectures inthe School of Social Service Administrationcan be continued for years after his death. Mr.Teller also established the Sidney and JuliaTeller Lectures at the Graduate School ofSocial Work, University of Pittsburgh. TheChicago Historical Society and the AmericanJewish Archives hâve been appointed, at theirrequest, as custodians of Mr. Teller's papers.IN MEMORIAM: Samuel J. Brandenburg,PhM'09; Clara Spohn Brokaw, SB' 09; ThomasBuck, PhD'09; Herman M. Cohen, AB'09;Alice Bright Parker, PhB'09; Nellie Powell,AM'09.T T ERIC WEST HARDY, AM' 1 1 , who attendedthe récent inauguration of Augusta ( Ga.)College's new président, holds the distinctionof having served the longest ter m of any of theschool's six présidents. Head of the schoolfrom 1938 until his retirement in 1954, Dr.Hardy, eighty-seven, is still spry, is an avidgardener, and looks forward with his wifeMadolon to the célébration of their sixtîethwedding anniversary in December. TheHardys make their home in Augusta and hâvethree sons and a daughter.T^ HENRYF. TENNEY, PhB'13, JD'l5,aJ life trustée of the University of Chicago,died in Winnetka, 111., on September 1, aiid a mémorial service was held for him there onSeptember 4. Mr. Tenney became a trustée in1 945 and later served as vice chairman of theboard.f\ f* JOSEPH SAM PERRY,AM'25, JD'27, has*3 announced his retirement as U. S. District Court Judge in Chicago after servingnearly twenty years on the fédéral bench.IN MEMORIAM: Houghton W. Cross, X'25;John H. Johnson, AM'25.r% A MORTONJ. BARNARD, PhB'26, JD'27,senior partner in the Chicago law firmof Barnard & Barnard, urged the Illinois StateBar Association, when he assumed the pres-idency in June, to consider endorsing the useof six-member juries in most criminal casesand in civil cases, the use of less than unan-imous verdicts, and "even dispensing with theright to trial by jury in many of our civil cases."Mr. Barnard also encouraged the group to"redouble efforts to bring about the meritsélection of judges in ail courts."DAVID M. GANS, SB'26, SM'27, pfiD'29, director of Coati ngs Research Groups, Inc., deliveredan address on "Energy Relations at Interfaces—Wetting and Spreading for the Paint Chemist"at a joint spring meeting of the PhiladelphiaSociety for Paint Technology and the American Chemical Society. Dr. Gans worked fornine years with Interchemical Corporation,four years with Quaker Chemical Products andfourteen years with the Arco Company beforejoining Coatings Research.IN MEMORIAM: Frederick F. Stephan,AM'26.rs W BURTON JONES, PhD'28, winner of the197 1 Award for Distinguished Servicepresented by the Mathematical Association ofAmerica, has retired from the University ofColorado where he has had a long and distinguished career as a professor of mathematicsand where, under his çhairmanship from1948 to 1963, the mathematics departmentbuilt up an international réputation for studiesin number theory. He was a member of thenow famous School Mathematics Study Groupwhich in 1957-58 prepared the original junior high school "new math" texts. "We put thestress on the précision of statement," said theprofessor. "We knew we had to be more efficient and to correlate ideas of mathematics.We also felt that students would more likelydiscover for themselves the worth of mathematics by learning basic ideas instead of oldrules." Professor Jones will continue his teaching and consulting activities abroad. Duringthe summer he taught in India and during thecurrent académie year will be teaching mathematics— in Spanish!— at the Collège of Cayey,Puerto Rico.ELEANOR METHENY, S3'28, has retired asprofessor of physical éducation at the University of Southern California where she wasinstrumental in developing the doctoral program in physical éducation. A prolific writer inher fieid who co-authored The Trouble withWomen, Dr. Metheny plans to travel with acolleague to explore primitive cave paintingsof France and Spain.MARGUERITE SCHMITT, PhB'28, retired inAugust from her teaching duties with theWichita ( Kans. ) Public Schools."2 Ç\ PAUL SIDNEY DELAUP, PhD' 30, pro-JJ fessor of physics at the University ofSouthwestern Louisiana, retired in June. Oncean instructor in physics at the University ofChicago, he joined the USL faculty in 1934and was head of the Department of Physicsthere until three years ago, when he steppeddown to dévote more time to research.GEORGE FENTISQUE ZARKE, X'30, firedfrom a récent construction job for getting lostin the tunnel he was building, has joined hisold buddy NORMAN MUSHARI, x'30, in thevolunteer fire department of Pisquontuit, R, I.IN MEMORIAM: William R. Engelhardt,PhB'30, JD'32; John Patrick Kelly, PhB'30;Sister Eleanore Michel, PhD' 30; Georg K.Neumann, PhB'30, AM'36, PhD' 50; EvaHenson Shull, SB' 30, SM'3 1 ; Frank L. Ver-wiebe, SM'30, PhD' 3 3.>2 T DONALD H. DALTON, SB' 3 1 , WashingtonJ attorney, has been elected président of theLincoln Group of the District of Columbia.He is on the Board of Directors of the Légal38Aid Society of the District of Columbia, is amember of the D. C. Civil War Round Table,the U. S. Capitol Historical Society, the Mont-gomery County Historical Society, and is aformer reporter on the Washington Post. Heis married to IRENE MARTIN, PhB'30.GERHARDT S. JERSILÏ), JD'3-r, and RONALDO. DECKER, JD'59, have announced the formation of a partnership for the practice of law at209 South LaSalle Street, Chicago.-^ ^2 SAM RESHEVSKY, Ph B'33, Spring Val-*3 J lev> N. Y., has been selling mutual andpension funds for the First Investors Corporation for seventeen years now and, like any-one who holds down a mil- time job, haslimited leisure time at his disposai. He plays aho-hum game of tennis, and at ping-pong he'sprobably better than averâge. But when itcornes to chess, he stops fooling around alto-gether. So little does he fool around, in fact,that last January at the "world séries" of chess-playing, Reshevsky walked off with the U. S.Chess Championship— for the eighth time. Abig-leaguer at chess from the beginning, heused to maintain constant vigil at the fréquentgames between his father and various croniesin Ozorkow, Poland, where he grew up. Oneday as his father was about to give up on agame which he believed unsalvageable, five-year-old Sam, ail a-twit, begged to be allowedto finish the game. He was indulged and, toeveryone's surprise, won the game. A some-what nonplussed father next proceeded to pithis son against the town's best players, andagain Sam whipped them ail. At that point anacknowledged child prodigy, he began touringEurope at the âge of eight, discorhfitting thebest of them along the way, and astonishingonlookers at marathon exhibition matchesduring which, blindfolded, he would remem-ber the moves of twenty or thirty opponents ata time as they were called out to him, andwould project what would be happening tenmoves ahead. At the âge of nine he came tothe U. S. with his family and toured for acouple of years before they ail settled in Détroit. Married with three children now, Mr.Reshevsky could sit back, resting comfortablyon the prodigious laurels of his past. But no. Not content with a mère national championship, he has a starry eye on an internationalchess title.REGINALD J. STEPHENSON, PhD'33, has retired as the Harn Professor of Physics at theCollège of Wooster ( Ohio ) where he has beenfor the last twenty-six years. Prior to that, hewas chairman of the physical sciences course atUC and was a member of the Chicago groupworking on the Manhattan Project duringWorld War IL Professor Stephenson and hiswife plan to move to Newfoundland.IN MEMORIAM: Lionel F. Artis, PhB'33.^2 A MADELINE KANN LELEWER, PhB'34,J M member of the sales staff of J-H KahnRealty, Glencoe, 111., has been awarded lifemembership in the Million Dollar Club of theIllinois Association of Real Estate Boards forselling a million dollars in real estate for threeconsécutive years.ANNfe SCHUMACHER STEWART, SÉ'34, retired in June as an adviser and science teacherfrom New Trier High School East, Winnetka,111., ending a career which began in the 1930swhen she did substitute teaching while study-ing for a master's degree at Northwestern.Subsequently Mrs. Stewart created courses forthe high school in the sociology of family living and in health, and last year sponsored theChess Club.IN MEMORIAM: Myrtle L. Rugen, PhB'34,AM'38.^1 *J HOMER R. GREENHOLT, PhD' 3 7 , whoJ? / retired in 1 968 as chairman of the History Department at Lenoir Rhyne Collège,Hickory, N. C, was awarded a DistinguishedService Citation at the school's graduationexercises "for contributions to the collège andto society."RUTH M. LEVERTON, PhD'37, is currently ascience adviser to the U. S. Department ofAgriculture's Agricultural Research Service. Awidely recognized authority on nutrition withextensive background as both a research scien-tist and program administrator, Dr. Levertonis author of the nutrition guidance book, FoodBecomes You, which is in its third édition as ahardback and has had wide distribution as a paperback. She has conducted studies of human requirements for protein, amino acids,calcium and iron, and on nutritional status asrelated to dietary habits, and twice received theAmerican Home Economies AssociationBorden Award for outstanding research inhuman nutrition.IN MEMORIAM: Jack Chernick, SB' 37; •Edward Troxel Meacham, MD'37 ; ^au^ Wal-lin,AB'37.^2 Q JOHN OLIVER, AM'38, assistant to theJ président and director of planning andcorporate development, North AmericanRoyalties, Inc., Chattanooga, Tenn., has beennamed to the Board of Contract Appeals of theAtomic Energy Commission.IN MEMORIAM: Abdul Majid Abbass,AB'38, AM'38, PhD'39; Keith C. Seele, PhD'38;Earl S. Stephenson, SB' 3 8, MD'42; Stephen S.White, PhD'38.<** (\ FRANK D. CURTIN, PhD'39, head of theJ x English Department at St. LawrenceUniversity ( Canton, N. Y. ) for twenty-threeyears, retired in June after forty-two years incollège teaching.FRIEDA PANIMON SIMON, PhD' 3 9, has beenhonoréd by the Elgin ( 111. ) chapter of Hadas-sàh which has established a scholarsliip fund inher name at the new Hadassah CommunityJunior Collège in Jérusalem, the first suchcommunity-styled school to open in Israël.IN MEMORIAM: Elmer J. Anderson, AM'39;Ruth Huff Cline, PhD'39; James Isaaç^Fawcett,JD'39-a ç\ ROBERT S. MINER, SB'40, senior ad-l" ministrative officer of the Physics De-partment, Princeton University, was recentlyawarded the Honor Scroll of the New JerseyInstitute of Chemists.IN MEMORIAM: Grant H. Adams, AB'40.A T ROBERT LEIGH JAMES, AB'4I,JD'47,j head of the Bank of America' s Washington office, has broken his cover with the publication by Dodd, Mead of his new book,Pénélope' s Zoo, the first to be written underhis real name. His previous books, The Chame-39leon File, The Capitol Hill Affair, and ThePushbutton Spy, ail espionage novels, werewritten under the pen name Leigh James.Pénélope' s Zoo tells of "the Washington Ihâve corne to know after a décade of participation on the Hill and downtown and on em-bassy row," said Mr. James in a récent news-paper interview.IN MEMORIAM: A. B. Curry Ellison, MD'41 ;John M. Howenstein, AB'41.A rs ERVING E. BEAUREGARD, AB'42, pro-l" fessor of history at the University ofDayton ( Ohio ) , has been elected to the twofollowing posts: président of the Ohio Conférence of the American Association of University Professors, and vice président of theOhio Academy of History.MOELY M. KRAMER, AB'42, MBA'55, commercial banking officer, Harris Trust and Savings Bank, Chicago, has been named chairmanof the National Office Committee of theNational Association of Bank- Women, Inc.a ^ AARON BROWN, PhD'43, of Long Islandtj University's Brooklyn Center and amember of UC's National Alumni Cabinet,was elected chairman of the board and président of the Amistad Research Center on July27. The center, located on the campus of Dil-lard University, New Orléans, is a non-profitorganization which deals with inter-grouprelations and the early éducation of blacks inAmerica, and houses the Countee CullenCollection.BLANCHE STEIN, AB'43, is an attorney withthe Fédéral Trade Commission Authority,specializing in the area of consumer protection, particularly as it relates to clothing, furs,and household furnishings. Appointed to theposition in 1 961, Miss Stein is a member of ,the American Bar Association and the FédéralBar Association. She is married to Philip H.Vision.PAUL E. THOMPSON, PhD'43, professor andchairman of parasitology at the University of.Georgia's Collège of Veterinary Medicine, hasbeen designated president-elect of the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiène. Dr. Thompson's term of office will begin in January. Involved for the past twenty-fiveyears in tropical disease research, he serves onthe National Advisory Committee for theNational Center for Primate Biology, locatedin Davis, Calif .A a M. CARL HOLMAN, AM'44, was recentlyVY named président of the National UrbanCoalition, taking over the post once held bythe late Whitney M. Young, Jr. Poet, formercollège professor, and editor of the weeklyAtlanta Inquirer from i960 to 1962, Mr. Hol-man was the chief information officer and thendeputy staff director of the U. S. Civil RightsCommission, responsible for liaison with national civil rights and human relations groups,before joining the coalition in 1968.KONRAD KINGSHILL, SM'44, superintendentof schools of the Department of Education ofthe Church of Christ in Thailand, headquar-tered in Chiang Mai, received an honorarydoctorate of humane letters in May from Hast-ings ( Nebr. ) Collège, where he spent the pastacadémie year as visiting lecturer in anthropol-ogy. Dr. Kingshill, his wife and three children,hâve since returned to Thailand.IN MEMORIAM: Donald M. Shields, PhB'44.A £ L. VENCHAEL BOOTH, AM'45, pastor ofl"»3 Zion Baptist Church in Cincinnati, isserving his second term on the Board of Di-rectors of the University of Cincinnati. Origi-naliy appointed to a three-year term on theboard in 1968, he was appointed by GovernorJames Rhodes of Ohio to another nine-yearterm early this yearr Rev. Booth was f ormerlyprésident of the Negro Sightless Society ofOhio, was membership chairman for the Cincinnati NAACP, and has been a leader in localpoliticai activities. He has won many awardsfor his civic and church work.ROBERT M. CHANOCK, SB'45, MD'47, médical director and chief of the National Instituteof Health's Laboratory of Infectious Diseases,National Institute of Allergy and InfectiousDiseases, was cited recently at the Naval Hospital in Bethesda (Md. ) "for outstanding contribution to knowledge of the etiology andepidemiology of human respiratory infectionsdue to viruses and mycoplasma, and for his scientific leadership in preventing and alleviat-ing acute respiratory diseases, and for hisachievements in médical research." The awardwas presented by Elliot Richardson, secretaryof Health, Education and Welfare.A f\ DANIEL J. MONACO, AM'46, has beenf* elected président of the San MateoCounty Trial Lawyers Association in Calif or-nia. Mr. Monaco formeriy served as Californiastate inheritance tax appraiser and assistantcity attorney in San Carlos, Calif.SYDNEY H. ROSEN, PfiB'46, AM'49, has beenappointed assistant professor in the Department of Government at Colby Collège, Water-ville, Maine, and will teach in the area of EastAsian studies. A politicai and feature writer forCalifornia newspapers from 195 1-6 1, MissRosen spent the last three académie years atSan Diego (Calif. ) State Collège as an assistant professor of government.IN MEMORIAM: Ann Kronquist Fitz-Hugh,PhB'46, AM'49.A P*j ROBERT J. BAILYN, PhB'47, city editorr / of the New Brunswick ( N. J. ) HomeNews for the past two and one-half years, hasbeen named Sunday editor for the newspaper.Previously he had been managing editor of theTrenton ( N. J. ) Sunday Times -Advertiser forsix years.HERBERT J. GANS, PhB'47, AM'50, has beenappointed professor of sociology at ColumbiaUniversity. He and his wife recently becameparents; a son, David, was born to them onMay 25, 1970.ROY H. REINHART, SM'47 , prof essor ofgeology at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, isamong ten Miami faculty members selectedthrough a 1970 poil of Miami sophomoresand seniors as "Most Effective Teachers." Acitation read at convocation by Miami's président described Professor Reinhart as "a pale-ontologist by préparation, an archaeologist byavocation, and a distance runner for the heckof it."FLOYD L. SANDLE, AM'47, professor ofspeech and dean of the Division of GeneralStudies at Grambling Collège, Bâton Rouge,La., spoke at the school's Workshop Theater40An advertisement for Chicagochairs, with some little-known factson the birch tree, from theRoman Empire to the University. . .In the athletic contests of ancientRome, trophies of birch branches wereawarded to the victors, a practice whichlater spread to récognition of achievement in other areas. I n time, the "f asces"—a bundle of birch rods, sometimeswith a protruding axe —became a sym-bol of authority, carried through thestreets on civic occasions by lictors,the shérif f s of their day.In the New World, the birch had beenused extensively by Indians, notablyfor wigwam pôles and the bark canoë.But the earliest settlers largely ignoredthe tree in favor of softer woods whichlent themselves more easily to construction in primitive circumstances.Woodsmen often were discouraged bythe labor needed to hew down a birch,especially when they felled a treewhose toughness had kept it uprightlong past its useful âge for lumber.Most observers, deceived by thebirch's graceful appearance, were un-aware of its great strength. JamesRussell Lowell called it "the most shyand ladylike of trees."The sap and leaves of the birch yieldan oil simiiar in fragrance to winter-green, and one of the tree's early useswas in the flavoring of a soft drinkknown as birch béer. As the characterof its wood became apparent, the birchbegan to be used in the manufacture ofproducts where durability was important: tool handles, wagon-wheel hubs, ox yokes, barrel hoops, wooden-ware. Challenging oak and hickory forstrength, and excelling them in beauty,birch soon came to be favored by themakers of sleighs and carriages. And,finally, cabinetmakers adopted thewood for the finest furniture.Some of the first railroad tracks werespiked to birch crossties. In the earlydays of the automobile, birch was usedby some coach makers for the mainframe and other structural members.During the métal shbrtages of WorldWar II the British used the wood in themanufacture of airplanes —-especiallyin the well-known mosquito bomber,constructed almost entirely of birchplywood. Tennis rackets and skis arestill made of birch.Some years ago, the Alumni Association found a century-old New Englandfurniture manufacturer who continuesto employ hand craftsmanship in theproduction of early American birchchairs. The firm, S. Bent & Brothers ofGardner, Mass., is still operated bythird and f ourth génération descendentsof its founders. Hundreds of their piècesare now in the homes and offices ofalumni and —especially the sturdy arm-chairs— are found everywhere on campus, from the Présidents office to theQuadrangle Club.At least one United States Président,while in the White House, owned aBent & Brothers armchair, identical incolor, design, and construct on to the model available through the AlumniAssociation.The designs for the Chicago chairsoriginated in colonial times and reachedtheir présent form in the period from1820 to 1850. The selected yellowbirch lumber cornes from New Brunswick, Canada, and from Vermont andNew Hampshire. Except for modern-day improvements in the adhesives andthe satin black finish, the chairs arefaithfully traditional.Identification with the University isachieved by a silk-screened goldChicago coat of arms on the backrest,complementing the antique gold détail stripings on the turnings. The arnrvchair is available either with black ornatural cherry arms. Ail chairs areproduced on spécial order, requiring aminimum of four weeks for delivery,and are shipped express collect fromthe factory in Massachusetts.I The University of Chicago I| Alumni Association iI 5733 University Avenue[ Chicago, Illinois 60637 I[ Enclosed is my check for $ , payable to ii The University of Chicago Alumni Associ- }! ation, for the following Chicago chair(s): Ij . — Armchairs (cherry arms) at $48.00 jI — Armchairs (black arms) at $46.75 j! Boston rockers at $36.00 J Side chairs at $28.50 iName (please print)Address Irecently on "Black Actors: The Image of BlackDétermination." Past président of the NationalAssociation of Dramatic and Speech Arts, Dr.Sandle is currently a member of the UC National Alumni Cabinet.PAUL A. VARG, PhD'47, received a Distin-guished Faculty Award in June for "outstanding contributions to the intellectual development of the University" from Michigan StateUniversity where he is a professor of historyand an authority in the history of U. S. foreignrelations, particularly in foreign policy relations with China. Before joining the MSUfaculty in 1958, Professor Varg taught at'Nebraska State Teachers Collège, North ParkCollège in Chicago, the Naval Academy, andOhio State University. During 1962-69 hewas the dean of MSU' s Collège of Arts andLetters.IN MEMORIAM: Richard L. Wolfgang,PhB'47, SB' 48, PhD' 51.A V WILLIAM L. FAUST, AB'48, has receivedî a $ 2 ,000 Wig Distinguished Prof essor-ship Award from Pomona ( Calif. ) Collègewhere he is a professor of psychology. A vétéran of World War II, Dr. Faust has done considérable research on the problems of vétéransand the war-separated family. He has been amember of the Pomona faculty since 1953.ERNST L. gayden, PhB'48, has been pro-moted to associate professor of urban planningat the University of Washington and appointedassociate professor of environmental planningat the new Huxley Collège of EnvironmentalStudies, a division of Western WashingtonState Collège, where hewill develop a concentration in environmental planning. Professor Gayden is a member of the King CountyDesign Commission, the Science AdvisoryBoard of the Puget Sound Governmental Conférence, and an active member of the Washington Environmental Council.r* |^v JOHN A. POND», MBA' 50, vice président3 in charge of business afïairs at WilliamJewell Collège, Liberty, Mo., has been selectedfor listing in the 1972-73 édition of the National Register of Prominent Americans andInternational Notables. '> 5T ELLIS JOHNSON, AM' 5 1 , PhD' 5 5 , classi-cal guitarist, gave an Easter Seal benefitconcert at State University Collège in Cortland,N. Y., where he is professor of history. Dr.Johnson, who performed sélections by Bach,Logy,Handel, Frescobaldi, Guiliani, Beethoven,and Albeniz, is also highly regarded as a jazzbanjo player.GERALD E. WILLIAMS, AM' 5 1 , PhD'6l , aSSO-ciate professor of anthropology at the University of Rochester (N. Y. ) , succeeded to thechairmanship of that department on September 1 . A specialist in the systemic interrelations of language, culture, and society, he hasconducted field work in Central Sumatra, WestJava, and Chiapas, Mexico.£ r\ ROBERT KLEIN, AM'52, field professor«3 with the Division of Community Services and Urban Programs at Montclair(N. J. ) State Collège, is now living in UpperMontclair with his wife and small daughter,Sarah Akosua. In 1 961 Mr. Klein was sent toGhana by the Peace Corps in the first group togo overseas. He served first as a volunteer,teaching English and history in secondaryschools, and later as a staff member, spendingmore than six years overseas with the PeaceCorps. It was in Ghana that he met his wifewho also was a Peace Corps volunteer. Mr.Klein has also worked in the New Jersey StreetAcademy Program, which opérâtes storef rontschools for high school dropouts, under thestate Department of Community Affairs.P*^ WILLIAM R. GABLE, PhD' 5 3, for the%D J past four years director of the Instituteof Public Administration at Arizona State University (Tempe) and responsible there for themaster of public administration degree program and public afïairs training, has been appointed to the position of executive coordinat-ing officer with the Arizona Board of Régents,the body which governs the three universitiesin the Arizona state System. He and his wifeAudrey (who was Dean Coggeshall's secretaryat UC during 1 949-5 3 ) hâve three children :Bill, Jr. ( seventeen ) , Gwendolyn ( fif teen ) ,and Bradley ( twelve ) .GARRICK utley, AB'53, am'6o, member of the UC National Alumni Cabinet, has beennamed by NBC-TV News as anchorman forweekend newscasts. During the summer Mr.Utley substitute-hosted the "Today" show forvacationing Hugh Downs.IN MEMORIAM : John Ebetsch, AB' 5 3 .r- A GEORGE K. ROMOSER, AM'54, PhD'58,3 1 professor of politicai science at the University of New Hampshire, has completed athree-year term as chairman of the Departmentof Politicai Science there. His successor as de-partmental chairman, BERNARD K. GORDON,PhD' 5 9, was formerly with the Research Analysis Corporation, Washington.rj '"T LYNN ALEXANDER MARGULIS, AB' 5 7 ,*3 / member of the biology faculty at BostonUniversity, has some nice things to say aboutthe Midway in the notes on contributing au-thors, August 197 1 issue of Scientific American, in which her article, "Symbiosis and Evolution," was published: "I was born on theUniversity of Chicago campus; most of myéducation and certainly ail my attitudes aboutlearning were obtained at that very excitinginstitution." Since completing graduate workat Wisconsin and Berkeley "I hâve not liftedmy nose from the literature of professionalbiology, except to look through my phase-con-trast microscope," she goes on to say. "Themajor exception to the above gênerai truth involves bearing and raising my four children,mostly boys, ail incessantly active."SAMUEL H. RUBIN, SM'57, is now associatedean of New York Médical Collège and director of médical éducation. Dr. Rubin continueshis clinical teaching as professor of medicine.r* Q SANFORD N. KATZ, JD'58, professor of«3 law at Boston Collège Law School( Brighton, Mass. ) , is the author of WhenParents F ail: The Law' s Response to FamilyBreakdown, published in October by BeaconPress. Professor Katz was recently appointedto Governor Sargeant's Advisory Committeeon Adoption and Foster Care.ROGER MASTERS, AM'58, PhD'61, is return-ing to the Dartmouth faculty after a two-yearleave-of -absence as U. S. cultural attache in the42Paris Embassy where one of his projects was todouble the number of French and Americanteachers on one-year exchange programs between the two countries. Originally a politicaiscientist who shifted his interest to research inbiology and human behavior, Professor Mas-ters is a firm advocate of the early developmentof bilingual talents. "Children who learn twolanguages starting in kindergarten go on to beable to solve problems at âge nine that twelve-year-olds usually find challenging" he said,according to a récent Chicago Daily Newsarticle. "Each language has its own certain wayof reasoning about problems. Textbooks onthe same subjects corne to the same conclusionsby différent routes." By comparing, for instance, a science lesson in two languages, ayoungster can see that there can be more thanone satisfactory solution to a problem.ERNEST J. WALTERS, AM'58, PhD'68, aSSO-ciate professor of politicai science at FurmanUniversity ( Greenville, S. C. ) , was named bya committee of faculty and students to receivethe school's Alester G. Furman, Jr. and JanieEarle Furman Meritorious Teaching Award for1970-71.P* Ç\ MARTHA M. LEYPOLDT, AM'59, pro-O y f essor of teaching ministry at EasternBaptist Theological Seminary (Philadelphia),is author of a new book, Learning Is Change:Adult Éducation in the Church, published bythe Judson Press, for teachers of adult éducation. She is also the author of Forty Ways toTeach in Groups.IN MEMORIAM: Jean Stieglitz,MD'59.A Ç\ DEAN FISCHER, AM'6o, is a correspondent for Time magazine, assignedto its Washington, D. C. office with the U. S.Justice Department as his primary responsi-bility. Mr. Fischer, who spent a year at theUniversity of Calcutta as a Rotary International Scholar, worked for the Des MoinesRegister for three years before joining Timewhere he has had various assignments.ROBERT L. LIPPERT, AM'6o, as executivedirector of the Boys' and Girls' Aid Society ofSan Diego ( Calif. ) , a post he has held sincelast spring, works with the more than five hun- dred résident youths of Cottonwood Academy,the society's treatment center for emotionallyhurt adolescents.WILLIAM C. MARTIN, MBA' 60, chief of theelectronic components, and ferreed switch andferrod sensor engineering department at Western Electric's Montgomery ( 111. ) plant, hasbeen issued a patent— his fourth— by the U. S.Patent Office. The patent, issued jointly to Mr.Martin and two other Bell System engineers,covers a control System for regulating the flowof molten métal into a continuously-rotatedcasting wheel.A T EARL E. MEISENBACH, MBA'6l, hearingexaminer for the Interstate CommerceCommission for the past three years, has joinedAssociated Truck Lines, Inc., Grand Rapids,Michigan, as senior vice président— traffic. Assistant corporation counsel for the city of Chicago for three years, Mr. Meisenbach is a member of the Illinois and District of Columbiabars and has been admitted to practice beforethe U. S. Suprême Court and before the Interstate Commerce Commission.VERNON R. WIEHE, AM'61, director of social services at Lutheran Family & Children'sServices, St. Louis, Mo., is studying for hisdoctorate in social work research at Washington University ( St. Louis ) .A r\ MYRON EINISMAN, AB'62, MBA'63, hasleft his position of associate director ofthe University of Chicago Alumni Fund tojoin the firm of Charles R. Feldstein & Company, Chicago.JUDITH ROSE STARK, AB'62, assistant professor of English at Community Collège ofPhiladelphia, died at the tragic âge of thirty inPhoenix, Arizona, on July 2, from injuries in-curred in an automobile accident. Funeral services were held in Phoenix. At CommunityCollège where she worked for four and one-half years, she taught créative writing, composition, and literature and was involved inthe Career Opportunities Program. Contributions toward an annual prize or scholarship tobe awarded by Community Collège in her(memory may be made by check ( payable to theJudith Stark Mémorial Fund ) and sent to Karen Schermerhorn, 2034 Locust Street, Philadelphia, Pa. 19103.A ^ VICK Y CHAET MEYER, BFA'63, whoJ received her masters degree in fine artsat the University of Massachusetts last springand taught craf ts at Amherst during the sum-mer, left for Stanford this fall where she hasaccepted a teaching fellowship. While on theUC campus, Vicky could often be found holding forth inside one or another of the largercampus sculptures where she would spendhours and hours "getting the feel" of the thing.IN MEMORIAM: R. Branson Frevert, AM'63.A a JACK B. JACOBS, AB'64, has become al"partner in the Wilmington (Del.) lawfirm of Young, Conaway, Stargatt and Taylor.A 1967 graduate of Harvard Law School andformer law clerk for the Superior and ChanceryCourts of the state of Delaware, Mr. Jacobs hasauthored an article, "The Impact of ClassActions upon Confessed Judgments," whichwill be carried in a forthcoming issue ofBankers' Law Journal.A £ ALBERT HOWARD CARTER, III, AB'65,*_) completed his doctorate in comparativeliterature this August at the University ofIowa. His dissertation topic, "Fantasy in theWork of Italo Calvino," took him to Italy fora year of research in 1969-70 on a PresbyterianGraduate Fellowship. On leave from Tarkio( Mo, ) Collège this year, Carter is a visitingprofessor at Florida Presbyterian Collège in St.Petersburg, Fia. He is married and expecting achild in January.JANE REARICK SHOUP, PhD'65, assistantprofessor of biology at Purdue University Calumet Campus ( Hammond, Ind. ) , has beennamed to receive the $1,000 Standard OilAward for Excellence in Undergraduate Teaching.A A ROGER daltrey, x'66, in a temporarymike-slinging slump ( according to eye-witnesses at several récent appearances of therock band in which he sings lead) "is lookinggreat— better than ever, ever since he beganbreaking in his new fringed jacket." In a state-43ment issued to the press, coaches traced theproblem to what they believe was a faulty section of floor-length fringe on the old jacketwhich must hâve subtly interfered with thefamed tosser's timing. Daltrey's record of4,456 completed microphone passes, set during the 1968 festival season, remains un-broken.L. richard lessor, am' 66, director of thenew Department of Social Services at Chicago'sRésurrection Hospital, has had two books published by Argus Press. The first, Love and Mar-riage and Trading Stamps, is a popularizedversion of the application of Systems theory tomarriage. The second is entitled Fuzzies: A ,Folk Fable for AU Ages. Mr. Lessor has alsocompleted his portion of the "Census of Chil-dren's Residential Institutions in the UnitedStates, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands—1966," to be released this fall by UCs Centerfor Urban Studies.IN MEMORIAM: Robert Wesley Masters,AB' 66.A /-y laura eisenberg berk, AM'67,/ PhD' 69, assistant professor of psychol-ogy at Illinois State University, is directingISU personnel in a study of preschool programs, financed by a $32,334 grant from theU. S. Office of Education. Published évaluations of publicly-supported preschool programs for the disadvantaged hâve heretoforefocused on pre-test and post-test scores buthâve failed to examine, as this one will, theevents which actually take place while thèseprograms are going on. Dr. Berk's project personnel will observe classroom behavior in twomiddle-class nursery schools, two Head Start-type programs, and two day care centers andwill use portable tape recorders to record classroom behavior for subséquent study and évaluation. Dr. Berk has also been a graduate research training fellow for the U. S. Office ofEducation.ROBIN H. FARQUHAR, PhD' 67, has movedto Toronto to accept new appointments aschairman of the Department of EducationalAdministration at the Ontario Institute forStudies in Education and as associate professorat the University of Toronto. During the past five years, Mr. Farquhar has served on the central staff of the University Council for Educational Administration, headquartered in Co-lumbus, Ohio, for three years as associate director and for the last two as deputy director.ROBERT FLANAGAN, AM'67, former associate editor of the Chicago Review, will hâvehis first novel published late this fall by Paper-back Library. The novel, entitled Maggot, con-cerns basic training at the Marine Corps Re-cruit Depot at Parris Island, S. C Mr. Flana-gan's first book of poems, Not for DietrichBonhoeffer, was published in 1969 by New/Books, Trumansburg, N. Y, and a second, Atthe Edge of the Ghost Town, is being published this fall in England by Perkin Press,Yorkshire. At présent, he is assistant professorof English at Ohio Wesleyan University wherehe teaches créative writing.ENRIQUE VOLTAIRE GARCIA II, AM'67, anattorney in Manila, has been elected a delegateto the Constitutional Convention of the Republic of the Philippines. Of the 320 delegateselected, Mr. Garcia polled the third greatestnumber of votes.BOAZ KAHANA, PhD' 67, and his wife EVAFROST, PhD' 68, hâve resigned from the facultyof Washington University ( St. Louis ) andhâve moved to Michigan where he has assumedthe chairmanship of the Department of Psy-chology, Oakland University (Rochester,Mich. ) , and she is now an associate professorat Wayne State University ( Détroit ) .A V ALAN BLOOM, AB'68, has coauthoredthe officiai U. S. Government publication "Selected Notated Bibliography on HealthMaintenance Organizations with spécial référence to Prepaid Group Practice" (no. HSM7 1-6202 ) which is available from HEW'sHealth Services and Mental Health Administration where Mr. Bloom is employed in theOffice for Group Practice Development. Theauthor particularly recommends the publication for "birthday, bar mitzvah, and holidaygiving" because of its "bright cover, excellentcontents, and free price."JUDY GOLDSTONE LANDT, AB'68, MAT'70,is now program director for the UC AlumniAssociation, a fact duly ignored by The Uni versity of Chicago Magazine for the last tenmonths. She and her husband SKIP LANDT,AM'61, director of student activities, live in atwo bedroom, one junk room apartment inSouth Shore, where they continue to supportthe activities of the Natty Bumppo Society.MICHAEL ALAN ULLMAN, AM'68, andHARRIET THRUSH BOWDISH, AB'69, were married in Goddard Chapel, Tufts University, inJune.Flf\ ALLAN B. FOX, PhD'70, spent the sum-/ mer in England researching a book onearly Tudor drama on a William Howard TaftGrant from the University of Cincinnati wherehe is assistant professor of English.JOHN M. NEIL, SM'70, an Army secondlieutenant, has been assigned to the snow andice branch of the U. S. Army Cold RégionsResearch and Engineering Laboratory in Han-over, N. H.NEIL O'TOOLE, AM'70, escaped war-tornEast Pakistan with his wife Carol during thespring, arriving in Calcutta aboard the Britishrescue ship Clan MacNair with some one hun-dred other foreign évacuées. He had beenworking at a U. S. CARE mission in Chitta-gong, East Pakistan's second largest city, sinceJune, 1970, but left the city for six weeks inthe fall of 1 970 to help out in the typhoon-struck area. He and his wife apparently intendto stay in India, continuing their work withCARE.Picture CréditsDavid Windsor: cover, 20-27Warren Linn: 2-3Orlando Cabanban : 45Lynn Martin : art direction and design44If you're nioving, please give us advance notice so the alumni magazine can follow you, freeof charge, to keep you posted on your classmates and campus news.just fill out this coupon, put k in an enveiope, and mail to The University of Chicago Magazine,5733 South University Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.If possible, please Include the mailing label showing your old address.Name.. — ........................ Class... New Street Address City ..State.. .. .. . ........... ..Zip. ............ Effective Date of New Address If the change involves a new employer or other such news, why not add a note of explanationfor possible inclusion in the Class Notes?