THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINETHEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEHello Central Give Me HeavenNorman H Nie 2The Miseducation of White ChildrenCovert Racial Bias in Textbooks 8Pollution. Possibly a SolutionDennis F Miller 14Protest ChronologyEvents of May, Part I 21Festival of thé ArtsEvents of May, Part 11 2230 Quadrangle News33 Profile Gaylord Donnelley34 Chicago Books and Authors36 AlumniNews43 Letters44 Annual IndexVolume LXII Number 6May/June 1970The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, îs publishedbimonthly for alumni and thefaculty of The Universityof Chicago Letters and editonalcontributions arr^velcomedThe University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 643-0800, ext 4291John S Coulson, '36PrésidentArthur R NayerDirector of Alumni AffairsGabnella AzraelAssociate Editor Régional Offices1542 Riverside Drive, Suite FGlendale, California(9i2oi(213) 242-828839 West 55 StreetNew York, New York 10019(212) 765-5480350 Green Street, Apt 2San Francisco, California 94133(415) 781-23321629 K Street, N W , Suite 500Washington, D C 20006(202) 296-81002nd class postage paid at Chicago,111 , additional entry at Madison,Wisc © 1970, The University ofChicago Published in July/August,September/October, November/December, January/February,March/April, and May/JuneCover Maggie Kast of the Chicago Contemporary Dance Theater dancing Bartok's"Mother," during the University of Chicago' s annual Festival of the ArtsNorman H. Nie©©©©©••ooooooo©©©©•••©©•••••©©©©©©•Until today, mstant electronic communication has been a oneway street. The Président, senators, governors, mayors or otherimportant public officiais hâve been able to command the attention of citizens at almost any time. Citizens on the other handhâve had to rely on more traditional and individuahst ways ofcommunicating with governmental leaders. But current devel-opments m computers and gênerai electronic technology suggestthat the mapr advances m mas s communication in the commgyears will bring a rather spectacular ability for mdividual citizensto send messages in the other direction and that thèse develop-ments may totally alter the relationship between the citizen andhis government.What may well alter that relationship will be the developmentof an "information utility,}> a service that will be as common-place as the téléphone or electricity. The idea is not fantastic;we are not m danger hère of contemplatmg somethmg that willnever be. On the contrary, over the past fifty years our errors injudgment hâve consistently corne from the other direction—faihng to anticipât e the social and political conséquences of atechnology which moves at lightnmg speed. In the late 1950'smodem computers were yust begmnmg to corne mto their own,and withm the décade we achieved computmg capabilittes whichwere beyond our dreams at that time.By 19J5, a substantial proportion of ail American familleswill be coupled via cable TV. to information files controlled bya giant computer switchmg system and this "information utility"could be used for example to replace the polling booth. Onélection day, usmg their social security numbers as identifymgnumbers, citizens could vote m the privacy and convenience of their own homes and vastly mcrease our low rates of électoralturnout.Thèse then are the political potentialities: the informationutility could raise the voter turnout to ninety per cent; it couldgive the currently disenfranchised access to information andmeans for participation; it might improve the quality of publicinformation and public opinion, thus reducing the influence oflobbyists and démagogues. But wtll it? What can we realisticallyexpect of the new technology? Will it solve the world's prob-lems? Will Central give us Heaven? The author of this article,an assistant prof essor of political science and a senior studydirector at the National Opinion Research Center, thmks not.Communications média hâve always been central to politicalparticipation in démocratie societies. The média, written andelectronic, are the major means available to the ordinary citizenfor monitonng the activities and actions of government and, assuch, are of primary importance to the process of démocratieaccountability and popular control Furthermore, political participation itself, at least for the ordinary citizen, is basically aprocess of communication, only in the reverse direction. Some ofthèse communications already flow through the mass média,such as when citizens write letters to the editor or partidpate inthe multitude of talk, téléphone, and public affairs programs soprévalent on both radio and télévisionThe participatory process in démocratie societies is thenclosely related to the nature of the mass média first because themass média provide the citizenry with information about governmental activity and secondly because the média often carryimportant political messages from the citizenry to the government. The new communications Systems may hâve importantconséquences for citizen participation in the future, for theymay alter the rôle of the mass média as a Communicator of bothtypes of message— those which flow from the government to thecitizenry and those which go in the other direction.The next ten years are likely to bring the beginnings of aséries of cable télévision networks which m ail probability willform the base for the coming génération of communicationsSystems Cable télévision networks will be the forerunners ofwhat I will refer in this article to as an "Individualized HomeEntertainment and Information System/' The central featureof this System will be a greater variety of entertainment andinformation, with more individual control over what the viewerviews This quantum jump will hopefully produce a qualitativeshift in the strategy of program production; from a production2strategy in which ail networks compère for the center in aunidimensional spatial market to one where successful compétition is based on catering to specialized interests and tastes.As régional cable networks develop and integrate, the largernumbers of potential viewers should continue to increase thevariety of entertainment and information so that the individualviewer will hâve a better chance to sélect programs which relateto his personal interests and tastes. If the storage média aretruly efficient, the contents of this System would be unlimited.Everything which has been or will be recorded on some type ofaudio-visual médium could, under thèse conditions, be availablefor consumption. In addition, a complète information servicefor written material could be very easily integrated into thisSystem. This much of the future seems quite certain.There seem to be at least two major aspects of thèse communications Systems (both short and long run) which hâve potential for altering citizen participation. For the lack of a betterterminology, let us call the first "spécifie participatory applications" and the second "indirect conséquences."Spécifie Applications ofTwo-Way Communication Systemsfor Citizen ParticipationFrom a technical point of view, there is no reason why a homeservices System designed to convey two-way communicationscould not be used to carry political messages from the citizenryto the government. Actually such Systems might be well suitedfor instant referenda or even for nationwide electronic townmeetings. However, technical feasibility does not necessarilyimply social feasibility. The idea of direct popular democracy is,I suppose, attractive to some, for it represents the ultimate inpopular control. Unf ortunately ail that we know about thepolicy-making process itself and the capacities, interests, andbehavior of the citizenry suggest that Systems of direct democracy for large collectivities are totally infeasible.If mass interactive communications Systems will not be usedfor direct democracy, what types of more reasonable participa-tory applications might they' hâve? The answer is probably notmany, for most forms of participation do not lend themselvesto an electronic format and many of those that do would not begreatly enhanced or altered if they were incorporated into sucha System. Voting, I suppose, could be moved from the pollingbooth to the living room if ownership of the communicationsdevice were rriandatory, and such a System might even resuit insôme marginal increases in turnout. Citizens could contact con- gressmen or other officiais (or rather, their computer files) viathèse devices, but the téléphone and the mails already serve thèsepurposes and may be more désirable because they are morepersonalized. Organizations and pressure groups might utilizesuch devices to contact and mobilize their membership, but hèreagain the advantages over mailing lists must be considered some-what marginal. There is, however, one area— polling and information gathering— where the speed, organization, and économiesof the home services System might hâve important implicationsfor the quantity and quality of messages that flow from thecitizenry to the government.The responsiveness of government and the quality of itspolicies are, at least to some extent, dépendent upon the amountof accurate information it has on the needs, problems, and préférences of various segments of the citizenry. And while représentatives, government agencies, and private opinion organizations currently attempt to collect this type of information, ourachievements in this area (with perhaps the exception of économie indicators) hâve been limited by the great effort andexpense involved. Récent interest in the regular collection of avariety of "social indicators" suggests just how important thisproblem has become in a large, technically complex and hetero-geneous nation. The home services System could drastically reduce the costs of gathering this type of information and there-fore create the possibility of a better fit between governmentalpolicy and the needs and desires of the citizenry.Senators and congressmen as well as local and state représentatives could quickly and inexpensively generate information onany issue or problem area. They could target their surveys to-ward spécial segments of their constituencies-— the poor, black,women, homeowners, doctors, and the like. Government agencies, again at any level, could on a continuing basis evaluate theimpact of governmental programs or administrative practices.A System in which citizens could voluntarily register theiropinions on a variety of types of public issues and problemscould also be cheaply ihstituted by either government itself orpolling agencies.There are no doubt dangers in increasing the amount of information which flows from the citizenry to government, butinformation, unlike referenda, is not binding, and if correctlyutilîzed can add to, rather than detract from, the representationalprocess. In the eurrent context, information on the needs andwishes of the citizens flows solely through the participatorymechanisms, and those social groups who participate most hâvethe loudest voices whiïe those who participate little or not at3ail may never be heard. Supplementing thé participatory chàn-nels with regularized sets of mechanisms for the collection ofinformation may produce more équitable voices for those whoare currently politically under-represented. This may be par-ticularly important, for thèse are of ten the same groups who aresocially and economically deprived.At the same time, however, we must realize that préférencesreported in samplè surveys, electronic or otherwise, are oftenvery différent in nature than those actively volunteered whencitizens participate. The opinions expressed in poils are fre-quently shallow responses to problems to which the respondenthas never given much thought. The saliency of the issue to himmay be low and the opinion is likely to be based on little or noinformation. Préférences communicated by acts of participation,on the other hand, are more likely tô be well thought out anddeeply held convictions on an issue about which the citizen isdeepiy concerned. Giving thèse two types of opinions equalweight may constitute as much of a distortion as those producedby the current stratification of the population into participantsand non-participants.In short, two-way communication Systems may increase theflow of information and messages to government, not by in-creasing direct participation but by inviting or requesting moreinformation from the citizenry. In this sensé, our term directparticipatory applications is somewhat of a misnomer, for participation, at least as students of politics hâve corne to use it,implies the notion of "citizen initiation." When I employ theterm participation in the remainder of this paper, I will be usingit in this lattër, more accepted définition.The Indirect Effects of the HomeEntertainment and Information SystemThe spécifie participatory applications of the home services System are but one of the ways in which new communications Systems may affect rates of citizen-to-government communication.In fact, the most important conséquence of thèse Systems, likeso many previous technological developments, may not lie intheir direct applications but rather in the very indirect ways inwhich they alter the interests, life circumstances, and activitypatterns of the citizenry. Participation in politics, after ail, com-petes with many other interests and activities for the time,ehergy, and attention of citizens— it is only one of many sideshows to which they niay occasionally turn. Any development,therefore, which modifies the distribution of interests, changesthe foci of attention^ or alters the amount of available leisure time in the society may, in turn, hâve important conséquencesfor rates of citizen participation and the size of the participatingstrata.Several aspects of the individualized home entertainment andinformation System may hâve considérable potential for thisItype of change. First, the type of entertainment and informationto which a citizen is exposed may hâve an effect on the type ofinterests and activities he is likely to pursue. If, as we hâve sug-gested, new home entertainment and information Systems givethe individual virtually complète control over the type of mate-rial he views, he may then choose programming which has eithermore or less relevance to politics and public affairs. A heavierconcentration of a variety of types of public information andpolitical messages may increase the citizen's appetite for politicalinvolvement, and a systematic avoidance of such material mayhâve thé opposite results. Second, thèse new entertainment Systems may be very attractive devices and as such may represent aconsidérable drain on the average citizen's available leisure time.Most forms of political participation (with the exception ofvoting) require considérable amounts of time and energy, andthus there may be a basic conflict between large amounts ofhome viewing and political participation.What types of entertainment and information will citizenschoose when they hâve virtual control over what they view?How much time will they spend in front of thèse new and moreattractive communication devices? And what types of effect willthèse factors hâve on rates and patterns of citizen participation?One pf the ways to approach thèse questions is to examine someof the available évidence on existing média (particularly télévision, which is ôur présent home entertainment and informationSystem) and its impact on political participation to see if thèsedata provide us with any useful information for projectingfuture patterns of political actiyity.Such a method of forecasting is in essence "prédiction byanalogy," for it projects current patterns and relationshipsamông variables into a future which is composed of analogousones. This type of technique has no doubt many pitfalls, andprédictions based on it must be considered highly spéculative.This is true first because new communications Systems maysimply not be analogous (in terms of their effect on the individual) to existing Systems. Second, new variables which canbe neither foreseen nor taken into account may émerge tomodify, nullify or even reverse patterns and relationships whichtoday seem basic and enduring. We are simply not in a positionto know ail of the significaht components of the future social4matnx Nevertheless, if we are to attempt to make any reason-able prédictions it would seem more désirable to ground themin the current social reahty rather than m no reahty at ail Letus first turn to the data on the current effects of différent amountsof média exposure and then to the question of the impact of itscontents to see what the présent suggests about the futureAs new entertainment Systems become more attractive bymore closely paralleling mdividual interests and tastes, theamount of home viewing is likely to increase and to increasesubstantially— for when citizens can view precisely what theywant when they want it, they are likely to find more worthviewing If citizens are home watchmg télévision or îts future—counterpart, they cannot bé out participating in politics or, forthat matter, in anything else In short, if home viewing becomesincreasingly attractive, a greater number of citizens will simplychoose it over other forms of social participationThis basic conflict between home viewing and other forms ofsocial activity can be substantiated to a large degree with currentdata on télévision viewmg and participation The sevehty ofthe existing conflict between home viewmg and! political participation is quite clearly indicated in the Table, which reports datafrom a national sample of 3,064 American citizens conductedearly in 1967 This figure présents the average number ofpolitical activities performed by those in the population whowatch varying amounts of télévision each dayTABLEAverage Number of Political Activities Performed byThose Who Watch Différent Amount of Télévision Each DayHours ohours ihour i-3hours 3-4 hours 4hoursActivities 1 49 2 21 2 19 r 75 131Mean Entire Sample: 1 93While those who hâve no daily exposure to télévision hâverelatively low rates of participation, those who are exposedfar less than one hour a day hâve the highest From this point on,as the number of hours of télévision viewmg increases, the levelof political participation déclines, and the rate of décline seemsto increase Actually this relationship makes a great deal of sensé—those who hâve absolutely no exposure to what may ^e thesingle most important common national stimuh also participateat low lèvels m other aspects of our social life, while those who gorge themselves on it hâve no time for participation in politicsWhile I will not report the data hère, the same pattern 1évident for educational, racial, économie, religious, and virtuall]ail social groupings Beyond a minimal amount, the more hour;a citizen spends in front of his télévision, the lower are his rateof participation This remains true even when ail other sociacharactenstics ^ire held constant and seems particularly pronounced among those groups who tend, based on their othecharactenstics, to participate mostThere is, in addition to the cross-sectional data that we hâvesome very indirect évidence to snggest that télévision viewingmay already be affecting rates of citizen participation in thiscountry We know that though citizen participation in presi-dential campaigns did not nse significantly m the penod from1952 through 1968, many of the variables which we know to behighly correlated with levèls of political participation hâve beennsing, and nsmg rapidly Médian years of éducation has risenm this sixteen year penod from 9 5 to above 12 1, and the proportion of the population who hâve completed collège has justabout doubled. Income, which opens the way for a greatervariety of leisure activities, has risen dramatically, and the proportion of the population m white collar occupations has m-creased by almost ten per cent Yet levels of participation whichare sovliighly correlated with thèse factors (income, occupation,and éducation jointly explain as much as twenty per cent of thevanance m rates of participation in the United States) hâve notbeen substantially altered Clearly much has been happening inour society during this penod and it cannot be demonstratedthat télévision is the main factor responsible for jutihibitmg anse m political participation Nevertheless, this finding, whenplaced alongside of the dramatic cross-sectional relationshipsbetween télévision viewmg and participation, suggests whatmight happen m the future if the amounts of télévision viewmgwere to increase dramaticallyThe Impact of Increased Home Viewmgon Différent Types of ParticipationWe hâve suggested that substantial mereases m amounts ofhome viewmg would be likely to reduce levels of ail types ofsocial and political participation, but this is not entirely true.Our data mdicate that home viewmg has a fundamentally différent impact on voting as compared to ail other types of socialand political participationThose who watch considérable amounts of télévision each dayare not substantially less likely to be regular voters In fact, the5proportion who vote regularly increases slightly up to four hoursof viewing each day, and the décline in voting is small even forthose who watch in excess of four hours Future increases m theamounts of home viewing are therefore > much less likely todepress rates of voting than those of other forms of participationThere may be seyeral explanations for why voting is notaffected in the same way or to the same degree as are other typesof social and political activity First, voting is not a very time-consuming activity— it requires only a f ew minutes out of a veryinfrequent élection day Second, there is much to suggest thatmédia exposure can stimulate and mobilize voting to a degreewhich cannot be duplicated for other more djifficult and time-consuming activities In this way those who are exposed to largeamounts of télévision may also be exposed to large amounts ofvote stimulating messages which act to counterbalance the timefactorsIn either event thèse patterns suggest an mteresting profile ofcitizen participation in the future While rates of most forms ofparticipation may décline, voting turnout may remain un-affected Unfortunately, voting is not much of a compensationfor the losses of other forms of activity This is true iot at leastthree reasons First, as pne of millions of yoters the individualdoes not exercise much influence over the outcome of the élection Second, voting, unlike many other forms of participation,does not enable the citizen to gain any effective control over thesubstance or content of his participation— he simply choosesbetween a set of structured alternatives, and thèse alternativesare not necessarîly ones that are salient to him When a citizencontacts an officiai or otganizes with other individuals, on theother hand, he controls the agenda of his participation, and theissues which are the subject of his activities are^by définitionrelevant and salient to him Third, and finally, voting is a veryblunt and imprécise instrument that conveys very little in theway of spécifie information on the needs and prpblems of thécitizen In short, even if new communications Systems were toincrease rates of voting by creating a national voting registry ora home voting System, this would not compensate for the lossesm effective citizen control produced by decreases in other moreprécise, relevant, and powerful modes of participationThe Effects of Media ContentWhile substantial increases in home viewmg are likely to de-crease participation, the amounts of politically relevant matenalcarned by this new média may also haye some impact on ratesof citizen participation It seems, af ter ail, reasonable to assume that if citizens are exposed to more politically relevant pro-gramming, it may increase their interest in and appetite forpolitical activity Will the new Home Entertainment and Information System be likely to carry more or less politicallyrelevant information? And perhaps even more important, willcitizens be likely to watch more or less of this type of matenalwhen they hâve greater control over what they view?Trière is some reason to believe that new communicationsSystems will make available greater amounts of politicàlly relevant programming Cable transmissions will probably be quiteinexpensive compared to the présent costs of air time, andpublic officiais, political parties, candidates for office, and evenpressure groups might therefore hâve easier access to the: hvmgrooms of the nations Such communications Systems would seemto be particularly attractive and efficient for thèse purposes, because transmissions could be targeted to very small geographicalkreas and even to particular social groups lin short, new communications Systems (such as the indrviduafized home entertainment and information System) would présent political éliteswith a more economical and focussed média for transmittinginformation and propaganda to the citizenryHowever, individualized transmission is a blade that cuts withboth edges— for when the viewer has virtual control over whathe watches (as well as a wide sélection to choose from), it maybe increasmgly difficult to get politically relevant informationthrough to him no matter how much of this type of matenal isproduced In a situation where the individual may choose entertainment or information which closely fits h^s mood or needs,politics and public affairs may indeed find the compétition stiffPresently politically relevant matenals are limited, but they arealso concentrated m certain hours of the day and in particularpenods such as dunng national élections Therefore, when acitizen wishes to view télévision dunng thèse tienods, he mayhâve no alternative but to watch this type of programming Butm the future this may very well not be the caseWhat then will the citizen of the future choose to watch—Sunday football àll week long, Bogart movies by the dozen,westerns by the weekload, or a better mix of entertainment andpublic affairs? The answer, of course, dépends to a large degreeon the future quality of vahous types of rprogramming, andunder conditions of user sélection citizens will undoubtedlyspenpî their viewmg hours in very différent ways We do, however, hâve some data on what current televisibn viewers (anddifférent types of yiewers) choose to watch when they cansélect among a widè variety of very différent kmds pf program-6ming, and this may provide us with some indications of what toexpect in the futureIn a truly ingenious quasi-natural expenment into the processof program sélection, a Bureau of Applied Social Research studyexamined the viewmg habits of several hundred familles inNew York City for eight sample weeks over a six month penodThèse viewmg dianeswere then compared to what was actuallybroadcast by New York stations dunng the same penod Ail ofthe programs shown dunng this penod were classified into threebroad types i) light entertainment, 2) heavy entertainment,and 3 ) public information There were 255 time penods duringthe eight sample weeks when ail three types of programmingwere simultaneously being broadcast In thèse penods, in otherwords, the viewers had an equal opportunity to sélect lightentertainment, heavy entertainment, or public affairs programsThe results of the study, which covered vanous démographiegroups, and viewers who differed in their attitudes toward télévision programming, showed that sixty-four per cent chose lightentertainment, thirty-one per cent chose heavy entertainment,while only five per cent chose public information There is littleévidence to suggest that this would change in the future simplybecause the variety would be greater or the ability to clioosemore regulanzed If future home information and entertainmentSystems are to alter rates of political participation, it is not likely—thèse data suggest— that this will corne about through greaterattentiveness to mformational and political programmingWho Will Do the JParticipating?Up to this point in our discussion we hâve been concernedpnmanly with rates of participation but a more important conséquence of the new communications Systems may well be thatthe social composition of the activist group may change whichmay in turn affect the types of décisions— électoral and otherwise—which émerge dut of our participatory processes The Republi-can Party, for exam^ple, presetftly enjoys a considérable turnoutadvantage because Republican Party identifiers are found intheir largest numbers among those social groups— namely mid-dle-aged, upper middle class whites— who hâve the highest ratesof turnout Changes in their voting rates or those of other groupsmore prone to identif y with the Démocratie Party may thereforealter the balance of power between the parties Other types ofchanges m the composition of the participating citizenry mayalso affect, for example, the "quality" of participation (eg, theamount of information and interest maintamed by those whoparticipate) or the proportion of the participators who are committed to basic démocratie values It is to thèse possiblymost important political implications of the new communications Systems that I now turnThose who currently participate at high rates in our politicalprocesses are by no means a représentative cross-section of thecitizenry, either in terms of social groupmgs or distribution ofpolitical opinion and persuasion How might the new communications Systems we hâve been discussing affect the social andpolitical composition of the participant stratum? Will the în-dividualized home entertainment and information System produce a participant stratum which is more or less représentativeof the larger population? It is hard to say However, when weexamine rates of participation among différent social groups,we find that the participatory différences between those groups— men and women, white and black, nch and poor, educated anduneducated— diminish as télévision viewmg increases, Further-more, as the participation of the group currently most overrep-resented— the wealthy and better educated— is diminished byincreased viewing, a more représentative stratum will likelyresuitWe should be wary, however, of confusing a more sociallyand politically représentative stratum with more or better représentation For any significant réduction in the amount of participation or the size of the participant stratum— no matter how ittakes place— may resuit in a less responsive and responsiblepolitical leadershipv If long hours of home viewing decreases rates of participation mdst among those with high interest and information thenit would suggest that the overall quality of participation will belowered This clearly raises once again the specter of "massîrrationality" and "ignorant involvement" which has haunteddémocratie theonsts since the GreeksConclusionsSo while they offer the potentiality for great increases m directcitizen participation, the new communications Systems, para-doxically, are not only unlikely to greatly increase social andpolitical participation, but they may even mdirectly contnbuteto a substantial decrease While instant referenda and nation-wide electronic town meetings are mteresting to contemplate,they seem to quickly fade into the realm of utopian myths whenfaced with the harsh realities of political decision-making in alarge and complex modem society AU too real though are thenégative conséquences of thèse new Systems for the interests andactivity patterns of the citizenry7THE MISEDUCATION OFWHITE CHILDRENEducation m a démocratie society must equip the children ofthe nation to realize their potential and to participate fully mAmerican life For the community at large, the schools hâve dischar ged this responsibihty wellREPpRT OF THE NATIONAL ADVISORYCOMMISSION ON CIVIL DISORDERSThe inadequacy of ghetto schools has been well documented inthe Kerner Report and pther studies But, as the above quotationillustrâtes, there is no récognition of the miseducation of whitechildrenThe most affluent, best-equipped schools présent white children with a distorted view of black people and other races Text-books do not even touch on the depth and pervasiveness ofracism within the white community It is almost as though wewere indoctrinating our children rather than helping them tolearn for themselves what the world of people is ail about AsJohn Holt says in How Chilien Bail, "we are not honestabout ourselves, our own fears, limitations, weaknesses, préjudices, motives We présent ourselves to children as if we weregods, all-knowing, all-powerful, always rational, always just,always nght " Such an éducation, rather than prepanng whitechildren to recognize, understand, and deal with the racial contradiction in our society, glosses over it as though it did notexist or was not of major importance Children are brought upto accept Amenca's racism and yet to "believe in" freedom,justice, and equality for ail Social studies textbooks, becauseThis article was taken from a book Institutional Racism inAmerica recently published by Prentice Hall and reprinted, bytheir permission The book grew out of a work-study semmarconducted m East Palo Alto, Caltfornia, by Kenneth Prewitt,associate prof essor of political science at the University of Chicago The co-editor of the book was Louts L Knowles, candidatefor a doctorate of ministry at the Divmity SchoolAt left The covert racial bias of our textbooks is, hke thispeeling, fadmg poster, a remnant of another era they provide a common élément in teaching in many classroomsof many schools, are prime contnbutors to the institutionalracism which pervades white éducationAmerican HistoryIn their treatment of racial matters, American history textbooksprésent an idealized and distorted picture of the national state ofaffairs In the past the gênerai public (most teachers and schooladministrators included) has either been unaware of the "greatlie of silence," as Mark Twain put it, or has chosen to let half-truths remain as educational content Although there recentlyhâve been efforts to correct errors and to include the blackAmerican in textbooks, thèse efforts still fall far short of a fairtreatment The new texts, although lessv overtly racist than theold, are marked by the same inability to acknowledge the his-toncal and présent dispanty between our stated ideals and actualinstitutional practices This lack of a self-cntical perspectiveextends to the treatment of other societies, particularly thenonwhite, non- Western, nonindustnalized cultures, which areevaluated in terms of their acceptance or rejection of whiteAmerican valuesThe treatment of American minonty groups in traditionaltextbooks has been abominable, with publishers catenng to the"Southern view " A study by the Anti-Defamation Leaguecover-îng the twenty-four major secondary school U S history texts in1949 and again in 1961 showed that the treatment of Asiatic andSpanish-speakîng minonties had improved steadily if slowly,although there was still much distortion in the 196 1 texts However, the position of the Negro in texts over this penod had notchanged, he remained "invisible "A study of the texts used in California public schools in 1964showed the same results "While the authors of the books mustknow that there are Negroes in America and hâve been since1619, they evidently do not care to mention them too frequentlyIn one book there is no account of slavery in the colonial penod,in a second, there is not a single word about Negroes after theCivil War, in a third (composed of documents and substantive9chapters), the narrative does not mention Negroes in any connection "In treating the history of race relations, the authors of thèsetexts take pains not to mention anything that might cause dis-agreement among whites The 1964 survey continués " ail thetexts play down or ignore the long history of violence betweenNegroes and whites, suggesting that racial contacts hâve beencharactenzed by a 'progressive harmony ' In their blandness an4amoral optimism, thèse books implicitly deny the obvious dep-nvations suffered by Negroes In several places they go further,împlymg approval for the repression of Negroes or patronizingthem as being unqualified for lif e in a f ree society "The textbooks consistently ignore or stéréotype, the blackman's présent position in America as well as his histoncal rôleIn the Anti-Defamation League's study, three-fourths of thebooks mention blacks somewhere, but only half ref er to them inprésent society One-fourth (six books) give the name of somecontemporary black Of thèse, one mentions only a baseballjplayer, and one limits îts coverage to two prizefightersThe sçanty coverage of récent events usually lacks sufficient-background matenal to be understandable For instance, half ofthe books mention the Suprême Court's desegregation décisionin 1954 But only two books give any considération to the under-lying pnnciples and to the ongoing attempts at évasionSmce 1963 the pressure of the civil nghts movem^nt Jiasbrought a rash of new "mtegrated" textbooks Thèse "multi-ethnic" texts are less overtly racist and mclude more Negrohistory and some treatment of the civil nghts movement and ofblacjc people's position m contemporary America Yet the textsfall short of an accurate statement of white individual and institutional racism and of the life and struggles of black peoplethroughout, the history of AmericaFor the most part, the new multi-ethnic texts are limited to aself-conscious correction of past mistakes rather than presentihga cohérent reinterpretation of American history A study produced by the American Fédération of Teâchers (AFL-cio) ofjunior and senior high texts published up to December, 1967,points out the uneven treatment in the new texts Not only dothey vacillate between accuracy and overt racist distortion, butthey also frequently contain 200 and 300-page gaps with no-mention of black people Of ten those minorjty people and eventscovered are dealt with very bnefly and with no depth, of under-standmg IAxshortcoming even more senous than the inconsistent andsuperficial treatment of black people in American history is the misleading optimism which pervades coverage of racial mattersThe authors of the new books assume that assimilation of blacksinto the ptesent American society is possible and desired by bothblacks and whites In accord with this assumption the authorsminimize individual racism, ignore institutional racism, andexaggerate white support for the black struggle In addition, theyfail to mention any black political or cultural forces that assertan ethnie or cultural identity of their own or that are directedtoward any other goal than assimilation into white AmericaThe, new texts emphasize what whites hâve done in the civilnghts movement, but they play down the extent and violentnature of white opposition to the struggle for equality Thus,the books stress législation, the area in which whites hâve donemost of their work f pr civil nghts But the législative loopholesand the nonenf orcement of civil nghts laws are largely ignoredFurthermore, the texts do not recognize the problems whichlégislation alone cannot solve, problems such as unemplo^ment,police brutality, or lack of access to positions of powerThe cumulative impact of thèse errors in the texts is a super-ficially optimistic outlook For example, a senior high text càp-sulizes the récent décadesFollowmg both World War I and World War II, millions ofNegroes moved to Northern cities As voters and officeholders Ithere, they were atye to wield great pohtical influence ManyNegroes yomed organizati&ns whose main purpose was to obtamfor Negroes "equal protection of the, laws*' m ail respects Asmore and more Negroes got a better éducation and improvedtheir économie status in both North and South, they demandedan end to ail discrimination Many whites, many of them m-fluential, supported their causeAnd that is the end of the text's cbverage Such a passage exag-gerates grossly the meager powers blacks hâve gained within theAmerican System, leavmg the impression that a hlack-whitecoalition is rapidly and smoothly eliminating domination anddiscrimination It ignores) the fact that with the concentration ofthe black population in deterioratmg city ghettos, racial m-equities hâve becorhe more obvious and racial tensions hâvegrown correspondmglyEven" the history text Land of the Free, which was com-mended by the AFT pamphlet for îts treatment of the civil nghtsmovement, exaggerates the rôle of whites, particularly the fed-^eral government The text implies that the "important advances"which hâve theoretically been made came about through actionby the fédéral government which would hâve occurred without10the démonstrations:Nowhere does it {the Constitution) call for démonstrations.Y et without the démonstrations, Présidents Kennedy and Johnson might not hâve called so effectively for the Civil Rights Actof 1964 or Président Johnson so eloquently for the Voting Actof 1965.In fact, fifty years of pressure by the NAACP, SCLC, SNCC, CORE,and other organizations through légal suits, speeches, and démonstrations were necessary before the Président or Congressfound it relevant or politicaliy necessary to put their stamp ofapproval on any such législation.When giv'mg coverage to a démonstration such as the 1963Mardi on Washington, Land of the Free gives crédit only toMartin Luther King, although CORE and SNCC were the majororganizers. Again and again texts play down those organizationswhose views, or methods are outside the bounds of that whichthe dominant white community judges to be an acceptablemeans o£ dissent. Land of the Free also assumes that the fédéralgovernment is actively enforcing the législation. Yet nonen-forcement of intégration laws has been the government's defacto policy since the end of Reconstruction:No mention is made in any of the texts of the deeply im-bedded Jim Crow System which originated and developed inthe North while Southern blacks were still slaves. Most important, none of the new texts recognize, the racism imbeddedin the: institutions of American society today. The texts treatblack people as though they were one of the immigrant groups.Immigrants, the authors of Land of the Free state, became partof the national community because they "ail were committed tobeing Americans," and thus were willing to give up their oldways. The unstated corollary is that as blacks become "Ameri-canized" they will enter the mainstream of society. This argument by analogy overlooks the barriers which racism has placedbetween black people and participation in American society.Furthermore, it assumes that a process of "Americanization"must take place that includes the abandonnant of cultural andethnie identity. On the one hand, it is important to keep in mindthat white immigrant groups hâve by no means been forced togive up their ethnie ties before assuming positions of power andinfluence. On the other, it must be at least considered as a possi-bility that black cultural and racial identity are stronger andmore essential to the black community than are the bonds of anywhite group in America. The failure to understand white racismand the reality of ethnie identity leaves high school students with the mistaken notion that the racial crisis is a "Negro problem" rather than a white problem.Not only do the new texts présent assimilation into whitesociety as presently feasible for blacks, but they also imply thatassimilation has been the goal of ail black politics and culture.The books mention only those trends in black thought and actionwhich can be f eadily accepted by whites, those which fit into the"mainstream" of American life. Even Land of the Free, a bookattacked in some quarters for its "excessive" coverage of Negrohistory, illustrâtes this whitewashing of black politics andculture.In dealing with the civil rights movement, Land of the Freeemphasizes the Suprême Court décision on school intégration in1954 and the work of Martin Luther King ( the only black namedas a leader of démonstrations). There is considérable space de-voted to the programs of Booker T. Washington, but only pass-ing référence to W. E. B. DuBpis, a founder of the NAACP, whocame much closer to demanding full human rights for blackpeople. DuBois' demands were unacceptable to the whites inpower. His forthright attack on American racism is as répugnantto the whites in control of textbooks today as it was during hislifetime. Militant organizations such as CORE and SNCC and theblack separatist movements of Marcus Garvey, the Black Mus-lims, and Malcolm X are entirely ignored. Thus the text bringsthe struggle for black libération into the American System bystressihg white participation and government support, whilefailing to recognize any leaders or groups which asserted blackidentity or demanded more than white America was ready toallow. This approach does not convey the severity of the oppression or the bitterness of the struggle for self -détermination; italso leaves the white student without an awareness of the rapidlygrowing trend toward black consciousness and self-rule in theblack community.Coverage of the culture of black people is negligible. Onlythose areas are covered which hâve influenced the tastes andvalues of white America. For example, in Land of the Free bluesare not mentioned at ail, and jazz is mentioned only insofar as itwas popular in mainstream America in gênerai in the 1920^.The text mentions no black musicians or athlètes, presumablybecause the California Curriculum Commission has ordered thatbooks should help pupils to refrain from attempts at stereotyp-ing. Admittedly, a discussion of black musicians and athlètesalone would not be adéquate coverage of black culture, but theirexclusion has not been balanced by the inclusion of blackauthors, artists, and social thinkers. Stereotyping is not remedied11by reducing the amount of information but by increasing îtsvolume and scopeForeign HistoryThe "ethnocentnsm" of white American society affects the wayour textbooks treat not only whites and blacks in America, butalso how they treat the history and culture of other pepples Theattitudes that one's own race, nation, and culture are supenor toail others may be natural but nevertheless very dangerous belief sAmerican textbooks generally treat European cultures asbasically the same as our own with the addition of the accùmu-lated ornaments of antiquity However, when dealing with areasbeyond the white, Western world, the authors change their ap-proach significantlyThe treatment of people of color in nonindustnalized coun-tnes, even in the new textbooks, dénies the existence of fullyintegrated cultures based upon values and institutions différentfrom our own An anthropologist from a major university whohad just received the edited version of a f ourth-grade monographon a South Sea Island culture remarked that "as usual, the editorshâve eut everything that was actually différent from Americanculture " He commented further that he always had to tone downcultural différences when wntmg and that publishers, hopingto sell their books widely, eut out most of what was lef tLet us take the elementary school children in California1schools as an example They are exposed to Afncan culture inthé regular curnculum only through two short chapters in theseventh-grade Eurasia and, if their school has purchased them,through two supplementary books— one a seventh-grade supplément to Eurasm entitled Africa The brevity of coverage wouldbe partially excusable if the matenal were fair But a survey ofEurasia and Africa shows how our racism, ethnocentnsm, andpaternalism are mterwovenEurasia begins "Until about sixty years ago, Africa was oftenspoken of as the Dark Continent " The rest of the chapter makesit clear that, thanks to white efforts, this name is becoming lessappropnate The history of Africa in both this and the supplementary text is the story of how Europeans "discovered" anddeveloped AfricaIn Africa there is not a single discussion of a traditionalAfncan culture that gives a sensé of différent values and anotherway of lif e from that in America The very catégories into whichthe discussion of Afncan hfe is divided do not allow for otherthan an ethnocentnc présentation Following a single chapter onthe races and ecology of Afncan peoplç, the headings for the restof the books are "Farming and Grazing," "Natural Resources," "Industry," "Transportation," ^Cities of Africa," and "Education and Health " Thus the book deals almost entirely with technology and economy, the most important factors in Americaneyes and the dimensions of society in which Africa suffers mostbycompansonDespite the f act that anthropologists and histonans now document the existence of highly organized civilizations with com-plex légal Systems in sub-Sahara Africa for the last fifteen totwenty centuries, Africa suggests continually that Afncans didnot know how to govern themselves until Europeans mstructedthem "As more Afncans became educated and learned aboutlife in the rest of the world, they came to believe that they wouldhâve better lives if they could govern themselves In some partsof Africa, the people do not yet know how to govern themselvesin a peacef ul, orderly way The Bntish government has workedhard to train the people in îts colonies fot self -government "Thèse passages continue the stéréotype of the Dark Cdntinentto which benevolent Europeans brought the gift of enlighten-ment ,There is no récognition of the rights of Afncan people Thèsebooks discuss colomzation without one word as to what Afncansfelt about this usurpation and exploitation of themselves, theirresources, and their cultures The struggle against Europeandomination and the process of gammg mdependence are mentioned only with the doubtful comment that where tnbes hâvehad little contact with the outside world, "they are greatlypuzzled by the changes and bften resentful of coming for-eigners " It is not asked why foreigners are invadmg the terntoryWestern influence is lumpéd together under the heading of"modernization" and is implicitly considered good "Since 1900great changes hâve taken place in Africa, and changes are con-tinuing rapidly today People from other continents are pene-trating to ail parts of Africa They are bnnging with themmodem ideas and modem ways of living and working" Thebooks do not admit the exploitation of Afncan labor and resources and the destruction of native culture that hâve accom-panied foreign modernization In Africa" s single attempt to payhomagé to traditional craftsmen, the handmade goods are ad-mitted to be "beautiful," but "craftsmen cannot produce thethings needed for a modem way of lif e " The implication is thatthe acquisition of a European Iway of lif e is the only acceptablesocial goal, and therefore the craftsmen must be replacedGiven the assumption that modernization has first prionty andthe fact that Afnca's people "do not hâve the money or equip-ment to build dams, power plants, industries, schools, hospitals,and other things that they must hâve to become modem nations,"12it follows that Africans must be dépendent on the paternalismof white Western nations. In this view, just as the Africansneeded Europeans to show them how to govern themselves, theynow "need" Europeans to show them how to build up theircountries. Thus the texts prépare the way for a very favorableprésentation of current white paternalism toward Africa. "People in other parts of the world are trying to help the nations ofAfrica. Britain, France, and other former colonial powers arelending money and sending engineers and other skilled workersto Africa. The United Nations, the United States, and the SovietUnion are also giv'mg aid." Pictures show European foremen in-structing African laborers. The greater part of Africa is spent indiscussing the dams, schools, industries, and roads which whitemen hâve either built or shown Africans how to build.Underlying the treatment of nonwhite cultures in Eurasia andAfrica are the assumptions that white values and forms of government are by nature good and must be shared with the lessfortunate nonwhites of the world. Africans are presented not ashaving a différent culture and way of lif e from white Americans,but as having no culture worth saving. Africans may be seen as"good" only when they hâve adopted the "modem" white way oflife. Until then people of color should be grateful to whites fortheir generosity in helping them to become "white." The présentation in the new texts is merely a continuation of the old"white man's burden" notion in more subtle form. But the useof "modem," "Western," and "European" in place of "white"does not change the fact of underlying racism. Through bookssuch as thèse, American school children today are acquiring thesame sensé of white superiorky to other cultures that theirparents and grandparents learned from lessons about "savages"and the "Dark Continent." In a manner similar to the new American history textbooks, Eurasia and Africa carry on the racismof their predecessors in a form that is less overt but just as falseand dangerous.ConclusionThe distortions taught in our schools hâve not been caught andchanged largely because whites control curriculum even in mostoverwhelmingly minority areas. Most books are selected at thestate or the school district level, nekher of which hâve anywherenear proportional représentation of minority groups. Moreover,regardless of who controls sélection, the choice is limited tobooks written, edited, and published by whites concerned withprofit. The standards hâve been fairly clear, though unstated,and most of the coercion polite. The author, interested in sellinghis books, has usually done the cutting himself . As Jules Henry pointed out, "the same fear, the same self-serving, governs thosewho make the book as it governs those who hâve the power tosay yes' or no' to the publication of a book."In summary, our public schools, through the use of racist textbooks written, edited, published, selected, and taught by whites,are inculcating into white children false notions of superiorkyover people of color by presenting a distorted view of the his-torical and contemporary rôles of whites and nonwhites in theworld. In addition, our schools teach children an attitude ofoptimism toward race relations, a notion that "things aren'treally so bad" and "everything will work out" if we just keep onas we hâve been doing. Our school s/stem, likë our society ingênerai, fails to recognize that the ideals of justice and equalkyfor ail cannot be achieved without fundamental change in theinstitutions of white America.This chapter has concentrated on a few textbooks in order toshow in some détail what children are exposed to in school. Wehâve deliberately refrained from picking the worst points from awide sélection of texts. Although concentrât ing hefe on textbooks, on the assumption that textbooks are the most concrètesource of classroom information, it should be remembered thattextbooks do not teach children. The well-informed teacher caninstil understanding in her students irrespective of biases andpréjudices in textbooks, and the poorly informed teacher, espe-cially if she herself has racial préjudices, can ùndermine eventhe best text.Most teachers are between thèse two extrêmes. Often theyrecognize the problem, but hâve neither the time nor resourcesto revise their understanding of U.S. history, either in thedomestic sphère or in U.S. foreign policies. The vast majorityof today 's adult génération grew up with textbooks and classroom instruction far more prejudiced in content than thatrepresented by Eurasia and Africa. Often the parents who wantto see that their children mature free of racial préjudices anddistortions do not hâve a full understanding of how the mythof racial superiority is bound up in the history of nearly ail whitenations of the world. Thèse parents are not prepared to acceptthe major changes that must corne about in éducation to createa truly non-racist program.Even a new analysis of history and world affairs will not auto-matically bring either the teacher or the parent to the pointwhere he no longer communicates covertly racist attitudes tothe child. Such covert communication will continue untilteachers of the young become conscious of a racist bias at thepersonal and psychological level as well as the factual andanalytic level.13pollution: possIBLY A SOLUTIONDennisF MillerEverybody talks about pollution and everyone^ does somethmgto contribute to it—burns coal, drives a car, etc Everybody talksabout pollution but can do somethmg about it Individuals atthe University of Chicago are trymg to point the way Theauthor is a graduatestudent m history at the UniversityThe idea of pollution is not néw in America Conservationistsand ecologists hâve been warning the nation of the inhérentdangers of the graduai poisoning of the environment for yearsBut the widespread interest by the public in ail aspects of pol^lution is a relatively récent phenomenon People at ail levels ofsociety hâve begun to be vitally aware of the connection betweenthe heavy pollution around them— the dirt and dust they mustlive in daily, the smelly and dirty air they must breathe— and thedangers to their health and that of their children born and un-fcorn, many forms of life are being dnvçn to extinction, mdeedman's own existence seems to be at stakeNot everyone, however, is fnghtened There are still diffenngopinions on^ pollution common among governmental officiais,educators, businessmen, and the population in gênerai One common assumption is that this concern with pollution is only afad and will be only a transient épisode in history Optimistsscoff at the current emotional outbursts of doom and smuglysay that the imagination should be held in check and a morerational approach be taken They say that pollution is not reallya problem, because if it were, California voters would not hâveturned down législation for the mandatory installation of air Jpollution devices on automobiles Thèse people pç»int out thatthis so-called pollution only amounts to a change^ m our envi ronment brought about by the natural évolution of man and histechnology People of this opinion say that we hâve nothing tofear, since man is the most adaptable of créatures on the earthand that man will continue to exist and flounsh no matter whathappens to the environmentBased on the assumption that man is not really greatly affectedby his environment, this approach predicts that man will remainessentially the same through the future, with perhaps minormodifications brought about by the need to accommodate theîncreasmg levels of pollution in the environment But this bestof ail possible worlds view disregards the more than probablemutagenie effects of prolonged exposure to heavy pollution onfuture populations Man may not^become extinct, but he maydevelop into somethmg mf enor to his présent state of biologicaldevelopmentAnother approach to the problem, held fey leadmg conserva-tive economists, points out that the responsibility for this situation lies with the people who create the deman4 for the productJust as the obstetrician cannot; be blamed for the baby, the gen-eratmg plant cannot be blamed for the pollution that accom-panies electncity If pollution is to be cleaned up, it should bethe consumer only who bears the cost If it is to be cleaned up,the consumer must do away with the automobile To decreasethe amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphère, the theory goeson, one could stop exhaling it The amount of clean air, water,etc we want will dépend solely on how much we are willmg tobuy, ancLwill not be so^ved by being emotional and talking interms of good or evil Obviously this approach releases the manu-factunng industry from any obligation for îts contribution topollution, and the state and fédéral governments from action andleadership It is the voracious consumer who alorie should beblamed for his lack of foresight and greedinessA third, unconcerned view of pollution argues that the current interest in pollution is merely an upperclass fad that willfunctibn to the détriment pf the working class For example,those people who would most benefit from a clean lake wouldbe those people who would use it for swimming, boating, fishing,îe, suburbanites and weli-to-do citizens, whereas, it is th£workers who benefit ^rom the factones and other industriesoperating at full production on the lake If the polluting plantis shut down, then the worker is out of a jobWhat is most significant about thèse opinions on the pollution problem is that they represent the conventional wisdom16that now directs the country, and as long as they are dominantthere is not likely to be any noticeable change in pollutioncontrol Pollution cannot be solved by a piecemeal effort withlittle or no planning It will require a reconceptualization of theaims of our technological development and ways of approachingand solying the problem of pollutionFédéral Action or InactionWhat has the fédéral government done to insure that îts citizensneed not live in mortal fear of épidémies and continually în-creasing amounts of pollution? In his State of the Union Message of January 22, 1970, JPresident Richard M Nixon said "thegreat question of the seventies is, shall we surrender to oursurroundings, or shall we make our peace with nature and beginto make réparations for the damage we hâve done to our air, toour land and to our water?" and went on to propose the CleanWaters Act with $4 billion to be authonzed immediately, forFiscal 1971, to cover the full fédéral share of the total $10 billioncost on a matching fund basis This would be allocated at a rateof $1 billion a year for the next four years, with a reassessmentin 1973 of needs for 1975 and subséquent years Basically thismeasure will upgrade municipal sewers and sewage treatmentplants But many people in the environmental management fieldconsider the proposai an utter waste of money Why? Becausethe government has made no long-term studies of any significantnature* nor attempted to reconceptualize the pollution problemso that it can be solved for the entire nation The notion seemsto be take thèse billions of dollars, spend them on pollutionand the pollution will disappearWhat is more, the government has been steadily reduemg andelimmating research funds Argonne National Laboratory, forexample, which has had many environmental research projects,has been forced to abandon a number of them and even torelease some scientific and technical staff members because ofbudgetary decreases This uncoordinated shortsightedness re-flects government's own frustration it allows one agency tofund environmental research and another pne to eut back onfunds Logically, the government should begin in the nationallaborâtones to study the many complex problems of pollution,and to sponsor independent studies elsewhere, and to developplans of attack, but thèse steps are not being takenPrésident Nrxon's $10 billion dollar proposai for secondary sewage treatment for ail urban areas and major industry reflectspoor planning and is similar to trymg to stop a flood by throwingone shovelful of sand at a time in front of the onrushing waterThe Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago has hadsecondary sewage treatment for forty years (and this facility iscalled one of the engineering wonders of the United States),but it will still require at least $2 4 billion to improve îts présentsystem, which is now the most modem in the nation, to meetfédéral water quality standards over the next ten years The landarea of the district is a little over 860 square miles Therefore,it would appear that the amount of money that will be requiredto upgrade the remainder of the nation to the point that Chicagois today would stagger the imagination It must also be kept inmind that the envisio^ied $10 billion System will be designed toremove only solid substances and reduce BOD (biochemicaloxygen demand) loadmg, but completely inefficient m copmgwith dissolved matenals and deadly viruses Obviously somethmg is wrong with this approach The $10 billion will barelytake care of repairs and day-to-day opérations over the giventime span What is needed is a new approach, not the spèndingof more and more billions, which literally, will go down thedrainState Action or InactionState action too has been ineffective For example, when theMetropolitan Sanitary District for Greater Chicago (most ofCook County) asked the state of Illinois for permission to taxitself in order to meet state water quality standards At thattime, the state législature told msd that it could not receive themoney to do the necessary work, whiçh in 1969 amounted to$19 billion The législature told the msd that it could receive$380 million, but it could only spend $60 million per year,which would be scarcely enough to keep up to the populationgrowth Now the cost for the same System amounts to $24billion in 1970 dollarsUniversity ActionThe University of Chicago has taken an officiai stand agamstpollution by îts récent, very costly conversion from coaj to gasm ail University buildings and plants, but individual membersof the faculty are trying to go beyond that stand by developing'7formai académie programs to deal with the pollution questionR, Stephen Berry, professor of chemistry and in the JamesFranck Instruite, David P Curne, professor of law, who has been)teaching environmental law for the past severa}. years, John RSheaffer, research associate in the Center for Urban Studies,known nationally for his ideas on sohd waste disposai, andDavid Atlas, professor îri thé Department of Geophysical Sciences, who has served fpr several years as an advisor to the Chicago Air Pollution Control Department, are ail explonng waysto establish a program of environmental study and research, andmanagement Dunng spnng quarter such a course was taughtjointly by Berry, Sheaffer, Curne, and Daniel H Janzen, professor in the Department of Biology and the Committee on Evolu-tionary Biology ;WTiat they hope for eventually is to hâve aformai académie unit, a committee on environmental studies,that will graduate highly trained environmental managersThdse who enter such a degree program to achieve com-petency in environmental management will find the curnculumto be f igorous and very demandmg m terms of both time andeffort, above and beyond what can lie termed normal collègework, Berry points out "In order to deal with the complexitiesof environmental management, an individual wil(l be asked toachieve broad cross-trainmg in the physical and \ biologicalsciences, social sciences, and économies Such a 'manager' willhâve to know and understand the opérations of complex politicalarrangements sùch as a city, he will hâve to discern the relationship between, science and industry in association with naturalresources, and thei ate of wastes, in order to deal with the healthproblems, he will hâve to gain msight m biology and publichealth, to understand the costs involved, he must achieve a firmbackgroùnd in économies, to comprehend the research anddevelopment aspects of the technology, he will hâve to developat least a familianty with engineering, which will also enablehim to think m terms of realistic approaches and goals For abasic acquaintancë with the légal problems involved, alongwith nfecessary punitive actions c»r other légal steps requiréd,he will hâve to be cognizant of the law and be able to înitiatenew approaches m this regard and recommend the soundlégislation that will be requirecl for the future Of course, withproblems of this sort there is the social élément, therefore, agood backgroùnd in social science, urban studies, populationcontrol, etc , will be of entical importance "It is very important, now that widespread interest is develop- îng in the problem of pollution, Berry feels, that we take thetime to educate ourselves carefully and not rush into stopgaplaws and législation that don't really solve the problem Thishas happenea too often in American society "We cannot affordto let this happen now," Berry says, "because we are déalingwith somethmg that is too fragile There is a good possibilitythat we are approaching a point of no return " (, 'According to one cataclysmie theory, the Greenhouse Effect,as the carbon dioxide concentrations increase, the atmosphèrewill become transparent to sunlight, but opaque to heat radiation from the earth, thereby resiilting in an overall increase intempérature around the world Berry says„ that there is a reason-able possibility that by the year 2020 there wjll be enough carbondioxide in the atmosphère to create this Greenhpuse Effect,which would cause the ice caps to melt and the océans to înun-date coastal areas, mcluding cities around the world Acçually, headded, carbon dioxide concentration nses nearly one ppm peryear, or about half of one per cent per year It should also beremembered that this process may be quickened by increasingpollution of the océans to the point that they are not as effectivein removing the carbon dioxide from the atmosphèreAnother group of scientists hâve a theory that is to anotherextrême They beheve that as the amount of particulate matterin the atmosphère increases because of heavy pollution of theupper portion of the atmosphère, there will be increasing opacityresulting in the sun's energy bemg reflected back into spaceThis will cause the température of the world to drop, and ulti-mately cause a new ice âgeBerry 's own favorite apocalypse is that which could be causedby increasing dosages of lead in the atmosphère He said présentlevels supposedly are well below mdustrial toxic levels, but onlyby about a fraction of three "One of the effects of chrome leadpoisoning is making its victims stupid I sometimes think wehâve more than passed that critical threshold "The Rôle of Electric Generating UtilitiesCommonwealth Edison made a policy décision several years agothat it would eventually go entirely into atomie power génération of electncity Therefore, it did not make sensé to îts managers to mamtain îts conventional power generating plants ina highly efficient state, only in a state sufficient to meet oper-ational requirements, on a daily basis, caused by the electncalrequirements of îts subscnbers Consequently, the pollutionemitted from the conventional plants mcreased over the yearsuntil pressure from groups at the University and other interestedcitizens forced a change in this policyThus, heralded and accompanied by many radio and télévisioncommercials, Commonwealth Edison has in récent years beenattempting certain piecemeal open-ended measures against pollution For example, Commonwealth Edison has been advertis-mg that it is removing the suif ur dioxide and particulate matterfrom the smoke flowing from îts generating plant stacks, butwhat it does not say is that it is domg oothing to remove thefifty or more hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen m the samesmoke It is satisfied only to meet certain standards and notworry about the other pollutants It wants proof that the otherpollutants are causing damage before it will take steps to reducethem In further proof of îts concern for pollution, Commonwealth Edison has been making much of the f act that it is nowbnnging in low suif ur content coal from out of staté The publicis not told that there is already enough low sulfur coal in Illinoisto meet their requirements now and in the future, so the meas-ure is meaninglessIn regard to îts atomic plant at Zion Commonwealth Edisonhas fought the proposai that it construct water cooling towersThe company has stated that it had neither the necessary fundsand technology nor the land on which to build the towers, andthat the hot water would probably not essentially harm LakeMichigan It will construct cooling towers, if forced to, but bythen it may be too late for the lake, the environment may not beable to spnng backThe Closed SystemThe présent open-ended or incrémental approach to pollutionthat dépends on the vanously sluggish consciences of the pol-luters, has brought the nation to the pass it is m today In aillikelihood such an approach is not going to solve the problemm time, if at ail Dr John R Sheaffer and his staff at thç Centerfor Urban Studies hâve beenwbrkmg on a plan which will notonly eliminate pollution throughout the nation but offer tangibleéconomie returns both to the polluter and the community It istermed the "closed-system" approach The closed-system conceptis basically a simple one instead of pounng the mdustrial wastesand sewage into the waterways and instead of pufiing smoke into the atmosphère, the pollutants can be converted, chemicallyand/pr mechamcally, into other useful, rather than deadly, substances, and put back into the nutnent cycleSome years ago the Wisconsin Steel Corporation, one of thesmaller manufacturers situated on the Calumet River, for example, switched to a partiàlly closed-system approach Whenthe company changed over from the open hearth to basic oxygenmethod of production, the company spent $3 million on anelectrostatic precipitator to catch the flue dust from the basicoxygen furnaces, which cost less than $1 million The precip-îtator captures 100 tons of flue dust which had formerly goneinto the air over Chicago This dust contains almost sixty tosixty-five per cent iron units, as compared to the approximatelythirty-five per cent iron units in the ore taken from the MesabiRange and it is fed back into the furnaces For Wisconsin Steelthat was money as well as pollution that was gomg ùp into theair before the precipitator was installedWisconsin Steel is also using the closed-system approach towater pollution Because it now cleans, recycles and reuses thirty-eight million gallons of the sixty million gallons of water re-quired for îts opérations, it has decreased outf ails in the CalumetRiver from thirteen to five Total plant réduction of nVer wateruse is fifty-four million gallons a day, which comparés veryfavorably to the previous ninety-eight million gallons per daypumped from the river in the north plant's pnee-through oropen-ended System Water used to cool furnaces is fed to coolingtowers and used again Iron oxide removed from the water iseventually fed back mto the blast furnaces instead of into theriverAn excellent example of how industry can stop pollutionand how it can utilize the closed-system approach without pass-îng costs on to anyone was dramatically pointed out in theAugust, 1967, issue of Coal Age in an article that predicted thatelectnc utilities will produce approximately forty-five milliontons of fly ash per year by 1980 (Fly ash is common to ail industries that utilize coal as" a combustible ) Only about six per centof the total fly ash being produced is being utilized to turn outuseful products The remaining ninety-four per cent is beingdisposed of in some manner at a cost to the producer of abouttwo dollars per ton But fly ash is a resource in disguise It isnch in alumina ( AL203 ) , which can be made into high puntyalumina, which in turn can be made mto aluminum In fact, outof the forty-five million ton fly ash pile that will be présent m191980, about ten million tons of alumina could be produced, orenough to make about five million tons of pure aluminum métal(In 1966 the U S aluminum industry was producing about threemillion tons ) About nine million tons of oxides of iron can beobtained from fly ash and about eight million tons of high gradeiron ore pellets Other products that could corne from fly ashwould be bricks, blocks, cernent, and ail types of lightweightaggregates In addition, thèse chemicals could be extracted500,000 tons of high punty trtanium dioxide (Ti02), 500,000tons of potassium oxide (K20), 506,000 tons of sodium oxide(NA20) , and 400,000 tons ofphospjiorous pentoxide (P205) ,and unknown pounds of uranium (U308), germanium, andvanadiumThe new closed-system approach is structured around threemain concepts (1) pollutants are resources out of place, (2)pollution management Systems must be designed as closed Systems, and (3) the environment is a totalentity Thé présentopen-system approach can be closed simply by recycling pollutants back mto the productive cycle, thereby avoiding directdischarges The final concept xs of the total environment as aunit with the éléments relating and mteracting with each otherThe relationships tend to be in balance but are constantlychanging, hence, the environment is descnbed as a "dynamicequilibnum "Thèse three concepts were the basis of the waste water management jprograms that are being developed and implementedin a plan for Muskegon and Ottawa Counties, Michigan, by DrSheaffer and his staff The plan calls for a pipeline to be used totransport ail wastes from an urban area to a site which environ-mental and géologie studies hâve shown to be safe~for the opération of ^ waste water management program A séries of treatment lagoons are being constructed at the site, which will providesettling to rémove settleable solids, aération (oxygen), aérobicbactena to consume soluble organic wastes, and photosyntheticcells to convert nitrates and phosphates into algal cell matenalthat can be retained by the soilThe lagoon facility offers several other distinct advantagesover the secondary sewage treatment System First, large amountsof storage can be provided in the treatment lagoon to hold andtreat unusually large flows of water generally assoaated withstorm-water run-off and combined sewer overflow Second, because of the large volume of water held in the lagoon treatmentfacility, it has the capaerty to assimilate toxic shock loads asso aated with industrial spills Even if the bactenal colony is killedoff by the toxic matenal, the mcoming wastes are stored untilanother colony can be established This is quite différent froman activated sludge, where a colony kill results in the dischargeof partially treated wastes for seven to ten day s until a newcolony is established An analysis of a large activated sludgeplant in the Midwest showed that such colony kills are likelyto occur as frequently as six times pèr yearThe lagopn treatment is also more effective in virus removalResearch showed that thirty days rétention in a lagoon producedseventy per cent négative samples (for viruses) in compansonto the ten per cent positive samples obtained from secondarytreatment plant efïïuentAfter the waste water is treated in the lagoon System, it willbe apphed to geologically suited land areas In the Muskegon-Ottawa County plans, thèse areas are glacial outwash plains,which were unproductive for lack of water and hutnents Thepunfied waste water will be apphed to the land with largeautomated rotatmg-spray irrigation ngs and the land will bespwn The harvestmg of crops from the irrigation site will complète the treatment process and close the System In studies bythe University of Pennsylvania where similar techniques wereused, the corn cro£ in similarly poor agncultural areas wasdoubled in terms of bushels harvestedThe availability of land will not be a problem, accordmg toSheaffer Only 130,000 acres of land would be required to accom-modate a billion gallons of waste water a day "Assuming the^average daily per capita contribution of waste water to be 141gallons," says Sheaffer, "the land area required for waste waterdisposai would be o 0183 acres per person " A préliminary évaluation of the major metropolitan areas in the U S stronglysuggests that such land areas exist within 100 miles of mostmetropolitan areas, and, thèse lands are now generally unproductive, adding little to the économie base of the régionEnvironmental researchers at the University of Chicago arenot wild-eyed Cassandras wailmg in a wilderness of waste andpollution They are workmg, like Berry, trymg to educate,forming local Clean Air committees, urging measures upon theChicago City Council, and bnnging up législation at the nationallevel Or like Sheaffer they are working on concrète proposaissuch as the closed-system While a solution is m/Sight, resultscan only bé obtamed by sustained support of such programs, anddemands by ail citizens for a pollution-free environment20PROTEST CHROMOLOGYApril 30. Président Nixon announces US intervention in CambodiaMay 3 Faculty pétition for spécial meeting to discuss the interventionMay 4 SDS démonstration at the Adlai Stevenson Institute Four students killed at Kent State University, Kent, OhioMay 5 Limited stnke of classes begins Senator Percy Aies in to meet with students and express disapproval of Cambodian action700 students hold peaceful vigil at National Guard Armory and obtain a lowenng of the flag for a brief penod A meeting of Collègefaculty passes two resolutions, condemning the war and mourning the deaths of the Kent State studentsMay 6 Protest continues, though many classes remain in session Foreign policy experts including former assistant secretary ofstate Roger Hilsman discuss the cnsis in Mandel Hall Five-hour mass meeting of students at Mandel Hall to discuss stnke activitiesMay 7 Second démonstration at Adlai Stevenson Institute Nooh rally in front of Administration Building A group of faculty andstudents, mostly in Political Science, call for a "démonstrative interruption of normal académie activities," and propose a séries of"peace and freedom" action workshops The Collège Council expresses concern over the war, stating that "it is more essential *-hanever that the University remain open and active, while at the same time permitting students and faculty engaged in constructivepolitical discussion and action to participate in such activities," and goes on to propose a flexible grading system for thequarter The Council of the University Senate endorses the Collège proposaisMay 8 Ail classes officially suspended for a day of mourning In his statement Président Levi said the action was taken "with thethought that it is consistent with the need to hâve a time for mémorial and rethinking of national purpose " Mémorial Servicein Rockefeller Chapel for the Kent State slainMay 9 Noon rally at the Civic Center sponsored by the City Wide Stnke Council of Student Mobilization Mass (20,000)démonstration in Grant Park *,May 10. Faculty and students circulate pétitions calling for a two-week suspension of usual académie activities in the fall, allowingstudents to campaign for peace candidates Workshops, part of the so-called Continuing Action Projects (cap), begin to meet,workshops discussed the organization of campaign committees, voter registration projects, domestic effects of the war, investigationof répressive government action directed at universities, discussion of the appropnate rôle of the university in politicsMay 11 Dean of the Collège announces a flexible grading System for the quarter in récognition of the disruption caused by thestnke 1,200 students vote in Mandel Hall to continue to stnke although class attendance is in fact returning to normalMay 12 . The Council of the University Senate approves aonotion to provide a recess from October 24 to November 3, élection dayMay 15 . Two students killed at Jackson State Collège in MississippiMay 16' Mémorial Service for the Jackson State Collège students held in Rockefeller ChapelMay 16—May 29. CAP Workshops continue to meet, classes return to normal21ft^p^ipany: ''Marrùtge of Heavcn and Ile! M^!&ii£,iJ^4k. % , « |iJpS.S«V«St*J*ï«*Ifw maï -' "IlsXT vli-fi .rsw&£%'¦; y-"« tKSih^|Mp''ï^«f*%l •*. '. *»|sr 5wfy(JfeMfcllir. 'mA Festival of the Arts sounds like somethmg we're ail f amiliar with a wéekend,perhaps with a play^ a concert or two, aphotographie exhibit, a lecture, and a danceAnd mdeed that's what they generally areand were, even at the University of Chicago, until three years ago when a newbreed of buddmg imprésarios âppeared totransf orm your old-time Festival of theArts mto FOTA, a super colossal and verycostly happening that runs over a monthand includes literally dozens and dozens ofmusical and theatncal events ,FOTA '70 was again such a happening,the student imprésarios had spent monthsorganizing it, raised numbers of patronsand thousands of dollars, and scheduled approximately sixty events But FOTA '70of course had the luck of happening dunngMay, 1970, a month that was hùgely af-fectedby the situation m Cambodia (seeStnkexChronoIogy) , so that some of theevents were not so well attended as theymight hâve been, some were never held atajl Still, it was an impressive showThe FOTA opening was at noon on MayDay The day had started with ram andcontmued in a high wind, but spints werenot dampened by the first, only lightenedby the second Over on the main quad-rangle there was a pot of smokmg dry iceand potent K90I- Aid surrounded by acrowd of revelers wishing one another hap-pmess^nd high spints On the Harjier Library quadrangle there was another kindof revel a Maypole surrounded by a dis-tmctly différent crowd— young faculty andgraduate students complète with baby carnages, small children, and at least one large,wpolly dog, watchmg the Maypole danceskiilfuliy executed by six costurhed dancersLater, when a group of madrigal singerscame on, they complamed that "the won-ders of modem electronic communicationhad f ailed" ( the sound System went pff ) ,but that was no matter for they sang well,and the audience quieted to hear, further-more the Madrigal Group styled themselvesa "Society for Creative Anachronisms,"devoted to pre-seventeenth century life, soit was only fittmg that they should hâve24sung without benefit of amplifier. The finalewas a delightful ring dance joined by every-one in the audience large enough to crawlout of a baby carriage.The officiai opening of FOTA took placethat afternoon of May Day. Roger Hilde-brand, dean of the Collège, speaking inCobb Hall, gave what was very likely oneof the most élégant, erudite, and amusingspeeches ever delivered at the Universityof Chicago. With références that rangedfrom Life magazine, John Wayne, Alice inWonderland, the mathematics of chess,elementary particles, constellations, Gold-finger, lasar beams, photons, Diogenes,Euclid and neutrinos, to Sophocles, DeanHildebrand made a statement about theMaggie Kast: "Mother" value of art and self-knowledge and crea-tivity in the history and future of the uni-verse so moving that it was not only a wel-come to the Festival, but a challenge.And the Festival met that challenge. Be-low is but a partial summary of the dozensof events crowded into FOTA '70.Out at Sea, a play by Polish playwrightSlawomir Mrozek, performed in a lif eboatin the Bartlett Gymnasium swimmingpool, a classic satire of the totalitarianstate and perversion of démocratie principes, was called a "parable for our times... an imaginative and entirely originalpièce of theater."Blackfriars presented Sweetlife, an original rock musical, an adaptation of The25Chicago Contemporary Dance ThéâtreMarriage of Figaro that turned the CountAlmavira into a collège dean beset bycampus râdicals.Joseph Slowik of the Goodman ThéâtreSchool presented a démonstration performance of the innovative techniques of Polishdirector Jerzy Grotowski who has had suchan influence on groups like the LivingTheater in this country, whose main idea isthat art is no longer a world for itself but acontinuation of lif e.Rockefeller Chapel was the setting forWilliam Blake's "Marriage of Heaven andHell," the poet's manifesto o£ the imagination, The Cain Company of the Universityof Chicago used slides, strobe lights, musicand masks to evoke the symbolic strugglebetween heaven and hell.They Shall Not Pass, an adaptation of aplay about the Spanish Civil War, was pre sented in the Cloisters of the Chicago The-ological Seminary.Some several thousand people from theUniversity community attended the GalaPerformance in front of Rockefeller Chapel, where Robert Lodine, visiting caril-loneur at the University, played Handel'sRoyal Water Music, and a brass ensembleplayed sélections from Gabrielli, Mozart,Bach, and Hindemith. The concert was f ol-lowed by a fireworks display.A beautifully unified production ofWaiting for Godot, Samuel Beckett's in-quiry into the existence of God, was presented at the Lutheran Theologicai Seminary.Three "learning" ( i.e. didactic but enter-taining) plays by Bertolt Brecht, plays toshow "the world as it changes and how itmay be changed," were presented with original music m Hutchinson Court.In addition, there were concerts, bandconcerts, récitals, and an evening of classi-cal Indian vocal music; there were exhibitions of photography, ceramics, painting,and sculpture; there were films, includinga Shakespeare festival; there were dancerécitals, folk dancing, and a Beaux ArtsBail; there were speakers, including AllenGinsberg, Studs Terkel, and Nelson Al-gren; there were chess matches, light shows,and contests.Against ail the usuai vicissitudes ofweather and the unusual ones of war, theFestival of the Arts happened again, a richand créative effort the sum total of which,as Dean Hildebrand suggested, is the onlything "worth sending across the galaxies."right: (t Marriage of Heaven and Hell"28¦Mit, '-nfii. «Quadrangk V\(ewsMarch ConvocationThe University of Chicago awarded 380 académie degrees and one spécial medal at îts33ist Convocation at 3 p m Fnday, March 20,in the Rockefeller Mémorial ChapelThe University's Rosenberger Medal wasawarded to Harold Joachim, curator of printsand drawings at the Art Institute of Chicagosince 1958 The Rosenberger Medal was established by Mr and Mrs Jesse L Rosenberger in1917 in récognition of distinguished achieve-ment through research in authorship, in invention, for discovery, for unusual public service,or for any thing deemed of great benefit tohumamty Harold Joachim was born in Got-tingen, Germany, in 1909 and received a PhDdegree from the University of Leipzig in 1935He came to the United States in 1938 and be-came an American citizen in 1943Conférence on Organized CrimeCrime syndicate mobstçrs move in on legit-îmate businesses where they can use the samemethods to make money that they employedin îllegitimate enterprises, Daniel Walker,former président of the Chicago Crime Commission, told an audience at the Conférence onOrganized Crime, sponsored by the Universityof Chicago Law School and îts Center forStudies in Cnminal Justice He said crimefigures want to move in on organized businessso they can hâve a secure place for holdingswhen law enforcement agencies break up theirillégal opérations He also said they neededlegitimate businesses as a front for racketsHe said ail of the seventy-five alleged mob-sters arrested at the Appalachian meeting in1957 are now in some form of legitimate business As examples, he said sixteen are in thegarment industry, eleven are in olive oïl andcheese, and nine are in constructionWalker praised the Chicago Crime Commission in îts efforts to fight organized crimeHe said three of its methods hâve been par-ticularly successf ul1 Pubhcizing the names of crime syndicatebusinesses causes them to lose customers andeventually go out of business He noted that Chicago has been the only city to do this2 Urging businessmen to check the Chicago Crime Commission for names of crimesyndicate figures so they can avoid contact withmobsters3 Alerting businessmen to danger signaisthat crime syndicate figures are operating Hesaid thèse include personnel who take betsf ronij their f ellow employées or who arrangeto get them loansWalker praised law enforcement officiaisand agencies in their efforts to stop organizedcrime"We hâve had more convictions of mobstersin the last five years," he said, "than we had inforty years preceding that time "FellowshipsForty-one présent and four former Universityof Chicago students hâve been named to receive National Science Foundation (NSF)graduate fellowships for the académie year1970-71They are among 1,941 students from acrossthe nation who were awarded full-time studygrants in the sciences, mathematics, and engineering ftiore than 7,560 students competedfor the NSF Graduate Fellowships which wereawarded on the basis of ment Panels of out-standing scientists, appointed by the NationalResearch Council, reviewed each applicationSélections were made by NSFAt the University, the awards went totwenty-two students in the physical sciences,mneteen in the social sciences and psychology,and four in the biological sciencesLibranesThe Harper Library Building will be vacatedby the end of this summer Its 1 4 millionbooks and various reading rooms and officeswill be transf erred to the University's newJoseph Regenstein Library, and the buildingwill then be available for use by the CollègeProposais for unhzation of the vacated spacerecently were presented to and approved bythe University's Faculty Committee on Ac adémie Facihties and the Board of Trustées'Committee on Campus Planning They call fora spécial undergraduate library eventually tohouse 60,000 volumes This will oçcupy spaceon the third floor of the Harper Library Building and adjoining third floor space in WieboldtHall and Business East Other space vacated inWieboldt Hall and the Gassics Building willbe used by the Division of the HumanitiesWoodrow Wilson DésignâtesThirteen seniors in the Collège of the University of Chicago hâve been named as WoodrowWilson Désignâtes by the Woodrow WilsonNational Fellowship Foundation They areamoné 1,153 Désignâtes named by the Foundation, topping a field of approximately 12,000outstanding seniors who were nominated bymore than 800 collèges and universities in theUnited States and Canada The Foundation'ssélection committee picked the Désignâtes as"the most intellectually promising" 1970 graduâtes planning careers as collège teachersScientific BreakthroughA technique enabhng a single atom to be"seen" within a molecular structure for thefirst time has been developed by University ofChicago physicist Albert V Crewe with the ,help of two graduate student colleagues, JosephWall and John Langmore The milestone an-nouncement was made at a press conférenceheld on May 20 where Crewe, the chief invesu-gator, displayed photographs of single uraniumand thorium atoms magnified a million timesCrewe, professor of physics and in theEnrico Fermi Institute, said that pnor to hisdevelopment of a new kind of électron microscope, the smallest collection of atoms thatcould be seen was about ten Because atoms,which measure about four bilhonths of an incheach in diameter, are smaller than a light wave,it is impossible to reveal them with an opticalmicroscope, no matter how powerful it maybe Images of individual atoms hâve been produced by the field ion microscope, but untilnow there has been no way to reveal a single30atom within a molecular structure.Crewe said that his six years of work, fi-nanced at a cost of about $i million by theAtomic Energy Commission, is far from fin-ished. "What we would really like to do," heexplained, "is see a molécule and see everysingle atom in it and the total structure." Fromseeing in greater détail how matter— includinghuman cells— is constmcted, there should cornegreater understanding of how thèse structureswork.According to Crewe the visibility of atomsand their arrangement in molécules shouldenhance greatly many fields, especially médiane, biochemistry, and genetics. The techniqueshould be particularly valuable, for example, inanalyzing chromosomes and cancer cells.According to Wall, who is a doctoral candidate in biophysics, the new Crewe microscopecan be an important tool in the rapidly de-veloping field of human bioiogical investigation and manipulation— a field which manybelieve will prove as revolutionary as theatomic era ushered in twenty-seven years agowith the first atomic reaction at UC.BeethovenMusically minded Mandel Hall audiences wereofïered a rare treat during March and Aprilwhen Vienna bom pianist Paul Badura- Skodain a séries of seven concerts took on the performance of the complète cycle of Beethovenpiano sonatas, a feat rarely attempted by eventhe most virtuosic of keyboard performers. Theskepticism of many concert promoters, whof eel that the limited appeal of such a specializedofïéring can only be a box office disaster, washappily disproved and the séries was "a successin every way" according to the University Extension office who co-sponsored the event withthe Department of Music in célébration of theBeethoven sesquicentenniai (The ChicagoSun-Times praised the University for havingthe imagination to sponsor such an event. )Indeed, the line seeking last minute ticket airains at the box office became close to frantic atsome of the concerts.At the beginning of the séries the concert- hall atmosphère was characterized by a dev-astating reserve, but as the séries progressed,the barriers were broken down and a mutual,sympathetic alliance cemented between per-former and audience.Worthy o£ spécial notice was Badura-Skoda's imaginative programming which, dueto the wide scope of the sonatas, gave to eachperformance, beyond its intrinsic merit, anadded dimension of context in juxtaposition^with the rest of each evening's fare.Badura-Skoda's mastery of the répertoirewas évident throughout. But it was with thead vent of his own Steinway especially shippedin for the fourth and succeeding concerts thatthe summît of his skiil seemed to be reached.During the warm applause following oneperformance at that fourth concert, a beamingBadura- Skoda reached over and gave his pianoan afïectionate pat, as if to share the crédit.By the end of the séries an atmosphère ofsometimes exubérant conviviality had replacedthe earlier "cool" of the audience. The con-cluding number at each of the final two concerts— the sixth ended with the bear of theBeethoven sonatas, Op. 106 (the "Hammer-klavier" ) , and the seventh with the crowningspiritual achievement and last of the sonatas,Op. ni— produced standing ovations.At a réception in his honor following thesefies' conclusion, Badura- Skoda was heard tosay in référence to Op. in Tve been fightingthat sonata for twenty years and now Fve got agrasp on it." A significant statement for anartist of his stature who, despite standing ovations, is rarely satisfied with his own performance. But this time, perhaps, Badura-Skodawas— at least with Op. ni.Biomédical. Careers ConférenceThree hundred high school students and theirscience teachers had a behind-the-scene view ofmodem medicine and médical research at theUniversity of Chicago's Eleventh Annual Biomédical Careers Conférence. The Conférence,held on Saturday, April 18, was sponsored bythe Médical Alumni Association of the University's Division of Bioiogical Sciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine.The morning session consisted of twenty-nine laboratory démonstrations ranging from"Cardio-Pulmonary Bypass and IntracardiacSurgery" to "Investigation of the So-Called'Monster' at Loch Ness, Scotland," and includeda visit to two drug treatment f acilities.Other démonstrations were: "VentricularFibrillation, its Production, and Abolition inOpen-Chest Dogs," "The Récognition of Spécifie Organ Injury by Sérum Enzymology,""Psychological Aspects of Sleep and DreamResearch," and "Intellectual Functions ofSubcortical Gray Matter in Monkeys."Two AwardsThe University of Chicago Magazine receivedtwo certifiâtes of excellence for the May/June1969 complète issue and the "Reunion '69"section of the July/August 1969 issue from theChicago 3 Exhibition of Graphie Design,sponsored by the Society of Typographie Arts,the Artists' Guild of Chicago, and the ChicagoSociety of Communicating Arts. The awardwas made for "the best examples of créativework in the entire field , . . originated by anindividual or company within the geographicalboundaries of the Allegheny Mountains to theRocky Mountains and Canada to the Gulf ofMexico."Déclaration of IndependenceA recently discovered copy of the first officiaiversion of the Déclaration of Independence,printed in Philadelphia for the ContinentalCongress on the night of July 4, 1776, soonto go on public display throughout the UnitedStates, will do so partly thanks to a Universityof Chicago student, Richard D. Smith, a doctoral candidate in the University's GraduateLibrary School.Smith is the inventor of a deacidifying process for preserving books, documents, andworks of art. Known as the "Chicago Process,"it was used by the R. R. Donnelley & SonsCompany of Chicago to préserve the documentand retard its rate of détérioration.3iSmith's process is based on a nonaqueoussolution consisting of an organic solvent and amoderately alkaline deacidifying chemicalagent Documents impregnated with this solution— by immersion, spraying, or brushing— .are protected against acid attack, and their lifeexpectancy is prolonged indefinitelyThe discovery of the "lost" copy of the Déclaration of Independence is a f ascinating fus-torical footnote In December, 1968, when thefamous Leary's Book Store in Philadelphia wasprepanng to go out of business after 132 yearsin the same building, an inventory was madeOn the sixth floor of the building, a woodencrate, practically forgotten since its acquisitionin 191 1, was found and opened In it lay thecopy of the Déclaration of Independence Itwas authenticated by Frederick R Gofî, chiefof the rare book division of the Library ofCongress, as one of the original copies pnntedon the night of July 4, 1776, m Philadelphia,by John Dunlap, the officiai pnnter for theContinental CongressIt is the only copy of the Déclaration ofIndependence ever ofîered for public sale andthe only one now pnvately owned The otherfifteen known copies are owned by public institutions, universities, muséums, and libranesThis "jost" copy, offered at auction on May7, 1969, was purchased by Ira G Corn, Jr ,acting for himself and Joseph P Dnscoll,chairman of the Board of the Michigan General Corporation, for $404,000, the highestpnce ever paid for a pnnted document MrCorn is a University of Chicago graduate(ÂB'47 and MBA'48) and the chairman of theExecutive Committee and the senior executiveofficer of the Michigan General Corporation,Dallas, TexasEpie FilmCivtltzatton, a film covenng ail of Westerncivihzation, no less, from the time of Charle-magne to the présent, was shown in thirteeninstallments at the University of Chicago during April and MayThe color film, shown before only in NewYork City and Washington, D C , was written and narrated by Sir Kenneth Clark for theBritish Broadcasting Company, and broughtto the University by the Women's Board ofthe University of ChicagoMuch of the filming was done on locationin the sacred places of the Western world—Chartres, St Peters— and the music of each filmwas contemporary with the penod representedThe segments included "Romance and Reahty"(the Gothic world of chivalry ) , "Man, theMeasure of AU Things" ( Florence in the1400's, the penod Clark calls "the dazzhngsummit of human achievement" ) , "The Lightof Expérience" (the seventeenth century) ,"The Worship of Nature" (the nineteenthcentury) , and "Herôic Matenalism."The films were run Wednesday and Sundayevenings and it was necessary to get there anhour ahead of time in order to obtain a seat*Dick GregorySponsored by Revitalization, a student groupdedicated to bnnging big name entertainmentto the University of Chicago campus, DickGregory appeared in Mandel Hall in April andsummed things up "You got to understandthe state of this nation We left the young kidswith ail the problems and none of the tncksWe used up ail the tncks "-\Preventing Def ormitiesA method of direct chemical analysis has beendeveloped at the University of Chicago todetect diseases that cause physical and mentalabnormahties in an unborn baby up to sixmonths before its birthThis advance diagnosis can allow the physi-cians and parents of abnormal children to seektermination of pregnancy while such a procédure is still simple and saf e or to assure parentswith potential genetic problems of their child'snormality.The technique was developed by Dr ReubenMatalon and Dr Albert Dorfman of thePntzker School of Medicine "The techniqueinvolves inserting a needle into the utérus andwithdrawing a sample of the amniotic fluid which surrounds and protects the unbornbaby," Dr Dorfman saidThis fluid can then be analyzed for theamount and composition of a group of chemical compounds (mucopolysacchandes) Theprésence of thèse substances in abnormalamounts or in abnormal forms indicates thatthe unborn child has a disease ofthe connectivetissues (mucopolysacchandoses or Hurler'ssyndrome ) This disease causes severe mentalretardation and cnpplingPreviously, amniotic fluid has been used asa source for cells from the unborn child Thèsecells were cultured, or grown, and then ex-ammed visually or chemically to detect cellularabnormahties that may mdicate chromosomedefects, such as occur in mongolism, or chemical defects that occur in inherited diseases"The new procédure of chemical analysis ofamniotic fluid is more rapid, cheaper, and moreaccurate," Dr Dorfman said "This means thatthe prospective parents can, if they so décide,hâve the pregnancy terminated while such aprocédure is still simple and safe "Détection is important because Hurler'ssyndrome is a récessive trait a completelynormal adult could hâve If two such adultswere to hâve children, there is a twenty-fiveper cent probabihty that their child would hâvethe disease"In the past, ail such a couple could do waseither take their chances with the probabihtyf actors or refrain from having children Suchcouples can now get a définitive diagnosis oftheir child's normaley while they still hâve theoption to end the pregnancy safely," Dr Dorfman said. "This ehables them to avoid beanngdeformed children and yet hâve as many normal children as they choose "Oriental Institute Tour GuidesThe Oriental Institute has more than 70,000objects found on expéditions to Turkey, Iraq,Israël, Syna, Iran, Egypt, and the Sudan Theobjects represent ancient civihzations of Egypt,Nubia, Palestine, Syna, Anatoha, and Meso-potamia, but they would hâve little meaningwithout the volunteer tour guides who use3athem to descnbe the glones of ancient NearEastern civihzanonsThe volunteer tour guides— often house-wives with an unbuned interest m archaeologyand ancient history— corne from ail over theChicago area and hâve to complète an eightweek training course of lectures and discussionsbefore they can take over a one-hour tourSome volunteers prefer working in the Suq,the Museum's gif t shop, which sells reproductions of ancient statuary and jewelry, pnnts,books, and note cards deahng with the ancientcivihzations represented in the Institute's collection, but most prefer to guide toursFour New TrustéesThe élection of four new members to theBoard of Trustées at the University of Chicagohas been announced by Fairfax M Cône, retir-mg chairman of the Board They are— Kingman Douglass, Jr , born in Chicago,graduated from Yale University in 1948, pastvice-président and director of A G Becker&Co , Inc , and executive vice-président of GloreForgan Staats, Inc ,— Irving B Harns, born in St Paul, Minnesota, graduated from Yale University in 193 1,and président of Standard Shares, Inc , Chicago,—Norman Barkèr, Jr , born in San Diego,Cahfornia in 1922, received his BA and MBAdegrees from the University of Chicago, andthe président and director of the UnitedCahfornia Bank,—John G Neukom, born in St Paul, Minnesota, a PhB graduate of the University of Chicago in 1934, and managing director of Mc-Kinsey & Co , San Francisco ProfileThursday, June nth, in the Board Room of theUniversity of Chicago, Gaylord Donnelley waselected the eighth Chairman of the Board ofTrustées of the UniversityStnding out onto June-ht Madison Streetaf ter the élection, Donnelley was clearly readyfor his new office His father was on the Boardof Trustées— from before he was born until1937 He himself has been on the Board since1947 He was the Chairman of the University'sCampaign for Chicago, the $160 millioncapital fund drive, a phénoménal success Heis Chairman of the Board of Directors atR R Donnelley and Sons, he is a Trustée ofthe Newberry Library and Sarah LawrenceCollège The particular title— Chairman of theBoard of Trustées of the University of Chicago—might be new, but the domain and terrainwere famiharGaylord Donnelley was born in Chicagoin 1910 Although he studied at the ChicagoLatin School and at Lake Forest Academy, hewas much around the University of Chicago,attending football gamesat Stagg Field andvisiting his grandmother on Woodlawn Avenue In 1927 he went to work for the first timein the f amily prmting business, but it was byno means a f oregone conclusion that he wouldremain there, that this was to be his hfe andcareerHe went off to Yale where he studied theclassics, specifically, Greek, and then on toCambridge, England where he studied "moralscience" (philosophy) for a year Decidingthen against an académie career, he returned/ home to start in at the bottom with R R Donnelley and Sons as a traînéeHis career there was of course interruptedby the war As he "wouldn't hâve been happystaying at home," he went mto the Navy,serving throughout the war in the PacificWounded in active duty on the carrier "Essex,"he retired with a Purple Heart, a PresidentialCitation, and as a lieutenant commanderReturning to Chicago and to Donnelley and Sons, he became Executive Vice Présidentof the company, then Président, since 1964 hehas been Chairman of the Board of DirectorsIt was after he returned from the war thatDonnelley became concerned with conservation, an issue not fashionable then as it is todayin the so-called "Age of Ecology " He hasworked hard for the Illinois Nature PréservesCommission and the National Récréationand Park Association, on a pnnciple of "persuasion before pressure " If there has not yetbeen enough action taken for conservation andagainst pollution, he feels, it is because therehad to be time for study, study before precipi-tous action, but the time for action has corneAn avid duck hunter on his farms in Illinoisand South Carohna, Donnelley is also a Trustéeof Ducks Unhmited, an organization that raisesmoney from duck hunters to protect ducksanctuanes and ensure duck survivalDonnelley is a man of diversified interests(his trusteeship in the Newberry Librarydisproves his claim to being an "exhterate" )and his children reflect those diversities Hehas a son who is a businessman to be sure, butanother who is an existentiai philosopher andacademician, and a daughter who studieddrama in LondonAs to the future, Donnelley feels that theproblem facing the Board, under his chairman^ship, will remain fundamentally the same asin the past that of maintaining financialsupport for the University in times that are"damn difficult," if not dire as so many todaywould hâve us, beheve Taking thus at least aquahfiedly sanguine point of view on thoseproblems, Donnelley looks forward to hiscontinued work with Edward Levi, whom heconsiders a "great leader," with an unusualstudent body of a "high order of intellect," anda "most responsible faculty"— diverse, thought-f ul, and imbued with mutual respect(Chicago Tlooksand authorsHard Times An Oral Historyof the great depressionby Studs Terkel, PhB'32, JD'34Everyone at the University of Chicago duringthe last fifteen years no doubt became famiharwith the graveliy voice of Studs Terkel, therésident intellectual atthe local FM station,interviewing everyone he can get in front ofhis tape recorder He interviews folk singers,wnters, "personahties," daily at 10 AM, andenjoys a splendid réputation for being able todraw the inarticulate as well as the articulateinto a forum of monologueSome years ago he published DivisionStreet America, tape recorded interviews withthe downtrodden, not to say skid row, denizensof Chicago, that recreated their particularworld, and now Terkel has created another"oral history," or tape recorded study of theDépression in Hard Times, a new best-sellerTerkel has now made the tape recorder hisspécial médium, like the faithful recorders offolk music and history, of which he is so mucha part, he has made the tape recorder work ina non-directive manner^ to record importantsegments of American sociology and historyHard Times carnes over 150 interviews withor monologues from figures ranging fromminers to milhonaires to minors They ailhâve a version of the Great Dépression it istrue, but versions of varying credibihty andinterest Terkel, in his passion for the youngpeople of the world, has included numbers ofstatements from minors, the under-twentycrowd, who hâve little to say apart from "Inever hved through the Dépression, so it didn'tbother me really" which one feels obhged toconsider interesting existentially, but onewonders why More actually interesting are thestatements from the miners and milhonairesBuddy Blankenship, a West Virginia minernow trying to hve in Chicago, says "Fve beenin a dépression ever since I've been in theworld Still, ît's better and worse '31, '32, that'sabout the worst we ever been through About'32, it got so they wouldn't let us work but twodays a week' We saved $20 in the office Theylaid us off two weeks til we traded that $20 in the store It was a pretty bad time Itseemedjust like a dream to me, the Dépression did "On the other hand you hâve the milhonaireslike William Benton (hfetime trustée of theUniversity pf Chicago ) "I'm not a good manto talk to about the Dépression I benefittedout of the Dépression Our clients' productswere plummeting, [but] my income doubledevery year " And W Clément Stone "Manyof us learned in the Dépression how to turn adisadvantage into an advantage [Some men]reahzed opportunities were unhmited, if theywere wilhng to think and wilhng to pay thepnce A person doesn't hâve to be poor "The book does not cover the men whowalked or jumped from the tops of skyscrapers,their story perhaps can never be told, but itdescnbes the rest of the spectrum betweenminer and milhonaire, that is the fascinationof this volume, and that fascination is greatIt covers, for example, the "old family" girlsof the old South who, partly as a resuit of économie dévastation by the Dépression, wereprojected into a world of social conscience theymight never hâve entered Workmg for theWPA, former "Southern belle and butterfly"Diana Morgan came to the "thrilhng joy ofcertifying certain familles from the relief rollsto hâve better houses, to hâve equipment[from the government] " There was the for-merly wealthy Southern lady who when re-duced to penury "had the thnll of heanngRoosevelt say those wonderful things "Hard Times thus is not the usual "BrotherCan You Spare a Dîme?" book about theDépression It has everyone from those whowere ruined or made by the Dépressionthrough those who were simply, incredibly,unaffected by it to those who were profoundlychanged, emotionally, by it It is a book fordipping into, selecting from among the famousnames in the table of contents Pauline Kaelof the New Yorker for example who remem-bers that "When I attended Berkeley in 1936so many of the kids had actually lost theirfathers They had wandered off in disgrâcebecause they couldn't support their famihesOther fathers had killed themselves so thefamily could hâve the insurance Famihes had totally broken down " Or Alf Landon who,af ter a long pause, agreed that the New Dealhad saved our society Or David Kennedy, nowsecretary of the Treasury, who feels more doubtabout the stabihty of our society of today thanduring the Dépression Or César Chavez whoremembers the agncultural stnkes in Cahfornia( "We were one of the stnkingest famihes, Iguess" ) that never ever won, but who wantsto remember it ail because it was tftruth, youknow, History "One cannot read Hard Times looking forcertain cohérent thèmes, though the book isdivided and subdivided into vanous catégoriesOne cannot know what one is looking for, forit is not that kind of a book Its lessons areunexpected and are perhaps best summed upby one of Terkel's young people who says thather mother brought her up on "fairy taies"about the Dépression never mentioning thef act that one of the reasons for the recoveryfrom the Dépression was the onset of war anda wartime economy "A lot of young peoplefeel angry about this kind of protectivenessIt is wanting you not to hâve to go throughwhat is a very real expérience, even though itis a very hard thing Wanting to protect youfrom your own history, in a way " Hard Timesdoes not protect us from our historyWEB DUBOIS A READERedited by Meyer Weinberg, AB'42, AM'45WEB DuBois is a name that is today hardlya household word, even among blacks, andthat is a cunous thing, for he is surely one ofthe great and séminal figures of his own, or anyother timeDuBois was born in 1868 Collège educated( Fisk University ) at a time when there hadbeen but a handful of black collège graduâtesbefore him, he went on to get further degreesfrom Harvard and the University of Berlin Asa collège teacher, he taught Greek and Latinand sociology and économies and history Hepublished many books, including a pioneenngsociological treatise on The PhiladelphiaNegro (1899) and Black Reconstruction34( !935 ) that are still considered major authori-tative works in their fields.Ail thèse things were before his time. Butmost significantly he was an activist and militant before his time. Organizer of the NiagaraMovement ( 1905) which demanded abolitionof ail racial distinctions, and prominent in thefounding of the NAACP in 1910, DuBois spentthe next quarter of a century as its publicityand research director and editor of its journalCrtsis. It is the many articles and essays thatDuBois wrote for Crisis that make up the bulkof this angry and éloquent book.What one sees hère is the radicalization ofa man who was in essence the founder not justof the NAACP but the founder of the BlackIntellectual movement itself, a man who laidthe intellectual bases for the studied cadencesand personal charisma of men like MartinLuther King and Jesse Jackson who were tofollow him.This then was the pattern of radicalizationIn 191 3 he found the social effects of émancipation "very promising" and in a progress reporthe compiled, "encouraging." Yet by 1926,af ter a long and caref ul study of the Negroschools in Georgia, he was forced to concludethat éducation there was a "farce."The NAACP, the first of the radical move-ments, was founded in 1910; in 1921 DuBoiswas already having to défend it against chargesof its not being radical enough. "The NAACPhas been accused of not being a revolutionarybody. This is qui te true. We do not beheve inrévolution The NAACP is organized toagitate, to investigate, to expose, to défend, toreason, to appeal. This is our program What human ref orm demands today is light—more light; clear thought, accurate knowledge,caref ul distinctions." Then, more angnly inanswer to Communist charges against theNAACP, it is "young jackasses who are leadingCommunism in America today."As late as 1947 DuBois was still sanguineabout the future of the Negro in Americansociety. By 1965, he predicted, "séparation inéducation in the lower parts of the North andeven some of the Border states will hâveceased Ségrégation in home and residential areas will for the most part hâve disappeared."Perhaps it was a combination of f actors thatcontnbuted to the ultimate radicalization ofW. E. B. DuBois: a failure of his sanguinedreams, that peculiar irony of not beingthought radical enough; the émergence ofmore militant leadership in the second half ofthe twentieth century. "Onward we réel. Peace?Ten thousand dollars for peace and two hun-dred millions for war. How can there be peacefor those who are white and hâte 'niggers'!Democracy? Absurd! Dreamof infants!""Let every black American gird up his loins.The great day is coming. We hâve crawled andpleaded for justice and we hâve been cheerfullyspit upon and murdered and burned We willnot endure it forever."In the i96o's he joined the Communist Party,renounced his American citizenship, and became a citizen of Ghana. He died in 1963 at theâge of ninety-five. Although Africa had longbeen an idéal and a mecca, one can't help f eel-îng that his renunciation of the fight for f ree-dom in his native land for which he had strug-gled nearly a century must hâve represented abitter end.The Honest Politician'sGuide to Crime Controlby Norval Morris,the Julms Kreeger Professorof Law and Criminology,and Gordon HawkinsCrime has joined pollution and the rush houras part of the urban dweller's obsessional existence. We hâve observed pohticians thrashingabout in voluptuous self-pity as they demandan all-out war against crime, but few of themsearch for facts to support their outcnes or ofïerany program for reducing crime and the fearof crime. This witty, aphonstic, yet seriousinquiry into the anatomy of U. S. crime andcorrectional procédures ofïers us a more sophis-ticated and humane mode of cnminal jurisprudence, the keystone of which is John StuartMill's rule for régulation of human conduct:the îndividuaTs liberty of action should be restncted only insofar as it causes harm toothers.Co-authors Norval Morris, the JuliusKreeger Professor of Law and Criminology atChicago, and Gordon Hawkins, senior lectureiin criminology at the University of Sydney,Cite the crowded court docket of non-trafficarrests, now numbenng some six million caseseach year: drunkenness, certain acquisitions ofdrugs, non-fraudulent gambling, vagrancy,abortion by qualified practkioners, and manyacts of sexual behavior as non-crimes that neednot, should not, be prosecuted. It is our puri-tanical legacy that has created moral busy-bodies out of pohticians and the police whodirect traffic as mankind barrels down its ownroad to hell, and serious crimes go undetectedand unprosecuted.Beyond establishing the grounds for cnm-inality, the authors extend their criticisms tothe internment and réhabilitation procéduresof the justice System. They charactenze the concept of imprisonment as vengeance rather thanrehabilitation. The juvénile courts and prisonsSystem serve as hatcheries for recidivism. Thecommunity, in its demand for revenge, thwartsefforts to return the convicted to a useful rôlein society, and the mère ofïender, inside amédiéval jail or prison, becomeS a criminal.The authors présent their "cure" for crimenot only in terms of a redéfinition of what isand what is not "cnminal," but in terms ofvery systematic, précise, and detailed recom-mendations or "ukases," as they humorouslyterm them. In conclusion they quote from thePresident's Crime Commission Report: "Thecnminal justice System may be compared to ablind man far down the side of a mountain.If he wants to reach the top, he must first move.And it matters little whether his first move isup or down because any movement with subséquent évaluation will tell him which way isup. A step-by-step process of experimenting,evaluating, and modifying must be undertakenBoth innovation and the subséquent évaluationof its conséquences are essential to climbingup."zyflumm ^A(ewsClub Events Class NotesAlbany A garden réception for alumni andprospective students was held at the home ofMrs Raymond Harns on May 16BOSTON The Boston Muséum of Fine Artswas the scène of a meeting of Boston areaalumni on April 28 The Révérend Harne AVanderstappen, professor of art and Far East-ern languages and civihzations, gave an îllus-trated lecture on oriental art William HFrednckson served as chairmanCHICAGO Tradmonally a Reunion weekendevent, the Alumnae Breakf ast was held thisyear on May 2, and a more leisurely schedulewas possible Af ter an élégant breakfast at theQuadrangle Club, the women heard Richard GStern, novehst and professor of Enghsh at theUniversity, discuss the économie dilemma ofthe wnter— who, af ter ail, pays for art Af ter theprogram, many braved unpromising weatherand took a walking tour of the campusCLEVELAND On April 22, Cleveland areaalumni gathered at the Somerset Inn to hearJacob W Getzels, the R Wendell HamsonDistinguished Service Professor of Educationand Psychology, speak on ' Creativity în-Chil-dren and Artists " Ralph H Ojemann servedas chairman and was assisted by Mrs MiltonMatz and Miss Helen SimpsonLos Angeles The annual dinner of the LosAngeles club was held on May 18 at the Shera- ^ton West Neil H Jacoby, the Armand Ham-mer Professor of Business and Economie Pohcyat UCLA, received the Los Angeles Distinguished Alumnus Award for 1970 Speaker atthe program following dinner was Bruno Bet-telheim, the Stella M Rowley DistinguishedService Professor of Education, professor ofpsychology and psychiatry, and director of theSonia Shankman Orthogenic School, who spokeon Children of the Dream " Président of theLos Angeles club is Alexander PopeMlLWAUKEE Norval Morris, the JuliusKreeger Professor of Law and Criminologyand co-director of the Center for Studies in36 Cnminal Justice, spoke to alumni on "TheHonest Pohtician's Guide to Crime Control"at a meeting at the Pfister Hôtel on April 23Gaar Steiner served as chairmanMlNNEAPOLis The Honest Pohtician'sGuide to Crime Control" was the title of atalk by Norval Morris, the Julius KreegerProfessor of Law and Criminology and co-director of the Center for Studies m CnminalJustice, at a meeung on April 24 VernonOison served as chairman for the programwhich was held at the Sheraton RitzNEW YORK Norval Morris, the Julius Kreeger Professor of Law and Criminology andco-director of the Center for Studies in Cnminal Justice, spoke to New York alumni onThe Honest Pohtician s Guide to Crime Control on May 21 The meeting, held at theOverseas Press Club, was preceded by a cocktailhour A David Silver is président of the JSJewYork clubSan Francisco On May 14, Bruno Bettel-heim, the Stella M Rowley DistinguishedService Professor of Education, professor ofpsychology and psychiatry, and director of theSonia ShankmanOrthogenic School, spoke toalumni on ' Children of the Dream ' RaymondH Lapin, former président of the Fédéral National Mortgage Association, received the SanFrancisco Distinguished Alumnus Award for1970 A réception followed the programprésident of the San Francisco club is AlanMaremontWashington, D C The annual dinner ofthe Washington club was held at the StatlerHilton on May 22 The Washington, D CDistinguished Alumnus of the Year Awardwas presented to Dr Robert A Cohen, directorof the Clmical Investigation Division of theNational Institute of Mental Health RamseyClark, former United States attôrney gênerai,was the speaker following dinner CharlesEphraim is président of the Washington club /~v r\ SlDNEY A Teller, x'09, recently com-/ pleted his fifth tnp around the worldcarrying out vanous commissions for theInternational Récréation Association, the BoysClubs of America, and other groups and, bythe way, picking up additional spécimens forthe noted Teller Brass and Copper Collection,on display at Illinois Institute of TechnologyMr Teller sponsors annual lectures in theSchool of Social Service Administration at UCIn Memoriam James B Furrh, PhB'09,William P MacCracken, Jr , PhB'09, JD'n,EarlJ Smith, JD'09t a Samuel R Archer, x'14, retiredT* président of United Industries ofZoom, Cahfornia, has wntten^a first novelat the âge of 77 The subject of the novel is themoral disintegration of youth todayIN MEMORIAM William B Leach, SB' 14y r* Ralph M Hogan, sb 15, am'i6,%J PhD' 27, is ' re-retinng" to Mansfield,Ohio af ter spending the past thirteeh yearswith the University of Missouri in Columbia aslecturer in statistics and industrial engineeringIn Mansfield, Dr Hogan will %e busy withfour générations 6f Hogans "IN MEMORIAM T George Allen, PhD'15,William B Campbell, x'15, Harnet JonesNoyés, PhB'15, R Bennett Weaver, AM'15y fj John H Gernon, sb'i7, MD'19, a/ Champaign-Urbana (111 ) surgeon,was inducted into the Fifty-Year Club by theIllinois State Médical Society in récognition offifty years' active service in medicineCharles O Lee, SM'17, for sixteen years aprofessor at Ohio Northern University Collègeof Pharmacy, is honorary président of theAmerican Pharmaceutical Association In hisfifty years of service in the pharmaceuticalprofession, Dr Lee has worked in such distantpoints as Nanking, China, where he taught atNanking University from 1923 to 1925, andSéoul, Korea, where he was a pharmacy consultant to the Amencan-Korean Foundationduring 1955 He belongs to Sigma Xi, theAmerican Association for the Advancement ofScience, and the American Association ofUniversity ProfessorsIn MEMORIAM MmnieE Lloyd,x'i7,NeilF Sammons, PhB'17ry pj James Hugo Johnston, AM'25,%J PhD' 37, is author of Race Relations mVirginia and Miscegenation m the South,ijj6-i86o, published March 1 by the Universityof Massachusetts Press Long circulated inmanuscnpt form, this study has been recog-nized by scholars of black history as a majorcontribution to the hterature on racial thoughtin the United States Documents cited in thebook provide "an invaluable view of the légalinstitutionalization of slavery in the South "Professor Johnston, once chairman of thedepartment of history, dean, and vice présidentof Virginia State Collège, now hves m retire-ment in Petersburg, VaIN MEMORIAM ^Alnk Gustafson, PhB'25,Rodney A Kimball, AM'25, David LawrenceWickens, AM'25ry A Maurice J Baum, AM'26, PhD'28, hasretired after thirty-seven years as chairman of the department of philosophy at KentState University in Kent, Ohio Dr Baum, whoonginally organized the department, has takenup résidence in Pacific Pahsades, CalifAlbert Dàugherty, SB'26, assistantprincipal of Cleveland Heights High School,will retire at the end of the school year afterforty-three years with the System He joinedthe school district as a science teacher îmme-diately following graduation from UCry M John R Russell, PhB'27, hbranan/ of the American Collège of Switzer-land at Leysm, recently returned to the U Sto receive a spécial citation from the Universityof Rochester Mr Russell, who was librarydirector at UR for nearly thirty years, wascalled "an administrator of high compétencewho won the undivided attention of thosewhom he directed "IN MEMORIAM ClarenceW Davis,PhB'27, Charles S Pratt, JD'27, Samuel TSanders, SM'27 ry Q Elmer Gertz, PhB'28 jn'3o, a dele-gate to the Illinois Constitutional Convention, is serving as chairman of the Bill ofRights Committee Mr Gertz, a cnminallawyer, helped obtam the parole of NathanLeopold in 1958, and was one of Jacfc Ruby'smany lawyersIN MEMORIAM James L Garard, PhB'28,I W Kaufman, LLB'28, Alfred H. Reiser,PhB'28, Josiah L Sayre, SM'28/lf) Robert A Cohen, SB'30, PhD'35,J MD'35, is récipient of a Department ofHealth, Education, and Welfare DistinguishedService Award "in récognition of his outstand-îng achievement in f ounding and bnngingto mâtunty a distinguished program of chnical ,psychiatrie research " Dr Cohen directs theDivision of Chnical and Behavioral Researchof the Department's National Institute ofMental HealthHarold Richards, PhB'30, AM'33, hasstepped but of retirement to assume the intérimsupenntendency of Barnngton (111 ) HighSchool District 224 He was for thirty-threeyears supenntendent of Community HighSchool District 218 of Cook County, 111IN MEMORIAM Christian T Elvey, PhD^on *y Howard E Johnson, PhB'33, hasJ3 moved from San Mateo, Çalif to Cincinnati, Ohio where he is serving as branchsales manager of the A B Dick Company, theChicago-based manufacturer and distnbutorof duphcating and copying equipment, forwhich he has worked twenty-five yearsThéodore G Phillips, SB'33, SM'36,AM'49, PhD 52, was inaugurated as the firstprésident of the Amundsen-Mayf air Collègeon April 2 The collège has two campuses inChicagoIn Memoriam L DoyleMullen,DB'33*1 A Christian C Crossman, SM'34, has3 1 been designated "Water Conservation-ist of tfie Year" by the Tennessee ConservationLeague As chief of the Réservoir ManagementBranch of the Nashville District Corps of Engi-neers, Mr Crossman is responsible for the land management of seven facihties which hâveshorehnes of more than 4,000 miles and at-tracted almost twenty-five million visitors lastyearIN MEMORIAM Helen M Richards, AM'34*1 f\ Joël Dean, PhD'36, ementus pro-Jj fessor of business économies at Co-lumbia University, is spending spnng termteaching at the Center for Management Studies,St Cathenne's Collège, Oxford UniversityProfessor Dean was a University of Chicagofaculty member from 1939-45a ç\ Sherwyn L Ehrlich, AB'40, of1 Wilmette, 111 , is president-elect of theAvoca District School Board A partner in theCarleton M Tower accounting firm andFernholz and Ehrlich law firm, he was firstelected to the Avoca board in 1966In MEMORIAM DorothyB de la Pôle,x'40, Mary Ehzabeth Bebb Shideler, AB'40Afy MURRAYL WAX,SB'42,PhD'59,1 professor of sociology at the Universityof Kansas (Lawrence ) , and his wife ROSALIEHANKEY, PhD'51, professor of anthropologyat the same mstitunon, wnte that they arejomtly conducting research on American In-dians Mrs Wax's book Magic, Fate and History the Changmg Ethos of the Vikmgs hasjust been published by Coronado Press ofLawrenceInMemor^m Karl A Bosworth, PhD'42A ^ Aaron Brown, PhD'43, assistant totjy the président and professor of éducation at the Brooklyn Center of Long IslandUniversity, received three honors in April,1970 he was elected to the Board of Directorsof the YMCA of Greater New York, selected byGovernor Nelson A Rockefeller as a memberof the governor's Statewide Committee onChildren and Youth which will assist in planning for the White House Conférence sched-uled for December, 1970, and was appointedchairman of the Unit Section on School Decen-tralization for the New York Adult EducationCouncil, Inc37BeVsy Davison, AB'43, is serving as consultant on éducation for the Association of theJunior Leagues of America, New YorkIsraël H Weisfeld, PhD'43, rabbi, author,wit, and humonst, addressed a January meetingof the Los Angeles Womens Auxihary to theHebrew Home for the Aged Dr Weisfeld isdirector of thë Bureau of Jewish Education inSan Diego and is lecturer on Talmud andMishnah Torah for the University of Judaisma a Arthur W Adamson, PhD'44, pro-,Ie m f essor of chemistry at the University ofSouthern Cahfornia, was visiting lecturer recently at Saginaw Valley Collège ( Mich ) ina program financed by a grant from the National Science Foundation Professor Adamson1is the author of two chemistry textsHolt Ashley, SB'44, professor of aero-nautics and astronautics at Stanford, has beenchosen for membership m the National Aca-demy of Engineering in récognition of hiscontributions to the field of aeroelasnc structures and unsteady aerodynâmics, aiding in thesolution of problems in vibration and gustloading In 195 1 Dr Ashley was awarded thefirst Goodwin Medal for "conspicuously effective teaching" by MITAlicerose Schnadig Barman, AM'44,associate director in charge of educatioii at theNorth Shore Mental Health Association andIrène Josselyn Chnic, Northfield, 111 , is emcee-ing an audience participation radio show"Hello, Mrs Barman" carned on station WEEFof Highland Park, 111 Aimed at probing sub-urban family problems as phoned in by hs-teners, the show has f eatured topics rangingfrom teen-age drug adchction to cOnflicts innursery school Mrs Barman is author ofMental Health m Classroom and CorridorA £ MARGARETTE EVANS MURPHY,1*^3 PhB'45, AM'49, recently travelled toSouth America with her thirteen year olddaughter Linda Michelle Mrs. Murphy, whoteaches in the foreign language department ofHarlan High School in Chicago, has beenhsted in Who* s Who of American WomenMalcolm R Sutherland, Jr , DB'45, ismarking his tenth year as président of Mead- ville Theological School, 5701 S Woodlawn,Chicago Also the Robert Collyer Professor ofthe Church in Society, Président Sutherlandspent several years in social settlement work,public housing, and urban renewal before ,entenng the ministry A member of the American Theological Society, he is co-chairman ofthe publication board of Zygon, a quarterlyjournal of religion and science, and was président of the Institute on Religion in an Age ofScienceAfj Norman R Atwood,am'47, has1 I been appointed associate professor ofEnglish at Lyndon State Collège, VermontARTHUR W HAELIG, PhB'47, is on leavefrom the Southern West Virginia Chnic for aspécial training course at the University ofSouthern Cahfornia where he will study theuse of intensive care equipment He will, in^addition, présent case matenal on black lungdisease to other doctors in the training program Dr Haehg is a member of the AmericanMédical Association and the Raleigh County( W Va ) Médical Society ^Christine E Haycoçk, PhB'47, sB'48,assistant professor of surgery at New JerseyCollège of Medicine and Dentistry and directorof emergency services at the Martland Hos-pital, was recently honorée! as "Woman of theYear" by the New Jersey Médical Women'sAssociation Dr Haycock is one of the youngestwoman doctors to receive this^honor Shepreviously earned distinction by becoming thefirst woman intern at Walter Reed ArmyHospital in Washington, D C and is a diplomate of the American Board of Surgery and af ellow of the American Collège of SurgeonsLouis KRIESBERG, PhB'47, AM'50, PhD'53,professor of sociology at Syracuse (N Y )University, is author of Mothers m Povertya Study of Fatherless Famihes, published by theAldine Pubhshing Co of Chicago The bookattempts an explahation of the înter-genera-tional transmission of poverty His wife, LOISAblin, AM'53, is assistant prof essor in thesocial sciences in the School of Alhed HealthProfessions, State University of New York,Upstate, Médical Center, in SyracuseKent L Steckmesser, AB'47, PhD'6o, has been promoted to the rank of professor ofhistory at Calif ornia State Collège, Los AngelesAn authonty on the "Wild West" on whichsubject he has published extensively, DrSteckmesser serves on the editonal board ofSouthern California Quarterly ', the officiaijournal of the Southern Cahfornia HistoncalSocietyA W "If foreign pohcy is to be changed, the¦ mihtarîrmust be controlled," declaredJOHN A BOND, AM'48, recently, before a Pueblo, Colorado gathering An associate professorof political science at Southern Colorado StateCollège, he asserted it is the Pentagon, not thePrésident or Cohgress, that formulâtes foreignpohcy In twenty-five years Congress has neverwon against the Pentagon, he addedMartin Ostwald, AM'48, professor ofclassics at Swarthmore Collège, has beenawarded a senior fellowship by the NationalEndowment for the Humanities ProfessorOstwald, who is also professor of classicalstudies at the University of Pennsylvania, willspend 1970-71 at Oxford University in Englandon académie leave in order to research andwnte a book on the impact of légal thought onpolitics, philosophy, and religion in the Athe-nian Democracy pi the Fifth Century, B CWilliam A PRYOR,PhB'48,SB'5i,pro-f eséor in the Collège of Chemistry and Physics,Louisiana State University, has won a JohnSimon Guggenheim Mémorial FoundationFellowship for 1970-71 which will enable himto study f urther in the fields of radiation chemistry, free radical chemistry, and the chemistryof aging at Berkeley and UCLA Dr Pryor waslast year's récipient of the Louisiana State University Foundation's Distinguished FacultyFellowship Award "in récognition of distinguished service to the university "a ç\ John G Grubb, MBA49, has beenl y named vice, président and director ofmanufactunng and distribution for the newlyformed North American Division of the SingerCo In the new position Mr Grubb is respon-sible for manufactunng opérations at Eliza-beth, N J , Anderson, S C , and St John's,Québec, Canada38Remember your old yearbôok?A dusty/ vinyl-covered thing, nodoubt, with slick pages andscr^atchy pictures. NYôu put it away somewhere, and see itonly when you clean the house fromtoptobottom.And you probably haven't reallylpoked at it since the day it came out.Well this year, we've made a yearbôokthat we think is better.Werve done àway with the old vinylcovers and put the whole thing ina box.A yearbôok in a box !YearBox!You can do ail sorts of thingswith a box that you can't dowith a book.You can put records in it, andposters, artif acts of variouskinds, balloons, photographs,sculptures, masks, pamphlets,games, portfolios, surprises.And that's what we've done.Instead of the usual dull oldyearbôok committee, we hadthe best phptographers,writers, artists and designerson campus take individualprojects and càxry themthrough production. SHHHHHHHH1 yearBox 1ShhhhhhhbhSI Much of the work was by hand.And only 3,000 yearBoxes hâvebeen made.One of them costs only $6.We think yearBox issomething for the people hèreto really remember theplace by.And also something for peoplewho hâve been hefe and wantto see what the University islike today.yearBox12X2 East59th StreetChicago, Illinois 60637[ ] Wow. Send me a yearBox. Hère ismy check for $6.[ ] I'd like to help you out. Enclosedis $10 or more, which makes me asupporting subscriber . (Checks tothe University of Chicago— markedyearBox to make sure we'll get them—are tax déductible !)Name , _r_____Address _j ; .¦ ¦ ¦rifyState. -Zip.Erwin Nick Hiebert, SM'49, an authorityon the development of the physical sciencesduring the nineteenth century, will leave hispost at the University of Wisconsin to becomeprofessor of the history of science at HarvardUniversity. He is vice président of the Historyof Science Society and an associate editor ofthe Dictionary of Scientific Biography.SiDNEY M. KATZ, PhB'49, président of theGrotnes Machine Works subsidiary of InlandSteel Co., has been elected to the board ofdirectors of First Fédéral Savings of Chicago.Mr. Katz is active in the National Associationof Musical Merchandise Manufacturers, theWelf are Council of Metropolitan Chicago, andthe North Shore Congrégation Israël.SAM MEYER, AB49, chairman of the lan-guage arts department of Morton Collège,Cicero, 111., is author of An Interprétation ofEdmund Spenser's Colin Clout, the first full-length study of Spenser's pastoral, a descriptionof the conventions, attitudes, and beliefs whichinfluenced imaginative writings of the Renaissance. Professor Meyer has written a numberof studies in Elizabethan literature.In MEMORIAM: Allan Stevenson, PhD'49.C? fil ^e émergence as a political person-*D ality of the former attorney gênerai,William Ramsey Clark [am'5o, JD'51],could probably happen only at a time whenthe young people are starved for heroic figures,the disheveled old graybeards of the Démocratie Party cannot agrée where popular sentiment will corne to roost, and the senior intel-lectuals of the libéral movement hâve f alleninto disrepute," said Tom Littlewood in arécent Chicago Sun-Times article. "Tacîturnas a ranch-hand, plucking the low keys always,uncharismatic, 42-year-old Ramsey Clark . . .may hâve been the most politically introverted—and quite possibly the best— attorney gêneraiever to grâce the Justice Department."Laurence A. Kaufman, AB'50, AM'53,vice président of the Stral Advertising Co. inChicago, has been elected président of theboard of directors of Schwab RehabilitationHospital, an institution specializing in therehabilitation of the physically handicapped.Mr. Kaufman also serves on the Gerontological Council of the Jewish Fédération of Metropolitan Chicago.Robert P. Reuss, mba'5o, vice présidentof opérations, Illinois Bell Téléphone Co., hasbeen appointed chairman of the financial development committee of Central DuPage Hospital, Winfield, 111. Mr. Reuss is a trustée ofBlackburn Collège ( Carlinville, 111.) and sec-retary of the State of Illinois Commission onEconomie Development.EUGENE T. SWEENEY, AM'50, PhD'6l,associate professor of history and dean of stu-dent relations at the University of Hartford,will assume the rank of full professor on Sep-tember 1. A modern United States historian,Professor Sweeney is in the process of coilect-ing material for a study of the 1968 EugèneMcCarthy campaign in Connecticut.51 The Révérend William D. Bray,PhD'51, is in the U. S. on a year s fur-lough from missionary service. Since 1952 hehas taught at the School of Theology at Kwan-sei Gakuin, Nishinomiya, Japan, a seminaryf urnishing ministers to the United Church inJapan.Martin Orans, AB'51, AM'54, PhD'62, hasbeen appointed professor of anthropology atthe University of Caiifornia, Riverside, effective July 1.IN MEMORIAM: Marie Kuhns Hardy,MBA'51; Philip R. Holt, AB'51; William R.Sincock, AM'51.Ç A Paul Goodman, PhD'54, quondam%J ¦ teacher at UC and author of such booksof social criticism as Growing Up Absurd andhalf a dozen novels, spoke to a crowd of students and faculty at Louisiana State Universityand unleashed a low-voiced castigation of al-most every facet of today's educational System.As a starter, he would abolish the compulsorypublic school System altogether. Childrenshould learn, and indeed only do learn, becausethey want to, he said, not because they areforced. Today' s high schools, he asserted, are"jammed and meaningless," and the teachersonly "wardens."ROBERT S. HiLL, AM'54, PhD'65, has beenpromoted to the rank of full professor at Marietta Collège, Marietta, Ohio. Dr. Hillwas also named acting head of the/new Department of Political Science, formerly a partof the History Department.Anthony F. Lalli, md'54, associate professor of radiology at the University of Michigan since 1963, has been appointed head of theCleveland ( Ohio ) Clinic's radiology department.Erratum: William Holmes Brown, JD^,is alive and well in Washington, D. C. Hewas erroneously listed "in memoriam" in ourJanuary/February issue.£ f\ Paul A. Cast, MBA'56, has been%J elected vice président of opérationsfor Encyclopsedia Britannica, Inc., Chicago.Robert Ash Wallace, PhD'56, has beenelected to the board of directors of the HarrisSchool, an independént, non-profit school onChicago's North Side. Dr. Wallace, who servedas assistant secretary of the Treasury underPrésidents Kennedy and Johnson, is vice chairman of the board of Exchange National Bankof Chicago.r* M EVALYN BATES, AM'57, will leave her*J I job as associate coordinator with theUnion for Experimenting Collèges and Uni-versities next September to become associatedean of the faculty at Hartwick Collège,Oneonta, N. Y. Miss Bâtes was a Fulbrightlecturer in adult éducation and communitydevelopment at the University of New Eng-land, New South Wales, Australia, in 1959.Jacquelyn L. Beyer, PnD'57, has beenappointed professor of geography at theColorado Springs Center of the University ofColorado. While on the faculty of RutgersUniversity, Dr. Beyer conducted a researchproject in water resoùrces.Ç W Anthony J. Castro, SM'58, PhD'62,Zj has filed as an independént candidatefor the Oak Park ( 111. ) Elementary SchoolDistrict Board élection. Employed by ArmourIndustries Chemical in McCook, 111. , Dr. Castrowas recently appointed to the American Menof Science.CURTIS B. FORD, JD^S, gênerai agent for40the Northwestern Mutual in San Francisco, isauthor of "Alter Ego and Key Man Insurance,"an article carned in the February issue ofTrusts and Estâtes£ r\ Duncan G S Farrell, MBA'59,%J y manager of corporate advertising andmerchandising for Eastern Airlines, has beennamed to the 1970 édition of OutstandmgYoung Men of AmericaG Henry MOULDS, PhD'59, has been appointed chairman of the philosophy department at Kent State University, Kent, OhioA member of the /Kent faculty since 1948, DrMoulds is author of the book ThmkmgStraighter and numerous scholarly articlesA f} King V. Cheek, AM'6o, JD'64, président of Shaw University in Raleigh,N C , at thirty-two one of the youngest collègeprésidents in the United States, spoke recentlyon "Reshaping the University A Plea forRelevance "Charles Larsen, ab'6o, am'69, marnedConstance Bernberg, AM'69, m a cere-mony performed by a justice of the peace inNorth wood, Iowa, on December 5 Employedby the Hennepin County (Minn ) Court Services, Mr Larsen administers a researchprogram in Guided Group Interaction therapywhile Mrs Larsen is a social worker at anînner-city school in MinneapohsAt George M Comstock,sb'6i,sm'62,PhD'68, has joined the General ElectricResearch and Development Center as a physi-cist in the General Physics Laboratory He hadbeen a research associate at the Ennco FermiInstitute of the University of ChicagoHOMER E OLSEN, MD'6i, Denver psychia-tnst, has been promoted to assistant chnicalprofessor of psychiatry on the part-time facultyof the University of Colorado School of Medicine He has been a member of the CU médicalfaculty since 1964f\ ry Roy Curtis iii, PhD'62, Oak Ridge(Tenn.) National Laboratory biologydivision staff member, has been appointed associate director of the University of Tennessee Oak Ridge Graduate School of BiomédicalSciencesJames A Reavis, mba'62, has been electeda vice président of Smith, Barney & Company,Inc , the international investment banking firmHe résides with his family in Danen, ConnSamuel Wagonfeld, MD'62, has beenpromoted to assistant professor of psychiatry atthe University of Colorado School of Medicinein Denver Dr Wagonfeld also serves as director of the adolescent ward of ColoradoPsychiatrie Hospitalr\ *2 Edw'in Brown Firmage, JD'63,J LLM'64, JSD'64, recendy named aninternational affairs fellow of the Council onForeign Relations, will attend the comingsession of the General Assembly of the UnitedNations and conduct research on the techniquesof peaceful settlement of disputes In 1965-66,Dr Firmage was a White House Fellow, serving on the staff of former Vice PrésidentHubert Humphrey, with responsibihty in theareas of civil nghts and urban problemsLaird Noh, MBA'63, beheves there will beimproved returns for the sheep industry duringthe next two years He expressed his optimismas a panehst before the National Wool GrowersAssociation Convention, held in Denver during March Mr Noh runs an opération in Kim-berly, Idaho consisting of 4,000 breeding ewesand 1,000 feeder cattler\ a David GROSS, MD'64, chief résident in1 urology at the Albuquerque Vétérans'Hospital and a fine pianist who has appearedin concerts with members of the ClevelandSymphony Orchestra, gave a sohata récital onEaster evening at the University of New Mexico with one of Japan's outstandmg violmists,Keiko Funyoshi.A rj Robert S Ellwood, Jr , AM'65,O PhD'67, recendy stated that the pre-tnal pubhcity given accused slayer CharlesManson and his "family" has helped popu-larize black magic/witchcraft cultism amongsome young people Although relatively f eware adopting occult behefs and practices, youngpeople increasingly are abandoning traditional Judaeo-Chnstian religions in favor of uncon-ventional rehgious-philosophical movements,according to Dr Ellwood, who is an assistantprofessor of fehgion at the University of Southern Cahfornia "The phenomenon as a wholerepresents a set of social and psychologicaltrends," he said "that could lead to a breakdownof traditional religions of Western culture "A^f H Joseph Curl, MBA'67, is leaving/ his post at Loyola University Hospitalin Chicago where he is associate administrator,to become administrator of Georgetown University Hospital in WashingtonBOAZ KAHANA, PhD'67, has been promotedto assistant professor of médical psychology inchild psychiatry at Washington UniversitySchool of Medicine, St Louis, Mo , effectiveJulyif\ r\ David M Frame, MBÀ'69, has beenjf named merchandise manager at theChicago service center of Joseph T Ryerson &Son, Inc , a supplier of steel, aluminum, spaceâge metals, industrial plastics and métal -working machineryHUGH T MARTIN, MBA'69, marketing andresearch director of WIND (Chicago) Radio,is president-elect of the Media Research Clubof ChicagoEdgar Léon Newman, PhD'69, assistantprofessor of history at New Mexico Stàte University, Las Cruces, N M , has been awarded aNational Endowment for the Humanities fellowship Professor Newman will spend the twomonths of continuous summer study allowedby the $ 1,500 grant, awarded this year to 100humanities' scholars, in PansMlLTON S SCHUSTER, MBA'69, has joinedthe management consulting firm of PnceWaterhouse & Co as a gênerai business consultant with a specialty in electronic dataprocessing He had been a Systems engineerwith the data processing division of IBM41Ah advertisement for Chicagochairs, with some little-known factson the birch tree, from theRoman Empire to the University. . .In the athletic contests of ancientRome, trophies of birch branches wereawarded to the victors, a practice whichlater spread to récognition of achieve-ment m other areas In time, the "fasces"—a bundle of birch rods, sometimeswith a protrudmg axe —became a sym-bol of authonty, carned through thestreets on civic occasions by hctors,the shenffs of their dayIn the New World, the birch had beenused extensively by Indians, notablyfor wigwam pôles and the bark canoëBut the earliest settlers largely ignoredthe tree in favor of spfter woods whichlent themselves more easily to construction m primitive circumstancesWoodsmen often were discouraged bythe labor neëded to hew down a birch,especially when they felled a treewhose toughness had kept it upnghtlong past its useful âge for lumberMost observers, deceived by thebirch's graceful appearance, were un-aware of its great strength JamesRussell Lowell called it "the most shyand ladyhke of trees "The sap and leaves of ^he birch yieldan oïl similar m fragrance to wmter-green, and one of the tree's early useswas in the flavormg of a soft drmkknown as birch béer As the characterof its wobd became apparent, f he birchbegan to be used in fhe manufacture ofproducts where durability i/vas important tool handles, wagon -wheel hubs, ox yokes, barrel hoops, vyooden-ware Challengmg oak and hickory forstrength, and excellmg them m beauty,birch soon came to be favored by themakers of sleighs and carnages And,fmally, cabinetmakers adopted the ^wood for the f mest furriitureSome of the first railroad tracks werespiked to birch crossties In the earlydays of the automobile, birch was usedby some coach makers for the mainframe and other structural membersDuring the métal shortages of WorldWar II the Bntish used the wood in themanufacture of airplanes —especiallym the well-known mosquito bomber,constructed almost entirely of birchplywood Tennis rackets and skis ares]till made of birchSome years ago, the Alumni Association found a century-old New Englandfurniture manufacturer who continuesto employ hand craftsmanship m theproduction of early American birchchairs The firm, S Bent & Brothers ofGardrier, Mass, is still operated bythird and fourth genefation desçendentsof itsfounders, Hundreds of their piècesare now m the homes and offices ofalumni and —especially the sturdy armchairs— are fouhd everywhere on campus, frém the Présidents office to theQuadrangle ClubAt least one United States Président,while in the White House, owned aBent & Brothers armchair, identical mcolor, design, and construct on to the model available through the AlumniAssociationThe designs for the Chicago chairsongmated m colonial times and reachedtheir présent form m the penod from1820 to 1850 The selected yellowbirch lumber cornes from New Brunswick, Canada, and from Vermont andNew Hampshire Except for modern-day improvements m the adhesives andthe satin black fipish, the chairs arefaithfully traditionalIdentification with the University isachieved by a silk-screened goldChicago coat of arms on the backrest,complementing the antique gold détail stnpm^s on the tummgs The arm-chair is available either with black ornatural cherry arms AH chairs areproduced on spécial order, requinng aminimum of four weeks for dehvery,and are shipped express collect fromthe factory m MassachusettsThe University of ChicagoAlumm Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637Enclosed is my check for $ , payable toThe University of Chicago Alumm Association, for the following Chicago chair(s) Armchairs (cherry arms) at $44 each Armchairs (black arms) at $42 each Boston rockers at $35 each Siçle chairs at $26 eachName_(please pnnt)Address JrettersTO THE EDITOR The Magazine is interestingand stimulating, better each year SchifFs article [January/February] is proyocative andwell written As a human service professional,I do not respond to it kindly because I dontthink most of my colleagues hâve failed, norhâve the services themselves, except by utopianstandards Since the world is imperfect, evenuniversities and psychiatnsts may fail just awee bitFranklm's article was great The Carnovskyprofile was good, why wasn't it signed? Whowrote itr?The book reviews were superb— but un-signed Why? I like to know who's wntingThe one about Oppenheimer is passionate andnot really objective Passionate articles oughts/tobesigned The profie of Hildebrand is mag- Inificent, as is the subject Shouldn t it be signed?Is the Magazine becoming a conglomerate?Forgive me for carping But feedback is agood thing, if enough people do it Thanksfor a great job with a good publicationCraig Léman, 46Corvallis, OregonTO THE EDITOR I enjoyed readmg yourJanuary/February 1970 issue, which was wellwritten and interesting, as is your Magazine ingênerai You include articles and news from awide range of departments to appeal to readersof différent backgrounds and interests Thislast issue consisted of articles and comments byor about nineteen individuals Their intellectual orientations wiere différent, but onething was the same Their sex Every one wasmaie Women inhabit the University as alum-ni, students, and faculty I, for one, wouldlike to hear the news and opinions of femalemembers of the university community Thefaculty is filled with intelligent and articulatewomen WJiy can t you include them in yourfuture publications ?Sara Morton, [62, AM'69Pittsburgh, PennsylvamaTb THE EDITOR [It is an insuit that] thereis no 'Letters to the Editor" or other placewhere one can publicly disagree and reach thé same audience which is exposed to your ivorytower academiaMarianne Levy 67Chicago, IllinoisTHE EDITOR REPLIES Ah, but there is aLetters' column, you see, and we not onlyaccept contributions, we are eager for them,for some of the liveliest wnting as crosses ourdesk cornes from readers A magazine that hassomething to say is bound to please some,alienatéothers As Mort Sahl says, "Is thereanyone we haven't alienated yet ?"TO THE EDITOR We would like to thank youfor your fine assistance in the préparation ofour article "They Call^Themselves 'The People,' " recently published in The Universityof Chicago Magazine We hâve received manycomplimentary letters and comments My people especially are grateful to you for pnntingthe Navajo viewpoint, as their thoughts, feel-îngs, and beliefs are seldom consulted orpublicized I appreciate what you hâve donefor usI am sorry, however, that one reader, MajorKaye [Major Kaye charged the Bathkes witha number of f actual errors] was not pleasedwith the article ,I présume, however, that either he misreadthe introduction or else we did not make ourselves absolutely clear when we explained thatwhile we were cognizant of the standard, non-Navajo histoncal and anthropological théorieswith regard to my people, we did m everyinstance defer to the knowledge and beliefs ofmy people Our resburces were the peoplethemselves fMajor Kaye should remember that we knowabout the highlights and facts of Navajo history as my people know them, irrespective ofwhether they coïncide or differ with non-Navajo théories regarding the same As youknow, we simply recorded and told what mypeople happen to believe, as they know thèsethings through their religious legends, theso-called myths, and other lessonsAlice and Jerry Bathke, 63, jd 66Window Rock, Arizona ErratumThe article ' Revolt at Justice by Gary JGreenberg in our March/Apnl issue onginallyappeared in The Washington Monthly andwas repnhted with their permission A créditline, omitted by mistake, should hâve read'Copyright © 1969 by The WashingtonMonthly Company, 11 50 Conn Ave N WWashington, D CPkture CréditsDavid Windsor cover, 22—29Walker Evans 8 ( 1936 minstrel showbill,détail, iFarm Secunty Administration)Richard Keane 14—15, 16Marc Pokempner 45Lynn Martin art direction and design43annual IndexThe University of Chicago Magazine Volume LXIIJul/Aug '6g A Tribute to Henry RagoMar/Apr'70 Cabinet Meeting in ChicagoJan/Feb '70 Chicago Books and AuthorsMar/Apr'7o Chicago Books and AuthorsMay/Jun'70 Chicago Books and AuthorsMar/Apr'70 Diagnoses of Student Protest,Joseph J. SchwabJul/Aug '69 Dissent, Universities, and the Law,Edward H. LeviJan/Feb '70 Dizziness at the Spectacle of Tranquility,George StarbuckMay/Jun'70 Festival of the ArtsMar/Apr'70 Four Searches for God in Man,Samuel J. BeckMay/Jun'70 Gaylord Donnelley (Profile)May/Jun'70 Hello Central Give Me Heaven,Norman H. NieSep /Dec '69 Jim Capser (Profile)Sep/Dec '69 New Psychiatry at ChicagoMar/Apr'70 Noël B. Gerson (Profile)May/Jun'70 Pollution: Possibly a Solution,Dennis F. MillerMay/Jun'70 Protest ChronologyJul/Aug '69 Reunion '69Mar/Apr'7o Revolt at Justice, Gary J. GreenbergJan/Feb '70, Roger H. Hildebrand (Profile)Jul/Aug '69 Student Unrest and the Rôle of the Media,Katharine GrahamJul/Aug '69 The BenefactorsJan/Feb '70 The Brothers Carnovsky (Profile)Sep /Dec '69 The Case of the Versatile A. Conan Doyle,C. Frederick KittleJul/Aug '6g The Challenge of Change, Ramsey ClarkJan/Feb '70 The Eighth DécadeJan/Feb '70 The Future of Negro American History,John Hope FranklinMay/Jun'70 The Miseducation of White ChildrenSep/Dec '69 The State of the University,Edward H. LeviJan/Feb '70 Training the Prof essional,Sheldon K. SchiffSep /Dec '69 United States Foreign PolicySep/Dec '6g Varsity Football Returns44 A smashing climax to theGala Performance; the fireworksover Rockefeller Chapel.F I -t'f, / 1('"*,klC3CilSBC/5OOOQO%^»UjC/5I--MHt*aC!klOtenQOh*(^OGo-4