• THEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINEThe Brothers CarnovskyA profile, a monologue 2Training the ProfessionalSheldon K .. Schiff 8The Future of Negro American HistoryJohn Hope Franklin 15The Eighth DecadePortents, Prescriptions, Prognoses 22Dizziness at the Spectacle of TranquilityGeorge Starbuck 2.830 Quadrangle News32 Chicago Books and Authors34 Profile: Roger H. HHdebrand36 Alumni NewsVolume LXII Number 4January /F ebruary 1970The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, is publishedbimonthly for alumni and thefaculty of The Universityof Chicago. Letters and editorialcontributions are welcomed.The University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 643-0800, ext. 4291Fay Horton Sawyier, '44, PhD'64PresidentArthur R. NayerDirector of Alumni AffairsGabriella AzraelAssociate Editor Regional Offices1542 Riverside Drive, Suite FGlendale, California 91201(213)' 242 -828839 West 55 StreetNew York, New York 10019(212) 765-5480350 Green Street, Apt. 2San Francisco, California 94133(415) 781'-.2332.1629 K-Street" N.W., Suite 500,Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 296-8100. znd class postage paid at Chicago,111.;. additional entry at Madison,Wisc. © 1970, The University ofChicago. Published in July / August,September/October, November!December, January/February,March/April, and MaylJune.Cover: Illustration from Robert Fludd, Utriusque cosmi maioris scilicet et minorismetaphysics, physics atque technica historia, Oppenheim (Germany), 1617. Repro­duced courtesy of the Special Collections, University of Chicago Library. Fludd wasan English physician, physicist and philosopher of the occult.THE BROTHERS CARNOVS�Two brothers, sons of a Talmudic scbotar born in EasternEurope, grow up in America. One becomes a scholar andteacher, the other an actor. These two pieces, one It profileana the other a monologue, bring into focus the similarities ofthe two men, a similar love of learning, tb:o.ugh variouslyexpressed, that informs them both. The monologue on KingLear, an insight into the technical-mental-emotional processan actor must, go through, was originally read on the "Fromthe Midway'� radio series and was called "Performing the Un-performable King Lear:" ,"Think of the library not as bricks and mortar housingphysical books but as an i�stirutiO'n housing the ideas whichmake books the most valuable force in our civilization." Thiscredo has shaped the philosophy of Leon Camovsky through­out his career as a member of the University of ChicagoGraduate Library School faculty, and has permeated his dis-,tinguished work as library analyst, scholar, author, andteacher.To Leon' Carnovsky the library may be one of the mostimportant buildings in a community, and it behooves its citi­zens to look upon it not, as a mere building; but" as the surestmeans it has for preserving democracy itself. A community'sIibrariaa, he' insists, should, be an intellectual leader.Like many others, he believes that the freedom' of a nationis depen',lent" upon education-the kind of education that lib­erates the mind. But this kind of education is possible only ifthe best writings of thoughtful men, regardless of the time orperiod in which they were written, are available to everyone."The welfare of the state," he has written, "depends uponthe enlighteBment of its citizens, and schools and libraries ar,einstitutions for bringing this about."Leon Carnovsky Was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on N 0-vember 28, 1903, one of seven children born to' Isaac andJennie Camovsky who came to this country from Lithuania,then a part of Russia. Isaac, the father, was a Talmudic sehol­ar as' a young man but in America opened a milk route, abusiness venture which burgeoned into a small grocery storeover which the family establish�d residence.After completing his basic education, Professor Carnovskytook a secretarial position with a St. Louis piston and, pistonring manufacturing cO'mpany, for at that time he had no plansfor continuing his schooling. After two years, however, he was persuaded to continue his education by one of his superiors, a University of Illinois graduate, and Leon enrolle-Iin the University of Missouri.While in college, Leon worked as a typist for the MissourState Historical Society and he wrote a column, "This Weelin Missouri History,') a series of historical vignettes whidwas published in newspapers throughout the state. After receiving his degree, Carnovsky studied and worked for a yea:in the St. Louis Public Library and became acquainted widits various operations. He, then t�ok a position as assistant t(the librarian at Washington University, St. Louis, and ir11929 applied for nne of the scholarships at the University oiChicago's Graduate Library School offered by the CarnegieCorporation. The school, established in 1928, was one of theearliest of its' kind anywhere, and the first to' offer a Phfdegree' in library work.'''I remember that I received a stipend of $1,500," Camov­sky recalls. "In those days that was a sizeable sum of mO'neyI remember vividly, too, the first place I lived when I cam€to the Midway� Hitchcock Hall."Carnovsky joined the University of Chicago faculty ir1932 after receiving his PhD degree and soon began the workso important throughout his career as library diagnosticianTogether with his colleague C. B. JO'eckel, he' made a surveyof the Chicago Public Library and the resultant repO'rt, AMetropolitan Library in Action, published in 1940, still ranks,as one of the most exhaustive studies of its kind ever made.In 1937, Carnovsky read .an article in a library publicationwritten by a Miss Marian Satterthwaite, protesting the cen­sorship which was being heaped upon James T. Farrell'sbook, Studs Lanigan. Carnovsky wrote an approving letter toMiss Satterthwaite, invited her to attend the 1938 annualsummer institute sponsored by the Graduate Library School,and they were married in 1939. "At the 'Outbreak 'Of World War II, Carnovsky became edi­tor of The Library -Quarterly where he remained as editorfor eighteen years. In [942-43, Carnovsky served as presidentof the Association of American Library Schools, and he be­came a member of the A. L. A.'s International RelationsBoard. His international interests in libraries broadened andwhen W orld War II ended, he accepted a series of overseasassignments. He was invited to Japan during the AmericanLeon Carno'lJskyOccupation as a member of a 27-man committee on educa­tional reform. He visited libraries in Germany, Norway, andEngland; hie spent a year in France, studying the French li­brary system, presenting several lectures in Italy. Under thesponsorship of UNESCO, he visited Israel and Greece. Uponhis return to. the United States, he resumed, in addition to. hiseditorial and classroom duties, the library survey work forwhich he had become so. well known. ,To his students, Carnovsky is not only a challenging andprovocative teacher, but a warm and hospitable friend. Par­ticularly during holiday seasons when most students 'are awayfrom campus, those who. remain=foreign students, for ex­ample-are always welcome at the Carnovskys'.Among his other associates and friends Carnovsky is knownfor his gift for telling a good story, his ready Iaugh. He is adoggerel writer Df formidable, Ogden Nashian proportions.Carnovsky is a man of many hobbies, He is, not surprising­ly, a book collecror (one of his specialties is foreign' editionsof Alice in Wonderland), a record collector, an amateurphotographer, a fisherman" and, like his brother, Morris, anactor. He frequently performed in the late, lamented Quad­rangle Club Revels. While Carnovsky himself would selecthis portrayal of Abe, the newspaper man who. used to. hold, forth in front of Steinway's drugstore (also. late, lamented)as his best, others would hold forth his Santa Claus as theacme of his acting career.In 1962 he was awarded the Melvil Dewey medal for his"longstanding achievements as editor, author, teacher, and,consultant in bibliographical matters."In 1967, following th,e death of his first wife in 1965, he wasmarried to Ruth French Strout, dean of students and associateprofessor at the Graduate Library School., In '1968, ift recognition of his professional achievements andhis many years of service, some Df his colleagues and formerstudents contributed special articles for the October issue ofThe Library Quarterly that was planned and published in hishonor. The issue was intended as a tribute to. him as he nearedhis sixty-fifth birthday, the normal retirement date for fac­ulty, but since then, his tenure has been extended for two.years so. that his work as teacher, counselor of students, di­rector of dissertations and theses, library surv�yDr, editDr andwriter may continue,And, less tangibly, his work as a leader in .intellectual free­dom. "It is nDt enough," says Carnovsky, "that people cometo. the library; far more important is it that they find whenthey get there books which present fairly all sides of centro-4 versial issues; even more, books that combat the prevailirqprejudices sDwn, by demagogues that are the inevitable CDnsequence of free speech. Basically the decision whether t4buy Dr not is a moral one=what is right, rather than what iexpedient Dr safe-and every librarian should have some intellectual grasp of the fundamental problems involved."The Chicago. run' here did, I'm able to' say, test me to. thllimit. We did six performances a week and two. weeks WIdid extra matinees. N DW that's enough to. kill most actors, buI have survived.' The actor uses certain devices. I'm nDW talking", by the way, about the physical approach to. a part likiKing Lear. Later I will talk Df other things, perhaps monimportant. But as the old saying goes, say, what have YDU go.if YDU haven't got your health. The actor uses certain devicesmainly for the sake of preserving his relaxation-son the stagehis ease. Stanislavsky once told an actor playing Othello. noto' act ,ev,ery moment of the time=be content to. rest occasionally. He said, <nDw there's a place where YDU fall dDW� ityour epileptic fit while Iago stands over YDur prDstrate bodyMake use. of it. Y DU can even take a' little nap. The acto:knows how to. find those SpDtS in his body. That's why I tallof the physical first. And perhaps last and all the time, if ymcome right down to. it, because acting is very substantially :physical matter. v-Lremember one particular mDment which illustrates thisRight in the middle of the storm scene, after the first on.slaught, the first address to. the hea�ens "BIDw winds anccrack your cheeks" and so. on, and so on, it requires thaparticular moment's utmost of the actor, and it is necessaryhaving performed an effort such as that, to. find rest somehowDr other, and I'll always bless that moment when I was abkto. turn upstage while the fool said some lines, Dh about threeDr four lines, very brief, I always blessed that moment wherI could turn and hold onto the set and let everything go. in.side of me. It was like a vacation in Jamaica. And I knew thaiwithout that I would not be able to. go. on in that particularscene hut with the benefit of that particular moment I founcmyself able to charge on.I consider that a certain grounding which I had in m)youth, in my childhood, in the Bible, was of tremendous im­portance to. me in later life as an aC�Dr. I'm not saying thainow go. home and read YDur Bibles and you'll become actorsIt just so. happened that it contributed to. my understandingof Shakespeare in later life. A certain amplitude" a certainseverity, a certain rhetorical grandeur was absorbed luckilyby me early and I was able at any rate' to understand it. Iknew what was meant when you said Biblical. Another ex­perience which I had as a child was being' taken by my mothervery often to the Yiddish theater. Friday nights usually wouldfind us in the balcony, of the theater, and some very g.randand wonderful actors came to St. Louis where I was born,to play and they played marvelous plays. These plays h3id therichness of family life, the richness of huge tragic experience,of ancestral memories, of not only tradition, but of ritualinterwoven in them and there was something terribly movingto me about these actors in' their very Jewish, sometimesHebraic, clothes. The acting was so thick YDU could touch it,you could feel it, it was rich, rich, juicy .. Poetry excited me. beyond the page, beyond the words, There was somethingmysterious about words to me always. I loved words for theirown sake. I loved the sound, the resounding quality of wordsand I think this was a great introduction to the greatest of allwords when I finally encountered them in Shakespeare, espe­cially ranged as they are in rhythm" in poetic movement. Inthe movement that is to say, not only of words on the linebut of the movement of the soul, if YDU please, the movementof the heart, of the passions behind the words. I also came tolove music. Very much, and music and theater became inter­penetrated. I say these things as a suggestion to the youngpeople who. may want to. go. on the stage that there's far morein the preliminary stage of preparation for the theater, foracting, than happens after you enter into the theater. The realinfluences are back there. Study your Bible, study yourShakespeare, study your Milton, get agitated about words,bathe yourself in the theater and in music, and you may beas good as I am.Now you come to a play like Lear. And it is remarkableto see how the character of a play like this is. quite differentfrom anything else that Shakespeare wrote. This may seeman obvious thing to say but it illustrates the fact that everyplay that Shakespeare wrote has its own character and thisposes a problem' for the producer, for. the director, and forthe actor playing in it. Here is a play which bears comparisonwith the book of Job, Dr with as people have' said, the MissaSolemnis, Dr Michelangelo., the great ceiling of the LastJudgment and I can say for myself that I found somethingin the great ceiling, one of the figures in the last Judgment,one of the figures of the damned, who, by what he gave offin the way of significance illustrated the very heart and the burning essence of the character of Lear. There it was, andit was for me to. identify with that, take from it what Michel­a�gelo had planted there and to give back whatever I couldon my own. I actually was able to. use this particular 'imagein one of the scenes of Lear. All this is in a way preliminary,still, although the physical work that I mentioned at the be­ginning has: to be taken into. account, In beginning to. workD� Lear I found that the actor is involved in a kind of fiercepartisanship" I took sides-I was in favor of everything LearStDDd for, everything Lear did. He was my man. And for thesake of this partisanship, all the forces In an actor's mechanismare aroused. He finds that he is nDW suddenly in a conditionof extraordinary awareness. The actor looks for any and allmeans to arouse his own excitement. And the first obviousthing he finds in Lear is the quality of its speech. At randomI pick up the play, open it at the page which uses a phraselike "Looped and windowed raggedness." I don't know aboutYDU, but I'm fascinated by these few words. Nowhere elsein Shakespeare does he say anything quite like that.I spoke before of relaxation, wen the side-kick, so. to speak,of relaxation is concentration. And what 1 found in studyinga play like Lear, and before that of course such plays as TheTempest and Merchant of Venice, was that a special qualityof concentration was evoked. A kind of sense of the overallobjective of each situation in the play. But particularly in thematter of concentration the element of seeing, the elementreally taking in the perso.n I was talking to. Dr taking in thesituation I was exposed to. And so here I ask a kind of a firstquestion: How does one arrive at a conception of King Lear?This is, perhaps, the central question to be answered. And Ifound the answer for myself in another poet. Set a poet to.catch a poet. It was Edith Sitwell. She pointed out how inLear there was life which was taking place beneath the Db­ViDUS life of the play. What is it for example that suddenlymade Shakespeare write "Nero is 'an angler in the lake ofdarkness?" In one-of the scenes he has Edgar say this. "Nero'is an angler in the lake of darkness." Why, you ask yourself,why was Nero an angler in the lake of-what? "Of darkness."What an extraordinary expression. Apropos of what? Yourexcuse in the play is that Edgar is half mad, that he's .playingpoor Tom. But suddenly this extraordinary 'thing that jutsout of-what? Out of what place but of course Shakespeare'sunconscious. Or, later in that same scene, the end of thescene, the end of the first part, as we played it, suddenly poorTom says "Childe Roland to. the dark, again dark." ChildeRoland to the dark tower came. Childe Roland to the dark5'\tower came. And you seem to hear some sort 'Of mysteriousclarion call which says something extraordinary is about tohappen now, some kind of curious veil is going to be rent.Childe Roland to the dark tower came. Well, wherever youpI'ace your finger in Lear, here, here and here, you find wordswhich are cryptic in expression and in 'quality . Yon comeacross, for example, the idea of need, need-the word needis repeated again and again. In the scenes with Goneril andRegan, the two daughters, "... ,why need you, what needhave you 'Of so-and-so many soldiers, why not twenty-fivewhy need twenty-five, why not ten. . . ." And S'O 'On. Theword "need' receives a terrific going-ov'er in Lear's mind.And it leads directly into, you find, into the solution whichfirst comes to Lear in the storm scene when he has the lines"poor naked wretches" where so 'ere you are, that bide thepelting of this pitiless storm, how shall your houseless heads'M1d unfed sides, your looped and windowed ragg'edness, de­fend YGU from seasons such as these. Oh I have ta��n too littlecare of this, take physic, pomp" 'expose thyself to feel whatwretches feel, that thou may shake true superflux to them andshows the heavens more just." This is Lear's answer to thequestion which has arisen in his mind ever since he himselfwas deprived and torn away from the reality of his kingdomand thrust out into the storm himself •. From that point; Learfinds sympathy with the world of ordinary ragged, wretchedman; from that point Lear stands outside the world of man,of G'Od. Nature, with which he identifies, is heartless, soulless,grotesque, So the actor finally comes to the realization thatthis is a poem, a poem, a tragic poem, about Man's indestructi­bility, about Man's attempt to survive all that m�y befall himin nature and in life. Then 'I Set myself to justify everything.In our first conversation, the director of King Lear, AllenFletcher, and I, sat opposite, on opposite sides 'Of a table, an"the first thing that happened was.vwe burst out laughing.And we understood why we were laughing. And I said tohim, "Well, we're doing it, aren't we?" He said "Yep." AndI said "But it's impossible, isn't it? '" He said, "Yes," I said,"Nevertheless, we do it, and we go 'for broke,"The main thing that, attracts me to Lear is revealed almostin the beginning of the play, that is ·to say, in the first scene.One must ask oneself, "Why?" Why does this man distributehis kingdom on the basis of a practically senile demand,which of you loves me most? And the answer must be foundby the act'Or. The play can be done on the basis of a fairytale. Oh, it's the old fairy tale-do it and get it over with andget 'On with the stuff of the play. That doesn't satisfy me6 and never has. For I find in the beginning of Lear, and run­ning through 11:, an element which I can 'Only call an element"of mystery, mysteriousness. What is Lear after at the end ofhis life, four-score and more> What does he intend to prove,and prove is the right word. For in "a way it has often beensaid, and it is true, this whole play is a test, a kind of peculiartest which a man invokes and imposes upon himself. It is asif he says, and this is how I understand it for myself, it's as if,if you can imagine him sitting by a window, a high windowin his palace, looking Gut on the sea and saying, "They'realways telling me thar Lam everything, that I am omnipotent,like King Kanute, They ten me that if I were to go downand tell the ocean to stop and not to advance, it would obeyme. It is time that I tested everything in my life in the lightof some peculiar triaL I will initiate it by giving away mykingdom," 'I ask myself what was Shakespeare's frame of mind whenhe wrote Lear? Well, this brings the matter up to the presentday . .I think Lear is very much a play for the present becausein some way or 'Other, largely owing to the element of testthat I mentioned a few moments ago, it asks very profoundlyand directly, "Man, what are you all about?" It is not a playabout children's ingratitude, but it does fling a tremendouschallenge to all of us here to prove that we deserve ourhumanity. H we are human beings, let us deserve it. What isa man? There is no play that Shakespeare has written, noteven Hamlet, which flings this challenge in the face of all ofus more than Lear does, and we live in a time of tremendouschallenge. We live in a time, we live' on the edge 'Of things.We live in a time when. a bomb may drop. We live in a timewhen the integration of one racial group with another be­COIneS a matter of life and death and of survival. And some­how or other, Lear is the play that touches on all these thingsof today. And therefore, I consider that Shakespeare was ina similar frame of mind when he wrote King Lear.I repeat the speech made by Lear - in the storm:Poor naked wretches, where so ere ye are,That bide the pelting of this pitiless storm,How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,Yourlooped and windowed raggedness, defend youFrom seasons such as these? Oh, I've ta'enToo little care of this. Take physic, pomp;Expose thyself to feel what wretches feel,That thou may shake the superflux to themAnd show the heavens more just.MorTl) CarnovskySheldon K. SchiffTRAINING THE PROFESSIONALThe patent failure of existing health, welfare, and educationservices in this country is an unsolved problem of increasingnationalconcern, While it is related to a complexity of socie­tal factors, it represents a failure of human service profes­sionals as well. As, the extent and complexity of the need toprovide services to growing numbers of people has becomemore evident, it has become equally obvious, that 'the problemwill not be solved by simply increasing the number of trainedprofessionals or the number of traditional 'facilities. or byincreased legislation. Any effort at solution must reconsiderthe role of the professional, the institutions that train him,and their relationship to the effectiveness of the servicesoffered.The graduate schools of the nation's universities have beenthe important traditional source of professional standards ofThe author of this article is. a co-director .of the WoodlawnMental Health Center which has as its ambitious and pioneer­ing goal the relation of psychiatric concepts and practices tothe mental health of a total community. In the seven and one­half years of the Center's existence it has had a profoundeffect not only on the over 10,.0.00 school children in the areaon whom it has particularly concentrated, but in establishinga landmark for a new approach to community based serviceprograms. Dr. Schiff is an associate professor of psychiatry atthe University .of Cbicag»,At left, Dr. Schiff's theory in practice: the nonprofessionalworking together with the professional. ' practice and values, Today they are becoming the focus ofgrowing criticism from an impressive array of sources.In a re�ent convocation address, Edward Levi, president ofthe University of Chicago, stated that while today more stu­dents expect to go to graduate and professional schools thanat. any time in the past, "Much of graduate education haslittle or no relationship to the purposes which it is supposedto serve."Harold Howe, II, former United States Commissioner ofEducation, delivering an address before the American Asso­dation of University Professors stated, "In my view theprocesses that university graduate schools now maintain toserve these ,two special needs of undergraduate education [thetraining in basic knowledge and teaching skills] are inade­quate and inflexible." He argues that it is time for meaningfulchanges and urges "the professors who really run the placeby their rigid control of the departmental structure" to bringsuch changes about.Christopher Jencks' and David Riesman's sociological and. historical analysis of higher education in America, The Aca­demic Revolution, describes "the rise to power of the aca­demic profession." They describe the graduate school as thearchetypical symbol of this "rise to power" and place them­selves among the critics, not the enthusiasts, of graduateschools .. They. are "troubled by the rigidity of the depart­mental and disciplinary categories into which the graduateschools are characteristically organized, and by their emphasis9on training men to write papers rather than to communicatewith students on a face-to-face basis." More generally, theyare troubled by the graduate schools' essentially imperialrelationship with many of the institutions and subcultures ontheir borders, particularly the undergraduate colleges."Outmoded curricula, disinterested teaching, and undueconcern with what William . James denounced as "the phDOct'OPUS," were cited by the Cox Commission's report ofColumbia University students' disturbances 'Of 1968 as im­portant sources of legitimate student ,dissatisfaction. Despitedifferences in style, virtue,' and rhetoric, the description ofthe students' motivation at Columbia, as reported by themembers of the staff of the Columbia Daily Spectator, is inagreement with at .least that part 'Of the Cox Report.In his recent critique, Colleg;e Curriculum and Stud,ent Pro­test, J. J. Schwab, the William Rainey Harper Professor ofNatural Sciences, has 'Outlined as the major deficiencies inmost college curricula a certain conditioning for conformity,and a limited exercise of thought and deliberation. Students,he :says, are rarely encouraged by their training to. "becomea more demanding and discriminating clientele, better ableto distinguish the better and worse among alternative actionsand preferred arguments."Assuming then that these criticisms can be applied a fortiorito. ;graduate and professional schools' curricula, let us examinethe training prQgrams currently in use in our medical schools,teacher-training institutions, and graduate schools of socialwork, in . 'Order to better understand the professional who isthe product of the professional school, and the relationshipbetween the training of the professional and the failure ofhuman services.There has been no. major national evaluation of the medical'school curriculum since the publication of the Flexner Reportearly in this century, and the changes it stimulated have oc­CUFfed in a piecemeal and untested fashion. These efforts atcurricular reform were largely unrelated to any systematicassessment of training deficiencies, nor were there any sys­tematic evaluations of their impact.In 1968 the dean of the Rutgers School of Medicine pub­lished his study of "Medicat School Curricular Reform" inwhich he cited "growing revolution in [medical school] cur­riculum design" in the past two decades e. Increased time forelective courses, earlier introduction of clinical work, andincreased opportunities for medical student research are someof the major changes usually cited as examples of this "revo-10 lution in curriculum. . . ." Despite this assertion, there iscompelling evidence that the direction of this change has notbeen revolutionary. .The rigidity 'Of the post-Flexner medical school curriculumrooted in. traditional teaching methods remains. By far thegravest deficiency is .not only the lack of curricular bridgesacross the diverse medical specialties, but across the other keyhuman service disciplines. The growing emphasis on speciali­zation has increasingly parochialized the student physician'straining and experience, even prior to his specialty training.By depriving him of an. exposure to the breadth of medicalpractice :and problems, and by fostering an early circumscrip­tion of professional interest, the current medical school curri­culum operates against the need for the student to concernhimself with the comprehensive needs 'Of his patient-letalone view such. needs as his responsibility. Convincing thesenior faculty that courses in public health, community medi­cine, and comprehensive medical care are critical to the stu­dent's training or, at the very least pertinent to his profes­sional development, has been a difficult task at most medicalschools.The supposed Reed for additional physicians, medicalschools and hospitals is usually cited as 'One cause of thefailure of health services today, particularly those for thePQ'Or Americans. This charge is usually supported by a nowalmost familiar litany 'Of health statistics describing the highrates of infant mortality, premature birth weights; adultmortality, and the high prevalence of mental illness, tubercu­losis, and other diseases.It should be no. surprise oo aayone that- today the poorreceive less adequate health service than the non-poor. Cer ..tainly the causes are more numerous and complex thanmerely the curricular weaknesses 'Or the inadequate size' ofmedical school classes. What is distressing, however, are thefindings of a recent study by Duff and Hollingshead, Sicknessand Society. Their results strongly suggest that the quality ofmedical care given in a prestigious university training hospitalwas related to the patient's socioeconomic class. The implica­tions of this study as they pertain to' the training of physiciansand 'Other members of the health profession are ominous..Describing some of the possible reasons for the relationshipof . the quality of medical care to social, class, Sickness andSociety cites the inadequate preparation of physicians foranything 'Other than their own specialty interest as a majorfactor. The importance 'Of the ward as a social milieu, thero.le of the nurses aid, the nurse, the intern, the resident,and the attending man" the assignment: of beds, the readiness,of respo.nse, and other social field and organizational issuesare rarely included in a medical school curriculum, exceptperipherally. And yet, these dements of care can often eon­tribute more to. a patient's better reco.very o.r po.o.rer outcomethan the physician's ability to master a dangerous and com­plex diagnostic technique.Psychiatric Residency TrainingMajo.r changes in residency training curricula have notbeen frequently 0.1' easily accomplished, The training of psy­chiatric residents in social and community psychiatry is arelatively recent addition to. most residency training pro­grams. With the exception of Adolph Meyer's efforts atjohns Hopkins University and the early work o.{ WilliamHealey at the Institute for Juvenile Research in Chicago,community mental health training came into. prominence co­incidentally with the passage of the community mental healthcenter legislation.In December 1962, a National Institute o.f Mental Healthstaff committee, interested, in professional attitudes towardthe addition of community mental health training to. univer­sity residency pro.grams, contacted a number of psychiatrydepartment chairmen. It was reported that their response re­vealed a high level of enthusiasm in favor of such institutesand, as a result, a number of regional meetings were heldin 1964. Having been a participant at one regional meeting o.funiversity chairmen, I would suggest that the reported en­thusiasm was related more to the prospects of substantial"available funds than to a . latent interest in revising psychiatrictraining curricula to include community health.This point was made dramatically dear in the speechdelivered by Robert H. Felix; M.D., the 'director o.f theNational Institute of Mental Health, at the close of the meet­ing. He praised the, intellectual independence and criticalskepticism expressed 'at the meetings, and voiced his respectfor many of the concerns presented' by the learned partici­pants. However, he concludedhis remarks with the commentthat all present should note that "this is where the moneyis .... " This rationale for curriculum change differs consider­ably from the. thoughtful conceptual framework Dr. Felixarticulated'i':1 a paper describing the need for changing "TheImage o.f the Psychiatrist: Past, Present and Future."To. day, community mental health training can be found in almost all residency training programs. But a look at howit has been introduced into. pre-existing training curriculareveals that it has rarely been meaningfully integrated intothe curriculum, and even less rarefy has its content beenconceptualized as relevant to. the theories and practices taughtto. fledgling psychiatrists in the past. IIt is not surprising, then, that in most university trainingcenters, the, resident receives a curricular expo.sure to. corn­munity mental health that is isolated from the large bodyof his training. More importantly-despite efforts in some de­partments to avoid placing a status or value rating on certainsegments of knowledge and professional areas of interest­community health has not been accorded "high status." Insome cases, the resident finds that his isolated curricularexposure to. community mental health is, in fact, unrelatedto, or in conflict with, the prevailing values and respect sys­tem of his department ..At this writing, it appears that the original goal of theNIMH regional institutes, as presented in the 1962 letter ofinvitation and as later pursued at the 1964 meetings, has beenonly partially accomplished.' Over time, this partial accom­plishment may be found to. have' been more crippling thanif there. had been no. accomplishment at all. It is, indeed,unfortunate that the more pragmatic rationale for curriculumchange offered by Dr. Felix that evening in 1964 has provedto. be mo.re potent and persuasive than his reasoned publishedarguments. This is a go.o.d example of the danger of inducingprofessional change through the use of the extended greencarrot, or through other similar persuasions,Several post-graduate community mental health trainingpro.grams have been developed in Boston, for example, butthey are primarily institution or agency-based programs and,as such, are greatly restricted in curricular experiences. Theresident tends to. relate to. the community only as an agencyprofessional, complete with the decision-making po.wersusually 'associated with the traditional therapist-patient rela­tionship, and has little contact with community organizations,except through scheduled field visits.Teacher TraimngIn America, the development of compulsory attendance legis­lation was more the result of the intense concern of thecitizens of the community with the physical and moral wel­fare of all children than any specific re-evaluation by theeducational profession. The involvement of the trade unions,IIparent groups, and prominent lay citizens provided thecritical stimulus to the preparation and passage of the com­pulsory attendance laws.As in the case of community mental health, public legisla­tIon was passed before the major technical problems associ­ated with these new mandates had been solved. So while theeducator accepted his new public 'Obligations, he appearedwary of the broadening of his professional role and respon:­sibilities that was required to meet them. Thus, the problemof developing an -effective educational program for a studentpopulation of widely divergent backgrounds, assets, andproblems, did not produce a revolutionary or major changein teaching techniques. Instead, problems which then aroseamong the student population were defined and categorizedas requiring sepacate attention.As student populations grew in size, special departmentswere created which were not an integral part of the publicschool system, but were appended to it. These departmentswere designed to contain the problem so that the studentscould he helped in an intensive, specialized fashion. Teachingin the classroom had to be interrupted, with those childrenrequiring special attention leaving the classroom when neoes­sary, or departing entirely. Teacher-training curricula andeducational practices, developed basically in terms of an"ideal" student population, first became blatantly inadequatewhen the "problem" population became, in fact, the majorityof the urban school population because the "ideal" populationhad lef.t the city.If one considers the techniques, of administration and theteaching practices for the ideal population, one finds littleevidence of effective professional intervention 'Or support'Of any particular �chool 'Or classroom teaching technique oradministrative practice. Equality of Educational Opportunity,a recent report of several studies initiated by the U.S. Officeof Education's National Center 'for Educational Statistics,makes it clear that a $28 billion-a-year public education in­dustry has not produced abundant evidence to show dif­ferential effects of different kinds of schools.Social Work TrainingUntil recent years, the curricula 'Of most graduate schools ofsocial service administration have been based to a high degreeon intra disciplinary specialization. The three divisions 'Ofsocial work practice, casework, group work and communityorganization represent an almost classic example of thejurisdictionalism and uninteg.rated curricula which can exist12 within one profession. The social work student's choice ofa practice, career has been even less free of professionalprestige and status considerations than the psychiatric resi­dent.These status considerations, as in psychiatry, are not basedupon the tested effectiveness of certain practices, but uponeither tradition" ideology, or both. This phenomenon hasbeen a debilitating influence on the acceptance of newtheories and innovative practices.It, is important to note that Charlotte Towle, veteran edu­cator and social worker, has described the same problemin teaching new alternatives in conceptualizing and interven­ing. Unsuccessful efforts' were made in the 1930'S to intro­duce briefer casework methods, to place a greater emphasison client strengths and to 'Open the way for setting treatmentgoals that were shared by client and therapist rather thangoals that were wholly therapist-defined. But in light ofthe increasing prestige and value being given the intensivelong-term casework model, this approach had the disadvan­tage of appearing to lack professional dignity not only in theeyes of the student, but in the eyes of the professional socialworker as well.The Roots 'Of FailureTo a large extent, existing health, welfare, and educationservices reflect the failure of the professional's training. Thetraining in each of the four professions discussed here havea number of features in common that contribute importantlyto this failure.All of these professional training programs socialize theirstudents to a similar standard of values, and to acceptableand preferred theories and practices; in addition, they de­velop a rationale which limits the capacity of the profes­sionals as well as those of their clients. This socializationprocess is the foundation upon which the highly-specializedknowledge and' the individual techniques and practices ofeach. profession are taught. Common to all four professionsare:I • an acute sense of the jurisdictional boundaries be":tween and within professions;2. an elite professional role model pertinent only to an"i.deal" population;3· a rationale rooted largely in genetic determinism;4· an absence of tested effectiveness with regard to theprofessional's ability to perform after matriculation.The criteria most commonly used by professional schoolsto assess the effectiveness of their trammg programs havebeen grades and academic drop-out rates. It has been gener­ally assumed that success in professional school is significantlyrelated to the student's future success as a practicing profes­sional. This assumption has persisted in varying degrees inthe evaluation of schools of medicine, social work, andeducation.But a review of the literature concerned with the relation­ship between grades and later professional success made in1965 by the American College Testing Program revealed verylittle association between the two. This review includedstudent teachers, medical school students, and other profes­sional students.Additional studies of this kind are needed. Until such timeas it can be demonstrated that professional school curriculaare pertinent to professional performance, the dangers ofprofessional trade unionism make change-difficult in anycircumstance-impossible.Certainly there are differences in the degree of optimismor fatalism with which each profession views the humanproblem for which they �re responsible. Education, histori­cally, justified the differential education for the social classeson the basis of Platonic .determinism. This was 'graduallyreplaced as arationale with the advent of Binet's work, despiteBinet's own admonition that his new I.Q. test should not beviewed as a measure of genetic capacity. This argument, asthe recent literature indicates, has not been retired. Psycho­genetic determinism-the view that the first six years of lifehave a pre-potency in determing the future happiness andsuccess of the adult-is a. similar approach to the humancapacity for change.Parents view their children's welfare and capacity differ­ently from the professional. For them, as Emile Durkheimhas said, the children's successful adaptation represents "themeans by which it secures, in the children, the essential con­ditions of its existence." The approach is fundamentally non­deterministic. They want to be assured of a happy, success­ful future for their child, regardless. Such parent views,. optimistic and not fatalistic, often conflict with the lesshopeful, and at times, fatalistic position of professionals inthe human services for whom there exist the concepts ofthe "uneducable child" or the "unmotivated patient" or thewell-known "crock." All these terms represent the profes­sional's admission of his own incapacity and inadequacy tocope with a professional problem. These terms place the bur­den, not upon the professional and his services, but rather on the patient or student.Such professional attitudes have made collaboration withcommunity citizens increasingly difficult within the. past fewyears. When one considers the description of the graduateand professional schools offered by Jencks and Riesman, itbecomes apparent that the development of a successful colla­boration between the "graduate imperium" and the com­munity will not be easily realized. Current curricula areproducing professionals who are oriented toward "deliverysystems," in the phrase currently in vogue, rather than"realization systems.""Delivery systems" implies that health, education, and wel­fare services should be designed and packaged (a role usuallyassigned to the professional) and then delivered (a roleusually assigned to the nonprofessional) to a waiting needyrecipient (a role usually characterized by passivity, ignorance,or other general incapacity). Most important, there is littlein this concept to suggest how the needy recipient can even­tually discontinue the delivery service. The very fact thatthe packager and deliverer require a recipient for theirservices suggests there is a danger of developing a circularsystem which precludes cancellation of service by the re­cipient.A plan for human services based on "realization systems"is a more appealing conceptual and operational alternative.It is a realistic acknowledgement of the wasted resourceswhich exist in the citizens of every community-but particu­larly in poor communities.In middle class communities there are many opportunitiesfor citizens to develop and utilize their personal potential andcontribute to the community. This is not true of ghettocommunities, for not only is each individual's potential lessevident in the ghetto (even to himself), but the very servicesdesigned to assist him, by their failure, confirm his incapacity.While the citizens of such communities do represent a largepool of unrealized human talent and capacity, it does notfollow that these abilities are easily recognized and developedby training .Participation by the citizenry in the design and packagingprocess, as well as in that of delivery, is an optimistic firststep that would allow service systems to help the recipientchange himself and allow the service system itself to evolvein a more human and multi-dimensional fashion. Realizationsystems should be designed so that talent �mong needy recipi­ents is developed and utilized. Such systems involve the betterrealization of the professional as well.The workability of this concept is, however, dependent onthe relaxation of professional lines of jurisdiction' in thedirection of 'integrated functions. It requires also that theprofessional's approach to service include not only an aware­ness of the breadth of his own capacity, but a sensitive under­standing of his role.joint Training Programs: One Attempt at :a SolutionThere is no literature on the joint training of nonprofes­sionals together with a diversity of professionals. Indeed, fewprofessional training program curricula can be found which'are inter-disciplinary in character and approach. Trainingcurricula for both professionals and non-professionals havebeen primarily professionally-based in their approach, if not'. their settings. In general, the reasoning has been that thecurriculum needs for each are quite different.Certainly there . are clear differences in the curriculumneeds 'even within one profession. Still, a strong argumentcan be made in support of joint training programs, particu­larly, since the basic unit of intellectual work is related to thesub-discipline-not departmental structures.The Woodlawn School Mental Health Training Programis one attempt, in one sub-discipline,' to remedy the trainingproblems that preclude the, development of an effective pro­gram in human services. Its curriculum was developed totrain parents, teachers, mental health workers, and otherprofessionals together in mental health concepts 'and tech­niques .. The service goal of this training pIogram is to increasethe mental health resources of the community by trainingparents and professionals to work collaboratively as part of afront-line school mental health response team.The basic organizing principle of this training program'scurriculum is the. Aristotelean concept of diversity: diversityof trainees, trainers, and training settings. Such diversity pre­vents the learning situation from becoming doctrinaire, pro­vides a diversity of training models, and allows for a flexi­bility in considering sites for intervention.In these joint training sessions the parents, rich in lifeexperience and optimistic about change, make a criticalcontribution to the education of the professionals. In turn,the professionals offer the parents an opportunity to under­stand rheir disciplines, rationale, and techniques.This training program has important implications for thecomprehensive training of educators, mental health workers,and other professionals and nonprofessionals. More impor­tant, perhaps, are its implications for the planning of com- munity-wide services which integrate the vast non-traditionalresources of personnel and settings with the more limitedtraditional services and personnel.The development of joint training programs for profes­sionals and nonprofessionals not only enhances the learningexperience of both, but provides a base for collaborativeteamwork which allows greater innovation 'and freedom inplanning mental health and other human services.Few graduate and professional schools offer any real op­portunity for the trainee to experience an environment inwhich he is not a "student" with all that is associated withthat role. As a "student" he has little exposure during histraining to settings that are not insular and authoritarian, orwhere nonconforming independence is highly valued. Theimportance of this phenomenon in the training of the psy­chiatric resident at one well-known university center hasbeen well described by Rubinstein and Laswell in their TheSharing of' Power in a Psychiatric Hospital.Efforts to broaden the context within which the studentviews his role beyond the walls of the clinic or an offic� havebeen largely piecemeal and of limited success. Similar effortsto enlarge the scope of the teacher's role beyond the class­room curriculum have been no more effective. While theremay be good reason to be skeptical of the value of elasticizingthese boundaries, most training centers are equipped neitherconceptually nor physically to provide an adequate test.Training programs for the so-called nonprofessional havefollowed a course similar to that of the professional. Thenonprofessional's training group has consisted exclusively ofother nonprofessionals. His occasional encounters with theprofessional trainee usually find the nonprofessional in therole of trainee and the student in the role of trainer, implicitlyif not explicitly. There is today a growing need in each ofthe human service professions. to develop training programsthat produce broadened professionals. The successful de­velopment of 'realization systems is greatly dependent onconstructive change in the educational goals of our institu­tions of professional training.A CaveatIt is not intended to place all the burden for the failure ofthe human services upon the graduate and professionalschools. It is important, however, to point torhose develop­ments within these training centers which are sources of oneaspect of this failure, and which may indeed irreparablydamage the professions themselves.raeFUTUReOF "eGROAMeRICA"11 I STORYJohn Hope FranklinOne of the most common words in the vocabulary of theprofessional historian is "revision." Historians who claim tohave new data or a new way of looking at old data or a newperspective afforded by time and detachment then examinean event or a period in the light of their new vantage point.The result is a revised interpretation-sometimes successful,sometimes a complete failure-of some well-established andwidely accepted view of history. Thus, a half century agoCharles A. Beard challenged the long held view that; themembers of the Cnnstitutional Convention of 17B7 wereunselfish patriots who wanted merely to ensure the blessingsof liberty to themselves and their posterity. Beard claimedthat the stake of the Founding Fathers in creating a morestable government was prompted largely if not exclusivelyby the government bonds they possessed, the land theyowned, and the public offices they held or-sought.More recently, so�e historians of the Reconstruction erahave argued that the decade following the Civil War was nota, long, dark night of dishonest Negro-Carpetbag-Scalawagrule, as had been claimed for generations. It' was a period,the revisionists said, that was not so long and was a mixtureof good and bad, white and black, . Northern and Southern, management. W. E. B. Du Bois, a pioneer revisionist, calledit "a splendid failure," but for quite different reasons thanhis predecessors had for dubbing it a failure. By the begin­ning of the twentieth century, when American historianswere becoming more "scientific," revisionism had becomea passion if not a fad. If, in the course of his career, the his­torian did not revise some long-held view of history, hehad not altogether fulfilled his mission as an historian,But one of the curious developments in American his­toriography is, that the truly pioneer revisionists were, thosehistorians' who, more than a century ago, and long beforethe principles of 'scientific inquiry characterized the modernhistorian, began to correct the errors, omissions, and dis­tortions regarding Negro Americans. In the 1830'S and 1840'SGeorge Bancroft, his views "redolent with the ideas ofJohn Hope Franklin is the John Matthews Manly Distin­guished Professor and chairman of the Department of Historyat the University of Chicago. We are reprinting the deliveredtext of the first, annual Martin Luther King, Jr. MemorialLecture at the New School for Social Research given on thefirst anniversary of the death of the civil rights' leader.ISJacksonian democracy," was, perhaps, the most widely readhistorian of the United States. And he' was so concernedwith advancing. Jacksonian principles that he neglected to,give much attention to those pioneers from Africa who haddone so much to tame. the wilderness in the New I World. -That was not strange, for none of his predecessors had doneso. Almost immediately, however, James W. C. Pennington,a runaway slave from Maryland, "revised" the exalted Ban­croft by publishing in 1841 his Textbook of the Origin andHistory of the Colored People. In this modest undertaking,Pennington, who was later to be honored by HeidelbergUniversity. with a degree of Doctor' of Divinity, undertookto set the record straight by indicating that Africans hadenjoyed advanced civilizations in the Middle Ages and be­fore, and that they had contributed significantly to thefounding and the development of the New World experi­ment.When Bancroft pursued the history of the United Statesup through the revolution and neglected to mention the roleof Negro Americans in the struggle for the political inde­pendence of their country and in the fight for their ownfreedom, Wilham C. Nell, a Negro American of Boston,had once again to set the record straight. In 1852 he publishedServices of Colored Americans in the Wars of 1776 andf8 12 •. Three years later he issued a substantially revised edi­tion under the elaborate and descriptive tide of The ColoredPatriots of the American Revoltaion with Sketches of SeveralDistinguished Colored Persons to which is added a BriefSurvey of the Condition and Prospects of Colored Ameri­cans. From that point on, no American who was really inter­ested could not know of the exploits of Crispus Attacks,Peter Salem, Salem Poor, Prino€! Hall, Titus Coburn, andhundreds of other brave black men who struggled success­fully for the independence of the United States but whofought in vain for the freedom of the slaves.This revisionism on the part of Negro American historiansbecame the pattern. At the close- of the Civil War there wasa flood of books by white authors recounting the stories ofthe gallantry of the men who saved the Union. Virtuallyevery Union regiment had its historian; and the federal gov­ernment itself smiled on-those who extolled the virtues ofthe white Union fighting man. Even white Northernersavidly read of the .exploits of the white Confederates inField and Fireside, The Land We Love, and other publica­tions of those who had stood against the Union. Scarcelya word was said, however, of the incredible sacrifices of the black men who served in the segregated outfit known as"United States Colored Troops." Not only were they segre­gated, but they also suffered discrimination and were un­able to draw compensation equal to the white soldiers of thesame rank and experience. Noone reading the standard his­tories of the period had any idea of how many black menwon the Medal of Honor or were slaughtered as rebels bythe Confederates who denied them the ordinary protectionof the laws of war. The white historians of the Civil Warneglected to mention them. It was. the Negro revisionistswho challenged the standard histories of the Civil War 'andintroduced the black soldier as the forgotten but remarkablehero in the cause of Union and freedom. (See, for example,William Wells Brown's The Negro in the American Re­bellion, His Heroism and His Fidelity, or Joseph Wilson'sBlack Phalanx or -George Washington Williams' History ofthe Negro Troops in the Rebellion.)It was George Washington Williams, moreover, who pub­lished the first full-length history of the Negro people inthe United Stat�s. A brilliant honor graduate of the AndoverTheological Seminary in Cambridge, a lawyer, and the firstNegro to serve in the Ohio state legislature, Williamsbrought out in 1883 his monumental two-volume Historyof the Negro Race in America. His work was so exhaustive,his style so clear, and his contribution so indisputable thatsome review-ers referred to him as "the black Bancroft."This was scarcely a compliment, for Williams was doingwhat. Bancroft had failed to do: he was revising the. writtenhistory of the United States and he was including in it thosewhom Bancroft had ignored; and he was challenging thelong-held and time-honored view that only white peoplehad contributed to the making of America.Surely one of the most important revisionists of Ameri­can history was the Negro teacher of history who, outragedby the kind of distorted history that he was required toteach the children of his own race, decided to do somethingabout it. One of them was a Negro high school teacher ofRaleigh, North Carolina. His name was E. A. Johnson, wholater was a distinguished member of the N ew York bar anda respected member of the New York state legislature. In189 I, Johnson could no longer bear to teach the kind ofhistory he' had been required to teach; and in that year hebrought out his School History of the Negro Race inAmerica. In the preface to his book, Johnson said:During my experiences of eleven years as a teacher, 1 haveoften felt that the children of the race ought to study someuior]: that noould give th-em a little inf.ormation on the manybrave deeds and noble characters of their oum race. 1 haveojten observed the sin oi omission and commission on thepart .of white authors, most .of «obom seem to have -unittenexclusively [or w�ite children, and studiously left out themany creditable deeds .of the Negro. The general tone .ofmost .of the histories taught in our schools bas been that of. the inferi.ority .of the Negro, whether actually said in somany nuords or implied [rom the highest laudation .of thedeeds .of one race to the complete exclusion of the other ....H oui must the little colored child feel when he has com­pie ted the assigned course in U.S. history and in it foundnot one nuord of credi-t, not one word .of favorable comment[or even one among the millions .of his [oreparents, who havelived tbrougb nearly three centuries .of his country's history,By writing his book Johnson hoped that the Negro childwould never again feel such slight as he had witnessedthrough the years.But this was only the beginning of the revision. Soon,W. E. B. Du Bois would be writing The Suppression of theAfrican Slave Trade, the first published work in the HarvardHistorical Studies. He would later publish The PhiladelphiaNegro, Souls of Black Folk, Black Reconstruction, and manyother historical and sociological works'. Within a few yearsBooker T. Washington would write a two-volume historyof Negro Americans; and countless others would fill . in thegaps by unearthing large quantities of hitherto unknownfacts about the experiences of black people in the' old worldand the New. For example" there were W. H� Crogman'sProgress .of a Race, T. Thomas Fortune's Black and: White,and W. J. Simmon's Men .of Mark, Eminent, Progressive,and Rising. Finally, in 1915, Dr. Carter G. Woodson and hisassociates would organize the Association for the Study ofNegro Life and History; and in the following year theywould launch the [ournol . .of Negro History. For more thanfifty years this Association and this Journal would literallyflood the country with a vast assortment of articles andmonographs on Negro life and history. There would bestudies of Africa, of free Negroes, of Negro soldiers, 'ofNegro schools, of Negro churches, of Negroes during Re­construction, and of -couatless other significant areas ofNegro life. For more than a half century this Associationand its Journal would lead, stimulate, and inspire the Negrocommunity regarding its own past and lead in the fight tomake the study of Negro life and history a respectable fieldof intellectual endeavor. In due time the field' would, indeed, become respectable,Before the middle of the twentieth century it would enticenoronly a large number of talented Negro scholars to joinin the quest for a revised and more valid American history,but it would also bring into its fold a considerable numberof the ablest white historians who could no longer toleratebiased, one-sided American history. Thus, Vernon Whar­ton's The Negro in Mississippi, Kenneth Stampp's ThePeculiar Institution, Louis Harlan's Separate but Unequaland Winthrop Jordan's White ouer Black-to mention onlyfour=rank among the best of the efforts that any historians,white or black, have made to revise the history of their owncountry. In that role they, too, became revisionists of thehistory of Afro-Americans.Even more exciting, in some ways, than the steady build­ing up of a vast literature on the subject of Negro Americanhistory, is the extraordinary demand, in recent years, forthe recognition of this history. It is, indeed, a part of theBlack Revolution, a movement to secure for the black manhis recognition as a man, a citizen, and an equal. It isstrengthened by the realization that an understanding of thepast will assist a people in discovering their own importanceand thus embolden them to formulate more clearly a pro­gram for securing their' complete freedom. It manifests itselfin the demand that books on Negro Arri:erican history beplaced in the libraries, that materials on the subject be in­cluded in the general study �f the history of the UnitedStates, and that courses on the subject be introduced atseveral levels of the educational experience.The response to these' demands on the part of the whitecommunity has ranged from naive to sinister, and numerouspoints in between .. Some have decried the emphasis onNegro American history, arguing that in a land where every­one is an American, it would be unfortunate and misleadingto single out persons of a particular color. In a word, theywould advocate the kind of history with which E. A. john­son had to cope in 1891 and leave the clear inference foreveryone to draw that all participants worthy of mentionwere indeed white. Obviously, such advocates of colorlessand raceless history are mesmerized by the American mythof the melting-pot, where all persons regardless of race ornational origin have been blended into a new' human being,the American, who knows no color, race, creed, or nationalorigin. The myth persists, doubtless subscribed to by millionsof adherents.Others have suggested that any separate treatment of theNegro American is distorting, since it does for the blackman what Illy-white history has been doing for the whiteman for several centuries. There. is something to the argu­ment, but it lacks appreciation not only for the important,prine:lple of revisionism, but also foe the damage that has'been done to an ,entire race of people for many years. Ifthe balance is to be redressed, it must address itself to what'Johnson called the "errors of omission and commission."It must employ the methods of criticism and analysis. to anyso-called history that overlooks with impunity the words anddeeds of a people whose involvement with the history ofthis country antedates the presence of most of those whonow claim to deny them a place in that .history;Perhaps most distressing is that group of whites who saythat it is very well to insist that the history of Negro Ameri­cans should be 'taught-:-in separate <courses or. even integratedwith the rest of American history-but who, at the sametime, claim that it is impossible because of the lack ofknowledge 'of the black man's history. To make such aclaim is merely to admit igllorance. One sees it in the will­ingness of the chairman of an English department who saysthat he would permit a course in Negro literature, but alas,where are the poems, novels, short stories, dramas, andessays that would make up such a course. It can be seen inthe historian who admits that it would be good to havemore about Negro Americans in the history courses if onlysomeone would write something on . the Negro. Americanor if only someone would suggest where one could gee thefacts! It can also be seen in the secondary school curriculumspecialist who, fearing some uprising in the ghetto, dispatchesa few social studies teachers to a summer institute or evena weekend workshop where they can get some material onNegroes with which to enrich their courses in Americanhistory and, incidentally, put out the fires of indignation thatrage in the ghetto.Whether the vesponse is naive or sinister or somewhere inbetween, it is based on a set of fallacies regarding the natureof history in general and especially the nature of Americanhistory. Many persons, confused about whether Negro Amer­icans have a history and evenmore confused about whatto do about it if they do have a history, believe that historyis primarily an account of the great' moments in the experi­ence of mankind. To such persons it is inconceivable thatNegroes could be involved in history," whether it be pastpolitics, or the record of nations possessing a spiritual quality,or the account of man solving the problems �e encounters.18 They farther believe that'. the history of the United Statesis a series of glorious triumphs-of triumphs' over the wilder­ness, over Great Britain, over Mexico, over the mysteries ofscience and industry. Many of these triumphs were forgedby the labor and sweat of Negro slaves; but the justificationfor anything so barbarous as human bondage was that N e­groes were inferior, physiologically, intellectually, and spiri­tually. It is inconceivable, many white Americans convincethemselves, that people; occupying such a low state of humanexistence, could have a history. Indeed, their inferior po­sition in American life could be maintained only if the fic­tion of them as people with no history worth telling couldbe maintained.With such a, point of view it has been possible for his­torians of the glorious American Revolution to tell of theDeclaration of Independence without once mentioning thatthe' first draft contained' a condemnation of the King ofEngland for maintaining slavery and the slave trade. Thisportion of the Declaration was deleted from the final draftfool' the simple reason that the American patriots would notcondemn ::tn institution that they had every intention of keep­ing. These historians' can tell of the fight for independencewithout once mentioning the fact that it was Negroes, slaveand free, who. pointed out the inconsistency of fighting forpolitical independence while keeping black people in thedegraded state of slavery. These historians can tell of theglorious victories of Bunker Hill, Eutaw Springs, and Y ork­town without once mentioning that more than 5,000 blackpatriots fought for the freedom of white men who in turndenied it to them. And they would surely not mention thethousands of Negroes who went OVer to fight for the Britishwhen the British promised them their freedom.With such 'a point of view it has been possible for his­torians to tell of the building of a great nation without tell­ing of the. black man's part in taming the wilderness, plantingthe fields, and ,harvesting the crops. They can tell of theinstitution of slavery without telling of the black man's con­stant and bitter fight against slavery-of his revolts, his run­ning away, his sabotage, and his malingering. They can tellof .the fight to save the Union without once mentioning thefact that l86,000 black men fought in a segregated army,refused to accept discriminatory pay, and did more than theirshare in saving the Union and ridding the country of thebarbarism of slavery.This is the kind of history that has been written, and' thisis the kind of history that has been taught in our schools andcolleges. It is uninformed, arrogant, uncharitable, undemo­cratic, and racist history. It has thus spawned- and perpetuatedan ignorant, self-seeking, superpatriotic, ethnocentric groupof white Americans who can say, in this day and time, thatthey did not know that Negro Americans had a history,This is not the kind of history and this is not the kind ofsociety of which a great nation should boast. We must ridourselves of the spurious and specious teachings of the past.In their place we must teach a history that recognizes theworth of all the people who have worked and died to makethis country what it is today. .As far as the history of Negro Americans is concerned,this does not involve as much of an effort as some wouldbelieve. To be sure, we need to do more research and writemany more works on the history of Negro Americans, asindeed we need to do in many other fields. But there arealready hundreds of first-rate historical works dealing withthe history of Negro Americans that could occupy the- at­tention of teachers and others for years to come. Such worksgreatly illuminate our understanding of the history of thiscountry. The book called The Tragic Era, written by ClaudeBowers in 19.29, castigates, misrepresents, and blasphemesthe role that Negro Americans played during Reconstruc­tion. It has sold several hundred thousand copies since it waspublished. More than any other work in this century it isresponsible for the twisted, distorted, and uninformed viewof the Reconstruction era that prevail'S. even today. On theother hand, Black Reconstruction, by W. E. B. Du Bois, thatsuccessfully refuted much that Bowers wrote and that revisedour understanding of Reconstruction, went out of printshortly after its first modest printing in 19'3:5- and. did notappear again, because of the lack of demand, until I 964�When Horace Mann Bond's seminal �ork on Negro Edu­cation in Alabama was published in 1938, it provided the bestview of Alabama Reco�struction that we have. But it was'ignored by historian and layman alike, and it remained outof print for almost thirty years. Many other historical workson Negro Americans that have not gone out ·�f print haveremained on the she�ves,. dusty, unread, and ignored, Andthis country is all the poorer for its own narrow view ofwhat constitutes its own history.We are now. in the midst of a great renaissance regardingthe history of Negro Americans. Workshops, seminars, in­- service courses, institutes, and a dozen other arrangementsherald a new day in the study of the history of NegroAmericans. Colleges and universities are establishing divi- sions, departments, and majors in what is called BlackStudies: Publishers are 'Iiterally pouring out handbooks, an­thologies, workbooks, almanacs, documentaries, and textbookson the history of Negro Americans. Seldom Has there beenso much activity in a field so recently ignored and bypassed.Soon, we shall ha:ve many more books than we can read;indeed, many more than we should read. Soon, we shall havemore authorities on Negro history than we can listen to;indeed, many more than we should listen to.There is something both amusing and tragic about theway in which the great and not-so-great colleges and uni­versities are reacting to the Black Revolution. It is remi­. niscent of the scramble to catch up with the Russians afterthey sent up their first sputnik in 1957. Perhaps the olderones of this generation can recall the panic and desperationthat characterized the' approaches and actions of officialsboth in Washington and in higher education to that momen­tous event. Enormous" sums of money were expended to ac­celerate the space program, to set up area and languagestudy programs, and to identify and encourage those whocould benefit from such efforts. Soon, resources were dis­tributed in any and all directions; and it became possiblefor one to enjoy a National Defense grant not only to studyastrophysics and' the Russian language but also to study. theAmerican frontier as well as juvenile delinquency and familydisorganization. Left to its own devices, American highereducation moves slowly, if at all, to adjust to the changesthat take place all arou�d it. After Sputnik, however, Amer­ican higher education would never be the same.Today, our colleges and universities are engaged in a far­reaching revision of their curricula to assimilate and ac-'commodate Black Studies. They are also engaged in a wide­spread talent search not only for black students but also forblack professors. Some are even defying the Civil Rights Actof 1964 and setting. aside separate living and eating facilitiesfor black students. Some of them have gone so far as to pro­vide "soul food" for black students, apparently not realizing,in their effort to achieve peace in our time, that fried chicken,turnip greens, and corn bread are as important to the cuisineof Southern whites as to that of Southern blacks.It is clear that the most vigorous effort to revise the cur­riculum is in the field of history. Literally hundreds of col­leges and universities have, in the past two years; introducedcourses in the history of Negro Americans. Within the nextyear or two several hundred more will add such courses.In this, as in other responses to the black revolution, manyI', institutions are acting with a speed that can hardly be de­scribed as deliberate. Overnight they have established coursesand placed them in the hands of persons whose gr,eatest talentseems to be in wringing their, hands and desperately trying .to find out something about the history of' Negro Americansbefore the beginning of the next meeting of the class. Igno­rance abounds not only among would-be white teachers ofblack history but also among would-be' black teachers 'Ofblack history. They make urgent requests for assistance.White teachers write with an air of desperation and help­lessness and plead for as�istance in the plans their collegeshave made to begin courses in black history immediately.Black teachers write with an. air of. triumph, saying that they'have forced the college to teach a course in Mack historyand they would appreciate it if one would send them, byreturn mail, a course syllabus, a bibliography, and a sugges­tion for a textbook.The tragic fact is that there are not sufficient competentteachers to meet the demands.' Some institutions are withoutguilt, for they have not been engaged in the training 'Of his­torians of any description. Many of our most distinguisheduniversities, however, that have been the centers for thetraining 'Of historians, including Negro historians, must sharethe responsibility for the present state of affairs. Until quiterecently theyhave not encouraged whites to study and writeabout the history 'Of N egro Americans. Although they havetrained virtually all 'Of the Negro historians, they have notencouraged them to join their own enterprise of teachingand research. Instead, they have seemed immensely pleasedto see their most gifted black historians become members 'Ofa segregated educational enterprise knowing all too wen thatconditions in such places were not conducive to scholarlyresearch and teaching. The supreme irony is that now thosesame institutions are scouring the countryside in the 'effortto locate and offer professorships to those viery black his­torians whom they trained and then sent into' exile.There is. a story making the rounds these days that mustbe apocryphal, but it illustrates the point. It is reported thata certain Eastern university has reestablished contact withone of its Negro Ph.D. graduates of the 1930'S, now teachingin Texas. A letter to him, written by a former fellow student,now Chairman of the Department of English, goes somethinglike this:Dear Joe: It has been ages since 1 have seen anything ofyou. I heard that y ou were it the last several meetings ofM.L.A., and I am terribly sorry to have missed you, but you2'0 know ho'w those awful meetings are. I have tried to keep upwith you just the same. I. remember the impressive thesis youwrote on Phyllis Wheatley, and I am delighted that you'were able to get an article published from it. By the way,Joe, we baue decided to introduce a course in Black Litera­ture. We niere talking about it to several students a few daysago, and they thought it was a good idea. They wonderedwhere 'we could possibly g(n someone to teach it: That gaveus a real laugh, for we had you in mind all the time. Thisopportunity comes at the right time, for old Professor [obn­son (Remember him?) is about to retire and we want youfor his chair. It would be great to have you back here, atlong last; and the black students will be delighted. Let mehear from you by return mail, [oe, and tell me that you willaccept. Salary and [ringe benefits are no trouble, a mere de­tail .. All the best. Cordially yours, Tommy.One can almost hear the nervous laugh of the chairmanas he tries to convince his former schoolmate. that he shouldcome and get him off the hook. One can also see the coldindifference of the chairman to "standards" in this case thatwould he rigidly maintained were he considering the intro­duction of a course on Anglo-Saxon or Chaucer or Melville.His erstwhile "buddy" may well he the greatest living au­thority on Black Literature, but the chairman not only doesnot know it, he does not care. Somehow, Black Literature isdifferent; and if the students want it and if good old Joewill come and teach it, it won't do much harm, and it willhelp to maintain peace. One hopes the story is truly apocry­phal, but it need not be. The tragic fact is that there may bea dozen similar true stories today, as our colleges and uni­versities scramble to set up courses in black economics,sociology, psychology, literature, and history and as theyscramble to engage, the personnel to man them.It will take much more than new books, new authorities,and new programs of 'study to achieve a really new andurgently. needed approach to the study and teaching of- thehistory of N egr'O Americans. What is needed by all whowould teach and write in this field is a new way of lookingat the history of the United States and a new way of teach­irtg what has happened to this nation since its beginnings.The history of the United States is not merely the historyof a few generals, a few -Presidents, a few plant.ers,' and afew industrialists. It is a history 'Of all the people, rich andpaor, exalted and humble, black and white and yellow. Andall of these people have been human beings, not subhumanor pariahs, but people worthy of the blessings of liberty andthe rights of equality. All of them have been involved in thehistory of this country in every way, at every step, even ifthe role they played was by assignment and not by. choice.And if. there were slavery, injustice,. unspeakable barbar­ities, the selling of babies from their mothers, the breedingof slaves, lynchings, burnings at the stake, discrimination,segregation, these things tO'O' are a part of the history of this'country. If the Patriots were more in 100ve with slavery thanfreedom, if the Founding Fathers were mO're anxious towrite slavery into the Constitution than they were to' prO'tectthe rights of men, and if freedom was begrudgingly givenand then effectively denied for another century, these thingstO'O' are a part ,O'f the nation's history, It takes a persO'n ofstout heart, great cO'urage, and uncompromising honesty to'1000'k the history of this country squarely in the face and tellit like it is. But nothing short of this will make possible a re­assessment of American history and a revision of Americanhistory that will, in turn, permit the teaching of the historyof Negro Americans. And when this approach' prevails, thehistory of the United States and the history of the black mancan be written and taught by any persO'n, white, black, orotherwise. F or there is nothing SO' irrelevant in telling thetruth as the cO'IO'r of a man's skin.But telling the history of the black man in America is to'insist for this history what we have insisted for history ingeneral. The history of Negro Americans is SO', rich, SO' fullof drama, indeed so fun O'f great' moments, that it needsneither embellishment nor exaggeration. Alexander Crum­mell of the nineteenth century and William Monroe Trotterof the twentieth century do not need an assist from any ofus to transform them into great fighters for human dignityby any standards. Paul Cuffe, Martin Delany, and MarcusGarvey can stand O'n. their own records and, happily, theywere articulate enough to' leave that record for all to' see.But, surely, there were others=nameless, anonymous, de­spised, and neglected=who were studiously ignored byearlier historians, but must not be neglected by those whowould revise the history O'f the United States. The black strikebreaker had a cause that transcended the sO'-called. principlesO'f lily-white trade unionism; and he must not be neglected.The black sharecropper had a part in transforming the eco­nomic life of the South; and he must not be neglected. Thenew techniques that the new social history has developedwill be especially important in enlarging our vision andknowledge of the inarticulate and even the oppressed. Thesetechniques will be a boon to' the future study of the history of Negro Americans.In the future, Negro American history must not becomethe' exclusive tO'O'I for those who want to' use it for narrowpolitical purpO'ses. Those who seek to' use it in such a man­ner cannot be prevented from doing SO'; and perhaps that isjust as well. From the beginning of time history has beenused in that way. But it must become and must remain some­thing else=something much more important, something muchmore intellectually defensible, and something much moresignificant than the handmaiden of the political advocate oreven the social reformer. It must become and must remainthe sobering force in American life, the balance wheel in theAmerican experience, the ground on which American histori­cal scholarship can be tested. From the vantage point andperspective that it provides, it can be a most powerful .fac­tor in the continuing movement to' revise American history.In this way it will perform much of the task of the politicaladvocate and the social reformer.The history of the United States is not nne great successstory, and it is not the recounting of the deeds of perfector near-perfect men. Many of its military triumphs werepurchased at a fantastically high price-at the price of. segre­gated armies, discrimination in the treatment of its blacksoldiers, and the insults by the white .civilians of the blackmen who were giving their lives to' prO'tect the whites. Manyof its industrial triumphs were purchased at a remarkably highprice-at the price of 100w and discriminatory pay to Negroworkers, the inhuman discriminations by labor unions, andthe exploitation of defenseless Negro labor that was used onlyin disputes between management and white unions. Manyof its advances in civilization have been purchased at theprice of creating a society that is racially exclusive, wherehousing, education, and even the means of survival havequalifications of race rather than reason 0'1' human capabil­ities. These triumphs", bought at SO' dear a price, are not thework of perfect or near-perfect men .. They are the work ofa people curiously insensitive' to' justice and equality.If we are to' have a history worthy of the principles oftruth, we must revise our way of looking at nUl' own history,that is, -the history �f the United States. 'We must be willingto' teach a history that is itself revisionist, The search fortruth is never-ending, but the way to' begin is to' be willingto' seek it. Only in this way can we arrive at that point in ourwritings and our teachings where what we tell about our pastis inspired more by justice than by pride and where truth,though strange, is more important than fiction, 021These prophecies for the eighth decade by eleven pro­fessors at the University of Chicago and three otherseers were drawn from a "From the Midway" radio pro­gram that was broadcast New Year's Day on more than125 radio stations across the United States and Canada.For a complete transcript of the program, available forone dollar, write to the Office of Radio and Television,the University, of Chicago, 1307 East sotb Street, Chi­cago, Illinois 60637. Illustrations from Stanislav Lubien­iski, Theatrum Corneticum, Amsterdam, 1667. Repro­duced courtesy of the Special Collections, University ofChicago Library.There's an old Chinese curse, "May you live in interest­ing times." Obviously this curse has been visited upon usin the sixties now entering the seventies. Now whetherit becomes a blessing is for man himself to determine.This program is about the next ten years. Although thesixties are behind us, most of the problems we face arefollowing us into the seventies. In the sixties man-mademachines became more sophisticated, more intricate,thrusting man to the moon, feeding him answers to com­plex problems, sending him close range pictures of Mars,but as the machinery of man's technology functionedmore smoothly, the machinery of institutions began tobreak down and government became more entangled inits own bureaucracy. Violence shattered campus seren­ity, bringing great universities to. a halt. Church tra­ditions were abandoned. And the formula for livingpeacefully with each other continued to elude us. Inthe seventies these problems are not by some suddenmagic going to disappear. They will still confront us,aggravated by an exploding population, and a deterio­rating environment. What will we do about them orpropose to do about them? Ten years ago we ques­tioned whether we'd get through another decade with­out bombing ourselves into extinction. We somehowsurvived. But so did the question, which was put toHans Morgenthau. HANS MORGENTHAU, the Albert A. MichelsonDistinguished Service Professor of Political Science andHistory: It's very difficult to say. There isn't any doubt,that both sides recognize the desirability o,f corning toan agreement concerning the limitation of nuclear arms.Everybody, in theory at least, recognizes that whenyou are able to destroy your prospective enemy tentimes over it doesn't make any sense to increase yourpower to be able to destroy him fifteen times over. Andyour enemy, who is capable of destroying you only sixtimes over, isn't for that reason any inferior to you.I talked to a very eminent Russian just a couple of weeksago who told me it's too late for an arms control agree­ment. We have done too much in the field of nucleararms. I don't know if this is the official position butcertainly it is the position of a man who is one of themain experts in the Soviet Union on the United States.MARTIN E. MARTY, professor in the DivinitySchool: Will the young people have a new kind ofchurch and will they be religious? I would answer yes.They won't necessarily go to places called synagoguesor parishes or churches. I think we're undergoing agreat transformation, of the kind a culture has everytwo hundred years in which those institutions may playa somewhat smaller role, but their space is taken up byall kinds of other events-response to the mass media,rock festivals, Viet Nam moratoriums, cells on campus,key groups-there are thousands of ways in which peo­ple are finding each other and gathering around certainsymbols which they're treating the way people used totreat other religious symbols. Now the church may bothfind operation in such a world more complicated andmore promising than the world it left a few years ago,the world in which we were told that everyone wasgoing to stop asking questions of meaning and of rele­vancy and of purpose. 1 think they're asking it againand the church might speak meaningfully in such a time,and it might flub it.RAMSEY CLARK, former United States AttorneyGeneral: I think as long as we need a substantial mili­tary presence, and unhappily I think that's going to befor the foreseeable future, even if we're so blessed as toget out of Viet Nam right away, that we need to thinkin terms of a continuous selective service system, a con­tinuing draft. It is of the utmost importance that wemake that draft system fair, and the lottery scheme ISthe only fair way:THE REVEREND ANDREW M. GREELEY,lecturer in the Division of the Social Sciences and pro­gram director of the National Opinion Research Cen­ter: We're going to need a very special kind of personthrough the seventies. I'm not optimistic about that. Iwould be inclined to think we will have an increase inmysticism and a decline in militancy. I think the pro­test movements are probably very close to their lastthrust and that many of the frustrated militants willbecome mystics, will become dropouts and I would viewthat with some dismay. The lapse of enthusiasm forpolitics I think would be most unfortunate. I'd like tosee three characteristics of the new politics-compassion,wit, and desire to learn. I think it's time we have donewith scapegoating, of finding people to blame, youknow, to make Lyndon Johnson or Clark Kerr orJames Perkins villains. We must have compassion forblacks and also compassion for whites. Compassion forthe third world and compassion for American ethnics;compassion for the poor and compassion for the rich.Anyone who needs to over-identify with one class inorder to establish his own validity is I think somethingof a fanatic' and, there is no room in my vision of thenew politics for somebody who wants to find wholeclasses of people guilty and other whole classes of peoplevirtuous. And I think closely related to this is a needfor humor. I kind of feel sorry for young people todaybecause most of them are going to live to be I 15, andthat'll mean they'll be over thirty for eighty-five years. JULIAN LEVI, professor of urban studies: There isone prediction that I'm absolutely certain of, and thatis that the people of the 1970'S will curse this generation,will curse what this country did in the 1950'S and the1960's. The brutal fact is that this country from its verybeginning has never faced up to the problem of race.We had an opportunity to do it. We didn't do it. Takethe Kerner Report as an example. The fact is that nota single national leader has seriously taken the KernerReport as the basis of a platform. You'll find talk aboutthe pathology which the report describes, you'll find thereports of national \ commissions on violence, but all ofthis comes back to one simple proposition that apparent­ly no one' is ready to espouse, and that is that the factof color simply must not be permitted to make any dif­ference whatsoever in American society, and until weget to that point nothing we will do amounts to any­thing.PHILIP HAUSER, professor of sociology: I quiteagree with the emphasis Professor Levi puts on the raceproblem. White racism which simply doesn't budge, isincreasingly being met, certainly at the extremes, withblack racism, which means that you may have withinthe black community itself as within parts of the white. community, tendencies to create indefinitely an apart­heid society. And I think the kind of questions thatPresident Lincoln raised back in the nineteenth centurymay again be applicable about whether this nation canlive as a dual society. There's another kind of problem,too, one I think must be faced but so far our generationhas ducked. The new generation probably has morereason to be disillusioned with its elders than any gen­eration in the story of man. And between the blackrevolution and the revolt of youth, I. think this nationmay be forced to re-examine its priorities. A reorder­ing of national priorities, I think, means in effect draw­ing up a new bill of rights, an urban bill of rights, andthe enforcement of the old bill of rights calling forequality and opportunity for everybody in this land.DR. ROBERTS. DANIELS, associate dean of theDivision of the Biological Sciences and associate pro­fessor of psychiatry, on the possibility of some kind ofuniversal health insurance: Cost per day in hospitalshas increased markedly in the last five years. Healthnow takes up more than five per cent of the gross na­tional product and it looks like we're moving towarda level of perhaps seven or seven and one-half per centin the next few years. Currently a fifty-three billiondollar system, the health industry in the 1970's willprobably be the largest industry in the country, and itseems likely that we're going to have to have somecontrols on cost. It also seems likely that we're goingto have to have some programs to insure broader andmore effective medical coverage for all populations. Itis likely that the question of universal health insurancewill become a major political issue in the political cam­paigns of 1972 and 1976 and that the health system maybe the first to be impinged upon with reference to avariety of state and governmental controls, so the de­cisions we make in reference to the health system maybe crucial in terms of the decisions we'll be makingabout society in general.JOHN HOPE FRANKLIN, John Matthews ManlyDistinguished Service Professor of History, assesses thegrowth of black studies in, the seventies: In the future, Idoubt that everything that's published and that dealswith Negro life will be as hastily accepted as it is nowsimply because it happens to deal with the subject. Asthe market gets satiated and 'as knowledge increases, thepower of discrimination between good writing and badwriting in the area of black studies, will be significantlyincreased. This of course will be a most welcome devel­opment, for a great disservice is performed by those whosee in this drive for black studies merely an opportunityto make a quick dollar. In the end, I think that blackstudies will become a normal, legitimate, accepted partof the curriculum of our schools and our colleges.26 SAUL BELLOW, novelist and professor on the Com­mittee on, Social Thought: In the midst of all this noise.and agitation, you ask yourself, what is going to happento literature, and not just contemporary literature butthe whole literary tradition. We hear from all kinds ofprophets that literary art is going to disappear, thatbooks are going to disappear, that images are going topre-empt books, that sound and images are going toeliminate all this. Well I don't know. I'm afraid thatpeople are getting a little too rapid in their prophecies.There is still a seriousness about existence which cannotbe supplied by the mass media and I doubt that in theforeseeable future the media will be able to supply thiskind of human need, if you take it to be a profoundhuman need. Otherwise there's no use talking about it.It's either a serious human demand that comes from thesoul of mankind, or it's nothing.THEODORE LOWI, professor of political science:My prediction would be that there will be a great dealmore centralization in the next few years unless theconstitution, the courts, the Presidency, the leadershipin Congress, the national business leadershjp and so on, .were overwhelmingly hypocritical with regard to theiradoption of the national value of equality in human re­lationships, non-discrimination. If they are as I feel theyare, really quite sincerely committed to that, if theycan do it without violent revolution, and certainly it'spossible to do it, then we're going to see a great dealmore clarity in law, a great deal more sternness withrespect to the use of it and in fact a great deal moreclear and unilateral application of legal coercion to themiddle classes. This is where the pinch is going to come.You cannot change behavior patterns without a centralplan, without a central determination to bring aboutchange through law. So it'll be an adjustment, the con­tradictory patterns of centralization and decentraliza­tion will either result in some really hair curling spreadof violence" or centralization will ultimately win outuntil the revolution in human relationships is completed..On the other hand, MIL TON FRIEDMAN, the PaulSnowden Russell Distinguished Service Professor ofEconomics: The economic outlook beyond the currentyear is very, cloudy because it does depend on whathappens within this coming year. We need an era ofsteadiness instead of the stop-go policies that the federalreserve has engaged in the past. I believe that if we canget by the difficulties that are now being raised by thepresent federal reserve policy, we have a good chanceto have the right kind of monetary policy. There is areal hope because the Nixon administration has beenvery effective in slowing down the growth in govern­ment spending; it has shown a desire to decentralizepower and to have a greater degree of power left inthe hands of individuals like you and me and in thehands of the local community, As a result, I am veryoptimistic indeed about the 1970'S provided we can getthrough this next year without a severe 'economic. con­traction. The reason I am troubled about such a con­traction is partly for its short-termed effect, but evenmore because it will create enormous political pressureto engage in inflation once again as a means of bailingyourself out of a temporary difficulty. If we get through1970 without a turn toward a more inflationary policy,then I am extremely optimistic indeed about the pros­pects of the 1970'S as a whole.THE REVEREND JESSE JACKSON, director ofOperation Breadbasket: A profound change is comingas blacks move from a kind of superficial social inte­gration based on skin color, to a kind of economic inde­pendence, based upon collective buying power, that willperhaps ultimately lead to some kind of economic inter­dependence. Unless the economy expands enough toaliow them' to have a Job or an income, or to have jobscomparable to jobs they've had historically, there'sgoing to be a real bloody kind of confrontation. Whatwe're essentially saying now, is that we .not only wanta minimum income, we want a livable income. CARL CHARNETT, director of Chicago's GatewayHouse, a therapeutic community for ex-addicts: I thinkthe United States has already turned into a drug-ori­ented culture. The advertising media bombard individ­uals with vehicles by which they can escape. Don't findthe causes of your discomforts, insulate yourself fromthem synthetically by using a chemical. Don't commu­nicate with the people around you,' escape from thepeople around you. I think this is very very damagingand here we're telling our youngsters don't use drugs,and their first source for drugs' is the medicine chest intheir own horne. Mommy takes her amphetamines forweight reducing, Daddy takes his sleeping. pills so hecan get a night's sleep, and two martinis when he comeshorne from work so he can speak to the old bag. Andthese same people are telling their kids don't use drugs.And they're not communicating, they're not beinghonest. So I think our society is going off the deep end,really. 'DR. DANIEL X. FREEDMAN, professor and chair­man �f the Department of Psychiatry at the Universityof Chicago'S Pritzker School of Medicine: I don't thinkwe've ever confronted as we're going to confront rightnow and for the next five tb ten years the collision oftechnology and its consequences. I think we're comingdown to the nitty-gritty. Can we pull out of whatwe've produced, the monsters we've produced, the pol­lution and so on? Pay-off time is corning, pay-off timein terms of population explosion, and in terms of thetechnological explosion. So we're going to have to corneto terms with values. The hard decisions as to howyou're going to live in this age of leisure, are really here.I would read articles back in the, thirties and the fortiesabout what's going to happen when we have a bravenew world. Well, we've got it. It doesn't look so braveand the only thing that's new about it is we're notgoing to be able to duck it for too much longer.27George StarbuckDIZZINESSATTHESPECTACLE O,FTRANQUIL!ITYIt's [969,Soul, do you read me? Finemeteoritic dustaugments the earth's crustat the expected rate,but processes of latewithin the ecospheresteeply accelerate.We're blowing out of here.If you dig ferment, it's a vintage year.Nations explode while thinbeams of eiectrons inevacuated tubesballyhoo to the rubesone more Apollo shot.You shudder at such hotephemerality?Are you or are you notglued to the same TV?Let yourself go, you grudging s.o.b. Be swayed, as at Cadizthe melon-farmer is,whose arms among his vineshang like fathom-linesas if that heaving netwith its round floats were setto buoy him earthward fromsome deepest venture yetinto a trackless, glumand galaxy-infested medium.Be shaken, as beneathBroadway, with his teethbone-dry to the windof a subway labeled IND,the schoolboy is, his legsguy-wires as he begs. of them one nuance more,as if along that dregs'and outcasts' corridorone captain-of-his-fate still held the floor.Give in to it. Be drownedin Lybias of sound,each grain of it a clamor,each with its own mad grammarof contrarieties,as if a vast uneaseconvulsed itself to builda white sound like the sea'sIto which it could be stilled,its mountains levelled and its valleys filled.Stare into blankness. Findwandering in your mindold heroisms-eachlonely and out of reach,pacing an endless sandfrom which again you standoff at full sail, aflauntwith silks of Samarkand,spice of the Indies, gauntlascars' and malays scrambling at command.Cellmate of mine, be shook,get taken, take the hookof any line at allthat offers. The free fallof simpletons for smiles,cosmopolites for styleshopelessly recherche,is the free fall that whilesthe heavy worlds awayas of great moment, as of here, today.IOr if the whole pretensedemeans yeu, if your senseof light years and the tento the tenth power of tenworlds you can never knowescaping you is so. exquisite, be a stone.Compose yourself of slowhalf-lives against whose knownauto destruct worlds calibrate their own.Die. Short of that, the trickis to hang on: the sickdizzinesses, the briefecstasies of reliefwhen the whirl outwhirls the whirlyou're caught in: when some girldances until she dropseverything. and the pearlhangs in the Ethiop'sear like the poet said and' nothing stops; Or when the very gangof Dugway and DaNang,the excess-profits boyswith their Chinese-New-Year toys,run lunatic and turninto a great. concernof spin-off experts, freejust once, in one last burn,to match speeds with the seaand call themselves (why not?) Tranquility.George Starbuck workedfor a MA in the humanities atthe University of Chicagountil 1957. In 1960 his bookof poems, Bone Thoughts, waspublished as part of the YaleYounger Poets series. He iscurrently director of thedistinguished Writers Workshopat the State University of Iowa.Quadrangle :A(£wsUrban Bill of RightsThe United States Constitution needs anUrban. Bill of Rights to supplement the presentBill of Rights, according to Philip M. Hauser,professor of sociology at the University ofChicago."The present Bill of Rights," he said in arecent talk, "was developed in an agrariansetting." The Founding Fathers did not, 'norcould they have been expected to, anticipatethe great population and technological changeswhich the United States has experiencedsince its founding, Hauser said."We.in the State of Illinois realize thatthe state constitution is outmoded, and it isHOW being subjected to revision," he said."The United States Constitution also requiresrevision," 'Hauser explained that provisions to makethe interests of society "paramount over thoseof the individual" are especially significant.Such provisions "would in effect modify, present provisions in the Constitution whichplace the rights 'of the person above those ofsociety," he added. 'He charged that present 'Constitutionalprovisions, "as interpreted by the U.S. Su­preme Court, actually prevent urban areas inthe nation from dealing effectively withorganized crime with which cities have beenafflicted for more than half a century."School Lunch ProgramThe National School Lunch LitigationConference, sponsored by the 'Children'sFoundation of Washington, D.C., was heldin December at the Center for ContinuingEducation, attended. by approximately ,eighty-five attorneys and scholars from acrossthe nation. 'The Conference focused on the failureby Chicago and other school systems toprovide lunches free or at reduced pricesas provided by law to children: who cannotafford them. Julian H. Levi, professor of urbanstudies at the University and co-chairmanof the Conference, said that though federalfunds for school lunch prqgrams have beenavailable since 1946, in many cases the money has been diverted for other purposes.Charles U. Daly, president of .the Children'sFoundation and former vice-president of theUniversity, said research conducted by thefoundation showed that "of' the eight millionchildren whose families cannot afford the costof a school meal, five million do not receivealunch under the programs which ca� forfood to be provided free or. at reduced cost."Student .ombudsmanA fourth-year student in the undergraduateCollege of the University of Chicago, withan unbelievably appeopriate name, has beenappointed student ombudsman at the campusfor the I(1)�70 academic year. As student, ombudsman, he will receive student grievances,directing them to the appropriate people,and instituting investigations into those cases ,where a review by his. office seems warranted.His name is Steven A. Cope.RosenheimDespite mounting federal and local expendi­tures and an increased awareness of needs,welfare has received relatively . little concen­trated scholarly attention.This is the basis for the new Center for, the Study of Welfare Policy established atthe University of Chicago 'and directed byMrs. Margar-et K. Rosenheim, professor in theSchool of Social Service Administration.The Center, according to Mrs. Rosenheim,is a means for giving welfare policy theattention it deserves, and encouraging sus­tained interdisciplinary efforts to evaluate'existing welfare programs and institutions.Organ and Brass ConcertAn Evening of Organ and Brass was heldin Rockefeller Chapel, on Feb. 24 'at 8:30 p.m.,with Edward Mondello at the organ, Pro­fessor R. Vikstrom, conductor, and theChicago Symphony Brass' Ensemble. Theconcert is sponsored by Student Government,and the proceeds of the concert will supportthe Early Child Development Program and the projected Community Education Centerat the First Presbyterian Church, both ofwhich are designed to enable black childrenin Woodlawn to cope with the complexproblems of life in the ghetto.Funds raised by the benefit performancefor the development of the CommunityEducation Center will be matched by con­tributions from the Friends of' the FirstPresbyterian Church. Edward Mondello andProfessor Vikstrom have generously offeredtheir services for the' concert.African Rock PaintingThe oldest accurately dated African rockpainting has been found by a University ofChicago anthropologist., The painting wasdone by a Stone Age artist more than 2,400years ago, and has been unearthed byRonald Singer, professor of anatomy, anthro­pology, and evolutionary biology at theUniversity, and his research team.The painting, which shows a Stone Ageman or woman swimming above four dolphins,can be accurately dated because the site insouthern Africa was beautifully stratifiedand completely untouched.U of C Bookstore FireThe University of Chicago Bookstore,damaged by fire October 23 and vacant sincethen, moved into temporary quarters in theStagg Field Laboratories, 1020 East 57thSt-reet, until its ultimate fate could bedetermined.Harlan L. Davidson, general manager ofthe U of C bookstores, unable to. fillrequisitions, thanked everyone "for your .cooperation and patience."Lunar FindingsThe University of Chicago had six principalinvestigators, the largest group affiliated withany university, at the four-day meetingin Houston of the National Aeronauticsand Space Adrninisration (NASA)" wherereports were given on the lunar rocksgathered on the Apollo II mission anddistributed to scientists across the country.Among the preliminary assertions were:I. that the moon's surface, was formed atmuch higher temperature than that of theearth which would explain the absence ofwater;2. that the similarity of the composition of can reveal objects as small as two-and-a-halfangstroms (about ten billionths of a meter)in diameter. 'In forecasting the future development ofam electron microscope revealing subatomicparticles, Dr. Humberto Fernandez-Moran,the A. N. Pritzker Professor in the Depart­ment of Biophysics, predicted that it wouldmoon rocks and terrestrial rocks suggest that 'the earth and moon were formed in the samepart of the solar system;3. that the moon is a solid. body with littleor no liquid inside which would explain whythe moon "rang" when it was struck by theApollo rocket. . "someday permit us not only to predict,but also to design life at the molecular level.Scientists will have a power more awesomethan any ever imagined. In turn, they win havethe grave responsibility of using this powerwisely."MicroscopesProfessor Albert Crewe, a professor of physicsand in the Enrico Fermi Institute at theUniversity of Chicago, has built two powerfulscanning electron microscopes, with a mag­nification capacity of five million. A thirdmicroscope, still more powerful, which Crewehopes to have built by next year, is expectedto indicate whether or not he can build thefirst microscope to reveal objects as small asan angstromin diameter, the' approximatediameter of most atoms,Currently t the most powerful microscopes Flight Plan to the MoonAlbert Pick, Jr., president 'of Pick HotelsCorporation and life trustee of the University, 'has given the University of Chicago a copyof the flight plan of the Apollo 1 I voyageto the moon.The flight plan, together with a photographof the crew, was autographed by astronautsNeil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and MichaelCollins. Pick purchased the copy of theApollo flight plan for $1.0,.000 early in Octoberduring the annual grand auction benefit forthe University of Chicago Cancer ResearchFoundation. Pick presented the space mementoes recentlyto Edward H. Levi, president of the Uni­versity, saying he hoped it would be housedin a location which would afford students andfaculty the opportunity to study details .ofthe journey.. A. J. Carlson Animal ResearchThe A. J. Carlson Animal Research Facilityof the University of Chicago was dedicatedSaturday, November 15, in memory of theSwedish-born physiologist who worked morethan fifty years at the U of C.The $4,75.0,.00.0 building is a rectangular,two-story, underground structure, and isintended .to provide a convenient, wellequipped area for the support of researchwith properly kept animals. The staff willconduct independent research in comparativemedicine that is expected to result in animprovement in, the selection of animalspecies, development of a wider range ofexperimental animal models, and improvementin methods of laboratory animal husbandry.Budget Committee, TuitionNoting that the fiscal year 1970-71 will beone of financial stringency, the Deans' BudgetCommittee of the University of Chicagohas recommended a three per cent increasein the University's academic and businessbudgets and tuition increases of $225 for allstudents in the 197.0-71 academic year and of$15.0 per year each year from 1971-72 untilfurther notice. The report is now underconsideration by the officers of the Universityin consultation with the deans.NASA GrantsThree grants totalling $433,928 have beenawarded to. the University of Chicago by theNationa!l Aeronautic� and Space Administra­tion (NASA) for studies of cosmic radiation.cloud composition, and the origin, age, andcomposition of meteorites.,IGhicago �ooksandduthorsTHE OPPENHEIMER CASE;SECURITY ON TRIALby Philip M. Stern,with the collaboration ofHarold P. Green, AB'42, JD'48THF END OF LIBERALISMby Theodore J. Lowi,professor of political scienceAt first glance these two books could hardlybe more dissimilar-one is the story of theRobert Oppenheimer security trial told inpersonal and highly impassioned terms andthe other is a textbook, written by a politicalscientist about the nature of pluralism. Yet .both books arrive, one by accident, the otherby design, at a critique of the contemporaryliberal state.On the night of Saturday, February 18,1967, Robert Oppenheimer, the "father ofthe atomic bomb,' died at the age of sixty-two.Physicists around the world mourned thepassing of a genius, mourned the "shabbytreatment" that he had received during histoo brief lifetime. It was said by some thathe had died of a broken heart,He died, actually, of cancer of the . throat,a less maudlin, more terrible fate, and ofanother kind of cancer, so this angry, power­fnl, well documented book charges'; thecancer of the American security system.]. Robert Oppenheimer contributed hand­somely to his own destruction, there is nodoubt about that. Throughout the thirtieshe moved in far left circles, he was theintimate of one who flirted with the idea ofpassing secrets though not in fact doing so.In the forties, disenchanted with the Bombhe had "fathered," he argued against thedevelopment of the "super" bomb though heknew it to be inevitable. On occasion hetestified against former friends; there wasa not thoroughly admirable performancebefore HUAC in which he was so cooperativein his testimony that then Congressman Nixonwas led to conclude that "we are mightyhappy we have him." He publicly, insistently,and caustically humiliated ABC Commissioner Lewis Strauss, who was never to forget it.In his total inability to suffer fools gladly, hegratuitously alienated and insulted those whodid not agree with him. He was flat-out wrongin his estimate of Russian scientific capacities..But he was never, by any reasonablestandard, what he was finally convicted ofbeing: a "security risk." In 1947, having found'that he had "clearly demonstrated his loyalty,"the AEC granted him a full security clearance.In 1954, the Oppenheimer case againcame up before the AFC. There were twenty­four allegations made against him, twenty­three of which involved events that had takenplace before the unanimous clearance in 1947.The twenty-fourth charge was that "you'strongly opposed the development of thehydrogen bomb on moral grounds."Incredible, that word again, incredible.Yet in between 1947 and 1954 there had beenAlger Hiss, the Rosenbergs, Klaus Fuchs.There had been the Russian bomb. Eisenhowerwas elected to office 'On a mandate to ridthe federal government of subversives. LewisStrauss, nQW Oppenheimer's undeclaredenemy, had assumed the chairmanship of theAEC. The McCarthy Era had begun.And so in an extra-legal process that wascruel, tragic, and illegal, Oppenheimer wastried, quotation marks, and condemned,no 'quotation marks. According to Stern,there were three hallowed legal principlesviolated: (I) that no man be tried twice forthe same offense; (2) that there be a timelimit between commission of the 'Offense andthe judgment, and (3) that no person be heldaccountable for an act lawful at the timehe was engaged in it. But there were otherprocedural injustices, no less grave. Oppen­heimer's lawyer Garrison was denied accessto the security files to which the prosecutionhad full access. A secret report was 'submittedto the hearing containing charges neveranswerable by· the defense. The case wasdecided not by.a jury of peers but by five men. ( only 'One a physicist, and the. only one torecommend clearance), one of whom wasa powerful personal enemy. Surely theterms "kangaroo court" and "star chamber" are not unjustified.Robert Oppenheimer was tried not for hisradical past 'Of the thirties but for his un­orthodox opinions ("I have blood on myhands" he is supposed to have said to Truman)'Of the forties, during the hyper-orthodox era'Of the fifties. But the McCarthy Era did notend with the death of the senator. TheMcCarthy Era lives on in the sixties in theproliferation 'Of loyalty tests and the secretsecurity dossiers=fourteen million in DefenseDepartment files, eight million in civil servicefiles-sand the uses to which they have beenput. They have been illegally used by poli­ticians seeking 'Office. Scholars have beendenied security clearance for long past par­ticipation in leftist student organizations.In .1969, the Navy brought charges of seditior(punishable by death) against a sailor for.'Off duty anti-war writings. In 1969, a Navynurse was court-martialled and sentenced tosix months at hard labor for participatingin an anti-war demonstration. The McCarthyEra lives on in the use 'Of ingenious sur­veillance devices, wire tapping against privatecitizens-sa procedure of dubious legality as ye1unresolved by the Supreme Court. TheMcCarthy Era lives 'On in recent speechesinveighing against freed 'Om 'Of speech aspracticed by the national networks.What then' is security? Suppose RobertOppenheimer had n'Ot been cleared (as hewas by the Army) in 1943 as he took chargeof the Los Alamos laboratory? What if hehad been tried for his unorthodox opinionsthen, before he had "fathered" the atomicbomb? What would that have done to our"security"?The answer provided by The Oppenheime1Case is to put an end to the proliferation ofthe security system. If loyalty tests and secretsecurity dossiers continue to proliferate and ifas it seems likely in this new era of theseventies, radicals also continue to proliferate,one sees emerging a wild, uncontrollable,cancerous proliferation, not a healthy one .We could become, as this book suggests,a supposedly liberal society in which "every­'One speaks with guarded tongue," in whichEveryman is "the government's agent, theeyes and ears of the national police force."It is with the theme of proliferation thatProfessor Lowi deals in a more rigorous,fundamental, and ultimately radical way inThe End of Liberalism.From the 1930'S on through the SecondWorld War and our astonishing emergenceas a world power, we have seen the steadyexpansion of government and governmentalactivities-agency upon regulatory agency,power groups and countervailing groups allacting in wild discord-and it is this pro­liferation that is the source of the crisis our'nation is in today."The crisis of the 1960'S is at bottom apolitical crisis, a crisis of public authority," .writes Lowi, "government itself is the' problem.... Indications should have been clear enough.Protests and militancy, black and white, arethe outward signs of decaying respect forpublic symbols and destroyed trust in publicobjects. Governmental effort on' a scaleunknown in the Western' world seems. tooffend more beneficiaries than: it ingratiates.The emergence of hostilities long suppressedreveals the awesome possibility that thenational political system is no longer capableof maintaining the ideal of one nation in­divisible."One by one, Lowi scrutinizes �n areas ofthe system, taking apart the happy and popularnotion that pluralism, with its division ofcountervailing powers, works. Clearly, he.says, it does not. Instead there is the un­planned chaos of our loudly lamented cities,for example, where there is such a "divisionof powers that the real sources of the crisisof our time fall into a no man's land amongduly constituted but politically impoverishedgovernments within the metropolitan region."Instead youhave a "regulatory agency" likethe security system which exercises its in­vestigatory powers in such a way as to beultimately illegal, as in Oppenheimer's case.The answer is not in the formation of yetanother committee nor increased governmentspending nor any of the other liberal placebos.The answer is in a return to constitutionalism, to what Lowi calls "Juridical Demccracy,">a restoration of rule by l�w, administrativecontrol and, planning, legislative and juridicalcheck. "Ultimately the solution will be foundin restoring respect for institutions and theroles assigned to' them.".Lowi says at the outset that his book is a"textbook ... a polemic." One wonders if abook can be both, and it can. The End ofLiberalism is an examination of ideology,executed with the hard, thorough care of ascholar. But it is also a deeply felt polemic .about the needs of society, written withwarmth and grace and wit. It is a book one. feels immensely privileged to have read.Brief GlossesTHE UNEASY EQUILIBRIUMby Odin W. Anderson,professor of business and sociologyAn examination of the private and publicfinancing of health services in this countryfrom 1875 to, the enactment of Medicare in1965, in which the health services are seen asa result of the "uneasy equilibrium" betweenmany factors-the discoveries of science,industrialization, rapid increases in wealth,rapid growth of a large middle class, 'shifting.political philosophies and strategic socialcompromises. That the gross expenditure forhealth services has reached the staggeringheights it has today, raises the question as towhether they "should be subjected to a formof regulation or control ... [but] So far,methods of control are exceedingly crudeand probably useless, in any scientific, sense."This hook received the National Associationof Blue Shield Plans 1969, Norman A. WelchMemorial Award.WITH ALL ITs FAULTSby Fairfax M. Cone,chairman of the Board of TrusteesFrom the man who brought you Kleenex,Clairol, Kool-Aid, Kraft dinners and, alas, Edsel, here is a "candid account of fortyyears in advertising," written by a founderof one of the nation's top advertising agencies,Foote, Cone and Belding. Although "notinfrequently discouraged by its uses" Mr. Conehas written what is essentially a defense ofthe much maligned advertising business, feel­ing as he does that "with all its faultsadvertising is necessary in our times" and thatif a product lacks excellence, the advertisingcampaign, no matter how expensive, exten­sive, intensive, is bound to fail.33PrqfileMandel Hall, October 16, 1969. Roger H.Hildebrand, professor of physics and in theEnrico Fermi Institute, was inaugurated asthe twelfth dean of the College. In hisinaugural speech he addressed himself pri­marily to' the students. "The responsibility formaking the College live," he told them, "fallsfirst of all uPQn YQu. Y QU have enunciatedyour expectacions, You: have told us that youare seeking values and meaning, that you wantto' know what it is to' study for the joy of it,and hQW one can serve the world, But wedo not give courses in values, or meanings,or joy, or service. We offer things like physicsand chemistry and political science and liter­ature because these are substantive things thatcan be taught, and it is in the experience ofstudying these that yQU must somehow realizeyour expectations," ,These promising y�t uncompromising wordsperhaps personify the new dean of theCollege, as a man qualified to' bridge the'generation gap, a man who speaks the languageof students today, a man. who can use theword "involvement" without putting it into'quotation marks because he too believes ininvolvement,"Here at the University .of Chicago," hesaid, "QUI' most celebrated example of in­volvement was the creation by Enrico Fermiof the first self -sustaining nuclear chainreaction at a time when Nazi boots trampedthe soil of conquered nations .... We wereinvolved again when ••. our ProfessorJames Franck tried to' prevent the droppingof the atomic bomb on Japan. We were evenmore deeply involved when Edward Leviwrote a bill of particulars against militarycontrol of atomic energy."Yet involvement and values and meaningand yes, jQy, come out of work and disciplineand creativity and mastery and these havebeen the forces that have shaped RogerHildebrand's life. Born and educated inCalifornia, Hildebrand received an AB inchemistry and a PhD in physics from theUniversity of California at Berkeley. Heworked at the Radiation Laboratory therefrom 1942-1951 and has been a professor of34 physics at the University of Chicago since1952. His research has been in the fields ofastrophysics and cosmic rays and elementaryparticles.His father Joel Hildebrand, a distinguishedchemist, encouraged his four children to'master any worthwhile. pursuit. Hence theystudied literature and painting, learned all thetrees in the Sierra forests, learned hQW to' swimand dive and sail. When Roger Hildebrandlearned to' ski, he became captain of the skiteam. When he learned to' mountain climb,it was the Matterhorn. When he graduatedfrom college, it was Phi Beta Kappa. Whenhe became a teacher, he received the QuantrellA ward for excellence in undergraduateteaching.. In turn, Hildebrand seems to' have inspiredhis own tour children to a similar kind ofbreadth, to' a mastery of many things. Hiseldest SQn, Peter, for example, while a studentin the College, set track records and wasnamed to' the All America crQSS cQuntryteam. At the same time, however, he WQna prize in national competition for writingthe best undergraduate research paper in thefield Qf meteorology,One of the changes Hildebrand hopes to'effect as dean is an answer to a complaint thathas been voiced by students across the country,that students do f?ot see' enough of thescholars and "great men" of the University.Hildebrand agrees. "When talented menchoose to' gather on the fringes of the College,they should somehow get into the action ....0\:11' distinguished professors of law, for .example, have given great service to' theUniversity; but as fat' as College teaching isconcerned, one could say that with a fewnotable exceptions they might just as well beat Harvard." 4Thus the students of the College (whomHildebrand finds "responsive, stimulating,exasperating, generous, unpredictable, creative,troublesome, and on the whole excellentcompany") have in their new dean a rarecombination-sa sternly learned scientist, adisciplined teacher, a humorous man who VQWShe will not just come out on ceremonial , occasions "to' demonstrate twenty seven wayof saying no," and a boyish-looking fatherwho speaks the language of the studentsand is neither overawed nQr angered by whthey have to' say. The answers to' theirquestions and demands lie in the hard workof mastery and creativity. "Among all hum:institutions," he concluded, "the college isthe one whose daily work is to' produceand display the evidence that man is worthsaving. It is the tasks of creation, regeneratioand survival that we tacitly agreed to' pursuewhen we came here. When a college becomea factory for producing socially-certifiedcitizens it is not the design of an evil estab­lishment; it is the natural cQnsequence ofcollegiate drifting .... The college becomesa thing of character only when it is conscioiof an underlying purpose, a purpose sharedand understood. NO' college likes to' say outloud what we have. just implied-that it isthere to' insure man's survival, to' raise hisaspirations, and to' show his' promise, Ther-eality of the campus is always tQQ far frorrthe dream. But if we understand that goal (something like it then we will know whatstandards to' set for ourselves and whatwe must strive to' offer the tormented world<u£lumnt·�wsClub EventsBOSTON: The home of Edwin Kuh was thescene of a holiday reception for prospectivestudents in the Boston area on December 29.Leonard K. Olson, associate dean of theCollege and associate professor 'Of humanities,attended from the University. Elliot Lilien.is chairman of the Boston Schools Committee.CINCINNATiI: On February 3, -Gecffrey C.Hazard, Jr., professor of law, spoke on"The Collapse of the Judicial System" at ameeting held at the University Club. Dr.Han K. Kim served as chairman and MissLouise Fletemeyer handled reservations.DENVER: On December 29, the home of Dr.and Mrs. Melvin M. Newman was the scene.of a holiday reception for prospective studentsfrom the Denver area. Kenneth J. Northcott,professor and chairman of the Department ofGermanic Languages and Literatures, attendedfrom the University. James H. Thompsonis chairman 'Of the Denver Schools Committee."A Dream Play on Othello," produced byJames O'Reilly, director of the Universityand Court Theatres, and Virgil Burnett, asso­ciate professor of art and director 'Of theBergman Gallery, was performed at theHouston Fine Arts Center on January 20.Mrs. Melvin M. Newman, president of theDenver Club, served as chairman for theevent.Los ANGFlLES: On December 5, the newPasadena Art Museum was the scene ofcocktails and dinner followed by an illusrratedlecture on "Art Now and History," presentedby Joshua Taylor, professor of art and the,William Rainey Harper Professor 'Of theHumanities.Prospective students in the Los Angeles areawere entertained on December 27 at the home'Of Dr. and Mrs. George W. Weth.eriU.Alumni and undergraduates home for theholidays were on hand to greet the students.Herbert L. Kessler, associate professor of artand College humanities, attended from theU niversity.On January 22, "A Dream Play on Othello"was performed at the auditorium 'Of Oeci-36 dental Center and was followed by a reception.Alexander Pope is president.of the Los AngelesClub.NEW YORK: Kenneth J. Northcott, chairmanof the Department of Germanic Languagesand Literatures, joined alumni and vacationingundergraduates, to greet prospective studentsat a reception 'On December 15 at the LambsClub. Susannah D. Gross is chairman of thpNew York Schools Committee.'On January 22, Julian Levi, professor ofurban studies, spoke to alumni on "UrbanAmerica- 1'97'0" during a meeting held at theLambs Club. A. David Silver is presidentof the New York Club.PHILADELPHIA: Prospective students wereinvited to a reception on December 29 atthe home of Mr. and Mrs. Edward A. Ide. 'In addition to alumni and vacationing under­graduates, George Playe, dean of under­graduate students land professor of French,was on hand to greet the students. Mr. andMrs,. Thomas Karras served as chairmenfor the event.PITTSDUR(iH: A holiday reception for prospec­tive students was held at the College Clubon December 2'9. Roger Weiss, associateprofessor 'of social science, attended from theUniversity. Mrs. Richard E. Wendt,. Jr.was chairman for the program, assisted byThomas Murray, president of the PittsburghClub, and Mrs. EInar Olson of the PittsburghSchools Committee. .PORnAND: A holiday reception for prospectivestudents was held at the horne 'of Mrs.David E. Lofgren on December 20.ROCHESTER: A reception for prospective .students was held at the home of the RochesterSchools Committee chairman David J. Lyonson December 29. Attending from the Uni­versity was Lorna P. Straus, assistant professorof anatomy and biology and assistant deanof undergraduate students.SAN DIEGO: t'A Dream Play on Othello" w:as performed at the Sumner Auditorium onJanuary 21. C. Harley Booth served as chair­man for the event!SAN FRANCISCO: A reception followed theperformance of "A Dream Play on Othello"at the Mark Hopkins on January 23. AlanMaremont is president of the San FranciscoC�. 'WASHINGTON, D.C.: Prospective students inthe Washington, D.C. area were invited toa holiday reception at the Press Club onDecember 29. James W. Vice, dean of fresh­men, attended from the University.On January 28, alumni gathered at theFreer Gallery of Art to hear George C.McGhee, special representative to the chair­man of the Urban Coalition, and Julian H.Levi, professor of urban studies, discuss thequestion, "Can We Save Our Cities?" StephcP. Simonds served as moderator for theprogram.Forget the dreary winter weather. Look ahetto a glorious June weekend on the Midway.ALUMNI REUNION-JUNE 12 AND 13, 197.0TOURS: Robie House, Oriental Institute,Rockefeller Chapel, The Henry Hinds Laboratory for the Geophysical Sciences, Campiand community by bus, Walking tour ofcampus; FACULTY FORUM: Hans J. Morgen­thau, the Albert A. Michelson DistinguisheService Professor of Political Science andHistory "A Foreign Policy for the SeventiesTHE ALUMNI LUNCHEON AND AWARDS CERE­MONY; THE PRESIDENT'S RECEPTION; THEINTERFRATERNITY SING; THE AFTER-THE-SINGFLING; Cuss REUNIONS.Mark your calendar and make plans now. BIon hand as the University of Chicago entersa new decade.Class NotesI 5 COLLEEN BROWNE KILNER,. Ph-B' I 5, isauthor of Joseph Sears and His Kenil­worth, recently published by the Kenilworth .(Ill.) Historial Society. The book presentsnostalgic glimpses of the village life and his­tory of the town which became known asthe "Tuxedo of Chicago."IN MEMORIAM: R. Stanley Kneeshaw,"MD'I5; Charles I. Madison, phB'I5; MarySturges Thomas, phB' 15.19 JEANNETTE RIDLON PICARD, SM'I9, aconsultant to the' director of NASA'SManned Spacecraft Center in Houston, wasthe featured, speaker at a recent ARCS (Achieve­ment Rewards for College Scientists) Foun­dation luncheon in Beverly Hills (Calif.).The only American woman to hold a sphericalballoon pilot's license granted by the Federa­tion of Aeronautique International, Dr. Picardrecalled some of her experiences as a pio­neering balloonist. She was presented with aplaque making her the first honorary mem-ber of the group which raises scholarships forcollege science or engineering students.2 I RACHEL F. BROWN, SM'2 I, phD'33,received an honorary degree, in Junefrom Hobart and William Smith Colleges,Geneva, N.Y. Dr. Brown and her associate,Dr. Elizabeth L. Hazen, are credited withthe discovery of nystatin, the first antifungalantibiotic safe enough for human use. Theresearch leading to their discovery of the drugWas done on behalf of the Division of Labo­ratories arid Research of the New York StateDepartment of Health.IN MEMORIAM: James L. McCartney,SB'2I, 'MD'23.22 RICHARD F. FLINT, ss'az, ph-o'25, theHenry Barnard Davis Professor ofGeology at Yale and world-famed authorityon the glacial geology of the last several mil­lion years, had an international conferenceheld in his honor, entitled "The Late CenozoicAges." Professor Flint, whose research andvoluminous, writing have been devoted to theQuaternary Period of the Cenozoic Era, re­tires. next June ending a forty-five year aca- demic career. He has been the recipient ofnumerous awards and honorary degrees.IN MEMORIAM: Vories Fisher, phB'22;Lorraine Lucas Sinton, phB'22; John D.Werkman.u-hs'aa.24... S. VERNON MCCASLAND, AM'24, phn'26,is co-author with GRACE E. CAIRNS,phD'42, and DAVID C. Yu, phD'59, of Religionsof the W orld, released a short time ago byRandom House, Inc. Dr. McCasland was aprofessor of religion at the University ofVirginia from I 93«r67.IN MEMORIAM: Orlan E. Bonecutter,phB'24, AM'30; W. Robert Jenkins, phB'24;Meyer A. Perlstein, SB'24, MD'27.25' JOHN I. BREWER, SB'25, lVID'29, phD'36,, chief of obstetrics and gynecologyat Passavant Memorial Hospital and professorof gynecology and obstetrics at NorthwesternUniversity, has been chosen the first medicalstaff president of the proposed Women'sHospital and Maternity' Center of Chicago.Dr. Brewer has been president of the Ameri­can Gynecological Society, is a fellow of theRoyal College of Obstetricians and Gyne­cologists of England, and is a regent of theA�erican College of Surgeons.26 EDMUND JURICA, phD'26, a pioneer inthe use of visual materials in the teach­ing of biology, has been named head of thebiology department at St. Procopius College,Lisle, HI. A member of the faculty therefot over forty years', he was involved in theconstruction of the' St. Procopius observatoryand designed its sixteen inch reflectortelescope.IN MEMORIAM: Charles Du Bose Egan,,LLB'26; Grover D. Motherwell, phB'26.27 JOSEPHINE HARRIS CURTIS, phB'27, was. awarded an honorary doctor ofhumanities de.gree by St. Mary's College(Notre Dame, Ind.) at their Decemberconvocation. She was hailed for her effortsin South Bend, Indiana's civil rightsmovement.IN MEMORIAM: Hercule Paulino, JD'27. 28 CARL BROMAN, phB'28, recently gavea piano recital at Mary Baldwin Col­lege, Staunton, Va., where he is head of themusic department. Dr. Broman, who was pre­viously conductor of the Lutheran BachSociety of New York, has appeared as pianosoloist with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra.PAUL H. NESBITT, AM'z8, pho'38, has beennamed head' of the University of Alabama's de-I partment of anthropology. Before joiningthe Alabama faculty in 1965, he was a profes­sor of anthropology and director of theArctic-Desert-Tropic Information Center atMaxwell Air Force Base (Montgomery,Ala.).WILLIAM B. SCACE, phB'28, investmentadviser, is also a long time hot rod enthusiast,and he recently qualified for membership, inthe 200 MPH Club after a run at the Bonne­ville Salt Flats (Utah). The Club, of whichMr. Scace is presently the' oldest member, islimited to drivers who have exceeded 200MPH two ways over a surveyed recordcourse.IN MEMORIAM: Jacob D. Brennard, phB'28,AM'30; Lyle Harper, phB'28; Rufus Olden­burger, AB'28, SM'30, phD'34.29' . EDMUND T. BENSON, SB'29, who re-cently retired after twenty-one yearsas geologist in the planning and economicsdepartment of Service Pipe Line, Co., hasestablished a geologic consulting and evalua­tion office in Tulsa, Okla.MELANIE LOEWENTHAL PFLAUM, phB'29.Mrs. Pflaum's fourth novel, The GentleTyrants, the story of a French-Americanfamily'in Chicago from the time of the GreatFire to the present' day, was recently publishedby Carlton Press. She is teaching in the Eng­lish Department of Inter-American Univer­sity, San Germain, Puerto Rico.IN MEMORIAM: William H. Brown,phB'Z9, JD'30; Leon R. Gross, phB'29, JD'30.30 LOUIS E. RATHS, AM' 30, adjunct profes­sor of education at Fredonia StateUniversity College, is author of Teaching forLearning, published recently by Charles Mer-37rill of Columbus, O. His book, the resultof twenty-five years of interviewing teachersacross the country, establishes ten guidelinesby which he feels teachers can and shouldbe evaluated.IN MEMORIAM: Henning J. Anderson,AM'30; Thomas M. Hodges, JO'30; VinitaV. Lewis, phB'30.31 DONALD H. DALTON, SB'3I, Washingtonattorney, was elected to the board ofdirectors of the Bar Association of the Districtof Columbia for a two-year appointment. Heis also on the board of directors of theLegal Aid Society of the District of Columbia,and is co-chairman of legal aid of the Inter­American Bar Association. His daughterDoris-is a 1965 U of Cgraduate.MINA SPIEGEL REES, PhD' 3 I, was selected thefirst woman president of the American Asso­ciation for the Advancement of Science, thelargest scientific organization in the UnitedStates. Or. Rees, currently dean of the graduatedivision of the City University, of N.Y., hastaught mathematics at Hunter College, beendirector of the mathematical science divisionof the Office of Naval Research, and dean ofHunter College. She has always liked workingwith mathematicians, she says, because "I likethem better as people."33 HUGH DALZIEL DUNCAN, MA'33, pho'48,. '. last spring was named Researcher ofthe Year at Southern Illinois University wherehe is a professor of English: and sociology.His sixth book, Symbols and Social Theory,,has just been released by the Oxford Uni­versity Press. An organizer of the movementto save famous Chicago buildings, such asRobie House and the Garrick Theatre, Dr.Duncan received a mayoral appointment tothe Original Landmarks Commission ofChicago.IN MEMORIAM: Royden Dangerfield, pho'3 I.34 ASSOCIATE JUDGE HOBART W. GUNNING,. phs'J4, Jo'36, has announced his can­didacy for the Republican nomination ascircuit judge of the Thirteenth Judicial Cir­cuit of Bureau, Lasalle and Grundy Counties in Ill. He is completing his nineteenth yearof judicial service.MARTIN RIST, PhD'34' has been awarded anLLD degree by the University of Denver inrecognition of scholarship and librarianship.Affiliated with the Denver institution forthirty-one years, he was both professor ofNew Testament and Christian history andhead librarian of the Iliff School of Theology.IN MEMORIAM: Francis E. Merrill, AM'J4,phD'37; Thurba M. Schrader, phB'34.3S ELLMORE,C. PATTERSO. N, AB'35, p.residentand director of Morgan GuarantyTrust Co. of N.Y., has been elected to theboard of Standard Brands. Mr. Patterson, whoalso serves as chairman of the finance com­mittee of the Carnegie Endowment for Inter­national Peace, is a trustee of the Universityof Chicago as well as of several philanthropicorganizations and hospitals.ROBERT H. PEASE; phB'35, MBA'47, senior vicepresident of Draper and Kramer, Inc., theChicago based mortgage firm, is 'president-, elect of the Mortgage Bankers Association ofAmerica. Mr. Pease, who has just completeda term as MBA'S vice president, received theirdistinguished service award in 1954.37 DOROTHY BRIDAHAM, AM'37, has been, .named assistant professor at the Schoolof art, the University of Denver. Mrs.Bridaham, who studied in Europe on grantsfrom the Belgian American Foundation andthe Carnegie Foundation, was formerlyfine arts editor for The Denver Post andTbe Chicago Sun.38 JOSIAH WHITNEY BENNETT, AS' 38, is. a diplomat-in-residence assigned topolitical science at Kansas State U niversity thisyear. He formerly served as public affairsofficer in Taiwan and Israel, as counselor ofembassy in Nigeria, and was deputy directorfor Far Eastern affairs in the State Department.FRANCES OLOHAM KELSEY, phD'38, Mo'50,director 'of the Investigation Drug branch ofthe U.S. Food and Drug Administration, wasawarded an honorary doctor of sciencedegree by St. Mary'S College (Notre Dame, Ind.) at their December convocation. Dr.Kelsey is credited with keeping the drugthalidomide off the market in 1962.39 KULLERVO LOUHI, AB'39, MBA'4°, pho'5:has been named dean of the College (]Business and Graduate School of BusinessAdministration at Michigan State University.Dr. Louhi, whose academic career spanstwenty-nine years, held teaching and administrative posts at the University of Chicago.PAULINE ROBERTS, SB'39, a physician formerl'based in Los Angeles, is on the academic staffof the Christian Medical College in TamilN adu, South India, and is medical officer incharge of a new urban health program.FRIEDA WEITZMAN ARKIN, AB, 40. Publicatioiof Frieda Arkin's first novel, The Dorp, hasbeen announced by Dial Press. She has alreadyearned distinction as a writer of short stories,some of which have been reprinted in Marth�oley's Best American Short Stories for1962 and 1964.40 CLIFFORD M. HARDIN, x'40, formerchancellor of the University ofNebraska, is now secretary of agriculture inPresident Nixon's Cabinet.H. WYSOR MARSH, SB'40, has been appointe,to the staff of the Navy Underwater SoundLaboratory on a consulting basis. He willserve as staff advisor in the application ofadvanced concepts and theories to problemsin underwater acoustics and, in addition, willconduct individual research studies as partof the laboratory's continuing emphasis onfoundation research and independent explora-, tory development. Dr. Marsh was previouslywith the Raytheon Co., Portsmouth, R. I.ALICE T. ScHAFER, SM'40, pho'42, has beennamed the Helen Day Gould Professor ofMathematics at Wellesley College. She hasalso taught at Swarthmore College, the Uni­versity of Michigan, Douglass College, DrexelInstitute of Technology, the University ofConnecticut and Connecticut College. She amher husband, who is professor of mathematicsat MIT, .have-rwo sons.WILLIAM L. SLAYTON, AiJ'40, AM'43, has beenappointed executive vice president of theAmerican Institute of Architects. He haswritten extensively in the field of urban re­newal and has been honored with the GoldMedal Medallion of the British Royal Institu­tion of Chartered Surveyors.IN MEMORIAM: Peter Michael Sullivan,AB'4°'41 JOSEPH A. GREENWALD, AB'41, has, received the Presidential appointmentas American ambassador to the Organizationfor Economic Cooperation and Development.Mr. Greenwald takes on the post withtwenty-two years of experience equallydivided between Washington, where he hashelped formulate American trade policy,and Western Europe, where he hasoften represented the United States in thecomplicated and delicate negotiations thatset down the ground rules for business be­tween nations.ANITA JOHNSON MACKEY, AM'4�' supervisorof the Santa Barbara (Calif.) branch officeof the V et�rans Administration Social WorkService, is' currently teaching a course atSanta Barbara City College entitled "Indepen­dent Studies for Community Action." Activein numerous service clubs and organizations,Mrs. Mackey is chairman of the labor andindustry committee for the NAACP.HATTIE PIERCE, phB'4I, was. recently honoredfor her outstanding service and the timewhich she has spent publicizing the UnitedNations through Porter CO��lty, Ind. Ata coffee held at a League of Women Voter'sforeign policy workshop, she was presentedwith a ,citation signed by many of the PorterCounty groups which she has aided.42 DAVID H. HELLER, SM'42, phD'p, ispresident-elect of the Loop Campusof Chicago City College, where he has beendean since 1965. Dr. Heller, who is listed inWho's Who in the Midwest and in AmericanMen of Science, was formerly assistant deanin charge of Crane Campus of ChicagoTeachers College-Soath.:JOHN R. TOBIN, JR. MD'42, chief of cardi­ology at the new Loyola University bospitalin Maywood, m., has been appointed chairman of the' department of medicine at: the LoyolaUniversity Stritch School of Medicine.Formerly chief of staff of Cook County hos­pital, Dr. Tobin is author of numerousscientific publications on various diseasesof the heart.44 JAMES PRITCHETT, SB'44, trained andpracticed some years as a lawyer butabandoned the law for the stage. Currentlyplaying Dr. Matt Powers in "The Doctors,"the daytime television drama, he has alsoappeared in "The Secret Storm," and "As theWorld Turns." On Broadway he appeared inTwo for the Seesaw .. ,ROBERT C. SORENSEN, AB'44, AM'48, phD'54,has been re-elected president and chairman ofthe board of Foster Parents Plan, Inc.,New York City, an international social servicesagency which provides for the sponsorship,care, training and well-being of children inSouth America' and Asia. Dr. Sorensen,president of the Sorensen Group, Inc.,.management/marketing counselors, is a fellowof the American Sociological Association. I4S ROBERT M. CHANOCK, SB'45, MD'47, chiefof the Laboratory of Infectious Dis­eases of the National Institute of Allergy andInfectious Diseases, has received the SquibbA ward of the Infectious Diseases Society ofAmerica for his outstanding contributions tothe understanding and preventionof infectiousdiseases, of the respiratory tract.As coordinating chairman from the state ofNorth Carolina, FAYE W., GRANT, SB'4:5, SM'47,ph»' 54, attended the White House Conferenceon Food, Nutrition and Health in Washington,D.C. in December. The conference wasdesigned to lay the foundation for a nationalnutrition policy to eliminate malnutrition inthe United States.IN MEMORIAM: SelwynH. Torff, JD'45.46 GERALDINE DERBY, AM'46, assistant ., administrator for program services ofthe Oregon Public Welfare Division, recentlycelebrated her thirtieth anniversary as a publicwelfare worker.HARLEY FLANDERS" SB'46" SM'47, phD'49, professor of mathematics at Purdue Uni­versity, has been selected for a Lester R; Fordaward from the Mathematical Association ofAmerica for outstanding articles on mathe­matics.ROBERT WELTO� HEMENWAY, AB'46, AM'51,an editor with New Yorker magazine andauthor of "The Sandpiper," was marriedin July in Gibraltar to the former ElizabethHelene Tingom, also a New Yorker staffer.JOHN R. HOGNESS, MO'46, has been advancedto the position of executive vice presidentof the University of Washington. He had beendean of the School of Medicine. In his newposition, Dr. Hogness will be chief assistantto the president and will act for him in hisabsence. A member of the national task forceto investigate the rising costs of Medicaidprograms and of the Washington governor'sMedical Advisory Committee, he is president­elect of the Deans' Council of the Associationof American Medical Colleges.IN MEMORIAM: Armin J. Deutsch, phD'46;Mozell Hill, pho'46.47' ROBERT S. BROWNE, MBA147, has beenelected to the Board of Trustees ofAntioch College (Yellow Springs, Ohio) . An -'assistant professor of economics at FairleighDickinson University in New Jersey, Mr ..Browne is on leave this year to direct the work.of the. Black Economic Research Center in .New York City. He is a member of thegovernor of New Jersey's Task Force onWelfare Management and has served with AIDin Cambodia and South Vietnam.ROBERT KIBBEE, AM'47, pho'47, has beenelected to the presidency of the PittsburghBoard of Education. Before coming to Pitts­burgh, Dr. Kibbee served as an advisor ofeducation in Pakistan, dean of students atDrake University in Iowa, and dean ofSouthern State College in Arkansas.ROBERT A. NOTTENBUkG, AM'47, phD'so, hasbeen named to the newly created post ofdirector of educational services by Sun americaCorp., at Cleveland based holding company.Dr. Nottenburg has an extensive, backgroundin education, including terns with the Cleve­land Institute of Electronics as vice president39of education and training, and with Inter­national Correspondence Schools as dean ofthe faculty. He [S a member of the Accredi­tation Commission of the National HomeStudy Council.PHILIP A. TRIPP, AM".47, phD'55, has resignedas vice president for student development atGeo.rgetown University to accept a positionat Ohio State University.48 RUTH ROGAN BENERITO, phD'48, researchchemist and investigations leader atthe U.S. Dept. 'Of Agriculture's Southern:Utilization Research and Development Di­vision in New Orleans, has been chosen bythe American Chemical Society as the 1970winner of the Garvan Medal, an awardpresented annually to an American womanchemist in recognition of distinguished serviceto the profession. Dr. Benerito was namedto receive the award for her substantialcontributions to the Southern Division'sresearch efforts todevelop new and improvedfinishes for cotton fabrics and a fat emulsionfor intravenous feeding of patients unable totake nourishment by mouth.CARL F. BOSTROM, AB'48, director of person­nel development for cNA/insurance,. theinsurance operations arm of CNA FinancialCorp., has been elected vice president by theboards ·of directors of both ContinentalCasualty Co. and Continental Assurance Co.,the major insurance subsidiaries of CNAFinancial Corp. Mr. Bostrom joined CNA/insurance in 1950.BEN C. BOWMAN, BLS'48, formerly professorand chief librarian of Hunter College of theCity University 'Of New York, has assumedthe position of director of libraries andprofessor of bibliography at the Universityof Rochester.DAVID KRINSLEY, phB'48, SB'50, SM'50, pho'56,professor of geology, has been named 'actingdean of the faculty at Queens College of theCity University of New York.JAMES T. NARDIN, phD'48, is spending the1969-7'0 academic year at the University ofDijon at the invitation of the French Ministryof' Education. 'On sabbatical leave fromLouisiana State University where he is pro- fessor of English and chairman of the. freshmanEnglish program, Dr. Nardin is' teachingAmerican literature at the French university.MAX PALEVSKY, phB'48, SB'48, and MissSara Jane Brown of Ford, Kansas, weremarried in September in the' bridegroom's,home in Bel-Air, Calif. Mr. Palevsky, presidentand founder of Scientific Data Systems inEI Segundo (Calif.), is also a member of theboard of directors and chairman of theexecutive committee of Xerox Corp. Mrs.Palevsky is a theatre arts major at UCLA.JQHN D. SCHWEITZER, AM'48, has been namedvice president and academic dean by theBoard of Trustees of Monticello College(Godfrey, Ill.) ..4'9: .LEWIS M. KILLIAN, pho'49, former headof the sociology department at theUniversity of Connecticut, has accepted anappointment on the faculty of the Universityof Massachusetts as professor of sociology.Dr. Killian is considered 'One of the leadingAmerican sociologists in the field of racerelations and "Civil rights and is the author ofnumerous publications.EWALD B. NYQUIST, SB'49, has been namedstate commissioner of education and presidentof the University of the State of New York,the top administrative job in New York'seducatioaal system. Since assuming the position,of acting commissioner last May; he has madeheadlines by overruling local school adminis­trators in three decisions on dress andgrooming. Pupils may not be forbidden towear clothing of their choice unless it isdangerous to them' or others, was his rulingin one of the cases. Nyquist, who has been'with the N.Y. Dept. of Education since 1951,has received numerous honorary degrees.O. WILLIAM PERLMUTTER, AM'49, phD'S9,professor of political science and dean of theCollege of Arts and Sciences at the StateUniversity of New York at Albany, has beenawarded the grade of Officier des PalmesAcaderniques by the government of France.Active in international education, he wasformerly academic director of the Institute ofEuropean Studies in Vienna and Paris.IN MEMORIAM: Augusta Jameson, pho'49. 50 ROBERT E. FELTES, MBA' 50, has been.made � vice president of the Containe:Corp. of America. Associated with the com­pany since 1954, he will continue to serve ascompany controller.EDWARO F. KRISE, AM'50, phD'58, a colonelin the Army Medical Service Corps, has begura new duty assignment in Washington, D.C.,at the Office of the Army Surgeon Generalas chief of the Directives and Policies Branchof the Operations Division.EVALYN F. SEGAL, AB'SO, professor in thedepartment of psychology at the Universityor North Carolina at Greensboro, has beennamed first full-time director of the Institutefor Child .and Family Development there.51 WALTER F. BERNS, AM'5I, pho'53, hasreceived an appointment as the CharleEvans Hughes Professor of Government andJurisprudence at Colgate University. Dr. Bernwas formerly at Cornell University.RICHARD J. BERNSTEIN, AB' 51, has been name­one of nineteen recipients of the 1970E. Harris Harbison Award for Gifted Teach­ing, presented by the Danforth Foundation.The award provides each recipient with a$ 10,000 grant to use in such study or prepa­ration as he deems most helpful to his teachin:and scholarship, either in his own field or inrelated areas. Mr. Bernstein is a member ofthe philosophy staff at Haverford College.WALTER HOFFMAN, JD'51, former attorneyadviser to the U.S. Tax Court, was theDemocratic mayoral candidate in Wayne,New Jersey.BURTON M. LEISER, AB' 51, associate professoof philosophy at the State University Collegeat Buffalo (N.Y.), has been granted a leaveof absence to assume a position as visitingprofessor of religion at Sir George WilliamsUniversity in Montreal for the 1969-70academic year. In addition to teaching course;in Jewish philosophy, Dr. Leiser is serving asa consultant on a new graduate program inJewish studies that is being instituted· by theuniversity. His book, Custom, Law andMorality: Conflict and Continuity in SocialBehavior, was published in August byDoubleday and Co.An advertisement for Chicagochairs, w:i,th some little-known factson the birch tree, from; theRoman Empire to the University.In the athletic contests' of ancient hubs; ox yokes, barrel hoops, wooden­Rome, trophies of birch branches were ware. Challenging oak and hickory forawarded to the victors, a practice which strength, and excelHng them in beauty,later spread to recognition of achieve- "birch soon carne-to be favored by thement in other areas. I n time, the "fasces" makers of sleighs and carriag.es .. And,-a bundle of birch rods, sometimes finally, cabinetmakers adopted thewith a protruding. axe -became a sym- wood for the finest furniture.bol of authority, carried through the Some of the first railroad tracks werestreets on civic occasions by hctors. spiked to birch crossties. I n the earlythe sheriffs of their day. days of the automobile, birch was usedby some coach makers for the mai nframe and other structural members.During the metal shortages of WorldWar II the British used the wood in themanufacture of airplanes -especiarlyin the we.ll-known mosquito bomber,constructed almost entirely of birchplywood. Tennis rackets and skis arestill made of birch.Some years ago, the Alumni Associ­ationfound a century-old New Englandfurniture manufacturer who continuesto employ hand craftsmanship in theproduction of early American birchchairs. The firm, S. Bent & Brothers ofGardner, Mass., is still operated' bythird and fou rth g.eneration descendentsof rts founders. Hundreds of their piecesare now in the homes and offices ofalumni and -especially the sturdy arm­chairs-are found everywhere on cam­pus, from the President's office to theQuadrangle Club.I n the New World, the birch had beenused extensively by lndians, notablyfor wigwam poles and the bark canoe.But the earliest settlers largely ignoredthe tree in favor of softer woods whi-chlent themselves more easily to con­struction in primitive circumstances.Wo.odsmen often were discouraqed bythe labor needed to hew down a birch,especially when they felled a treewhose toughness had kept it upriqhtlong past its useful ag:e for lumber.Most observers" deceived by thebirch's graceful appearance. were un­aware of its great strength. JamesRussell Lowell called it "the most shyand ladylike of trees."The sap and leaves of the birch yieldan oil similar in fragran'ce to wi"Flter­green, and one of the tree's early useswas in the flavo'ring of a soft drinkknown as birch beer, As the characterof its wood became apparent, the, birchbegan to be used in the manufacture ofproducts whe;re durability was im­portant: tool handles, wagon-wheel At least one United States President.while in the White House, owned aBent & Brothers armchair, identical incolor, design, and construct on to the model available through the AlumniAssociation.The designs for the Chicago chairsoriginated in colonial times and reachedtheir present form in the period from1 820 to 1 850. The .selected yeHowbirch lumber comes from New Bruns­wick, Canada, and from Vermont andNew Hampshire. Except 'for modern­day improvements in the adhesives andthe satin black finish, the chairs arefaithfully traditional.Identification with the University isachieved by a silk-screened goldChicago coat of arms on the backrest,Icomplementing the antique gold de­tail stripings on the turnings. The arm"chair is available either with black ornatural cherry arms. All chairs areproduced on special order, requiring aminimum of four weeks for delivery,and are shipped express collect fromthe' factory in Massachusetts...... --------'';-------''I The University of Chicag.o II Alumni Association' tI 5733 University AvenueI Chicago, Illinois 60637 . tI Enclosed is my check for $ , payable to fI The University of Chicago Alumni Associ- 'I ation, for the following Chicago chair(s): II - Armchairs (cherry arms) at $44 each II _. Armchairs (black arms) at $42' each I1_ Boston rockers at $35 each II - Side chairs at $26 each tI I·1 Name II (please print) II II Address II II . I!-....:.--------------)For seven years� MATTHEW S. MESELSON,tphB'SI, professor of biology at Harvard, hasbeen investigating the government's chemicaland biological warfare programs. He has beencalled one of the persons most responsiblefor hdping bring about President Nixon'sNovember 25 renunciation of the use ofcertain types of biological and chemical"weapons.5 2 J.OHN L. BAKfON, ,AB' 52, currently a law'Clerk to a Circuit Court judge, recentlyparticipated in the Illinois State CriminalAppeals Program, in which senior law studentsprepare appellate briefs on behalf of indigentdefendants.JERRY G. CHUTKOW, AB'SZ, 8B'SS, MD'S8", hasbeen awarded the Army Commendation Medalfor meritorious service as ,chief of the neu­rology service, Department of Medicine,Martin Army Hospital, Fort Benning, Ga.MARION C. ENGLISH, MBA'p, was promotedlast spring to vice president general auditorof the First National Bank of Chicago. He hasbeen with the bank since 193 I.MAURICE GLICKSMAN, SM' 51., phD' 54, whofor the past several years has been head ofgeneral research at acs Laboratories in Prince­ton, N.J., has accepted an appointment asuniversity professor and professor of engi­neering with Brown University's Division ofEngineering.53 SAMUEL C.AJ>AMS, JR." phD'53, who hasserved as U.S. ambassador to theRepublic of Niger, is President Nixon'snominee as assistant administrator of theAgency for International Development.LAWRENCE LAJOHN, AM'53, professor ofmodern languages at Ohio University, has beennamed chairman of the modern languagesdepartment there.RICHARD H. Moy., AB'n, 8B'H, MD'S7, directorof University Health Services at BillingsHospital, the University of Chicago's .PritzkerSchool of Medicine, and associate professorof medicine in the School's Division ofBiological Sciences, has been selected dean ofSouthern Illinois University's new schoolof medicine at Carbondale. He is a former president of the Mid-America College HealthAssociation and a diplomat of the AmericanBoard of Internal Medicine.S4 HAROIlD T. CONRAD, AD'54, 8B'55; MD'S 8,has been named chiefof the NationalInstitute of Mental Health Clinical ResearchCenter at Lexington, Kentucky. The Center,originally founded in 1935 as a Public HealthService Hospital for addicts, became part ofthe NIMH in 1,967, and it is currently under­going extensive renovation and modernizariondesigned to make it a model facility fortreatment and research in narcotic drugaddiction.RICHARD C. JOHNSON, AB'54, has been namedchairman of the philosophy and religiondepartment at Tougaloo (Miss.) College. Hewas given the rank of assistant professor ofphilosophy in 1967 after serving for two ye.arsin the position of dean of students.RICHARD S. REICHMANN, MBA' 54, has beenelected to. the newly created post of vicepresident, personnel and industrial relations byJoy Manufacturing C'O. Mr. Reichmann hasbeen with Joy since 1()67.IN MEMORIAM: William H. Brown, JD'5,4.'55 BARTON c. HACK®R, AB'5S, AB'60,. '. AM'6z, p}u)'68, assistant professor of thehistory 'Of science and technology at theUniversity of Alabama, has been appointedprincipal investigator of the NASA-sponsoredSaturn History Project. Data on the project,which will result in a 'history of the Saturn .launch vehicle from the first conception of theidea through its final realization, is being'compiled and. evaluated at the ResearchInstitute of the University 'Of Alabama.Professor Hacker co-authored NASA'S historyof the Gemini program.DONLEY BUDD JORDAN, AB'SS, has been namedmanager, Division of Construction and Plan­ning, Executive House, Inc. He did advancetraining at the Frank Lloyd Wright Foun­dation "T aliesin" both in Arizona andWisconsin, and most recently was supervisorof construction at the Latin School of Chicagowith Harry Weese & Associates.NA'faAN KANTROWITZ� AM'SS, phD'6S, an associate professor of sociology at FordhamUniversity, has been awarded a Ford Fellow­ship for research in sociology. Dr. Kanrrowinwill conduct a sociolinguistic study on theinmate culture of a maximum security prison., DARl\JELL H. RENEKER, SM'SS, phD'S9, hasjoined the staff of the Institute for MaterialsResearch of the National Bureau of StandardsU.S. Department of Commerce. A physicistwith a background of research into thephysical properties of crystalline polymers, hewas formerly with E. I. DuPont de Nemours& Co.S6 WILFORD F. WEEKS, phD'S6, researchglaciologist at the U.S. Army ColdRegions Research and Engineering Laboratory.and associate professor of geology at Dart­mouth, is one of the key men aboard theS;S. Manhattan on its maiden voyage to openthe ice-crusted waters of the Northwest.Passage, The project was conceived by theHumble Oil Co. after the recent discoveryof-enormous oil fields on the North Slope ofAlaska. 'CLIFTON R. WHARTON, JR., AM'56, phD'S8,has been named president of Michigan StateUniversity, marking the first appointment ofa black man to the presidency of a maj oruniversity. (MSU is the nation's eleventh largestwith a student population of, 40,000.) Dr.Wharton is an authority on American foreignpolicy and the problems of Southeast Asiaand Latin America.57 EDWIN MCCLELLAN, phD'S7,professorof Japanese literature and chairman ofthe department of Far Eastern languages andcivilizations at the University of Chicago,is author of Two Japanese Novelists: Sosekland T'oson, just released by the University ofChicago Press. It was published as a com­panion volume to Grass on tbe Wayside, thelast work of Natsume Soseki, foremost ofJapan's modern novelists.NORMAN A. ROSE, MD'57, has been appointedfirst full-time director of the section onphysical medicine and rehabilitation in thedepartment of internal medicine at St. LowsUniversity School of Medicine. He comes tothe post from the University of ColersdoMedical Center where he was direceor oftraining in the department of physicalmedicine and rehabilitation.ANTHONY M. TROZ20U>, SM'S7" pho'60,a research chemist at Bell Telephone Labo­ratories, Murray Hill, N.J., has been servingas chairman of the New York Academy ofScience's section of chemical sciences for 1969.He is engaged in research on the chemicaleffect of light on various materials.S8 DONALD R. HALL, AB'S8, professor ofgovernment: and a research specialistat the University of Arizona, is author ofCo-operative Lobbying-the Power ofPressure, recently published by the Universityof Arizona Press. The book investigates theapparently widespread p,ractice of suh rosaco-operation among lobbying groups andorganizations in Washington in behalf ofcertain legislative objectives.ROSE HELPER, PhD1S8, associate 'professor ofsociology at the University of Toledo, isauthor of Racial Policies and Practices of RealEstate Brokers, recently published by theUniversity of Minnesota Press. She is currentlyserving as secretary-treasUJ!'er of Alpha KappaDelta, the sociology honorary society.P. DAVID HUBBARJ), MBA'S8, was recentlynamed vice president in the marketing depart­ment of the Harris Trust and Savings' Bank,Chicago.ROGER MASTERS, AM'S8, phD'6I, associateprofessor of government at Dartmouth, hasbeen appointed cultural attache of theAmerican Embassy in Paris for a two-yearterm, Coordinating French-American culturalexchanges and informing the U.S. ambassadorof French cultural trends will be his two-principal areas of responsibility. ProfessorMasters isthe author of two recently publishedbooks-The Nation Is Burdened: AmericanForeign Policy in a Changing World andThe Politic-al-Philosopby of Rousseau-andmany scholarly articles.JULIAN L. SIMON, MBA'S8, phD'6I, is authorof, Basic Research Methods in Social Science,published recently by Random. House. He ison the faculty of the University of Illinois. 59" WILLIAM M. NORMORE, SM'S9" assistantv professor of bacteriology at RutgersUniversity, has been appointed science adviserto the Food and Drug Administration'sNew York District Office. Dr. Normore,who was formerly a research biochemist withJohnson & Johnson Laboratories, holds U.S.and Canadian patents dealing with the elec­trolysis of titanium tetrachloride.MILTON SHAPIRO, MB�' S9, has been electedvice president and treasurer of MaremontCorp., a Chicago based manufacturer anddistributor of automotive parts, and a 'manufacturer of textile yarn preparatorymachinery, ordnance material and electronicequipment.60 MARIA B. CERDA, AM'60, has beennamed to a five-year term on theChicago .Board of Education. She is . thefirst board member of Puerto Rican descentand the highest-ranking Spanish speakingChicagoan in local public office. A boardmember of the Spanish Civic Committeeof Chicago and of A spira, a local agencyto help Puerto Rican natives, Mrs. Cerdais also chairman of the school committee ofthe Conference 'of Puerto Ricans.6 I ELRIE CHRITE, AM'6I, head oithe Afro-American Cultural Center at the Uni­versi1:y of Wisconsin, believes that blacks­can't climb to equality on a philosophy ofhate. In a recent Milwauk(!e Journal article;he maintains that the black movement isift a state of confused transition which mustbe worked out so that blacks can move aheadwith all due speed. He has been an activistever since his childhood in the ghettos ofChicago.THOMAS F. JONES; JR., MBA'6I, has beennamed a vice president in the trust departmentof the Harris Trust and Savings Bank,Chicago.'62 GEORGE. DRAKE; i>B'6z, AM'6J, phD�6S'associate professor of history, has beennamed dean of Colorado College.MARY L. ELDER, AM'6'2 has been appoiaredto fin the newly created post of rare book librarian at the St. Louis Public Library. In thenew position, she will begin a survey andapraisal of rare materials acquired overthe years. -STEPHEN KARPF, AB'6z, has co-authoredwith his wife an original screenplay, "Adamat Six A.M.," which is being filmed by SolarProductions and will probably be releasedto theaters in the spring.DIANA, SLAVGH'EER, AB'6z, MA'64. pho.'68',assistant professor of psychology at the YaleSchool of Medicine and a member of thestaff of the Yale Child Study Center, hasbeen presented the Distinguished ResearchA ward of Pi Lambda Theta, the nationaleducation honor society. Dr. Slaughter wasselected in recognition of her' doctoraldissertation, "Maternal Antecedents of theAcademic Achievement Behaviors of NegroHead Start Children." The award wasestablished this year to recognize outstandingresearch by women.JOYCE RUKAS THUNNISSEN. AB'6z, iS'livingnear Liege, Belgium, where her husband,JACQUES H., x'6S, has been appointed managerof the local First National City Bank branch.63 DANNY LYON"AB'63, is author of The, Destruction of Lower Manhattan,released in September by the Macmillan Co.A pictorial protest, the work describes­both verbally and photographically-thedestruction of New York City's oldest andmost historic neighborhood.BELA PETHEO, MFA'6J, chairman of the artdepartment at St. John's University and artist­in-residence there, has been selected ferinclusion in The National Register ofProminent.Americans.JUDY P. THORNBER, AB'63" MBA'69, has been Iappointed senior investment analyst at ArthurRubloff & Co., of Chicago.64', JAMES M. ADAMS, JR., MBA'64, formerlydirector of education for the" Asso­ciation for Computing Machinery, hasjoined the staff of the American BankersAssociation as director of automationeducation and director of the A.B.A.'S NationalAutomation School.43T. CARTER HAGAMAN, MBA'64, has beenelected a vice president of the Irving T�ustCompany, New York. With the bank since1960, Mr. Hagaman serves as financial advisorto corporations and banks.\rVILLIAM Lucy, AM'64, deputy director 'Ofthe urban renewal agency of Utica, N.Y., hasbeen appointed to the newly created post 'Ofassistant to the commissioner 'Of public works'Of Nassau County (N.Y.).65 ROBERT CHREIST, MBA'65, married MARYLYNN ROSENDAHL, AlVI'68, in Cornwall­on-Hudson, N.Y., in June. Mr. Chreist isemployed by Arthur Andersen. and Co, 'OfChicago. .The third book published by ROBERTC'O'ONER, AM'.65, Pricksongs and Descants, acollection 'Of short stories, was singled outfor praise 'by critics across the country as one'Of the most innovative, original books ofthe year. Cooner lives with his Spanish wifeand three children in Europe,'. CHARLES A. EDWARDS, AB'65, who for thepast three yeaTS has been with the department'Of development and public affairs at SmithCollege, has accepted a position with Con­neoticut College as assistant director ofdevelopment.W. DOUGLAS FRANK, AM'65, has received acommission from President Nixon as a foreignservice officer of the United States. Theappointment was made by the President withthe advice and consent 'Of the Senate.SHERWIN W. LIFF, AB'65, AM'6], is servingas a program analyst for the Agency forInternational Development in Dana�g;Vietnam.66 DEBORAH BLDCK, MD'66, has joined thefull-time pediatric staff at the MadisonMedical Center in Madison, New Jersey.HDWARD FENTDN, MBA'66, has been namedchief industrial engineer to head the recentlyreorganized corporate industrial engineeringdivision 'Of Hallmark Cards, Inc. in KansasCity. Formerly 'manager of technical servicesfor the firm's Kansas City manufacturingplant, he joined Hallmark in 1959.JOHN J. LOGUE, phD'66, has announced his44 candidacy for the U.S. Senate seat fromPennsylvania. A political science professor atVillanova University, Dr. Logue is the firstcandidate to seek the Democratic nominationto run against the incumbent RepublicanSenator Hugh Scott 'in November, 19]0.ERNST K. NILSSDN, MBA'66, formerlyassociated with a research task force of theChicago Police Dept., has joined the staffof the Insurance Institute for Highway Safetyas a research analyst.PAUL A. REEMSNYDER, MBA'66, has been�amed vice president and general manager 'OfGibbs Special Products Corp., manufacturersof reverberation devices of electronic organs,guitar amplifiers, and automobile radios.ARTHUR G. RUBINOFF, AM'66, a facultymember at Dartmouth College, has beenawarded the $10500 annual Morris AbramsAward in In�ematioIial Relations. Recentlyreturned from a year 'Of study in India 'On aFulbright Fellowship, Mr. Rubinoff is cur­rently working on his doctorate in inter­national relations at UC.67 JDHN MOLAND, JR., phD'67, is chairman'Of the new Department 'Of SocialResearch .at Southern University, BatonRouge, La. Initial research in the departmentwill focus on the aspirations and expectations'Of the black community based 'On intensivefield investigation into the life and work ofthe Negro in Louisiana, When a researchassistant in the youth studies program at theUniversity 'Of Chicago, Dr. Moland 'Observedand recorded the behavior of street corner .gapgs.JILL RAITf, AM'6], is teaching a new religiousstudies prDgram at the. University ofCalifornia at Riverside, where she is anassistant professor, On a recent assignmentshe found that not 'One 'Of her between 200 and300 students thought 'Organized religionnecessary, and 'Only a few thought it helpful.RICHARD J. STDNE, AB'6], has been choseneditor-in-chief 'Of the Law Review at UCLA,where he is a second-year law student.RDBERT L. SWANSDN, MBA'67, has beenappointed buyer 'Of freezers for MontgomeryWard. He joined Wards in 1959 as a market analyst in the store research and developmentdepartment and has since held positions ascorporate research manager and catalogplanning manager. Prior to his currentappointment he was 'On special assignmentin the refrigeration department. Mr. Swans Drresides .in Park Ridge, Ill.BERNARD C. WATSON, pl1D'67, is super­intendent for planning 'Of Philadelphia schoolsBefore joining the Philadelphia SChDDI systemin 1967 as associate superintendent for inno­vation programs, Dr. Watson was principal'Of Roosevelt High School in Gary, Ind.68 In a ceremDny that was charming andeclectic, ALICE BECK, AM'68, aCleveland social worker, was married tDPAUL WILLIAMS, MA'67, phD'69, professor 'Ofsociology at Wesleyan University.EVA KAHANA, phD'68, a research associate'Of the Social Science Institute at WashingtorUniversity in St. Louis, has received a grant'Of $58,866 from the National Institute 'OfChild Health and Development ro continueher research in social gerontology.PAUL J. PFEILSTICKER, MBA' 68, has beenelected vice president in the retail bankingdepartment at Continental Illinois N ationalBank and Trust CD. 'Of Chicago, Mr.Pfeil sticker , WhD came to the ContinentalBank earlier this year, served nine yearswith the American Oil CD.Picture Credits:The University 'Of Chicago SpecialCollections: cover, 22-27David Windsor: 3, 35, 45Vories Fisher: 7Lynn Martin: art direction and designSection of Lorado Taft's "Fountain of Time/that stands at the entrance to WashingtonPark. Inspired by a poet's lines: "Time goes,you say? No alas! Time stays, we go."THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 5733 UNIVERSITY AVENUE CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60637"