T£. THE 0^fW/UNIVERSITY(5F CHICAGOMAGAZINETHEUNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOMAGAZINETent Répertoire: Theater for the MillionsVance JohnsonCancer Research at ChicagoA comprehensive look at one of the University's research effortsUp KilimanjaroKevin Lewis 16The Americanization of Rock-ClimbingMihaly Csikszentmihalyi 20Evolution vs. Révolution in the UniversitiesDwight J. Ingle 2730 Quadr angle News34 Profile: Ruth Duckworth37 Letters38 Alumni News44 Annual IndexVolume lxi Number âMay/June 1969The University of Chicago Magazine,founded in 1907, is publishedbimonthly for alumni and thefaculty of The Universityof Chicago. Letters and editorialcontributions are welcomed.The University of ChicagoAlumni Association5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinoiis 60637(312) 643-0800, ext. 4291Fay Horton Sawyier, '44, PhD'64PrésidentArthur R. NayerDirector of Alumni AffairsConrad Kulawas, '62Editor Régional Offices1542 Riverside Drive, Suite FGlendale, California 91 201(213) 242-828839 West 55 StreetNew York, New York 100 19(212) 765-5480(Until Sept. 1, address SanFrancisco office correspondenceto Alumni House in Chicago.)1629 K Street, N.W., Suite 500Washington, D.C., 20006(202) 296-81002nd class postage paid at Chicago,111.; additional entry at Madison,Wis. © 1969, The University ofChicago. Published in July/August,September/October, November/December, January/February,March/April, and May/June.Cover: Although increasingly complex and costly equipment commands the greatestpopular attention in cancer research today (and présents the University with a majorfund-raising challenge) , the humblest glassware is still a fundamental tool. For a surveyof the men and methods contributing to Chicago's cancer research efforts, see page 6.by Vance JohnsonOnce upon a wonderf ul time there was a great American institution called tent répertoire. Ail across the country, travelingcompanies of actors came to town once a year, erected a frugetent on a vacant lot somewhere, and presented "a new anddifférent play each and every night." ,You really got your money's worth. Every night there wasa free "military band" concert in front of the tent. When theconcert ended, you could get inside the tent for a half-dollaror less and take a seat on the circus bleachers at the back. Or,for an additionàl quarter,you could gain admission to the"reserved seat" section and luxuriate on a pine folding chair.Sornething' happened every minute. By the time you gotsettled, an orchestra took its position on a platform in a cornerof the tent, near fhe stage, and entertained for half ah hou/.Then the play began, often continuing for four acts. Timebetween the acts was çonsumed by vaudeville performances ofvarious kinds, and on Saturday nights, and often during theweek as well, there was still another performance after theplay— a tabloid revue ôr a fast-stepping vaudeville show. Youcould see this for another quartenIf you were lucky enough to live in a place like myJiome- at a çonservative estimate, 16,000 communities are served withtheatrical performances each year through the médium of thetent shows. The legitimate thèater, on ! the dther hand, nowhas less than 500 houses in the entire country. About 150 ofthes,e are in New York, Chicago, Los Angeles, Boston andPhiladelphia [and] the actual numbéf now getting Broadwaystage- attractions is around 300. Thè tent-drama, therefore,visits 51 places to every one yisitedjby the Broadway drama."Gillette estimated that tent répertoire, gave 96,000 performances a year hefore 76,800,000 people, compared to 80,000 performances before' 48,000,000 pieoplein the legitifnate houses.1i Tent répertoire had beèn around a long time before the1920's. No one really knows where it started,. but thé firstsuccessful terit imprésario [probably was a mari nàmed YankeeRbbinson, who in the 1850's forméd Yankee Robirison's OpéraPavillon and pff ered a répertoire of "popular dramas and.comédies" at Rock Island, Illinois. Gnè of the early toufirlgtent répertoire companies was J. N. Rentfro's Jolly Path-finders,\who were trouping along the Gulf of Mexico by theearly 1870's. The Ginnivan Dramatic Corhjjahy of Indianabegan an annual summer terit tour in ï'88i and J. C. Rockwellstarted touring New England soon thereafterj offering suchplays as The Two Ôrphans with a cast ofren. The GhoatTENT REHSTOIRE: THItown in Texas, as many as three or four tént shows cameevery year during the harvest season. You could count ontwo out of every three companies to ôffer a grand old playlike Lena River s or Saintly Hypocrites and Honest Sinners,so you had an opportunity to compare differerit productionsbefore the performances became misty memories. ,The "legitimate" theater looked down its long nose at thiskind of éntertainment. Few^indeed wére the Broadway açtprswho would even admit they learned their tirade in the fents.But in the décade before the Great Dépression, tent répertoire(never called repertory) not only was the lustiest but the mostrobust branch of the American theater. Writing for The NewYork Times in October, 1927, Don Carie Gillette, ; éditor ofthe show business trade paper Billboafd, declared that "thecanvas playhoUses of the country now constitute a more ex-tensive business than Broadway and ail the rest of the legitimate theater industry put together.""Accordirig to the records kept by Billboard" Gillettewrote, "there are at présent approximately 400 tent theaterorganizations scattered around the United States. Nearly ailof them play a season of forty weeks or more. Many runnearer fifty, and some never lay off at ail. The shows, for themost part, havé a répertoire of six to a dozen bills and it is theusual policy to remain a week in each stand* Consequently, Bros. Big, Shows, a répertoire corhpany despite its carnival-sounding name, started in Illinois in the eighties. M.,L- Kinsèy,manager of an opéra house répertoire company in Ohio féa-turing his wife Beth and their daughter Madge, took his showout under a tent in 1901, and Charles Harrison began touringTexas in 1906: / vBy the summer of 1916, fifty or more well-knowri companies were touring "estàblished territories" in the MiddleWest and elsewhére. Roy E. Fox had joined Rentfro andHarrison în Texas, the Aulger Bros, were iri Iowa, and Mauriceand Ed Dubinsky bf Kansas City had four companies on theroad— one in Oklahoma and three that divided up portions6f Kansas and Nebraska. Jack and Maud Brooks were trouping parts of Illinois and Wisconsin, and Clyde Gordonîer andhis brother Earl bqth had shows in Illinois. Clyde featuredcomédies and Earl sérious drama.Many of thèse companies1 were rnerely operà house répertoire troupes moved outdoofs for the summer season, whenmost theaters were dark bécause of the heat. Essentially thesame brand of Entertainment— drama interspersed with vaude-ville-had thrived in theaters across America since before theturn of the century, and from i960 to about 1920 répertoirewas America's great family theater. The better rep companiescharged a quarter for the gallery, thkty-fiye cents for the2balcony and fifty cents for the orchestra, but so many chargeda thirty-cent top that "10-20-30 rep" became a generic term.Literâlly hundreds of companies trouped back and f orth acrossthe country, playing three-day or week stands in towns largeand small, and scores of them played the same towns yearafter year. In New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, andother large cities, répertoire thrived in the neighborhoodswhile the long-run plays and high priced stock companies oc-cupied the center of attention downtown.A great change took place after World War I. The movingpicture industry, gaining power as its product improved, gob-bled up theater buildings everywhere— even buying houses itcould not use in order to elminate live compétition— and répertoire moved under canvas wholesale. The tents were muchcooler than the theaters in summer, and millions of people stillpreferred the spoken play to the flickering images projectedsilently on a silver screen. Almost any kind of dramatic Company could make money under a tent, and there were ail kinds.William and Nora Léonard, traveling out of Ridgeway, Missouri, mirçed circus and répertoire— giving a circus performance in the afternoon and drama at night— and the WalterSavage Company in Nebraska combined a carnival and a dramatic show. Rides and1 concessions operated before and after effects, elaborate sets, and fréquent changes of scenery.For at least one glorious season The Paul English Players,who toured the South from Louisiana to Virginia and billedthemeselves as "The Show With a Million Friends," carrieda veneer front containing a thousand electric lights, and ateach stand they actually dug a pit for the ochestra. A hydraulicdevice lifted the musicians to the stage level for their featurenumbers. Charles Harrison trouped with a tent theater solarge and elaborate that he required three days for the setup ateach stand and a day and night for teardown. He carried complète flat scenery for each play, portable houses for dressingrooms, and a floor for the tent, to which seats were attachedin the manner of a permanent theater. Horace Murphy's showin Calif ornia had a huge revolving stage. In Texas, Harley Sad-ler's tent had a regular theater fly loft for the scenery and aproscenium arch a hundred feet across. Most tent theaters hada simple, if colorful, canvas marquée in front but in Iowa,the Hazel Cass No. 1 show had a regular theater lobby, withthe box office on a raised platform. Miss Cass also employed amaid in the ladies' dressing room.The tents produced a long list of actors who went on tofamé on Broadway and Hollywood, among them LauretteTaylor, Richard Bennett, Charles Winnegar, Clark Gable,IIES FOU THE MILLIONSthe play. Many small family shows, with four or five peopleand a piano, thrived in crossroad hamlets, but many morelarge companies, with elaborate tent theaters, toured the Mid-dle West, the South, and Southwest. Thirty or more perfor-mers, actors, musicians and vaudevillians, were not uncom-rnon, and many of the companies offered one or more récentBroadway hits on every répertoire. George Sweet's FamousPlayers, who toured northeastern Iowa, offered New Yorkreleases exclusively. The Family Upstairs, The- Gorilla, TheNoose, and Lightnin' ail were great successes in the tents.Early "canvas playhouses" were circus tents— large ovals de-signed for arraying the audience around one or more per-forming rings in the center. Being of the theater, the pioneertent "repsters," as Billboard called them, naturally put thestage at one end of the big tent, ranged circus" bleachers, or"blues," across the back and sometimes down the sides as well,and placed wooden chairs in the center in the manner of theordinary theater. This arrangement had one very serious draw-back: a large pôle was required to hold up the tent at thestage end and this rested immediately in front of and at thecenter of the stage. But about 1920, a man in Kansas City in-vented a new "dramatic end" tent which eliminated the bother-some center pôle, and tent showmen at last were able to matchthe large city theaters in production, with fine lighting and Warner Baxter, Lyle Talbot, Jennifer Jones, and two otherswho still hâve steady work in télévision: Milburn Stone, whoplays "Doc" in Gunsmoke, and Irène Ryan, "Granny" in TheBeverly Hillbillies. Many other accomplished performers,however, preferred the regular employment of tent rep to theuncertainties of Broadway, and on the better shows directorsdemanded highly polished performances. Pearle Wilson, whospent thirty years in tent rep, said she felt "terribly let down"when she finally got to New York."I went to Harvey and Oklahoma! , among others," she said."The way some of the minor rôles were played was a disgrâce to the profession, and a good tent show never would hâvepermitted lighting like they had in Oklahoma!, where theactors threw shadows on the backdrop, which was a field ofgrain."Pearle Wilson can be pardoned a rather rosy memory ofrep; primarily she worked top shows like Murphy's Come-Vance Johnson, whose interest in tent theater goes back to hisboyhood days in Texas, is Associate Director of Developmentat The University of Chicago. He is co-author, with Neil E.Schaffner, of the récent book on "tent rep," The FabulousToby and Me (Prentice-Hall), from which this is adapted.3dians, Harley Sadler & His Own Company, and The SchaffnerPlayers of Iowa. Too many tent shows, alas, were shoddyaffaire, with diamond-dye sets, actors of questionable ability,and an eye for a quick buck rather than customer satisfaction.When hard times hit after 1930, thèse shows quickly disap-peared from the scène. The better companies kept operatingfor a time, but with the Great Dépression there also came thetalking picture and, soon thereaf ter, air conditioning. Peoplewith money to spend— and there were ail too few of them—naturally preferred the upholstered seats of an air-cooled theater to folding wooden chairs in a tent on a sweltering summer night. One by one the tent shows dropped by the.way-side. Those that the Dépression did riotget, World War II did.Only one of them kept on going, year after year: The Schaffner Players, who toured the southeastern quarter of Iowa, thenorthern third of Missouri and a sliver of Illinois, includingQuincy. There were two excellent reasons for this: Neil andCaroline Schaffner. Irriaginative, resourceful, tenacious— and,above ail, performers of great virtuosity— they somehow man-aged to turn every tragedy into a triumph. They survived theDépression and two wars and did their biggest business aftertélévision aerials sprouted on rboftops ail over their territory.The one élément that set tent répertoire apart from the restof the American theater, and which gave it such strongappealto small town and rural audiences, was a rube character namedToby, featured in many, if not most, of the plays. Nearly ailof the successful tent showmen played the Toby part, billingthemselves as Toby This and Toby That and developing largepersonal followings. The thing that set Neil Schaffner apartfrom most of the other "Toby comedians" was not so muchhis highly individualistic style of comedy as his probing ap-proach to Toby.In 191 1 Schaffner larided a job doing light comedy in apopular-priced répertoire theater in Fort Dodge, Iowa, andthere met a most unusual director, Lorin H. Guin. Theyspent long hours talking about acting and inevitably gotaround to the subject of comedy."What I can't understand," Schaffner Said, "is why so muchcomedy has to be based on ridicule— why the comic characterso often is more to be laughed at than with. If he's a Swede,he's always dumb, and if he's a Jew he's an unethical skinflint.If he's blackface he's ignorant, superstitious, and shiftless, andif he's a rube he's just plain silly. It's ail derogatory."Among the rube characters he had done on tour earlier wereHi Hollow in Way Down East and Jim in My Jim. Hi wassomething like Edgar Bergen's Mortimer Snerd— stupid butlikeable; Jim was more of a lead than a comedy character but he was an engaging fellow and audiences seémed to like him."I wish somèbody would write a play that had a comedypart combining the best qualifies of both of thern," Schaffnersaid."So do I," said Guin. "Some day ethnie groups are going toresent this kind of humor and boycott it."It happened that a few days later Guin received a new scriptfrom the Chicago play broker, Alex Byers, titled Clouds andSunshine by W. G Herrrian, an actor on a tent rep' show inIndiana. In the play there was a minor character, Tobe Haxton,who seemed to fit the Schaffner prescription: "a young fèllowabout eighteen or twenty, not particularly bright but goodnatured-the village errand boy." Tobe did nothing to advancethe plot; he and a schoolgirl named Susie Green just wanderedon and off stage, making wisecracks and in a shy way bur-lesquing the lové affair betwèen the principals. But there wassomething warm and human about him so Guin put up theplay for half of the week's répertoire."The script called for Tobe to dress in overalls, boots and aslouch hat," Schaffner recalled, "but I thought he ought tohâve something more distinguishing about him. Rummagingthrough my trunk for wardrobe, I came across a red wig thatTI had bought for an Irish character and had worn with a sortof beard that ran from the temples around the chin. By itself ,the wig resembled a very shaggy, uncut head of hair and Ithought it would be just about rightfor Tobe. To comple-merit the wig, I put on a ruddy complexion and some bigbïotches of freckles, then arched my eyebrows a bit to produce a pixie effect. As an after-thpught, I slightly turned upthe corners of my mouth. The resuit was just what I had hopedfor on my first entrance, before I had opened my mouth, atitter of laughter swept across the theater."Clouds and Sunshine was well received in Fort Dodge, andGuin wrote Byers a long letter, commenting about Scliaffner'scharacterization of Tobe. Byers sent the script and the testimonial to Horace Murphy, who had two tent répertoire companies in Louisiana. Murphy sent it over to his Nol 2 unitwhere a young, redheaded actor named Fred Wilson was thecomedian. Wilson liked the play and introduced it in themiddle of one week's répertoire. The réaction was so favorable that he opened with it in the next town. The second billon that week's répertoire was Won by Watting, in which thecomedy character was named Bud. When Wilson made hisfirst entrance a small boy down front called out, "Heck, thatain't Bud! That's To-be!"On sudden inspiration, Wilson stepped out of character andadvanced to the footlights to address the boy.4"You're right son," he said. "I am Tobe, and from now oneverybody is going to call me that."A few days later Murphy and Wilson talked over this boy'sresponse and decided to call ail rubes Tobe thereafter. BothMurphy shows had a tremendous summer, and Fred Wilsonbecame so popular that people on the street began calling himTobe. That set off a chain reaction throughout tent rep. Newrep plays with comedy characters remarkably like Tobe Hax-ton turned up ail over; some ingenious playwright changed thespelling from Tobe to Toby and that stuck. Dozens of comedians shamelessly stole the main, éléments of other actors' char-acterizations, even to makeup. Every one of them wore a redwig, sprinkled his face with freckles, and peaked his eyebrows.Some played Toby broadly, some sympathetically, some taste-fully, and some crudely, but if you saw one actor's Toby youwere-prepared for the next one that came along.Neil Schaffner, meanwhile, Went in other directions— work-ing showboats and touring in big-time burlesque and vaudeville. When finally he returned to répertoire in the early 1920'she got to brooding about Toby."Nearly ail of the authors who had appropriated Cal Her-man's character had made Toby a clown or buffoon but I feltthere was much more substance to him than that," Schaffnersaid. "To me, he was more like the boy next door. He was notjust the unlettered farm hand or the town simpleton; he wasanybody at ail."Schaffner introduced thèse ideas in The Vulture, a mysteryplay that was an instant success in répertoire and ultimatelywas widely produced in schools and collèges. In it Toby wasa village boy trying to improve himself by studying finger-printing by mail. He had a great deal to do with advancingthe plot, and in the end, through appearing to hâve stumbledon the key rather than having deduced it, he solved the crime.Over the next quarter century, Schaffner wrote at least onenew Toby play a year, and in the early thirties as many as ahundred différent companies featured one or more of his playson every répertoire. Schaffner wrote mainly for himself, ofcourse, and sp over the years his Toby grew from a youngfarm boy to an aging bachelor farmer, or a hog buyer, orcountry editor, or private détective. But he remained essen-tially the same.In one of the early Schaffner plays, Toby came home latefrom a trip to town in 'the wagon and explained that on theway home he had picked up the preacher, "and from then onthem mules couldn't understand a word I said." A postwarToby took a load of hogs to town in a truck and related howhe drove ail the way home at seventy miles an hour because "the truck ain't got no brakes and I wanted to git home before anything happened."Early in the Dépression, when they couldn't make a livingwith the tent show alone, Neil and Caroline Schaffner went onradio, first in Carthage, Illinois, and later in Cedar Rapids,Iowa, with a daily spoof of the network soap opéras in whichthe central characters were Toby and Susie. The show was sopopular that ultimately it was transcribed and aired over morethan a hundred stations in the United States and Canada. Onewinter they did a Toby and Susie sketch on the immenselypopular National Barn Dance show on NBC. Billing themselvesas "Toby & Susie— direct from Radio" they once more did immense business with the tent show.After the advent of talking pictures, tent showmen found itimpossible to lease Broadway shows at royalties they couldafford. The Schaffners met the situation by writing their own—some new and many more reworked and updated old scriptsto which they could get rights at a low enough price. Alwaysthey hewed to topical thèmes— a spy thriller during WorldWar II, a warm love story called The Girl Next Door whenthe boys were coming home, and, when Harvey was going sostrong, a play in which one character kept following an im-aginary kangaroo as it hopped about the set. Many of theircharacters were drawn right from the people before whomthey appeared, and in the 1950's a writer for a national magazine described The Schaffner Players as "the nearest thing toa folk theater that America has ever had." Thereafter theybilled themselves as "Americas Only Living Folk Theater" anddrew visitors from the cities— creating such a stir that the FordFoundation did a documentary on the show for the highlyrated Omnibus télévision show. A clip from that film, showingSchaffner as Toby, was included in a du Pont Show of theWeek commentary on comedy, along with clips of WillRogers, W. C. Fields and other greats across the years. Withthe publicity came still more business, and the Schaffners prob-ably never would hâve quit if Neil had not had a serious heartattack in 1961. For the first time in thirty-six years they missedtheir summer tour, but in 1962 they came back (opening onNeil's seventieth birthday) for a triumphant farewell tour before retiring to their home in Florida.Happily, The Schaffner Players— and Toby— still are "goingup and down those rows of corn." Jimmie Davis, the leadingman of the last few seasons under the Schaffner direction,bought the show and stepped into the Toby part. This spring,following their usual schedule, the forty-third annual tour of"the world-famous Schaffner Players" opened the season inWapello, Iowa. rj5CANCER RESEARCHAT CHICAGOFirst a single body cell becomes poisoned and enlarged. Thecell changes and multiplies and the malignancy spreads toothër cells, creating a growth of tumor. This tumor— in theblood, in thé skin, or in the vital orgàns— is cancer.Thrpugh history, cancer has heeri a word of terror, a wordextending to any evil which spreads and destroys, too often*the finalword in médical hopelessness and dread.In the last half century, however, new instruments, newtechniques, and new sçientists hâve combined to break throughthis mystéry of cell deâth.Sçientists at the University ôf Chicago and elsewhere havèpushed, a multifaceted attack that has incrçased our urider-standing of what cancer is and why it occurs, and they hâve' developed new methods for identifying and tréating it.But many questions remain unanswered.What causes cells to become déviant? Is there some connection) vçdth one's âge, one's sex, one's nationality, or ône's.'family background? What is the effect of certain chemicalcoriipounds, of pollutëd air? What can be done to reversethe increasing mïmber of death among cahcér victims?With the help of f unds supplied by the University of Chicago Cancer Research Foundation, sçientists within the Division of the Biological Sciences and the Pritzker. School ofMedicine are seeking answers to thèse questions.Some of the prôjects are of direct and immédiate value inthe diagnosis or treatment of certain cancers. The value ofother research may be less obvious— or as yet unknown. Itis impossible to détermine which studies hold the ansVers.However, each project has the potential to bring médical" science a vital step f orward in combating thèse dreaddiseases.Some investigators are seeking the reasôns why normal cellsbehave as they do in an effort to understand what rnàkés acell go wrorig. Others are searching for ways to stop growthof diseased cells or prevent the initiation of the disease. Stillothers are loaking for ways to relieve pain and give new hopeto patients suffering from advanced cancers. Some of thèsemen and women dévote their efforts to a spécifie cancer^sùch as leukemia or Hodgkin's disease, while others searchfor new methods of diagnosis and treatment.Leukemia: A Spécifie CancerLeukemia is a blood cancer primarily attacking children. Itreduces the ability of the blood-forming tissue to producecells and éléments that combat disease. Thus persons withleukemia are highly vulnérable to infection and bleeding andoften die as a resuit. One theory of cancer is that it is connected to damage, fjMcell respiration, either causing it or resulting from it. Apply-ing this concept tô leukemia] Dr.Audrey" Evans (Assistant 'Prof essor of Pediatrics) has developed a way tq separate dify iferent types ofwhite cells from blood and stùdy their res- ','pirâtion in test tubes. The différences she ha? found betweennormal and malignaht cells are being expérimented with intréating leukemic animais. vCertain leukeiriia cells are specialized and large. Dr. GeraldByrne (Instructor and usPhs Cancer Control Senior CliriicalTrainee in Pathology) is concentrating qrl/suçh cells to un-j derstand how thêy develop and how they can be cpntrolled.Another résident, Dr. William Sheehan (Instructor and ûsphsHematppathology Trainee iri Pathology) is èxploring methods"'¦ of preventing chemically-iriducèd leukemias. , \The basis of thesê studies, however, is the assumptipn thatsomething is causirig the initial change in the cells, that the ,secret of cancer can be_fourid at the cellular level. -vDr. Wernef KifSten (Professer of Pathology and Pediatrics )vis one of the leaders of'a grôwing nurnber of researcherSacross. the country providing new évidence that thèse' cellularchanges àre-related to yituses, espëcally in thçt case ofleukemia. -, l_.. / ,«Although ûriderstai^ding of leukemia is still incomplète,;- vmethods of' treatment are being developed, ,Dr. Charles B.' i,Huggins ( 1966 Nobel lauréate in physiology and médieirie ~and the William B. Ogden Distinguished Service Professor ofSurgery) has painstakingly developed methods for inducing-leukemia in rats. He is using the rats to,provlde controlled ,expérimental models for techniques which Can be applied tohuman leukelxiia victims.Diagnosing and Understanding CancerBefore cancer can be treated it must be identifîéd and its chem-istry understood. Thé more rapidly it is identified, the more >'effective is the research and treatment.The final diagnosis must be made by a skilled scientist, ' butthe speed and assurance of his judgment can be aided bybiochemical techniques, computers, and high-powered elec*tron microscopes. 1Research at the University is constantly underway to im^prove thèse methods and bring them together.jOne of the sçientists using thèse /techniques is Dr. HeriryRappaport (Professor of Pathology and Director of thé Sur-gical Pathology Section). i v,Concentrating on tb^e biochemical aspects of diagnosis oftumors of the blood and blpod-f orming organs,' Dr. Rappa-port has collected data on ail cases of malignant lymphomatreated at the University in the past forty years. He àlso ispâthologist for a nationwide study which ",is comparing,methods of radiation therapy in an attempt tp establish the1best therapeutic approach to curing the cancer-like Hodgkin'sdisease.Basing his findings on a nurnber of national and internationalstudies of cancerous diseases, 'Dr. Rappaport vhas publishedthe most comprehensive review of tumors of the blood andDr. John F. Mullanblood-forming organs ever produced.For accurate diagnosis, careful observation and vast quantifies of data are necessary. Obtaining thèse data is notialwayseasy.To contribute to this store of knowledge, Dr. Josef Fried(Professor in the Ben May Laboratory and the Departmentsof Biochemistry and Chemistry) is studying the chemicalmechanism of cancer development and potential ways to in-hibit it.The chemical changes in cancer cells are also being an-alyzed in anirnals by Dr. Ward R. Richter (Associate Professor of Pathology) as a clue to diagnosis in humans,Diagnosis is complicated by the ability of cancer to invadealmost ail parts of the anatomy with varying results. Thusdiagnosis of cancers in spécifie Systems and organs is beingexamined by a nurnber of faculty members.Diagnosis of brain tumors is under investigation by Dr. V.William Steward (Assistant Professor of Pathology and Di-rector of the Neuropathblogy Service) and Dr. Javad Hek-matpanah (Assistant Professor of Surgery). They are studying' cellular changes before and during the émergence of thèsetumors.Liver and bone abnormalities as diagnostic indicators incancer are being studied by Dr. Albert Dorfman (Director ofthe La Rabida/University of Chicago Institute, Professor andChairman of the Department of Pediatrics, and Professor ofBiochemistry). iHormone and enzyme action in cancer are being examinedby a nurnber of University sçientists. Dr. Shutsymg Liao (Assistant Professor in the Ben Mày Laboratory and ResearchAssociate in Biochemistry) is investigating the mechanism ofspécifie hormones which are related to cancer control. Dr.John Pataki (also a Research Associate in the Ben MayLaboratory) is studying the relationship between chemicalstructure and cancer development and the use of steroidhormones in controlling such cancers.The possibility of biochemjcally starving cancer cells hasbeen considered and significant progress has been made byDr. Albert B. Lorincz, Professor of Obstetrics and Gyne-cology. He has developed a diet which in selected cases apatient can use to deprive cancer cells of a nutrient calledphenylalanine, an amino acid the body requires to manufactureproteins and which cancer cells appear to require in greatquantity.At the biochemical level, Dr. Ting-Wa Wong (AssistantProfessor of Pathology) is developing new approaches for studying abnormal patterns( of rna and dna synthesis and theenzymes responsible for controlling thèse substances.Dr. George L. Wied (the Blum-Riese Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Patholpgy and Director of Ex-foliative Cytology) is engaged in séveral diagnostic studies' offemale cervical cancers, including a study of Nsingle-cëll datato determiine the state of a spécifie cancer and the mostpotentially effective treatment. He also has developed a newtechnique by "which a sample of cells from within the, utérusmay reveal the présence of an intrauterine cancer. A con-tinuing study inyolving Dr. Wied and Dr. Frederick P.Zuspan (the Joseph Bolivar DeLee Professor and Chairman;ofthe Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology) is exploringthe possibility of a causal relationship between oral contra-ceptiyes and pre-cancer of the utérine cervix.. The diagnosis of cancer is perhaps moving most rapidlythrough the use of electronic devices.The électron microscope, which is so powerful that singlemolécules can be seen, is being used by Dr. Zelma Molner(Assistant Professor of Pathology) for detecting blood cancers, and by Dr. Pablo Enriquez (Instructor (and Traineèe inPathology) for identifying precancerous cells.The colposcope, which permits a magnified view of thecervix, is another device improving diagnosis. Dr. RaphaëlOrtiz (Assistant Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology) isimproving the technique of colposcopy to help physiciansselecf the best site for a biopsy for diagnosis and treatment ofcancer.A complex but highly effective microscope systerin tied intoa computer is being used by Dr. Wied to identify unknowncells and détermine if they are malignant.Dr. Douglas R. Shanklin ( Pathologist-in-Chief of ChicagoLying-in Hospital and Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecologyand Pathology) is computerizing more than 22,000 pathologyslides for rapid computer retrieval to compare suspectedmalignançies.Treatment of Cancer: Radiation, Chemicals, SurgeryUntil the day when cancers can be effectively prevented aspolio, a great deal of the research effort must be directed attreatment.Hodgkin's disease, a malignancy affecting the lymphaticand other tissues, is an example of a cancer that has to someextent been controlled by radiation and chemotherapy— theuse of drugs in treatment.A method of studying blood component changes in pa-8Dr. Robert W. Wisslertients receiving radio-therapy for Hodgkin's disçase hasbeen developed by Richard L. DeGowin (Assistant Professorof Medicine) who is conducting research on chemicals whichcan be used in tréating the disease.Spécifie use of drugs to combat cancer or tp relieve symp-toms arid shrink tumors when other treatment has been oflittïe or no help is being explored by a nurnber of faculty'members.The chemical properties of cancer-inducing compoundsare being studied by Ronald Harvey (Assistant Professor inthe Béri May Laboratory) while Dr. Edward Paloyan (Associate Professor of Surgery) ~is experimenting with animaisto explore the association between intake of certain drugsand development of parathyroid gland tumors.Cancer-inhibiting drugs are being studied by Dr. ZdenekHruban (Associate Professor of Pathology) who is especiallyconcerned with the effect of thèse drugs on cancerous andnon-cancerous cells.The use of drugs on cancer patients présents many prob-lems. Dr. Glen D. Dobben (Associate Professor of Ràdiology)is seeking a new médium to help avoid physical disadvantagesof présent dfugs., and Dr. Robert A- Goepp (Assistant Professor in the Zôller Dental Clinic and the Department piPathology) has discovered that direct local applications ofcertairi chemicals can provide more effective protection during radiatipn therapy. ¦'...,Thèse and other radiation protection drugs are constantlybeing studied and evaluated by Dr. Kenneth P. DuBois (Director of thé Department of Pharmacology's Toxicity Laboratory) Dr. DuBois and his staff are also working withchemical compounds that hâve provided significant radiationprotection to mice to find if such protection might be of valueduring radiation therapy.Dr. Martin L. Rozenfeld (Research Associate in Ràdiology)has developed an improved device for a scanning System forpatients with internai radiation as part of diagnosis andtreatment.A nurnber of researchers are corfibining radiation and surgery techniques.For example, Dr. Donald J. Ferguson (Professor of Sur-' gery) along with another researcher, has developed a rela-tively simple and effective test to détermine if a patient withwidespread cancer is getting the bést possible therapy. Thetest involves tracing éléments in cancer cells after therapy.Dr. John Mullan (Professor and Head of Neurosurgery)10 and Dr.' Dobben hâve beén doing work on the X-ray controlof cordbtpmy, a simple surgicaï procédure for relief of painin cancer patients.,In practiçe, surgicaï and surgicilly-related procédures \jarëthe most eommon in treatirig cancer and are becoming in-creasingly refined.Cordotpmy, for example, replaces open surgery arid itshazards; It involves insertion of a strontium needle throughthe skin into the spinal canal in order to interrupt pam fibersin the spinal cord. The cordotomy procédure lias recentlybeen refined to relieve pain 'of the face and neck and elimi-nate pain involvement of descending respiratory fibers, pro--viding relief in patients with pulmoriàry impairment.Dr- Mullan is exploririg treatment of certain brain tumorsby isotopes, yielding added évidence of a relationship . ofvirus to cancer. Dr. Mullan is also studying swelling relatedtq brain tumors and control of blood loss during surgeryby control of electrical current.Some researchers at the University hâve developed meansother than surgery to treat cancers that usuually réquiresurgery. ¦,Di. John J. Fennessy (Assdciate Professor of Ràdiology), ¦",for example, has developed a hon-surgical technique of prob-ing small body.pathways under local anesthesia to discover thedevelopment of small lésions in the periphery pf the lurigbeyond the reach1 of a bronchoscope.1 In breast cancer, researchers are concentrating on hormonecontrol and cell examinat'ion to diàgnose and treat the disease.In the future the research may do away with surgery as theprincipal control , for this disease. ,Argonne Cancer Research HospitalThirty research projects are now in progress at the ArgonneCancer Research Hospital, a research facility operated bythe University for the U. S. Àtàmic Energy Commission.The hospital, which opened in 1953, maintains a programconcerned with the uses of ionizing radiation in clinical andlaboratory studies on causes, treatment, and cure of cancerând other diseases. ' fAil project leaders hold joint appointments in the Divisionof the Biological Sciences and the Pritzker School of Medicine. The hospital is part of the University's complex of hos-pitâls and clinics on the central campus.The three super-Voltage machines, used for cancer therapyas well as for radiobiological studies on laboratory animai,Dr. Léon O.Jacobsonare a two-million-electron-volt Van de Graaff X-ray genera-tor, a rotational cobalt-6o machine, and a fifty-million-elec-tron-volt linear accelerator. Project leaders most closelyconcerned with thèse machines are ail Professors in the Uni-versity's Department of Ràdiology. Dr. Lester S. Skaggs isresponsible for design, maintenance and development. Dr.Lawrence H. Lanzl compares the effects of différent kinds ofradiations and devises new methods of treatment planning.Dr. Melvin L. Griem is responsible for patient treatment andis also searching for drugs to help make cancer more sensitiveto treatment by radiation.The linear accelerator permits remarkable précision forcancer treatment by limiting both treatment area and depthto which the électrons penetrate the body. Thus tissues sur-rounding a growth are not subjected to unnecessary irradiation. Opération of this machine also appears to hâve lessharmful effects on the skin surface. The accelerator also isused to provide radioisotopes for research in other projects.At présent a "patient treatment Simulator" is being con-structed to insure patients are very accurately positioned tosave valuabie time during treatment.Dr. Eric L. Simmons (Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine) is also studying methods of destroyingtumors of laboratory animais by irradiation. Thèse methodsinclude: (i) searching for a drug to render a tumor spe-cifically sensitive to a radiation dose that can be tolerated bythe rest of the body; (2) searching for a drug that will pro-tect normal tissues from very high radiation dose effects;and (3) use of injections of cells from other animais to restore tissues damaged by high-level radiations.The use of radioactive isotopes in therapy and diagnosisof cancer has accelerated as more isotopes hâve becomeavailable and instruments hâve become more sophisticated.Paul V. Harper, Jr., and Mrs. Katherine A. Lathrop (Professor and Associate Professor, Departments of Surgery andRàdiology) produce radionuclides for use as internai radiationsources to treat cancer. They hâve used solutions of radio-iodine in plastic envelopes for treatment of cancer behind theeye, and in plastic tubing for cancer of the pancréas; pelletsof radioactive yttrium and radiostrontium needles to destroypituitary and brain tissue as a means of controlling spreadingof breast cancer and various symptoms of Parkinson's disease;and implantations of short lengths of radiochromium wire fortreatment of thoracic and abdominal cancers. They hâvedeveloped a radioactive yttrium-strontium needle— now incommercial production— which has been spectacularly suc- cessful in the hands of the neurosurgeons for nerve tract interruption to relieve pain in inopérable cancer patients.Dr. Alexandér Gottschalk (Professor of Ràdiology : andDirector of Argonne Cancer Research Hospital) along withDr. Harper, Mrs. Lathrop, and other members of the Department of Ràdiology including Professor Kurt Rossmanri: and ,Associate Professors Robert N. Beck and Donald B. Charles-ton, are jointly responsible for development of instrumentsand radionuclides used in cancer détection. The method dépends on the fact that cancer tissue absorbs radioisotopes in)a concentration différent from that in surrounding normaltissues. A patient suspected of having a cancer is injectedwith a suitable radionucUde and then "scanned" or "photo-graphed" by an instrument that detects radiations from theisotope. This information is presented to the physiçiàn byone of a nurnber of display Systems.Thus, research in the field involves development of suitable forms of radionuclide, isotope imaging Systems, andmethods of display to give maximum information to thephysician. Argonne Cancer Research Hospital has developeda small and a medium-sized scanner for use with expérimentalanimais; a brain scanner; a wide area scanning techniquewith a scintillation caméra; a color télévision display unit,and a three-dimensional display unit.Most recently, Dr. Paul B. Hoffer (Résident in the Department of Ràdiology) has developed a method of fluorescentscanning the thyroid gland. The System monitors distribution of the iodine naturally présent in the gland and recordsabnormal distribution associated with cancer and otherdiseases. Thèse programs can ail benefit by the radioisotopesproduced by the linear accelerator and by a newly installedmédical cyclotron. \ \Dr. Robert J. Hasterlik (Professor in the Department ofMedicine) uses radioisotopes in conjunction with a whole-body counting facility to follow the way in which the hu-man body handles substances in sickness and in health. Healso is interested in the long-term effects and élimination ofsuch radioéléments as radium, which become concentrated inthe bones and may eventually give rise to cancer of theoverlying tissues. The project gives information on the effects of fallout from atomic explosions and of chronic dailyexposure to radiations such as is encountered in médicaland industrial workers with radioéléments.At least seven projects at the hospital deal with studies ofthe blood. Three of thèse are directly relevant to problemsof cancer: Dr. Stanley Yachin (Professor of Medicine) is12Dr. Henry Rappaport\w11 vB 1 ^ ¦m. Wf-?. ¦ '"^ -'m. _^_j, .__ -~- m-.studying f actors that cause certain normally-dormant lyrtiph-oid blood cells to grow and divide. This may provide someclue to the f actors that change normal cells into leukemiccells. Dr. John E. Ultmann (Professor of Medicine) has recently initiated a comprehensive clinical and laboratory pro-gram on neoplastic disease and abnprmal growtbs, with spécialemphasis on lymphoma, and he also is engaged in testingnew chemotherapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Dr. JanetRowley (Assistant Professor of Medicine) is amassing information on chromosomal irregularities in various blood diseasesto try to détermine if chromosomal imbalance is a cause orrésuit of leukemia.In another blood study, Dr. Léon O. Jacobson (Dean ofthe Division of the Biological Sciences and the PritzkerSchool of Medicine, and the Joseph Regenstein Professor ofBiological and Médical Sciences) is conducting long-term research on recovery of blood-forming tissues from lethal irradiation effects and the rôle of the ! hormone erythropoietinin stimulating red blood cell formation.Dr. Jacobson's work is complemented by that of Dr.Eugène Goldwasser (Professor in the Department of Chemis-try). He is involved in macromolecùlar studies on purificationand characterization of the hormone erythropoietin andidentification of the target cell for erythropoietin action.Dr. Angelo Scanu (Associate Professor in the Departmentof Medicine) is studying the Structure and functions of lipo-proteins in the blood. Thèse substances may be implicated insuch conditions as atherosclerosis. Dr. Alvin Tarlov (Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine) is interestedin the chemistry and biochemistry of the red cell membranes.Dr. Henry Kingdon (Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Medicine) is working on the biochemistry of blood clot-ting, while Dr. Robert Druyan (Assistant Professor in theDepartment of Medicine) is studying various regulatorymechanisms involved in the synthesis of heme in human redblood cells.Another attack on the problem of cancer cornes from Dr.Robert W. Wissler (Chairman and Professor in the Department of Pathology) who is seeking to strengthen the body 'sown défenses against cancer by immunological methods. Dr.Frank Fitch (Professor in the Department of Pathology) hascollaborated in successful studies in rats on immunologicalmethods of nullifying the graft rejection process, a centralproblem in organ transplantation.The biochemical and genetic 'defects that form the basis for différent types of goût are the subjects of a long-rangeclinical projeCt on this disease carried out by Dr. Leif B.Sorenson (Associate Professor in the Department of Medicine)/ Having completed a laboratory study on the absorption,excrétion, and metabolism of bile acid salts in rats, Dr. RobertH. Palmer (Assistant Professor of Medicine) is developingmethods for applying thèse studies to human beings in avariety of pathological conditions. ; i 'Four projects on molecular biblogy round pff the programat Argonne Hospital, Dr. 'Samuel B. Wéiss (Professor in theDepartment of Biochemistry ; and Asspciate Director of thehospital) is studying rna biosynthesis in normal and in virus-infected cells. Dr. Mehran Goulian (Associate Professor inthe Department of Medicine and Biochemistry) has as hisgoal the controlled modification of the genetic mechanismof animal cells, a study which may ultimately resuit in thecorrection of genetic defects that disease cause. Dr. MurrayRabinowitz (Professor in the Departments of Medicine andBiochemistry) is studying rriitochondrial assembly in yeastand in mammalian tissues under variously modified nutri-tional and physiological conditions, and the changes in biochemical synthesis that take place in the hearts of rats sub-jected to artificial cardiac hypertrophy. Dr. TokumasaNukamoto (Associate Professor in the Department, of Biochemistry) is concerned with the initiation and maintenancepf protein syrithesis in bacterial and rabbit reticulocyte extracts. Eventually he hopes to investigate the mechanism forprotein synthesis termination. ,The research projects at Chicago seeking to understandand annihilate one of man's most dreaded diseases comprisean extensive list. Hundreds of persons— sçientists, têchnicians, -supporting personnel— contribute to a multifaceted effortthat grows and changes continually as fresh knowledge cornesto light and new funds are made available. Yet the University is only one of countless participants in the struggle. Onan international scale, the total effort to fight cancer is incalculable.Sçientists hère and elsewhere are traditionally, and appro-priately, guarded in their remarks on the likelihood of a"breakthrough." They quote the well-known ratio of per-spiration to inspiration. But they smile indulgently at thetaie of one schoolboy's visit to the cobalt-6o machine in theArgonne Cancer Research Hospital. Knowing just enoughscience to be impfessed, the boy peered up at the device andremarked solemnly: "cancer's had it." —smk'4Dr. Werner H. Kirstenm ''¦l•'¦ , 'p? . . . v.. «??#fcif '"-' '¦¦< -Mif-wmMk\I am not a climber and not really a romantic. But a moun-tain is a challenge, and one wants to live.Kilimanjaro, just three degrees below the equator, offershigh altitude, challenge within reason for the amateur, anda gamut of symbolic identifications. It is higher by tenthousand feet than Olympus. In the States, only McKinleyis higher, and only by a little.Although the ascent of the final 3,000 feet is a test of willand many fail, many more reach the top— Women, children,the idle rich. This is not Himalayan mountaineering. No stratégie chain of supply campsites nor entourage of back-upclimbers are employed to put, finally, two or three men onthe summit. On Kilimanjaro you make it yourself, withfriends.It started for me in England. My collège chaplain at Cambridge, a literary buff, sat me down, shivering, in front ofa gas fire to read me American writers. I went back to Hemingway again, and read the white hunter's dream of death inThe Snows of Kilimanjaro for the first time.Within a fortnight, by coïncidence, an advertisement inthe personal column bf the London Times asked for a com-panion to climb Kilimanjaro. I answered, and an Englishmanon contract with Dunlop in Kuala Lumpur wrote back. Hewas planning a climb the following summer. It was thenNovember.I met Richard in May when he took leave in England, amonth before my Tripos exams. He was twenty-eight, tanned ,from the Malaysian sun, solid as the Victorian Empire.Richard was a good maté. He was a graduate of the Trans-Siberian Railway, a bachelor, and a member of the Ramblers,a British walking club. He would rather do a thing thanthink about it. I had been a student too long and needed todo a mountain."Good-o," he said when I agreed to corne. We plannèdwhat little equipment we needed: comfortable boots, wind-breakers, and fancy hats. A hôtel at the foot of the mountainsupplies everything else.I left for East Africa in July. We were to climb in August,when the weather high up is cold and clear. Below theequator, the cooler winter cornes between the rains of Marçhand October. We were to meet in Marangu, beneath themountain, over the Tanzanian border from Kenya.There in that vast expanse of land with its intricate Society of people and animais The Green Hills of Africa camemore clear. Hemingway had sat in camp dreaming of Franceand Spain and conjuring with style.I caught a bus in Arusha and left the Wameru région underlow clouds for Wachagga country, the foothills of Kilimanjaro. The snowy peak was invisible. It can be hard to seeeven on a clear day. Air currents play about the top. Cloudsform and disappear and form again.Nor is the origin of its name exactly known whether fromthe Masai, the Chagga, or the coastal Swahili. "Mountain ofcaravans," "of spring-water," "of shining," or "of evil caus-ing cold"-the local variants ail apply.And so does "that which defeats." A week before we ar-rived, a Chagga porter died in a freezing rain on the heights.Shortly after our climb, an Austrian died of a heart attack ahundred feet from the summit.The bus cornes through Moshi, the coffee coopérativecenter for the area. On weekdays Indian drapers hunkerover sewing machines on the sidewalk. Old men in soiledcassocks play backgammon under awnings. Chickens, greenbananas, beggars, and red Masai with spears fill the market.Beyond Moshi the overloaded bus turns up into the hills,past fields of sisal, arbors of daisy, white cobs of maize dry-ing on corrugated tin roofs, coffee bushes, banana forests.Six miles up from the turn, its load of humanity unpacks atMarangu. Richard was waiting.Our first morning, the peaks Kibo and Mawenzie stoodclear through the trees. Kibo is the massive sugar dôme weknow as Kilimanjaro, 19,340 feet high. Mawenzi is the older,weatherworn volcanic stump at 16,890 feet, across a saddlein the massif.Richard was keen to do some hiking to stretch our legs,try our packs, and acclimatize to the altitude. We took timeto look around the hills. Past Marangu the black top ends:the roads leading up into higher coffee and banana patchesare red dirt and rocky. They quickly become rutted trails.Chagga women hâve an eye for bright color in bandannasand print dresses. We passed groups of them laughing softlyto one another, bearing lengths of sugar cane and firewoodon their heads. One morning, high over a ridge, we came ona market bazaar in a clearing: scarves, candied banana, plastic sandals, and jewelry spread on mats in the dirt.We hiked through schoolyards where boys in khaki shirtsand shorts swung on ladder bars, legs kicking, barefoot. Tallergirls in long green dresses played variations of tag and giggledwhen we passed.Sectarian missionary areas, like districts of language or animal clan, stake claims around the mountain. Pentecostals andLutherans hold Marangu. The Holy Ghost fathers are toeither side. Richard and I had tea in a hôtel with a HolyGhost brother travelling on foot. He was gentle of speech,trusting, a black man of middle âge wearing Western streetdress. He thanked us and his God for providing, through us,\ the stuff for his inner man.The day before the climb we packed up along the mountain trail into a mist at 8,000 feet, climbing away from population into forest. The sweat on our backs went cold. Welunched in the fog.Higher up we passed a party of forty-nine Italians andtheir porters resting on the way down from the snows. Theywere an Alpine club from Turin. There was bristle on theirchins, the lark in their eyes. They spooned corned beef fromtins, sang "Clémentine," made jokes, and jostled in the wetmorning cloud around them. Ail but two had made the top.Africans may hâve reached the summit before Europeansdiscovered Kilimanjaro in the mid-i9th century, but no record exists. The mountain may hâve been taboo and was morecertainly too cold. Not until 1889 did a German officiallymake the top. Before that, the crater dôme lay remote, wait ing for the world. The Ptolemies in Egypt are believed tohâve known of it. But since then, though Chinese, Arabs, andPortuguese hâve trafficked along the coast since the nthcentury, références are scant.Richard and I met by chance with five others at the footof the mountain. We set off in a party of seven, with thir-teen porters and a handsome Chagga guide, natty in gum-boots, shorts, and kneesocks.From the start one is warned to go slow— "Poli, Poli" asthe road signs caution below. We reached the first hut at8,600 feet, a distance of nine miles, in five and a half hours.We looked back to a level plain speckled with acaciathorn, stretching away to the lower Blue Mountains in thesouth. Far below, over the rolling hills, flights of birds twit-tered and fell against the dusk. It was chilly. I was tired andalready there was tightness in my chest.Everybody signs a register at the first hut. A notice warnsclimbers they will pay the full expense of any rescue neededbecause of carelessness. The porters boiled us a pot of stew,sitting cross-legged in a smoky corrugated tin shanty. Myeyes watered looking in.It would take two days more slow hiking to reach thethird hut at 15,500 feet, from whence the final, real ascentwould begin. Not till then would we know what we wereup against.The moon came full that night. I talked to a new-foundPeace Corps friend outside while the others bedded down.Why do we climb mountains? "For the same reasons I joinedthe Peace Corps," he said. It takes a Peace Corps volunteerto understand.The climb to the second and third huts is a destiny prolongea, straightforward and nerve-wracking. To reach15,500 feet is no everyday stroll. By the end of the two daysthe altitude takes effect. Some can go no further. But thedays are long, and there is time to live. One goes to Kilimanjaro, as it were, for the waters.We worked our way through a misty rain forest on thesecond day. The climb felt easv— clean and cool. One of ourparty, a boy from Kansas City, was counting his steps in setsof a hundred. He fell silent for a spell, then informed us howmany paces lay between us and the summit.Large crows patrolled the air over the second hut at 12,335feet, exposed on a prominence of rock moraine. Their glossywings banked in arcs around rubble and rusted cans, theirsquabble the only sound above our voices.The next morning we worked slowly over ridges and upravines three miles to the rock slides below Mawenzi. In 1955,the story goes, a two-engine Dakota crashed high above us.It had failed by thirty feet to clear the summit. Ail aboardwere lost. The incident remains shrouded in mvsterv. Onepassenger, it was rumored, was to hâve given évidence in aninternational diamond-smuggling intrigue. An Ian FlemingKevin Lewis is a doctoral candidate in theology and litera-ture at the Divinity School of the University of Chicago.novel received its impetus from the. épisode.A rescue party found the wreckage but could bring nobodies down. A few lie in graves; others still sit in the rustingfuselage, preserved by the cold. Everi with binoculars it wastoo far, away to see. 'At 15,500 feet we came onto the saddle separating the twopeaks, a plain of coarse sand two inches deep, streaked ,bythe wind into a grid. Boulders, flung from the volcano mouth,lie desolate in the waste. Tall clouds walk in from Kenyaon the north, obscuring and revealing the snows of Kiboabove.Five miles on the level, then up a final, deceptive slope tothe hut. I felt the altitude as a throbbing behind the eyes.As we paced slowly into the thinnirig air the world sloweddown. Bréath sank deeper, the heart pounded. Some weresick. They sat bowed in the sun, expressionless.From hère we would make the final effort. To get only,this far was a cakewalk and we knew it. Some could eat andsome could not. We bedded down in daylight. At 2:00 AM,when the rock scree and the snow crust were frozen hard,we would be ùp and away.On the wooden bunks, in socks and sweaters in our bedrojls, we tried to sleep. But none of us did. It was freezing.There was no firewood. Outside, the porters sang Swahiliverses from songs of Pentecostal Sunday School childhbod.They would wait there at thé hut till wé came down, I triedthinking of anything else, but the rnountain always wouldreturn.The Queeri of Sheba lived in Ethibpia, a few hundredmiles to the north of Kilimanjaro. She had a son by Sblomonnamed Menelik. When Menelik was very old, he journeyedto the snowy crater at the top with a court of servants andthere died. Legend awaits the day when a climber will findhis remains and Solomon's ring, the symbol of wisdom.We roused ourselyes in the icy dark at two o'clbck andbreakfasted on sweet tea and thin porridge.The track led up the eastern side of the cône. With themoon bright overhead we needed np lantern to make outshapes of rocks underf 00t. Stars wheeled in the cloudless sky,falling into the summit as we climbed. Looking up made medizzy.The boy from Kansas City started the final leg in sets ofsixty steps between restsi He soon was reduced to fifty, thento thirty-three, and finally to twenty-five, stopping at each pause to breathe hèavily. ' jFull moonlight is a.queer dawn or dusk drawn out, a be-tween-world. We strùhg but. The other climbers above andbelow on the shéer slople were lumps of shadow. We wouldcorne close, pass, or draw away in a slow-motion dream séquence. Resting, we listened for the dry rasp of footstepsahead or behind.1 , , ,.To either side of the saddle far below to our backs a cot-tpn cloud layer was a carpet of milky blue oUt to the horizon.The peak of Mawenzi, seven miles to the east, shrunk to apurple stùmp. I had been reading R'achel Carson's The SeaAround' Us. I hâve never lived by the océan. But on the flânksof Kilimanjaro one feels thât same serise of the depth and expanse of the planet.Setting out from tfie hut, my legs were strong. I worfiedonly for my head. Halfway up, two hours later, my legs wererûbbert I cursed the stumbles, the wasteful lunges to keepbalance. Lacking ' oxygen, light-headed, I would pause, réelbackward on thin draughts of air, and send corrections to mymuscles. I felt detached, :A Canadian couple were at first behind me He was a sani-tary engineer, she a teacher. We ail were tired. She turried^back. He passed me,rclimbing quickly, his feet senseless withcold. He had forgbtten a second pair of soçks. He wouldmake it to the top, but would corne down hobbling, his frost-bitten toes swollen. Kilimanjaro is a Moby Dick; we werefortunate ;not to loSe legs or lives.The morning sun, chasing us from behind, would loosen thefrozen scree and make the footing more difficult. We watchedthe time. By 5:00 a.m. the east was aglow.By 18,000 feet we would heave upward ten steps, stop forlong minutes, and push on. There was a dull, trance-likepleasure to it, an unf athomable maspchism. My breath; wouldreturn each time from a distance infinitely sweet and far.An intimidating, hardpacked snowfield stretched away forhundreds of feet upward toward the moon. Frozen foot-prints and tussocks made f ootholds chancy w^th rny. smooth-soled boots. At the top of the snowfield there was rock andmore snow beyond. I hâve no eye for measurements. Thesummit could hâve been fifty or five hundred feet away.When I was a boy in upstate New York, I rèad an accountof the assault on Everest in the '20s. There was a photographof the last ridge of snow, where the Englishman Mallorydisappeared forever into a snowstorm.18The summit qf Kilimanjaro looks différent, more rocky,more stark. But it was the same. I had corne that far to lookinto that photograph. I wanted badly to turn back, badly togo on.It was cold and getting colder. The wind strengthenedtoward dawn. But the cold lessened the pain around myeyes, I floundered upward into deep scree and the last icefield. The entire eastern rim of the sky flared candle-flameorange. The moon sank behind the summit. It was light.Behind me, Richard came on slowly and surely. I couldsee his fur earflaps fifty yards below. Behind him, the boyfrom Kansas City had fallen face down in the snow. At18,500 feet, after more than 6,000 steps, altitude sickness madehim turn back.It was five hours since we had left the hut. Our guidecalled out and waved from a ledge above. In the last fiftyfeet I sat heavily four times to rest.At the crater rim one can see into the caldera, across toglacial layers of ice thickly frosted with snow, and the innercrater, with ice caves ànd a few hot spot fumaroles, remnantsof the volcano long dormant, unlikely to erupt.A few more steps and the top was ours. The wind batteredabout our ears. Small pennants on an aluminum flagpolewhipped stiff in the gale. Richard clambered up beside me.We scrawled our names and the date in a book in a métalbox.I stood there at Gilman's Point on top of Africa andlooked out into a blue gulf to the ends of the earth. Thesun broke fiercely over the cloudline above the Indian Océan.It was 6:45 a.m. I hadn't a spare thought for Menelik, norfor Solomon's ring. Just being there was wisdom.There is more to a mountain than reaching the top; thereis the descent. At the top, one realizes, there is nowhere togo but down. Life is but a coming and going.AU the while my stomach had been uneasy. After tenminutes it was turning cartwheels. Richard was cold. Wedecided to go.We took a steeper route down the eastern side of thecône. The sun begain to burn, though the air still was icy.Now the scree was laose and deep. We went faster andfaster, trying to keep from falling, digging heels in, flailingour arms for balance.It was like skiing then— great swooping christies in thevolcanic shale. Richard came down more slowly behind me. I fell. At last mountain sickness crested on a wave. I wasviolently ill. The guide urged me to rest in a cave halfwayback to the hut. But I was too tired to feel tired.In two and a half hours we reached the hut. We floppedon bunks and talked in a rush. My head hurt and I was sickagain, outside. Neither sleep nor food were possible. Oneby one we set off for the second hut.At our backs, as we transversed the long saddle, cloudformations blew across the cône. Kilimanjaro grew bigger,more massive the more we left it behind.We spent the night at the second hut at 12,335 feet. Myhead cleared. I was hungry again. We played cards by thelight of a kérosène lamp, slept deeply. The next day wewould make twenty-two miles to the hôtel.In the morning we passed other climbers coming up, plod-ding slowly. They would look us intently in the face as wepassed, as though to gauge the height above.Then as we strung out on the last few miles, down fromforest into habitation, a strange thing happened. At about6,000 feet the world came gradually alive. Cattle and goatsbrayed to either side of the path. Chagga youngsters tumbledout onto the trail at play. White tuberous horns of moon-flower cloyed on vines at head level. The air was warmer,thicker at every step. Water rushed in irrigation channelsat our feet. The smell of woodsmoke and bodies hung on theair. A Chagga father lifted up an infant for me to admire.We had left the world and now found it again with surprise.When you hâve climbed Kilimanjaro and corne downagain, your guide twines you a wreath of Everlasting Flower,helichrysum. He picks it above the tree line, weaves it withcreeper vine, and présents it with ceremony. I stopped at thewayside house of an English-titled Russian w^man I had meta week before. We had talked freely for hours. She, a lady,was the measure of any mountain or man, and I gave her mywreath.There is no surefire way to climb Kilimanjaro, thoughthe many who hâve done it hâve théories. As in religion andlove, a man becomes his own expert at a climb. He tells freelyhow it is done. But you listen at your péril.Richard and I parted, he to Nairobi, and I to the warmcoast by bus through the Tsavo préserve, past antelope, red-skin éléphants, anthill castles, morning glories, and baobobtrees, buying bananas through the bus window, sucking sugarcane. rj19£T Wlï*s£*3? ivmvt§M'»$?:?*mmmémmtwM,i mwnlAïnm+.y-MWltfWj^.^r>*¦*?'"Mihaly CsikszentmihalyiTHEAMERICANIZATIONOF ROCK-CLIMBINGThose leisure-time activities which we label variously as"play," "sports," or "games" hâve in common certain interest-ing and important characteristics. Besides being totally vol-untary, thèse activities are ail rewarding in themselves— theyneed not be done to secure a secondary goal. Significantly,their structure is such that it allows participants, withinclearly established limits, to match themselves against someaspect of environment, other people, or some élément withinthemselves. From this process of seeing how one "stacks up,"man probably dérives a deepened awareness of his own limits,his own potentials, his own possibilities— in other worcjs, hissensé of self is heightened. ,This category of behavior, which we might as well call"play," includes such diverse games as chess, skiing, singingfor pleasure. However disparate such activities may be, andwhatever direct sensory enjoyment they riiay give to theplayer, it can be said that at a preconscious level ail forms ofplay afford the opportunity to control one clearly definedMihaly Csikszentmihalyi, '60, PhD'6;, chairman of the depart-ment of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest Collège,has written for numerous scholarly journals as well as forThe New Yorker, The Nation, and the Magazine. He hasclimbed widely in Europe and the United States. dimension of the environment and simultaneously provide afeedback which the player can use to build his self-concept.A form of play can be defined, in fact, by the way one at-tempts to control the environment and by what one attemptsto control. Chess requires strict analytical reasoning in ahighly structured situation, where one's compétence as wellas one's mistakes will be pointed out clearly and objectivelyby the outcome of the game. Skiing involves bodily coordination and balance (the term "control" is widely used in thisand other sports) and feedback is again clear— one eithermakes a successful turn or one falls. In singing, the controlis over the complex coordination of musical memory, vocalcords, and auditory eues. In this case the feedback consistsof a match between voice and an idéal pattern of song.It can be seen that play, in the wider sensé used hère, isan important tool for man in his constant effort to forge aself-concept. It is not surprising that Plato should say "lifemust be lived as play" or that Froebenius saw in play thestarting-point of ail social order and social institutions.Friedrich Schiller felt that man is completely a man onlywhen he plays. And, in our time, Sartre has added that "assoon as man apprehends himself as free and wishes to use hisfreedom . . . then his activity is play." What is perhaps moresurprising is that we still know so little about play and itseffect on the player.21The so-called dahgerous sports— car racing, sky^diving,rock-climbing, and sq forth— would seem to présent spécialdifficulties in fittirig into the analytical scheme presentedthus far. A laymari observing'a climbing teamscaling a sheer.rock facej may be heard to mutter: "They shouldn't be al-lowed to do that", or "What are they trying to prpvé?" Itis widely felt that voluhtary pursuit pi such dangerous activities is odd, anti-social, even perVerted. Yet thèse sports areexactly like other games in their formai •characteristics. Theyare voluntary, satisfying in and of themselves, and offer theplayer a highly structured setting in which to control ex-ternal forces. They differ from other forms of play in thata failure in control may quickly resuit in the lbss of theplayer's lifé— in other wqrds, the feedback must be positive.i Irideed, it is exactly because the stakes are high that thèseactivities, when successful, contribute more to the player'sself-concept than a victory at safer pursuits. In a way, thelayman's question is very pertinent: "What are they tryingto prove?" Thèy are trying tp prove what everyone elsewould wish to prqve:' that he is a unique individual, able tosurpass what he and, others thought were his limitations.But one still may question whether it is sane to- risk one'slifé solely to expand the awarôriess^f one's compétence,Perhaps the purest example, of dangerous play is rqck-climb-ing, and I once asked that question of a theoretical mathe-rriatician who was an avid climber several months each year.His answer was, in substance: "Why! should it be insané torisk one's life on a climb but heroic to risk it on a trip to theMoon? For a given man, a twenty-foot sheer bouldèr canbe just as dangerous— or important— to climb as it is foranother man to reach the Moon. If we call the astronaut ahero for risking his life to prove that the impossible is possible, why not say the same of the climber who attempts theimpossible boulder?" I hâve since heard the same argumentrephrased by numerous pther climbers. Of course there aresociological reasons why the astronaut should be a hero andthe climber an oddball. The former is a représentative of Society at large. He risks his life, supposedly, for the benefit pfail. Thus others can identify with him and share vicariously inhis fortunes. The climber— and of course, but perhaps to alesser degree, ail other pursuers of dangerous sports— is alonein matching himself against the environment. He climbs inremote places, strictly for his own ends. It is no wonder thatthe rest of society should consider him insane— he risks death22 not for them but for himself. ¦ '> — *. ,Moreover, to risk one's lifé for a goal outside the mairilinevalues pf the .culture, threatens the very roots of a yiewer'sbeliefs since it implies that his values may not be as important/as he thought. Our culture accepts implicitlya hierarchyof values. in which the ultimate value is survival, with com-fort also running close to the top of the list.-To see somednerisking his life in, an endeavor not sanetioned by societyj isthreatening because it suggests that life ¦ and cornfort not besuprême values, that there may be other values of équal orperhaps greater importance.This analysis so far is of necessity rather abstract. Whenone considère a single activity in depth one is faced by agreatly complex pàttern in constant flux. As an example, Iwould like to review rock-climbing in more détail, particu-larly in regard to the changes in its practice in the past tenyeirs or sq. The- survçy < will try to show hbw sorne gêneraicultural value trends affect the norms of a fairly instirution-alized form of play and, ; as a conséquence, affect the be-havipr and personality of the players.The Ôriginsjbf Rock-ClimbingRock-climbing is an autonomous, spbrt which developed oiitof the more gênerai activity of mountaineering. The séparation began roughly three tq four décades ago, when in themiddlé of the 1920s some climbers in the Alps and Dolomitesperfected the use of équipaient and techniques enablirig themto make direttissima (most direct rather than roundabout)ascents on mountain faces previously thought to be unassail-able. The two sports still overlap; but there ïs now a' clearlyestablished group of "technical climbers," interested not inreaching summits but in climbing the sheefest faces, as op-posed to tfaditional climbers.Although rock-clifnbing was born in Europe, rock-clirribersare a typically American phenomenon. They hâve developedexceptionally sophisticated techniques to negotiate the mostformidable rock faces but in the process hâve becorne dis-interested in almost every other aspect of mountaineering.As faf as they are concerned, the rock face might just aswell be underground as on a mountainside; in fact, spelunk-ing isa favorite side activity of rock-clirnbers. By compari-son with the new breed of American technical climbers, ailbut a few European climbers wou^d define themselves astraditionals-that is as experts in rock techniques, but onlywithin the larger context of mountain climbing, generallyfor the reason of reaching a summit. For the traditionals,expertise on rock is meaningful only because the rock is partof the mountain. For the rock-climber there is nothing else.It is interesting that man began to climb mountains onlyabout twb centuries ago. There is no historical record of aseribus ascent, even of an attempted one, until the middle ofthe eighteenth century. Around that time, two catégoriesof men began to wander higher and higher up the Alpineslopes. On the one hand, there were the mountain folk ofFrance, Switzerland, and Italy who were beginning to real-ize that in the wider world around them there was a marketfor some hitherto useless products— chamois horns and rock-crystal, both available only on the high peaks. As theysearched for thèse resources, they became more and moreknowledgeable about the mountains; they were to developin later générations into the corps of native guides whowould lead their city-bred customers up the slopes.The second group is in many ways more interesting andimportant for the évolution of rock-climbing. At first, in theeighteenth century, the men in this group were almost ex-clusively natural sçientists who found an unexplored terri-tpry to chart, to measure, to study. Botanists and meteorolo-gists scrambled up the peaks with their instruments to finda new flower or to measure atmospheric pressure at highaltitude. They were not true mountain climbers yet, sincethey had motives ulterior to the activity itself; but many ofthem, like the pioneer DeSaussure, learned to love the peaksand helped to popularize them. After the natural sçientists,the mountains were rediscovered by artists— poets like Byronand Ruskin wrote about them and painters depicted them asthe perfect physical embodiment of the prevailing romandeworldr-view. As soon as the Alps were recognized as the lastromantic frontier of an industrializing Europe, young scionsof good British families flocked to test themselves against themountains. In the nineteenth century many with religiousvocations joined in the sport— clergymen from England, evenPope Pius XI.Today climbing is a démocratie and popular activity inEurope. Forty years ago only the wealthv could afford totravel to the mountain, to purchasc the necessarv clothes andequipment, to hire guides and porters. Now travel is inexpen-sive; equipment is better, safer, and so lightweight thatporters are not needed. The Alpine guides, who had known a century of relative ease and renown, are slowly disappear-ing. Routes and techniques hâve been popularized and mas-tered by amateurs. Warming huts and shelters dot the moun-tainsides. A great part of the guide's work now consists ofrescuing inexperienced climbers, a duty for which he is sel-dom rewarded.Serious climbing was introduced in America quite recently,mostly by Swiss, German, British, or French immigrants. Thefirst major ascent in the Grand Tétons was made in 1893, butcontinuous climbing in the area dates only since 1925. TheAmerican Alpine Journal was first published in 1929, whenmountaineering clubs were founded in major cities. The na-tion's only climbing school staffed by professional guides wasfounded at Jenny Lake, beneath the Tétons, about the sametime. While mountaineering continues to grow only modest-ly, rock-climbing bas flourished in many sections of thecountry as a semi-independent specialty, pursued for the mostpart by young mathematicians and theoretical physicists. AUthough there are no data available, it is a curious fact well-known in climbing circles— not only in the U.S. but in Korea,Japan, and Europe as well— that thèse two disciplines arehugely over-represented among rock-climbers. Indeed, it isdifficult to find a committed rock-climber who went throughhigher éducation and is not a physicist or a mathematician.The best known rock-climbing areas are distributed acrossthe country. Some are in New York. The few rocks at Devil'sLake in Wisconsin serve the whole Midwest. The GrandTétons, the Black Hills, and the Colorado Rockies serve theRocky Mountain région. The Sierras rule the West, where,at Yosemite Park, the prototypes of the new rock-climbersemerged.Rock-climbers from surrounding régions flock to thèsesanctuaries. Typically, they are collège students and teachers.Among the new group of technical climbers, a growingminority consists of dropouts from académie and professionallife. They work in the winter as dishwashers or car-hops or,with luck, as ski instructors; with their savings they take thewhole summer off to climb. There is almost no formai communication, very little organization, and no formai rating orrécognition among them. Yet there is widespread knowledgeof what fellow climbers do, and news of an ascent spreadsquickly. Through word of mouth, climbers learn to recog-nize the names of colleagues they hâve never met and toevaluate their accomplishments. As a resuit, there is an in-formai hierarchy, ranked according to the difficulty of theirlatest climbs. Although this ranking is constantly revised, itis surprising how widely it is accepted considering that it isnever written down or formally recognized by a panel ofexperts. The leading figures are true cases of primus interpares— that is, recognized and esteemed by their peers throughperformance.The Effects of Specialization iTo a traditional mountaineer, the unit of perception for aclimb is the whole mountain. He thinks in terms of the ap-proach, a snowfield or glacier to cross, which face or ridgeto choose, the traverses or chimneys he has to negotiate before reaching the summit. During this process he is aware ofthe mountain as a whole, its faces, its relationship to neigh-boring peaks. He usually is aware of the history of the mountain, and the memory of previous exploits on it makes hisprésent climb a richer expérience, part of an ongoirig pat-tern. He is acutely mindful of the weather, both for practicaland esthetic reasons. When he reaches the summit he relaxesand feels bound to savor the mixed expérience of pride andhumility that the conquest of the peak entails. For the traditional mountaineer, the ascent is a gestalt iricluding esthetic religious, historical, personal, and physical sensations.As évidence of how much this is still the case one only hasto read the almost metaphysical accounts of ascents by suchgreat climbers as Gaston Rebouffat of France or WilliamUnsoeld, one of the American conquerors of Everest, or in-deed talk to any Sunday climber of the old school.In contrast, the technical climber's unit of perception isnot the mountain but the particular route of ascent he has'chosen. The mountain is reduced to the important pitchesand holds. The summit is irrelevant, since the climax bf theclimb is the most difficult move rather than the highest point.I hâve seen rock-climbers reach an important summit, sitdown to check their gear, eat a bite, and be off without aglance at the view. The rock-climber becomes embarrassedif the conversation drifts to a subject outside the strictlytechnical. Even if he is highly educated, as most are, hewould sooner fall off a cliff than comment on natural beautyor his feelings.In fact, the new breed of rock-climbers suspect the traditional climbers of hypocrisy and phoniness. Their attitudeH could be summarized in the following statement, which, Ihâve heard in one form or other from many sources: "Climbing, consists in overcoming the prbblems posed by a mpre prless vertical slab of stone. The entire purpose of climbing isto do this aS well as possible. Everything that is not essen-tial to this pursuit is in fact detrimenral to it, since maximumperformance can be achieved only through maximum1 concentration. The climber who looks at, the clouds or thinksin-iambic pentameters is a fake. Any tourist on à ski-lift canget the same, expérience."In a way, of course, tbe technical climber is right; if the pointof the game of climbing is to test oneself against a particularaspect of reality, why not push the test to its limit? Atthe same time, one can also see that by1 reducing the messageto the médium, the technical climber has relinquishéd muchof its potential richness. The cornplex web of expériencesthat made elimbingpleasurable has been stripped away andthe intrigue has been invested in the purely technical. Therules of the game hâve remained more or less the same, but,while the traditional winner would understand his victoryin spiritual and esthetic terms as well as in physical andtechnical ones, the new climber's victory is simply physicaland technical. Since success is a means to the expansion andmaintenance of the self -concept, it should follow that, quali-tatively, the self-concept of the specialisr must remain nar-rower because bf the narrower dimensions of his success. Ofcourse, the fault for this— if fault it is— does not lie entirelywith the technical climber. After ail, the interprétations heputs on his activity and its success dérive from the culture helives in.The Drive Toward QuantificationThe difficulty of a climb has been measured since the 1930sby a System devised in Europe which assigns each pitch anurnber from 1 to 5, in increasing order of difficulty. Thenumbèring is subjective, based on the opinion of the mostexpert climber or thé first to climb the pitch. There is also a"6th degree," which dénotes a pitch that cannot be climbedexcept by employing artificial aids such as rope ladders,stirrups, prussic knots or any device which gives a climbersupport other than rock.In the United States, the Yosemite climbers hâve intro-duced a décimal System which furtherx breaks down the in-formation: a 5.7 pitch, for example, is harder than a 5.3. In1962 another form of grading, the National Climbing Classification System, was introduced: individual pitches are gradedfrom Fi to F 10 if they can be climbed free, Ai to A5 if theyrequire artificial aid. In addition, a separate numbering System from I to IV also was adopted for grading the wholeroute.Traditional climbers tend to be appalled by what theyconsider to be a pointless numbers game. The technicalclimber scoffs at the objection, pointing out that "information is power" and that if one can measure something hcshould do so.The Emphasis on EquipmentGreat breakthroughs in rock-climbing hâve been, to a certainextent, a conséquence of improvements in equipment. Thecrucial items in climbing are shoes, clothing, food (whichhas been "improved" in the sensé of being lightened andcompressed), ropes, and hardware. It is especially in thefield of hardware— the climber's term for pitons, expansionbolts, carabiners, crack-jacks, etc.— that American rock-climbers hâve made the most noteworthy advances.The traditional climber usually grows into an intimaterelationship with his equipment. His shoes, his packsack,his pitons and ice-axe are used with care and pleasure, andhe does not part with them unless they are absolutely wornout. Through this personal relationship with his own gear, themountaineer adds one more dimension to the gestalt of thewhole expérience;The rock-climber, although he tends to be obsessed withhis gear, usually considère it simply as a means to an end.He may spend hours selecting items from a catalogue and,before each climb, more hours laying out, checking, packing,and repacking ail his equipment. But he does not hesitate toexchange any of it for more efficient gear as soon as it appearson the market.The New Rock-Climber: A ProfileAbout six years ago, G.R., a sudent from the Bronx withan above-average physique and a sharp mind, left for a collège in the Midwest as a physics major. In his freshmanvear he fell in with a small group of rather relaxed climberswho were about halfway between a traditional and a technical orientation. At his first outing, G.R. was seen to possess therare combination of balance and kinesthetic logic whichdistinguishes great climbers.On each successive climb, G.R. improved immensely. Hispowers of concentration were legendary. He could spendfifteen minutes lacing his boots so that they would feel justright. He could spend an hour selecting the best combinationof pitons and carabiners for a short pitch. And he could studya rock face for hours before a climb, keeping up a semi-monologue in which every crack and knob on the face wasnoticed, described, evaluated, and fitted into a plan of action.After ail this, he would step off the ground and with thegrâce of a ballet-dancer "ooze up" (his favorite expression)the pitch. Back at the campsite, G.R. would discuss equipment and routes until the embers of the fire grew cold. Heshowed little interest in his environment, human or other-wise, except if strictly related to climbing. His team-mateslearned to respect him, but most were somewhat uncomfort-able with him and felt his competitiveness to be excessive.Between climbs, G.R. walked to classes carrying a packfull of bricks to develop his shoulders. He joined in the noc-turnal sessions of practicing rope techniques on a sheer sideof the football stadium. He strengthened his fingers by con-stantly kneading a tennis-bail. In the evening he returned tohis dormitory room by climbing up the inside of the openstairwell.By now G.R. is considered one of the best technical rock-climbers in the nation. Rumor has it that he can do a one-armed "mantleshelf"— pull his whole body up from arm'slength with only an open-palm grip on the surface above.Some pitches unclimbable to a novice he can negotiate with-out using his hands. Yet G.R. has never climbed a major peak.He has often repeated that the idéal climbing conditions forhim would be taxi service to the foot of the pitch and heli-copter service from the top. While on the rock face, however, G.R. can make the most exquisite and demanding moves,accomplishing feats of analysis and exertion that few in theworld can match.Implications of the ChangeThe attitudinal change we are witnessing in mountaineeringreflects in a nutshell many changes taking place in the restof society. A game activity which until a génération ago was25performed leisurely, within a complex logico-meaningf ulf ramework of expériences, is now becoming a calculated, précise, expert enterprise/ within a much narrower . f rameworkof expériences.It would be témpting to conclude that the new climber isa faceless robot, but this would not be true. He has a strongpersbnality and an individualistic approach to life and to thegame. His. self-concept is finely chiseled through awarenessof the almost superhuman f eats of control of which he knowshimself capable.Yet there is no denying that a self-concept developed almost solely through technical feedback is less interesting andmeaningful than a self fed on a complex variety of stimuli.Its owner can relate to' fewer people, its content can be relevant to fewer situatipns,'its strength can be applied in feweremergencies.i A person whose self is built around technical compétence— oraround "any one_ area of expérience exclusively— has difficultyin interâcting with his fellbw specialists rtieaningfully, and hecontributes to that ffagmented, anomic society of whicheveryone is always complaining. In rock-climbing we also cansée the future bf this gênerai trend towards specialization.The technical climber becomes more and more profitent, atthe cost of being able to relate his expertise less to the restof his or anyqne else's life. The traditional climber becomesmore and more anachronistic, a slightly ridiculous personagewho tries very hard, but inevitably falls short in quantifiable,objective achievement.The sad aspect of this case of cultural change is that thereseems to be no way of reversirig it. There is no point in tryJîng to broaden the new climber's approach to the game.Even if one could convince him to try, he would surelyfeelthat he had been right ail along, that the traditionalclimber is indeed a phony. Where in our culture could befind justification of the traditional conception of climbing?Certainly not in the économie sphère, where efficiency rules;not in the scientifiç sphère, where meàning is meaningless;not in scholarship, where specialization is so valued.We see then how a spécifie institutionalizeçj activity suchas rock-climbing reacts to changes in the sociocultural matrixof which it is a part. The value-system of the culture modifiesthe rules of the game. Playing by the new rules, the person-ality of the player also is changed. The question then is: howdid the cultural value System change in the first place? Could the rock-climbers change values and rules by themselves? Or,do the, values of both rock-climbing and the host culturefollow a rhythm of forces deeply embeddèd irt thè whplesocietal, netwok? • iThe pattern clearly is not restricted only to rock-climbing.Mechanistic specialization has invaded many other forrns ofplay that fbrrrierly were more varied >and complex. Skîirig,-for example, once was primarily a winter* form of erpss-country touring, little relatéd to downhill running. In Scan-dinavian countries," wfiere skiing was bof n, cross-countryskiing is still the overwhelrriirigly popular form of the sport.The modem skier, elaborately clothèd and equipped, ridesan enclosed lift to the Summit of a mountain that has beencarefully readied. Wide trails are eut through the forests andmarked with signs indicating their steepness. The snow ismeticulously groomed by a fleet of tractors until it is ofuniform cpnsistency everywhere. Eyerything is calculatedto permit the skier to work toward thé "ultimate," thè abilityto exécute a perfect parallel turn. If nature fails tb providesnow, a network of pipes and sprays takès over. At night,powerful lights illuminâte the trails. In the off-season^ theskier may practice on plastic mats or even indoors on a spe-cially-designed conveyor belt. His skiing wilf be in mostinstances an attémpt to perform acco'rding to formulae pre-scribed by instructors.- Thus the skier has less and4ess oppor-tunity to contemplate, let alone develop a f eeling of communion with, me natural environment in which his activityonce made sensé.Modem bowling has similarly departed f rorri lawn bowling,arid, if the Astrodbme and Astroturf are significant signs,baseball is still in the process of becoming mechanized. Evenchess, once a game wherein the pleasantness of the interaction between bpponentswas an important reason for playing, is giving way to domination by timers and buzzers.Ail this no doubt sounds terribly old-fashioned. After ail,the modem player appears to hâve everything on his side.He is "better," in à technical sensé, than his amateurish pre-decessors, and his awareness of his compétence adds to hisself-esteem. But the modem player is inevitably caught inthe trap set by excessive specialization. Hé gains an intensification of expérience in one area at the expense of losing inseveral others. He suffers a réduction in thè scope of themeaning and the satisfactions he is able to get from the environment, from other people, and frorn his own self. Q26ifiàk imDwightAU questions can only be resolved by methods of discussion,of criticism, of persuasion, and of éducation. They cannot beresolved by coercive or répressive methods. . . . Only idiots . . .promote Systems and discover ideas without thorough study.from THE THOUGHTS OF CHAIRMAN MAOThere is a fable of a man who protects and cares for a younganimal until it becomes large and either bites the hand thatfeeds it or destroys its benefactor. The so-called adéquateadult is inclined to regard the current student revolt as something analogous. I do not understand ail of the causes of therevoit and ain mclined to think that the neural and viscéralbases of mind and behavior are too little known and complex to allow complète understanding. Relevant knowledgeand insights of behavioral sçientists are not always betterthan those of the novelist and poet who introspect about con-flicts of f ears and interests and try to identif y with différentpoints of view.The wild-eyed, untidy, peripatetic revolutionist is nothingnew but until récent time in America he was regarded as a J. Inglecuriosity. Collège sophomores of my génération believed thatthey could run the world better than its leaders, but therewas no social action outside of bull-sessions and we releasedaggressions in sports and by hazing freshmen into wearinggreen beanies. The climate of those times was illustrated bya Broadway musical which had as its setting a collège campuswhere the coeds wore beanies as a symbol of virginity. Thefootball hero was married to a gorgeous coed who still woreher beanie because he kept in year-round training for football. We were taught and tended to believe that we had thebest of possible worlds, that the United States always was inthe right, always had won glorious victories, and went to waronly in self-defense. For a brief comfortable period we believed that there would be no more war. Then came thedépression and another war, and most of us became willingto debate the social and political philosophy of nationalleaders.Dwight J. Ingle is professor of physiology and editor of themuch-honored journal, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine.27This génération of students, knows that the wars tQ end wardid not succeed. It faces the threat of the bomb and otherweaponry, and it knows that, as far as can be predicted fromhistory, weapons are eventually used in war. It knows thatthroughout the world more individuals are undernourishedand ill than are well. Some are aware of the threat of over-population, many are concerned about enslavement by politi-çal Systems, cultures, and political influence which coexistwith the privilèges of unearned wealth, social position, andpoverty. Students and faculty commonly support the idéalthat médical care, gbod nutrition, good environment, equalrights, and freedoms are birthrights. This knowledge musthâve facilitated the impatience of students but there was alatent period of about one génération between the develop-' ment of the bomb and the current revolt and most of theother problems hâve always been with us.I do not aceept the explanation that the behavior of strident and nonstudent activists is based solely on idealism.There is too much non-think crowd, mob, and frustrationbehavior, too much public exhibition of infantile anal andgénital fixations, too many destructive actions and other ab-surdities.Social change usually can be describéd in terms of the àg-gressive minority versus the passive majority. The majoritymay not be entirely passive, but restive and permissive. Society should afford the aggressive minority means of rationaldisplay but should not permit monopoly by default. This willnot satisfy the revolutionist who seeks to destroy the establishment rather than to promote social évolution. But, hope-fully, it may help avoid malignant outconies by offering concerned followers of those who lust for power expanded op-portunities for rational communication and debate.I suggest four gênerai means of supporting rational socialévolution:(i) Students and citizens need to know the story of howthe universe évolved out of primordial stuff. A gênerai evo-lutionary increase in the complexity of the individual is char-acteristic of life. Chance and error are essential parts of theevolutionary process. Many experiments of nature did notsucceed. The laws of nature make it improbable that totalefficiency or perfection can beyachieved in any naturalprocess. However, despite chance," accidents, and failures,évolution did proceed. Man evolved so that he could con-template his nature and achieve significant control over hisfuture, thereby introdiicing new éléments of uncertainty intothe processes of biosocial évolution. Despite chance, accidents, storms, cold, famine, disease, and war, biological and psychosocial évolution continued. This is the basis for optimism.From the standpoint of the evolutibnist, there-is no reasonto cry out against God or mankind in gênerai when con-fronted with disease, accident, conflict, or injury to the individual or society. Failures and mistakes are as much a partof nature as success and will remain so until man, byi deliber-ate effort, can understand and control the factors whichcause them.The evolutionary view should support patience and tolérance. In the récent past, man in some countries, includingours, has gained control over several of the great diseases." Hehas abolished slavery. There has been a "great increase inliteracy. Sweatshops and child labor hâve disappeared. Andwe haye evolved a world organization, a bumbling féeble sortit is true, which seeks to abblish war and, hopefully, willinvite ail nations to membership.There are many salubrious advances in social évolution, butthreats to mankind are amplified, too. It is characteristic ofbiosocial évolution that a solution to one problem is likely tocreate new problems and that gains in knowledge can beused for evil as well as good. The réduction of disease andstarvatipn facilitâtes overpopulation. The horror of theborrib remains. War is the greatest immorality; our nationis engaged in one which kills and injures thousarids andthousands of individuals who did not choose to become involved. I will not défend the right of individuals and corporations to sequester large amounts of property and moneyfrom the public good nor will I défend the ways in whichGeneral Bullmoose and some other large and small corpora--tions fail in their obligations to customers. Some flaunt thepublic good by pollution of air, water, and soil and offendmany through huckstering by inanities. But most prjvateenterprise is engaged in putting money to work in creatingnew products and new jobs and opportunities for employéeself-fulfillment. I doubt that, on the avérage, ethical standardsof private enterprise hâve ever been higher or that employéeand consumer benefit is higher in any collective society.The revolutionist seeks freedoms from agencies of law-enforcement but uses force to interfère with the rights andfreedoms of others. There hâve been and still are abuses ofindividual freedoms by law-enforcement agencies, but withinthe last two décades the use of the rubber hose, beatings, thebright light, and grilling without the advice of counsel toextract "confessions" from the prisoner hâve almost disappeared, Lynch law has gone. The death sentence is seldom28imposed and rarely enforced. Society has corne to morecommonly seek reformation of the criminal than revengeupon him. But good aims are not enough. Primitive over-crowded prisons remain inhumane schools for crime.Crime grows apace. Many social reformers and jurists re-ject the principle of individual responsibility and hold thatsociety or the establishment is at fault for failing to providethe criminal with a good environment. They exhibit a logicalinconsistency in holding that the individual is not responsiblefor his actions while teaching that society, which is made upof individuals, could hâve behaved responsibly if it were notevil and perverse. So-called libérais who hâve committed thiserror of logic are now surprised and dismayed by attacks onthem from the extrême left, but hâve not reflected on thepossibility that they sowed the wind. From false dogmathat ail individual différences in abilities, drives, and behaviorare caused by différences in environment it is only a step tothe conclusion that ail individual différences in achievementand possessions represent social injustices.When man reflects on his origins and nature, he should beawed by ail of it. It is amazing that the human brain, thehighest known product of évolution, functions at ail; and itis more amazing that it works well, if imperfectly. We knowenough of nature to know that success and errors are a partof the same natural process and that achievement of a utopiais highly improbable.I hâve not listed ail that needs to be taught to the studentand citizen about this philosophy of life, but the gist of itcan be presented concisely and with no more than an ele-mentary knowledge of évolution and biology.(2) Students and faculty alike should know the gêneraiprinciples of inquiry and methods of testing claims to knowledge. Dogma can be found in abundance in textbooks, theclassroom, and the lecture hall. I suggest a seminar coursefor collège students which would explore the basic assump-tions of science, the ways in which they hâve been questioned;sources of uncertainty; psychological barrière to research,including detailed considération of suggestion, belief, andpropagandism; fallacies; methods of sampling; principles ofexpérimentation; requirements for proof, etc. I suggest thateach session last for at least two hours, the first hour used foran informai présentation by a faculty member or student,which may be interrupted by questions, and the second hourfor discussion. As the course progressed, students would beencouraged to introduce into discussion any collège, nationalor international problem which deserves debate and inquiry.A The research or teachings of any professor, along with anyacadémie sacred cow, would be fair game for examinationaccording to rules of évidence.Faculty as well as students could learn from such a pro-gram. I know professors of the behavioral sciences who neverheard of a circadian rhythm, demographers who are grosslyignorant of methods of sampling and control, and socialsçientists who firmly believe that biological factors outsidetheir knowledge either do not exist or cannot possibly be ofsocial significance. I know of scholars in the biological andsocial sciences who state dogmatically but fallaciously thatno useful information on the importance of heredity can begotten until the environments of the groups being comparedare equal.(3) I suggest that either an extension of the above courseor a companion course offer a similar forum on ethical guidesto the use of knowledge. This would involve the teaching ofdown-to-earth principles of ethics, detailed discussion of physical, biological, and social limitations on freedom, the waysin which claims to rights and freedoms corne into conflict,and moral guides to the use of power and knowledge.(4) I propose the founding of an international journal ofessays on university, domestic, and world problems by scholars, students, and world leaders. It would be open to pointsof view of scholars and students from countries having social-political Systems differing from ours. It would be concernedwith continuing éducation and especially with controversyabout causes of and possible solutions to national and international problems.It would offer an opportunity for ~open-ended debate.If this brief prospectus seems to hâve been anticipated byseveral existing journals, I grant that this is true in theory butnot in practice. I claim that no existing journal is truly openfor unrestricted présentation and debate of ideas. For the mostpart, the content of each reflects ideas which are presentlyin fashion rather than to expose the ideas of both scholarsand students to critical analvsis.Implementation of the above suggestions would not leaddirectly to décisions about student involvement in the func-tioning of universities and society, but it would permit thefree exchange of ideas disciplined by principles of inquiryand ethics and hopefullv emasculate the revolutionist whoseeks power rather than assumption of duties by rigorous examination of his négative ideas, and it would encourage apositive approach to university, domestic, and world problems. fj29Quadrangle PtfewsNew Heart Device Developed atthe Pritzker Schobl of Medicine ,;A' relatively simple device developed at thePritzker School of Medicine to maintaincirculation in çadavers in order to préserveorgans for possible transplants may also finduse in emergency attempts to keep a failingheart pumping.The device, called a cardiac pulsator,consists of a clear' plastic shell with an inflat-able rubber bulb,'plùs a compresser and jrelated equipment. Aftér surgicaï openingof the chest, the pulsator is placed so thatthe plastic shell forms a jacket around theheart. The bulb is inflated and deflated in apulsâting fashion, compressing the leftventricle and causing normal blood to flow.Other devices to préserve organs fortransplanting from çadavers are hamperedby artificial circulation of the blood. Thisoften results in clotting, which renders theorgans worthless.Because inserting the device does causesome mechanical damage to the heart, it willbe used only as a last measure on livingpatients. However, its simplicity, ease ofinsertion, and reliability may make it valuablein emergency use.The pulsator was developed at the PritzkerSchool over the past six years throughextensive theoretical and animal research.Unique Library FundTrbut fishing, T. S. Eliot, arbitration, Balzac,the British Labor Party, 17* Century Englishliterature, organizational behavior, andmagie. . .Books on this wide range of topics— andhundreds of others— hâve been added to the ,University Library through the LibraryCommemorative Fund since it was establishedfour years ago.The Fund has made it possible for alumniand others to honor friends, relatives, col-leagues and former teachers. Ail volumesacquired through the Fund are affixed witha commemorative plate bearing the name ofthe person to be honored, and, if the donor wishes, his own name. Gifts may be made inamounts as ^mall as $10. !Mariy récent contributions hâve been jdesignated for the George Williamson SpécialCollection, The heart of this collection is agift of 179 volumes of English works published between 1 600 ând 1700, It was presentedby George A. Williamson, the Martin A.Ryerson Distinguished Service ProfessorEmeritus arid Mrs. Williamson, severalmonths before his death last September.Gifts may be designated for gênerai or ispécifie pùrchases. Récent gifts desigriàtedfor spécifie pùrchases hâve been used toacquire books on German Jewish Literature,calcûlus, Lithuanian culture; and the contribution of German people in; America. Onealumnus regularly makes contributions to-1ward the pùrchase of books on arbitration.Another earmarks his gifts for additions tothe undergraduate library. Still another isadding to the University's collection of bookson Balzac.The Library's collection of books aridperiodicals is now approaching 3,000,009.Thère arte more than 200,000 maps and morethan 3,000,000 sheets of manuscripj- materials,including the papers and manuscripts of SaulBellow, John Gunther, Julius Rosenwald,Enrico Fermi and other distinguished figures, \It subscribes to more than 29,000 periodicalsand sériais.The resources of the Library will beexpanded to 5,200,000 volumes when theJoseph Rçgenstein Library, now under ,coni,struction, is completed.More on Chemistryand Mental IllnessNew évidence has been found that certainacute psychotic states— especially schizo-phrenia— may be assOciated with chemicaldisturbance in the body.The évidence was presented recently beforethe American Psy chiatric, Association by Dr.Herbert Y. Meltzer, Assistant Professor ofPsychiatry in the University of Chicago'sPritzker School of Medicine. Dr. Meltzer reportéd an increase in activity .of the enzymes cireatine phosphokinase (cpk)and aldolase in the blood of more than 106acutely-psychbtic patients. The patients wèreinvolved in threè separate studies."Détermination of sefum cpk or aldolaseactivity, or both, could hâve diagnostic use-fulness," said Dr. Meltzer. ''Norrnal levelsof enzyme activity do not exclude psyçhosisbut markedly increased activity in emotionallydisturbed individuals strongly' supports such '.-¦a diagnosis when other causes hâve beenruled put." 1"Thèse enzymes," he reportéd, "appear tobe coming from the muscle of the acutely tpsychotic patients rather than brain." 'The studies, using non-psychotàc controlpatients, were conducted so that thoseexamining the, sérum samples could not knowwhether they were examiriîrig spécimens frompsychotic or non-psychotic patients. This,Dr. Meltzer pointed out, eliminated any.possible bias on the part of the examiningscientist in searching for the enzymes.Dr. Meltzer added that he "defined ab-norrnal cpk or aldolase activity in stringentterms to achieve maximum séparation of theacutely schizophrénie population from the scontrols."There is little doubt, he concluded, thatthe activity of sérum cpk and aldolase, butnot other enzymes, "is increased in approxi-( mately 50, pef cent of ' acute schizophrénie' patients." iHe warned, however, that the significanceof the increase in cpk and aldolase activity' is by.no means clear.His studies did show évidence that "factorssuch as diet, activity, corticosteroid excrétion,etc., are not responsible for the increase inenzyme activity." For example, poor diet oreven total cessation of food intake, whichsometirries occurs in acute schizophrénie ,patients, did not seem to be a f actor inincreased enzyme activity as no increase insuch activity was found in children sufïeringfrom conditions involving a lack of normal ,-,nutrition.Dr. Meltzer pointed out that some of those30with acute psychosis displayed normal enzymeactivity. The psychotic patients with increased activity of the two enzymes appearto be more disturbed than those with normalactivity.One possible explanation for the différencein enzyme activity in schizophrénie patients,Dr. Meltzer said, is that such activity mayincrease in some patients because thèse patients hâve highly perméable muscle cellmembranes or a relatively low rate of clear-ance of the enzyme from the blood streamin comparison with patients who never showincreased cpk activity. The basis for this couldbe genetic.The association between increased cpkactivity and certain forms of psychopathologystrengthens the hypothesis that the increasein cpk activity is a biochemical correlate ofthe acute psychotic process and could berelated to a brain disturbance underlyingpsychotic behavior.Increased cpk activity, he added, is a fréquent but not invariable accompaniment ofdisruption of brain function.It could even be argued, said Dr. Meltzer,"that the increased enzyme activity in acutelypsychotic patients is évidence for an associ ation between the acute .psychoses andknown acute brain disorders."Dr. Meltzer's studies also indicated thepossibility that higher levels of activity ofthe two enzymes may exist in the parents ofpatients suffering from certain acute psychoses.Dr. Meltzer concluded his talk with awarning: With the history of biologicalpsychiatry studded with many discarded ordiscredited postulâtes of a similar nature,enthusiasm must be tempered and much workmust be done to rule out extraneous factorswhich could be causing thèse (enzyme)increases.Art Gift From AlumnaMrs. Katherine Kuh, art editor of the Satur-dày Review and a UC alumna, has given theUniversity four works of art from hercollection.They will be displayed in the Davidand Alfred Smart Gallery on the northwestcorner of East 5Ôth Street and South Green-wood Avenue, when it is completed.The Rev. Harrie A. Vanderstappen, Chair-man of the Department of Art, said: "Theyare a wonderful addition to the University 's collection. My colleagues and I want tothank Mrs. Kuh for them. I am certain thatthey will be appreciated by our students inthe art department, art éducation, and theprogram to train curators as well as bystudents, faculty, and other persons in thecommunity."The four works are:—"Study for Job," ink drawing, by LéonardBaskin,— Watercolor scroll by Claire Falkenstein,—Abstraction on a Mayan thème, gouacheand pastel, by Carlos Merida, and— Untitled oil painting, by Joan Mitchell.The Smart Gallery and the Cochrane-Woods Art Center, which will be madepossible by gifts from the Woods CharitableTrust, Inc., and the Smart Family Foundation, will be part of a new Center for theArts at the University. The Center for theArts eventually will include a Music Buildingand the Corinne Frada Pick Théâtre.The Center for the Arts is one 9f theobjectives of the University's capital funddrive to raise $360,000,000 in ten years.The initial phase of the drive, the Campaignfor Chicago, a three-year effort to raise$160,000,000, was successfully completed inDecember.Collège Council Votesto Limit Freshman ClassWayne C. Booth, Dean of the Collège,recently addressed a mémorandum to thefaculty and students of the Collège concern-ing a Council décision to limit the size ofthe fortheoming entering class. The mémorandum said:"At its most récent meeting, the CollègeCouncil voted to hold the entering freshmanclass next year to about 500 places; this is aeut of about 30% from the size of our mostrécent entering class. Since this step is takenas part of a broad program to improve thequality of teaching and student life in theCollège, and since it could easily be misinter-preted, I hâve been urged to explain someof the grounds for the décision."Study for Job" by Léonard Baskin"The nurnber of admitted students hasincreased annually for the last several years;during the period the Collège has also substan-tially increased the percentage of admissionswho stay through to graduation. The wholeCollège has therefore grown quickly. Thisgrowth has put increasing pressure on theresources of the Collège, especially incommon-core courses and in such upper-levelcourses as the History of Western Civiliza-tion. A return. to a figure close to thenurnber we were admitting until the jumpof nearly ioo that was taken in 1964 shouldmake possible some of the improvementsdiscussed below; future growth must thenbe carefully planned if we are to maintainthose improvements."It should be emphasized that the décisionis for a one year trial only; présent contraction does not rule out some later expansion.Everyone agrées that it is not the task ofthe University of Chicago to run a largecollège— a collège on the scale of the largestate universities, for instance. Our job is torun an exemplary small collège— howeverwe dèfine the idéal size. That has been thetradition of the University of Chicago Collège.But like ail live traditions, this one has tobe coritinually recovered and revived."Under présent practice freshmen toooften find that their introduction to theCollège stands between them and the truequality of the University. They find themselvesin classes larger than they hâve been led toexpect, their teachers are sometimes undis-tinguished, and their living arrangementsmake it difKcuIt for them to concentrate ontheir éducation. This situation is quite unsat-isfactory. We should offer our undergrad-uates at least as much as we offer ourgraduate students— though as much will nevermean the same for both. Diverse studentshâve diverse needs. But the intellectualvitality and unity of the University turns ona common aspiration to excellence— an aspiration taken equally seriously in ail of theparts. The Collège Council has decided thata réduction in the size of the freshman classis a step toward the realization of thisaspiration in the Collège.32 "The Collège has not reached this décisionwithout extensive discussion. An enteringclass of 500 has been recommended by thefaculty Committee on Admissions, the Executive Committee of the Collège, the Committeeof the Collège Council and the CollègeCouncil. In each of the groups there has beensome disagreement. In our society moreis often taken as équivalent to better; it ishard not to think that_a smaller Collège meansa Collège which matters less to the University. But those of us who support thisrecommendation take it quite the other way;by determining to spend more money andmore energy on fewer students we can, wethink, make some important improvements." ( 1 ) Fewer freshmen can mean smallerclasses in the freshman year. Next year wewill be working hard on developing morecontact between students and teachers (partlythrough the use of the Danforth TutorsProgram) and on attracting more seniorfaculty into freshman teaching. We will alsobe developing the freshman tutoring programto help individual students who hâve initialdifficulties with work at the level expected atthis University."The Çollegiate Division of BiologicalSciences will be offering a new program inbasic biology next year; this program (unlikethe présent common-year course in Biology)will be open to most freshmen. Hère againa smaller freshman class will mean smallersections and more direct contact betweenfreshmen and senior faculty."(2) Réduction of pressure on the dormitorySystem will make possible a substantial amountof un-doubling in Pierce and WoodwardCourt. We expect that next year most roomswill be singles. Furthermore the plannedexpansion and improvement of suites for résident heads should make the rôle of résidenthead more attractive and increase the poolof applicants for thèse positions. We hopethat it will be possible next year to attractsome faculty families into the dormitories."(3) The réduction in the size of thefreshman class combined with a released-time arrangement for faculty willing to serveas advisors should make possible a really effective faculty advising program on thefreshman level, supplementing the administrative advisers. Improved extra-curricularcontacts between facultyand students1, withincreased -opportunities for such things asreading weekends and faculty-student dinnersshould be made possible by decreasing thenumbers. It seems clear that the kind ofeffective student participation in the life ofthe Collège we are airiling f or— including thework of the new faculty-student commutées—can be realized more readily if we havèfewer freshmen— and keep more of them hèrebecause of the quality of life they find*"Finally, it should be notéd that this ad-justment of class size does not involve anychange in the criteria of admission; it mereh/means that the same criteria will be morerigorously applied. Nor does this change meanany change in our program of recruitingBlack undergraduates. The percentage ofBlack undergraduates in next year's freshmanclass will, therefore be substantially higherthan previously anticipated."The proposed cutto our previous classsize should allow for most or ail of thèseimprovements. The opportunities seem richenough to justify a serious trial."New Atmosphère Study LabA Laboratory for Atmospheric Probing tostudy phenomena ranging from the dynamicsof severe storms to the mechanisms of clearair turbulence has been established by The.University of Chicago and Illinois Institute ofTechnology (ht)..The jointly-operated laboratory will beadministered by the University, accordingto David Atlas, Professor of Meteorology inthe Department of Geophysical Sciences atThe University of Chicago. Atlas will serve mDirector for the Laboratory for AtmosphericProbing (lap).Using the Iatest electronic equipment, la»will investigate techniques of observing andmeasuring the atmosphère from a distanceand seek to improve man's understanding ofthe mechanisms of the atmosphère.Lap will study the processes of clouds andprécipitation and ways to artificially modifythem, the growth of hail, dynamics of severestorms including tornadoes, methods of de-tecting tornadoes, origin of clear air turbulence, and techniques for detecting suchturbulence.To accomplish this, lap will use ultrasensi-tive radar, radio scatter Systems which bounceelectromagnetic waves off atmospheric turbulence, lasar radar, and radiometric deviceswhich detect microwave and infrared wavesemitted by the atmosphère.The initial program, however, accordingto Atlas, will be based largely upon powerfulradar units such as two now available.Lester C. Peach, Professor and Chairmanof Electrical Engineering at ht, will serve asAssociate Director of lap.The joint laboratory, according to Atlasand Peach, will exploit the strengths of TheUniversity of Chicago in atmospheric sciencesand those of ht in engineering, instrumentation, and signal theory. The combination,they blieve, should make lap one of the mostpowerful research groups of its kind in theworld.The University of Chicago has recendyreceived a $405,000 grant from the NationalScience Foundation to develop an ultrasensi-tive transportable radar System for atmospheric research. This System will include apowerful and highly sensitive puise Dopplerradar capable of detecting echoes from bothclouds and régions of clear air turbulence. Italso will include sophisticated signal and dataprocessing devices to permit the rapid meas-urement and display of the reflectivity ofechoing régions and associated atmosphericmotions. Such high speed data processing isrequired especially in tornado détectionwhere the tornado funnel with its high rota-tional velocities must be located with theleast possible delay. The System is beingdesigned for ready transportation to permitin the country. At présent, the radar istemporarily installed on the ht campus.A second powerful radar facility has alsobeen made available to the University by theNational Science Foundation for use by lap.Located at Monee, Illinois, about 35 miles south of Chicago, this radar was previouslyoperated by the U.S. Air Force Défense Com-mand as part of its détection and warningnetwork. It, too, has great sensitivity andDoppler capability to measure target motionBoth radars will be used in research pro-grams supported by the National ScienceFoundation. Atlas presendy has an nsfThe radar facility at Monee, lll.research grant concerned with electromagnetic scatter from clear air phenomena andDoppler radar studies of thunderstorms andother précipitation. The program is also ,supported by a grant from United Air Linesand the Environmental Sciences ServiceAdministration.Paralleling the research is the académieprogram at The University of Chicago. TheDepartment of Geophysical Sciences offersa three course graduate level séquence in radarmeteorology and remote probing. The firsttwo quarters are presented by Atlas; thethird, dealing with advanced theory andtechniques, is being presented by Jesse J. Stephens, a Visiting Associate Professor fromFlorida State University. It is also plannedto initiate a parallel course of study at ht.Arrangements are being made to facilitate theexchange of students between the twoinstitutions.MiscellanyA new séries of Negro biographies andautobiographies, edited by John Hope Franklin, has been announced by the Universityof Chicago Press. The first two sélections:Henry Ossawa Tanner: American Artist,by Marcia Mathews, is the story of the firstAmerican artist to achieve international distinction— he moved to Paris in 1891 to pursuea career denied to him in America becauseof his race. William Wells Brown: Authorand Reformer, by William E. Farrison, isthe story of an escaped slave who educatedhimself and went on to a remarkable career asan abolitionist, reformer, novelist, playwright,and historian.The world's largest magnetic cloud chamberis currently in use at the University to studythe nuclear interactions of ultra-high-energycosmic particles. The chamber, measuring 42by 42 by 15 inches, is housed in a magnet18 feet in diameter. Under the direction ofRobert W. Thompson, Professor of Physics,the device has recorded cosmic rays withénergies as high as 5,000 billion électron volts.Early this year the chamber will be movedto the University's new High Altitude CosmicRay Observatory at Sacramento Peak,New Mexico.The Board of Trustées has approved a changein the statute governing membership in theUniversity Senate which will seat 145 youngermembers of the faculty. The new rule admitsassistant professors who hâve served for atleast one year on the faculty, whereaspreviously three years of service were required for eligibility. Professors and associateprofessors are automatically admitted tomembership in the Senate.ProfileRuth Duckworth holds a handful of claythe way most women handle a Champagneglass. She moves her délicate fingers quicklyand gracefully, pinching the clay hère andthere, then pausing to note how the material -has responded tb her touch. Then once againshe takes upthis silent ballet between artistand médium.Whether in her private studio in the heartofGhicagb's Puerto Rican ghetto or inThe University's Midway Studios, where sheteaches as Visiting Instructor in the Department of Art, Mrs. Duckworth wears the casualuniform of the sculptor: slacks, sweatshirt,tennis shoes. But shè moves and talks withthe restrained élégance one associâtes withsilks and drawing rooms.As the clay, begins to take on form, a figureémerges that no one has seen before, but onethat is somenow familiar. The form èvolvesand it looks more and more like a living thing—an animal or mushroom— that, with theartist's encouragement, is trying to corne tolife.Just when it looks as though it mighttake a breath, the artist stops, leàving thefigure struggling between life and death. Afterperhaps some sanding, a glaze,, and someJ firing, the sculpture will be locked in thatstate permanently. iMrs. Duckworth, sculptor, ceramicist, andpotter, has had many honors. Her works hâvebeen purchased by the British Muséum inLondon, theStejlik Muséum in Amsterdam,the National Modem Art Muséum in Tokyo,the Victoria and Albert Muséum in London,and by such private collectors as the Dukeof Edinburgh. She has had nine shows sincei960, and she has won numerous awards,including the prize for f oreign eraftsman fromthe International Exhibition of ContemporaryCeramic Art in Tokyo.Much of the interest since the late i95o'sin ceramics as a three-dimensional art formhas paralleled Mrs. Duckworth's career. Somesay she is responsible for the upsurge:Her fertile, dynamic work has an astonishingrange: coarse massive pots that look as thoughthey may hâve been made by Incas thousandsof years ago; and porcelain abstractions34 so délicate that they could be bfoken if shemade one f aise move while finishing them—"a test pf my destructive nature," she says. ,The intense, organic struggle and deep,pergonal sincerity of Mrs. Duckwprth's workare reflections of her life. She was bornRuth Windmuller oriApril 19, 1919, inHamburg, Germany, the youngëst in a familyof one son and three daughters."Much to my. parents' displeasûre, I always/wanted to' be an artist," she said, then added^vith a chucklec "In fact, the only thingsI was good at in school were art arid sports.My brother, Hans, encouraged me and inter-'ceded for me, and my parents finally 1er metake art lessons."But the Third Reich Was in power, and,because her father, a lawyer, was Jewish, the,gbvérnment would inot let her attend art }school. In 1936, she left for Liverpool, England,where she lived with the farhily of her sister,Renata, and attended Liverpool Art School,Discrimination struck other members ofher family. Her father, Edgar, who had beenboni in Manchester and consequently wasable to obtain a British passpprt, was allowedto corne to England but with only ten marksin /his pocket.Her brother had studied law, but theGerman government would not allow himto take his bar examinations, so he took a jobin iBorneo. When thei Japariesè attacked,he was evacuated, but the Dutch placed himin an internment camp for being half German.He Iàter died there. 1Her mother, who had remained in Hamburgto protect the family's possessions, cameto England only one week before WorldWar II broke out."When I enrolled in school," Mrs. Duckworth said, "I wanted to paint like Rembrandtand draw like Durer. I wanted to studydrawing, painting, and sculpture. The principal said I hadi to choosè one of the three.I protested, and I told him: 'Michaelangèlocould do it. Why can't I?' So I never didfit the curriculum. Now I realize whatI should hâve done, but then no one couldconvince me." .Her schedule left her with no time for i , ' 'formai studies. Conséquent^ when she leftschool in 1940, she did not take the examina-'tions which could hâve qualified her fora teaching. Her family suggestedl that she trycommercial art, which shè was not willihgto do.Her first job was in wood carving. She ,joined a troupe of Viennese puppeteers,Whoput on shows for students in British schools,^She and an Austrian girl later joined forces «and formed their own puppet troupe. Aftertwo years of playing to schbols in northern >England, Mrs. Duckworth becatne bored.Not knowing what to do next, she followeda patriotic compulsion, one thât for two yearsleft no time for a'rt."I felt I had to do something for the wareffort," she said. "I tried to join the 'land army'[similar to the Works Progress Administrationin the United States] and gèt into forestry,but the British wouldn't allow it because of myGerman parents. But they would let me workin a munitions factory. I will never for thelife of me Understand why they would let mework with munitions and not in forestry. . '. \"My Austrian gîrl-friend and I worked ," *in a factory in Manchester where they made. '''¦tools and gauges. We lived in a hostel run by ''Quakers. I was the only non-refugee there.The work schedule was too much; but asconscripted laborers we couldn't do anythingabout it. We worked from eight, in thé,morning to eight at night for two weeks and S.then we worked the twelve hour shift at night ,for two wëeks. On top of thàt, the bus ride _ :f'between the hostel and the factory took two 'ihours each way." '-,In 1944, the grueling schedule took its toll.Sickness ovrecame her. She moved to Londonand set up shop as a freelance sculptor, butcommissions were few. To make a living,she spent three days a week carving tombstonefigures. But at least she had time for art.Little of her work remains from this period,although she executed one large commission,fourteen stations of the cross in St. Joseph'sChurch, New Maldèn, Surrey. Her partnerin the venturé was Aidron Duckworth, nowthe director of the Sculpture Department atSyracuse University, Syracuse, New York.They were married in 1949. They formedtheir own company— A. and R. DuckworthAssociates, Limited— and gradually attracteda larger market for their work.By 1951, Mrs. Duckworth had enoughfirst-rate pièces for her own show, held in theAppolinaire Gallery in London. Althoughit was a success, it brought her little financialbenefit."It was so frustrating," she said. "I wasspending four to six weeks on a single carving,and no one was interested in what I was doing."A friend, Hannes Schmidt, commented thather sculptures looked as though they shouldbe ceramics. Not until 1953, however, didMrs. Duckworth become interested in "sculpture that could be fired." She contactedLucie Rie, the noted ceramist. The conversation that resulted is one of Mrs. Duckworth'sfondest memories:"I asked her: 'Would you give me somerecipes for glazes,' She looked at me in themost perplexed way and replied: 'That justisn't done. Don't you know that, in the MiddleAges, when people gave away glaze recipes,they had their tongues torn out?'"Then she softened a little and asked me:'How much do you know about the subject?'When I replied that I was just gettingstarted, she said: 'Think you had bettergo back to school.' "She waited two more years before enrollingin ceramics courses at the HammersmithSchool of'Art in London. "I hâve always beena little slow about taking advice," she said.She came to feel that the school had"pedantic limitations," so in 1958 she trans-ferred to the Central School of Arts and Craf tsin London. There, under the watchful eyeof Bernard Leach, the dean of Britishceramicists, her principal instructors wereDora Billington and Filbert Harding-Green,who provided her with excellent criticalappraisal of her finished pièces. She learnedpractical détails of potting from other students.She found the school's environment stimu-lating. She also discovered a natural affinitywith clay that, together with her expérienceas a sculptor, produced remarkable results.Much of her early pottery was tableware.36 She^efused to follow the convention thatdomestic stoneware must hâve a heavy form.She made light shapes on the wheel thatwere almost cylindrical."I like a pièce of pottery to hâve a feelingof lightness— of buoyancy," she said. "I liketo make things that hâve small bases and arerather wide at the top. In natural light, theyeast shadoWs that partially obscure the baseand make their shapes look rather mysterious."Now Mrs. Duckworth has little time fortableware and accepts only occasional commissions for functional pottery. "It's a boreto turn out pièce after pièce that are ailalike. I like to use my own cups though. Theyalways feel as though they were made to fitmy hand. Of course, being a potter, I hâveno excuse for running out of coffee cups inthe studio."After completing her studies at the Central /School, she taught there part-time until 1964,when The University of Chicago's Department of Art invited her to teach ceramicsfor two years. Her coming to The Universityof Chicago, according to Harold Haydon,Associate Professor of Art arid Director of, the Midway Studios, was virtually an accident."I wrote to Bernard Leach and asked himto corne," Haydon said. "Leach wrote backand said he could not accept the offer, buthe gave me a list of eminent British ceramistswhom he recommended highly. Mrs. Duckworth's name was on the list. I also wroteto the British Arts Council for recommenda-tions, and her name came up again. Wedecided she had to be good."After her first stay in Chicago, Mrs.Duckworth returned to London for a year.Then she again accepted the Univefsity'sinvitation to teach in 1968-69 and 1960-70,and she subsequently decided to establish herown Chicago studio, where she now acceptsa limited nurnber of students on an informaibasis.During and since her days at the CentralSchool, Mrs. Duckworth has turned more andmore from wheel-made to sculptural pottery."I used to make sculpture that might hâvebeen pottery. Now I make pottery that issculpture," she said. Although Mrs. Duckworth greatly admiresthe works of Rembrandt, Durer, and Michel--angelo and has studied closely the ceramicart of her f ellow Germans, Lucie Rie andHans Coper, none has had a profoundinfluence on her career.Instead, Mrs. Duckworth finds inspirationin riatural forms, things like conch shells,toadstools, coral formations, sunflowers, fruit.Recently, her interests hâve turned togeophysical forms. Mrs. Duckworth is com- ',pleting a 400 square foot, 4,000 pound ceramicmural for the walls and ceiling of the foyer >in the University's new geophysical sciencesbuilding. Before she started the project, shespent a day with Julian Goldsmith, Chairmanof the Department of Gebphysical Sciences,-looking at— among other things— a relief mapof Mount Fuji, rock formations, and photo-graphs of the earth taken from a weathersatellite.Then she returned to her studio, sat downat one of her two work tables (which shemade herself ) and, as is her usual custom, madepreliminary drawings on the backs of en-velopes."I wanted the mural to hâve somethingthat looked like clouds," she said. "I did notknow how to go about it until one day when Itook my dog, Zoe, for a walk. It was winterand there was some snow on the ground.I noticed a grassy place where ail but the topcrust of snow had melted, leaving a délicatelayer supported above the ground by thegrass. I got the idea that perhaps I couldtake paper-thin pièces of clay and place themso that they would be a half-inch or so awayfrom the main part of the mural. I thinkit will be successful."The project also has posed some monumental physical problems. "Tombe the clay,I had to buy a dough mixer like the kindused in restaurant kitchens. I had to modelthe clay while kneeling on the floor. Andthat was hard worki I hope the mural won'tbe too heavy for the wall. I am going to useepoxy or one of those other new glues to fix itto the walls, but it looks as though I shallhâve to countersink holes in the ceiling part,boit it, and then make plugs to cover the bolts.letters"The biggest problem I am going to hâveis getting the mural down to the University.I am afraid to hire a truck driver. Hâve youseen the way they drive on the expressway?I would be afraid to trust anything to oneof them. I think 1*11 rent a truck and takeit down there myself. But that worries me.I hâve never driven a truck in my life."Mrs. Duckworth works in a manner thatis a délicate balance between letting somethinghappen and imposing her will. She has foundthat clay offers the least résistance and themost direct means of fulfilling her créativepurpose. She likes being in literal contact withthe material and she abhors using tools toshape or eut clay."It would be unclaylike," she says simply.Mrs. Duckworth's style, like a flower orone of her coiled pots, appears to hâve simplygrown. It is impossible to place it in any oneschool or to separate her career into spécifieperiods, although to a pédant she once said,with as much sarcasm as she would permitherself:"I guess I will be in my 'geography period'for a while."One of her students, Donald F. Waddell,in his Master's thèses, wrote of her styleas an évolution:"It is not absolute or tangible entity. InDuckworth's work, it is the product of a slowassimilation of new ideas, and a deliberate,though intuitive, organization of thèse ideaswith constant références to old conceptsand values."According to Haydon, Mrs. Duckworth'steaching ability is second only to her abilityas an artist."She brings," he said, "the expérience ofa mature artist and sculptor together inceramics. She has a highly individual, personal,poetic quality She is so sensitive and yetso durable, and she has an ability to providean atmosphère of spontaneous creativity inthe classroom that is a wonderful expériencefor the students. She seems like a long-timefriend who always has something newand important to say."-JDB Students Reply to Rosenheimgentlemen: We are two of the many students Professor Rosenheim has commendedfor continuing our class attendance andgênerai responsibility toward our work. Westrongly disagree with Professor Rosenheim'sinterprétation of the récent events on thiscampus and of student attitude toward them.Contrary to his statement, we and manyothers are deeply concerned about the harshand erratic disciplinary procédures thatresulted from the sit-in of last quarter. Ourconcern is not évidence of aliénation fromthe University of Chicago community, asProfessor Rosenheim suggests. It is a productof our deep sensé of commitment to thiscommunity.There are many différent views of therécent sit-in. Professor Rosenheim's description of it is a harsh one. Even if we wereto accept it, however, we do not feel itwould justify the spécifie judgements of thedisciplinary committees, not only becausethey were extremely severe in some cases, butalso because they were un just.Forty-two members of this académiecommunity hâve been expelled. Most of themwill hâve a great deal of trouble pursuingany further académie career. The men willsoon be susceptible to the draft. More thanthat, it is not necessarily those students whocommitted the acts denounced by ProfessorRosenheim who hâve been so severelysentenced. Many expelled students, to ourcertain knowledge, did no damage to anyproperty or persons and were not part ofthe disruptive events external to the sit-in.They merely sat in the administration building along with five hundred other students.Indeed the disciplinary committee's décisionshâve been so seemingly erratic that manystudents, including the two of us, are not atail sure what sort of data was taken intoconsidération by them. This confusion is sowidespread that a survey of the cases hasbeen compiled in an effort to discern whatstudents were really being tried for. Clearlytheir actions were not the main factors intheir punishments. Even their particularpolitical views or their commitment to the sit-in were not the only other factors,although we think it unjust that they werefactors at ail.We are not proposing that ail studentsinvolved in the sit-in should hâve automaticamnesty. We are not even proposing that ailthe cases be re-tried, although we wouldgladly accept such an event. We do thinkthat the University ought to appoint areview board composed of tenured and non-tenured faculty as well as voting students,which would hear the cases of students whofeel they were judged unfairly and wish toappeal their verdicts. This is not a condem-nation of the individual men on the originaldisciplinary committees. No doubt the samemen, if they had waited to try studentsin the more rational atmosphère of the campusthis quarter, would hâve judged differentlythan they did amidst the tension and emo-tionalism of last quarter. Besides this, wethink that it is important for ail segmentsof the University, rather than merely onesmall group of the faculty— that is, thosewith tenure— to hâve some représentation inthe décisions which officially represent theopinions of the community as a whole. Wehope that in the future, disciplinary committees will be constituted with this representa-tional idéal in mind, but this is somethingthe university might consider in at calmeratmosphère than now prevails on campus.A review board, however, should be set upsoon, simply because the situation of particular suspended and expelled students is animmédiate one.We wish to stress that the views we hâveexpressed are not merely our own but thoseof a large nurnber of students and facultywith whom we hâve spoken,LENl MAGAZINERDANIEL SOYERChicago, 111.37alumni ^A(ewsClub EventsAlbuquerque: Alumni gathered for brunchon March 16 to hear Harry Kalven, professorpf law, speak on "The University as a Social,Political, or Disciplinary Agent." DouglasFrancis sçrved as chairrnan for the meeting.Boston: Eugène F. Fama, professor of finance,spoke to alumni and guests on "Scorecardsfor ïnvestment Performance." Thomas Brâdyserved as chairrnan for the meeting, heldApril 10.Chicago: Alumni from the northern suburbsgathered in Evanston on April 8 to hearWillard J. Congreve, director of the1 Wood-lawn Expérimental Schools District and ,associate professor of éducation, speak on, "The Woodlawn Expérimental School District." Mrs. Robert Frazier served as chairrnanfor the event.The Alumnae Breakfast, traditionally heldat reunion time, was expandèd into AlumnaeDay this year and held on May 3. Chicago areaalumnae arrived for breakfast at the Quad-rangle Club and heard Margaret K. Rosenheim,professor at the School of Social'Service Administration, speak on "Motherhood, Sin, andWelfare Colonialism: Some unanswered Questions and Some Unquestioned Answers." Afterbreakfast they strolled to Rickert House, awomen's résidence hall, and had coffee withmembers of thé dorm council. Tours thendepafted for Robie House, the OrientalInstitute, and the Bergman Gallery. Mrs.Charles Schmidt served as chairrnan for theoccasion and Mrs. William S. Gray,' III, wasréservation chairrnan.Los Angeles: On May 21, Julian H. Levi,professor of urban studies and executivedirector of the South East Chicago Commission, spoke to alumni on "The Universityand Urban Crisis." The Los Angeles"Distinguished Alumnus of the Year" awardwas presented to Dr. Nathaniel Kleitman,PhD'23. Dr. Kleitman pioneered in the studyof the physiology of sleep and dreams. Newofficers were announced: Alexander H. Popewill serve as président of the Los AngelesClub. On May 20 Professor Bernece K. Simon ofthe School of Social Service Administrationaddressed a joint meeting of the Los Angelesssa alumni chapters of the National Association of Social Workers. She spoke on "Issuesand Prospects, for Professional Education."Lola Selby, ssa alumna and associate professor, School of Soéial Work pf the Universityof Southern California, and Miss BerriiceAugénbraun, chief psychiatrie social wbrkerin the Department of Child Psychiatry ofthe Cedars-Sinai Médical Center, disçUssedMrs. Simbn's paper. ,; ';¦ ; ,New York: Bçuno Bettelheim, the Stella Mv ,'Rowley Professor of Education, professor ofpsychology and psychiatry, and directorof the Sonia Shankman Orthogenic School,- spoke to New York alumni on May 2 1 on"Children of the Dream," his latest boqk.Over 500 attended.Phoenix: Harry Kalven, professor of law,spoke to alumni and guests on "Thé University as a Social, Political, or DisciplinaryAgent" on March 14. Richard Totman servedas chairrnan for the rheeting.Pittsburgh: Warner A. Wick, professor ofpriilosophy, spoke on "The Collège '69" onMay 14. Thomas Murray served as chairrnan.A film of the inauguration of Edward H.Levi; Proud to Be in This Place, was shown.Providence: On May 15, George R. Hughes,professor and director of the Oriental Institute, joined Providence alumni for dinnerand a showing of the prize-winning film TheEgyptologists. Robert S. Burgess served aschairrnan for the meeting.Rochester, N.Y.: J. David Greenstone,associate professor of political science, spoketo alumni on "Poverty, Représentation, andPolitical Democracy" on March 27. Chairrnanfor the meeting was Gerald M. Sass.San Francisco: On May 22, Julian H. Levi,professor of urban studies and executivedirector of the South East Chicago" Commis- , 1sion, joined aluinni for cocktails and dinner.The topic of his talkr following dinner, was"The University and Urban Crisis." Newofficers were announced: Alan S. Maremontwill serve as président of the San FranciscoClub.San Juan, Puerto Rico: On May~9, Dr.Sheldon Schiff, associate professor bf psychiatry and co-director of the WoodlawnMental Health Center, spoke on "ComrnunityMental Health Centers" at a dinner held atthe Racquet Club. Jean Crouzet served aschairrnan for the meeting and Mrs. HarrisBunker was réservations chairrnan.Seattle: Robert W. Fogel, professor oféconomies, spoke to alurnni on April 30 on"The Economies of American Négrb.Slavery."Richard Reed served as chairrnan for themeeting. A film of the inauguration ofEdward H. Levi, Proud to Be in This Place, 'was shown.Washington: Alumni had the opportunityto view an exhibit of African art assembledfrom private collections for the occasionwhen Edward Cutler, eufator of the FrederickDouglass Institute of Negro Arts andHistory, spoke on "Modem Art and AfricanSculpture" on March 25. Mrs. Kaj Strandserved as chairrnan for the meeting.The annual dinner of thé WashingtonClub was held at the Statler Hilton, May 17.The H on. George P. Schultz, secretary oflabor, shared some of his "First Impressionsof Washington" and the Washington "Distinguished Alumnus of the Year" award waspresented to L. Howard Bennett, LLD'50,Bennett helped develop the Department ofDéfense program to achieve equal opportunityin off -base housing for military personnel.38Class Notes1 C} Ward Keener, AM'30. Mr. Keener,J chairrnan of the board of the B. F.Goodrich Co., received an honorary doctor oflaws degree from Akron University at itsannual Founder's Day cérémonies. Mr.Keener recently resigned after a five-yearterm as one of the original members of theOhio Board of Régents.John L. Mixon, phB'30, AM'37. Rev> Mixonand his wife are serving as missionaries inPeru for five months, under a spécial assignaient from the United Methodist Church.Rev. Mixon ison sabbatical from his positionas Professor of Church and Community atthe Claremont School of Theology in California. The Mixons are based in Lima, whereRev. Mixon is directing research for a developing program in urban ministry relatedto the 1968-72 Quadrennial Program of theWorld Division of the United MethodistBoard of Missions, of which twelve cities,including Lima, hâve been chosen for spécialprojects.C. Malcolm Moss, JD'30. Mr. Moss has beenreappointed for a second term as chairrnanof the American Bar Association's spécialcommittee on "lawyer placement informationservice. Mr. Moss, who is gênerai counselof the American Life Convention of Chicago,has also been named to the bar association'sCorporate Law Department committee andits newsletter subcommittee.Ruth D. Schroth, '30, AM'32. Miss Schrothhas joined the English Department of thesenior high school in the Ludington SchoolDistrict, Michigan. She formerly was a criticteacher at The University of Chicago Laboratory School.In Memoriam: Viola Herr, AM'30; WilliamWesley Mendenhall, AM'30.3T E. C. Bolmeir, AM'31, phD'36. Mr.Bolmeir has retired as Professor ofEducation at Duke University, Durham, N.C.,after twenty years on the faculty. He is aspecialist on school law. He had been chairrnanof the committee on the Doctor of Education degree, and director of graduate studies.Marion Dickey, phB'31. Airs. Dickey is areeistered représentative in the Clayton, Mo., office of G. H. Walker & Co., investmentbrokers. She was chairrnan at the i8th annualconvention of the National Associationof Investment Clubs in October.Burton Duffie, '31, AM'34. The CitizenshipCouncil of Greater Chicago has presentedMr. Duffie with its annual award to theAmerican-born citizen who has made an out-standing contribution to the work of thecouncil in helping new Americans becomeresponsible citizens. The award cites hisleadership of the Americanization and AdultEducation Division of the Chicago Board ofEducation and the Chicago Public EveningSchools. Mr. Duffie is director of the ChicagoBureau of Education Extension.Martha Alexander Olson, SM'31. An opérations research analyst at the U.S. NavalRadiological Défense Laboratory in San Francisco, Airs. Oison has retired after twenty-four years in government service. She hadbeen doing research on problems associatedwith underwater nuclear détonations andrecently described her work at a scientificmeeting in Madrid, Spain. She also sharedin a $1,000 superior achievement award.Edmund N. Walsh, '31, MD'36. Dr. Walshis serving a two-month voluntary tour aboardthe hospital ship S.S. Hope in Colombo,Ceylon. Dr. Walsh is a dermatologist inprivate practice in Fort Worth, Tex. Thehospital ship, with a staff of 150 physicians,dentists, nurses, and paramédical personnel,was scheduled to spend ten months in Ceylon,by invitation of the Ceylonese governmentand Ceylonese médical associations.In Memoriam: Frederick W. Bachmann,phD'31; Effie F. Blair, phB'31; Frank J. Dusak,phB'31; Alden Stevens, '31.Af\ Edward B. Bâtes, AB40. Air. Bâtes hasbeen named chief executive officerof the Connecticut Alutual Life Insurance Co.,of which he has been président since 1967.He joined the firm in 1946. Mr. Bâtes andhis family réside in Hartford.Robert Cuba Jones, x'40. Visitors to Alexicoand local résidents hâve an opportunity toenjoy informai bilingual conversation Tuesdaynights at Villa Jones, Mexico City. Mr. Jones has made the villa a kind of clearing housefor serious students of Alexico, with regularlectures by eminent scholars.Robert T. Roberts, AM'40, phD'56. Mr.Roberts has been promoted to a full professor-ship at Roosevelt University, where he alsois acting chairrnan of the Department ofSociology and Anthropology. Prof. Robertsis working on a thirty-year study of Negro-white intermarriage in Chicago.Carl S. Stanley, '40. Air. Stanley has beennamed Senior Vice Président of the HarrisTrust and Savings Bank, Chicago. In thisposition he is metropolitan group executivein the Banking Department. Included in thegroup are, ail Chicago metropolitan areacorporate accounts served by the bank.In .Memoriam: Elizabeth Barklev, SM'40;George Navlor, a m '40.A T Léonard G. Ginger, sM'41. .Mr. Ginger1 has been elected to the Board ofDirectors of the First National Bank ofMorton Grove, 111. He is director ofResearch and Development at Baxter Laboratories.In Memoriam: Florence W. Hutsinpillar,AM'41./f O Edith J. Burtt, x'42. Aliss Burtt hasopened a private office for counselingadults and 'children in Ithaca, N.Y., her hometown. Aliss Burtt has had extensive expériencein psychiatrie social work, specializing infamily counseling.James J. AIcCllre, Jr., AB'42, JD'49. Air.McCIure has been named moderator of thePresbytery of Chicago for 1969, the firstlayman to hold this title in five years. In thisposition, he will be presiding officer of thePresbytery, the governing and judicial bodyfor 143 United Presbvterian Churches inCook, DuPage, and Lake Counties, withapproximately 89,000 communicant members.Mr. AlcClure is a partner in the law firm ofGardner, Carton, Douglas, Chilgren & Waudin Chicago. He and his family réside inOak Park, 111., where he is active in manycivic organizations.William K. Reed, MBA42. Air. Reed has39been àppointed a member of the newly-formed Northwestern Advisory Council ofthe Forums for Economie and PoliticalDiscussion. The forums are sppnsored by theNational Chamber Foundation of the UnitedStates Chamber of Commerce to conductresearch and éducation in the fields oféconomie, political, and social problems. Mr.Reed is manager of business environment forthe General Electric Co. He lives in Weston,Conn.Albert Stewart, SB'42, SM'48. Mr. Stewart,an executive, educator, and civic leader inN,ew York City, has been elected a Trustéeof Teacher's Collège, Columbia University.He is Market Development Manager in theChemicals and Plastics Opérations Division ofthe Union Carbide Corp. He has served asProfessor of Chemistry and Physics at_ 1 TKnoxville (Tenn.) Collège. He has been a!consultant to the U.S. State Department, theFord Foundation, and n.a.s.a. He has served asvice président of the Cleveland Urban Leagueand has been active in other civic groups inNew York. Mr. Stewart received an AlumniCitation from The University of Chicagoin 1966.In Memoriam: Edward J. Hermann,AM'42; William T. Roberts, MD'42; Helen-Marie (Mrs. John C.) Stamm, '42.A ^ Aaron Brown, phD'43. Mr. Brown hasl J been named chairrnan of the Councilof Large City Boards of Education, involvingcities with a core population of 300,000.The council is an affiliate of the NationilSchool Boards Association. Mr. Brown is amember of the New York City Board ofEducation, of which he is a former viceprésident. He is Spécial Assistant to theProvost for Urban Educational Opportunitiesand Professor of Education at the BrooklynCenter of Long Island University:Phylip C. Davis, SB'43. The Ethyl Corp.in Bâton Rouge, La., has promoted Mr. Davisto associate director of process development.Evelyn Ann Eckberg, SB'43. Miss Eckberghas been awarded the Public Health ServiceCommendation Medal for her work as directorof clinical éducation in the Pharmacist Mate School, Stateri Island (N^Y.) Hospital. She isa senior nurse officer in the Public HealthService.Marion B. Grady,-am'43, phD'51. Miss Gradyhas resigned her position as head librarian atBail State University in India'na butsis re-maining as chairrnan of the Department ofLibrary Science there. She hâs been associatédwith Bail State University for twenty-threeyears.John X. Jamrich, SB'43. Mr. Jamrich hasbecome the seventh président of NorthernMichigan University in Marquette, Mich.NMU has an enrollment of 7,500 studentsas well as an extensive continuing éducation ¦,program. Mr. Jamrich came to the universityin 1961 as assistant dean of administrativeservices and became assistant dean of the'university two years later.Lester H. Schiff, x'43. Dr. Schiff has beenàppointed to the^Niagara Fàlls AdvisoryBoard of the Marine Midland Trust Companyof Western New York. He is chief of thePediatrics Department of Mount St. MaryHospital and attending and consulting pedia-trician at Mémorial Hospital, both in NiagaraFalls, N.Y. Dr. Schiff also is clinical associatein the Department of Pediatrics at the StateUniversity of New York at Buffalo anda national consultant to Project Head Start.He and his wife and four daughters résidein Lewiston, N.Y.William Self, '43. Mr. Self has been electedvice président in charge of télévision atTwentieth Century-Fox Corp. He also waselected président of Twentieth Century-FoxCorp. and président of Twentieth Century-FoxFilm Télévision, a division of the parentcompany.A A Arthur W. Adamson, phD'44. Mr.11 r Adamson has been awarded a SeniorFellowship by the Australian Academy ofScience. Mr. Adamson is a professor ofChemistry at the University of SouthernCalifornia, Los Angeles. He has specialized inthe field of the photochemistry of coordination compounds for the past ten years.The fellowship will enable him to go toSydney, Australia, next year to speak at the i2th International Conférence on CoordinationChemistry and then spend a fall sabbaticalleave at the University of Western Australia,Perfh.Jeanne Doyle, phB'44, AM'52. Mrs. Dpyleis one of two art consultants foTthe Association of Junior Leagues of America. Based vat National Headquarters of the Leagué inNew York, she travels around the countryadvising local groups on art and muséumprojects.A £ Mary Jàne Cook, AB'45. Miss Cook,^J assistant professor of English at theUniversity of Arizona; has received a. second$53,000 grant from the Bureau of IndianAffairs, U.S. Department of the Ittteriot, forfield testing of a new bopk for Navajp Indiarchildren. Miss Cook had previously prepareda manual for teachers of Navajo first gradersand adapted the Fries American Englishséries for Puerto Ricari children.In Memoriam: Gertrude Alice Davis, x'45.A ^Richard M. Clurman, phB'46. Mr. ...i Clurman has been named chairrnan ofthe board and chief executive officer for theNew York City Center. He is chief ofcorrespondents for the Time-Life NewsService. The City Center is marking its 25thanniversary as the largest theatrical producingorganization in the world.Ralph Yalkovsky, SB'46, SM'55, PhD'56. 'iA geologist and oceanographer of internationaréputation, Mr. Yalkovsky has been a professor at Buffalo State Collège, Buffalo, N.Y.,for the past eight years. Last year he gavelectures at the Universitiés of Madrid and.Mexico City, and addressed the InternationalCongress on the History of Science in Paris."A *J AIary V. Klicka, MBA'47. Mrs. KlickaT / has received the Exceptional CivilianService Award, the Army's top civilian décoration. A ration design specialist at the Àrmy'ilaboratories in Natick, Mass., she has beenresponsible for the planning and design ofoperational survival and spécial rations for thiAfmed Forces since 1957. She also has pro- ,vided guidance in helping technologists40develop new or improved foods for use inspace flights.Louis Kriesberg, phB'47, AM'50, phD'53. Mr.Kriesberg reports from Syracuse, N.Y., wherehe is Professor of Sociology at SyracuseUniversity, that he has completed editing thebook, Social Processes in International Relations (John Wiley and Sons) . His wife,Lois Ablin Kriesberg, AM'50, is now anassistant professor of Social Sciences at theUpstate Médical Center of the State University of New York, Syracuse. The Kriesbergshâve two sons, aged seven and five years.Thornton N. McClure, '47. Mr. McClurehas joined the staff of Kent, Cruise & Partners,engineering and architectural firm with officesin Providence, R.I., and Boston, as coordinatorof educational facilities and planning. Hehad been chief business officer for the University of Rhode Island for the last twelveyears, the last six of which he served as viceprésident for business affaire and as treasurer.Roderick D. Moe, phB'47. Lt. Col. Moe hasreceived his second award of the U.S. AirForce Commendation Medal at Tan Son NhutAir Base, Vietnam. He is a target intelligenceofficer at Seventh Air Force headquartersthere. He also was decorated during a previousassignment in England.Edwin S. Munger, '47, SM'48, phD'51. Mr.Munger spent last summer on his 25th visit toAfrica and was an officiai guest at SwazilandIndependence Day cérémonies, Sept. 6, 1968.A professor of geography at the CaliforniaInstitute of Technology in Pasadena, Mr.Munger's most récent publications are Afri-kander and African Nationalism (OxfordUniversity Press); and, with co-authors,The U.S. and Southern Africa (ColumbiaUniversity Press). He recently was namedprésident of the Pasadena Cultural Foundation.Rozella M. Schlotfeldt, SM'47, phD'56.Miss Schlotfeldt is dean of the Frances PayneBolton School of Nursing at Case-WesternReserve University. She recently delivered theannual Clare Dennison Mémorial Lecture atthe University of Rochester, N.Y. MissSchlotfeldt is an authority on éducation andresearch in nursing.James Campbell Sheers, phB'47. Mr. Sheers has written the novel Fire In His Hand,published by Fawcett Gold Medal Books.Mr. Sheers also is a successful screenwriter anddirector. The new novel is his first on awestern thème. It chronicles the story of asoldier in the Civil War who loses a handduring the fighting. After the war he becomesa sheriff and tames an unruly cow town inthe west.Richard A. Tefo, '47, MBA'50. Mr. Tefo,clu, has been àppointed a superintendent ofagencies by the State Mutual Life AssuranceCo. of America.A (~\ Harry Brown, AM'49. Air. Brown hasT/ joined the faculty of Fredonia StateUniversity Collège in New York state asUniversity Professor of Music and conductorof the college's symphony orchestra. He hadbeen conductor of the Milwaukee Symphony.In addition to building a strong orchestra,he initiated a séries of children's and youngadult concerts, personally addressing some40,000 children a year at thèse events. Mr.Brown conducted the "Voice of America"programs for the Firestone Co. in the early1960's.C. Carter Colwell, AB'49. A Student'sQuide to Literature by Mr. Colwell has beenpublished by Washington Square Press, NewYork. The guide is intended to be useful tostudents from high school honore to collègeupperclass levels, but chiefly for collègefreshmen and sophomores. Mr. Colwell is aprofessor of English at Stetson University,DeLand, Fia. He also is active in the MethodistWesley Foundation on the campus and is theuniversity's fencing coach. He and his wife,the former Ann Knox, who attended TheUniversity of Chicago from 1949 to 1952,hâve three children.Watts S. Humphrey, '49, MBA'51. Mr.Humphrey has been promoted to vice président for technical development of ibm'sSystems Development Division. He previouslywas director of programming for the division.Mr. Humphrey is the holder of severalcomputer patents and is the author of a bookon switching circuits that is widely usedas a collège text. r1 ^ Gifford P. Foley, MBA'53. Mr. FoleyJ^3 has been named to a three-year termas alumni représentative to the board ofmanagers of Haverford Collège. Mr. Foley isvice président of the Florsheim Shoe Co. andlives in Winnetka, 111.Van R. Gathany, MBA'53. Mr. Gathanyhas been elected a senior vice président in thetrust department of the Northern Trust Co.,Chicago. He has been a member of the bank'sstaff since 1950. Mr. Gathany is vice présidentof the Corporate Fiduciaries of Chicago andis an instructor for the American Instituteof Banking.Willis J. Potts, Jr., phD'53. The 1968 MedalAward of the Society of Applied Spectroscopywill be presented to Mr. Potts, division leaderin the Chemical Physical Research Laboratory,Dow Chemical Co., Medland, Mich. Mr. Pottshas authored or co-authored eighteen articleson infrared spectroscopy and has written abook entitled Chemical Infrared Spectroscopy.Amy E. Viglione, AM'53. Miss Viglioneretired from her post as the first dean of theUniversity of South Carolina School ofNursing on Feb. 1, 1969. Miss Viglione saidin a newspaper interview she plans to travelas well as do the writing and research whichshe has postponed due to her administrativeduties.In Memoriam: Robert S. Faurot, MBA'53,Oct. 19, 1968.F* A Richard D. Holtz, MBA'54. Mr. HoltzJ T has been named manager of theWisconsin Steel Works of InternationalHarvester Co. He had been assistant worksmanager.William G. Horton, DB'54. Mr. Hortonhas been àppointed coordinator of studentaffaire at the State University Agriculturaland Technical Collège, Alfred, N.Y. He isin charge of student orientation and acts asa liaison between students and faculty of thecollège.Earle Short, MBA'54. Mr. Short has beenàppointed associate director, administration,for the School of Performing Arts at theUnited States International University, SanDiego, Cal. He had been the university's4>director qf spécial projects. In his new post,he will be involved in the planning, development, and management both of the school andof a new conservatory program to beinaugurated as a service to the community.The conservatory provides a base for SanDiego's symphqny, opéra, and ballet. Mr.Short's long and varied career has includedeight years as director of research institutes atThe University of Chicago and twenty-oneyears as a musical performer andiconductorat the U.S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Md.Harry B. Smock, MBA'54. Mr. Smock hasbeen named Senior Vice Président of W. F.Hall Printing ,Co. He was active in thefounding of the Gravure Research Instituteand is a director of thé Gravure TechnicalAssociation. t£ f/ Arthur Boyd, MBA'55. Mr.Boyd, a mar^-vJ .3 keting specialist, has been àppointed amanaging principal of Fry Cdnsultants, Inc.,international management consultants. Thefirm has offices in sevéral American cities;and in Frankfurt, Germany, and Zurich,, Switzerland.Merton W. Ertell, phD'55. Mr. Ertell hasbeen àppointed vice chancellor for University-wide activities at the State University ofNew York (suny) . He was formerly theMelvin H, Baker Professor of AmericanEnterprise in the School of Business Administration at suny's Buffalo branch and, hadalso served as assistant vice chancellor foreducational affaire at Buffalo. He is a well-known economist.Carl A. Groesbeck, MBA'55. Mr. Groesbeckis manager of the industrial salçs departmentof the People's Gas, Light and Coke Co. ofChicago. He and his wife arid their fivechildren live in Wheaton, 111.£r\ Richard D. Denison, MBA'56. Mr.,3 Denison has been named Vice Président and Treasurer of the Quaker Oats Co.,Chicago. He formerly was treasurer. He joinedthe firm in 1965 as Assistant to the Treasurerafter a career in investment banking. He andhis wife and their four children live in ,Winnetka, 111. Joseph D, Howard, '56. Dr. Howard hasannounced the openirig of the Howard ClmicS cin Logansport, Ind. The clinic, an indopenderitmédical group, is leasing' Office space in anold wing bf St. Joseph's Hospital in Logansport and will use facilitiés of both St. Joseph'sand Mémorial Hospitals. Three other phy-sicians are expected to join the clinic staffwithin a short time. Dr. Howard has beenpracticing gênerai medicine in Culver, Ind.,for. the past seven years' arid was part-timèphysician at Culver Military Academy.He also was in charge of the Cancer Clinicin Knox, Irid.Sey, Katz, SM'56. Lt. Col. Katz of the AirForce is now on duty at the Pentagoh, wherehe is commander of ' Detachment $6, 6thWeather Wirig, a unit of the Air WeatherService. He previously served at Nakhon; Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base in *-Thailand.Keith A. Kelly, MD'56. Dr. Kelly has beenàppointed assistant professor in Surgery atthe Mayb Graduâte School, of Medicine,University of Minnesota, Rochester. For thepast year he has been a member of the Sectionof Surgery at the Alayb Clinic in Rochester.David A. Kronick, phD'56. Mr. Kronick isprofessor of médical bibliography, chairrnanof the department of Médical Communications, and head librarian at the new Universityof Texas Médical School in Sari Antonio.He formerly was chief of the référencedivision at the National Library of Medicineand is the author of many publicationsin his field.Gerhard Spiegler, DB'56, am'6o, pIid'ôi. Mr.Spiegler, provost and associate professor ofReligion at Haverford Collège, Haverford, Pa.,has been named one of the ten outstandingcollège teachers in the nation to receive the1969 E. Harris Harbison Award for Distinguished Teaching, The award, which includesa $10,000 cash grant to each récipient, is madeby the Danforth Foundation.John J. Thomas, Jr., AM'56. Mr. Thomasrecently became Deputy Executive Directorof the Metropolitan H ousing DevelopmentCorp. of Chicago after wbrking with the Cityof Chicago as a planner sincé 1956. r* *J Richard L. Martin1, MBA'57. Mr.j)'/ Martin, who is a vice président oftheChicago Title and Trust Co., has beentransferred from (the Kane Coiinty Division ofthe firm in Geneva, I1J., to the Chicago office,and has been namécLmanager of -CT & T's jCook County opérations; '¦ ' 'Joseph S. Michelson, MBA'57, Mr. Michel-son has beeri named assistant ta the président',-) {of the J. Slotniek Co., a Boston constructionfirm with which he has been associated forthe past ten years. He is active in the iCombined' Jewish Philanthropies, the JewishVocational Service, and the Brookline-Brightqn-Newton Jewish Community' Center.He also serves as his firm's représentativeto the Associated General Contractors ofMassachusetts., ',Marjorie M. Miller. AM'57./Miss Millerhas been àppointed an instructor in Englishat Augustana Collège1, Moline, 111. For thepast seven years she bas served as a spécialtutor to CrOwn Princess Michiko of Japan.She also has taught English language andliterature at Tokyo Women's Christian Collège and the University of Maryland's FarEast Division.In Memoriam: Herbert John Ast, sb*57;;ThomasJ. Fillmore, MBA'57; William C.Sample, AM'57. '" •>' '.^W Rachel Wèddington, pltD'58. MissZ)' Wèddington, a pioneèr in the City ^University of New York's Study AbroadProgram in Puerto Rico, ha? been àppointedrésident, director of the progranh She willdirect groups of CUNY students who studyin Puerto Rico and practicSe-teach in thesehools there, while living in boarding housesnear the University of Puerto Rico withPuerto Rican families.JosEPii L. Wells1, MBA'58. Lt. Col. Wells isnow serving at Malmstrom Air Force Basein Montana as an opérations staff officer anda member of the Stratégie Air Cbmrnand.He previously served with the AerospaceRescue and Recovery Service squadrbriin Thailand. He is a vétéran ofi World War IIand the Korean War.In Memoriam: Gerald R. Dallwig, AB'58.42r\ A Thomas Bierdz, AM'64. Mr. BierdzT" is now director of the Racine Programof Catholic Social Services in Racine, Wisconsin. He also teaches social work at| Carthage Collège in Kenosha, Wisconsin./ Mr. Bierdz formerly was director of socialservices for the Kenosha County Departmentof Public Welfare.1 Tallon Brown, AM'64. Mr. Brown headsthe Northwest Sub-Zone Community Service! Center of Zone VIll for the Illinois Department of Mental Health, which serves Jackson,Perry, and Randolph Counties. It is part ofa new program to move services away fromstate hospitals and into local communities.James R. Hocking, MBA'64. Mr. Hocking hasbeen named a trust officer at the ContinentalIllinois National Bank and Trust Co. ofChicago.Richard T. Rada, MD'64. Dr. Rada hascompleted the médical service officer basiccourse at Brooke Army Médical center, FortSam Houston, Tex. He holds the rank of' Captain.David R. Roeper, MBA'64. Mr. Roeperis compensation and benefits officer of ChicagoTitle and Trust Co.Barry H. Rumack, '64. Dr. Rumack receivedhis médical degree from the University ofWisconsin in'June 1968 and is now interning atthe University of Denver, where he plans tospecialize in adolescent pediatrics. His wife,Carol, completed her junior year at theUniversity of Wisconsin Médical School andhas entered the Denver Médical School forher senior year.In Memoriam: Erwin Fruend, SB'64.Xh Earl R. Frutkin, AB'65. Mr. FrutkinJ recently was married to the formerBarbara Sue Corwin in Lawrence, N.Y. Heis a graduate of the University of PennsylvaniaLaw School and has been admitted to theOhio Bar. He and his bride live in ForestHills, N.Y.Alan P. AIarchand, phD'65. An assistantprofessor of Chemistry at the University ofOklahoma at Norman, Dr. Marchand is doingresearch on the rôle of a spécial type of1 negatively charged ion in certain chemical reactions. His findings may enable sçientists topredict the final outcome of such reactionsmore accurately. He is working under a$5,000 grant from the American ChemicalSociety.Bernard S. Parker, AM'65. Mr. Parker hasassumed a post as an assistant professor ofphilosophy and religion at the University ofSouthern Mississippi. He recently received aPhD degree from Tulane University inLouisiana.Robert J. Potter, phD'65. Mr. Potter, who ischairrnan of the Department of Sociologyand Anthropology at the State University ofNew York Collège at Brockport, has beenpromoted to full professor.f\f\ Elizabeth Ann Hoornaert, ab'66.Miss Hoornaert recently became thebride of James C. McBrearty of Olney, Pa.Thev are now living in Arizona, whereAir. AlcBrearty is on the faculty of theUniversity of Arizona.Hugh E. M. Murphy, mba'66. Mr. .Murphyhas joined Foremost Foods Co. in San^Francisco as international division marketingcoordinator. He previously was an accountexecutive for the Léo Burnett Co. of Canada,Ltd., Toronto, Canada.f\*J Mark Chasin, MBA'67. Mr. Chasin is/ in the auditing department of HumbleOil & Refining Co., Houston, Tex.Charles L. Haskell, MBA'67. From Houston,Tex., Mr. Haskell writes that he is workingas a Systems analyst for the Humble Oil andRefining Co. there. Last January he marriedthé former Katherine Haywood of Houston.He recently was awarded a cpa certificatein Texas.Thomas Howard, AB'67. In a récent letter,Mr. Howard reportéd that he is a Peace Corpsvolunteer in Sarkarkannadipudur, Tamilnad,India, where he is working in a villageagricultural development program. He invitesanv alumni who may happen to be nearbyto drop in for a visit.J. Keith Keeling, AM'67. Rev. Keelingis an assistant professor of religion atAugustana Collège, Sioux Falls, S.D. AIelburn E. Laundry, MCL'67. Mr. Laundryhas been àppointed international Counsel for.Motorola, Inc., in Franklin Park, 111. He isresponsible for handling the company's légalopérations in foreign countries. He recentlyreturned from a trip to the Orient, whereMotorola is now establishing manufacturingplants and has several subsidiaries.f\?\ Nathan Blau, sb'68. Mr. Blau isstudying medicine at the ChicagoMédical School, West Side Médical Centercomplex.Edward A. Christensen, jd'68. Mr. Chris-tensen has passed the New York State Barexaminations and is associated with the lawfirm of AVinthrop, Stimson, Roberts andPutnam in New York City. He and his wifehâve a two-year-old son and a newborndaughter.David Cleverdon, am'68. Mr. Cleverdon,who had been employed by the MetropolitanHousing Development Corp., is on the Chicago staff of Rep. Abner Mikva (D.— 111.)Joseph DiPiazza, am'68. Lt. DiPiazza hasbeen serving with Air Force Intelligence inSaigon, Vietnam, since September.Sigmund Dragastin, ofm, phD'68. FatherDragastin, of the Cincinnati FranciscanProvince, has joined the staff of the NationalInstitute of Child Health and Human Development at Bethesda, Aid. He is a programanalyst in the office of the associate directorof program planning and évaluation. FatherDragastin's appointaient to a civil servicegovernment position is believed to be a firstfor a member of a religious order in theUnited States.Picture CréditsUosis Juodvalkis: 35, 45Sander AVood Engraving Co.: 33David Windsor: cover, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 20Lynn .Martin: art direction & design43annual IndexThe University of Chicago Magazine Volume LXIJan/Feb '69 The Alumni Cabinet: Exploring Student AètitùdesMay/Jun'69 The Americanization of Rock Climbing,Mihaly CsikszentmihalyiNov/Dec'68 Astronomy at Chicago: A New Look at YerkesSep/Oct '68 Biological Intervention in Human Life: The Moral Issues,DwightJ. Ingle~i Jan/Feb '69 The Campaign: An Historié MomentMay/Jun '69 Cancer Research at ChicagoMar/Apr'69 Crisis and Responsibility: A Letter to Alumni,Edward Rosenheim, Jr.May/Jun'69 Ruth Duckworth (Profile)May/Jun '69 Evolution vs. Révolution in the Universities,Dwight J . Ingle >/ Mar/Apr'69 Freedom from Coercion, Phil C. NéalJul/Aug '68 The Génération Gap and Its Meaning for Business,David RockefellerNov/Dec'68 Great Teachers, Helen H. PerlmanNov/Dec'68 Inaugural Address, Edward H. LeviNov/Dec'68 The Inauguration of Président Edward H. LeviMar/Apr'69 Media and Culture, Walter J. Ong, S.J.Sep/Oct '68 The Media and the Cities (Jan/Feb '69 The New Président: Inaugural ScènesJul/Aug '68 The 1968 ReunionJan/Feb '69 Notes on Communicating, David S. BroderSep/Oct '68 The Quest at Loch NessJan/Feb '69 The Regenstein Library: Laying the Cornerstone, ~Joseph Regenstein, Jr., Edward H. Levi, Robert E. StreeterJan/Feb '69 Remarks on the Inauguration, George W. Beadle,Lawrence A. Kimpton, Robert M. HutchinsSep/Oct '68 Daniel Robins (Profile). Mar/Apr'69 The Sit-in: A ChronologyMar/Apf'69 The Spillane Phenomenon, John G. CaweltiMay/Jun'69 Tent Répertoire: Theater for the Millions,Vance JohnsonMar/Apr'69 They Call Themselves "The People",Alice and Jerry Bathke \Jul/Aug '68 The University and the Community, Robert H. EbertJan/Feb '69 Unrest and the Universities, Edward H. LeviMay/Jun'69 Up Kilimanjaro, Kevin LewisJan/Feb '69 John T. Wilson (Profile)Nov/Dec'68 The Woodlawn Child Health Center ,Mar/Apr'69 The World of Inner Space, Humberto Fernândez-Morân442** V|-*» SLtJÔd»*ï-f* *> *\- i ?%, jV^/%¦%•f**" •>•*Î*J4M m-,\.*m %i t-'ÎSSri*' »f%-# .?T'J"*5"iS*-*?-* >*.-#i^S ^TÎ >*4J5Pv*' %-î-y.tjâ^*?v T?;8?% * '-¦;*25N>&C* C"* 4*i »?;'¦; *£, TOa;tr' F Jte*UJ. v ..,iV©C5s©coo' — Ik!oa:coklr->^fci,¦~~,NOuI — (.'u"k,OcoU9OR. LEONGRADUATEUNIV. OFCHICAGO, CAR*'OVSKYLI8PARY, HWCHITACOILL.6Q<'37 EôQUNIVERSITE OF CHICAGO18 112 035LC48 EfnV ERSITY °F CHIC^¦W8 MAGAZINEv.6l1968-1969L" 1 M ni versi ty of r< !c?t"i^^oz i nene r -;:¦¦¦;THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO LIBRARY