fhe University of Chicagonagazine June 1968 i JUL w *± IvjUO¦vThe University and the Community^>*^^JHP»i.q^-B1 vin- • -f*The University of ChicagomagazineVolume LX Number 9June 1968Published since 1907 byTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI ASSOCIATION5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 643-0800, ext. 4291Fay Horton Sawyier, '44, PhD'64PrésidentC. Ranlet LincolnDirector of Alumni AS airsConrad KulawasEditorREGIONAL OFFICES39 West 55 StreetNew York, New York 10019(212) 765-54803600 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1510Los Angeles, California 90005(213) 387-2321485 Pacific AvenueSan Francisco, California 94133(415) 433-40501629 K Street, N.W., Suite 500Washington, D.Ç. 20006(202) 296-8100Subscriptions: one year, $5.00;three years, $13.00; fiveyears, $20.00; life, $100.00.Second-class postagepaid at Chicago, Illinois. Ailrights reserved. Copyright 1968 byThe University of Chicago Magazine. ARTICLES2 The University and the CommunityEdward H. Levi7 Social Responsibility and the Modem CorporationBen W. Heineman10 The Hippy as RevolutionaryMihaly Csikszentmihaly18 Research in ParkinsonismA research program at the University ClinicsDEPARTMENTS20 Quadrangle News24 People26 Alumni News29 Letters31 Profiles32 Archives33 Animal IndexThe University of Chicago Magazine is published monthly, October through June, for alumniand the faculty of The University of Chicago. Letters and editorial contributions are welcomed.Front Cover: A street scène from the Woodlawn community, just south of the Universitycampus.Inside Cover: Business East and Harper Library (at right) seen through a wide-angle lens.Photography Crédits: Front cover and pages 10-12, 14, 17, and 31 by Uosis Juodvalkis;inside cover by Richard Gordon; pages 3, 21, 25, and 26 by The University of Chicago.The Universityand the CommunityEdward H. LeviI could use this occasion — and perhaps I am supposedto — to speak to you in what I hope would be an interestingway about the problems which your University faces. Atleast in less anxiety-ridden times, alumni, who hâve re-tained or nurtured their affection for their university, arereassured when the institution speaks of its worries. Ailinstitutions hâve problems. Awareness of them is some .signof life. Moreover, many problems can be translated intomoney. Alumni are always being asked for money. Theyusually respond generously. The pleasure is mutual. Whileit is bewildering to comprehend why so many new buildingsare needed, alumni hâve a wonderful confidence that suit-able aspirations will be realized. In the meantime, it iscomforting to know that old Cobb Hall nearly fell downand was rebuilt with the old walls standing. Decay andrebuilding are reassuring signs of continuity, symbolizingthe préservation of old values even in this âge of need,affiuence, and change. Your university is one of the greatuniversities of the world. It is remarkable how much of itstands in its old form. It is constantly being rebuilt. But Ihope I may be forgiven for not attempting to stir the coalsof nostalgia at this time.We do face many problems. We are overwhelmed bythem. This is a time of enormous difïïculty. Many of ourconcerns are echoes of conflict within the larger community. Education confronts the dilemma of a society whichbelieved in universal éducation but did not provide it — asociety which believed in openness, but was closed formany. Customs and institutions must now bend to help inthe catching-up process to provide a new unity for action,a new acceptability for goals. Most great universitiesthroughout the world are in cities; the cities are in trouble.The growing acceptance of f orms of protest, including violence, could in fact destroy the very idea of a university.Currently conscription for an unpopular war could deci-mate the graduate schools. And there are spécial financialconcerns, arising out of the équation of rising living costsand increasing productivity for the society of a whole. Thiséquation could spell the démise of many private institutionsof higher learning — at least as "private."So our problems range across a broad spectrum fromour response to major responsibilities, to the maintenanceof our way of life, to safety and security, and to financialcomplexities. But thèse problems in turn force one to réexamine and restate the enduring purpose of a university— and if not ail universities at least this University — in ourmodem world. This central question of purpose, becauseoRhe crisis of the larger world, presses most immediatelyupon the relationship between the university and the community. Universities in many ways are being asked, "Whathâve you done for society lately?" The question is some-times made more biting by the accusation that the conditions of modem life arise out of the action or inaction ofthe universities themselves. An easy although not alwaysrelevant example of this responsibility is the first self-sus-taining atomic pile on the campus of The University ofChicago. Our society needs help. Universities are amongour most important assets. What are they doing to helpsociety solve its problems? The question is a troubling one,and perhaps it is appropriate in this seat of political power,where the concerns are at least as great as they are else-where, to consider some of its implications.AJL \jny history of the relationship between universities andtheir communities would hâve to recount the récent storyof The University of Chicago. The University took thelead in a coopérative program to maintain and rebuildHyde Park/Kenwood as a viable, integrated community.This was a resuit never before achieved in an Americancity. Pioneering creativity was required. New législation,new forms of social organization came into being. Faithwas required; not e very one had it. Important institutionsfled the area, making a choice which the University hadconsidered for itself but rejected. More than two hundredleading members of the faculty moved to other institutionsin the fifties, when it was not difficult to imagine the grassas greener elsewhere. One measure, but only one, of theeffort involved is indicated by a look at the financial side.The University itself spent thirty million dollars from itsendowment for neighborhood purposes. This amount ofendowment loss could spell the différence between a médiocre and a strong institution. As a conséquence of theUniversity's expenditures, an additional thirty million infunds and facilities came from fédéral and local govern-ment agencies. The private investment of one hundred andfifty million dollars followed as the program began to2succeed. While Chicago was among the first, other universities hâve been similarly involved in neighborhood re-development programs. But this is only one kind of community involvement.The University's neighbor to the South is Woodlawn,where eighty thousand citizens live in a black ghetto community. On 63rd street, in what was once a butcher shop,the University opérâtes the Woodlawn Child Health Center,part of a program for the Chicago Board of Health. Anadvisory board of community leaders from Woodlawnhelps to guide this clinic, staffed by doctors and socialworkers. In the last six months this University of Chicagofacility has taken care of 2,400 children from the area —6,300 individual visits out of the 30,000 children in Woodlawn. In due time, it is expected this clinic will take careof at least 5,000 children. One block away, the Universityopérâtes the Woodlawn Mental Health Center, led by University psychiatrists, with the guidance of a local Citizen'sAdvisory Board. This Center has concentrated upon theneeds of ail of the first graders of the community, the 2,000neighborhood children who yearly enter the school Systemfor the first time. It is a program of assessment, guidance,and treatment, reaching into the twelve grade schools inWoodlawn, and involving the parents as well as the children. Over a considérable period, the University hasworked with the Woodlawn Organization and with theSchool Board on a project to create an expérimentalschool district in Woodlawn as a massive effort to createan educational system which will be more responsive andeffective. It will involve elementary schools, an upper gradecenter, and Hyde Park High School. The project, which atlast seems to be reaching realization, also will involve theuse of school/community agents to establish a better relationship between the schools and the community, and ofcourse involving particularly the parents. On the University's South Campus, the School of Social Service Administration is constructing a new Social Services Centerto coôrdinate existing social welfare agencies and programsof importance to the Woodlawn community. The Schoolof Education has embarked upon a program to train cadresof teachers for inner city schools, directing the program toparticular schools, involving the training of new and présent teachers with such emphasis and impact that it is hopedmajor revisions within particular schools can be accom- plished. But thèse are only some of the programs. Thereare many more of which the following are only a fewexamples: a neighborhood law office for the poor, a studenthealth organization to work in the slums, an upward boundprogram for 100 students. There are eighteen separate programs for Woodlawn alone. As you will hâve noticed,major programs in a particular community invariably hâvebeen built upon community participation in the guidanceof the work. Governmental, foundation, and considérableUniversity resources are involved.I assume this présents a disturbing, yet perhaps hopefulpicture. Disturbing because the needs are enormous. Hopeful because immédiate good may be accomplished and un-derstanding achieved for further progress. Thèse are seriousservice programs. The University's work with the community is extensive at its best, unspectacular, and dedi-cated. I suspect it is unparalleled by any other major university. Research is involved, but one must not work withpeople without primary concern for them. Service in thèseprograms is therefore primary. Thèse activities impose aheavy cost upon the University and its faculty. They re-quire and reflect préférences and choices — the allocationEdward H. Levi is Provost and President-Designate of TheUniversity of Chicago. He will assume the Presidency whenGeorge W. Beadle retires in October, 1968. This article is thetext of his address to The University of Chicago Club ofWashington, D. C, at its annual dinner on May 3.of precious resources of time and energy. Moreover, theyinvolve considérable administration and almost total in-volvement in day-to-day practical affairs. Of course thereare many other programs relating to public policy at aillevels in which individual members of the faculties par-ticipate. A prominent journalist and author, after inter-viewing fifteen faculty members at a luncheon, and being,I trust, duly impressed with them, expressed his regret thatChicago was an ivory tower university, concentrating onthe theoretical rather than the practical. Ail faculty in theroom agreed that Chicago's rôle should be theoretical,basic, and long term, rather than immédiate and practical.Unknown to the author, and perhaps to some of the facultythemselves, was the fact that every member présent in thatroom was a member of one or more governmental taskforces or had recently been on a similar advisory assign-ment. The theoretical university has responded through itsfaculty to the challenge to attempt to apply its knowledgeto the practical order. It always has. But what slide ruledoes one apply to judge the suitability of extensive serviceprojects within an institution said to be dedicated to thehigher learning? This question must be asked even thoughthe need is great and universities exist to serve society.Thèse statements in fact underline the importance of thechoice of service. Référence is sometimes made to theprécèdent of the land-grant collèges. The précèdent isquite ambiguous. The land revenues were to be used foragricultural and mechanical éducation, yet the greatestgood came when thèse grants in fact contributed to thestrength of libéral and gênerai éducation broadly con-ceived. Référence is sometimes made also to the majorfunds now going to universities from the Fédéral Government. But again thèse funds either recognize or are in-tended to increase the strength of the universities. And thequestion remains: what strength and for what purpose? Weneed guidelines, and it is natural that your University,which has always been introspective and self-critical, andwhich has always sought a central unity among ail its ac-tivities, should wonder about the relationship between thiscentral unity and thèse new service community functioris.But there is another side to this scrutiny of the place ofservice functions within a University. This other side asks,what is the relationship between thèse service functionsand responsible government social action? The service functions are enormously varied. While re-search and éducation hâve a wide range, many of thèseenterprises hâve little relationship to any spécial skill ofthe University. They range from running a security force—-the University spends twice as much as does the city mpolicing the Hyde Park/Kenwood area — to urban rede-velopment, with the mixed bag of questions which thatraises, to particular opérations such as clinics where theUniversity initially at least clearly has something spécialto contribute. But there is a long-term question even as tothe spécial clinics. Dr. Albert Dorfman, who is Chairmanof the Department of Pediatrics at Chicago and responsible for the création of the Woodlawn Child Health Center,has commented that almost every médical school is planning or participating in some community health program."The enthusiasm for such programs," he goes on to say,"is based on novelty and naiveté. Eventually their weak-nesses will appear no matter how enthusiastic their présentreaction." He enumerates some of the weaknesses. "Theportion of the population that can be served is only a tinyfraction of the need. The médical personnel available tomédical schools is only a small fraction of the nationalpool. Almost ail of the faculties of médical schools arechosen, quite properly, because of abilities as teachers andinvestigators. No médical school will survive if it requireshighly-sKilled faculty to perform the routine tasks requiredfor the performance of a successful community health program." Furthermore, "Society is unlikely to finance suchprograms in the long term at levels of costs now beingencountered." Dr. Dorfman justifies the présent rôle ofmédical schools in community medicine as an attempt to"use their talent and inventiveness to examine the natureof the problem and discover solutions. Universities shouldnot and cannot become administrative instruments of public or private services, but rather must be designers andinnovators."\^J ndoubtedly a similar défense could be made of theUniversity's rôle in urban redevelopment. We took the leadin collaboration with other community groups and with aresponsive city administration. We drew upon the enormously talented yet varied ability within the University,4including that of the Chancellor of the University and ofthe présent Professor of Urban Studies. We had the ad-vantage of a long tradition of the study of urban matterswithin the University. An important resuit of that under-taking is to be found in the clearer vision and isolation ofthose urban problems which should not be solved on anylong-term basis by universities as operating mechanisms.Thèse are matters which must be worked out by creatingnew governmental structures within the network of local,state, and fédéral government, by a frontal attack on theunsolved problems of the relationships of cities and sub-urbs, by a much more determined and effective use ofpublic facilities to establish proud communities. Our citiesare in desperate need of being replanned and rebuilt. Thegovernmental problems far transcend any solutions whichcan be operated by a single private institution or group ofinstitutions. There is something singularly sad about a NewDeal or a Great Society which can only find the way andthe means for an integrated society when there is a privateinstitution available to give enormous funds before thegovernment can respond, and even then is unable to re-spond in such a way as to build upon the natural assets ofthe community including the institutions within it. It is asthough school Systems, park Systems, and police depart-ments were to be had only on a matching basis. The citiescannot be saved in this way. There are simply not enoughuniversities to go around for this purpose. And their pow-ers quite properly are too limited in any event. A universityis not a government. It is not good for the university, thecommunity, or the government to think it is.The point then is quite simply that it is inappropriatefor more than an innovative and pioneering period for universities to be in charge of many of thèse services — inappropriate because the universities are not the best means tocarry through thèse programs effectively. Better meanssimply must be found. But you may think that some of mydoubt is based upon a fear of what the burden or op-portunity of thèse programs will do to the universities. Andto one university in particular. And you are correct. Theprolifération of activities cannot help but place a strain onthe unity of the institution. When thèse activities départfrom the central purposes of the institution, they inevitablyinvolve a différent kind of faculty or staff. The question isnot one of better or worse but the long-term effect on the entire institution. It is ail good and well to say that theinstitution should change, but unless one means by thisthat its central purposes should also be modified, this argument raises the question of why this institution? Whywould it not be better to create new institutions for thèsepurposes? Of course I realize there are many who do notbelieve the central purposes of universities as they hâvebeen are very important. But I do not agrée with them. Itis easy and natural for universities to claim too much, toforget their proper aims, to speak with many tongues togain support. The results of over-proliferation and expansion within universities are there for ail to see. Theyare not comforting. Commissioner of Education Howe fre-quently talks about the responsibilities and failures ofuniversities. In a récent speech, as quoted in the New YorkTimes, he has again alluded to the failure of the university,which, as he says, has the temerity to change the world but"has not the nerve to adapt itself to the world." The contributions listed as changing the world hâve to do withbeing responsible for the reach into space, for splitting theatom, and for "the interprétation of man's journey onearth." I had not realized that the universities had beenable to supply that much-needed interprétation, but onecan accept the point that universities are engaged in thepursuit of knowledge and that knowledge changes manythings. So does ignorance. It is quite another thing — andindeed quite the opposite thing — to suggest that universities like everyone else must adapt to the world. A greatdeal of the strength of the university cornes when it doesnot adapt to the world.One has to ask again, what is the greatest service of theuniversity? Its greatest service is the préservation of anintellectual tradition. The University is the home of ideas.Many of thèse ideas are incorrect and foolish. Many arepersuasive, dangerous, and devastatingly impractical. Faculties are not selected for a gênerai ability to be prudentand practical. If the désire is to make of universities onemore governmental agency, then of course ail that willresuit is one more governmental agency. The vision of theuniversity does not corne from Health, Education, andWelfare. It does not corne from the professional educa-tionist. It cornes from a tradition where knowledge is reallysought for itself. And it is on this basis that universitiesare worth supporting, for therein lies their différence.5We live in a curious time. There never has been in thehistory of the world as much conversation broadcast on awidespread basis by the mass média reflecting the thoughtsof almost every one on almost every conceivable subject.That conversation reveals, what every study of opinion hasshown, that people hâve strange ideas, that commonplaceviews are really not the glory of a civilization. But theynever hâve been. One reason we hâve a bill of rights and aconstitution is to force a sober second thought. There is anenormous job of éducation to do. And there is a task ofleadership. But the continuing task of éducation and leadership requires, if the continuity of civilizations is to bemaintained and understood, places of deliberate and struc-tured thought. It requires the examination of problems ofour time free from the necessity of appearing to be relevantor to be popular, or even to be finally correct. From thiskind of pursuit will corne the few ideas which will changethe world. If universities, or at least a remaining few universities, cannot fulfill this function, then we had bettercreate institutions of higher learning, free from the de-mands of mass culture and service, to perform this function.I know this speaks against a popular wind. Let me makeclear what I am not saying. I am not saying that controlledexposure to problems of the society cannot be importantfor éducation and for research. This exposure has givengreat strength to professional schools, but it is controlledexposure. There is a duty upon ail institutions, includingéducation, to do their part to unify the society in which welive and to help fulfill the openness of that society, including most particularly the paths of the intellect. But unduereliance upon universities as handy agencies to solve immédiate problems, remote from éducation, can only endin corruption of the universities. And the danger is greaterbecause corruption is easy and attractive, particularly whenit is dressed up as a relevant response to the problems ofour day. The danger is greater not because we should beagainst thèse activities, but on the contrary because wemust be for many of them. The burden upon the universities is particularly heavy because they know they must relate to and indeed must help create those professions andother institutions in our society which will act to transmitand to put into service the basic knowledge which flowsfrom our institutions of higher learning. We must, forexample, create networks of médical care, of adult educa- tional enterprises, of new kinds of éducation for primaryand secondary schools, and new channels for the socialsciences so that the ideas of the academy can be tested, re-jected, êorrected, and put into use. The universities mustbe related to thèse networks. But the risk is great that indoing so the universities will lose their protected remote-ness, their freedom to be objective, their détermination toseek intellectual truth in its own terms. But this would bethe greatest disservice. The problem is how to create thèsenetworks and, in part, to do so for the very purpose ofpreserving the inner strength of the universities.? T hat then are the guidelines? I hâve done little hèreexcept to stir the questions. Surely among the guidelines isa continuing awareness that universities are not governmental agencies; that universities do not speak for com-munities, but communities must speak for themselves; thatuniversity service opérations must not become so routinizedand habituai that they are continued in this way whenothers could do them just as well or better. But beyondthis, a university must know its own character. It is notenough to say it is dedicated to éducation and to the culti-vation of intellectual pursuits. It must be able to see itselfas a whole in spite of diversity. To see itself as a whole requires a récognition throughout the entire enterprise of theprimacy of the commitment to teach and thus préserve thecultures of many civilizations — of the primacy of the commitment to basic inquiry and to the candor and disciplineof reason. Perhaps the answer is that the limits of thegrowth of the institution must be compatible with thèsecommitments. The continuing strength and unity withinwill measure that growth. Perhaps ail this means is that onemust work harder to build up the central strength if thereis to be growth at the periphery.We can, I hope, be proud of the contributions whichyour University is making to service in the community. Ihope also that we are strong enough and confident enoughof our ability to préserve our central purpose to continuethèse commitments, to be a good neighbor and not thegreat houfce on the hill, to help our troubled society returnto health, and to préserve that proper power, which is thepower of the reasoned word. 06Social Responsibilityand theModem CorporationBen W. Heineman JL Vecently a young man whom I value highly said ac-cusingly to me that if five years ago the business leadersof the United States had asked the same searching questions about Vietnam that are being asked today, we wouldnot be there.Early this year, George Champion, Chairman of theBoard of the Chase Manhattan Bank said: "I can think ofnothing that would put the brakes on big government f asterthan for business to identify critical problems and take theinitiative in dealing with them before Washington felt theneed to act."Thèse random quotations suggest in a superficial waythe demands and expectations for social and political leadership now centering on corporate managements. Thèseexpectations are rising at a rapid rate and cover the broad-est spectrum of social and political activities.It is, of course, unnecessary to point out that the expectations voiced by this anonymous young man and the expectations voiced by George Champion — while each callsfor leadership on political and social problems — may beof an entirely différent kind and for the achievement ofentirely différent goals than the other would approve or,indeed, appreciate.It is also a fact that while the expectations are risingand while the responses of the modem corporation maylag behind the expectations, the responses themselves arebecoming increasingly significant.I would like to explore briefly some of the realitiesconsidered by a business executive when faced with theexpectation that he, and through him his corporation, willparticipate in public and social issues varying from Vietnam, to tax policy, to equal opportunity, to higher éducation, to hospital community fund drives.To understand this fully, I think it important to under-stand the complex environment in which a business leaderfunctions, the foundations of his leadership, and what maybe legitimately expected from him and from his company.Ben W. Heineman is a Trustée of the University and Chairman of the Board of the Chicago and North Western RailwayCompany. This article is the text of his address at a dinnerlast winter in honor of Joseph L. Block, retired Chairman ofthe Board of Inland Steel Company. The event was sponsor edby the Roger Baldwin Foundation of the American CivilLiberties Union.7It is important, I think, to realize first that the founda-tions of business leadership are institutional and not Personal; that is, it dépends upon the business manager'sposition in his company, and his company's position in thecommunity, in the nation and in the world. Thus, it is noaccident that at a récent luncheon given by the Présidentof the United States for 100 distinguished business leaders,the Chairman of American Téléphone and Telegraph satat his right, and the Chairman of General Motors sat athis left. Incidentally, both are Republicans. Their personalqualities may or may not hâve justified this prominence;but the Président was recognizing the realities and ac-knowledging that their power was not personal but institutional.This does not mean, of course", that qualities of charac-ter, intelligence, energy and willingness are ignored orplay no part, but it does mean that the essential ingrédientof business leadership is that it accrues to the chief executive by virtue of his incumbency. This is no différent, Isuppose, from saying that a Senate Majority Leader maybe a leader of national and international power and importance, but he had better get elected every six years bya handful of people in Montana or his leadership capabilitywill vanish overnight.AJL -m.ny corporation of size has at least five constituenciesupon which it dépends, and thèse are by no means alwaysharmonious. Thèse constituencies are its customers; itsshareholders; its employées; its creditors, and, of course,the gênerai public. While any large corporation may differwith — and indeed offend — any one or more of thèse groupsshort term, over time it must hâve the regard of ail of thèseif it is to achieve its corporate and management goals.The first four of thèse five constituencies — customers,shareholders, employées and creditors — are essentiallyconcerned with the corporation as a profitable producer ofgoods and services. The expectations of the fifth constit-uency — the gênerai public — are essentially passive, ex-pecting simply that the enterprise be a good corporatecitizen and that in pursuing its corporate goals it not takeaction inconsistent with the gênerai welfare. But it is in-teresting that it is from this fifth constituency that the greatest expectations are arising and the greatest demandsare now being felt.It is also important, I think, to an understanding of thebusinessman's environment, to realize that his failure toproduce goods or services of a suitable quality at a profitwill never be excused or mitigated by his having exercisedleadership on vital — and, hence, controversial — publicissues. Nor will such failure be forgiven because of distinguished public service even in noncontroversial areas.Hère again a political analogy may be made. The Chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee may be a vitalinternational and political force, but if he fails to representhis Arkansas constituents effectively in their personal concerns, he will be replaced by Governor Faubus next No-vember.Indeed, the assuming of leadership on controversialpublic questions by the business manager may even provide the grounds for attack in the event that his companyfails — or seems to fail — even briefly in achieving its primary goals. And any manager whose business déclineswhile he engages extensively even in noncontroversialpublic service may well be regarded as foolish at best, ornégligent at worst — depending upon the charity of hisobserver. A few years ago a major American companywhose profits had declined materially while its chief executive had been an active and indeed dominant leader andcitizen in his community, prohibited his successor fromassuming any extracurricular activities, including noncontroversial charitable activities, without the prior spécifieapproval of the Board of Directors.Thèse considérations place genuine limitations upon thebusiness leader's freedom of action to follow his own personal inclinations.Thus, sensitive and perceptive managers are alwaysaware that their powers are not theirs personally, but areboth transient and held in trust for the institution fromwhich they are derived. While we may not applaud themanager's self-restraint when he sympathizes personallywith our own political and social goals, this same self-restraint is an assurance that he will not utilize his corporate powers and leadership to attain political and socialgoals of which we do not approve. We hâve no assurancethat business managers, any more than any one else, willnecessarily share our own goals and objectives, and we8might be most unhappy at the use of corporate power bya transient occupant of the chief executive's chair to attainpolitical and social goals with which we disagree.It is, I suppose, a fact that thèse constraints may tendto act more effectively on dissent than on conformity. Isuppose that it is far harder for a business leader tooppose a national policy in which he disbelieves, such asperhaps Vietnam, than to support one in which he disbelieves, or to remain silent. And this is true unless thenational policy has a direct and adverse effect upon hiscompany, and then he might be expected to oppose thepolicy, even though he might personally believe in it.It is difficult enough for a manager to be judged on thebasis of clearly visible and measurable financial results,without introducing other variables such as public standson controversial issues. What is astonishing and heart-warming, given the very real risks, is that there has been agrowing public and management acceptance of a broaderrôle for the corporation beyond that of maximizing shortterm profits.One reason for this is that we hâve corne to appreciatethat the maximization of profits f.or the short term canhâve significant négative implications for the long term.And we can act on this realization despite Keynes' apho-rism that "in the long term we'U ail be dead."Y Y hat then is the appropriate rôle for the corporatemanager — having in mind that he is a trustée of the corporate power; having in mind the criteria by which he willbe judged? Should he in fact be a political and socialeunuch, hiding in his office, refusing to participate in theday-to-day affairs of his community and of his country?To what extent should he participate; when should herefrain? Thèse are questions that every responsable andimportant business leader confronts almost daily. Eachwill résolve them for himself in the light of his own per-sonality; in the light of his own convictions; in the lightof his own long term évaluation of what is good for hiscompany.I would like to suggest a possible criterion. The businessmanager, in my view, is justified in utilizing his corporatepower and prestige on public issues in accordance with his own convictions when thèse convictions are not factionalor personal and do not reflect his préjudices, biases, orpersonal politics — in other words, to enhance the qualityof our démocratie society. Now what do I mean by that?I think, on examination, we would find that thèse criteria deal essentially with machinery and procédures. Letme give an illustration or two.I think it important that a business manager encourageeveryone in his corporation to engage in the broadestspectrum of political activity, regardless of whether or nothe approves of the individual manifestations that this political activity may take, or even whether he might be em-barrassed by it. In so doing he helps to enhance the quality of our society without imposing his own political views.I think it vital that business leaders not frown upon oroppose — but indeed should encourage — peaceful démonstrations, regardless of whether they approve of the goalsof the démonstration. They should recognize that thèsedémonstrations are an inhérent part of the political processaimed at changing ultimate opinions in the voting booth.Démonstrations might be termed "the poor man's news-papers."I think it important that the business manager act posi-tively and publicly to insure equal opportunity for voting,for housing, for employment, for éducation, and for médical care, for ail citizens, on the valid assumption that onlyin a democracy that is truly a democracy, can he and hiscorporation flourish and profit.I think that it is, of course, legitimate for the managerof a business corporation to encourage higher éducationthrough corporate contribution. This was highly controversial only a few years ago. But I believe that it is onlythrough the improvement of the quality of éducation andits availability that we can generate the kind of a citizenwho may be expected to make those distinctions andreach those judgments essential to a citizenry possessingthe power to sélect their own représentatives, and possessing the residual powers of government.This limited catalog of examples in no sensé exhauststhe possibilities. Nor will the list be fixed; it will expandas the nature of our society and our views about its naturechange and expand. But essentially thèse examples areconsistent with the exercise of powers in trust, which arethe only powers the business manager wields. ?9The HippyasRevolutionaryMihaly Csikszentmihaly. In what follows, the term "hippy" is used more inréférence to an idéal type than as a descriptive term. Itincludes ail those who believe that they hâve broken withthe established value-system and who hâve chosen integrityas the basic tenet of their individual moral Systems — thatis, who hâve resolved never to act against their ownfeelings or beliefs.Among their beliefs, one of the most important is thatno one has a right to impose any constramt, physical ormoral, on anyone else. There are many other beliefs andvalues, often borrowed from the most esoteric sources,but the simple ones just outlined constitute the core élément of the hippy phenomenon. It is useless to object thatfew hippies ever follow completely thèse values. What isimportant is that most of them believe they do, and thatas a resuit they adopt a congruent style of life. FewChristians must hâve really loved their neighbors evenduring the first centuries, and few Russians must hâvereally wanted the State to take over private property; yetthey did behave as if they actually shared thèse values,and in so doing drastically changed the style of life, theculture, and the structure of their societies. It may also beobjected that while there are many persons who sharehippy values, one should not talk of a "movement," sincethèse persons display such apparent individual différencesand shun organized life. If this has been the case untileven a year ago, the situation is changing fast. Hippies areexperimenting with communal life in California and NewMexico, diffidently trying to reinterpret organizationalproblems into their world-view. Although there are greatdifférences between individual hippies — in attitudes to-wards drugs, for instance — most agrée on the main values.The voice of the hippies broadcast by such seeminglyidiosyncratic organs as the San Francisco Oracle is echoedMihaly Csikszentmihaly, '60, PhD'65, is Chairman of theDepartment of Sociology and Anthropology at Lake Forest(M.) Collège. This article is a revised version of "Are HippiesReal?", which appeared in a récent issue of the quarterly,Modem Age. Photography by Uosis Juodvalkis.10by articulate hippy editorials in the New Statesman ofLondon. There is no doubt that at least a few basic valuesare shared by hippies the world over, and that they areconscious of themselves as a group having common ideals.Where did this style of life, shared by so many youngpeople around the world, come from? On the one hand itsroots go back to the origins of civilization — the long Uneof mystic, monastic experiments that from the East hâvespread to Europe and hâve been constant éléments ofWestern history. On the other hand, its immédiate intellectual antécédents seem to lie with the young Frenchwho in the last war became disgusted with the results ofwestern civilization, and under the loose dénomination of"existentialists" exerted a deep influence on our times.Sartre's books, Camus' essays, Prevert's poems filteredthrough to the States; and what was perhaps more important, the work of Paris-inspired American writersstruck deep responses among the least traditional segmentsof the United States being formed on the West Coast. SoMiller and Burroughs and Kerouac begat the numerousprogeny known as the Beat Génération. The Beats werebaffled by existential anxiety, and many of them retreatedinto hopeless solipsism. But some, by imperceptible de-grees, began finding pièces of hope — from Navajo prophe-cies, the Mantra Yoga, the Little Flowers of St. Francis —and were changed into hippies.But questions of origin are often boring and alwaysfruitless, since it is impossible to prove or disprove whethera hypothesis dealing with the past is correct. Granted thatthe hippy movement is hère and appears to be real, a moreimportant question would be: is the hippy movement ahistorically unique phenomenon or is it just another namefor something that has been with us under other guises?Most observers, including practically ail spokesmeff forthe educational system, favor the second hypothesis andare content to dismiss hippies as the latest incarnation ofthe generational conflict. It is true, of course, that in everysociety the most aware and sensitive section of youth pro*duces in each génération a group of more or less vocaldissenters and rebels — it could almost be said that thereis a law of social dynamics requiring the youth to be re-pelled by their elders for a society to advance.From this it seems, therefore, a safe course to claiiûthat the hippies are only "testing the structures" of oufSystem, and that they will soon blend into tomorrow's con-formity to make way for a new génération with a newset of hang-ups. While it may be true that this is ail thereis to the hippy phenomenon, there is another alternativewhich deserves considération. The fact is that historyoccasionally provides us with instances of marginal re-belliousness which, instead of fading away in a few years,develop into movements that drastically change the cultureand the structures of the host society. Which of thèse twocatégories do hippies belong to?T3jL#efore going into this question it would be worthwhileto note that even if the hippy phenomenon were only thelatest manifestation of the generational conflict, it wouldnot mean that in a few years things would return to somekind of status quo ante. When talking about the recurringrebelliousness of youth, we usually assume that, whileyouthful rébellion may corne and go, the System, benignand patient, remains unchanged. The truth is, of course,that even such transient manifestations as the flappers ofthe '20s hâve significantly altered our culture and, throughthe médium of changed attitudes, even our institutions andformai laws. It will be said that the flappers themselveswere a resuit of previous industrial and marketing ad-vances. True, the mass-production of cars, for one thing,was instrumental in suddenly changing the behavior pat-erns and habits of a whole society. Yet the technologicaladvances by themselves could not hâve altered culturalforms or institutions. This crucial step was mediated bythe flappers, that is, by a group of youth who could under-stand the changes taking place and who could synthesizethem into a "life style" which could be understood andimitated by the rest of society. Similarly, the "bohemians,"who inhabited Parisian garrets toward the end of the lastcentury and who hâve disappeared without leaving anyphysical trace, hâve profoundly changed the artistic, architectural, and moral styles of the majority who hosted andpatronized them. So a rebellious, youthful minority unitedby a common world- view is nothing one can afïprd tç> becontemptuous about, even if the phenomenon is relativelyshortlived and leaves no tangible trace of itself. Such cultural révolutions, as opposed to the politicalones, leave the power-structure of society more or lessintact. But they hâve a way of changing around the mean-ing of symbols and concrète achievements, so that sometimes the hoarders of power or status-symbols find themselves holding only ashes. Nevertheless, the transient,cyclical changes are those of a new génération redefiningits world-view within the society in which its membersare beginning to function as active adults. Neither thebohemians of la belle époque, nor the flappers of the 20's,nor the politically active youth of the late 50's or early60's dreamt of changing the main goals of the society inwhich they lived. Ail they were concerned with was tofind new ways to express their ideas or to enjoy their lives.The ultimate goals of society were not challenged: materialsuccess, status, power, and comfort were accepted as "thegood things in life," and even some of the most importantmeans were retainedb such as competitiveness, a strqngbelief in concrète reality, and individual achievement. Bythe accepted usage one would say that the cyclical generational conflict results in cultural innovation: the socialgoals are retained; only the means are experimented withand changed.The hippies, however, rejeçt both the means in whichtheir elders believe — conformity, hard work, achievement— and the over-all goals of gain, status, and power. Andsince they présent goals and means of their own, howevervague at this point they may be, as alternatives to thesocietal values they discard, their movement stands apartfrom the usual cyclical outbursts of the new génération.Instead of innovation, they represent a true révolution.Cultural révolution on a social scale is rather infrequentin history. Each âge has its individual rebels who rejectthe values of society and suggest the adoption of newones. Individuals sometimes coalesce into small rebelliousgroups that exist at the outskirts of society. But very rarelydo rebellious values attract such large numbers, and reachacross such vast social and geographical distances, as theyare doing now.It is not easy to find past analogies for the hippies.Perhaps the historical epoch that offers the closest parallelsis the one straddling the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.At that time the overbearing feudal style of life producedail across southern Europe a reaction in young people13quite similar to the one we are witnessing now. Tired of asocial System based on the twin powers of knightlyweaponry and priestly manipulation, the young générations proposed a value System based on integrity and love.Two movements arose, both destined to influence ourculture and society quite drastically. The secular révolution saw poets, wandering singers, and students success-fully infiltrating the dour bastions of the landed warrio'rsand transforming them into flowery "courts of love."Knighthood was changed beyond récognition. Althoughstill holding the reins of power, illiterate, brawling loutswere slowly changed, as if by Merlin's magie, into élégantgentlemen who believed that they were prizing honor andtheir ladies' love above ail else. There is much in ourhippies' style that recalls the spirit of-the dolce stil nuovo,the "sweet new style" developed by poets in Provence,Sicily, and Florence during the thirteenth century.Ailnd many hippy characteristics recall the second révolution of the thirteenth century, the religious upheaval.Tired of fighting a petty war, St. Francis dropped out ofit at twenty and went to live alone and meditate in thehills. He began preaching at twenty-six, and his folio werswere bearded, unwashed young men. The crucial part ofhis message was brotherhood — not only among men, butextending to ail of création. The Cantico délie Créature —which may not hâve been written by Francis himself, butclosely reflects his style — is a poem where "brother fire,""sister water," "brother sun," and "sister moon" arespoken to in an almost psychedelic vision of the ultimateunity of the universe. This band of oddly dressed, unkemptyoung men prowled the hills of Umbria and Tuscany,sleeping in caves or abandoned houses, begging for food,preaching love, and exposing the futility of status andriches. Their success was incredible — for a long time thegravest problem the Franciscans faced was how to assimi-late the great numbers of followers clamoring to be ad-mitted into the Order. In a few générations, the most in-fluential schools in Europe were Franciscan institutions,and a good many of the finest thinkers belonged to theOrder of the mendicant friars (St. Bonaventure, John14Pecham, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, among others) .The parallel between the hippies and various monasticorders of the past has other aspects, too. Both rejectworldly values, hâve similar outward appearances, andtend toward a mystical approach to reality. A furtherpoint in common is that in récent years more and morehippies from San Francisco — joined by others from theEast, and even from some European countries — are set-tling in New Mexico in a rough approximation of thedésert setting which, since time immémorial, monks,anchorites, and hermits (from the Greek ermia, meaning"désert"), East and West, hâve always preferred. Skepticsmay hold that the settlement in New Mexico is simply aresuit of that state's unique drug laws, but however muchthis fact may hâve been a contributing factor, it certainlydoes not explain ail.Startling as thèse similarities are, they do not overridethe différences. Poets of the "sweet new style" and Fran-ciscans, however rebellious, were still working within theover-all majority world-view. Médiéval society, as Huiz-inga has insightfully shown, held two ultimate goals whicheoexisted uneasily for centuries, causing schizophrenia-likesymptoms to run through so many personalities and cultural forms of the âge. Carpe diem was one of the basiccultural imperatives: live now as fully as you can, fortomorrow you may die. The other was the belief that reallife only began after death, and abstinence on earth wouldlead to eternal happiness. So the two movements, howevercontradictory, were both working within at least one setof accepted cultural goals. Therefore, we must look evenfarther back to find a functionally équivalent parallel forthe hippies.One analogy the hippies themselves like to suggest iswith the beginnings of Christianity. Some récent Hollywoodmovies hâve been based on none-too-subtle, symbolicChrist-hippy équations. However blasphemous the ideamay seem to the believer, similarities do exist. Christianitybroke with the existing societal goals and means as radi-cally as the hippies do — more radically than any othermovement did in the intervening centuries. Both movements are based on love and advocate passive résistanceagainst aggression. Christian love, we should remember,at the beginning was not a rarefied affair. For quite a longtime Christian religious services included the uninhibited love-feasts, the agape, in which spiritual communion wasarrived at with the help of intoxicants. And during the firstcenturies the Christians' image in the eyes of the sophis-ticated Romans was not very différent from the one wehâve of the hippies. They thought of the Christians as aherd of uncouth, gullible visionaries. The polished rulersof the western world saw them as unclean, uncivilizedfanatics. Sic transit gloria mundi.TJLhe goals and means of the hippy movement representa real cultural change, qualitatively différent from the re-curring generational protest movements. The hippy phenomenon is real, with a revolutionary potential that hasfew parallels in history. But so far, it's only a potential. Amovement does not succëed automatically just because ithas a set of revolutionary goals and means. History is lit-tered with aborted movements that were at least as ripewith potential change as the hippies' is. From the Albigen-sians to the nineteenth century utopian communities inAmerica, radical movements that threaten the majorityworld-view hâve been effectively crushed either by forceor by the tension generated in the diversity between twosocial entities of greatly unequal size.What conditions are needed for a revolutionary culturalmovement to gain ascendance? And do présent conditionsfavor the spread of the hippy movement? Although noone can answer thèse questions accurately, and althoughprédictions about societal trends are, in the présent stateof the art, little more than educated guesses, one still cantry to identify the environmental forces which will affectthe growth of the hippy phenomenon.It has already been indicated that it may be legitimate toview the hippy movement as a genuine mutation in thesocial organism. An old-fashioned functionalist approachwould suggest that whether the mutation will survive ornot dépends on its adaptive capability — on whether it im-proves the chances for survival of the social organism as awhole and whether it can itself survive within society. Neatas such bio-genetic parallels are, they cannot explain social facts. They do suggest, however, some of the variablesto consider for an answer.15First of ail, can the hippies survive and expand in theirphysical environment? Unfortunately, there is no obivousanswer even to such a clear-cut question. If thirteenthcentury Europe could support tens of thousands of mendi-cant Mars, it would seem that automated America couldsupport many more hippies. Economically it would cer-tainly be feasible, but it is nevertheless unlikely to hap-pen. The Mars were working for the same goal as therest of society, so a médiéval merchant could feel that hewas doing himself good when he helped a Franciscan;this is not true with our hippies. On the other hand, thehippies hâve been talking a lot about becoming self-sup-porting, and some efforts hâve been made in that direction. A small number of hippy artisans hâve appeared.Some hippy communities in California and New Mexicoseem to be able to support themselves from the proceedsof a haphazard blend of truck-farming and animal hus-bandry. Several cities hâve "hire-a-hippy" employmentservices. It may be that they will succeed in eking out anexistence on the margins of the economy. What makes thiseven more likely is that we seem to be approaching astage in which a great number of people will be getting"unearned" portions of the surplus being ground out bythe rest of the economy. Trust funds, insurance payments,unemployment compensation, seem to grâce more andmore frequently the pocketbooks of youth.Y Y hile the hippy économie outlook is mixed, the na-tion's political outlook bodes ill for the hippy movement. Ifthe présent level of United States involvement in world af-fairs is projected into the years ahead, it seems likely thatgênerai political stresses will increase considerably. Problems of unparalleled size will confront United States deci-sion-makers. Chinese expansion; Indian famine; overpopu-lation; Latin American émancipation, and hence, probably,révolution — thèse are only a few of the internationalproblems that will affect the nation. Faced by such vitalchallenges, it is unlikely that the majority will put its trustin "flower power." The odds are that under increasingexternal pressure the majority will reaffirm habituai goalsand means — a development similar to smoking more and enjoying it less — and that, as a conséquence, intolérancetoward rebels will increase. Unless a miraculous séries ofchanges occurs on the international scène, the impact ofpolitical conditions on the hippy movement will be restrictive.Economie and political factors, however, are not theonly ones that might bear on the future development of acultural phenomenon of this type. One should take ac-count of at least one more factor, which, for lack of abetter term, can be called the "évolution of consciousness."What this term implies is the psychological reaction devel-oping in a society to the cumulative implications of themajor historical events of the time. In the past twenty-fiveyears, a great number of important new facts hâve corneinto human awareness. Most of thèse hâve appeared ran-domly; that is, no necessary connections tie them togetherin a meaningful way. On the négative side, we're facedwith the need to "make sensé" of things like Nazi atroci-ties, the Bomb, continuing wars, the threat of over-popula-tion, never-ending social problems. On the positive sidewe find it equally difficult to adjust our world-view tothings like space exploration, human organ transplants,computerization of non-creative thinking, scientific exploration of the human unconscious, and the technologicalpromises of unlimited energy, food, and other utopianbenefits.Most persons resist facing the implications of thèse facts;but many do face up to them — especially the young — andthey recognize an awesomely difficult problem. In tryingto make order out of chaos, the hippies hâve corne upwith a new framework to interpret and give meaning totroublesome facts. Their solutions may seem simplistic tomost of us. But the simplicity is attractive to the disillu-sioned youth who hâve grown mistrustful of the oftenhollow successes of the présent majority world-view.Briefly, the hippies are saying that ail the new frighteningfacts which we cannot explain are the resuit of the cuit ofindividuality on which Western civilization has been built.Everything bad, from the Bomb to racial injustice, iscaused by the désire of man to assert his dominance, toprevail over other men and over nature. Man is supportedin this constant struggle by ideological justifications whichemphasize divisions within man and between men, whichencourage man to "exploit" nature rather than live in16harmony with it. The hippies reject this ideology and theapproach to life that follows from it. They feel that individual fulfillment can be better achieved through unionwith others than through control over others. They claimthat if man will be able to leave the shell of his individualself-interest, the nightmare created by his désire for domi-nance will disappear.T.Xhe hippy interprétation of what is wrong with ourworld is indeed very simple. But is that reason enough toreject it? After ail, as so many young people are constantlypointing out to us, our complex and objective interprétations of life are unable to lead us to a meaningful courseof action. Thus, unless some other framework is found toaccommodate in a meaningful way the new éléments inthe evolving consciousness of our times, the attractionsof the hippy world-view may be stronger than the obstacles which oppose its growth.Naturally, even under the best of conditions, the hippymovement could not retain its présent salient character-istics on a mass scale. Institutionalized Christianity was afar cry from the life of the apostles, just as the Bénédictines modified the style of Benedict, the Cistercians thestyle of St. Bernard, the Franciscans that of St. Francis, orthe présent Soviet System has modified the style of therevolutionaries who were its founders. A radical movement, once it becomes a significant current in culture andsociety, cannot, by the nature of things, keep even themajority of its radical éléments intact.Everything considered, it seems likely that the movement in the next few years will reach a plateau of expansion. After that, what happens will dépend on a varietyof developments. It is not likely that the movement willcomplete'ly disappear; at the most, under severe externalpressures, it may remain an isolated, marginal sect.Most probably the hippy phenomenon in the next décadewill evolve a more clearly formulated style and shed someof its more childish and inessential trappings. As such, itcould slowly expand and, given the confluence of favorable circumstances mentioned earlier, it may well deci-sively influence our entire culture. ?ResearchinParkinsonism18 First, there is a scuffling of the foot while the person iswalking. Then there is a sensé of heaviness in an arm orleg followed by a gentle tremor in one hand. Handwritingbecomes small and difficult to read. Speech is blurred.Chewlng is difficult. Movement becomes an effort, although unexpected emergencies may briefly spur the victimto quick motion. Generally, however, his steps are shortand jerky and he walks along with his trembling handsand arms in front of his body.Through it ail, the victim of Parkinson's disease (pa-ralysis agitans) retains an unhampered intellect and sensés.No one knows the cause of this relatively common ill-ness, but at The University of Chicago, as at other institutions, physicians and other scientists are engaged in diverse programs for examining the disease and seeking bothits cause and treatment.At Chicago, research involves such diverse areas assurgical technique, examination of a little-known substance in the brain, studies on the value of prediseasetraining, and a probe of the blood-brain barrier which mayhold the key to drug treatment of the disease.Surgery and examination of surgical technique to re-lieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease are being car-ried on by Dr. John F. Mullan, Professor of Neurosurgeryand Head of the Department of Surgery's Section ofNeurosurgery. Using a technique developed about 15 yearsago, Dr. Mullan opérâtes on as many as a dozen patientseach year.An the surgical procédure, Dr. Mullan inserts needlesdeep into the basai ganglia of the brain where damagefrom the disease is centered. This destroys brain tissuewhich is out of balance and inhibiting normal function."Such surgery," he explained, "can help control apatient's tremor and somewhat relieve his stiffness, but itdoesn't really affect the weakness which is the disease'scrippling manifestation."An exploration of the possibility of restoring functionand motion is being undertaken by Dr. Michael E. Gold-berger, Assistant Professor of Anatomy. Research onanimais has produced évidence that damage from Parkin-son's disease and other maladies créâtes the relatively un-explored condition of imbalance within the nervoussystem which might be corrected by surgery, drug therapy,and possibly even training of the victim.There seem to be, he explained, nerve tracts which exciteand others which inhibit. Following brain damage destroy-ing such tracts there appears to be a prédominance ofeither inhibitory or excitatory influences, for movementcan then be improved by subséquent destruction of othertracts. This, presumably, brings about a more balancedsystem.i^/r. Goldberger hopes, in one aspect of his work, topinpoint more specifically the location of nerve tracts re-sponsible for excitation and inhibition of movement. Thèsetracts could then be more selectively destroyed in monkeysneurosurgically.In another aspect of his work, conducted under a careerdevelopment award, Dr. Goldberger is studying monkeysto détermine how predamage and postdamage trainingand/or surgical destruction of tracts helps certain brain-damaged monkeys overcome the imbalance and restorenormal function. He has found monkeys trained to perforaitasks normally lost in damage lose less ability than do un-trained monkeys.A substance which may be related to this imbalance isbeing investigated by Dr. Robert Yates Moore, AssociateProfessor of Medicine, Anatomy and Pediatrics, and Dr.Alfred Heller, Associate Professor of Pharmacology.About eight years ago, according to Dr. Moore, a Vien-nese physician named Oleh Hornykiewicz discovered thatvictims of Parkinson's disease hâve a low amount ofdopamine in the basai ganglia and related nuclei of thebrain which are affected by the disease. Normally, thèseareas of the brain contain larger amounts of that substance than any other areas.Dr. Hornykiewicz and others hâve observed that injections of a substance into the body which promotes production of dopamine gives temporary relief of symptomsto patients with Parkinson's disease.In an effort to understand this phenomenon, Drs. Moore and Heller are examining the mechanism of the centralnervous system that controls the formation, release, andmetabolism of dopamine.Their particular goal is to provide a model in animaiswhich simulâtes the disease in man and then to proceed ininvestigating the value of surgery and drug treatment incontrolling dopamine production. Through their efforts todate, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, theyhâve demonstrated one pathway which controls the content of dopamine in the basai ganglia.The research effort, which has been in progress foralmost seven years, is part of a larger program to studychemicals which transmit information from one nerve cellto another. It is possible, according to Dr. Moore, thatdopamine is such a chemical bridge or neurological trans-mitter."Basically," said Dr. Moore, "we want to learn moreabout how the nervous system is put together in the hopethat an increased understanding of the normal brain andnervous system will lead to an understanding of diseasestates such as Parkinson's disease."Dr. Lloyd J. Roth, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Pharmacology, and his colleagues hâve beenstudying the manner by which the blood-brain barrier controls or inhibits the passage of drugs into the brain. Byusing radioactively labeled drugs and autoradiography(tracing by visual techniques), it has been possible to showthat such pénétration can be influenced and selectivelycontrolled.T.A. reatment with carbon dioxide, convulsive agents, andphysiological stimulation such as light and sound hâvecaused significant altérations in spécifie brain areas. Thesearch for drugs and other agents having such action isbeing continued, he said."It isn't beyond the realm of possibility," he predicted,that a method may be found which will make possible thesélective control of the barrier in a manner that might beof value in Parkinson's disease. This would be accomp-lished by raising the level of an anti-Parkinson's drug inareas of the brain which would ameliorate the distressingsymptoms of this disease. — SMK19ouadrangle NewsPopulation Explosion to Fîzzle?"I see no reason why the world's population can't be brought under control by2000," said Donald J. Bogue, Director ofthe Community and Family Study Center,in an interview for U.S. News & WorldReport. The United States, ail the majornations of Europe, and Japan, Australia,New Zealand, and Canada hâve had arécent décline in birth rates, and thereare signs that the birth rate is falling inSouth Korea, India, Pakistan, mainlandChina, and some countries of Latin America, according to Bogue.He attributed the décline to a numberof factors, including increased efficiencyof birth control, better knowledge of birtkcontrol methods, changing parental attitudes that favor fewer children, and asoftening of opposition to birth controlamong religious leaders.Bogue predicted that birth rate in theUnited States would continue to déclineuntil it approaches the level of replacement, "the point where births just aboutbalance the deaths and population growthis about zéro." Sweden, Norway, Japan,England, and France are at that pointnow, Bogue said, and "actually, the whitepopulation in the United States is veryclose to that point."Bogue found that it's no longer onlythe well-off and educated people whopractice birth control in the United States.He predicted that eventually the whitebirth rate in the United States will leveloff while the Negro birth rate will continue to fall until it equals that of thewhite population.He speculated that a slackening ofgrowth among the Negro population willmake many slum buildings harder torent. "With smaller families, Negroes willmore quickly achieve ail of the socialand économie characteristics of the aver-age citizen," said Bogue.Bogue described his position on population control as "probably the mostoptimistic" of ail the demographers, buthe feels that the others are moving closerto the optimistic position. Twelve Elected to AmericanAcademy of Arts and SciencesTwelve Chicago faculty members wereelected to membership in the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences at its 188thAnnual Meeting, held in Boston on May8. Their élection brings to sixty-two thenumber of University faculty memberswho belong to the Academy.The twelve new members are:— A. Adrian Albert, the Eliakim Hast-ings Moore Distinguished Service Professor of Mathematics and Dean of the Division of the Physical Sciences.— Ignace J. Gelb, the Frank P. HixonDistinguished Service Professor in theOriental Institute and in the Departmentsof Linguistics and Near Eastern Lan-guages and Civilizations.— Chauncy D. Harris, Professor andChairman of the Department of Geogra-phy and Director of the Center for International Studies.— Clyde A. Hutchinson, Jr., the CariWilliam Eisendrath Professor of Chemis-try and in the Enrico Fermi Institute.— Morris Janowitz, Professor andChairman of the Department of Sociologyand Director of the Center for SocialOrganization Studies.— Harry Kalven, Jr., Professor of Law.— Martin E. Marty, Associate Professor of Church History in the DivinitySchool.— Phil C. Neal, Professor and Dean ofthe Law School.— Max Rheinstein, the Max Pam Professor of Law.— Edward A. Shils, Professor of Sociology and in the Committee on SocialThought.— John A. Wilson, the Andrew Mac-Leish Distinguished Service Professor ofEgyptology in the Oriental Institute.— Robert R. Wilson, Professor of Phys-ics and Director of the National Accelera-tor Laboratory, Weston, Illinois.The American Academy of Arts andSciences was founded in Boston in 1780by John Adams and other leading members of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It is the nation's second oldest learned society. It was modeled after the learnedsocieties of Europe, such as the FrenchAcademy and the Royal Society of Lon-don.Laing Divinity FellowshipsA gift of $150,000 has been made tothe Divinity School in memory of thelate Chester William Laing, '32, by hisson, Jonathan Laing, and John Nuveen& Co. (Inc.), the national investmentbanking and brokerage firm of which theelder Laing was président for many years.Chester W. Laing, who had served asPrésident of the Alumni Association from1955 to 1957, died in February, 1967.The gift is the first step in a programwhich will reach a minimum of $200,000in endowment for foreign student fellowships.Income from the Laing FellowshipFund is to be used to finance DivinitySchool fellowships for foreign studentsthrough the World Council of Churches.For some time, it has had applicationsfrom outstanding young theologians whowish to study at the Divinity School.Jerald C. Brauer, Dean of the DivinitySchool, said, "The World Council Fel-lows are the future leaders of the churchthroughout the world. They also are leading citizens in their own communities.To hâve such students présent annuallyin the Divinity School will be formativeboth for them and for their fellowstudents."Frank C. Carr, président of the Nuveenorganization, said, "Both Jonathan Laingand myself feel that the funding of suchfellowships is in keeping with the late Mr.Laing's view that the most promisingavenue towards international understanding is through Christian éducation. There-fore, we are grateful for this opportunityto extend Chet Laing's good works anduseful life." Carr indicated that theamount of the gift is expected to be increased by private donations from friendsof Laing.20Shah of Iran Dedicates Site ForMiddle Eastern Studies BuildingHis Impérial Majesty Mohammad RezaPahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran, visited thecampus June 14 and 15 to dedicate thesite of the new building for the University's Center for Middle Eastern Studies.Construction of the building is beingmade possible under the terms of a $3million gift being made to the Universityby the Shah, for whom the building isnamed. Two thirds of the funds will beused for construction of the PahlaviBuilding, and the remainder will be usedto endow a professorship in Iranian civilization.The building will be erected at thesouthwest corner of 58th Street andWoodlawn Avenue, diagonally oppositeRobie House and just east of the Oriental Institute.In addition to housing the research andteaching facilities of the Center, the Pahlavi Building will provide space for theAdlai E. Stevenson Institute of International Affairs, an autonomous organization affiliated with the University.At the site dedication, June 15, theShah 'unveiled a copper plaque inscribedas follows: "The Pahlavi Building / TheUniversity of Chicago / A Gift of theGovernment of Iran / Site Dedicated /June 15, 1968 / by / His Impérial Majesty Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Aryamehr/ Shahanshah of Iran"The term "Aryamehr" means "light ofthe Aryans," a title conferred upon theShah by the Iranian Parliament. Thename of the Iranian country dérives froman ancient term meaning "land of theAryans." Iran has a population of ap-proximately 25 million and traces itsnational history back for 2,500 years.Right: His Impérial Majesty MohammadReza Pahlavi, Shahanshah of Iran (at left)chats with Président George W. Beadle atthe Oriental Institute, June 14, when a for-mal dinner was given in the Shah's honor.Looking on is Prof. William R.Polk, Directorof the Center for Middle Eastern Studies.Bruxism Normal, Study ShowsYou're not abnormal if you grind yourteeth in your sleep, concluded two Chicago researchers in a current study. Thephenomenon of teeth-grinding, whetherdiurnal or nocturnal, is known as "bruxism," from the Greek, brychein, "to gnashthe teeth."Dr. Georges R. Reding, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, and Dr. John E.Robinson, Jr., Associate Professor in theWalter G. Zoller Dental Mémorial Clinic,hâve used dental examinations, interviews, and sleep laboratory techniques intheir research. The project is supportedby grants from the National Institutes ofHealth.Psychiatrists, psychologists, and dentistswho hâve considered the problem of nocturnal teeth-grinders hâve often assumedit was associated with mental illness oremotional disturbance, said Dr. Reding.According to him, however, there was nodemonstrable évidence of such an association in récent psychological tests ofmatched groups of grinders and non-grinders recruited among Chicago students.The investigators hâve reached severalconclusions about noctural teeth-grinding,although the cause has not yet been dis-covered. It is believed that about five percent of ail adults and fifteen percent ofail children are nocturnal teeth-grinders.The syndrome seems to be more com-mon among blood relatives of nocturnalteeth-grinders. "However," said Dr. Reding, "this corrélation may simply reflectthe fact that people with a nocturnalgrinder in the family are more alert forsimilar signs in other members of thefamily and are more likely to reportthem."It is primarily important, the researchers report, to differentiate between day-grinders and night-grinders. Nocturnalteeth-grinding is noisy and damaging tothe teeth, indicating that enormous pressures are exercised by the jaws. In con-trast, the diurnal teeth-grinder usuallydoes not make noise and does not damage his teeth to the same extent.Forty teeth-grinders hâve been ob-served in all-night studies conducted atthe Clinical Research Center. It wasfound that teeth-grinders grind for anaverage of one minute per hour of sleep."No matter how loudly a person grindsin his sleep," Dr. Reding said, "and itcan be quite loud; he seems to hâve amechanism for staying asleep in spite ofhis own noise."Also, contrary to previous reports, itwas found that grinding occurs prepon-derantly in conjunction with stages ofsleep not accompanied by dreaming.There is no dental treatment for nocturnal grinding, according to Dr. Robin-son. Plastic splints will protect the teethand gums, but under the extrême pressures (more than 100 pounds) producedby a night grinder, even thèse devices canbe torn to pièces in a few months.Dr. Reding and other psychiatrists areobserving nocturnal grinders in sessionsfor a total of ten nights in the sleep laboratory. The subjects are awakened several times nightly in the midst of dreaming or of teeth-grinding. They are thenasked to report their dreams or thoughts.Each session is immediately precededand followed by a tape-recorded interview. After the ten nights, a team ofpsychiatrists analyzes the taped material.According to Reding and Robinson, theresearch project has contributed to theunderstanding of nocturnal teeth-grindingby demonstrating its high incidence, byeliminating unfounded explanations ofthe phenomenon, and by introducing sci-entific methods in investigating the syndrome. There remains the question ofwhy people do it.Are NLRB Rulings Constitutional?The National Labor Relations Board'srulings on union élections corne close toviolating freedom of speech, Bernard D.Meltzer, Professor of Law, told a Senatesubcommittee, March 27. Meltzer, an expert on labor law, called for more effective Congressional supervision of theNLRB in a statement submitted to theSenate Subcommittee on Séparation ofPowers.Meltzer said the Board opérâtes underunclear guidelines established by Con-gress and in an atmosphère in whichchanges in the board's personnel or theexecutive branch cause sweeping variations in policies.He said that the current Board hasexpanded administrative censorship inpolicing élection propaganda. "It has,for example, sought to moderate racialappeals in the élection context. . . . TheBoard has ruled that racial appeals willinvalidate an élection unless they aretruthful, germane, and temperate. . . ."The Board's purpose of curbing in-flammatory racial oratory is appealingand timely. But the board's effort toachieve that purpose by administrativecensorship has raised . . . serious questions. The Board's approach in volvestensions with the First Amendment; it isof doubtful effectiveness in immunizingthe élection process against the infectionof racism; it has spawned baffling distinctions and has added to the board'sswollen docket and, consequently, re-duced the Board's capacity to achieve thecentral purposes of the statute."Much of the NLRB's difficulty was theresuit of applying laws, some of whichhad to be loosely drawn and were drawnwith calculated or inadvertent ambigui-ties, Meltzer testified.He said the board also had difficultiesresulting from the fluctuating autonomyaccordéd to it by the Suprême Court.Meltzer also cited the différences inthe board under the Eisenhower and theKennedy administrations. "Such changes,"he said, "obviously suggest that the Boardat one time or another has misread orhas flouted the Congressional mandate-unless the Board has acted in an areaover which Congress has granted it broadand plenary discrétion."Furthermore, changes and counter-changes, apparently in response to the22changing winds of politics or the changing personal philosophy of Board members, are scarcely calculated to enhancerespect for a quasi-judicial process."Finally, the résultant uncertainties andencouragement of the parties to gambleon additional changes add to the Board'sswollen docket and aggravate one of themost critical problems in the administration of the act— delay in providing relieffor statutory violations."Meltzer offered four possible solutionsto the NLRB's situation:— Congress should oversee moreclosely the NLRB's work and make ailmajor décisions concerning policy. Suchoversight, he said, faces substantial obstacles, including a lack of consensus onmany issues of labor policy and the difficultés of making modest changes inrégulations without Ropening up the en-tire complex and controversial area oflabor relations.— Congress possibly should appoint ajoint watchdog committee to oversee theNLRB. Such a committee, unlike theone established by the Taft-Hartley Act,should be given a manageable scheduleand should enlist the aid of académiespecialists on labor-management relations.— If such watchdog machinery wouldnot be practicable, the tenure of theboard's members should be increased.This could prevent them from being af-fected by changes in the executive branch.— Congress should improve its drafts-manship of laws and provide clearerguidelines for the NLRB and more uni-form standards for assessing its performance.Meltzer warned the subcommittee: "IfCongress fails to discharge its responsibility for fundamental policy-making inenacting législation and in overseeing itsadministration, strong administrators willfill the law-making gap. Under such cir-cums tances, critics may rail at the NLRBand other agencies for usurping législative functions, but others will concludethat the passivity of Congress warrantsthe activism of the agencies that it hascreated." Kurland Hits Yielding ofCongressional Power to PresidencyCongress has abdicated to the Presidency its responsibility for the initiationof législation and domestic and foreignpolicy, Philip B. Kurland, Professor ofLaw, said at Duke University, March 19.Kurland, editor of the annual SuprêmeCourt Review, is a leading authority onConstitutional Law.The inability or refusai of Congress tocheck the President's power to makedécisions concerning the war in Vietnam,the desegregation of schools, and methodsof curbing inflation, were cited as examples. "The Fédéral government as out-lined in the Constitution is ail but dead."Kurland said: "Congress doesn't hâvethe guts to stand up to its responsibilities. . . The failure of Congress is the failureof democracy. The alternatives are notpleasant to contemplate.""Congress has forfeited its authorityeven over the législative process thatwas once its primary function. The initiation of législation has been surrenderedby the Congress to the executive. In fact,almost ail that it retains is a veto power,a power to refuse to enact that whichthe Président demands of it. . . .""Nor is the executive limited in hislégislative powers— nowhere to be foundin the Constitution — to the introductionof législation through Congress. Just asthe Président can avoid the necessity forSenate approval of treaties by signingdocuments called executive agreements,so, too, he may legislate for himself byother devices than Congressional action.Two prime means are the executive order,of ancient lineage, and a more modemdevice, the promulgation of so-calledguidelines."Kurland cited as an example of executive control the Department of Health,Education, and Welfare's ability to with-hold funds from school Systems that donot f ollow guidelines for desegregation.He critieized legislators for being toopreoccupied with unimportant matters todévote their attention fully to important ones. He said that Congress is too poorlyequipped and understaffed to investigatea matter fully or to hâve at its disposaithe same essential information that isavailable to the Président.New Family Planning ServiceA family planning service dealing withcritical problems of population controlhas been established hère with the aid ofa $175,000 grant from the RockefellerFoundation. The research, training, service, and éducation program will concen-trate on several aspects of populationproblems. The grant is part of the Cam-paign for Chicago, the University's three-year effort to raise $160,000,000.The service will be operated by theDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecol-ogy. It will establish an interdisciplinaryprogram coordinated with the University's Population Research and TrainingCenter.Dr. Joseph R. Swartwout, AssociateProfessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology,is director. Dr. Swartwout is the recently-appointed chairman of the Family Planning Coordinating Council of Metropolitan Chicago. Working with him will beDr. Frederick P. Zuspan, Chairman ofthe Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Chief of Services of ChicagoLying-in Hospital.The training program will include instruction in counseling on family planning for practicing physicians, University Hospital résidents, médical students,and nurses.The service program will be respon-sible for contraceptive supplies, teachingaids, and patient care for indigents whoseclinic fées are not covered by welfaresources. Clinical aspects of the program,Dr. Zuspan said, "will be developed tohigh degrees of excellence and great détail to provide basic information neededfor research studies."The patient éducation program will include instruction on family planning toindividuals, using Visual aids and personal counseling plus group programs.23PeopleJerald C. Brauer, Dean of the Divinity *School, called for the création of a National Commission on Health Science andSociety in testimony before the U.S.Senate Subcommittee on Government Research, March 21. He said basic researchin the health sciences should be free ofcensorship or outside control, but itshould also be conducted within thelarger context of society as a whole.Alberto P. Calderon, Professor of Math-ematics, has been elected to membershipin the National Academy of Sciences.Roald F. Campbell spoke at the University of Florida, March 22, on the needfor professors of éducation to communi-cate with scholars in ail other fields.Campbell is chairman of the Departmentof Education, Dean of the GraduateSchool of Education, and the WilliamClaude Reavis Professor of EducationalAdministration.Kenneth Carter, chairman of the RoyalCommission on Taxation in Canada, spokeon "Canadian Tax Reform and HenrySimons" at the Henry Simons MémorialLecture at the Laird Bell Law Quad-rangle, April 18. Carter's commissionrecently recommended sweeping changesin the Canadian tax system in a seven-volume report.Kenneth B, Clark, founder of HarlemYouth Opportunities Unlimited, Inc.(HARYOU), spoke on "Guidelines ofPublic Policy Intervention" in the firstof a séries of lectures on social problems at the Oriental Institute, April 16. Clark'sstudy of the effects of ségrégation on children was cited by the U.S. Suprême Courtin its 1954 landmark décision on schooldesegregation. He is professor of psy-chology at the City Collège of the CityUniversity of New York, président ofthe Metropolitan Applied Research Center, Inc., and a * member of the NewYork State Board of Régents. The lecturesare sponsored by the Center for UrbanStudies.Dr. Robert S. Daniels, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, has been appointedAssociate Dean for Community andSocial Medicine in the Division of theBiological Sciences. He also will serve asAssociate Director of the Center forHealth Administration Studies.John W. Dorfmeister was appointedAssistant Business Administrator for theDivision of the Biological Sciences, April15. Dorfmeister had been assistant con-tract administrator for the U.S. AtomicEnergy Commission at Argonne NationalLaboratory. He succeeds Vernon Anna-munthodo, who has been named Manager of Administrative Services for theLaboratory for Astrophysics and SpaceResearch.John Dyckman, chairman of the Department of City and Régional Planningin the School of Environmental Designat the University of California at Berkeley, spoke on "New Forms of PublicIntervention" at the Oriental Institute,April 25. His speech was the final lecturein a séries evaluating social problems,sponsored by the Center for UrbanStudies.Dr. Humberto Fernandez-Moran, Professor of Biophysics, spoke on "TheNew Biology" to approximately 200 highschool students at a Saturday Seminar inthe Oriental Institute, April 27. TheSeminars, sponsored by the Collège, aredesigned to stimulate intellectual curi-osity and enthusiasm for learning, amonghigh school students.Gosta Franzen, Professor and Directorof Scandinavian Studies, spoke on "ARunic Inscription from Chicago" at theannual meeting of the Society for the Advancement of Scandinavian Study,held at the University of California atBerkeley, May 3 and 4. His talk dealtwith what many believe is the only au-thentic example of a Runic inscriptionin the United States, a pièce of a Romanurn, which is in the Classics Building.Dr. Robert A. Goepp, Assistant Professor in the Zoller Dental Clinic and inthe Department of Pathology, has foundthat direct local application of chemicalscan provide more effective protection tononcancerous tissue during radiation ther-apy than injections, the method now used.Dr. Goepp's research, sponsored by theU.S. Public Health Service, has alsodemonstrated that directly-applied mer-cap toethylamine (MEA) is particularlyeffective in protecting against the damageto neighboring healthy tissue, which hasbeen a major problem in treating cancerwith radiation therapy.Eugène Goldwasser, Professor of Bio-chemistry, and Martin Gross, a graduatestudent in biochemistry, hâve found anew cellular component that arises during the process of red blood cell formation, in research in The Argonne CancerResearch Hospital. The new componentis a very large RNA molécule formed asa resuit of the action of the hormone,erythopoietin, on the cells from whichmature red blood cells are derived. It wasdescribed by Gross at the 52nd annualmeeting of the Fédération of AmericanSocieties for Expérimental Biology in Atlantic City, New Jersey, April 17.Ping-Ti Ho, the James Westfall Thompson Professor in the Department of History, and Tang Tsou, Professor in theDepartments of Political Science and ofFar Eastern Languages and Civilizations,are co-editors of China in Crisis, two newvolumes published in June by The University of Chicago Press. Volume I examines China's héritage and the Communistpolitical system. Volume II focuses onChina's policies in Asia and America'salternatives. The papers assembled in thetwo books were presented at the inauguralconférence (1966-67) of the Center forPolicy Study, which brought togethersome seventy experts from Asia, Europe,24the Middle East, and the Americas.Peter Homans, Assistant Professor inthe Divinity School, has edited The Dialogue between Theology and Psychology,Volume III in a séries on Essays in Divinity, published in April by The University of Chicago Press.Dr. Léon O. Jacobson, Dean of theDivision of the Biological Sciences andthe Joseph Regenstein Professor of Biological and Médical Sciences, has beennamed a Master of the American Collègeof Physicians — the highest honor the organization can bestow. There are onlythirty-two Masters in its membership of13,637 physicians.Nathan Keyfritz, Professor of Sociol-ogy and Co-director of the PopulationResearch and Training Center, is co-author, with Wilhelm Flieger, of WorldPopulation (University of Chicago Press).Léon H. Keyserling, président of theConférence on Economie Progress, spoke on " Beneficiaries of Public Programs"at the Oriental Institute, April 23. Keyserling was chairman of the Council ofEconomie Advisors to Président HarryS. Truman from 1950 until 1953. Sincethen, he has been a consulting economistand attorney. His lecture was the thirdof four evaluating social problems, sponsored by the Center for Urban Studies.Richard C. Lewontin, Professor of Biology and Associate Dean of the Divisionof the Biological Sciences, has beenelected to membership in the NationalAcademy of Sciences.Luigi G. Ligutti, the Roman CatholicChurch's permanent observer to theUnited Nations Food and AgriculturalOrganization, delivered the sermon at aspécial service in Rockefeller MémorialChapel, Palm Sunday, April 7. The service was held in conjunction with the Education for Mankind Conférence, whichwas held in the Center for ContinuingEducation from April 5 through April1 1 . Monsignor Ligutti received the PeaceAward of the Catholic Association forInternational Peace in 1961.Seymour Martin Lipset, professor inthe departments of Government and Social Relations at Harvard University,talked on "The Social Context of theWallace Campaign and the Radical Right"in the first of the Monday Lectures atthe Laird Bell Law Quadrangle, April15. The Lectures are sponsored by theExtension Division.Robert A. Mundell, Professor in theDepartments of Economies and Education, is co-editor, with Alexander K.Svoboda, of Monetary Problems of theInternational Economy, a new book byThe University of Chicago Press. RobertZ. Aliber, Associate Professor in theGraduate School of Business, contributeda paper on "Improving the Bretton WoodsSystem."William R. Polk, Director of the AdlaiStevenson Institute of International Affaire, Professor in the Department ofHistory, and Director of the Center forMiddle Eastern Studies, and Richard L.Chambers, Assistant Professor in the Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, are the editors of Begin-nings of Modernization in the MiddleEast, a new book by The University ofChicago Press.Arnold W. Ravin, a former Dean ofthe University of Rochester Collège ofArts and Science, has been named Masterof the Biology Collegiate Division andAssociate Dean of the Collège and ofthe Division of the Biological Sciences,effective September, 1968. He also willserve as Professor of Biology and continue his research in bacterial geneticsand évolution and in DNA-mediatedtransformations. He has been a facultymember at Rochester since 1953 and isauthor of The Evolution of Genetics.Stuart A. Rice, Director of the JamesFranck Institute and Professor of Chem-istry, has been elected to membership inthe National Academy of Sciences.Ben Rothblatt, Associate Dean of theUniversity Extension and Assistant Professor of Humanities, is editor of Changing Perspectives on Man, a new book byThe University of Chicago Press.Dr. Donald F. Steiner, Associate Professor of Biochemistry, directed a teamof Chicago researchers who hâve dis-covered a precursor of insulin. The dis-covery of proinsulin, the name Dr.Steiner has given to the precursor, mayfacilitate the commercial production ofmedically useful insulin for the treatmentof diabètes, and it provides another areain which researchers may look for possible abnormalities in human diabètes. Dr.Steiner reported on the research at the52nd annual meeting of the Fédération ofAmerican Societies for Expérimental Biology in Atlantic City, New Jersey.Robert C. Wood, Undersecretary ofthe Department of Housing and UrbanDevelopment, opened the "Bright NewCity" séries of lectures with a discussionof the Model Cities Program at the FieldMuséum of Natural History, April 3.Wood is former chairman of the Department of Political Science at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The lectureséries is sponsored by the University andthe Graham Foundation for AdvancedStudies in the Fine Arts.25Alumni NewsCLUB NEWSWashington, D.C.. Provost Edward H. Levi spoke at theannual Washington Club dinner, May 3,at the Washington Hilton. The Distinguished Alumnus Award for 1968 waspresented to Mordecai W. Johnson byCharles U. Daly, Vice Président for Development and Public Affaire. Washington area Campaign leaders also presented progress reports.Washington area alumni gathered for aréception at the Washington Theater Clubfollowing a performance of "SpreadEagle Strikes Back," June 20.OmahaJoshua C. Taylor, Professor of Art,spoke on "Art at the Moment" at theJoslyn Muséum, May 17. A réceptionfollowed in the Museum's Floral Court.MiamiPhilip M. Hauser, Professor of Soci-ology, spoke on "Why Race Riots?" at theDuPont Plaza Hôtel, May 16. The meeting was co-sponsored by the AmericanCivil Liberties Union of Miami. About300 persons attended. A panel discussionfollowed Hauser's talk, and the meetingended with a réception.DenverWalter D. Fackler, Professor in theGraduate School of Business, spoke on"Gold, the Dollar, and Public Policy" ata luncheon meeting at the Brown PalaceHôtel, May 14.ChicagoA spécial reserved-seat arrangement wasmade for alumni to attend the MandelHall concert, May 25, by the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra, directed by JeanMartinon. The works performed were:"Variazioni per Orchestra" by Dallapic-cola; "Invocation — Concerto for Violinand Orchestra" by Shapey; and "Concerto for Piano and Orchestra" by Carter. Washington: Mordecai W. Johnson (with boutonnière) accepts the Washington Club's Distinguished Alumnus Award for 1968. Looking on are (from left) Mrs. K. A. Strand, ClubPrésident, Charles U. Daly, Vice Président for Development and Public Affairs, who presented the Award, and Provost Edward H. Levi, who addressed the Club (see text on page 2).San FranciscoJoshua C. Taylor, Professor of Art,spoke on "Art at the Moment" at the SanFrancisco Muséum, May 3. The illus-trated lecture was followed by a guidedtour of the Museum's then current ex-hibit, a showing of the works of GèneDavis. A réception followed.Président George W. Beadle addressedBay Area alumni at the San FranciscoHilton, June 1 8. The Distinguished Alumnus Award for 1968 was presented toThe Hon. Stanley Mosk. A réceptionfollowed.Kansas City, Mo.Président George W. Beadle gave aspécial report on the Campaign for Chicago at the Prom Sheraton Hôtel, May 3. New YorkNew York alumni were invited to ameeting sponsored by the School of Social Service Administration, with Prof.Helen H. Perlman as guest speaker, May 6.New York alumni attended a showingof "George M" at the Palace Theater,May 16, following dinner at the BlueRibbon Restaurant, for their annual bene-fit dinner-theater party.Colorado SpringsWalter D. Fackler, Professor in theGraduate School of Business, spoke on"Gold, the Dollar, and Public Policy" ata luncheon meeting at the Antlers PlazaHôtel, May 13. The audience numberedover 300 as UC alumni were hosts toColorado Springs area business men.26philadelphiaDr. Daniel X. Freedman spoke on "TheUse and Abuse of LSD" at the BenjaminFranklin Hôtel, June 13. Dr. Freedmanis Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry and an authority onpsychopharmacology.Los AngelesJerald C. Brauer, Professor and Deanof the Divinity School, discussed "WhatIs Happening in Religion" at the StatlerHilton Hôtel, April 4. Brauer's fields ofinterest are religious freedom as a humanright and the relationship between religion and politics.Albuquerque, New MexicoGeorge R. Hughes introduced and com-mented on the award-winning film, "TheEgyptologists," at the Alvarado Hôtel,April 21. Hughes is Professor of Egyp-tology and Associate Director of the Oriental Institute.BostonNorval Morris, Professor of Law andDirector of the Center for Studies inCriminal Justice, spoke on "The CrimeProblem" at the Sheraton Boston Hôtel,May 23.Springfield, 111.George R. Hughes introduced andcommented on the award-winning film,The Egyptologists, at the Leland MotorHôtel, June 21. Hughes is Professor ofEgyptology and Director of the OrientalInstitute.San DiegoArthur Mann, Professor of History,spoke on "Student Radicalism and His-torical Perspective" at the Kings Inn,May 17.HartfordH. Edward Wrapp, Professor in theGraduate School of Business, spoke on"Recognizing a Future Company Président" at a small alumni dinner at theHartford Club, May 23. CLASS NOTES 09Sidney A. Teller, X'09, was honoredby the Graduate School of Social Workat the University of Pittsburgh on Apr.4, 1968. Mr. Teller sponsors the free Sidney and Julia Teller Lecture Séries atboth the University of Pittsburgh andThe University of Chicago. He also washonored on his eighty-fifth birthday bythe Young Men and Women's HebrewAssociation and the Irène KaufmannCenters in Chicago. He marked his birthday by adding works to the Sidney andJulia Teller Brass and Copper Collection,which is on free exhibit at the IllinoisInstitute of Technology, Chicago.In Memoriam: Florence C. Rankin,'09, died May 3, 1968.12 ~Elizabeth C. Crosby, SM'12, PhD' 15,professor emeritus of anatomy at theUniversity of Michigan School of Medi-cine, recently spoke on "Tumors Afïect-ing the Central Nervous System" at athree-day seminar at the Médical Collège of Georgia in Augusta.John H. Freeman, X'12, has been honored at a spécial luncheon by the TexasMédical Center in Houston for his out-standing contributions to the center, thecommunity, and the state. For more thanthirty years he has served the M. D.Anderson Foundation, the Shrine Crip-pled Children's Hospital, and the Center.In Memoriam: Arthur G. Beyer, '12,MD'14, died Jan. 26, 1968; DorothyHinman Hind, '12, AM'37, died Apr.11, 1968; Elizabeth Ayres Kidd, '12,AM'15, diedFeb. 28, 1968.13 """Morris E. Feiwell, '13, JD'15, a 1955Alumni Association Citée and past président of the University of Chicago Law School Alumni Association, has been appointed chairman of the Trust AdvisoryCommittee of American National Bankand Trust Company of Chicago.Elmer Wood, '13, retired chemist, ispainting and exhibiting miniatures of village scènes, countrysides, sailing ships,stained-glass Windows, and désert silhouettes on post-card-size palettes with individual easels. He recently was profiledin the Elmhurst, Illinois, Press.16 ~~George S. Counts, PhD' 16, spoke on"The Race Between Education and Catastrophe" at the éducation conférenceheld at Heidelberg Collège, Triffin, Ohio,on April 6.Gertrude Smith, 16, AM'17, PhD'31,is visiting professor of classics at LoyolaUniversity in Chicago.Frank S. Whiting, '16, American Fur-niture Mart executive, former footballand track star under coach Amos AlonzoStagg and permanent chairman of theClass of 1916, has announced his retire-ment from the Mart's managerial activities. He continues as a member of theCorporation's Board of Directors.In Memoriam: Guy A. Gladson, '16,JD'18, died Apr. 5, 1968.19 ~Glenway Wescott, X'19, novelist, poet,and critic, has been elected vice président of the National Institute of Arts andLetters.In Memoriam: Arthur J. Hutton, JD'19,has died; Raymond C. Thompson, MD'19(Rush), has died.22Elizabeth Robinson Lyon, '22, washonored by Kappa Alpha Thêta for herfifty-year membership in the sorority ata luncheon, Mar. 2, 1968, in Pasadena,Calif.In Memoriam: Edward J. Chalifoux,X'22, died Apr. 23, 1968; Quaesita C.Drake, PhD'22, died Aug. 7, 1967; JohnB. Hayes, SM'22, died Apr. 16, 1968;John Hurlburt, '22, died Mar. 3, 1968.27 29Alice Benning Darlington, '29, has beennamed managing director of the NewYork Metropolitan Opéra Guild. She isthe wife of the first U.S. ambassador tojthe newly-independent African nation ofGabon and co-author, with her husband,of African Betrayal (David McKay Company), a book which tells the story oftheir three-year mission in Gabon from ahis-and-hers viewpoint.Clarence Faust, AM'29, PhD'35, hasbeen appointed to the cabinet of CasaColina Rehabilitation Center, Pomona,Calif.Harold T. Friermood, '29, senior secre-tary for health and physical éducation forthe National Council of Young Men'sChristian Associations since 1943, hasretired.A. Russell Griffith, AM'29, JD'33, viceprésident and treasurer of Safeway Stores,Incorporated, Oakland, California, retired after twenty-four years of service onDecember 31, 1967. He continues to serveas a director and member of the executive committee.Marjorie M. Lawson, '29, has been appointed publications director of the Hospital Research and Educational Trust ofthe American Hospital Association inChicago.Howard Y. McClusky, PhD'29, professor of educational psychology andconsultant in community adult éducation,University of Michigan, has been electedto the board of trustées of Hillsdale(Mich.) Collège. He also is a member ofthe Michigan Governor's Panel on Governmental Ethics. 48Irving S. Bengelsdorf, SM'48, PhD'51,senior lecturer in chemistry at the University of California in Los Angeles andLos Angeles Times science editor, re-ceived the 1967 Westinghouse ScienceWriting Award last December. He alsoreceived the American Chemical Society's1967 James T. Grady Award of a goldmedal and $ 1 ,000 for his contributions to public knowledge of chemistry.Marjorie K. Seeley, AM'48, has beenappointed first principal of the newly-con-structed Lady Eaton Collège, one oi TrentUniversity's residential and teaching collèges in Canada.55Yonah Alexander, AM'55, was namedsupervisor of two programs sponsored byState University Collège at Oneonta, N.Y.in coopération with the Hebrew University in Jérusalem: an eight-week 1968summer session course on "Modem Israël" and a full year study-abroad program for 1968-69. Both courses will be*held on the Hebrew University campus.Jane W. Stedman, PhD'55, writes thatshe and George McElroy, '38, AM'39,each hâve had an article from Opéra Newsreprinted in The Opéra News Book of"Travîata" (Dodd, Mead & Co., 1967).57George E. Wellwarth, PhD'57, Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Pennsylvania State University, recently co-edited Modem S panishThéâtre, his third in a séries of anthologies on théâtre for E. P. Dutton & Co.The previous books were on French andGerman théâtre. He also has written onmédiéval English théâtre, 19th centuryViennese folk drama, and 19th centuryEnglish theatrical history for Journal ofGeneral Education, Théâtre Annual, andThéâtre Notebook (London), respectively.58Eugène H. Stivers, PhD'58, is Coordi-nator of the General Program in Educational Psychology at Temple Universityin Philadelphia.63 ~~Jerry S. Bathke, '63, JD'66, is deputydirector of the Office of Navajo EconomieOpportunity, an agency of the fédéralwar on poverty directed to the needs ofthe Navajos of northern New Mexico,Arizona, and southern Utah. Bathkewrites that the Navajos hâve managed to "persévère in the face of great odds andmany overt attempts to subjugate thepeople, steal the land, and make whitepeople out of Navajos who wish only toremain Navajo Indians and who neverwish to surrender their native culture."The agency is trying to cause a sensé ofcommunity development in addition toproviding several assistance programs.Bathke is looking at the plans for HarperCourt in Hyde Park in préparation fordesigning an activity center where smallbusinesses and a variety of économie andtraining opportunities may be pursuedwithin one complex.Seyom Brown, PhD'63, has written anew book, The Faces of Power: Con-stancy and Change in United States Foreign Policy from Truman to Johnson(Columbia University Press). The bookexamines the nature of power in the international system and the théories onwhich U.S. policy choices are made.Gustav A. Strassburger, MBA'63, acaptain in the U.S. Army, was marriedto Tavorn Kamboonreang in Bangkok,Thailand, recently. Strassburger is anarmy interpréter and he also teaches theThai language in the University of Mary-land program in Bangkok.66Eugène H. Blackstone, MD'66, of Cir-cleville, Ohio, recently was married toJanet R. Hawkins in Oskaloosa, Iowa.Dr. Blackstone has been doing cardiacresearch with computers at The Universityof Chicago. 67Gerald S. Berman, MBA'67, of Waban,Massachusetts, recently was married toJane Flax in Brookline, Mass. They areliving in Waltham, Mass., after a weddingtrip to St. John, Virgin Islands.Théodore P. Feury, Jr., SM'67, wasmarried to Dianne Ellen Graham inCooperstown, N.Y., Mar. 10. Feury is anofficer in the U.S. Public Health Service,working in the statistics section of theEpidemiology Program at the NationalCommunicable Disease Center, Atlanta.28LettersThèse Are The DaysI disagree with Bob Pollak's article,"Those Were The Days" (UCM, Oct.,1968), about the 1920's at the U of C.Not because I think that the pre-twenties,which were "my days," were better butbecause I think that thèse days right noware the best.The trouble with the years just before1920 was the scarcity of activists amongthe students. (A Rhodes Scholar fromMichigan wrote an article recently sup-porting the idea that campus activism isitself educational and most important tothe institutions, that the unexamined life is not worth living, and that the stand wetake on national and even campus issues,either by silence or by support, is anentrance into the fray.) The few of uswho considered ourselves "activists" before the twenties, although we had notyet thought up that word, could tell anentirely unrecorded story of the U of Ccampus of our day.Are there many now who rememberthe era of Harry Pratt Judson, U of Cprésident? Chapel attendance four daysa week was required. We signed our nameson little slips of paper as we enteredMandel Hall and placed them in abox. Students on "service scholarships"checked the names and listed the absences. Written excuses were mandatory.This attendance régulation was enforcedby the loss of one-half grade point forevery four unexcused absences. An aver-age of six grade points per quarter wasrequired for graduation. Can anyoneimagine U of C students today acceptingthat kind of discipline?In the pre-twenties, however, only ahandful refused to sing, four times aweek, twelve times a quarter, "As it wasin the beginning, is now, and ever shallbe, world without end. Amen. Amen."The University Chaplain, in a fit of pa-triotic fervor on one occasion duringWorld War I, prayed "We thank Godthat we hâve learned to hâte." That didbring out a few "activists," who managedto get up and walk out of chapel. Theyappealed to Dean Robert Morss Lovett,another grand old man, for excuse fromchapel attendance for the duration of thewar on "religious grounds," which wasgranted. After the armistice, warning notices were sent to those students to re-turn. One student argued his case on thegrounds that a peace treaty had not yetbeen signed. It can be said that ProfessorLovett enjoyed and accepted every suchappeal and followed the careers of thoseparticular students throughout his longand useful life.Once the Cosmopolitan Club, fore-runner of the International Club, wasconsidering a recommendation that un-patriotic students be expelled from mem bership. A faculty "activist," ProfessorErnest Burgess, came forward and managed to kill that one (followed by considérable publicity in the Chicago Tribune). Also, a resolution was introducedin the University Senate for discussion ofwithholding de grées already earned bythe same students. This motion wastabled when such stalwarts as ProfessorsKarl Huth and Ferdinand Schevill, appeared at the session in battle dress. Itwould appear that any activists enjoyingany success prior to the early twentieswere on the faculty and not among thestudents.This was the period just before, during,and after the first World War. Many ofthe young men were too young to becalled to army service, but most of themcarried draft cards. Three U of C studentswho were drafted in that period refusedto serve — one was a graduate student inthe Law School. Ail three spent the waryears in a fédéral penitentiary. This gavethe Chicago Tribune a heyday, as itcould always be depended upon to giveheadlines to anything thought to be detri-mental to the University. Those fewstudents on campus who sympathizedwith the conscientious objectors wroteround robin letters to the prisoners keep-ing them up to date until they returnedafter the war. None of this group ofsympathizers joined fraternities or sub-stitute sororities. Our influence on campuscould be described as nil.Many members of the faculty ob-jected privately to being forced to givewhat were called "military courses."Teachers of French and German wereasked to teach "military language." Noadministrative officer objected publicly tothe hostility developing to the study ofGerman. The students in that departmentwere left high and dry and the facultywithout tenure were allowed to leave. Oneenergetic instructor in the German Department assigned his students to workon a Department of Justice project(shades of the CIA!) studying the localGerman language newspapers daily andfilling out forms on each issue, indicatingwhether its policy appeared to be (1)29enthusiastic, (2) neutral, or (3) unpa-triotic with référence to the sale of Liberty Bonds. At least today we seem toknow enough to study the language ofour potential enemies.There was no student organization during those war years in which one couldtake a stand on national or local affairs.A number of students joined a chapterof the Socialist Party which met for awhile on campus. The University with-drew its permission and the chapter wasforced to find a new home. The subséquent meetings at a studio in the 57thStreet Art Colony grew smaller andsmaller due to squabbles within the groupafter the Russian Révolution.After this expérience a libéral studentgroup was formed. What could be moreinnocuous than a Current Events Club?We met in Harper 111, now a libraryroom. We drew up some bylaws, electedan American-born Anglo-Saxon Protestant — who had never heard of RobertsRules of Order — as Président, and ap-plied to Président Judson for récognition,which in due time was refused. The meeting room was unlocked for us occasion-ally. by the friendly janitorial staff. TheChicago Tribune gave the Club some un-favorable publicity following a meetingwhen an ïrish poet of uncertain loyaltieswas guest speaker.At the end of 1919 and the first daysof 1920, protesting students at the University suffered through what has beencalled the Post-Palmer raids, when stateand fédéral officiais in the Attorney Gen-eral's offices began vying with each otherfor publicity by arresting students forwhat they called "subversive" activities.The students were held in local jailswithout warrants, without actual book-ing, without record, and, of course, without bond for from one to four days. Itwas difficult to find out where they hadbeen taken as the police blotter showednothing. Native-born students were lec-tured on how not to become "too radical"and released, but the foreign-born students simply disappeared from view. Atthis point another of Chicago's greatones, Professor Albion A. Small, sociolo- gist and friend of the first Président,sought légal assistance for several students in his class. One was finally heldfor indictment as a communist and fordéportation. Professor and Mrs. Schevillput up their home as bond and the casewas continued for nearly eight years,during which time this student — con-sidered the most "dangerous" of our days— had become a successful and conserva-tive business man in the State of Missouri.The Schevills were in a position foryears where they could not sell theirhome because of the bond. ProfessorErnst Freund of the Law School becameso indignant that he went to Washingtonat his own expense, where in some wayhe* managed to get the déportation orderset aside. Add him to the list of activistsof that day.If there was any student organizationat the University standing up — not tospeak of sitting in or lying down — forfree speech or in protest of this governmental activity it failed to make itselfknown. The apathy of the students inthose days is still hard to believe. Dr.Small, in speaking to the Classics Clubthat year, trying to interest them in civicaffairs and in the social sciences, madethe famous remark that, in his opinion, atotal university program for a degree inLatin and Greek had about as much valueas a well-organized curriculum in cross-word puzzles. It can be said that sincethe time of Mr. Hutchins no studentgraduating from the University of Chicago is without some knowledge of theSocial Sciences and the problems of theworld in which he lives.The History Department enjoyed theservices of Professor Sam Harper, son ofthe University's first Président. ProfessorHarper began his study of Russia in 1900and taught its history at Chicago untilhis death in 1941. His memoirs, The Russia I Believe In, were published in 1945.Before the twenties we had not knownhim well. His name and antécédents hadprotected him from the kind of criticismoften leveled at other faculty libérais. Hehad, however, been the inspiration of agroup of faculty members known as the Society for Cultural Relations with Russia, among whom were our ex-senatorPaul Douglas and Candidate for Mayorof Chicago Charles Merriam. Thèsenames can be added to the list of "activists" on the faculty.During the summer of 1919, there wasa full-blown race riot in Chicago lastingfrom July 27 through August 2nd. Thirty-eight persons were killed, five hundredthirty-seven were injured, and over athousand were made homeless and desti-tute. The Chicago Commission on RaceRelations appointed by Governor FrankO. Lowden made an exhaustive study ofthis riot and the U of C Press publishedthe 700-page report, which is still con-sidered to be one of the earliest and bestof its kind. Hard as it is to believe, theregular students of the University, re-turning to study in the Autumn Quarter,appeared undisturbed by what had hap-pened. Many had not read anythingabout it in their hometown newspapers.There was neither radio nor TV to dis-turb the ténor of their ways and the"City Gray" protected them.Thus, in my years the activists did notthink of picketing, sitting in or lying downwhen annoyed. Out of approximately8,500 students there was only a handfulof libérais, with a slightly better percent-age on the faculty. Perhaps this will cheersome of the student leaders of today: tosee us in perspective, singing "As it wasin the beginning is now and ever shallbe." And if this story sounds disheartening,it shouldn't, as we were mostly unaware.And if there were other universities any-where that were any better, we did notknow of them. How would we hâve co-ordinated programs of protest with students from Berkeley when there was nomeans of communication available andthe local press was certainly not willingto encourage us?As Mr. Pollak implies, the twentieswere great years. The thirties were Dépression years. The f orties survived anotherWorld War. The fifties were still better,and thèse days are best.Mary B. Wirth, '20Chicago30ProfitesDavid Grene"There's a growing unwillingness amongprofessors to stick their necks out bytrusting their sensitivities to anything butthe smallest concepts within their ownfields," says David Grene, ProfessorialLecturer in the Committee on SocialThought at The University of Chicago.Candid statements are characteristic ofGrene's tough-minded, vigorous, inquisi-tive scholasticism. Grene is internationallyfamous for his studies and translations ofancient Greek drama and his research onpolitical theory. But, not content to lingerin thèse fields, he also has produced pro-found studies on Shakespearean and modem drama.In explaining his scholastic approach,Grene says:"If you start with an interest in Greektragedy, you should hâve a strong interest in Elizabethan and modem drama.If you're studying Thucydides, archae-ology and epigraphy are relevant. Also, ifyou are interested in Thucydides, youshould be interested in Hume and Macau-lay. Then you must know a great dealabout 17th century England."Grene always has been characterizedby a forceful approach to scholastic matters. Born in 1913 in Dublin, Ireland, hewas graduated in 1934 from Trinity Collège, Dublin, with a First Class Modera-torship in Classics and a First in AncientHistory and Political Science.For this degree, two years later, heautomatically received an AM, which iscomparable to an American PhD.Grene is one of seventy Trinity Schol-ars. The examinations leading to thishonor are among the most exacting oftheir type in the world.During the next several years, Grenelectured in classics at the University ofDublin, did graduate work on Aristoph-anes at the University of Vienna, andworked at the Agora in Athens. But hefelt dissatisfied."I was not happy about the philologi-cal method used in the study of classicsin Europe," he said.31When Harvard University offered hima tutorship in classics and an instructor-ship in Latin, he took it. The followingyear, 1937, he came to The University ofChicago.Grene joined the Committee on SocialThought in 1947, mostly because of hisrespect for the faculty."Thçy believe," he said, "in turningout a différent kind of educated specialist,one with a broad concept."This, needless to say, was what Grenewas looking for in scholastic attitude.He has presided over seminars withSaul Bellow, the novelist, and HannahArendt, the writer. James Redfield, Master of the New Collegiate Division andan expert on classics, studied for hisdoctorate partly under Grene and Bellow. Redfield attended Grene's tutorialon The Odyssey during the autumn andwinter quarters.Another of his former students who attended the tutorial was his wife, theformer Ethel Weiss, PhB'47, SB'56,MD'59. Mrs. Grene is on the médicalstaff of Woodlawn Hospital. They hâvetwo-year-old twin sons, Andrew andGregory.Grene's approach to classes is just asinvigorating as his approach to research.Usually £ dressed in comfortable tweedsand dark shirts, Grene drives his pointshome to his students by gesturing withhis strong, thick arms and by mixing hisrhetoric with bright, distinctively Irishcolloquialisms.He carefully avoids using jargon. "Itrequires a very conscious effort at first,"he said, "but it becomes just as naturalto avoid semi-technical language as touse it. More importantly, there's a mis-taken notion that one must talk aboutliterary subjects at différent levels forunder graduate and graduate students, thatyou can't talk among experts in an ele-mentary manner. After ail, you're talkingabout the same dog."Grene takes advantage of the freedomthat the Committee gives its members toteach courses in areas that he wishes toexplore for his books. He crédits his préparation for classes and his conversations with students and colleagues with helpinghim hone his thoughts to a fine edge.He considers himself a slow writer. Ittakes him four or five years to outline histhoughts for a book and another*year ortwo to "whip it into proper, final shape."He spent seven years on the latest of hisfour books, Reality and the Heroic Pat-tern (UC Press, 1967), a study of thetragédies of Sophocles and Shakespeareand the last plays of Ibsen.Of his translations, Grene says:"I try to be a kind of médium, lettingthe poet work through me. In the case ofthe ancient tragédies, it's very difficult.Sometimes I must choose between usingmy imagination and being 'hyper liter al.'But it's a false dichotomy to separatestyle and meaning. Fm aware at times ofbeing prosaic and dull, but at other timesI hâve to translate freely because a lit-eral translation of a passage would loseail its impact. Although my translationswill be read rather than performed ninety-nine percent of the time, I try to turn outsomething appropriate for the stage."Since 1952, Grene has taught duringthe autumn and winter quarters and hasspent the rest of the year studying andwriting at his fifty-acre farm in CountyCavan, Ireland. There « he works fourhours a day doing chores and taking careof a dozen or so dairy cattle. The rest ofthe time he reads and writes.The quiet countryside is a sharp contras t to Chicago. The nearest towns areBelturbet, which means "mouth of thebull" (population 1,093), and Cavan(population 3,204)."The excitement of a city," Grene said,"helps me to work well in preparingclasses. But I don't write easily there."Grene is as vigorous in his farm lifeas his vocation. He swings a, pitchforkwith abandon and for exercise goes forwalks and horseback rides.In Chicago, he enjoys seeing significantmovies and plays, but he doesn't leavehis discriminating standards at home. "Iadmire earlier Tennessee Williams plays.And One Potato, Two Potato was good.But 'Bonnie and Clyde' was sentimentaltwaddle." — JDB ARCHIVESJune, 1893 — The first reunion was heldon Friday evening, June 23, for graduâtesof the old Chicago University, who hadbeen decreed alumni of The Universityof Chicago on Feb. 2, 1891, at an earlymeeting of the Board of Trustées. Theold university had graduated 311 personsfrom 1861 to 1886, of which 29 weredeceased by the time the new Universitybegan. Thus The University of Chicagowas in the unique position of having 282alumni on the day it opened its doors.The 1893 reunion was a banquet in CobbHall, with Président Harper as guestspeaker.The University's first graduating classreceived their degrees at the Convocationof June 26, held at Central Music Hallat State and Randolph Streets. (It wasthe Third Convocation, the first two being cérémonial only.) There were fifteengraduâtes of the académie collèges andthirteen from the Divinity School. Also,four Master's degrees were conferred andone PhD, given to Eiji Asada, who received a long ovation on présentation ofhis hood.June, 1918 — A partial solar éclipse wasvisible from campus, June 8. The University sent a team of astronomers toGreen River, Wyo., to conduct observations in the total éclipse, visible along apath running diagonally across the coun-try from Washington to Florida.June, 1943— -Two liberty ships werenamed after former members of the University faculty. The S. S. George E. Haiewas named for the organizer of YerkesObservatory and founder of the Astro-physical Journal. The S. S. Alice F. Pal-mer was named in honor of the University's first Dean of Women.32Annual IndexThe University of Chicago MagazineVolume LXMay'68 After the Riots, What?, Philip M. HauserOct '67 American Youth and National Service, Morris JanowitzJan '68 Are You Worth Your Weight in Gold? Harry G. JohnsonFeb '68 Art To Live WithMar '68 Basketball at Chicago: Glory on the Rebound, Charles B. BernsteinApr '68 Col. Barbara J. Bishop (Profile)Jan '68 James W. Button (Profile)Oct '67 Campaign Progress ReportMar '68 Corning of Age in '76, Walter 1. PozenNov'67 The Contemporary Chamber PlayersNov'67 Ronald S. Crâne, 1886-1967, William R. KeastNov'67 Willie Davis (Profile)Jan '68 December 2, 1967, Richard StemMar '68 Dissent, Dissension, and the News, Daniel J. BoorstinDec '67 Education and Information Handling, Ralph W. GérardMay'68 Eulogy of Martin Luther King, Jr., Benjamin E. MaysJan '68 An Evening of Contemporary ArtDec '67 Virginio Ferrari (Profile)Mar '68 First Annual Cabinet MeetingApr '68 Getting Together with Urban SchoolsFeb '68 Norman Golb (Profile)Oct '67 Good Managers Don't Make Policy Décisions, H. Edward WrappJun '68 David Grene (Profile)Mar'68 J. Parker Hall (Profile)Apr '68 Helping the College-Bound NegroJun '68 The Hippy as Revolutionary, Mihaly CsikszentmihalyFeb '68 Intégration and Désintégration of Education, Joseph J. SchwabJan '68 Irrational Leadership and the Sécession of Youth, Saul BellowFeb '68 Président Johnson's Address on the Nuclear AnniversaryDec '67 Juvénile Justice and the Ghetto Law Office, Henry W. McGee, Jr.Nov'67 Edward H. Levi (Profile)Oct '67 Edward H. Levi, President-DesignateApr '68 Mental Retardation: What's Being DoneFeb '68 Money, Taxes, and InflationApr '68 The New Cobb HallOct '67 The 1967 ReunionNov'67 The North QuadrangleNov'67 "Now Don't Try to Reason with Me"and Center, Part I, Wayne C. BoothDec '67 "Now Don't Try to Reason with Me"and Center, Part II, Wayne C. BoothNov'67 The Remote Possibility of Communication, Milton MayerJun '68 Research in ParkinsonismOct '67 Fay Horton Sawyier (Profile)May'68 D. A. Skeen (Profile)Jun '68 Social Responsibility and the Modem Corporation, Ben W. HeinemanDec '67 Students Versus SlumsJan '68 The Testimony of Sculpture, Harold HaydonOct '67 Those Were the Days, Robert PollakMay'68 $12,000,000 Pritzker GiftJun '68 The University and the Community, Edward H. LeviMay'68 The Value of Risk, Richard H. MoyNov'67 Why Johnny Can't CountDec '67 Woodlawn Children's Clinic Rhetoric Today, Left, Right,Rhetoric Today, Left, Right,33"MOLVEMENT"is nothing new at ChicagoOur authors hâve always pioneered ingrappling with social issues. Hère aresome outstanding récent examples.CULTUREANDPOVERTYCritique andCounter-ProposalsCHARLES A. VALENTINE Mr. Valentine takes issue with such scholars as Oscar Lewis,Glazer, Moynihan (and even with our own authors E. Franklin Frazier and Charles Keil) whose much-publicized théories of "culture of poverty," he says, hâve been exploited bynon-scholars to blâme the poor for their poverty and to discourage attempts to correct the condition. Written with asensé of urgency, this book proposes steps by which socialscientists can better study the poor and work with them andwith public officiais to abolish poverty. Just published. $7.50The Negro Family inthe United StatesE. Franklin Frazier. 1966 revisedand abridged édition with a newforeword by Nathan Glazer.$6.00; paper $2.45Urban BluesCharles Keil. "Blues study takes alarge step forward with the publication of this book."— Downbeat."No book . . . has done more toprompt us to reappraise Negroghetto values." — Christian Century. paper $2.45A Criminal Justice Systemand the IndigentA Study of Chicago and Cook Coun-ty. Dallin H. Oaks and Warren Lehman. A challenging analysis of thelégal "screening process" that détermines who is to be treated forcriminal behavior and who is tobe punished for it. $7.50Narcotics and the LawWilliam Butler Eldridge. Secondédition of "a brilliant critique ofboth the current policy '. . . and theproposed alternatives . . . demol-ishes the myths and biases . . .should be required reading."— Sat-urday Review. $7.50 The DraftA Handbook of Facts and Alternatives. Sol Tax, Ed. "Who shouldfight?" Hère is the only book inwhich "proponents and opponentsof the draft engage in analysis ofopposing positions." — NationalCatholic Reporter. $12.95Black ChicagoThe Making of a Negro Ghetto1890-1920. Allan H. Spear. "Givesan objective analysis that height-ens the significance of this timelyvolume. "-Robert C. Weaver. $7.50MetropolitanismIts Challenge to Education. RobertJ. Havighurst. 67th Yearbook of theNatl. Soc. for the Study of Educ,Part I : discussions by distinguished experts in many fields.$5.50The Battered ChildRay E. Helfer, M.D. and C. HenryKempe, M.D., Eds. Tens of thou-sands of children are battered andkilled by parents each year in theU.S. Why? Where do they cornefrom? What can we do to preventit? Professionals treat ail aspectsof the problem — médical, social,légal. "Calmly objective but hor-rifying." — Publishcrs' Weekly.Illus. $12.50 Machine PoliticsChicago Model. Harold F. Gosnell.2nd Ed. Now a classic, this modelcase history is "worth the attention of anyone who thinks thatgreat cities are governed by thefree and rational consent of theircitizens."— American Political Science Review. $7.95 ; paper $3.45Prayer in the Public SchoolsLaw and Attitude Change. WilliamK. Muir, Jr. Explores the attitudesof 28 public school officiais andothers before and after the Suprême Court's décision. $5.95The Héritage ofSociology SériesMorris Janowitz, Ed. Makes newlyavailable key works of the pioneersociologists who did the most toinfluence modem research andpublic policy in the United States.Thèse include Louis Wirth, W. I.Thomas, William F. Ogburn,George Herbert Mead, and others.UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO PRESS