/7rhe University of Chicago• iiVPY OP ;magazine ¦4àFebruary 1968 11 im"é¦Life TrustéeWilliam Bentonj• <The University of ChicagomagazineVolume LX Number 5February 1968Published since 1907 byTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI ASSOCIATION5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 643-0800, ext. 4291Fay Horton Sawyier, '44, PhD'64PrésidentC. Ranlet LincolnDirector of Alumni AffairsConrad KulawasEditorREGIONAL OFFICES39 West 55 StreetNew York, New York 10019(212) 765-54803600 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1510Los Angeles, California 90005(213) 387-2321485 Pacific AvenueSan Francisco, California 94133(415) 433-40501629 K Street, N.W., Suite 500Washington, D.C. 20006(202) 296-8100Subscriptions: one year, $5.00;three years, $13.00; fiveyears, $20.00; life, $100.00.Second-class postagepaid at Chicago, Illinois. Ailrights reserved. Copyright 1968 byThe University of Chicago Magazine. 1014 ARTICLESMoney, Taxes, and InflationThe Round Table revived on télévisionPrésident Johnson's Address on the Nuclear AnniversaryA major move toward nuclear nonproliferation at the December 2 eventArt To Live WithA unique art-lending program at ChicagoIntégration and Disintegration of EducationJoseph J. SchwabDEPARTMENTS18 Quadrangle News24 People25 Club News26 Alumni News29 Memorials30 Profiles33 Archives33 LettersThe University of Chicago Magazine is published monthly, October through June, for alumniand the f aculty of The University of Chicago. Letters and editorial contributions are welcomed.Front Cover: Life Trustée William Benton, Publisher and Chairman of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., at Hutchinson Commons, Feb. 1, for a spécial banquet on his twenty-fifthanniversary as head of Britannica. The University conferred on him the fîrst William BentonMedal for Distinguished Service (see story in Quadrangle News, page 18).Inside Cover: A winter view of Antoine Pevsner's Construction Spatiale à la Troisième età la Quatrième Dimension, in front of the Law School.Phdtography Crédits: Inside cover and pages 10-13, 23, and 31 by Uosis Juodvalkis; page 20by Stan Karter; front cover and pages 3, 18, 19, 25, and 32 by The University of Chicago.The University of Chicago Round Table revived on télévision*Money, Taxes, and InflationThe University of Chicago Round Table, on the airfrom 1931 to 1955 and one of the nation' s earliest andmost distinguished radio discussion programs, was revived on télévision, December 3. The séries is broadcaston WTTW/Channel 11, Chicago, on Sundays at 530 RM,and it will be offered for national syndication. This articleis the edited transcript of the program of December 24.Transcripts of ail programs are available for a small fee.For information, contact: Office of Radio and Télévision,The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637 .ParticipantsRobert Eisner is Professor of Economies at Northwestern University and author of Déterminants of CapitalExpenditures: An Interview Study, as well as numerousarticles in professional journals.Milton Friedman is the Paul Snowden Russell Distinguished Service Professor in the Department of Economiesat The University of Chicago and, as of January 1968,président of the American Economies Association. He isthe author of Capitalism and Freedom, among other works,and contributes a column to Newsweek.Robert A. Mundell is Professor in the Department ofEconomies at The University of Chicago, editor of theJournal of Political Economy and author of Man andEconomies.Kenneth J. Northcott, moderator, is Professor of OlderGermanie Literature and Dean of Students in the Divisionof the Humanities at The University of Chicago.2 Northcott: The issues over taxes and spending hâvebeen sharpened in the fight between the Congress and thePrésident over the administration^ proposed tax surchargePerhaps the question we should look at, then, is exaetlywhat compromises should be made, if any, and how hâvethèse compromises been afïected by the récent dévaluationof the pound sterling and the attack upon the dollar?Robert Mundell, I'm going to let you start ofï by askingwhether you think there ought to be a tax increase andwhy?Mundell: Well, I think there should hâve been a taxincrease in the spring of 1966. The economy was movingahead rapidly, there was a balance of payments déficit,and this was the appropriate time for an increase in taxes.As the subséquent events of 1966 turned out, monetarypolicy in 1966 had to bear the brunt of restraining infla-tionary pressures. It is certainly clear at this point that atax increase is very late. But I would still say that a taxincrease is the most prudent course for the U.S. Government at the présent time. It's not as good as it would hâvebeen a year and a half ago, but it's better than no taxincrease at the présent time. If there is no tax increase thereshould be at least a decrease in government spending.Northcott: Before I let the others get at you, when yousay "the events of 1966," what are you referring tospecifically?Mundell: I'm referring to the fact that in 1966, in thespringtime, there was a world-wide inflationary movementto which the U.S. contributed by a very expansive mone-tary policy. The rate of monetary expansion had been goingup in the early part of the year; that was the appropriatetime to eut taxes. The fédéral government did not increasetaxes at this time, so the Fédéral Reserve System had toslam on the brakes on monetary policy, and that created avery drastic rise in interest rates that really was quitedangerous for the world economy. But the economy hasnow gotten distorted with a very large budget déficit. Withexpansionary pressures building up, it seems to me thatwe should not repeat the same process. We should notforce the Fédéral Reserve System to slam on the brakesagain. We should hâve a tax increase instead, becausethere's been an increase in spending in Vietnam, as wellas in other areas, and the proper way to finance this increase in spending is a tax increase.Panelists at the December 3 Round Table (from left): Milton Fried-man, Robert Eisner, Kenneth J. Northcott, and Robert A. Mundell.Northcott: Robert Eisner, would you reply?Eisner: Yes, I'm happy to chime in, because I'm afraidI don't agrée with Robert Mundell. It seems to me a basicprinciple of économies is that bygones are bygones. I tooadvocated a tax increase a year and a half ago or so, butthere is in my opinion no clear need for a tax increase now.A tax increase would be justified by expected increases ingovernment expenditures. I can see only one realisticplace to expect increase in government expenditures; that'sfrom escalation of the war in Vietnam. I oppose the esca-lation of the war in Vietnam. Therefore it seems to me, inmy capacity of applying économies to a set of politicalprinciples, that we should oppose a tax increase.Northcott: But you oppose it on political grounds, notéconomie grounds?Eisner: I think really when one gets down to it, whenone advocates any political décision— action by Congress—one has to hâve certain political assumptions built in. Eventhe argument, for example, that you oppose a tax increasebecause you want to combat inflation involves in largepart a judgment as to whom inflation will hurt and affect,and your political préférences as to financing a war— mak-ing expenditures one way as opposed to another. My basicdifférence though with a tax increase is that I refuse toaccept as given and inévitable the fact that ail governmentexpenditures, including those for the war, are fixed, re-gardless of whether we hâve a tax increase or not. You know, you can go back to the Magna Carta; there's a longtradition that by controlling your own ability to pay taxes,you can control the power of the Sovereign to spend. Modem économies indicates the connection in économies iscertainly a very loose one, but the political pressures canbecome pretty great.Northcott: Milton, I know you disagree.Friedman: Well, there's an old saying: "If you get threeeconomists together, you'll hâve four opinions." We'll atleast hâve three today because I disagree with both ofthèse gentlemen.I was opposed to a tax increase a year and a half ago.I was opposed to a tax increase half a year ago. I am opposed to a tax increase now. I hâve been and am opposedto a tax increase throughout, because I believe the prob-lem in this country is that our taxes are now too high, thatour government spending is now too high, and was toohigh a year and a half ago. However, I don't place theproblem where Bob Eisner does. The war in Vietnam isnot something anybody can be very happy about, but Ibelieve we are stuck with it and that the least undesirablecourse of action is for us to continue and force it throughto something like a successful outeome.Therefore, I regretfully believe we must spend sub-stantial amounts on the military. However, there has beena substantial increase in government spending in non-military areas as well. In thèse areas I do not believe we'regetting our money's worth. I believe we're spending moneyand not getting much in return. As of the moment, eachAmerican citizen works from New Year's to almost theend of April to pay for government expenses— state, local,and fédéral. I don't believe he's getting that much in return.Therefore, I believe we must eut government spending.But the only effective way to do so, and hère I do agréewith Bob Eisner, is to reduce the amount of funds that arebeing made available to Congress. Our postwar expériencehas shown that Congress will spend whatever the taxsystem will raise, plus a little more. Therefore, if we wantto keep down spending, we must keep down taxes.Northcott: I think you ail agrée that government spending should be eut. Bob Eisner would say it should be inthe military area. Are there other areas which are obviouslyripe for a eut?Friedman: Oh yes, there are many areas and, again, we3would ail agrée, I'm sure, on a number of them, such asthe agricultural program where we are subsidizing a freelunch for rats and mice, but, beyond that, not doing muchgood. There are space programs where we could spendless. I believe that we are doing a great deal of harm andnot good to many people throughout this country by expenditures on . public housing, on urbari renewal, and onother spendings of this kind. So I believe there are manyplaces to eut, on some of which my colleagues would disagree with me.But I believe there's a différent issue of great importancethat was raised by Bob Mundell. This has to do with thesource and control of inflation. Entirely aside from government expenditures, I think it is important to emphasizethat the fundamental source of inflation is not in the government déficit but in the printing of money. The FédéralReserve did not hâve to slam on the brakes in 1966. Itdid so because it had made a serious mistake in 1965. Ithad overexpanded in 1965. It over-contracted in 1966.And it has been overexpanding in 1967.Northcott: Bob Mundell, would you agrée with this?Mundell: Well, I would agrée with the diagnosis thatthere was overexpansion in the early part of 1966 and thelate part of 1965 of the monetary expansion. But my ownfeeling is that the décision of the government to spend isessentially a political décision.? Northcott: I'm going to interrupt for a moment becauseI hâve to play the part of the layman hère. When you say"monetary expansion" what exactly do you mean by that?Mundell: I mean that the rate of monetary expansionin 1965 was far in excess of what was needed and désirablefrom the standpoint of either the U.S. domestic economyor from the standpoint of the international economy. TheU.S. was exporting inflation during this whole period andthis irritated the Europeans. It created a great deal oftrouble, but it caused a great deal of difficulty for the U.S.economy and we're now bringing home to roost some ofthe difîiculties that were made in 1965.Friedman: By "monetary expansion" what I think bothMundell and I are talking about is what happens to thetotal quantity of money in the United States. The quantityof money consists of the green paper dollars we carry inour pockets and also the deposits on the books of banks.Now, by a process that is very mysterious to the ordinary man but that is taught in every elementary course in économies, the Fédéral Reserve authorities in Washington cancontrol what happens to the sum total of the currency inpeople's pockets plus the deposits to their crédit at banks.What we were referring to is that this total was in 1965growing at a rate of something like 7 per cent to 10 percent or 11 per cent, depending on just which exact totalyou take. This is a very, very high rate of growth.Eisner: I hold the view— which, I think, is fairly widelyshared, although certainly not shared by ail— that theculprit in causing inflation is spending and not the quantityof money. The quantity of money tends to follow almostinevitably the level of économie activity. It is true thatMilton would probably like the Fédéral Reserve to begenerally more restrained or to hâve been more restrainedin 1965, but what I think is not generally realized is thatthe way the money supply in our economy is expanded isnot necessarily, and really rarely, simply giving awaymoney. It's essentially the substitution of money for debts.The Fédéral Reserve buys securities and makes it easierfor banks to lend and create money. Now that, in itself, Iwould maintain, would not hâve a very tremendous effecton the level of économie activity. You do hâve a situationwhere the government is spending.Mundell: I would just like to point out that thèse twoare not independent. I'm in between you two extremistson this issue. I would argue that if there's an increase ingovernment spending, then this will put pressure on interestrates. Then the Fédéral Reserve will react to the risinginterest rates by increasing the quantity of money and youwould hâve a great deal of difîiculty in separating outwhich is the cause and which is the effect.Friedman: Well, that's an old, old argument, of course.But in récent years, I'm glad to say, we've accumulated aconsidérable amount of empirical évidence, and I don'tbelieve there's much difficulty in separating them out. ButI just want to say one thing. I am not saying that theFédéral Reserve should hâve been more restrained con-sistently. I am saying it should hâve been less erratic. Itshould hâve been more restrained in 1965. It should hâvebeen more expansionary in 1966. It should hâve beenmore restrained in early 1967. The problem with the Fédéral Reserve is that it tends to overreact. It tends to gofrom one extrême to the other rather than keeping a steady4course. It should hâve restricted the monetary growth inearly 1966, having made the earlier mistake, but it shouldnot hâve gone as far as it did. When it went as far as itdid, it again lurched back to the other side of the road andoverdid it. The reason we are now facing, in my opinion, aserious inflationary pressure in the next six to nine monthsis because of the extraordinarily rapid increase in thequantity of money in the first nine months of this year.Eisner: Actually it's interesting to note, Milton, that yourefer to a tightening of money in 1966 and you say itshouldn't hâve been tightened quite that much. Actuallypriées went up some 2 or 3 per cent, probably closer to 3per cent, however you measure it, through to 1966.Friedman: But that's because there are lags.Eisner: There are lags, it's true. But I'd like to corneback to a couple of other things you indicated, Milton,tying into spending. I think, to be clear, when one saysone is against spending one has to say what spending oneis against. Some of us are in favor of the war; some of usare in favor of trying to clear slums or build schools; someof us want to help agriculture in ways which others of usthink wrong. It's a little bit blind to say we're against ailspending. We make a political judgment as to what spending we want for the government just as we do as individuals.I'd like to corne back to what spending has increased. Idid brush up on a few figures. You'll find over the last yearthe fédéral expenditures for défense going, for example,from the third quarter of 1966 to the third quarter of 1967,from $63 billion to $73 billion, a $10 billion increase,which is about 15 per cent. The expenditures for ail othercatégories, thèse are for goods and services (and Miltonmay shoot back ail of the various handouts that aren'tincluded), but the expenditures for fédéral goods andservices increased by just about $1 billion. In fact for 1965until the présent day, there's been an increase of about $1billion out of $17 billion in non-defense expenditures.When you say, "Cut non-defense expenditures," there's aquestion of how much you can cut. There are certainlysome that can be cut.Friedman: But thèse are very misleading figures thatyou're giving, Bob. You're giving figures on national in-come account. Thèse figures add up to much too low atotal. The total fédéral spending you hâve in hère in thefourth quarter is at the annual rate of about $90 billion a year. Actual total government spending is closer to doublethat, because you are leaving out the whole host of fédéralprograms which involve either grants in aid to state andlocal communities, such as almost the whole of the educa-tional program. You are leaving out the whole of welfareexpenditures and the whole of social security expenditures.Our total expenditures on welfare, social security, and thelike amount to over fifty billion dollars a year.Eisner: Then at least one should be clear when oneadvocates cutting fédéral expenditures whether one wantsto cut out the social security program. By the way, since Iimagine many might want to cut out the fédéral socialsecurity program and substitute a private program, it's notat ail clear that that would be, on balance, any more defla-tionary than the Fédéral System of transfer payments, ofmoney going out and money coming in.Friedman: But I am not mainly interested in cuttingexpenditures for deflationary effects. I am interested incutting government spending so that you and I and therest of the American citizens can hâve more of our ownmoney to spend for ourselves. I believe that governmentis not giving us our money's worth.Mundell: I find this view of both you gentlemen quiteextraordinary. I find the idea of punishing the economyby running what I conceive to be great risk of either inflation or dépression in the long run because you don'tlike government policies quite irresponsible. Bob, youdon't like the war in Vietnam; and Milton, you don't likeprivate spending on a wide variety of private programs.Your answer is, don't increase taxes but instead suffer theconséquences of disturbing the economy and running therisks of an aggravation of inflationary pressures, or, ulti-mately, of the recession that this will induce. The Systembecomes adapted to a rate of price increases that is unac-ceptable to the vast majority of people in the long run.Eisner: We are responsible to our political préférences,which we stated frankly.Mundell: That is a matter for voting at the poils.Friedman: You're saying, "when did you last beat yourwife?" I don't accept for a moment your description of theconséquences that would follow from the policy I recom-mend. On the contrary, I do not believe that increasingtaxes now would hâve any important effect on priées.Eisner: I think Milton is largely right. The large effects5are built in. You're going to hâve price increases over thenext six months or nine months based upon what's hap-pened over the past year.Mundell: Bob, you're arguing now that tax increasesare not going to affect the level of spending or inflationarypressures in the economy but before you were arguing thatthe rate of monetary expansion is not going to affect thèse.By your interprétation, nothing affects the rate of spendingin the economy.Eisner: No. I think that in the first place, as Milton saidearlier, by a well-known law the government will spend acertain amount more than the amount of taxes it takes in.Therefore, the tax rates will hâve something to do withexpenditures. I wish I could be confident, by the way, thatnot granting the tax increase would cut the expendituresthat I'd like to see cut, but I might say to those presumedlibérais who are concerned that if you don't hâve the taxincrease you'll be cutting the very social services at thegovernmental level that Milton, apparently, would like tocut, the political fact apparently is that the only way thistax increase would go through is as part of the deal to cutthose very expenditures. But that means, I think, that atax increase then would free the administration^ hands fora major escalation of war expenditures.Mundell: Leaving aside the political issues, are yousaying that in an economy in which there's a very sub-stantial budget déficit, in an economy in which priées arerising, and in an economy in which there is a very sub-stantial and increasing balance of payments, as in theUnited States, that an increase in taxes or a decrease inthe rate of monetary expansion is not désirable?Friedman: Let's separate those out. I think that, underthe circumstances you described, an increase in taxes willhâve little effect on either the rate of price rise or the rateof balance of payments problems. Second, I think that insuch an economy and in our présent economy, the appropriate way to handle the problem of inflation is throughmonetary restraint. The appropriate course right now isone that apparently the Fédéral Reserve has indeed beenfolio wing for the last two or three months. About twomonths ago the Fédéral Reserve appears to hâve taperedoff the rate of increase of the quantity of money to a moretolerable rate. If it continues to do so, if it holds the monetary expansion down to that rate, then regardless whether we get a tax increase or not, the présent inflationary bulgewill last only for another six or nine months, and then wewill start to taper off.Eisner: Regardless of government spending? Supposewe spend $10 billion a year more in Vietnam?Friedman: Regardless of government spending. Theeffect of spending $10 billion more a year under thosecircumstances would be higher interest rates, but nothigher priées. I would prefer to expérience temporarilyhigher interest rates, a temporarily higher déficit, to ex-periencing a permanently higher level of taxes.Mundell: Is it your view, though, that an increase ingovernment taxes will not hâve some effect on the rate ofmonetary expansion?Friedman: I think that it's very hard to know whateffects it will hâve. It may expand it.Mundell: Taking into account the existing Fédéral Reserve Board, the existing Open Market Committee in theUnited States, if the U.S. government raises taxes, will thataffect the rate of monetary expansion?Friedman: I doubt it very much.Mundell: Well, in my view, one of the things that theChairman of the Board of Governors has always takeninto account is the fact that he's very reluctant to slam onthe brakes and, in the absence of a tax increase, to forceinterest rates up to a point where this exerts a very power-ful effect on particular sectors of the economy like theconstruction industries and the savings and loan associations— effects that cause distortions of the kind that wewitnessed in the last half of 1966. Tax increase is onemeans by which he can avoid that.Friedman: What people say is one thing. What they dois another. We hâve a good deal of évidence on the policiesthat the Fédéral Reserve hâve in the past, in fact, folio wed. It is very hard, if you go back over that expérience,to see any close connection between the policies they hâvefollowed and the existence of a tax increase, or a tax cutor changes in taxes. I think the policies they follow arelikely to be determined by other considérations. Now theremay be some effect. I've overstated the position for the sakeof emphasis. I don't want to say that there absolutely isno effect.Mundell: I hâve 1966 in mind where in exactly thisséquence we didn't hâve a tax increase and so we did hâve6this dépression in the construction industries and the otherindustries.Friedman: But it was perfectly unnecessary. It was aresuit of a mistake in monetary policy, not a response to afailure to hâve a tax increase. If you had had a tax increase,you would hâve had the same thing happen.Northcott: I'm going to interrupt for a moment, becausewe're running out of time, and look quickly at the effectof dévaluation. Is there likely to be a dévaluation of thedollar? What is likely to be the effect of the dévaluationof the pound sterling on our economy? And does this influence anything which we've been saying this evening?Eisner: I do not see in the British dévaluation either areason for us to dévalue or any reason to alter tax policy.I happen not to be in favor of the kind of fixed exchangerates that we hâve, but I know Milton has been a muchmore éloquent persuader on that issue and he may want tospeak to it. But I don't see in the British dévaluation anyreasons to change our policy and I'm glad in the first ex-citement of the moment it did not prove possible for theadministration to capitalize on that and stampede througha tax increase, which they did try to do.Friedman: I doubt whether the dévaluation has mucheffect on the case for or against tax increase. In popularusage, the word dévaluation has two différent meanings:one is the one it has in Britain— a change in the price ofthe pound sterling in terms of dollars. When you speak ofthe dévaluation of the dollar, you don't mean that. Youmean a change in the price of gold.Now a change in the price of gold could occur withoutexchange rates altering at ail. I believe a change in theprice of gold will occur. The immédiate gold rush has beenabsorbed without a change in the price of gold, but that'sa temporary Ml. The price of gold is now too low com-pared with other priées, and sometime within the next fewyears, in my opinion, it will be raised or permitted to rise.It cannot stay where it is.Mundell: I don't think that an increase in the price ofgold is necessary. I do think that the dévaluation of thepound sterling is something which could lend increasedconfidence to the dollar rather than decreased confidence,because even if the United Kingdom competes to a certainextent with the United States, particularly in third exportmarkets, the Sword of Damocles that was hanging over the head of the international system for a long period oftime has now been broken away. Confidence has alreadybeen restored to some extent and can be restored to agreater extent with proper policies by our authorities to adegree that has ne ver existed before. The gold pool has$29 billion worth of gold. The yearly production of goldis on the order of $1 billion or $1.5 billion. In the pasttwo years it has been going into the private markets, inlarge part for spéculative reasons. But the gold pool, ifthey want, and if international coopération can be main-tained, can maintain the current price of gold for the next20 years.Eisner: I think the price of gold will go where it will go,by the way. I don't see any reason for us to keep buyinggold. I wonder if the price of gold really would go up ifspeculators didn't hâve a guarantee that we'll always bewilling to buy it at at least the présent price.Mundell: I don't think we should add an additionalamount of instability to the international system beyondwhat already exists.Friedman: You haven't any choice. The price of goldcould in principle be held, of course. If the central banksof the world wanted to use their gold to hold the priées,they could. I think that they would be ill-advised to do so.But ill-advised or not, they're not going to do it. Thereisn't a chance in the world that the central banks of theworld are going to be willing to get rid of their gold, replaceit by either U.S. dollars or new international money, inorder to keep the price of gold from rising above $35 anounce.Eisner: I'd just like to make sure everybody remembershow little gold has to do with the value of the dollar.Whether we're tied to gold or not, whether gold is floatingfree, the strength of our economy has nothing to do withthe gold that some people think is behind it. Note howlittle is behind it in the sensé of trying to get any gold forthe dollar bills.Mundell: But the U.S. is part of an international monetary system.Northcott: I'd like to thank each of you for joining usat The University of Chicago Round Table. This is Ken-neth Northcott wishing you a good evening and hopingthat you'll be with us again next week for discussion ofanother major issue facing the American people. ?7Président Johnson's Address to theNuclear Anniversary CélébrationOn December 2, 1967, the twenty-fifth anniversary ofthe achievement of the first controlled sustained release ofnuclear energy by Enrico Fermi and his associâtes wascelebrated at Chicago. Distinguished scientists and scholarsfrom ail over the world were on hand, and a major com-memorative sculpture by Henry Moore was dedicated.Président Lyndon B. Johnson multiplied the historical sig-nificance of the occasion with a spécial closed-circuit télévision address— linking Chicago, Rome, and the WhiteHouse — in which he declared the readiness of the UnitedStates to accept international inspection of its nonmilitarynuclear installations. The New York Times, in a December4 editorial, called it a "bold and imaginative" move, sayingthe Président has provided (<significant new pressure forthe conclusion of the treaty to hait the spread of atomicweapons." Following are Président Johnson's remarks.pJL résident Saragat, Mrs. Fermi, Mayor Daley, Membersof the Fermi Team, Dr, Seaborg, and distinguished guests :I believe history will record that on this day 25 yearsago, mankind reached the turning point of his destiny.The book of Genesis tells us that, in the beginning,God directed man to: "Be fruitful, and multiply, andreplenish the earth, and subdue it."But only in our lifetime hâve we acquired the ultimatepower to fulfill ail of that command. Throughout history,man has struggled to find enough power — to find enoughenergy— to do his work in the world. He domesticated animais, he sold his brother into slavery, and enslaved him-self to the machine— ail in a desperate search for energy.Desperation ended in the experiment conducted inChicago, 25 years ago, by Enrico Fermi and his fellowscientists. In a single stroke, they increased man's avail-able energy more than a thousand-fold.They placed in our hands the power of the universeitself.Nothing could hâve been more appropriate than thewords used by Dr. Arthur Compton to describe whathappened on that day: uThe Italian navigator has justlanded in the new world." This modem Italian navigator was a great man of science. But he was also something more. He was one ofmillions who, in the long history of the world, hâve beencompelled to leave a beloved native land to escape theforces of tyranny. Like millions before him, Enrico Fermifound hère a new home, among free men, in a new world.His life and his career hâve a very spécial meaning to ailwho love freedom.There are today millions of young Americans with anItalian héritage who feel a deep, personal pride in EnricoFermi. America was born out of the voyages of a greatItalian navigator. In a time of greatest danger, another-equally willing to pursue his dream beyond existing charts— took us again into a new epoch.Today we commemorate our debt to him. And in doingso, we also honor the historié bond between the old worldand the new world.In a short time, we will be dedicating, in the great stateof Illinois, a new National Accelerator Laboratory. Thislaboratory, with its 200-billion-electron-volt accelerator,will maintain our country's position in the forefront ofnuclear research.I suggest that we dedicate this great new laboratory tothe memory of the modern-day "Italian navigator."In so honoring Enrico Fermi, we will also honor theimmeasurable contributions that hâve been made, over thecenturies, by the people of Italy to the people of theUnited States.Much has already happened in that new world whichjust began 25 years ago.Giant nuclear reactors, direct descendants of Fermi'sfirst atomic pile, are now producing millions of kilowattsof power for peaceful purposes. Other reactors are pow-ering nuclear submarines under the seas of the earth. Theyare our first line of défense against tyranny, whatever itscontemporary doctrine or disguise, which Enrico Fermidedicated himself to resist.But it is really the peaceful uses of atomic energyabout which Fermi would hâve wished us to speak — andthere are many peaceful uses.When I became Président, nuclear energy was generat-ing about one million kilowatts of electric power in theUnited States.Today, the atom is giving us more than 2,800,000 kilo-8watts— almost three times as much. And more than 70additional nuclear power plants are already planned or arenow under construction.This will equal about 20 percent of the whole electricgenerating capacity in the United States today. It is enoughto meet the total requirements of 45 million people. Ailthis from what was, 25 years ago— before the success ofFermi's experiment— only a scientist's dream.The dream has been realized. By learning the secretof the atom, we hâve given mankind — for the first time inhistory — ail the energy that mankind can possibly use.It took the genius of countless générations of dedicatedscientists to find the secret. It remains for us to use thatsecret wisely.What began as the most terrible instrument of war thatman has ever seen can become the key to a golden âge ofmankind. But this will not happen unless we make ithappen.We cannot forget that another, darker future alsoopened on this day 25 years ago.The power to achieve the promise of Genesis is alsothe power to fulfill the prophecy of Armageddon. We caneither remake life on earth— or we can end it forever.Let me be spécifie.If Enrico Fermi's reactor had operated 10,000 years, itwould not hâve produced enough plutonium for one atomicbomb.Today, a single reactor, while generating electricity, canproduce enough plutonium to make dozens of bombsevery year. And scores of thèse reactors are now beingbuilt ail over the world.Their purpose is peaceful. Yet the fact remains thatthe secret diversion of even a small part of the plutoniumthat they create could soon give every nation— every nation— the power to destroy civilization — if not life on thisearth.We just cannot permit this to happen.Nor can mankind be denied the unlimited benefits ofthe peaceful atom.We must, some way, somehow, find a way to removethe threat while preserving the promise.The American people hâve made their own desires crys-tal clear when their représentatives in the United StatesSenate voted unanimously to support an effective non- proliferation treaty for nuclear weapons.We are now engaged in a major effort to achieve such atreaty, in a form acceptable to ail nations.We are trying so hard to assure that the peaceful benefits of the atom will be shared by ail mankind — withoutincreasing, at the same time, the threat of nuclear destruction.We do not believe that the safeguards we propose inthat treaty will interfère with the peaceful activities ofany country.And I want to make it clear, very clear, to ail the worldthat we in the United States are not asking any country toaccept safeguards that we are un willing to accept ourselves.So I am, today, announcing that when such safeguardsare applied under the treaty, the United States will permitthe International Atomic Energy Agency to apply its safeguards to ail nuclear activities in the United States— ex-cluding only those with direct national security significance.Under this offer, the agency will be able to inspect abroad range of United States nuclear activities, bothgovernmental and private, including the fuel in the nuclearpower reactors owned by utilities for generating electricity,and the fabrication and chemical reprocessing of such fuel.This pledge maintains the consistent policy of theUnited States since the very beginning of the nuclear âge.It was just 14 years ago that a Président of the UnitedStates appeared before the General Assembly of theUnited Nations to urge the peaceful use of the atom.Président Dwight D. Eisenhower said on that occasion:". . . The United States pledges . . . before the world... its détermination to help solve the fearful atomicdilemma— to dévote its entire heart and mind to find theway by which the miraculous inventiveness of man shallnot be dedicated to his death, but consecrated to his life."We renew that pledge today. We reaffirm our détermination to dedicate the miraculous power of the atom, notto death, but to life.We invite the world's nations to join with us.Let us use this historié anniversary to deepen and toreaffirm the search for peace.Let us so conduct ourselves that future générations willlook back upon December 2, 1942 — not as the origin ofsorrow and despair— but as the beginning of the brightest,most inspiring chapter in the long history of man. D9Art To Live WithHappiness is an all-night vigil in a queueof art-lovers at Ida Noyés Hall,waiting to take home an original Chagallor Picasso to hang above one'sstudy-table.In the past nine years, thousandsof University of Chicago students hâveborrowed original works by 1 9thand 20th century artists under the "ArtTo Live With" program, made possibleby the collection donated to theUniversity by Joseph R. Shapiro,Président of Chicago's new Muséum ofContemporary A rt. The program beganwith fifty or sixty works in the A utumnquarter of 1959, shortly after the uniqueplan was conceived by Shapiro andHarold Haydon, A ssociate Professor of A rtand Director of the Midway Studios.Shapiro still continues to contribute newadditions, and the collection now numbersseveral hundred works. Represented areartists such as Miro, Rouault, Goya,Matisse, Metzinger, Kandinsky, Klee,Kupka, Matta, Tanguy, Magritte,Dubuffet, Giacometti. Among theAmerican pièces are examples by Marin,Graves, Baziotes, de Kooning, Gorky,Golub, Cohen. The masters arerepresented by original etchings andlithographs, but the contemporaries areshown in a much wider range of média.Borrowers pay a fee of one dollar perquarter, to cover part of the cost ofInsurance, eventual repairs, and cléricalassistance; the University pays whatevercosts the fées fait to cover. Originally onlyundergraduate students were permittedto borrow the works; now the programhas been extended to include ail students,faculty, and staff.Right: Sitting in for art. To get firstcrack at the works of their choice,students bring books and blankets to IdaNoyés Hall for an all-night wait.In the morning, borrowers get numberedtickets, supermarket-style, thenreserve the works they want for pickupat a more leisurely pace the next day.10¦^x-^sas?.#i £ ^ 1mV¦¦¦BflHB|HHHMÉM|I!¦nThe lounges and main foyerof Ida Noyés Hallhouse the "Art To LiveWith" collection for a weekor so before the lendingday, to give prospectiveborrowers ample timeto make their sélections.Many students andvisitors corne just to viewthe collection asa temporary exhibit. tf.^m<*Joseph J. SchwabIntégration andDisintegration of EducationThe intent of the U. S. Suprême Court's "intégration décision," Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka, etal., is clear and unambiguous: to make quality éducationpsychologically as well as merely physically accessible tothe Negro student.It is equally clear that many of the policies formulatedto take account of the intégration décision hâve conséquences diametrically opposed to its sensé. Their effectsare so clearly opposed that one is tempted to believe thatthey hâve been dictated not by good sensé but by guiltfeelings and desperate grasping after symbols which testifyto an effort at atonement. Instead of making éducation ofthe appropriate quality available to students, Negro orwhite, they tend to deprive some children of educationalopportunity, thus leading to deep resentment, or to imposediscomfort, frustration and a sensé of failure on other students, thus leading, again, to deep resentment and loss ofeducational opportunity.There are two classes of miscarriage of educationalpurpose which stem from this atonement-centered treat-ment of the problem. On the one hand, is the class inwhich the problem is met by insisting on radical réductionor eradication of educational expériences, however valu-able to others, from which the disadvantaged Negro childis unlikely to profit. The other extrême is that class of caseswhich consists of the insistent and often violent demandtHat the Negro child be "integrated" into educational expériences at any or every level of difficulty even thoughit is likely that such an intégration will inhibit or furtherdamage some part of the potential for learning andachievement which the disadvantaged child may alreadypossess.The first class of cases is exemplified by the attack nowbeing made in many schools Systems and cities (shock-ingly enough, by the courts as well as by public voices) onthe existence of quality high schools and especially on theexistence of track Systems which attempt to differentiateJoseph J. Schwab is William Rainey Harper Professor ofNatural Sciences and Professor in the Department of Education. This article is adapted by the author from his addressto the conférence on Educational Dimensions of the ModelCities Program, held at the University' s Center for ContinuingEducation in summer, 1967.14 the more and less gifted in order to provide both groupawith a quality of educational expérience appropriate totheir potentials. This attack is usually made bluntly andunapologetically on the ground that precisely because oftKe accumulated disadvantages of the Negro child, few ifany of them will be represented in the upper tracks, con-sequently that the existence of an upper track is de factoségrégation. Note please that the argument is silent withrespect to whether the disappearance of upper trackswould be good or bad for the country, for its children, orfor the disadvantaged child in particular. Instead of con-cerning itself with maximizing the quality of éducationfor bright children and average children, for white children and black, it treats school intégration as if the Suprême Court décision had nothing to do with éducation butonly with the présence within four walls of a proper ratioof bodies of appropriate color.(There is an inhérent vice of a rigid track system: it de-prives the less rapid learner of the stimulus, model, andhelp which a small number of more effective learners in aclassroom can supply. This vice, however, is easily guardedagainst by the device of the flexible track. In effect, thetracks converge, separate, and converge again in the courseof the school day or week. A student is upper-tracked notfor the whole of the curriculum but only for those partswhich fit his particular superior aptitudes. Assignment tolower and middle tracks is controlled by the same principle.In this way, one avoids the threat of corporate eliteism;one provides the poorer student with student helps andmodels where they are most helpful and least threatening;one préserves the track system for qualified traineeswhether black or white.)The second class of cases, the opposite extrême of theforegoing, is exemplified by arguments and pressures whichdemand, not the eradication of upper tracks, quality institutions, and superior opportunities but insist, instead, onthe admission of Negro candidates to such situationswhether or not they possess the qualifications necessaryfor successful encounter with such situations.Such a policy, instituted merely in guilty retrospect andnot with forethought concerned with conséquences, isbound to lead to dis-integration and disruption of educational opportunity. The handicapped child entered in sucha program encounters bewildering and incompréhensibleExcerpt from the "Intégration Décision"(Brown vs. the Board of Education of Topeka)"[Education] is required in the performance of our mostbasic public responsibilities, even service in the ArmedForces. It is the very foundation of good citizenship.Today it is a principal instrument in awakening thechild to cultural values, in preparing him for later pro-fessional training, and helping him to adjust normallyto his environment. . . . We corne then to the questionpresented: does ségrégation of children in public schoolssolely on the basis of race, even though the physicalfacilities and other "tangible" factors may be equal,deprive the children of the minority group of equaleducational opportunities? We believe that it does. . . .In McLaurin vs. Oklahoma State Régents, supra, theCourt in requiring that a Negro admitted to a whitegraduate school be treated like ail other students, againresorted to intangible considérations: 'his ability tostudy, to engage in discussions and exchange views withother students, and, in gênerai, to learn his profession.'Such considérations apply with added force to childrenin grade and high schools. To separate them from othersof similar âge and qualifications [author's italics] solelybecause of their race générâtes the feeling of inferiorityas to their status in the community that may affect theirhearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone."problems and assignments. Or he innocently assigns toquestions and problems the meanings which his inadéquate préparation leads him to, only to discover in thenext day or hour that to his advantaged fellows and theteacher, his assigned meanings are, at best, wrong and,at worst, absurdly wrong.AM\.t the same time, the disadvantaged child encounterswhat he thinks is a community of his peers only to seethem transformed into a community of far out-distancingcompetitors, some of them jeering or patronizing com-petitors, most of them something worse — pitying or em-barrassed competitors. The outcome of such expériencecan rarely be other than an abiding sensé of inadequacy,a retreat from what is unfamiliar and challenging, a deepand justified sensé of injury, and a smoldering hatred ofthose who injured him.In running counter to the intent of the intégration décision, thèse policies do, nevertheless, point to the twostates of affairs which must be realized if we are to adaptour schools to the ends envisaged in the intégration décision. First, a steadily increasing number of capable Negrochildren must be given first-rate éducation, not merely therudiments of job-training and of middle-class morals,idiom, and accent. Second, a critical number of Negrostudents must be présent in the schools and in its classes.Otherwise, the barrier to éducation envisaged in the intégration décision will not be breached.The first of thèse needs arises from the fact that theintégration décision was designed not merely to prépareNegro citizens for the mine run of crafts, trades, and services but for any and every level of civil, professional, andexecutive responsibility which any of them are capable ofundertaking. It arises, too, from the fact, now clearlyvisible, that if we do not do what we can to increaseeducated and responsible Negro leadership, the vacuumwill be filled by uneducated and irresponsible leadership.We must further keep in mind that leadership is exercisedfrom the lecterns of collège classrooms, from the desksof high schools, by engineers, by doctors and lawyers, byexecutives in business and industry, and not merely fromthe traditional leadership posts of politics. This means that the phrase "quality éducation" means collège préparation and collège work, not merely in institutions debasedto serve the purpose of token collège éducation for badlyprepared groups but good collèges requiring good préparation and high levels of compétence on the part of theirstudents.I hâve a document which is a case in point. It is a pleaaddressed by Negro students at one of the first-rate institutions of this country to its administration. The documenthas one conventional aspect. It asks for preparatory sum-mer sessions for accepted Negro candidates. What is strik-ing and unconventional consists of what the students em-phasize as the necessary components of this preparatorycurriculum. With respect to science, they explicitly ask notfor drill in the elementary facts but elucidation of the15theoretical structures which constitute the foundations ofscientific explanation. With respect to mathematics, theyexplicitly omit request for drill in arithmetic, géométrie,and algebraic manipulations and ask, instead, for exposition of the nature and structure of mathematics and train-ing in the reading of materials in mathematics. With respect to English and literature, they do not ask for train-ing in spelling, syntax, and grammar but, I quote, "discipline in close textual analysis of the kind required incollège courses in the humanities and social sciences."Thèse requests reflect the disparity which middle-class,advantaged Negro children find between the allegedly col-lege-preparatory work which they received in high schooland the préparation which they need. The lesson for schoolcurriculums is obvious. And the lesson applies whether wethink in terms of intégration or whether we think in termssimply of the over ail quality of our high schools.It is equally obvious, however, that thèse points place uson the horns of a dilemma, since we are faced at oncewith the desirability of a much more complex and sophis-ticated high school préparation and with the risks we runif the relatively poorly prepared are exposed too quicklyand too deeply to this complexity. Only time, and perhapsa longer time than we can comfortably afford, will résolvethis dilemma completely. Meanwhile, one avenue by whichto ameliorate the conditions of the dilemma suggests itself.Itconsists of a considérable extension of our timid andrelatively ineffective efforts at "head start." If we are toimprove the quality of collège preparatory high schoolcurricula and encourage potentially capable Negro students to enter on it, we must prépare them for the preparatory program and we must carry this séquence of préparations backward to its very beginning. I hâve in mind tworadical beginning points which I propose with trépidation,and a third and fourth proposai which I make withouttrépidation.I propose, first, that every effort be made to develop andapply tests for identifying compétent and superior Negrochildren before they are deconditioned and damaged. Thismeans, almost surely, that they be identified before the endof their second year. I propose, second, that we considerways of establishing a massive system of foster homes andnursery schools for such children, a national crèche organ-ized in home-sized units. I hâve in mind hère what is obvious, that inhibited learn-ing ability and injured capacity to welcome the challengeing and difficult are probably due as much to the wither-ing t)f emotional tools as to lack of intellectual tools-—bôth of them tools which normally develop only whenexpectations on the part of the adults of the early environ-ment are appropriate and when the kind and degree ofcare and affection are appropriate. Our timid head-startstend merely to provide a little of the most elementary ofthe needed intellectual tools and ameliorate only a littleand for a brief time the emotional incapacities which standin the way of learning. Then the children are returned toprecisely the poor-expectation climates and emotional mi-lieus which starved or injured them in the first place. Littlewonder that so many beneficiaries of head-starts benefit solittle and progressively lose the impetus they are given.Like the body, emotional and intellectual needs are nur-tured not by an occasional feast but by a continuing décentdiet.It is to supply such a continuing diet that I propose anational crèche constituted of home-sized units. I hâve inmind foster parents who are black or white or black andwhite. I hâve in mind foster children (or combinations offoster children and children per stirpes in sibships of threeto seven who are black and white or black or white. Ihâve in mind homes which range widely over the socio-economic spectrum. The upper-upper class home and the"intellectual" class home are not only unnecessary butprobably unsuitable. The lower-middle to upper-middlehomes are probably most suitable (provided that they arenot haters of those they hâve so recently "risen" from). Inany case, what is wanted is an emotional climate and pat-tern of expectations which sets the child decently on theroad toward membership in American culture.By such a means we might overcome the problem ofmassive intégration by a solution which entails neither thedamage and humiliation of the ill-prepared child nor displacement of the better éducation by the worse in ourprograms and institutions.I am fully aware of and make no apologies for the cul-tural "bias" entailed in this proposai. Cultural diversitiesare to be cherished but the cultural diversities which areviable in a highly organized society cannot be class culturesat war with one another but differing species of a common16and cherished genus. There is a great différence betweena pluralistic society and a battle of warring hétérodoxies.It is precisely to cherish the désirable cultural diversity thatI recommend foster parents who are black and white orblack or white, and sibships which exhibit the samediversity.T.A. remendous problems stand between this proposai andits realization— if only because the problems are so farproblems we hâve not faced. In the first place, we mustdevelop the instrument already suggested — means for iden-tifying children who can profit from such a program andthose who can profit most. In the second place, we needreliable means for discriminating the homes which areinimical to children's development from those which arenurturant; for it would be inverted sentimentality of theworst sort to assume that poverty, crowding, illegitimacy,or one-parent structures are necessary signs or synonyms ofinimical homes. Those few of us who grew up in face-to-face communities know very well that good homes andloving homes and homes whose children grew up wholeand responsible were often poor homes and crowdedhomes and homes without fathers. (Indeed, there is somereason to suppose that recently acquired affluence, andthe self-indulgence which often accompanies such affluence, are themselves often precursors of inimical «environ-ments.)In the third place, we must find ways of identifying po-tentially good foster parents, a corollary of the need toidentify bad real ones. Fourth, we must sélect and train anew breed of social agent, capable by virtue of attitude aswell as training for the placement of foster children andthe évaluation of potential foster homes. Fifth, we mayeven face a serious housing problem, since the fosterhomes we envisage will be much less densely populatedthan the housing from which the children are drawn. (Ofcourse, we may also face the limiting fact of a shortage ofappropriate foster parents, but we cannot know this without trying to find them.)My third proposai is aligned with the idea of a criticalnumber of Negro students. It is that we institute a "big brother" system of tutors, counselors, and supportive figures in ail levels of the school system, through whomyounger students introduced into demanding programs canfind needed helps in a truly accessible form, namely, fromstudents only a little older than themselves who patentlyhâve experienced and mastered the problems faced by theyounger students.I propose, finally, that we find ways of identifying andintroducing into the schools, despite the organized effortsthat now exist to prevent it, teachers who hâve certainqualifications which cannot be measured by semester hoursand degrees. I hâve in mind teachers who do, themselves,welcome challenge and problems, teachers concerned thatthe éducation of children shall be the discovery to them oftheir latent compétences, of the satisfaction of achieve-ment, of the excitement of challenge; teachers more concerned with the signais of trying, succeeding, f ailing, need-ing support, than they are with the successful parroting of"right answers"; teachers, in short, for whom éducation isdevelopment of compétences and confidences and not theimposition upon children of docile slavishness and merelymechanical proficiencies.I put this fourth proposai in terms of the character andpersonality of new recruits to the teaching profession. I doso because I think it is now quite clear that efforts to altercurriculum only by way of curriculum materials andteacher retraining hâve small success. The conforming,docile teacher sélects from re-training only what past habitsdictate. By omission and modification he similarly altersthe intent and effect of fresh curricular materials until theyconform closely to what they were designed to replace.Unless we can find teachers who welcome refreshment andnew problems this frustration of curriculum change willcontinue.Thèse four recommendations may appear to some as acounsel of eliteism. It is not. It is a counsel of préservationand enhancement of quality throughout our schools. It isnot only the highest reaches of the schools but the middlereaches as well which are threatened by our présent policiesand practices. The Suprême Court décision called for intégration of éducation, not of rooms and buildings. Intégration was to be a means of making good éducationaccessible to ail: it was not to be juxtaposition of bodiesof appropriate color. D17Quadrangle NewsTrustée William Benton Honoredon 25th Anniversary as Publisherof Encyclopaedia BritannicaThe first William Benton Medal forDistinguished Service was conferred Feb-ruary 1 upon the man in whose honor itwas named. William Benton, Life Trustéeof the University, United States Ambas-sador to UNESCO, Publisher and Chair-man of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.,and former U.S. Senator from Connecti-cut, was honored at a spécial banquet atHutchinson Commons, attended by over470 distinguished figures in académie,civic, and governmental affaire.Vice Président and Mrs. Hubert H.Humphrey, in a surprise visit, headed thelist of dignitaries and friends who joinedthe University in recognizing the mile-stone in Benton's lifetime of public service— his twenty-fifth anniversary as headof Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.The citation for the Medal, as read byPrésident George W. Beadle, said: "William Benton, visionary public servant,perceptive student of foreign affairs,staunch supporter of éducation, discrimi-nating publisher, astute businessman, co-founder of UNESCO and of the Com-mittee for Economie Development, creatorof the 'Voice of America,' whose talentshe has shared freely with his fellow men."Future awards of the William BentonMedal will be made by the Board ofTrustées and the Président upon therecommendations of a joint faculty-trusteecommittee.Vice-Président Humphrey's plans toattend were confirmed only hours beforethe dinner. In his after-dinner remarks,Humphrey spoke warmly of WilliamBenton, his longtime friend.As word spread that the Vice Présidentwas on campus, a crowd of anti-wardemonstrators gathered outside Hutchinson Commons. From 200 to 300 personsendured the rainy weather to chantslogans and wave signs. There was nodisorder during the démonstration.Other speakers at the dinner included:Robert M. Hutchins, président of the William BentonCenter for the Study of Démocratie Institutions and former Président and Chan-cellor of the University; Paul G. HofT-man, Managing Director of the UnitedNations Development Programme, formerprésident of the Ford Foundation and ofthe Studebaker-Packard Corporation, anda former Trustée of the University; andPaul H. Douglas, former U. S. Senatorfrom Illinois, and former Professor ofEconomies at the University. Fairfax M.Cône, Chairman of the Board of Trustées,was host for the evening.Benton's 25th anniversary as publisherand chairman of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., coïncides with the 200th anniversary of the founding of the Encyclopaedia Britannica. The first édition waspublished in Scotland in 1768. Bentonhas served longer than any previous chair-man-publisher.Benton was born in Minneapolis onApril 1, 1900. At âge 18 he won ascholarship at Yale University. Bentonworked his way through school and inhis senior year served as editor of theYale Record. After graduating in 1921he rejected a chance to go to Oxford asa Rhodes scholar, and, instead, went towork as a salesman— driving a truck and selling cash registers. On the strength ofhis selling expérience and his under-graduate writing, an advertising agencyhired him as a copywriter. By 1928 hewas assistant gênerai manager of theLord and Thomas (Albert Lasker) agencyin Chicago.In 1929, in association with ChesterBowles (later governor of Connecticut,and now U.S. ambassador to India) hestarted the firm of Benton & Bowles. Thefirm's rise is a legend in the advertisingbusiness. It pioneered, notably, in consumer research and radio broadeasting.In 1935, Benton disposed of his interest in Benton & Bowles, and in 1936 heleft advertising permanently. He servedas Vice Président of The University ofChicago from 1937 to 1945, at whichtime he became Assistant Secretary ofState for Public Affairs. He was appointedSenator in 1949 and elected, in 1950, tofill the unexpired remainder of the ternito which he had been appointed.Benton has been active in the work ofUNESCO since its founding in 1945. Hepresently is the chief U.S. member of theUNESCO Executive Board and is thefirst person to hold the rank of U.S.Ambassador to UNESCO.In his remarks at the dinner, Bentonsaid: "I was graduated by Yale University, but I was educated by The University of Chicago."It has been my high privilège to servethis great University for 32 years. It ismy détermination to serve it as best 1can for yet 32 more, or at least until thatcareer whose facts hâve been so stretchedtonight can be stretched no further downthe years. ... I give thanks to the University and to the speakers for the greathonor done me tonight. Henceforward 1shall try to merit it."Facing Page: Vice Président Hubert H.Humphrey at the microphone. Seated at thetable are (from right): Président George W.Beadle; William Benton; Robert M. Hutchins; Senator A. S. (Mike) Monroney (D-Okla.); and Charles E. Swanson, Présidentof Encyclopaedia Britannica.18&, W*919The Year of the ComputerJanuary 1 marked the beginning of theUniverstty's Information Sciences Year,made possible by a grant from Encyclopaedia Britannica, now celebrating its200th anniversary.The Year's program is being admin-istered through the Committee on Information Sciences of the Division of thePhysical Sciences. Victor H. Yngve, Professor of Information Sciences in theDepartment of Linguistics and in theGraduate Library School, is Chairmanof the Committee.Spécial features of the Year will be:—The désignation of outstanding le'ad-ers in the rapidly developing field of information sciences as Britannica Scholars.They will spend varying periods of timeat the University exchanging views withboth the University faculty and the otherBritannica Scholars.—An interdisciplinary effort within theUniversity to explore the social implications of information sciences. Some experts believe that great benefits are to beachieved through the application of computers and other information machines toan ever widening variety of tasks. Otherssay there are grave dangers in increasingthe mechanization of our society, possiblyJT >Victor H. Yngve leading to the dehumanization of man.This research will involve the faculty ofthe Committee on Information Sciences,trained in the new science and technology,and their colleagues in such fields as law,medicine, business, the social sciences,and the humanities.—A conférence on the results of theresearch program, following the year-longeffort.A. Adrian Albert, Dean of the Divisionof Physical Sciences, said, "The interdisciplinary field of information scienceshas been expanding at a rapid rate. In thelittle over twenty years that electronicdigital computers hâve been in existence,the application of their thought processeshas changed the very nature of man'sown. It is time to pull together the loosestrings of the implications of informationsciences to society, and this the Yearshould accomplish."The Committee on Information Sciencesconducts research and offers a broad académie program concerned with computersand the scientific nature of information.Its interdisciplinary character is under-scored by the fact that eleven of thetwelve faculty members of the Committeehold joint appointments with varied disciplines of the University.Fifty students are now studying withthe Committee. A rapidly increasing needfor well-trained graduâtes to take leadership positions in éducation, research, andindustry is anticipated by Yngve.$1,000,000 Woods GiftTo Help Build Art CenterA gift of $1,000,000 from the WoodsCharitable Fund, Inc., will be used towardthe construction of a fine arts center,Président George W. Beadle announcedJanuary 16.The unit will be named the Cochrane-Woods Art Center in honor of the familythat endowed the Fund. It will be part ofa new Center for the Arts, which event-ually will include a Music Building andthe Corinne Frada Pick Théâtre. In turn,the Center will be a component of a pro- posed complex of facilities for studentand community life to be created in asix-block area bounded by East 55th and56th Streets and South University andCottage Grove Avenues.The Woods Fund presented the gift tothe University last March and said at thattime that its purpose would be designatedlater. The Fund is a nonprofit philanthropie foundation incorporated in 1941and endowed by the late Frank HenryWoods and his wife, the late Nelle Coch-rane Woods, of Lincoln, Nebraska. BothMr. and Mrs. Woods were born in Illinoisof pioneer families who came west in the1840's.One of their sons, Frank H. Woods, aTrustée of the University, président ofthe board of trustées of the Art Instituteof Chicago, and président of the SaharaCoal Company, is a trustée of the fund."We are grateful that the Trustées ofthe Woods Fund hâve decided to desig-nate their gift for the art center," saidBeadle. "It is an invaluable contribution,and it is most appropriate that the building will be named in their honor. Formany years, they hâve contributed to thecultural growth of the City and of theUniversity."Woods said that the University needs¦ the Center to meet the mounting de-mands and opportunities of art éducation. Fine arts, said Woods "hâve playedan important rôle in the development ofman, and students today— more than ever—need to be aware of art in ail of itsdisciplines if they are to develop knowl-edge and understanding."The two-story Cochrane-Woods ArtCenter will face east, on the northwestcorner of East 56th Street and SouthGreenwood Avenue. Its south wing willcontain two classrooms, a 200-seat lecturehall, an art library, a slide collection, andthe Max Epstein Archives, a collectionof photographs on the history of art. TheConnecting link will contain a facultylounge, départaient chairman's office, andeighteen offices for faculty members. Thenorth wing will be the David and AlfredSmart Gallery. In October, 1967, the20Smart Family Foundation contributedfunds for the Gallery to the University.The art buildings will include a sculpturecourtyard between the north and southwings. Construction of the Cochrane-Woods Art Center is scheduled to beginin Mardi, 1969, and to be completed inOctober, 1970.The Woods f amily and the Woods Fundhâve contributed to the University's Oriental Institute, Midway Studios, the rénovation of Cobb Hall, and several studentfellowship and loan programs. In 1962,the Woods Fund gave the University$500,000 toward the construction of theSchool of Social Service AdministrationBuilding, which was designed by LudwigMies van der Rohe.Trustée Albert Pick, Jr., Gives$1,500,000 For ThéâtreTrustée Albert Pick Jr., '17, Présidentof the Pick Hotels Corporation, is givingthe University $1,500,000 toward the construction of a théâtre to be named inhonor of his wife, Corinne Frada Pick.Announcement of the gift was madeJanuary 9 by Président George W. Beadle.Pick had advised the University of hisintention to make the gift on December27, the fiftieth anniversary of his weddingto Mrs. Pick.The Corinne Frada Pick Théâtre willbe part of the University's new Center forthe Arts. The Center for the Arts, inturn, will be part of a proposed area forstudent and community life in the six-block section bounded by Cottage Groveand University Avenues and East 55thand 56th Streets. This area will combinecultural, recreational, athletic, and housing facilities.Total cost of the Pick Théâtre has beenestimated at $2,500,000. Contributionsbeing sought through a spécial UniversityFund are expected to make up the différence and to underwrite a substantial,continuing théâtre program."The University is deeply grateful toMr. Pick for his latest generous gift,"Président Beadle said. "The Corinne Frada Pick Théâtre will be a magnificent addition to the campus. It will give studentsand faculty a much-needed facility todevelop and to présent productions. Italso will enable the University to invitedistinguished theatrical and musical groupsto the University for performances thatare vital to the life of the campus."The announcement of the gift alsobrought messages of appréciation fromFairfax M. Cône, Chairman of the Boardof Trustées, and from Mayor Richard J.Daley of Chicago.Mr. Pick said, "It is a pleasure to provide The University of Chicago with afacility that we know will mean a greatdeal to the cultural and intellectual activity of the University and the City. Mywife has been particularly interested inthe development of théâtre and music inChicago."Pick is a member of the Visiting Committee on the Collège, the University'sunder graduate program; a member of theCommittee on Business Administration;a Trustée member of the Council onMédical and Biological Research; chairman of the board of trustées of the LaRabida Sanitarium; a member of theboard of governors of the University'sInternational House; a member of theboard of directors of the Alumni Foundation; a member of the Citizens Board;and Président of the Emeritus Society ofthe University.Mrs. Pick is a concert pianist, who gaveher first récitals at the âge of nine. Shestudied in San Francisco with Boyd Wellsand in Chicago with Glen Dillard Gunn.She became one of the youngest soloistsever to play with the symphony orchestrasof Minneapolis, San Francisco, Seattle,Los Angeles, and Chicago.The University, since its founding, hashad a rich tradition of innovative théâtredespite severely inadéquate facilities. Today, that tradition is carried on by suchstudent and faculty groups as UniversityThéâtre, Court Théâtre, the RenaissancePlayers, the Strolling Players, and Black-friars. Récent productions hâve includedworks by Shakespeare, Aristophanes, Jean- Paul Sartre, Brendan Behan, and BertoltBrecht.In February, 1966, a professional production of Molière's The Misanthrope inthe Law School Auditorium was receivedwith critical acclaim. More than 12,000persons attended twenty-nine performances. Another 12,000 who sought ticketshad to be turned away due to limitationsimposed by the size of the auditorium anddemands of schedules.It is expected that the Pick Théâtre willhouse not only the main facility but alsoa smaller expérimental unit designed forproductions that may not hâve gêneraiappeal or may be in the formative stages.National Academy of SciencesReports on Doctorate ConferralsThe University of Chicago led the nation in doctorates awarded in sociologyand in religion and theology during 1964-66, a new réport published by the National Academy of Sciences shows. Thereport, entitled Doctorate Récipients fromUnited States Universities 1958-1966,traces the educational pattern followed bydoctorate récipients and lists the numberand types of degrees awarded by eachuniversity.Chicago, with 2,263 degrees conferred,ranks thirteenth in total number of doctorates awarded from 1958 to 1966. TheUniversity of Illinois (3,907) and theUniversity of Wisconsin (3,817) led thecountry, followed by California at Berkeley, Harvard, and Columbia.Large public universities are movinginto an ever more dominant rôle in graduate éducation, according to the report.Of the top five, only Harvard and Columbia are private. In 1920 four of thetop five and twelve of the top twentywere private institutions. The report citesunpublished data to show that when only1966 figures (the latest available) areused, only seven private schools remainsin the top twenty aiid one in the top five(Columbia being replaced by the University of Michigan).Other developments the report noted:21—Only twenty-seven percent of degree-holders receive their doctorates in theirnative states (where they graduated fromhigh school). Texas has the highest per-centage of native graduâtes (fifty percent)and Arizona the lowest (ten percent).—The différence in study time for doctorates in various fields is not so great asgenerally believed. When only the timespent registered in a university is con-sidered, the shortest médian lapse betweenbachelor's and doctor's degree is for thescientist, 5.1 years; the longest is for theéducation student, 6.8 years. In éducation and some other fields, however, it iscustomary for the student to gain work expérience before beginning doctoral study.When total time lapse is considered, themédian in science is 6.3 years, and, inéducation, 13.8 years.—The first employment for most newdoctorate récipients is with collèges anduniversities, and the percentage is increasing. Sixty-six percent accept their firstemployment with educational institutions,twelve percent with industry, seven percent with government, four percent withnon-profit organizations, nine percent withforeign emplpyers (although fourteen percent are actually foreign citizens), andtwo percent with others. The trend touniversity employment is especially strongwithin the physical sciences, with an increase from thirty-nine percent to forty-eight percent since 1958. Physical scientists accepting employment with industryfell from forty-four percent to thirty percent during the period.—The percentage of women among doctorate récipients has remained constant(at eleven percent) since 1960. On theother hand, women now receive f orty percent of the baccalaureate degrees granted,and this figure is increasing. The proportion of women among doctorate récipientsdropped from fifteen percent in 1920 tonine percent in 1950, then climbed backto eleven percent. "Thèse data indicate,"the report concludes, "that the effortssince World War II to interest larger per-centages of able women in continuingtheir éducation to the doctorate, and especially to consider careers in the physical sciences, hâve had little effect." Thetotal number of women receiving doctorates, however, has increased from 613in 1950 to 2,073 in 1966.Rosenbaum Gift UnderwritesMental Health Clinic StudyThe Student Health Service MentalHealth Clinic, with the aid of a $100,000gift from Charlotte Rosenbaum, '37, lastfall began research on contemporary idéologies of youth and their relationship toidentity formation. Head of the clinic isDr. John F. Kramer, Associate Professorin the Department of Psychiatry.Directing the research program is JohnH. Sims, Research Associate (AssistantProfessor) in the Committee on HumanDevelopment and Assistant Professor inthe Collège and in the Department ofPsychiatry. Research thus far, said Sims,has consisted mainly of exploratory interviews with students on campus about abroad range of topics. In the near future,the program will concentrate on a morespécifie subject as a resuit of évaluationof the initial interviews.Miss Rosenbaum's gift, pledged in thefall of 1965, also enabled the MentalHealth Clinic and the Department ofPsychiatry to invite Anna Freud for aone-week académie visit last year.Hartford Grants for Disease StudiesThe John A. Hartford Foundation ofNew York City has given the University$396,144 for scientific research. A grantof $237,513 was made for a three-yearstudy into the origin and development ofhyaline membrane disease, an infant disease that begins at or shortly after birthand is fatal in more than seventy per centof the cases. The Foundation also awardeda $158,631 grant to support three yearsof biochemical study into the process ofvirus infection of bacteria.The study of hyaline membrane disease is directed by Dr. Douglas R. Shank-lin, Professor of Obstetrics and Gyne- cology and of Pathology at the Divisonof the Biological Sciences. He is anauthority on the pathology of embryosand newborn infants. Hyaline membranedisease is a condition in which a proteinmembrane forms on the inner lining ofa newborn infant's lungs, causing him tosuffocate. The précise factors in the development of this disease are still un-clear, Dr. Shanklin reports. The disease isespecially prévalent in prématuré infants.Dr. Shanklin's laboratory research cen-ters around nutritional, enzymatic, andother factors that may contribute to thedisease. The possible aggravating rôle ofoxygen administered by artificial ventilation will be explored further.The other grant is for the continuationof research by Earl E. Evans, Jr., Professor and Chairman of the Department ofBiochemistry, and his associâtes, Roy P.Mackal, Research Associate (AssociateProfessor), and Mrs. Don (Merna) Vil-larejo, Research Associate (Assistant Professor) . The University received an initialgrant of $102,252 from the HartfordFoundation for this project in 1964.Evans and his colleagues hâve beenstudying the Lambda virus, which infectsbacteria. They hâve demonstrated thatthe inf ectious portion of the Lambda virus,which is shaped like a tadpole, is a single,double-stranded molécule of deoxyribo-nucleic acid (DNA), the basic, replicatingsubstance of life. They can separate thisinfectious portion from three spécifieproteins that serve as a coating of thévirus.The nucleic acid alone is capable ofcausjng virus formations in parts of cells.The team's research is considered to holdimplications for cancer research.Evans said, "Continuation of the workin volves a study comparing strains ofLambda virus, which destroy their spécifie host cells, with mutant virus strains,which modify the genetic property of thehost cells rather than destroy them. Morespecifically, we plan to study the chemicaland biological properties of the individualstrands of the double-stranded DNA andof their viral proteins."22Cobb Hall To HâveBergman Art GalleryA contribution by Mr. and Mrs. EdwinA. Bergman, both of the Class of '39,has enabled Chicago to establish an artgallery in Cobb Hall to be used pri-marily by undergraduates.The gallery has been designed not onlyas a center for exhibitions, but also as astudio where undergraduates can becomeacquainted with a wide variety of visualarts. It will be part of the fourth andfifth floors of Cobb Hall, the University'sfirst building, which is being completelyremodeled at a cost of $2,450,000. Thegallery also will house a studio for anartist-in-residence.Bergman is the président of the U.S.Réduction Company, which has head-quarters in East Chicago, Ind. The firmis a smelter of aluminum alloys. He andhis wife, the former Betty Jane Linden-berger, hâve an extensive collection ofsurrealist art in their South Side Chicagorésidence. Mr. Bergman is vice présidentof Chicago's new Muséum of Contempo-rary Art and a member of the VisitingCommittee to the University's Division ofthe Humanities."The Bergman Gallery will mean agreat deal to the undergraduates," saidPrésident George W. Beadle. "It will bea classroom where they can learn aboutart and relate it to other fields in thehumanities. It will be a gallery wherestudents in the sciences, as well as thehumanities, can study and enjoy painting,sculpture, photography, graphies, andarchitecture. We thank the Bergmans forthis much-needed addition to the Collège."Joshua C. Taylor, the William RaineyHarper Professor of the Humanities inthe Collège and Professor of Art, said,"The new Gallery is of immense importance to students. Contact with actualworks of art is vital to educational development. Only by being exposed to theworks of the best artists in such a galleryclosely integrated in its location with hisother studies can a student reap the fullbenefits of his éducation." A birthday célébration for Gerhard Meyer. Nearly one hundred students and faculty members—including Provost Edward H. Levi and Dean of the Collège Wayne C. Booth—attended theJanuary 16 dinner at Hutchinson Commons honoring Gerhard Meyer, Professor of Economies,who was observing his sixty-fifth birthday. Meyer has been a faculty member for over thirtyyears and is a récipient of the Quantrell Award for excellence in undergraduate teaching.The Bergman Gallery's two-story cei-ling consists of many planes which followthe Unes of Cobb Hall's gabled roof. Theroom's height varies up to twenty-twofeet. A fifth floor balcony overlooks thefourth floor Gallery. Light gray tile coversthe floor, and the walls are white. A spécial grid channel is installée! in the ceilingto allow lights to be located where theycan enhance the esthetic effect of each work of art. Thèse lights are in additionto stationary lights and sunlight from theGallery's Windows.Rénovation of some of the Cobb Hallclassrooms has been completed. The Bergman gallery, an auditorium, and a loungeare expected to be completed in the nearfuture, and the Collège is looking forwardto fully occupying its new home some-time this spring.23PeopleWilliam Benton, publisher and chairman of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.,and Newton N. Minow, former chairmanof the Fédéral Communications Commission, were panelists at a discussion of "Information, Communication, and Power"on "The University of Chicago RoundTable" on January 14. Sol Tax, Professorof Anthropôlogy and Dean of the Extension Division, was also a panelist onthe program, part of a weekly discussionséries produced for public télévision byWTT W in coopération with the University.Walter J. Blum, 39, JD41, Professorof Law, and Bernard D. Meltzer, '35,JD'37, Professor of Law, hâve been appointed to working committees of theAmerican Bar Association for the cur-rent year. Blum was re-appointed to theAssociation's Committee on SubstantiveTax Reform, and Meltzer was appointedto the Committee on National Strikes inthe Transportation Industries.Daniel J. Boorstin, the Preston andSterling Morton Professor of History,has been named a Distinguished ServiceProfessor, the highest honor the University can bestow upon a scholar whoalready is a member of its faculty. TheDistinguished Service Professorships sig-nify meritorious scholarly contribution tothe académie world as a whole. Boorstin'snew title is Preston and Sterling MortonDistinguished Service Professor of American History.Dr. Robert J. Hasterlik, Professor ofMedicine, and two other doctors dis-cussed problems and récent advances inmédical science on December 31 on TheUniversity of Chicago Round Table télévision program. Appearing with Dr. Hasterlik were Dr. Roderick W. Childers,Assistant Professor of Medicine, at Chicago, and Dr. Clinton S. McGill, président of the Multnomah County MédicalSociety of Portland, Oregon.Michael E. Claffey has been appointedDirector of Public Information, and Assistant to the Vice-Président for Development and Public Affairs. Claffey, who hasbeen at the University since 1964, hasserved as director of development publi cations and has been editor of ChicagoToday, the University's award-winninggénéral circulation quarterly. He is agraduate of Adelphi Collège and holdsan SM degree from Columbia University.Claffey is responsible for the PublicRelations Office, which continues to oper-ate under the direct supervision of CariW. Larsen;* the Radio and TélévisionOffice, operating at the direction ofJonathan Kleinbard; administrative services of the Development and PublicAffairs Department, operating under thedirection of Albert M. Ostoya; the SpécialEvents Office; Community Relations; andother related activities. Also, he continuesto be responsible for development publications.Robert M. Grant, Professor of NewTestament and Early Christianity, wasone of six theologians invited to présentpapers at the annual meeting of theSociety of Biblical Literature at UnionTheological Seminary in New York Cityon December 28-29. The other five invited to présent papers included NormanPerrin, Associate Professor of New Testament; Frank W. Beare, PhD'45, Toronto,Canada; and Ernest C. Colwell, PhD'30,School of Theology at Claremont Collège.Colwell was Dean of the University'sDivinity School from 1939 to 1945 andwas Président from 1945 to 1951. At thattime the chief executive officer was theChancellor.Dr. Charles B. Huggins, 1966 NobelLauréate in Physiology and Medicine, onJanuary 9 discussed "The Business ofDiscovery" in Hutchinson Commons atthe last of the current séries of dinnersfor freshman students. Dr. Huggins isthe William B. Ogden Distinguished Service Professor of Surgery and Directorof the Ben May Laboratory for CancerResearch. The dinners were inauguratedin 1967 to introduce freshmen in the un-dergraduate Collège of the University tothe varied intellectual opportunities onthe campus. They hâve been made possible by a grant from Mr. and Mrs.Robert Pollak. Mr. Pollak is an alumnus,class of '24. Harry Kalven, Jr., Professor of Lawand co- author of The American JUndiscussed "The Suprême Court as Legis!lator" with two other Chicago professorson a récent University of Chicago RoundTable télévision program. Appearing withKalven were Philip B. Kurland, Professorof Law and editor of The Suprême CourtReview, and Ralph Lerner, Associate Pro-fessor of Social Sciences and an expert onAmerican political thought and constitu-tional law. Kenneth J. Northcott, Professor and Secretary in the Departmentof Germanie Languages and Literaturesand Dean of Students in the Division ofthe Humanities, is moderator of theRound Table séries.Edward H. Levi, Provost and Président-Designate of the University, spoke on"The University, the Professions, and theLaw" at the dedication of the EarlWarren Légal Center, University of California at Berkeley, January 2.Dr. Frank W. Newell, Professor andChairman of the Division of Ophthal-mology in the Department of Surgery,presented testimony to the Interstate andForeign Commerce Committee of theUnited States House of Représentativeson the need to establish a National EyeInstitute. Dr. Newell pointed out that eyedisease research presently is coupled arti-ficially with research on neurological dis-eases. The study of blinding eye disease,he said, constitutes an independent field,and there is little likelihood that researchcan be extended, expanded, and appliedunless an independent institute is estab-lished.Edward Wasiolek, Professor of Slavicand Comparative Literature and Chairman of the Committee on ComparativeStudies in Literature, is editor of TheNotebooks for "The Idiot" (Universityof Chicago Press), translated by Katha-rine Strelsky. This is the second volumein the English-language éditions of Dos-toevsky's notebooks which are being editedand introduced by Wasiolek. The Notebooks for "Crime and Punishment," whichWasiolek translated, were published inMarch, 1967.24CLUBNEWSAssistant Alumni DirectorGordon O. Watson, MBA'66, formerAssistant Dean of Students in the Business School, has joined the Associationstaff as Assistant Director of Alumni Affairs. He is a graduate of Colgate University and was a publishing assistantwith Time, Inc., since receiving his MBAfrom the Business School in 1966. Watson was born in Evanston, 111., and grewup in Winnetka, another Chicago suburb.C. Ranlet Lincoln, Director of AlumniAffairs, said: "Gordon Watson is a verycapable and energetic young alumnus. Asthe current Campaign for Chicago movesinto its final phase during this year, alumniinterest and involvement with the University is increasing steadily. Watson'swork with the many alumni clubs in citiesaround the country will be most helpfulto them."DétroitGeorge R. Hughes, Professor of Egyp-tology and Associate Director of the Oriental Institute, introduced and commentedon the award-winning film, "The Egyp-tologists," at Helen DeRoy Auditoriumat Wayne State University on November16. After the film, a réception for Hugheswas held at the International Inn.Prospective students from seven citiesattended parties hosted by alumni onDecember 27, 28, and 29. The studentsmet small groups of alumni, local undergraduates home for the holidays, an admissions officiai, and a faculty member.The parties were held at the followingsites: Boston, at the home of Mr. andMrs. William H. Frederickson; Milwau-kee, at the home of Robert J. Greene-baum; Minneapolis/St. Paul, at the homeof Donald B. Smith, hosted by Dr. VernonE. Oison; Washington, at the home ofWilliam P. MacCracken, Jr., hosted byMrs. Emily R. Strand; Denver, at thehome of Leslie A. Gross; Philadelphia,at the home of Mr. and Mrs. Harold S.Laden; Pittsburgh, at the Collège Club,hosted by Mrs. Richard E. Wendt, Jr. Gordon O. WatsonCOMING EVENTSDallas: Mardi 21Yale Brozen, Professor in the GraduateSchool of Business, will address alumni.New York: March 23The Contemporary Chamber Playerswill présent a concert of works of StepanWolpe at Town Hall. The Players areunder the direction of Ralph Shapey, Associate Professor in the Department ofMusic.Houston: March 27Président George W. Beadle will address alumni.New York: April 19James H. Lorie, Professor of Business Administration in the Graduate School ofBusiness, will speak. Lorie, who is Director of the Center for Research inSecurity Priées (sponsored by Merrill,Lynch, Pierce, Fenner, and Smith, Inc.)is an expert on the stock market.Chicago: April 20The Contemporary Chamber Players,under the direction of Ralph Shapey,Associate Professor in the Department ofMusic, will présent Shapey's "Partita—Fantasy for Cello and 16 Instruments"Shapey's work, to be premiered on thepreceding evening, is a Koussevitzky Commission for the Library of Congress. Inthe second part of the program the CCPwill présent a full-stage performance ofIgor Stravinsky's ballet, "Histoire duSoldat." A réception for alumni and per-formers will follow.Détroit: April 23Arnold R. Weber, Professor and Director of Research in the Graduate Schoolof Business, will address alumni.San Francisco: May 3Joshua C. Taylor, the William RaineyHarper Professor of Humanities in theCollège and Professor in the Departmentof Art, will be guest speaker.Los Angeles: May 4Hans J. Morgenthau, the Albert A.Michelson Distinguished Service Professorin the Departments of Political Scienceand History, and Director of the Centerfor Study of American Foreign and Military Policy, will address alumni.Omaha: May 17Joshua C. Taylor, the William RaineyHarper Professor of Humanities in theCollège and Professor in the Departmentof Art, will speak to alumni.For information on coming events, orfor assistance in planning an event in yourcommunity with a guest speaker from theUniversity, contact (Mrs.) Jane Steele,Program Director, The University of Chicago Alumni Association, 5733 UniversityAvenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, MI3-0800, ext. 4291.25Alumni News07Edward W. Allen, X'07, a Seattle at-torney and internationally known author-ity on maritime law, has been cited byWisconsin State University's OshkoshAlumni Association for his accomplish-ments in the maritime law field.22Elijah L. Jacobs, AM'22, has been appointed visiting professor of English atIndiana Central Collège, Indianapolis,Ind.28Mildred McAfee Horton, AM*28,former head of Wellesley Collège andwartime director of the Waves, addressedthe 1967 convention of the New Hamp-shire Fédération of Business and Profes-sional Women's Clubs in White Field,N.H. 33Jacob Adler, SB'33, has edited theJournal of Prince Alexander Liholiho(later Hawaiian King Kamehameha IV),published by the University of HawaiiPress and printed by The University ofChicago Press. Adler is a trustée of theHawaiian Historical Society and a professor in the collège of business administration, University of Hawaii.Mrs. George F. Bradfield, PhB'33, hasretired from the Evanston elementaryschools, District 65, after forty-one yearsof teaching children with learning disa-bilities in Illinois.Louis B. Newman, MD'33, has beenawarded a National Rehabilitation Citation on behalf of the National Organiza-tion of The American Légion.36 ~"Jay Berwanger, '36, président of HoodSponge Rubber Co., was written up in aNovember 27 Newsweek sports article en-titled "Where Are They Now?" Berwanger, the former star halfback for theMaroons, won the first Heisman trophy in 1935 and was the first collège playerdrafted by the professionals. He turneddown a Chicago Bears offer to go intobusiness.Jean Burden, AB'36, a'poet, teacher,and critic, has written a new book, JourneyInto Poetry (October House) .C. Taylor Whittier, AB'36, AM'38,PhD'48, former superintendent of schoolsin Philadelphia, has been named executivedirector of the Central Atlantic RégionalEducational Laboratory, a federally-funded agency that does research on educational problems.Joseph P. Witherspoon, AB'36, has beenappointed visiting professor of law-in-résidence at Southern Methodist University School of Law, Dallas, Tex.39Howard Greenlee, AB'39, AM'41, professor of history at Tuskegee Institute inAlabama, has been named dean of Tuske-gee's collège of arts and sciences.Wilmer Lamar, AB'39, a University ofIllinois Lecturer in English, has beennamed the first executive secretary of theIllinois Association of Teachers of English.42Richard V. Andrée, '42, chairman ofthe Department of Mathematics and As-tronomy at the University of Oklahomaat Norman, was named a vice-chairmanin the Mathematics Division of the American Society of Engineering Education for1967-68.George S. Benton, '42, PhD'47, formerdirector of the Institutes for Environmen-tal Research, Environmental Science Services Administration, Boulder, Colo., hasbeen named professor-adjoint of astro-geophysics at the University of Coloradoin Boulder.Victor M. Blanco, '42, former directorof astrometry and astrophysics at the U.S.Naval Observatory, Washington, D.C., hasbeen named director of the Cerro TololoInter- American Observatory in Chile.Jerry C. Glover, '42, chief of the Satel lite Opérations Division at the U.S. De-partment of Commerce's EnvironmentalScience Services Administration in Suit-land, Md., has been selected to participatein the Department's Science and Technology Fellowship Program for 1967-68,William Hered, '42, SM'53, associateprofessor of chemistry at Indiana University's Northwest Campus in Gary, Ind.,has been appointed to the InternationalScience Committee of UNESCO.John B. Howard, JD'42, a former director of the Ford Foundation's InternationalTraining and Research Program, has beennamed président ôf the International LégalCenter. Aided by American philanthropiefoundations, the center aims primarily athelping developing nations to strengthentheir Systems of law.46E. Théodore Bachmann, PhD'46, executive secretary of the Board of Theologi-cal Education for the Lutheran Church inAmerica, spoke on "Which Way Theo-logical Education?" at a récent installationprogram at Wittenberg University, Spring-field, Ohio.Mary K. Eakin, BLS'46, AM'54, libra-rian of the youth collection at the StateCollège of Iowa, has been appointed aconsultant in the compilation of a newlist of books for elementary schools bythe American Library Association.John E. Felible, DB'46, former ministerat the Plymouth Congregational Churchin Seattle has been appointed minister ofthe Plymouth Congregational Church ofLawrence, Kans.Edgar Z. Friedenberg, PhD'46, a notedsociologist and author, has been namedprofessor of éducation and sociology atthe University of Buffalo (N.Y.)Elsie M. Lewis, PhD'46, head of thehistory départaient at Howard Universityin Washington, D.C., has been appointedto Postmaster General Lawrence F.O'Brien's Stamp Advisory Committee.Sébastian V. Martorana, AB'46, PhD'-48, executive dean for two-year collègesin the State University of New York, was26the principal speaker at the Ulster County(N.Y.) Community Collège summer commencement.Guido Munch, PhD'46, professor ofastronomy at the California Institute ofTechnology in Pasadena, and staff member of the Mt. Wilson and Palomar Ob-servatories, has been elected to the National Academy of Sciences.Jaroslav Jan Pelikan, PhD'46, a professor at the Yale Divinity School, has beenawarded an honorary LLD at Keuka Collège, Keuka Park, N.Y.Mrs. Norbert Rosenthal, A M '46, an au-thority on the éducation of gifted children,was the featured speaker at the springcommencement exercises at Monte Cas-sino High School, Tulsa, Okla.47Albert R. Hibbs, SM'47, senior staffscientist at Jet Propulsion Laboratory,California Institute of Technology, wrotean article, "Space Technology and Designof Earthquake-Resistant Structures," forthe May issue of Astronautics and Aero-nautics.Robert L. Miller, PhB'47, SB'49, SM-'51, a former teacher at Oak Park-RiverForest (111.) high school, has been awardeda Ford Foundation grant for study and research at New York University for 1967-68.Termite B. Redmond, MBA'47, hasbeen named manager of the Sait LakeCity sales région of the American OilCompany.Elroy L. Rice, PhD'47, professor ofbotany at the University of Oklahoma,has been conducting a research projectsupported by a grant from the NationalScience Foundation at the University onplant succession in territory deserted byman. The project's title is "War of thePlants."William H. Robinson, AM'47, formerprogram consultant for the Social WelfareDepartment of the Church Fédération ofGreater Chicago, has been appointed todirect the Cook County (111.) departmentof public aid. Charles H. TylerBernard B. Stone, AB'47, AM'48, PhD-'65, former history teacher at Taft HighSchool in Chicago, has been appointedteacher of European history at Collège ofDuPage (111.).Charles H. Tyler, SB'47, former Chiefof Opérations Research in Data Processingat General Mills in Minneapolis, has beennamed Assistant Chief of the U.S. Geo-logical Survey's Computer Center Division in Washington.49 ~Mrs. Robert Heyen, BSS'49, socialworker at the Paul Watkins MémorialMethodist Home in Winona, Minn., at-tended a summer institute at the School ofSocial Service Administration at The University of Chicago.William H. Johnson, '49, PhD'52, chairman of the Biology Department at Rens-selaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.,spoke on "Impression of Science in East-ern Europe" at a récent Table Talk meeting held in the YWCA of Schenectady,sponsored by community groups interestedin international affairs.Carson McGuire, PhD'49, professor ofeducational psychology at the Universityof Texas, delivered the third address of thecurrent Social Science Colloquium Sérieson March 15, 1967, at West Virginia University. He spoke on "The Inévitable Hu-man Encounter as a Unifying Concept forthe Behavorial Sciences."James K. Olsen, JD'49, former dean ofthe Honors Collège and professor of political science at Kent (Ohio) State University, has been named dean of the Collègeof Arts and Sciences at Illinois State University, Normal, 111.William Siekman, PhB'49, has beennamed manager of Riverbank AcousticalLaboratories, Geneva, 111.John C. Weiner, Jr., '49, has been namedprésident and principal operating officerat Moody's Investors Service, Inc., a sub-sidiary of Dun & Bradstreet, Inc.iïJohn Golden, AM'51, former State Department research executive, has been ap- Hugh N. Jones Roger R. Morsepointed director of the Stanford ResearchInstitute, Washington, D.C.Morris Haimowitz, PhD'5 1, director ofadult and continuing éducation for Chicago City collège, spoke on "Teaching in theMetropolitan Area of Chicago in 1968" ata récent meeting and orientation programfor new teachers in the Skokie, 111., schooldistrict.Hugh N. Jones, AM'5 1, former directorof public relations for the American Collège of Radiology in Chicago, has beennamed a vice président at J. Walter Thompson Co. in New York City.Thaddeus P. Kawalek, AM'51, PhD'59,has been named Président of the ChicagoCollège of Osteopathy.Roger R. Morse, '51, has been namedassistant gênerai counsel of the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co., Mil-waukee.Charles Nauts, '51, JD'56, has beennamed Illinois Division Counsel of PioneerNational Title Insurance Company, Chicago.Allen O. Pfnister, AM'51, PhD'5 5, acurriculum consultant from WittenbergUniversity, Springfield, Ohio, led discussions on curriculum revision during theannual faculty institute of the Collège ofSt. Scholastica, Duluth, Minn.William H. Warren, AM'51, has beennamed dean of the faculty at AntiochCollège, Yellow Springs, Ohio.Boris E. Yarotsky, MBA'51, has beenpromoted to administrative assistant tothe président of Crucible Steel Co. in Pitts-burgh.53Rufus A. Berdish, '53, took part in adiscussion of the controversial Japanesefilm, Woman in the Dunes, at the FilmFestival of the Oakland (Mich.) Community Collège last summer.Peter C. Donshik, '53, was married lastspring to Ellen S. Philips of Mount Ver-non, N.Y. They are fourth year studentsat New York Médical Collège in NewYork City.Arthur S. Elstein, '53, AM'56, PhD'60,has been named lecturer in psychology at27Grover Hansen Kenneth S. Carlson F. Quinn Stepan Gary F. HoffmanDouglas MacNaugton, PhD'56, hasbeen named chairman of the philosophyand religion department at Adrian (Mich.)Collège.Harold V. Smith, MB"A'56, a lieutenantcolonel in the U.S. Atr Force, was awardedthe U.S. Air Force Commendation Medalat Wright-Patterson Air Force Base at aceremony "honoring his retirement aftertwenty-three years of military service.Newton (Mass.) Collège of The SacredHeart.Herbert M. Greenberg, PhD'5 3, director of the Rochester, N.Y., City SchoolDistrict's department of parent éducationand child development, has been appointed executive director of Action fora Better Community.Brindell Horelick, SM'53, was awardeda PhD from Wesleyan University, Mid-dletown, Conn., at its June commencement exercises.Ruthe Karlin, '53, of Willmette, 111.,demonstrated potting on the wheel at theCountryside Art Center's Spring Festivalin Arlington Heights, 111.Joël Lehrfield, AM'53, spoke on "TheProblem of Jewish Identity" at a récentluncheon meeting of the Ladies Auxiliaryof Agudas Achim Synagogue, Chicago,m.Philip B. Lyons, '53, AB'61, AM'63, afaculty member of the University of Illinois, was married to Ann Hillyer Médinaof New York in June, 1967. They areliving in Chicago.Sumio Matsuda, AM'53, an instructorat East Los Angeles (Calif.) Collège, hasbeen awarded a PhD in English by theUniversity of Southern California.Milton H. Polin, AM'53, spoke on "Dr.Chaim Weizmann and Practical Zionism"in a lecture séries sponsored by the St.Louis Zionist District at Shaare ZedekSynagogue, St. Louis, Mo.Walter I. Pozen, AB'53, JD'56, formerassistant to Interior Secretary Stewart L.Udall, has been named head of the Washington law office of Stroock & Stroock &Lavan of New York and Paris.Burnett H. Radosh, AB'53, a major inthe U.S. Army, was awarded the BronzeStar Medal and the Air Medal on July 12,1967, while serving with the lst LogisticalCommand in Saigon, Vietnam. 56Grover Hansen, MBA'56, has beennamed a senior vice président in charge ofadministration at First Fédéral Savingsand Loan Association, Chicago. 58Wade Arends, AM'58, coordinator ofstate and fédéral programs for the SouthCook County (111.) Education Development Co-operative, was named assistantsuperintendent in charge of state and fédéral programs for the County superinten-dent's office, July 1, 1967.Perry A. Biolor, AM'58, a formerteacher at Northeastern University in Boston, has been named an assistant professorof anthropology at Monmouth Collège,West Long Branch, N.J.Kenneth S. Carlson, MBA'58, formerproduction control manager for R. R.Donnelley & Sons, has been named viceprésident in charge of the Chicago officeof Booz, Allen & Hamilton, managementconsultants. 61Dan Cosgrove, '61, a captain in theU.S. Army, is head of an advisory teamstationed at Sa Dec, South Vietnam. TheElmhurst, 111., Press— his hometown pa-per — said that the Viet Cong had put aprice of 80,000 piasters (about $1,000) onhis head.John L. Hunt, MB A '61 , a major in theU.S. Air Force, was awarded the U.S. AirForce Commendation Medal at his retirement ceremony at Shaw Air ForceBase in South Carolina. Major Hunt is avétéran of twenty-one years of militaryservice.Mark Kesselman, A M '61. PhD'65, assistant professor of Government at Columbia University in New York City, has written a new book, The A mbiguous Consensus: A Study of Local Government in France (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc.).David M. Koenig, '61, an instructor inchemical engineering at Catholic University of America, Washington, D.C., wrotean article, "Invariant Imbedding: NewDesign Method In Unit Opérations," forthe September issue of Chemical Engùneering.63C. Dean Allen, PhD'63, has been appointed to the state 4-H department atVirginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg,Va.Edwin B. Firmage, JD'63, LLM'64,JSD'64, assistant professor of law at theUniversity of Utah, has been appointed tohead the Démocratie party's research andpublications committee for the State ofUtah.Richard W. Hoekstra, AM'63, has beenappointed supervisor of county servicesfor the eight-county district of the Wis-consin State Welfare Department's Division for Children and Youth in WisconsinRapids.David J. Koester, MBA'63, has beenpromoted to senior investment analyst inthe Prudential Insurance Co.'s bond department in Newark, N.J.Joe G. Lineberger, MBA'63, a major inthe U.S. Air Force, was graduated fromthe Air Command and Staff Collège atMaxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery,Ala., in June, 1967.Lowell J. Miller, '63, SM'65, has beennamed an instructor in Chemistry atBloomfield (N.J.) Collège.Daniel J. Silver, PhD'63, a rabbi, hasbeen elected président of the NationalFoundation for Jewish Culture in Cleve-land.F. Quinn Stepan, MBA'63, has beennamed vice président of corporate planning for the Stepan Chemical Company,Northfield, 111.65Gary F. Hoffman, MD'65, a captain inthe U.S. Air Force, has been awarded theAir Medal at Bien Hoa Air Base in Viet-28Mcmorialsnam f°r meritorious achievement as anaerospace médical officer.Marshall M. Jacobson, AM'65, has beennamed Assistant Director of the JewishFédération and Council in Kansas City,Mo.Robert J. Krug, MBA'65, former assistant administrator of St. George Hospital,Chicago, has been named assistant director of the Louis A. Weiss Mémorial Hospital in Chicago.66Frederick M. Asher, AM'66, has beenappointed instructor of art at Lake Forest(111.) Collège.Vern L. Bengtson, AM'66, PhD'67, re-ceived a dual appointment as assistant professor in the University of Southern California Department of Sociology and An-thropology and research associate withUSC's Rossmoor-Cortese Institute for theStudy of Retirement and Aging.Nicholas H. Charney, PhD'66, is theeditor and publisher of a new color-illus-trated monthly, Psychology Today, designed to bridge the gap between the lay-man and the professional in psychology.The first issue came out last May.Roger C. Ganobcik, JD'66, a privatein the U.S. Army, completed advanced in-fantry training at Ft. McClellan, Ala., thissummer. 67Sarah Gerling, '67, is doing graduatework at Stanford University after com-pleting a hiking tour of England, Wales,and Ireland last summer.Eric D. Joseph, '67, recently was grad-uated from a VISTA Training Program atSt. Edward's University in Austin, Tex.As a Volunter in Service to America, hewill be working in Eagle Pass, Tex., withjhe Wintergarden Tri-County Committee,hic., for community development.Andrew K. Saranchock, Jr., MBA'67,has joined the Rohm and Haas Companyof Philadelphia, a manufacturer of chem-lca|s and plastics, as a trainee in its finançai division. Albert E. Broene, AB'98, professoremeritus at Calvin Collège, Grand Rap-ids, Mich., died Oct. 18, 1967.Victor H. Kulp, PhB'05, JD'09, teacherand légal scholar at the University ofOklahoma, died May 18, 1967.John F. Moulds, PhB'07, retired executive for Pomona Collège, Claremont, California, and former trustée of the BaptistTheological Union, Chicago, died January 17, 1968.Edna Kline Balcomb, PhB'08, of NewBloomfield, Pa., died Aug. 30, 1967.Harriet E. Grim, PhB'08, a retiredspeech professor at the University ofWisconsin, died Sept. 7, 1967.Merrill C. Meigs, X'08, former Chicago newspaper publisher and aviationpioneer for whom Meigs Field in Chicagois named, died January 25, 1968. Meigshad been publisher of the old ChicagoHerald and Examiner, gênerai managerof the Chicago Evening American, and avice président of the Hearst Corporation.James H. Skiles, Sr., MD'10, a retired physician in Oak Park, 111., diedDec. 10, 1967.Florence E. Clark, PhB'12, AM'36,died Sept. 3, 1967.Mrs. William K. Farrell, '13, of EastOrange, N.J., died Oct. 8, 1967.George R. Murray, LLB'14, an at-torney, died Sept. 14, 1967.Lydia Lee Pearce, PhB'14, former président of the Pomona (Calif.) ValleyUnited Nations Association, died Nov.21, 1967.Florence G. Billig, '15, a noted scienceeducator and retired professor at WayneState University, died June 6, 1967.Harriet Curry Oleson, PhB'18, of Sara-sota, Fia., died Nov. 4, 1967. She issurvived by her husband, Wrisley, PhB'18and son Dunlap W. Oleson, '44, MD'46.Leslie Quant, AM'20, PhD'44, retiredprofessor of éducation and educationalpsychology at Xavier University, NewOrléans, La., died Dec. 23, 1967.Thane T. Swartz, PhB'22, JD'24, anattorney, died Oct. 13, 1967.Hill Blackett, PhB'23, retired présidentof Hill Blackett & Co., a Chicago adver tising agency, died Dec. 6, 1967.Ethel Harris Nagle, '23, a biology andphysiology teacher at Manual High School,Kansas City, Mo., died Sept. 15, 1967.Ralph A. Hefner, SM'27, PhD'31, diedJune 30, 1967.Agnes L. O'Hare, '28, a former teacherin the Milwaukee public schools, diedMay 26, 1966.Anson L. Clark, MD'29, head of theSection of Spécial Urology at MayoClinic, Rochester, Minn., died Sept. 14,1967.Helen Walter Munsert, PhB'29, formerhearing examiner for the Illinois Commerce Commission, died June 28, 1967.Irwin N. Cohen, LLB'30, an Illinoiscircuit court judge, died Oct. 5, 1967.Eleanor Aldrin Waterman, PhB'30, diedMay 1, 1967.Loretta H. O'Connell, '31, head of themathematics department at Marshall HighSchool in Chicago and a teacher in theChicago school system for forty-five years,died July 3, 1967.William E. Gist, PhB'32, a deputy régional administrator of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development for the Midwest, died Aug. 27,1967.Irwin L. Polakofï, PhB'32, présidentof Shelby Manufacturing Co., has died.Ralph R. Shrader, AM'33, a formernational administrative leader of theUnited Church of Christ in Boston, diedMay 1, 1967.James R. Branton, PhD'34, a ColgateRochester Divinity School professor andpastor of Waring Baptist Church, diedSept. 12, 1967.Mrs. Ernest R. Lavers, PhB'34, ofTomahawk, Wis., was killed in an automobile accident on Apr. 10, 1967.Aurelin M. Gastfield, PhB'35, diedMay 19, 1967.Robert I. Livingston, '35, JD'37, former président and director of Walter E.Heller & Co., management consultants,in New York City, has died.Orvis A. Schmidt, X'39, died Nov. 20,1967.29ProfilesNorman GolbNorman Golb, Associate Professor ofMédiéval Jewish Studies, was planning togo to Egypt last summer to study the excellent relations between Jews and Arabsin Fatimid Egypt in the eleventh andtwelfth centuries. The Middle East warforced cancellation of his plans — but itwas not the first time that Arab-Israelitensions had held up his research.In 1955-57 Golb was secretary of theInstitute of Jewish Studies at the HebrewUniversity of Jérusalem. "Even duringthe Sinai campaign, Jérusalem was thequietest city in the world. But there wèreterribly frustrating limitations on my work.The American School of Oriental Research and the Rockefeller Muséum werejust across an artificial border, off-limitsto Jews. I could see them from a distance,but couldn't go there."Golb is an authority on the Jews ofthe Middle Ages, the focus for his studiesof "man in the past." His linguistic andscholarly abilities, combined with whathe calls "luck" and "good eyesight," hâvebeen responsible for a number of important finds. His capacity for keeping toan astonishingly full working schedulemay hâve contributed hère, too. But longhours are old sturT to him.Norman Golb was born in January,1928. His father and mother had bothemigrated from Russia as children, andGolb grew up in Albany Park in Chicago,which he describes as a 'stable; plain,ordinary, middle-class Jewish neighbor-hood." Through his parents' encouragement, he developed an early interest inmusic and Hebrew culture and literature.Golb began crowding his schedule inhis teens when he attended RooseveltHigh School during the day and a Jewishhigh school in late afternoon, where hestudied Hebrew literature and the OldTestament. "The greatness of the languageand literature attracted me. My secondschool was a rich expérience, beside whichpublic school studies seemed to pale." Golb studied at Chicago Junior Collège, then at Roosevelt Collège, and si-multaneously took night courses at theCollège of Jewish Studies. He also helddown a succession of jobs, includingteaching at a Jewish school and counsel-ling at a summer camp.In his "spare time" he became goodenough in tennis to reach the finals ofthe state junior collège tennis champion-ships in 1947. "It was the apex of mytennis career, and I've been going down-hill ever since," says Golb, a little ruefully.In 1948, Golb received an AB fromRoosevelt Collège and a Bachelor ofHebrew Literature from the Collège ofJewish Studies. The following year hebegan studies at The University of Chi-cago's Oriental Institute, where he wasmuch impressed with the scholarly methodand the prof essors."Raymond Bowman taught me paléographie method in the reading of inscriptions. His stress upon the importance ofsingle words, even single letters, hashelped me tremendously in the study ofmanuscripts. William Irwin's method inbiblical literature was a révélation to me.I learned to look for the movement ofthought, to try to find out, in a morass ofwords, what the writer was in fact at-tempting to say. Irwin was a great hu-manist, a man of style and philosophiedepth. Gustave von Grunebaum taughtme Arabie and Islande literature. Heemphasized the close analysis of texts,and extrême care in translation." The lateRalph Marcus took a personal interest inGolb's work and later encouraged him topursue a career in Hebrew scholarship.During his second year at Chicago,Golb married Ruth Magid, whom he hadmet while both were students at Roosevelt and at the Collège of Jewish Studies.Soon thereafter, he left Chicago for JohnsHopkins to complète his doctorate.At Dropsie Collège, where he re-searched his dissertation, Golb studiedunder S. D. Goitein, an outstanding his-torian and Arabie scholar on leave ofabsence from the Hebrew University ofJérusalem. Golb began an intensive study of the Cairo Genizah, a collection 0fJewish documents from the middle age$largely because of Goitein's influence. 'When Goitein returned to JérusalemGolb, like the médiéval students whowould follow their professors from oneschool to another, decided to go to theHebrew University. "Actually it was timefor me to go there. I wanted to do inten.sive work on the Arabic-speaking Jewsand this was the best place for it." Golbgot a Warburg Fellowship (he's also hadtwo Guggenheims) and set off for Israëlwith his wife and two children."The two years in Jérusalem wereamong the best of my life. We had manyfriends there, and I had several outstanding teachers, among them Goitein andD. H. Baneth, who's not very well known,except among specialists, but is really thedean of Arabie scholars in Jérusalem."Baneth's classes were held mostly inhis house, his few students seated arounda small table. I began to see what philo-logical method could mean for the studyof history. Although my doctoral dissertation had been on the Qumran (DeadSea) Scrolls, I was by then concentratingalmost exclusively on the Cairo Genizahdocuments."On the return trip to the States, theGolbs visited Cambridge, England, wherethousands of fragments of the Genizahcollection are kept in the University library. Golb taught Semitic and Hebrewstudies at the University of Wisconsinfor a year and at the Hebrew Union Collège in Cincinnati for five years beforejoining Chicago's Department of NearEastern Languages and Civilizations inJuly, 1963. He and his wife and theirthree children now live in a spacious oldhome on Blackstone Avenue near theUniversity. Mrs. Golb has resumed herstudies in éducation at Roosevelt University and the two older children are en-rolled in University High School. Joël,17, is a senior and Judy, 15, is a junior.Raphaël (RofiT), 8, is in the second gradeat the Ray Elementary School.Golb describes The University of Chicago as "the best of ail possible worlds'30for him. The Oriental Institute, where hisoffice is located, is a center for scholarsfrom ail areas of Semitic learning. He hastime for research, is generally free totravel, and teaches two courses a quarteron the analysis of Hebrew texts. Eachyear he offers a reading course on oneof the Qumran texts.His teaching, like his research, is con-ducted along philological lines. Theclasses, mostly textual seminars, are heldin his office.Golb often receives inquiries or re-quests to speak on questions of Jewishhistory. But he demurs on anything out-side the Middle Ages.He considers himself a humanist witha spécial interest in médiéval Jewish his-tory-but one whose goal is "catholicrather than parochial. I'm not an apologist,and in my research I don't try to provethe rightness or wrongness of any group-Jews, Muslims, or Christians. My job's to explore, to show how the Jewsfunctioned during a spécifie period oftime. Facts speak for themselves. Mypurpose is to analyze texts word forWord, eke out the meaning, and get astruthful a picture as possible. The mis-reading of a critical word could be, and in past générations has been, disastrous.I try to avoid that at ail costs."Despite his interest in the past— orperhaps because of it— Golb is concernedwith problems of the présent. He is critical of the éducation American childrenreceive."I'm considered way off the track bymany people, but I'm in favor of theolder, traditional values of éducation. I'veobserved educational Systems in quite afew countries and feel that the youngpeople hère can accomplish a great dealmore than they do now. They don't learnenough about language and its signifleancein the formulation of ideas, and they hâveno clear sensé of the value of words.Contemporary éducation in literature, history, and the arts tends to be superficial.Science is of course important, but in myopinion, it does not in itself humanize."Education in the humanities, he says, al-ways should be "an intense expérience."Golb says that most historians under-emphasize the importance of Jewish people in history. "They represent an important aspect of humanity. They've hadthe unique expérience of living amongmany nations. But historians tend not toshow the inter-connections between the Jews and the other people of the countriesin which they lived. In some cities, asmuch as one-third of the population wasJewish during the earlier Middle Ages.Yet gênerai historical writing treats theJews, if at ail, in spécial chapters. Evenin books they've been ghettoized— al-though that was hardly their situationbefore the Crusades."Recently Golb succeeded in studying,with the aid of ultra-violet light, a courtdocument of 1020 A.D. previously classi-fied as illegible. The document mentionedthe son of a Sicilian silk merchant whohad been found guilty by the judges ofthe Jewish community of stealing somesilver ingots from another's inheritance.It turned out to be the earliest légal document of the Jews of Sicily. The document—written in Judaeo-Arabic (Arabie language in Hebrew script) — is importantbecause of its early date and because itshows that a community of Jews flourishedunder the Arabs in Syracuse, Sicily, con-siderably before the Norman conquest ofthe island in 1080. It also contained aJewish oath formula previously unknownfrom any other source.A tenth-century letter of recommenda-tion for a certain Jacob ben Hanukkah,a robbery victim in what is now SouthernRussia, has taken on new importancesince Golb showed that it stems from theKhazars, a powerful Turkic-speaking people in that area, who had converted torabbinical Judaism during the early middle âges. Golb deciphered the crucialgéographie name, "Kiev," appearing ob-scurely in the text, and the names signedto the letter.The letter "will allow scholars to geta new picture of the history of easternEurope during the tenth century," saidOmeljan Pritsak, Professor of TurkicLinguistics at Harvard University, who isnow working with Golb on the elucida-tion of the historié circumstances of thistext.To Golb, however, thèse discoveriesare only by-products of his research. Hismain concerri is the development ofbroad new thèmes in the history of the31> * **?! " ', ¦f- ' ' V '.•¦>¦.¦¦- i^: f-*v ¦ • '• ¦ 9 -m •• * ******** èf)^ *4?^»*?*^W•- l# ¦ L r .%¦^J^rf #**#>» «Wi^-îflUr * V.r$r. * .1 »v.v. . • -.,-••Y n ,/ v r 1 : •urTi,Twelfth-century Hebrew document, found ina synagogue in Egypt, showing médiéval Italian musical notation above Hebrew script.Golb identified the handwriting as that of Oba-diah the Prosélyte, an Italian convert to Juda-ism in the year 1102, who had lived in Cairo. V* *•médiéval Jews, and he has perused thou-sands of documents in quest of this goal.A few years ago he began publishingstudies on the Jews of médiéval Egypt.Some idea of his purpose can be culledfrom his introduction to that séries: "The Jews of médiéval Egypt were thheirs of a diaspora which stretched fromPelusium and Alexandria in the north,through teeming Memphis, and far Utthe Nile to Syene and the island seulement of Elephantine. Hère Onias builthis remarkable temple. . . . From hèrewent forth a new, Grecized Jewish learn-ing, which culminated in the teachings ofPhilo, and was thereafter, as suddenly asit had appeared, forgotten; and it washère that a great revolt fired the adhérentsof the Mosaic law and sent their massessurging against the Roman rulers of theland. Hère for centuries afterward livedthe proud and energetic people, shorn, tobe sure, of their former glory, yet neverabsent from the pages of the Nilotichistory that were to follow."Seen in this perspective, the Jewishcommunity of médiéval Egypt, whose history can be studied in keenest détailthanks to the documentary materials fromthe Cairo Genizah, represents not a newphenomenon, but the continuation of anethnie and cultural pattern which stretchedfar back in time. Already by the end ofthe fourth century A.D., the Jewish population of Egypt must hâve been structuredalong communal Unes, with officers andappointed religious functionaries, withHebrew the officiai language of communication. . . ."This fact, when coupled with therécognition that the neighboring land ofPalestine harbored a large and créativeJewish population ail through Byzantineand early Islamic times — a populationwhich certainly must hâve contributed toits fertile sister-country beyond the "Brookof Egypt"; and when further coupled withthe awareness, immediately upon the ap-pearance of the earliest historical documents from the Cairo Genizah (tenthcentury A.D.), of the full and variegateddevelopment of the Egyptian Jewish community of Fatimid times, makes manifestthe probability of the long and continuoushistory of the Jews of this country throughand despite political upheavals, culturalreorientation, and the assimilation of*fair proportion of the people. . . ?32archives LettersFebruary, 1893 — According to a reportby Président Harper, the University faculty consisted of 31 professors, 16 associate professors, 26 assistant professors,12 instructors, 9 tutors, 3 assistants, 6readers, 8 docents, and 61 fellows.In the lecture-study department of theUniversity Extension there were 53 lec-turers giving 52 courses at 40 locations,with 12,878 students in attendance. TheExtension also offered courses in its cor-respondence and class-work departments,with an additional 500 students.After considering and rejecting sites inLake Forest, 111., an artificial island inLake Michigan, and Washington Park,the University was investigating the suit-ability of Lake Geneva, Wis., as a location for Yerkes Observatory.The University Senate voted to abolishterm papers in favor of examinations.University News, the student paper, edi-torialized against the move, saying thatexaminations alone were not a fair testof knowledge.Fletcher Dobyns, national organizer ofcollège prohibition tempérance clubs, ad-dressed students in the chapel on February 6. The lecture was to stimulateinterest in the University's student prohibition lecture bureau, an organizationwhich promoted prohibition oratoricalcontests and provided collège men tospeak on tempérance to various groups.February, 1918 — Walter Payne, University Examiner, reported that 144 studentsout of the 2,304 enrolled in the Collègehad a grade average of A or better forthe previous quarter. Payne said that thiswas a twenty percent increase over theprevious year, indicating that, contraryto popular belief, the war was not dis-tracting students from their académiework.John Masefield, the controversial British poet and playwright, spoke to an over-flow crowd in Mandel Hall, February 14.Masefield was under rire from the American press for pacifistic tendencies, despitehis unequivocal statements on the need to fight the war through to the bitter end.The poet had spent time on the frontlines in France and had written of themisery of trench warfare and the tragédies visited upon the soldiers and theirfamilies on both the German and theAllied sides.Président Judson at the February 12Trustées' meeting read a report by theUnited States Commissioner of Educationshowing that Chicago was second in thenation in PhD's awarded during theacadémie year 1915-1916. The top teninstitutions and the number of degreesconferred: Columbia, 88; Chicago, 79;Harvard, 52; Yale, 50; Johns Hopkins,37; Wisconsin, 37; Cornell, 34; Illinois,33; Princeton, 27; California, 22.February, 1943 — The swimming team waslamenting the loss to the Air Corps ofsenior Bill Baugher, who had won theMen's Central A AU 110- Yard title inFebruary with a time of 54.7. The Maroonlabelled him the best swimmer in UChistory. Baugher had smashed ail varsityfree-style records and took an AAU titlein his first year and had been the team'stop scorer throughout his undergraduatedays. In récent months he had won ail sixevents in two Big-Ten meets, remarkablefeats for a man who was simultaneouslyworking six nights a week in a steel milland carrying a full académie load.Cap & Gown announced that it hadofficially ceased publication for the dura-tion of the war.The weekly Maroon de voted a page inits February 5 édition to a debate on acontroversy centering around charges thatit was devoting too much space— two ofits four pages— to sports.Letters accepted for publication aresubject to careful condensation. Addresscorrespondence to: Editor, The Universityof Chicago Magazine, 5733 UniversityAvenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637. "Those Were the Days" (continued)Gentlemen: Here's an open letter toAlan D. Whitney, '13, in response to hisin the December UCM.Dean Alan: Tut, tut— I'm shocked andsurprised. "No sex hanky-panky then andmighty few girls were good looking." Youmust hâve been presbyopic. Don't youremember Beth Fogg, lovely to this day,Jessie Heckman, Margaret Mitchell, HelenEarle, to name only a few. Even I verysecretly thought that I was "wholesome"and not entirely a waste of football ma-terial (as I overheard some friendly witdescribe me).Robert Pollak's article ["Those Werethe Days," October, 1967] was truly arejuvenator and made me want to takepen in hand, to add to it.Cheers Alan!Helen Dorcas Magee Marshall, '13Washington, D.C.OEO on SHOGentlemen: Many thanks for the December issue of your Magazine. The article on the Chicago Student Health Organization ["Students Versus Slums"] wasexcellent; a fine description of a fineprogram.(Mrs.) Edna RostowOffice of Economie OpportunityNo More PhD's, PleaseGentlemen: I'm grateful for the per-sisting efforts of the Magazine to awardme a PhD, the most récent attempt in theDecember, 1967, issue. Unfortunately,however, I didn't earn one in '63, or inany other year. Thanks anyway.Even without a doctorate, my forth-coming novel about a culture center, Jef-ferson Square (to be published in lateApril of this year) , has created a pleasantstir in the publishing industry, and hasalready had nine foreign sales, a paper-back resale, etc.The Magazine is good. Would that youcould expand class news notes.Noël B. Gerson, '34Waterford, Conn.33They S?'Vare thevery modelsof hislaterMajor-q Gênerais The régulation gentry at a croquet-crushAre people who hâve never y et been known to blush.I'U undertake to wager you that nine in tenAre over-dressed, opinionated, vain young men —Such very, very, very, very, vain young men,Such singularly silly and inane young men,And, in spite of ail their vanity and simpering inanity,Such very, very, very, very, plain young men!(Mrs. Pennythovne's song from No Carda)The wit and music of the timeless team, Gilbert and Sullivan,belongs to the world, but Gilbert "without" Sullivan? Yes, hèreit is — Gilbert Before Sullivan — a rare collection of one-act musi-cals that will delight casual admirers, scholars, and Savoyardsalike. Indeed, the cadences, characters, and thèmes are the veryseeds of the Savoy Opéras themselves !A Sensation Novel, Happy Arcadia, Ages Ago (complète score),No Cards, Eyes and No Eyes, and fresh-to-the-published-pageOur Island Home are charmingly illustrated by Gilbert himself.GILBERT BEFORE SULLIVANSix Comic Plays, by W. S. Gilbert. Edited by Jane W. Stedman.$6.95 at bookstoresEdited by Herbert DavisTHE COMPLETE PLAYS OF WILLIAM CONGREVE, unquestioned masterof prose dialogue in English comedy, appear in this scholarlytext based on the earliest printed quartos. Elucidating tex-tual notes. $12.50UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS