The University of Chicagomagazinet &*"Deccmbcr 1967^C 1/"•— *.^._-4vÛ#The University and Urban Problems&toi:... «. M*- vl^.N*v,*'**k"l<*The University of ChicagomagazineVolume LX Number 3December 1967Published since 1907 byTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI ASSOCIATION5733 University AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 643-0800, ext. 4291Fay Horton Sawyier, '44, PhD'64PrésidentC. Ranlet LincolnDirector of Alumni Aff airsConrad KulawasEditorREGIONAL OFFICES39 West 55 StreetNew York, New York 10019(212) 765-54801028 Connecticut Ave., Suite 618Washington, D.C. 20036(202) 296-37823600 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1510Los Angeles, California 90005(213) 387-2321485 Pacific AvenueSan Francisco, California 94133(415) 433-4050Subscriptions: one year, $5.00;three years, $13.00; fiveyears, $20.00; life, $100.00.Second-class postagepaid at Chicago, Illinois. Ailrights reserved. Copyright 1967 byThe University of Chicago Magazine. 121722 ARTICLESThe University and Urban Problems:Reports on Three ProjectsStudents Versus SlumsA student-run health project struggles with urban povertyWoodlawn Children's ClinicNew University pédiatrie f acilities in a ghetto settingJuvénile Justice and the Ghetto Law OfficeHenry W. McGee, Jr.'Now Don't Try to Reason with Me':Rhetoric Today, Left, Right, and CenterConclusion of a two-part article by Wayne C. BoothEducation and Information HandlingRalph W. GérardDEPARTMENTS24 Quadrangle News29 People32 Profiles34 Club News36 Alumni News43 Memorials44 Archives45 LettersThe University of Chicago magazine is published monthly, October through June, for alumniand the faculty of The University of Chicago. Letters and editorial contributions are welcomed.Front Cover: Children at the youth center of the First Presbyterian Church in Woodlawn.Inside Cover: The south gâte to Hull Court.Photography Crédits: Front cover, inside cover, and pages 3, 5, 6, 8-11, 26, and 27 by UosisJuodvalkis; pages 13 and 14 by James Smith; page 33 and left side of page 32 by David VanRiper; page 30 and right side of page 32 by Stan Karter; page 28 by Bob Langer, reprintedfrom the Chicago Sun-Times; pages 25, 34, and 35 by The University of Chicago.A stuclent-run health project strugglesStudents VersusA médical student arranged for removal of a bullet froma Negro gang member who had been carrying it for a year.A student nurse saw merchants overcharging Indians whowere newcomers to the city. A law student prevented theéviction of a family of thirteen with a hospitalized motherand the father out of work with a back injury.Last summer nearly a hundred students of medicine,dentistry, nursing, law, and social work left their clinicsand lecture halls to take a first-hand crack at the problemsof the urban poor in Chicago. The students shared thebelief that hospitals were not handling health problemsspringing from impoverished environments. They went intopoor Negro, Indian, Latin- American, and Appalachianwhite neighborhoods expecting to find things bad. Insteadthey found them unspeakable.They found their sophisticated professional trainingconstantly stymied by problems undreamt of in school. Awoman explained that she got pregnant because her birthcontrol pills had been eaten by roaches. A heart patientordered to eliminate exercise was found to be living onthe top floor of an elevatorless building. Countless sickbabies were found to corne from rat-infested, unheated,overcrowded homes where a lack of food and cleanlinessnegated attempts at médical treatment.The students' passionate eagerness to make improve-ments met head-on the ponderously slow caution of of-ficialdom. In most cases, eagerness lost. They were forcedto leam a bursting-at-the-seams patience and to use clever-ness rather than the directness of the classroom and lab-oratory. When the ten-week project was over, some wereembittered or discouraged, but most had strengthened theirdétermination to clean up the ghettos. And nearly ail feltthat they had traded in some illusions for a little wisdom.Dr. Robert G. Page, Associate Professor of Medicineand Associate Dean of the Division of Biological Sciences atThe University of Chicago, was faculty director of the Chicago project of the Student Health Organization (SHO).The project was set up to give students decision-makingresponsibility — to let them make their own mistakes, ifnecessary — so Page served more as a consultant than aboss. In the manner of the médical man, he was cautionswhen asked what was unique about students who joinedthe project, and what they got out of it. He said that thestudents showed unusual responsibility in translating ideas urban poverty:llumsinto action. But, he said, he would rather answer the question in ten years, when he could "see what the studentsare doing then.""Médical students in the past hâve tried to do the samethings, but on an individual basis. The Student Healthworkers were better organized.""I will say this though," Page said warmly. "In mytwenty years of teaching medicine, they're the damnedestbunch Fve seen."Jk he project was sponsored by The University of Chicago and the Student Health Organization of Chicago. Itwas funded by the Office of Economie Opportunity andthe Neighborhood Youth Corps. Similar projects werecarried out simultaneously in Los Angeles and New York.The 96 students in the Chicago project came from 32schools in 1 1 states, the District of Columbia, and Canada.The disciplines represented were medicine, 60; nursing,21; dentistry, 8; social work, 3; law, 3; and osteopathy, 1.From The University of Chicago were one social workstudent, two law students, and twelve médical students.Working with them, and vital to the project, were seventy-five high school "interns," almost ail of them ghetto résidents. Students received $90 a week and interns got $50.Many of the médical students had previous training insocial sciences or the humanities. One of them describedhis group as a bunch of "frustrated hurnanists." Fewshowed any hésitation about critieizing their médical training. A second-year student at Howard University MédicalSchool summed up a typical motive for joining the project:"I was studying in a people-oriented field, yet I wasn'tseeing enough people."One of the most dramatic health problems the studentsfaced was lead poisoning. To them its existence was sym-bolic of how médical people had f ailed to confront an issue.Lead poisoning usually occurs when children sufferingfrom uncontrollable hunger eat flakes of paint with a leadbase. An afflicted child may suffer from stomach crampsor nausea. Or he may show no symptoms, right up to theFacing Page: At a youth center of the First Presbyterian Church inChicago's Woodlawn community, south of the University campus.7te»««I Spm -* »time that the poisoning causes mental retardation.What is shocking about lead poisoning is that onlypublic apathy and lack of éducation prevent it from beingwiped out entirely. There are public facilities for leadscreening, which many poor people don't even know about.But more importantly, poor people do not know that theycan fight to force slum landlords to repaint apartmentswith lead-free paints.Students found that an outdated pamphlet on leadpoisoning put out by the Board of Health was reachingvery few people. They designed their own pamphlet, butit was rejected by the Board of Health for being amateurishand for using scare tactics. The students grumbled that itwas rejected because it urged readers to fight slum landlords; but they decided that half a loaf would be better thannone. A second, more conservatively-worded pamphlet wasaccepted. The students felt that the publicity given to meansof fighting lead poisoning was one of the project's majoraccomplishments.SL-Jome of the services that the students provided weresimple and routine. They furnished baby-sitters or trans-portation so that mothers could take children to hospitals.They did community surveys and follow-up home médicalcalls on patients discharged from hospitals.Other problems were not so simple. Richard Heinrich,a médical student from The University of Chicago, co-operated in an effort to teach six- to eight-year-old Negroghetto children who had been excused from school for ayear because of "emotional immaturity" or "mental in-capacity.""You can't exclude a child from school and leave himin an unstructured situation," says Heinrich. "He'll be nobetter at the end of the year."Heinrich found the children teachable. "Most were eitherhyperactive or very withdrawn. One girl couldn't speak aword when she started. In a few weeks, she was talking ailthe time. Some of the children used to throw tantrums butthey gradually learned that there were other more effectiveways of gaining attention."A number of children, those with brain damage, pre-sented a spécial problem. According to a conversation Heinrich had with a school superintendent, there are nowsix classrooms, each treating forty brain-damaged childrenin Chicago. However, there are 8,000 children who needtreatment."After diagnosis, there's almost nothing done for almostail of those children. So some of the workers at the FirstPresbyterian Church and I hâve started a school of our own.We work with about forty children."Heinrich fears that the Board of Education is pressuredby a coalition of real estate agents and businessmen and isnot doing nearly as much as it should for poor children.He bitterly suspects political agencies as unwilling to makeimprovements that might raise taxes and thus alienatevoters.In another épisode, Heinrich encountered a typical arrayof ghetto problems when he responded to the complaintsof two mothers about their apartments. Heinrich looked atthem and found them in a rat-infested, condemned building, with the electricity eut off. Windows were broken andunscreened. One three-week-old baby there had a température of over 103. Another child had blood in its stool andurine, while still another had problems walking.After getting médical attention for the children, Heinrich helped the mothers look for new apartments. He foundthe lists distributed by Public Aid outdated and useless.Real estate agencies charged application fées of as muchas thirty dollars, which neither woman could afïord. Bothwere on relief, and Heinrich found that each was receivingtwenty to thirty dollars a month less than she was en-titled to.Bill Waldman of the University of Illinois MédicalSchool and his wife, Judy, a graduate student in socialwork at The University of Chicago, saw many frustratingdelays in welfare work. A former caseworker told them thatpublic aid people simply can't cope with their growingpaperwork. According to the Waldmans and one of thelaw students on the project, the Department of Public Aidcould help welfare récipients greatly by withholding rentsfrom landlords whose buildings hâve code violations.Waldman says the forty percent turnover among welfarecaseworkers every year promotes a survival of the least fit."Many of the best caseworkers get discouraged and quit."One of the things that bothers Bill Waldman the mostabout public aid is that, although it will pay for médical4needs, it does not consider préventive medicine one ofthose needs.Most of the students feel that the welfare allowance forfood is not enough. Charles Scribner, a Chicago MédicalSchool student, found a welfare family eating canned catfood. The food allowance varies according to the numberof adults and children and the âges of the children; and anaverage allowance might be about twenty-six cents permeal. However, the law students found that welfare récipients could not afford to buy foods that the departmentrecommended.Students working in the Robert Taylor Homes, theworld's largest public housing development under onemanagement, said that the city was effectively disguisingits problems by tearing down slums to build "high-risegarbage cans." From a distance the Homes look almost toogood for poor people. But when one works in the area, thestudents say, it becomes apparent that the poor face thesame old problems: inadéquate laundry facilities, badplumbing (with one plumber for ail 4,415 apartments), in-cinerator chutes that make summers unbearable in thirty-two apartments in each of the twenty-eight buildings. Worst°f ail, the ghetto feeling prevails. Walls are scribbled, stair-*ays are dirty (and sometimes used as toilets), litter is everywhere. Nearly 4,500 families are jammed in an areathat, when it was formally considered a "slum," oncehoused 2,500. Children of ail âges play everywhere, theirshouts the only happy note in the otherwise grim surround-ings. ("They lose a kid a week from those balconies," saidthe director of a neighborhood légal services agency.) Thecrime rate for the area is one of the highest in the city.After working at the American Indian Center, BernadetteCeponis, a nursing student from Western Reserve University and Mike Stein and Dave Mittelman, médical students from the University of Illinois, feel that the Indianshâve a greater problem than the Negroes.They say that, whereas some Negroes hâve begun tosee hope and are fighting for their rights, the Indians— andAppalachian whites, too— don't even recognize that theyhâve a problem or that they are effectively beaten downby an oppressive environment.Actually, Indians are just as wary and suspicious ofwhites as Negroes are, largely as a resuit of their treatmenton réservations. Because of this, many Indians don't takeadvantage of existing health facilities. A nearby hospitalis equipped for lead-poisoning screening, but Indians don'tgo there. To them hospitals are only for emergencies.The Student Health workers found that the IndianBureau gave incoming Indians a fairly good orientation,upon their arrivai in the city, on everything but healthproblems. So the students worked up a health orientationprogram for the Bureau.The students found an administrative solution for aproblem that was beginning to worry the Indian Bureau.Doctors were unwilling to take poor Indians as patients,even though the Bureau would pay the bills. The studentsdiscovered that the Indians would spend the cash theyreceived rather than turn the money over to the doctors.The Bureau had been satisfied that the bills were paid, yetthe doctors were becoming more bitter. The obvious solution was to pay the doctors directly by check.Like many other students who found stores cheatingthe poor, Bernadette Ceponis found stores in Indianneighborhoods that didn't use price tags. One businessmanoffered to sell her a purse at what he said was half theprice he charged Indians. Everything from aspirin toclothes was higher for poor Indians than for middle-classwhites.5Three important features of the Chicago project werethe inclusion of law students, the idea of working exten-sively with indigenous community organizations, and theuse of high school interns.The three law students were Larry Bloom and PeterBonavich of The University of Chicago and Dan Sudran(a Chicago alumnus) of Northwestern. They examined themaze of welfare laws and prepared a report which willsave future project workers a great deal of time.The law students suggested practical steps to encouragemore doctors to work with the poor, possible actions thepoor could take to get their rights, and changes whichwould improve the welfare System. After their research inthe libraries, they worked with other students.Bloom became interested in Welfare Récipients DemandAction (WRDA), an organization with the militant nick-name, "warday." Half the members are Appalachianwhites and one fourth each are Negroes and Latin Ameri-cans. "The welfare System is considered a common andgreat enough enemy for thèse three groups to forget préjudice and fight together," says Bloom.Bloom began by providing transportation to and frommeetings, where at first he kept quiet. Gradually he beganmaking suggestions to the group. When he foresaw achange in welfare law- that affected WRDA members, thegroup was impressed and Bloom was able to work moreeÇectively within it.Some of the organizations that the students worked withwere politically independent, and soured city officiais heldup some of the project's funds for a while. Dr. Page andFitzhugh Mullan, a fourth-year médical student at TheUniversity of Chicago and the project's student director,led the fight to get the funds. Martin Luther King helpedby sending city officiais a strongly-worded telegram. Even-tually the students got their funds without compromising.They felt that this struggle at the beginning of the projecthelped them to become a stronger group.Working with community organizations and churchesproved to be the most effective way of reaching the poor,Right: One of the twenty-eight high-rise buildings (background) ofthe Robert Taylor Homes, the public housing project that cuts a longswath through Chicago's south side Negro ghetto. Disenchanted students saw the densely-populated Homes as "high-rise garbage cans."6many of whom would corne to hospitals and clinics onlyin the greatest emergencies. But often the students felt thatthèse local agencies had not been giving enough attention tohealth problems. At times there were conflicts with organizations that the students felt were solving problems tooslowly.One médical student who worked with a well-knownmilitant Negro organization felt that he was getting nocoopération from its leaders in his attempt to documentcases of lead poisoning. He suspected that the leaders,who were making graduai gains, were afraid of supportinga study that might antagonize the white power structure.He was more successful when he avoided leaders andworked with the members of this "grass roots" organization.SkoJeventy-five high school students who had expressed aninterest in careers in the health sciences were chosen towork as "interns', with the professional students. Wheneverpossible, the interns— almost ail ghetto résidents — workedwithin their own neighborhoods.The interns helped the students gain the confidence ofthe people in the areas in which they worked. LambertKing, a third-year médical student at The University ofChicago and student director of the Intern Program, said:"Weeks of stumbling and countless mistakes were avoidedas a resuit of the interns' expérience, sensitivity, and compétence." The interns were invaluable in jobs like inter-viewing ghetto résidents, pricing foods, surveying doctors,and following up on cases such as lead poisoning.King, who feels that the ambitions of many potentialprofessional people hâve been stifled by ghetto conditions,worked to stimulate the interns' interest in health sciencecareers. He set up a séries of Saturday lectures on médicalsubjects for the interns, and attendance was good. In addition, health science students and interns got together fortutoring sessions. The idea was to make up for deficienciesin the interns' éducation in inner-city schools.Almost ail the interns are thinking seriously of going tomédical school. Most found out what medicine is like forthe first time last summer. And ail feel an obligation to setup practice in the ghettos.Although the obstacles to the interns' completing médi cal school are great, King feels that a significant numberwill make it. The ones that don't, he says, are stronglymotivated and should do well in other fields.King feels the Student Health Organization can functionas a pressure group to get collèges and professional schoolsto accept more students from the ghettos. He says that thestandard collège entrance examination is not a fair test ofa ghetto child's ability. Furthermore, King says, poor people are not going to hâve confidence in hospitals and clinics until they know their children hâve a chance to workin them as professional people."If we fail with the interns, we hâve no business working in the ghettos. We might as well go back to the aseptichalls of our hospitals."Although the project is ended, nearly ail the Chicagoarea professional-school students are still involved with as-signments started during the summer, cramming tutoringsessions or follow-up médical visits into already hectic studyschedules. And plans are underway for a repeat projectnext summer.The students can point to such immédiate accomplish-ments as the correction of serious visual problems for children in some sections of the city and the use of activistorganizations to get health care information to the poor.But many would agrée with Dr. Page that the summerproject can't be fully evaluated for ten years— or even fortwenty years, when they will know if any interns hâve madeit into professional ranks.Dr. Quentin Young, a physician in the University community who is National Président of The Médical Com-mittee for Human Rights and one of the Chicago project'smost respected advisors, is optimistic about the StudentHealth Organization."On the entire American health scène," said Dr. Young,"it is not possible to designate a more significant or hope-ful development than the amazing rise of the StudentHealth Organization."The unstable scène thèse young people enter magnifies their importance as the most likely saviors of a foun-dering health System. . . . They mock the dragons of cus-tom, authority, and bureaucracy."Or, as Student Director Mullan put it, "We still haven'tbecome tolérant of the establishment. We've just learned towork around it." ?7Woodlawn Children's ClinicIn a remodeled building that once was abutcher shop, The University ofChicago Hospitals and Clinics lastsummer opened the Woodlawn PédiatrieClinic. Located under the elevatedtracks at 936 E. 63rd Street, the Clinicgives on-the-spot treatment toghetto children. It is désignée tofurnish care for patients suffering fromacute and chronic conditions aswell as to establish préventive care andhealth éducation programs forrésidents of the area. The Cliniccontains thirteen examining rooms, anx-ray unit, a laboratory, waiting rooms,and offices for doctors, social workers,and clérical personnel. Its MédicalDirector is Dr. John D. Madden, AssistantProf essor of Pediatrics and Directorof the Outpatient Clinics at the Silvainand A rma Wyler Children's Hospital. TheClinic was developed by The Universityof Chicago School of Medicine withthe aid of a five-year grant from theChildren's Bureau of the U.S. Departmentof Health, Education, and Welfare.In establishing the Clinic, the Universitywas assisted by The WoodlawnOrganization, an advisory board ofcommunity leaders, and City Board ofHealth officiais. It is an intégral part of acity-wide program directed by thestate and city Boards of Health.Left: A child who had just had a foreignobject removed from his throat.Facing Page: The ubiquitous needle.9facing Page: A nurse wins theconfidence of a boy whocame in alone and crying, andwho at first would speakto no one. He was not ill, butthere was trouble at homeand a brother or sister wassick. The nurse respected hissecrecy and walked him home,several blocks away, to seewhat could be done.Right: A child in for a check-up.¦\-fII11Henry W. McGee, Jr.Juvénile Justiceand the Ghetto Law OfficeThe view from the top of the hill is not the same as thatfrom the bottom of the hill. Nor are most viewers at eitherend of the hill even certain that, in fact, there is any otherplace from which they look. Looking down usually éliminâtes the possibility of understanding what it must be liketo look up. LeRoi Jones"The cops want everybody on 47th to keep their lightson ail night. Some gangs are going to throw fire bombs inWindows.""Did the police call?""No. The grocery man next door got a call from somechamber of something.""How'd the police find out,""Don't know. Could be talk.""Any volunteers to stay on 'til midnight? Two? Good."Two youthful non-professionals and a lawyer readied astorefront law office for a June night in the bowels of aChicago ghetto. Known as Légal Services to Youth (LSY) ,the staff of attorneys and supporting para-legal help — somewho are former inmates of state prisons — render compre-hensive légal advice and représentation to boys under 17and girls under 18 who need, but can't afïord, a lawyer.LSY, a research project of The University of Chicago'sCenter for Studies in Criminal Justice, has been operatingits store-front office at 72 E. 47th Street in Chicago sinceMarch, 1967.It was best to stay open that hot summer night — thelater the better. Just keeping the lights on in an unattendedstore would serve only to illuminate the target. Two "soûlbrothers" on the premises might provide more protectionthan ail the plate glass policies in the city.By midnight nothing had happened. It was a false alarm.The two weary légal assistants (a self-defining title permit-Henry W. McGee, Jr. is Légal Director of Légal Services toYouth, an action-research project sponsor ed by The Universityof Chicago Law School' s Center for Studies in Criminal Justice,directed by Norval R. Morris, Prof essor of Law. McGee re-cently served as Director of the Légal Services Program for theGreat Lakes Région of the Office of Economie Opportunity.He is a former Assistant State' s Attorney of Cook County, Illinois, and the son of Chicago Postmaster Henry W. McGee,AM'61, and Attye Belle McGee, AM'59.12 ting almost anything), on the job since 9:30 a.m., locked upand left in opposite directions for their nearby apartments,One of the légal assistants, a 23-year-old ex-GI, walkedwest to his apartment in Robert Taylor Homes. He lives inone of the 28 buildings, each 16 stories high, which togethercomprise the largest housing project under one managementin the world. Strung in a north-south Une for 16 blocks, theproject covers two-and-a-half square miles and houses offi-cially 28,000 tenants — 21,000 of whom are under 21 yearsof âge.Robert Taylor Homes f orms the western boundary of thearea for Légal Services to Youth clients. Cottage GroveAvenue, Garfield Boulevard, and Pershing Road are theother boundaries, forming a huge urban rectangle contain-ing more persons than any other area of the same size inChicago.More than 40 percent of the persons who live in the LégalServices to Youth project area — the Wabash Avenue policedistrict — hâve yet to celebrate their twenty-first birthday.The area has the second highest delinquency rate in the cityand one of the highest crime rates.TJ^hese statistics — and more depressing ones could bemarshalled— should not cause surprise. Americans under21 account for a significant portion of the nation's crime.FBI statistics indicate that while ll-to-17-year-olds repre-sent slightly more than 13 percent of the population of theUnited States, about half of the arrests in America in 1965for burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft were ofyoungsters in this âge group. According to the récent Reportof the President's Commission on Law Enforcement, "be-tween 1960 and 1965, arrests of persons under 18 years ofâge jumped 52 percent for willful homicide, râpe, robbery,aggravated assault, larceny, burglary, and motor theft."Légal Services to Youth clientèle, therefore, are a sociallysignificant group. Statistics alone do not bear out the enor-mity of the problem. The problems of impoverished Negroes with little hope of meaningful educational or employ-ment opportunity range far wider than the breadth of criminal law. Thèse problems can be comfortably, but not ade-quately, assayed in university libraries. No laboratory canduplicate the essential meaninglessness of ghetto life. Ittakes long hot nights on a main stem in the "black belt" toknow that statistics are but the visible peak of a great hid-den iceberg of disaffection and despair.The day following the bomb scare, LSY personnel dis-cussed Opération Rap, a program designed to inform arearésidents about the free légal services. The word "rap" isused to describe knocking on a door and also, in the ela-borate and multi-meaning enrichment by area résidents, todescribe a spontaneous outpouring of engaging, witty rheto-ric. Opération Rap consists of apartment-to-apartment vis-its in Robert Taylor Homes by légal assistants who talk toeach of the tenants about the services and goals of the project.Traditional notions of advertisement of a lawyer's services are irrelevant in LSY's milieu. This reality is accen-tuated by the project's planned life of eighteen months.Ghetto youth confronted with the law require légal helpinstantly, not as a last resort, days or weeks later. Accord-ingly, imagination, hopefully tempered by good taste, hasfired efforts to acquaint area résidents with the program.The neighborhood location, the use of indigenous youth aspara-legal aides, posters, handbills, télévision appearances,and radio spot-announcements hâve ail resulted in use ofthe office at the inception — rather than the terminal stage —of the juvénile justice system.In fact, the project's goal of breaking the arrest-deten-tion-prosecution-imprisonment cycle at its inception was amajor reason for locating the law office two blocks from apolice station. LSY personnel continually stress the importance of préventive légal advice and action. Agencies arerequested to send clients even when they are uncertain theproblem is a légal one. This helps LSY to work effectivelyin tandem with agencies that may be involved with otherproblems, such as employment or éducation.The project's commitment to the légal problems of youthgained impetus as a resuit of the récent United States Suprême Court décision holding that juvéniles hâve a right toa lawyer when faced with delinquency charges. The highcourt decided on May 16, 1967, that a juvénile court adjudication of delinquency "must measure up to the essen-tials of due process and fair treatment" and that under theUnited States Constitution, "the condition of being a boydoes not justify a kangaroo court." The case, In re Gault,387 U.S. 1, ruled that "a proceeding where the issue isTwo légal assistants on a case at the Robert Taylor Homes.whether a child will be found to be 'delinquent' and sub-jected' to the loss of his liberty for years is comparable inseriousness to a felony prosecution," and that accordinglysuch children are entitled to be represented by lawyers.The décision was another step toward "constitutionaldomestication" of the nation's juvénile courts. In fact,LSY's initial drive was to bring traditional notions of fairplay and due process into the arena of juvénile justice. Priorto the Gault décision, there was no légal or constitutionalrequirement that a youth in a juvénile court proceeding re-ceive any of the basic safeguards most Americans take forgranted in criminal trials. Basic notions of fair play wereswallowed up in a chorus of concern about the child's "welfare." More often than not, this concern blithely took noaccount of the realities of the situation. Overcrowded facilities, undertrained judges and social workers, antiquatedadministrative procédures, and a host of other anachron-isms made short work of the concept of parens patriae, thenotion that father (in this case the juvénile court) knowsbest.14 While the Suprême Court was concerned with youthsaccused of breaking the law, Légal Services to Youth \%concerned with civil matters as well as criminal ones. Although much of the work of the project is directed towardthe juvénile court, lawyers of LSY hâve undertaken to ex-tend the principles of the Gault case to other forums inwhich children are confronted by authority. Among the firstcases handled by the project was one in which a young girlhad been suspended from school. The suspension was liftedwithin hours after the staff attorney had contacted schoolauthorities.The Gault case called for the "guiding hand of counselat every step" of the adjudication proceeding, and its express grant of the constitutional privilège against self-incrimination to juvéniles coincided with the project's goal offumishing counsel to youth upon arrest. In the first weeksof the action phase of the project, liaison was establishedwith the Chicago Police Department and a dialogue com-menced as to the efficacy of LSY involvement at the policestation. After monitoring station adjustments — the processby which complaints against juvéniles are settled at thepolice station or referred to court — it became clear thatlawyers would find it difficult to function in the no-rulesmilieu of the police station.Yet if Gault means anything at ail, it means that nolonger are the police laws unto themselves in juvénile cases.Juvénile courts hâve now been expressly woven into thetapestry of due process, and now the condition of being aboy does not justify a kangaroo court. But being a boy in theghetto also requires that the unsettling and underminingcapriciousness of ghetto life stop at the door of the policestation.As in the practice of law generally, the client himselfmay be as troublesome as the légal problem he brings tothe office. AH the négative and destructive traits foundelsewhere in the practice of law hâve cropped up in sharpand bold relief with Légal Services to Youth clients.Clients thus far hâve only in very spécial instances franklyrelayed ail of the facts of their cases — even where theyknow the facts or see their relationship to ail of the cir-cumstances of their problems. More often than not, theylie about their cases. Almost uniformly, parents and children alike attempt to screen from view the number andcharacter of their previous encounters with the authorities.The problem of securing the attendance of witnesses ismuch more difficult than in comparable situations involv-ing non-indigent clients and witnesses. The clients whoréside in the Robert Taylor Homes particularly hâve haddifficulty in getting friends or neighbors to assist — evenwhere the coopération of a friend or neighbor would meanalmost certain exonération. In prison parlance, the tenantsin the Robert Taylor Homes housing project "do their owntime," avoiding serious involvement with the problems ofothers. (Those who hâve seen the world's largest housingproject will realize that the comparison with a prison isnot overstretched.)Thus far it has become clear that there is a marked re-luctance by clients and area résidents alike to enter intoany relationship with the courts or lawyers — even wherethe lawyer has been vouched for by friends or légal assistants. To a significant extent, trust and confidence are notmeaningful or relevant concepts in the ghetto.JL^Jegal Services to Youth has had success using non-lawyers to do some of the things lawyers do. The supplyof lawyers cannot keep pace with the demand for theirservices. Already the large and prestigious Chicago lawfirms recruit second-year law students, somewhat in theway professional football teams recruit collège stars. Theuse of non-professionals as para-legal help can make asignificant contribution to extending the benefits of thelégal System to those who otherwise would not enjoy them.Légal représentation for juvéniles is LSY's mandate,and the use of non-professionals is central to the achieve-ment of this goal. Many agencies talk about using non-professionals to relieve some of the burden on profession-als. Very few do anything about it. The government'santi-poverty program has provided fresh stimulus in thisarea. But despite advances in the war on poverty, the useof non-professionals is often more cérémonial than real.In Légal Services to Youth, non-professionals play asimportant a rôle and are as essential to its opération as thelawyers. No barriers hâve been placed in their employmentby screening out those who hâve had encounters with thepolice. Often a non-professional will be useful to theproject because of, not in spite of, his police record. The project's Youth Services Coordinator (a post whichhad its genesis in suggestions by the Présidents Commission on Law Enforcement) obtained his éducation the hardway. He earned collège crédits while serving a 10-to-25-year sentence in the Illinois State Penitentiary for the un-lawful sale of narcotics. He will soon receive his degree.Sentenced in 1960, he was available for employment as aresuit of Illinois Governor Otto Kerner's commutation ofhis sentence in March, 1965.As a resuit of his involvement in narcotics, the YouthServices Coordinator gained an exposure to the ghetto ina unique way. He knows the ropes, and he is able effectively to interpret and relate what he has learned. HisYouth Services Division will suggest child care and shelterfacilities to project lawyers for proposai to juvénile courtjudges as an alternative to détention. In conjunction witha student at the University's School of Social Service Administration, he is preparing a manual for the staff andinterested agencies which will catalogue, identify, and describe available community social service resources.While he has two other felony convictions and hasserved other prison sentences, he grew up in what was es-sentially a middle class home. His father is a successfulChicago lawyer and his mother an employée of the Stateof Illinois. Thus he has lived in two worlds — the tightlyinsulated, almost victorian middle-class milieu, and thehorrifie underworld of the street.Another légal assistant once was président of the Egyp-tian Cobras, a west side Chicago gang. He also servedtime in the state penitentiary. Since then he has dedicatedhimself to helping young persons avoid the mistakes hemade. In addition to working for Légal Services to Youth,he is program director and a gym instructor for the BetterBoys Foundation on the west side. As a project aide, hehas appeared on télévision to explain the program, workedas an investigator, served summons, and appeared in theComplaint Department of the Juvénile Court with persons charged with delinquent behavior. (The ComplaintDepartment, an administrative arm of the Cook CountyJuvénile Court, acts as a screening device — referring serious matters to the judges of the Juvénile Court and settlingother cases out of court.)A previous office manager also had been convicted of afelony but had wide expérience in dealing with youth. She15was herself a parent and was excellent as an intake worker.Her successor also has had expériences with the police,but as an employée. She worked as a clerk in the financedivision of the police départaient, sharing offices with theGang Intelligence Unit, where she received substantial ex-posure to an important aspect of the juvénile justice System. Her expérience as an enumerator in the 1960 Censushas been useful to her participation in Opération Rap. Hersupervisory job in a food plant has helped her coordinateoffice activities. She also once worked as a skip-tracer,tracking down delinquent debtors for a collection attorney,and she has been able to use her investigative expérience inuncovering witnesses for Légal Services to Youth clients.A1 jisdo the other légal assistants, the office managerlives in the project target area. The reasons for employinglocal persons in agencies similar to LSY hâve become wellknown. A staff of daytime colonialists cannot be expectedto fully respond to community needs — or to fully under-stand those needs. People in the ghetto instinctively distrust persons fortunate enough to live on the outside. Liv-ing at the bottom of the hill, ghetto résidents rarely lookup. When they do, they often see a policeman's club or awage garnishment.The mbnths of expérience on the project hâve demon-strated that without the légal assistants it would be un-workable. But most non-professionals require intensivetraining in a variety of matters. Some of the younger non-professionals — récent graduâtes of Chicago high schools —border on functional illiteracy, their reading and writingskills an indictment of their "éducation." To counteractthe lack of basic skills, intensive English lessons and otherremédiai courses hâve been instituted on the job.Training has been required in other areas. Though fromand of the neighborhood, some légal assistants need agreat deal of coaching on how to deal with people. Some-times the savvy of the lawyer counts for more than streetknowledge. Often a légal assistant will feel intimidated oreven helpless when dealing with persons in positions ofauthority. And clérical and sténographie personnel require skills not always within the compétence or the back- ground of indigenous résidents.The team of lawyers and non-professionals has wit-nessed some gratifying, concrète results. Among the moreserious. cases successfully handled by the Project involvedan Jl-year-old charged with throwing a switch on a rail-road track, resulting in a freight car derailment.An immédiate investigation was initiated by LSY and,with the assistance of the child's mother, a légal assistantlocated the youth who had given the police the name ofthe accused. Careful examination of the witness revealedthat he had mistakenly given the police the wrong name.The boy he had seen throw the switch was not the client.Another légal assistant subpoenaed the witness.An attorney then assisted the client's mother in locatinga youth who heard a différent boy admit sabotaging thetrain. In court, the LSY attorney advised the judge as tothe course of the défense, identified the witnesses, andsummarized their testimony. After an admission by a rail-road détective that the company could produce no eye-witness in its behalf, the judge dismissed the case.The child charged with derailing the train returned toschool and has kept out of trouble. Not ail clients hâve f aredas well after winning in court.In July, 15-year-old James Butler was présent at a fightwhen a boy was shot. James fled with other youths but wasarrested later and charged with the crime. He was defendedby LSY lawyer Kermit B. Coleman [AB'59]. At the trial,the prosecution's only évidence was that James was présentwhen the shooting occurred, and the delinquency pétitionwas, therefore, dismissed.Less than two months later, James Butler was présent atanother shooting: his own. While playing football in aRobert Taylor Homes playlot he was killed by a bullet froma zip-gun. A companion was wounded. Rumors of a rooftopsniper were quelled when the home-made weapon wasfound under a nearby car. Police theorize that both victimswere warring with a rival gang.Légal Services to Youth is not scheduled to close itsdoors until the end of summer, 1968. But already it hasproven that non-professionals can furnish invaluable assistance to a légal services office and that justice need not bea stranger to ghetto youth. May it also demonstrate to thoseit serves that American law means more than évictions,wage garnishments, and prison. ?16Conclusion of a two-part séries, by Wayne C. Booth'Now Don't Try to Reason with Me':Rhetoric Today, Left, Right, and Center(The first few paragraphs hère are repeated from Part Iof the article, which appeared in last month's issue.)Y T hat I think I hâve been revealing hère are a few examples of a world in which men pretty generally show littleesteem for logic, little respect for facts, no faith in anyone'sability to use thought or discourse to arrive at improvedjudgments, commitments, and first principles. The conséquences that one would expect in such a world, when hon-esty of observation, care with logic, and subtlety with dia-lectic hâve declined, can of course be seen wherever mentry to change each other's minds. What is left to rhetoricwhen solid substantive argument is denied to it? Why obvi-ously only emotional appeal and appeal to the superiormoral integrity and wisdom or cleverness of the rhetorician— what was formerly called ethical appeal. Emotionalappeal and ethical appeal can never be expelled from thehouse of rhetoric; ail the great rhetoricians are passionatein their rationalism. But when men are reduced to usingthèse properly subordinate appeals as if they were the solemeans of persuasion, they produce the kind of rhetoric thatwe now find flowing at us, left, right, and center.I hâve time only for two examples. They both will seemextrême and therefore unrepresentative to some of you, butthe test is that they hâve apparently been effective on largenumbers of Americans. Can you recognize who is speakingin the first quotation?/ can see a day when ail the Americas, North and South,will be linked in a mighty System, a System in which theerrors and misunderstandings of the past will be submerged,one by one, in a rising tide of prosperity and interdepen-dence. We know that the misunderstandings of centuries arenot to be wiped away in a day or an hour. But we pledgethat human sympathy — what our neighbors to the south callan attitude that is 'simpatico'—no less than enlightened self-Wayne C. Booth, AM'47, PhD'50, the George M. PullmanProf essor of English, is Dean of the Collège and author of TheRhetoric of Fiction.. This article is adaptèd from an address tostudents at The University of Chicago, as part of a séries sponsor ed in 1966-67 by Student Government. interest will be our guide. 1 can see this Atlantic civilizationgalvanizing and guiding émergent nations everywhere. NowI know that freedom is not the fruit of every soil. I knowthat our own freedom was achieved through centuries bythe unremitting efforts of brave and wise men. And I knowthat the road to freedom is a long and challenging road.And I know also that some men may walk away from it,that some men resist challenge [so far can you tell? I thinknot, but now the giveaway], accepting the false security ofgov emmental paternalism.Do you now recognize the vapidity of Goldwater?Where, on the left, was I to find an equally revealingpièce of rhetoric. It ought to be one that would make a fewlisteners mad — and a few more think. Obviously some-thing from the new student left. Listen closely now to ex-cerpts from a long "Letter to Undergraduates," by BradfordCleaveland, former graduate student of the Department ofPolitical Science at Berkeley, written during the troublesof '64-'65. The question you should ask is, of course, whatthe substance of the arguments amounts to, beyond merelyasserting and reasserting the author's conclusions in a vari-ety of emotional terms:Dear Undergraduates, . . . On the one hand there [is]substantial agreement that the University stamps out con-sciousness like a super-Madison Avenue machine; onthe other, people [are] saying, "So what?" or "Bring me adetailed and exhaustive plan." But there is no plan forkicking twenty thousand people IN THEIR ASSES! Noplan will stop excessive greed, timidity, and selling out.At best the university is a pathway to the club of 'tough-minded-lïberal-realists, in America, who sit in comfortablearmchairs talking radical while clutching hysterically atrespectability in a world explosive with révolution. Atworst the university destroys your desires to see realityand to suffer reality with optimism, at the time when youmost need to learn that painful art. . . .. . . The first set of facts [is that in your undergraduateprogram] you are puppets. You perforai. But when do youthink? Dutifully and obediently you follow, as a herd ofgrade-worshiping sheep. If you are strong at ail, you dothis with some sensé of shame, or if you are weak, youdo it with a studied cynicism . . . as jaded youth with17"When the left stops thinking, it becomes asdestructive of human values as the unthinking right."parched imaginations that go no further than oak-paneledrooms at the end of the Une . . . BUT W H ET HER YOUARE STRONG OR WEAK YOU PERFORM LIKETRAINED SEALS, AND LIKE SHEEP YOU FOLLOW. . . WITH THE THOROUGHBRED PHI BETAKAPPA SHEEP LEADING YOU! ! ! up the goldenstairway to the omnipotent A, to the Happy consciousness ,to success and a very parochial mind. [The second set offacts is that the Charter Day is an unmerciful sham; anexample of unparalled demagoguery.]Having elaborated thèse two sets of facts, so-called,which were of course not facts at ail but deeply personaljudgments, Mr. Cleaveland then moved to his clincher:Dear Undergraduates! ! I am no longer interested incajoling you, arguing with you, or describing to you some-thing you already know. I . . . entreat you to furiouslythrow your comforting feelings to duty and responsibilityfor this institution to the winds and act on your situation. . . There is only one proper response to Berkeley fromundergraduates: that you organize and split this campuswide open! From this point on, do not misunder stand me,my intention is to convince you that you do nothing lessthan begin an open, fierce, and thoroughgoing rébellionon this campus.My point hère is not to argue that Mr. Cleaveland wasright or wrong in urging révolution. What interests meis the kind of reasons he felt were adéquate to persuadeundergraduates to strike against the university. The notionthat thousands of highly selected American undergraduatesshould find this sort of thing appealing ought to frightenus ail. Indeed, there is a kind of contempt for the intellectand its efforts running throughout the literature of theBerkeley revolt— and through other literature of the newleft, which seems to me far more threatening to thefuture of the American left itself than has been generallyrecognized. When the left stops thinking, we ail shouldknow by now, it becomes as destructive of human valuesas the unthinking right— and I must say that there is atone in much of this literature which suggests that thinkingis itself a suspect activity. Cleaveland is fond of using theword "scholars" in quotation marks: he talks of "scholars" and "so-called libérais" who adopt "the hideous postureof studying" or analyzing the "problem."Now I cannot really prove that thèse two rather spécialexamples are in any way représentative of right and left,or that their similar tendency to shout and chant ratherthan reason is représentative of American rhetoric today.But I suspect that you hâve found, in your daily reading,enough that is like thèse two to bear out my hunch thatthere really is a prédominance of irrational persuasion atwork hère. You may, in fact, hâve concluded— subjectedto so much slick advertising and political propaganda asyou are— that this is ail there is to rhetoric, that in factmen cannot persuade each other rationally in such matterssince, in matters of judgment and action, ail choices areequally irrational.And of course this is precisely why everyone in anyacadémie community should be deeply disturbed when-ever the Goldwaters and the Cleavelands begin to attractlarge numbers of listeners. We claim to be committed tofree and honest and relentless inquiry. This almost everyone takes for granted; only a few on the extrême rightand the extrême left hâve questioned this basic commit-ment. What is not so frequently recognized is that thevery notion of free inquiry dépends on the possibility ofvalid, genuinely justified persuasion— that is, of a rhetoric notlike Goldwater's and Cleaveland's but rather a rhetoricbuilt on the use of reason to persuade men to believe oneproposition— a true proposition— rather than another, afalse or less adéquate proposition.JL ? Ay point is not, as I'm sure you realize by now, toindict either the left or the right, but to plead for what Itake to be the very fragile' twin values of honest inquiryand honest rhetoric. I hâve said so far that thèse valuesare under steady attack, both in theory and in practice,by men of both left and right— some of them presumablysincère, some of them no doubt knaves. Wherever menfind themselves too impatient to think together about theirproblems, wherever immédiate action based on unity becomes more important than men's détermination to achievegenuine unity by discovering the truth together, my twinvalues disappear— often never to reappear in a particular18society. They always disappear in a major war. They dis-appear in any society whenever enough men décide thatpolitical victory is worth whatever it costs. They disappearwhenever men décide, as Bradford Cleaveland decided inCalifornia, that there is "only one proper response" to apolitical situation— the effort to destroy the opponentthrough force or political pressure. I would not want tosuggest that my twin values are the suprême values formankind, or that I would never be willing to risk them forother values. Though it is fairly easy to show historicallythat most revolutionary efforts work more harm than good,I can think of situations when I would want to stop talkingand start overthrowing: Nazi Germany in 1940, say, orBoston in 1775.It is important to recognize that none of the attacks onreason— either theoretical or in the form of shapeless writ-ing or biased reporting or open invitation to riot— nonehas pretended that reason is ineffectiye in dealing withpractical, prudential affairs. Everyone admits that reasonhas produced fantastic results in science and technology.The protests seem, often enough, to be against the verysuccess of rational calculation in the hands of statisticians,logicians, computer analysts, or army officers, when appliedto human affairs without starting from human premises.Atomic bombs and doomsday machines and calculationsof overkill ail seem to show what happens when reason isleft to its own devices without the control of— of what?Traditionally the answer might hâve been "the controlof reason itself." Reason did not, in earlier centuries,mean simply logical calculation but rather the whole process of discovering sound first principles and then reason-ing from them to sound conclusions. What seems distinctivein our time is the widespread conviction that our choiceof first principles is itself irrational or capricious. Mostteachers and students I talk with at Chicago seem to hâveconcluded that the choice of one's starting point is alwaysan arbitrary act of faith, and that to debate about suchchoices is a mark of immaturity. After ail, we hâve beenshown in so many différent ways that even in the physicalsciences hypothèses are discovered intuitively; that thefirst principles are not subject to proof ; that even the mostseemingly objective knowledge is, as Michael Polanyi says,^Personal knowledge"— infused with personal meanings andvalues and thus not really what we ordinarily mean by objective at ail. Though most professional philosophersnow as in ail times are not relativists, the prédominantlay philosophy is, I would say, a kind of relativism. Menmake their own values; values change from society tosociety, and even from group to group within a society—"How can one reason about such things?" we seem to sayto each other. It is not hard, in fact, to see why McLuhanand Brown and others feel that they must speak, even ifin a distorted form, for truths that lie beyond reason.TJLhe first part of my title cornes from a New Yorkercartoon which showed a woman, quarreling with herhusband, saying: "Now don't try to reason with me." Thecartoon reflects, it seems to me, one of our attitudestoward reason. It is of course a maie cartoon, and it betraysfirst of ail the American male's traditional contempt forthe female's unreasonableness. To be reasonable has inour folklore been the male's prérogative, one sign of hissuperiority. In this view, reason is of course a good thingto have;.to be irrational, "like a woman," is somehowfunny. But it is not hard to develop a différent view of thecartoon; to think oneself into the woman's point of view,and imagine how a brutal and irrelevant logical argumentcan cover up or violate fundamental needs or feelingswhile seeming to hâve ail of the right on its side.Man was traditionally known as the rational animal;in that view reason was of man's very essence. But it takesno great learning to remind us that much that we think ofas distinctively human— love, poetry, martyrdom— can présent itself in forms that seem to violate reason— or perhapsto transcend it. We can quote Pascal, who said that theheart can be turned on by reasons that reason cannot dig—or words to that effect. Tertullian is supposed to hâvesaid that he embraced his religious belief just because itwas absurd. In the last several centuries, many hâve seenman's peculiar humanity not in his rationality, not in thecommon grounds of truth and right action that reasonleads to, but rather in his capacity for individual freedom,whether rational or mad. For them, the act of freely choos-ing an error or falsehood confers greater human dignitythan the act of passively accepting that which reason seemsto require and which many men consequently believe.19Stephen Dedalus, in Joyce's Portrait of the Artist as aYoung Mon, is by no means the only literary portrait of asoûl electing what he believes may be eternal damnationfor the sake of doing things his own way, according tohis own feelings. The romantic soûl has for at least twocenturies been shouting défiance at traditional reasonings,though one should hasten to add that the relation betweenreason and romanticism is laden with the same ambiguitiesas are our attitudes toward the coldly rational maie andthe weakly intuitive female: if the romantic hero can beportrayed as a représentative of individualism gone mad,seeking what in modem jargon we might call a personalizedtruth which to everyone else will be damnable falsehood,he can also be portrayed in Faustian terms, as the manwho is willing to violate intuition, love, and the value ofreligious faith and salvation ail for the sake of knowledge—that is, for what reason reveals.In either view, somehow, the Garden of Eden isthreatened by man's quest for knowledge— not just knowledge of good and evil, but the whole search for intellectualmastery. A life led according to what the mind can testand prove, seems somehow to threaten much that ail ofus hold dear. The young student who is impatient withthe cautious weighings and probings and refusais of com-mitment that go on within every university is plainly inone great tradition of a mistrust of reason that ail of usmust feel at one time or another. Men are starving through-out the world; men's soûls are being destroyed in Harlemand Mississippi; children are being bombed in Viet Nam—and hère you sit, training your intellects to savor thepleasures of art and literature.S\<Jo you see, we can make the emphasis fall either way:attacks on reason are vicious because reason, properlydefined, is our most precious gift; or attacks on reasonare needed, because no matter how you define it much ofwhat is most valued by men is left out. As a universityprofessor I am committed to the suprême professionalstandard of rationality: in so far as I am an honest professor, worthy of my own respect, I am sworn to changemy mind if and when someone shows me that there aregood reasons to change my mind. But both as a man who loves much literature that I cannot really explain, and asa human being who holds to many values the correctnessof which I cannot easily prove with unanswerable rationalarguments, I know how much of my life is not readilyexplicable at the court of what is usually called reason.The question is, is reasonable debate in any degreepossible about such basic commitments, political, andmoral and personal? What we call rhetoric usually is usedonly when scientific proof is not available— about suchmatters as whether to oppose or support the Viet Nampolicy, or whether to join a church or commit suicide, orwhether to vote for Goldwater or join a strike against theUniversity of California. Can such questions be debatedrationally, or do we hâve available only those forms ofpersuasion used by Goldwater and Cleaveland— emotionalappeals and appeals to the character of the speaker orréférences to the enemy's viciousness?I should like to suggest that in losing our confidence inthe possibility of finding good reasons for important humanactions, in losing our belief in a reasonable rhetoric, wehâve laid ourselves open to the kinds of perverted rhetoricI hâve described. My main point tonight is to argue thatwe must préserve and extend our capacity for a rationalpersuasion about the most important questions. If we don't,libéral éducation in any meaningful sensé will be replacedwith propaganda analysts and professors of advertising—just as I feared twenty years ago.What has happened, I am convinced, is that we hâvefallen victims to an all-or-nothing kind of argument thatwe should be ashamed of. Of course we cannot find, insocial and political and ethical questions, the degrees ofcertainty in proof that scientists— at least some of them—boast of. But does this mean that we are reduced toemotional appeal, shouting, lying, trickery, and, ultimately,warfare? That it does not is in itself a conclusion to beproved with the kind of proof that is in question— and theintellectual problems are not simple. For today, perhapsyou will be willing simply to record one man's strongconviction that a reasonable persuasion is not only possiblebut indispensable if we are to live well together.Whatever such a rhetoric might be, it will not be a dry,unemotional kind of argument for the middle of the road.To believe in reason doesn't mean that one believes only inreason— one might recognize the truths of the heart without20When any society loses its capacity to debate rationally,it ceases to be a society of men and becomes a mob . . . "having to launch an attack on the head. The trouble withour présent situation is that the defenders of logicality orrationality seem too often to be men who want to reasononly about the means to unquestioned ends— they wouldrationalize society, make us efficient, lead us to socialusefulness, rather than try to humanize us. This leavesthe defenders of the heart to operate in a whirlwind ofémotions, convinced that to be reasonable is somehow tobe cold and calculating. Well, there are some causes worthdying for, and there are many causes not worth a hoot.I will not die for a cause unless I feel deeply about it.Imagine Churchill using only a chain of syllogisms tryingto persuade the British to fight. But on the other hand Icannot distinguish the good causes from the circus actsunless I hâve learned to think about them, and the goodrhetorician will, like Churchill, show me by his argumentsas well as by his character that he is on the right side.Y Te should be quite clear about what ail this means tous. If we cannot find some défense of reason that makesof it something more than a useful weapon in the arsenalof each warring faction, if there is not some sensé in whichmen can reason together about even their most preciouscommitments, if basic faiths and loves and first principlesare entirely arbitrary and hence beyond discussion, thenwe may as well succumb to the McLuhanesque glow orto the polymorphous perverse pleasures offered by Brown.And, incidentally, we English teachers are on very shakyground when we scribble in the margin, "logic bad hère,"or "not clear how thèse propositions relate." We are onshaky ground in teaching composition at ail. Who cares,after ail, whether the logic is bad or good unless the conclusions that good writing might persuade to are in somesensé superior to the conclusions produced by bad writing? But this can be true only if some first principles arethemselves superior to others, only if they are in somesensé demonstrably superior.Plato said that the worst fate that can befall a man isto become a misologist, a hâter of reason; for him it wasclear that since man is essentially reasonable, when heceases to reason he ceases to be a man. I happen to believethis unfashionable doctrine— assuming the broad définition of reason that I hâve been implying hère. I also believethat when any society loses its capacity to debate its endsand means rationally, it ceases to be a society of men atail and becomes instead a mob, or pack, or a herd ofcréatures rather less noble than most animais. In Americain récent years we hâve seen far too many of such herds—self-righteous f anatics who know without listening that thespeaker is wrong. There are many of our universities,so-called, where Karl Marx, say, or Miss Aptheker wouldbe booed from the platform, even if the administrationwere to allow them to speak. And on the other hand therehâve been some disturbing instances lately of left-wingstudents in first-class universities booing a speaker intosilence. Whatever défenses may be offered for such rhetoric—the rhetoric of shouting a man down— it is not the rhetoricof a student, and those shouting mobs are not students,no matter what else they may be. It is one mark of anhonest man, as it should be the mark of an educated man,that he tries not to use a double standard in judging hisfriends and his enemies. Self-righteous bullying fanaticsare self-righteous bullying fanatics regardless of the causethey support, and they are as much a threat to the centralvalues we défend when they bully on our side as whenthey bully on our enemy's. Men— at least some men—aspire to a life of sweet reasonableness, but ail men seemengaged in a verbal warfare that leaves them perpetuallyteetering on the brink of actual warfare, local, national,and international. Our hold on reason is precarious; ourinstitutions for giving it a chance are highly fragile. Thevery tradition out of which I corne to speak of a rationalrhetoric is itself fragile. It would not really be surprisingif fifty years from now no one in America will even knowwhat I'm talking about tonight— such a transformationwould not be greater than many that history has known.Men in that time would know something that most of youdo not know— what it feels like never to be able to followa thought where it might lead, openly, publicly. Whetherwe move toward that genuine garrison state, that reallytotal institûtionalization of the mind, will dépend in part,in very small but very real part, on how many of us hèrecan manage— not in sermons like this, which are easy super-ficial substitutes for the day by day thinking that counts,but in our life as teachers and students— to reason togetherabout what we care for most. ?21Ralph W. GérardEducation andInformation HandlingOf the baubles, bangles, and beads of récognition thathâve chanced my way, none has gone so directly to myheart as has the Alumni Medal from my own family.It is over half a century since I joined The University ofChicago; and, boy and man, I remained with it for thirty-seven years before being lured away. As an undergraduateI marched in Jhonor of the quarter centennial; this year isthe three-quarter landmark. The University of Californiaof my présent allegiance will turn one hundred next year,but the Irvine campus is merely a two-year-old toddler.Chicago spearheaded two révolutions in the world of higheréducation; I see Irvine involved in a major one from itsvery birth.For ail éducation is about to émerge from the old institutions and ways of information handling, only partiallyeased by the printed book and still dépendent on the art ofthe teacher in direct confrontation with the student, oc-casionally loosened by télévision. Computer Systems store,manipulate, retrieve, disseminate, even create information— as do universities and ail good schools. The two aremade for one another, and vast changes will resuit fromjoining them.Two weeks ago, in Pittsburgh, I saw a fascinating fore-runner of the computerized élément ary school of the future.Each child was closely followed for mastery and progressand given individual study prescriptions in terms of his de-termined needs. He collected his own supplies — instructiontapes, work packets, answer sheets — worked alone orcalled for help, had his product immediately checked by aclerk, and received a further personal assignment. Thewhole opération was a human simulation of the new com-puter-aided instruction process or, as I prefer to call it,Computer- Aided Learning (CAL). They are working outthe bugs while waiting for their computer to arrive!I thought to tease the director a bit by asking why simu-lating a computer to give individualized guidance did notcorne about until computer-aided learning had appeared togenerate such simulation. He replied, "Oh, this was startedat the Winnetka schools décades ago. But it was too ex-Ralph W. Gérard, SB' 19, PhD' 21, MD'24 (Rush), is Deanof the Graduate Division of the University of California atIrvine. This article is the text of his acceptance address for the1 967 A lumni Medal.22 pensive of very limited human resources, let alone dollars,for any wide spread. What we develop now can be trans-ported any where."At Irvine, also, we are experimenting vigorously withCAL. One half our undergraduates take some course workon a terminal by means of which each user can enter intoa direct dialogue with the computer. At présent, eighteensuch terminais, in five of our six académie buildings (andto be in dormitories), are kept chattering some seventyhours a week. (The computer is used nights for researchand administrative straightforward calculations.) Thiswould permit an average of half an hour a day for every-one on campus to work directly with the computer. Thenew machine, with 80 or more terminal places, willgreatly multiply use.There is not time to describe fully my picture of theinformation sandwich of the future — the great data bank,ail items instantly accessible, as one bread slice; the manyterminais simultaneously interacting with hundreds orthousands of independent users, as the other; and the méatbetween, the electronic gear for learning the user's ca-pacities and needs and giving him individual guidance inhis learning efforts in match with thèse and his objectives.But I must add that the future is hère; everything men-tioned can be done now and soon should be less expensivethan traditional schooling.AIJl year or so ago, the National Academy of Scienceswas asked to study for Congress the situation in this countryas to applied research. A panel of twenty scientists (atleast four of whom I recognized as having had close tieswith The University of Chicago: one, Al Weinberg, wasyour Medalist last year) was asked to prépare papers deal-ing with one or another facet of the subject. Two weeksago the resulting volume, "Applied Science and Techno-logical Progress," was presented to the Committee on Science and Astronautics of the House of Représentatives.Each of us had a few minutes to talk about his chapter;it may interest you to hear what I said about mine on"Shaping the Mind — Computers and Education.""My topic deals with an area at the rising tide-mark ofnew areas of knowledge, and their application in mootways. Extrascientific issues are thus critical and, unlikemost of my colleagues, I must enter this arena."Whether we like it or not, man is steadily increasinghis manipulation of the human environment and of manhimself. Private and public health measures are changingpopulation quantity and genetic composition; psychologicalexpectations and values shift with our ways of livingtogether and with the revolutionary advances in transpor-tation and communication. Accidentai and unplannedtampering with a complex and délicate System are almostalways disadvantageous; planned manipulation also fre-quently leads to unanticipated conséquences, but at leastthere is more chance of désirable outcomes and always theopportunity to learn from expérience."The advent of modem information-handling technol-ogy, both the hardware and software involved with sophis-ticated computer Systems, must hâve a tremendous impacton man's future; it would seem to be the most elementarycommon sensé to utilize thèse powerful resources inthoughtful expérimentation and guidance for human affairs.Just as adéquate intellectual models and laboratory instruments made possible the fantastic achievements ofphysical and biological sciences, so thèse newer under-standings and technologies give promise for a comparablesuccess in the behavioral sciences, dealing with the activi-ties of single and collective man. But also, as Galileo shookbeliefs about the physical world, and Darwin about thebiological one, so will the growing power of behavioralscience disturb us in the mental and social realms."My paper présents some of the value considérationsinvolved in thèse new activities, outlines some biologicalévidence of actual brain and behavior changes induced byindividual expérience, and examines in more détail howthe new technologies can be used to enhance the éducationof the young (enculturating them into the society) and ofolder persons (upgrading their personal satisfactions andsocial usefulness). Only with a sufficient commonality ofculture — dépendent on adéquate commonality of éducation in childhood and youth — can a broad culture be suf-ficiently established to prevent isolated sub-cultures fromtearing apart our national communities."It deserves emphasis that effective human capacity canprobably be upgraded at ail levels by improved éducation¦ — from below normal towards normal, from a low normal to a high normal, from above normal to still higher levels.Humanitarian impulses hâve directed much effort to im-proving the condition of our below-normal members; rational considérations would dictate even more attention toour more gifted ones. It is they who hâve led man fromsavagery to civilization, it is they who may spearhead man'sfurther évolution into a truly super-species."Education, as applied science and technology, has atremendous capability to be developed. It faces a complèterevision in methods and institutions and will need majorhelp at the national level."ITX Aow shall I close this brief chat with you about thefuture of éducation? The unequivocal évidence that expérience produces material changes in the brain is tooextensive to présent in full; but if the eyes of a new-bornmammal are covered for some weeks so that the normaltrain of nerve messages from light does not reach the brain,patterned vision fails to develop. Conversely, a rich environment in infancy can actually thicken the brain cortex.With altered brains goes altered behavior, learning; andéducation is a deliberate attempt to structure expérienceso as to produce certain behaviors.This is, indeed, shaping the mind, and society has nogreater responsibility to its young and its future than tomake some value judgments on the shapes to be soughtand to exploit the new technologie aids for reaching them.Computers are the prostheses of thinking and learning asbinoculars are of seeing and power tools are of acting.Educators must learn to use them well to lift mankind intoits rising capabilities and to meet the growing demandsupon it. For we, with the poets and other creators, are themakers of the minds of men.Perhaps students recognize this more than we give themcrédit for. "Aima Mater" is a precious term, and the sonsof The University of Chicago sing out with genuine affection their pride in "Her faith that truth shall make menfree." Perhaps, at this late date, I dare confess in publica sentimental act for which I hâve always felt a bit foolish.Returning to the campus one evening before the start ofmy sophomore year, I flung my arms along the cornerstoneof Harper Library and kissed it. ?23Quadrangie HewsFord Foundation Gives University$3,000,000 for Urban StudiesThe Ford Foundation has granted $3,-000,000 to the University for research andfor the training of individuals to analyzeand deal with urban problems.Président Beadle said: "The grant willenable us to take another long step for-ward in meeting the challenges — andopportunities — offered within the urbanenvironment. We are extremely gratefulto the Ford Foundation for this support."The grant is to be used in five spécifieareas, Président Beadle said:— The establishment of three fully-endowed chairs among seven fields, éducation, économies, geography (land analysis),local administrative law and government,social anthropology, sociology, and socialwelfare planning and policy.— The training of qualified teachers andother personnel for public schools in theinner city.— The support of research projects onpressing urban problems by the Univer-sity's Center for Urban Studies.— The funding of fellowships in variousdisciplines related to urban studies.— The support of seminars in urban affairs sponsored by the University's Centerfor Policy Study.Stevenson Institute to StudyBrain Drain, Violent PoliticsA study of the migration of scientificand médical talent from underdevelopedcountries to the United States — the "braindrain" — is one of two parts of the firstprogram being carried out at The Adlai E.Stevenson Institute of International Affairs.In the second part of the project, suchdiverse subjects as family planning inIndia, the concept of justice in modemChina, and the émergence of violent poli-tics are being studied by eleven interns onfellowships from countries around theworld.Both programs are being conducted at24 the Institute's headquarters at RobieHouse.The goal of the programs will be "toseek practical solutions to world problems, attempting to aid man's progress toward a rational world order — as a continuation of the ideals of Adlai Stevenson," according to a joint statement byHerman Dunlap Smith, Président of theInstitute, and William R. Polk, its Director."We are determined to be more than amère think tank," said Polk. "We want toraise the quality of action on vital questions of public concern."The brain drain study is of particularimportance, he pointed out, because "theflow of highly trained talent to the UnitedStates has been subject to criticism bypersons from many nations and appears,in some cases, to stand at cross purposesto American foreign aid efforts to underdeveloped countries. So many foreign students in the United States never return totheir own countries that a large number ofnations must now function without thetop twenty-five percent of their youngpeople."The study group of twenty distinguishedindividuals from the académie community, government, and industry are underthe co-chairmanship of Congressman JohnBrademas (D-Ind.), a member of theHouse Education and Labor Committeeand Senator Walter F. Moridale (D-Minn.), a member of the Senate Aeronau-tical and Space Sciences Committee.The Discussion Leader is Dr. Joseph P.Evans, Professor and former Director ofthe Division of Neurological Surgery atChicago. The Project Coordinator is David Rossin, former nuclear reactor engineerat Argonne National Laboratory.The project, which meets five times thisyear at Robie House, examines in détailfive highly advanced specialties: neuro-surgery, nuclear reactor technology, computer sciences, pediatrics, and businessadministration to détermine spécifie trendsand problems.The Institute's eleven men and womenenrolled in its first fellowship project are the "building blocks" of the program andare headquartered at Robie House, Pol^said.Study ing subjects ranging from économie intégration in Africa to the légaland moral problems connected with mili-tary intervention, the fellows are strivingto improve the quality of decision-makingon matters of public policy throughout theworld. In addition to generating classroomdiscussion, they are also evolving practicalprograms from their ideas and will encourage innovative action on administrative as well as judicial and législative levels.Center For Policy StudyNames Seven New FellowsSeven faculty members hâve beennamed Fellows of the Center for PolicyStudy, a University organization devotedto intensive, broad-based examinations ofmajor national issues.The new members, who bring to thirty-five the total number of Fellows in theCenter, are: Jerald C. Brauer, Professorand Dean of the Divinity School; JohnHope Franklin, Professor and Chairmanof the Department of History; Jacob W.Getzels, Professor of Education and Psy-chology; Morris Janowitz, Professor andChairman of the Department of Sociologyand Director of the Center for Social Organization Studies; Julian H. Levi, professor of Urban Studies and Executive Director of the South East Chicago Commission; Hans J. Morgenthau, the Albert A.Michelson Distinguished Service Professorof Political Science and History and Director of the Center for the Study ofAmerican Foreign and Military Policy;and Stuart A. Rice, Professor of Chemis-try and Director of the James Franck Institute.The Center, founded in February,1966, is currently engaged in a year-longinvestigation of urban problems. Its inaugural project during 1966-67 was astudy of China, which dealt with issuesranging from the cultural révolution toVietnam. Last spring, during the Arab-Israeli confrontation, the Center held aRoundtable Revived on Télévision: The University of Chicago Roundtable, one of broadcast-ing's earliest and most distinguished discussion programs, returned to the air Dec. 3 on WTTW/ Channel 11, Chicago. The séries is on the air at 5:30 PM on Sundays in Chicago, and it willbe offered for national syndication. Pictured above, in the first program in the séries, are (fromleft): Hans J. Morgenthau, the Albert A. Michelson Distinguished Service Professor in the De-partments of Political Science and History; Senator Gale McGee, Phd'47 (D—Wyo.); KennethJ. Northcott, Professor of Older German Literature at the University and moderator of theséries; and Oscar Handlin, the Charles Warren Professor of History at Harvard University.spécial seminar on the crisis. Charles U.Daly, Vice-Président for Developmentand Public Affairs, is Director.Follow-Up Studies ShowStrep Vaccine Is SuccessfulIn late October, one year after University of Chicago researchers described thedevelopment of a vaccine designed toprevent streptococcal infections, the firstpublic reports on the successful immuniza-tion of a group of infants were presentedby two of the researchers, Eugène N. Fox,Associate Professor at La Rabida-Univer-sity of Chicago Institute and in the Department of Microbiology, and Dr. AlbertDorfman, Director of the Institute andChairman of the Department of Pedi-atrics.Fox said that twenty-five infants seenduring the past year at the Well-BabyClinic of the Silvain and Arma WylerChildren's Hospital were immunized lastyear and hâve been followed since thattime."None of the children," Fox continued,"had any untoward reaction and no sideeffects hâve been apparent. Twenty of thetwenty-five hâve responded with production of anti-bodies capable of destroyingstreptococcus."Streptococcal infections frequently leadto rheumatic fever, one of the most seri-ous and widely-occurring disabling dis-eases of childhood. Streptococcal infections can also lead to a kidney disease,glomerulonephritis, in both children andadults.From 300 to 500 children in areaswhere there is a high incidence of rheumatic fever will be immunized during thecoming year. The large-scale field trials,Fox said, are required to confirm the initial satisfactory results.It has been well established for manyyears that the initial streptococcal infection may appear as a simple respiratory"iïection, Fox said. The more severe complications, such as rheumatic fever andSlomerulonephritis, develop later.Fox said that prior objections to the vaccine were that it could induce symp-toms of nephritis or rheumatic fever butextensive tests carried out with laboratoryanimais showed no évidence of any delete-rious effects. There also were no apparentside effects in a group of adults who re-ceived the vaccine prior to the infant im-munizations.The vaccine is prepared by purifying aprotein, called the "M protein," from thecell wall of the streptococci which causethe infections, Fox reported. The bodyresponds to the vaccine by making anti-bodies against the M protein. When streptococci invade the body, the antibodieswhich hâve formed react with the M protein in the cell wall and help the body destroy the invading organisms before aninfection begins."In complète form," Fox explained,"the vaccine is effective against several ofthe most common types of streptococcusorganisms which cause human infection.To be effective against différent types ofstreptococcus organisms, vaccines mustcontain M proteins from each of the différent types, because M proteins from différent types are not the same."Collaborating with Fox and Dr. Dorfman are Dr. Lauren M. Pachman, Instruc-tor at La Rabida-University of ChicagoInstitute and in the Department of Pedi-atrics, and Mrs. M. K. Wittner, ResearchTechnologist at La Rabida.25'A' Train to Heaven: The Dukein Concert at Rockefeller ChapelA Concert of Sacred Music at Rockefeller Chapel featured solo trumpet workby "Cootie" Williams in "The ShepherdWho Tends the Night Flock" and BusterBrown's tap dancing to "David DancedBefore the Lord With Ail His Might." Themusic was by Duke Ellington and hisOrchestra in a concert sponsored by theVisiting Committee to the Division of theHumanities.Ellington, who became one of the coun-try's great jazz figures in his early twenties,believes that music of any style can addillumination to the religious expérience ifit is played well, with love and révérence.His religious jazz is his own "offering toGod" in the idiom in which he best speaks.The Ellington concert was described bycritic Robert C. Marsh of the ChicagoSun-Times as "one of the freshest andmost stimulating musical expériences in along time." Marsh said, "There are prob-ably many ways to heaven, but the Dukehas shown us that the 'A' Train goes there,too." Taking its thème from the Bible, theConcert, which has also been presented inchurches in San Francisco and New Yorkand in Coventry Cathedral, England,opened with "In the Beginning God. . . ."The entire présentation uses the full orchestra, three singers, a dancer, and achoir and includes original works based onhymns and spirituals, -both vocal and instrumental.Some of thèse compositions, arrangedby Billy Strayhorn, Mercer Ellington, andthe Duke himself, are "Tell Me It's theTruth," "Corne Sunday," "The Lord'sPrayer," and "New World a-Comin'."For the past ten years, the VisitingCommittee to the Division of the Humanities, a group of laymen mainly from theChicago area, has undertaken to enrichthe cultural life of the University by bring-ing artistic présentations to the campus.Thèse hâve included three performances of "The Play of Daniel" and oneperformance of "The Play of Herod" — ailgiven in Rockefeller Mémorial Chapel.The Committee has also sponsored lectures by leading persons in drama andliterature. Smart Foundation Gives$1,000,000 For Art GalleryThe Smart Family Foundation hasgiven the University $1,000,000 to con-struct an art gallery to be named in honorof David and Alfred Smart, the foundersof Esquire Magazine.The gift pushed the University past the$100,000,000 total in its Campaign forChicago, a three-year effort to raise $160,-000,000. The funds received since theCampaign was announced October 20,1965, hâve enabled the University tomake broad progress in every académiearea. The art gallery is one of the primebuilding goals of the Campaign.Président George W. Beadle announcedthe gift after a meeting between JohnSmart, chairman of the board of directorsof Esquire, Inc., the board of trustées ofthe Smart Family Foundation, and Edward H. Levi, Provost of the University."We are extremely pleased and grate-ful," said Beadle. "This gift will providethe University with a distinguished artgallery that will be the nucleus of our ArtCenter. It will give the University an un-paralleled teaching and research facilityin the fine arts."The gift also means that the city ofChicago will hâve an important new gallery, a gallery that will be able to accom-modate the finest traveling exhibits frommuséums ail over the world. It is significant that this gift puts our Campaign forChicago over the $100,000,000 mark. Westill hâve a long way to go, but we areconfident that we will reach our $160,-000,000."In presenting the gift, John Smart said:"My brothers would be pleased to hâvetheir memory honored in this way. Theywere serious art collectors, and their interest in the fine arts was matched by theirconcern for art éducation. The gallery willrepresent both interests."They founded Esquire in Chicago, andChicago is still the home of Coronet In-structional Films, a division of Esquire,Inc., makers of educational films. A majorpurpose of Esquire is to broaden the tastesof the adult public, and Coronet's filmsinclude many that introduce elementaryand high school students to the fine arts."My brothers' admiration for The Uni versity of Chicago led to our décision tohelp establish this gallery in their names.So it's appropriate that the gallery will belocated on the campus of one of theworld's great universities within the citywhere Esquire began — a city that bothmen loved."The Smart Family Foundation was es-tablished in 1951 by David Smart andother members of the family. The Foun-dation's major contributions hâve been tothe tissue and organ bank in the CookCounty Hospital's Hektoen Institute forMédical Research and to the production ofmotion picture films on médical éducation.The faculty members of the Art Department hâve académie interests rangingfrom the art of pre-Christian civilizationto the computer art of tomorrow. Thenumber of students in the Department hasdoubled in the last five years with a cor-responding increase in faculty and programs. Today, 100 art students and finearts majors are in the Department, andanother 500 non-majors take art courseseach year. Interest among undergraduatesespecially is on the rise. Several new un-dergraduate courses hâve been added dur ing récent years, and an art coordinatorhas joined the Department to plan exhibitions and tours for thèse students.Lab School Gets State GrantThe Laboratory Schools hâve beenawarded a $56,383 grant from the IllinoisDepartment of Public Instruction to continue an on-going Independent LearningProject for Gifted Children.The purpose of the project is to developmethods of teaching in which the studentsplay an active rôle in choosing what theywill study and how they will proceed, saidPhilip E. Montag, Director of the Projectand a history teacher at the UniversityHigh School. He said a curriculum usingsuch methods as guidelines and a meansfor testing the program would be devel-oped.The project was begun in 1961 and isscheduled to be completed in June, 1969.It is under the auspices of the Illinois Department of Program Development forGifted Children, Division of Spécial Education Services.Jay Rockefeller Named TrustéeJohn D. Rockefeller IV, the great-grandson of the founder of the University,has been elected to the Board of Trustées.Rockefeller is a Democrat in the WestVirginia House of Delegates. He has beenactive in social welfare work and hasstudied Far Eastern affairs. He is a gradu-ate of Harvard University and has studiedChinese at Yale University's Institute ofFar Eastern Languages. He studied Japa-nese at the International Christian University in Tokyo, where he also taught En-glish.He served on the National AdvisoryCouncil of the Peace Corps, which he sub-sequently joined as a spécial assistant toits director and as opérations officer incharge of the Peace Corps in the Philippines. He served with the State Depart-ment's Bureau of Far Eastern Affairs andas a consultant to the Présidents Commission on Juvénile Delinquency and YouthCrime. In the "Action for AppalachianYouth" program, Rockefeller taught un-employed and undereducated youth inisolated rural areas.His élection to the Board of Trustéeswas announced by Fairfax M. Cône,Chairman of the Board, who said: "MyJohn D. Rockefeller, IV28 f ellow trustées and I are extremely pleasedby the élection of Jay Rockefeller. His ap-pointment carries forward a significanttradition in the growth and developmentof a great university."Last April 1 , Jay Rockefeller was mar-ried to the former Sharon Percy, daughterof U.S. Senator and Mrs. Charles H.Percy. Senator Percy is an alumnus and aTrustée of the University. The weddingtook place in Rockefeller MémorialChapel.10th Century Fund-Raising LetterSubstantiates Khazarian JudaismThe discovery of what may be the onlyoriginal document of the Khazar Jews hasbeen reported by Norman Golb, AssociateProfessor of Médiéval Jewish Studies inthe Department of Oriental Languagesand Civilizations.The document is a tenth century letterof recommendation to collect money forthe ransom of a robbery victim. It helpsto substantiate the évidence that theKhazars, a powerful Turkic-speaking people who lived in what is now southernRussia, converted to rabbinical Judaismduring the early Middle Ages.Golb found the document among theCairo Genizah manuscripts at CambridgeUniversity, England. He reported the discovery at a session of the Ukrainian Acad-emy of Arts and Sciences in the UnitedStates, held in New York City in June.The document "will allow scholars toget a new picture of the history of easternEurope during the tenth century," according to Omeljan Pritsak, Professor ofTurkic Linguistics at Harvard University,who assisted Golb in substantiating theKhazar origin of the names in the letter.It previously had been known, Golbsaid, that the Khazar king and his courtconverted from a Turkic pagan religionto Judaism. But scholars hâve disputedwhether or not the people of Khazariaadopted Judaism."Until now," Golb said, "not havingone single document coming from the hands of the Khazar people has causeddoubt. This document substantiates thefact that the Khazar people did adoptJudaism."Knowing that the Khazars adoptedJudaism helps to explain in large measurethe wide spread of Judaism in the MiddleAges in Southern Russia."The Khazars, whose origins are lost,flourished from at least the seventh to theeleventh century A.D. For at least threecenturies, the Khazar kingdom was animportant trading and military power.Although it is difficult to establish pre-cisely the boundaries of the Khazar kingdom during its existence, they can gen-erally be placed in the territory betweenthe Sea of Azov, the Caspian Sea, and theVolga and Don rivers. The Caucasus con-stituted the limits of its southern boun-dary.The document discovered by Golb — aletter of recommendation for a robberyvictim — is written on a thin, fragile sheetof parchment, measuring approximately14.4 centimeters wide by 22.5 centimeterslong. It is written in square Hebrew scriptand signed by members of the KhazarianJewish Community of Kiev, Russia.The letter, probably written in the firstpart of the tenth century A.D., concernsa certain Jacob Hanukkah, who was cap-tured by brigands during his travels. Hewas redeemed by the Khazarian signers ofthe letter for the sum of one hundred silveror gold coins. Sixty coins were paid to thecaptors outright, the community evidentlystanding surety for the rest.Jacob himself went forth to raise theremainder of the sum. He evidently trav-elled southward, probably passing throughConstantinople on his journey to Cairo,where the letter recording his tribulationscame to be preserved for more than 900years among the documents of the CairoGenizah.In 1897, Solomon Schechter, the jateprésident of the Jewish Theological Semi-nary of America, brought to Cambridgethousands of fragments from the Genizah,including the document about Jacob,which was unnoticed at the time.PeopleGolb first saw the newly-revealed Khazar document five years ago while perus-ing those Cambridge Genizah fragmentswhich are kept under glass. He suspectedthat it was a Khazarian document whenhe saw mention of the city of Kiev in theeighth Une of the document. (It wasknown that the Khazars maintained aquarter in Kiev at the time this documentwas written.)Golb's suspicion was further arousedwhen he noticed the unusual names of thesigners of the letter. Many were non-Semitic and appeared to be names derivedfrom a Turkic language. He noticed a re-markable affinity between the Hebrewnames mentioned in the document andthose of the Khazar kings, as they areknown from généalogies appearing in theearlier known Hebrew correspondence.An extract from the Khazarian document follows: "And now, our dignitariesand masters, we, the community of Kiev,inform you concerning this man Jacob.. . . He had always been a giver rather thana taker (of charity), until a bad fate wasdecreed against him. . . . His brother wenton the road, and there came brigands whoslew him and took his money. Then cameabductors (?) there and took Jacob captive, putting chains of iron on his neckand shackles about his legs. He stayedthere an entire year . . . and afterwards weredeemed him with a surety; we paid outsixty zekukim (silver, or possibly goldcoins) and with them (accounted for) thereremained forty zekukim. So we hâve senthim to the holy communities, that theymight take pity on him. And now, O ourmasters, raise up your eyes to heaven anddo as is your goodly custom; for you knowhow great is the virtue of charity; forcharity saves one from death. . . . Andunto you will there (likewise) be charity(shown) by the Lord your God; you shalleat the fruits thereof in this world, and the'perpétuai horn' shall be yours in theworld to corne; only be strong and of goodcourage, and do not disregard thèse words.May the Omniprésent bless you and buildJérusalem in your days and redeem youand also we with you. A(men) . . ." A. Adrian Albert, PhD'28, Dean of theDivision of the Physical Sciences, has beennamed Chairman of the Consultative Committee which will plan the InternationalMathematical Union's 1970 InternationalCongress of Mathematics in Nice, France.Easley R. Blackwood, Associate Professor of Music, is a récipient of the 1967-68 ASCAP Award, given by the AmericanSociety of Composers, Authors and Pub-lishers.Robert L. Bovinette, a PhD candidateand former Assistant to the Director ofAdmissions, has been appointed Directorof Collège Aid. Bovinette had been ActingDirector of Collège Aid since July 1.Jerald C. Brauer, Dean of the DivinitySchool, spoke on "Religion and Reformation in America" at Wagner Collège inNew York, Oct. 23, during the college'sobservance of the 450th anniversary ofthe Reformation.Dr. Denis P. Burkitt, a British surgeonnoted for his description of a peculiarform of cancer called Burkitt's Lymphomafound in Africa, gave lectures on "Chem-otherapy and Epidemiology of Burkitt'sLymphoma" and "Epidemiologic Research in Africa" at Billings Hospital inOctober. The African cancer, whichchiefly affects children and characteristi-cally appears as tumors of the face, is ofgreat interest to cancer investigators because it is suspected to be caused by avirus. It occurs only in a limited area ofAfrica, suggesting the possibility that thevirus is carried by insects in that area.Norman K. Clifford, former GeneralSecretary of the Student Christian Move-ment at the University of British Colum-bia, has been appointed Assistant Deanof the Divinity School and Research Associate (Assistant Professor) in ChurchHistory. Clifford, an ordained minister ofthe United Church of Canada, has donepostdoctoral study at Chicago. He has heldseveral pastorates in Canada and hastaught at the University of British Colum-bia. He received his PhD from the University of London. Clifford has publishedarticles and reviews in scholarly journalsand has lectured throughout Canada. Dr. Lowell T. Coggeshall, Trustée, Vice-Président Emeritus, and former Dean ofthe Division of the Biological Sciences,has received the John M. Russell Awardof the John and Mary R. Markle Foundation for "outstanding contributions to académie medicine."James S. Coleman, Professor of SocialRelations at Johns Hopkins University,opened the Autumn, 1967, Monday Lectures with a discussion of "ConflictingThéories of Social Change." Coleman isthe senior author of the récent "ColemanReport" on equality of éducation opportunity. The Monday Lectures, presentedunder the auspices of the Extension Division, were inaugurated in 1965.Robert B. Duffield, Director of theArgonne National Laboratory, has beenappointed Professor of Chemistry. Theappointment was simultaneous with hisNovember 1 appointment as Director ofArgonne.Clifton Fadiman, essayist, critic, andmember of the Board of Editors of En-cyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., since 1959,spoke on "Literature in the Ice Age" at theLaw School on Nov. 1. The lecture wasone of six scheduled this autumn under theauspices of the Britannica Lecture Séries.Dr. H. Fernandez-Moran, Professor ofBiophysics, has been named winner of theJohn Scott Award for 1967 by the Boardof Directors of City Trusts of Philadel-phia. Dr. Fernandez-Moran is being hon-ored for his invention of the diamondknife, a research tool which permits sci-entists to eut ultra-thin slices of tissue forviewing under an électron microscope.John Hope Franklin, Professor andChairman of the Department of History,and Richard P. McKeon, the Charles F.Grey Distinguished Service Professor ofPhilosophy and Classical Languages andLiteratures, are two of the seven scholarsnamed to help plan York Collège, the fifthand latest senior collège of the City University of New York.Donald R. Getz, '56, SM'59, formerAdministrative Officer for Spécial Scien-tific Programs, has been appointed Assistant Director of The National Accelerator29ùtetttaAKM&j//Trustée Emmett Dedmon, '39, Editor of the Chicago Suh-Times, isthe new National Alumni Chairman of the Campaign for Chicago. Trustée James W. Button, '39, Vice-Président for Merchandising,Sears, Roebuck and Co., is the new Chairman of the Président' s Fund.Laboratory, the high energy physics research center to be built for the AtomicEnergy Commission at Weston, Illinois.John C. Glidewell, a social psychologist,was appointed Professor of Education onOctober 1. Prior to joining the faculty,Glidewell was Associate Professor of Social Psychology and of Education andPsychology at Washington University, St.Louis. At Chicago he will participate inthe training of educational psychologistsand in research on the problems of urbanéducation. Glidewell is consultant to theNational Training Laboratories, Bethel,Maine, and to several large corporations.He also is Vice Chairman of the MentalHealth Section of the American PublicHealth Association, and will becomeChairman next year.Dr. Alexander Goftschalk, Director ofthe Argonne Cancer Research Hospitaland Associate Professor of Radiology, re-cently was named one of the "Ten Out-standing Young Men of 1967" by the Chicago Junior Association of Commerce andIndus try.Alvin W. Gouldner, Professor of SocialTheory at Washington University in St.Louis, spoke on "The Romantic Move-ment and the Social Sciences" at the Mon day Lecture séries in autumn. Gouldner'spublished works include Patterns of Irt-dustrial Bureaucracy, Notes on Technology, and the Moral Order (with R. A.Peterson), and Enter Plato.Philip M. Hauser, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Population Research and Training Center, in Novemberspoke at the first 1967-68 Executive Sem-inar presented by the University's Indus-trial Relations Center. Hauser's topic was"The Implications of Population Trendsfor the Business Community."Gerald Holton, Professor of Physics atHarvard University, spoke "On the Irrel-evance of Scientific Experiments" at thefinal Monday Lecture in November. Holton has been active in science éducationand is a former editor-in-chief of Dae-dalus. Among his books are Foundationsof Modem Physical Science, Science andthe Modem Mind (with S. R. Graubard),and Excellence and Leadership in aDemocracy.Dr. Charles B. Huggins, 1966 NobelLauréate in physiology and medicine andDirector of the Ben May Laboratory forCancer Research, has been selected by theBoston Surgical Society to recelve theHenry Jacob Bigelow Medal, given for outstanding accomplishment in the fieldof surgery. The medal has been awardedonly seventeen times in the past forty-sixyears.Robert Maynard Hutchins, président ofthe Center for the Study of DémocratieInstitutions and Chairman of the Board ofEditors of Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.,in November spoke on "The Truth Aboutthe Center" in the Law School Auditorium as part of the Britannica Lectureséries.Ali Akbar Khan recently presented aconcert of Indian music to a sell-out crowdin Mandel Hall. Khan, who plays the 25-string sarod, twice has received the Président of India Award for his outstandingartistic achievement and his contributionsto music. The concert was sponsored bythe Chamber Music Séries and the Committee on Southern Asian Studies.Léonard Krieger, University Professorof History and a former member of theInstitute for Advanced Study, discussed"Culture, Cataclysm, and Contingency" atone of the Autumn Monday Lectures.Mark M. Krug, PhD'60, Professor ofEducation in History and Social Studies inthe Graduate School of Education, is theauthor of a new book, History & The30Social Sciences (Blaisdell Publishing Co.),which critically examines new schools ofthought and trends in social studies.Richard C. Lewontin, Professor of Zo-ology and Mathematical Biology and Associate Dean of the Division of the Biological Sciences, discussed "Evolutionismas a World View" at one of the Univer-sity's Monday Lectures.Grant McConnell, Professor of Political Science and a specialist in Americanpolitics, has been appointed Chairman ofthe Department of Political Science. McConnell succeeds Léonard Binder who iscurrently on leave to do research on comparative politics in the Middle East at theCenter for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences, Palo Alto, Calif.Dr. Franklin C. McLean, ProfessorEmeritus in the Department of Physiol-ogy, recently addressed nearly 400 members of the médical staff and guests of theUniversity Hospitals and Clinics at a din-ner at Hutchinson Commons during thecélébration of the fortieth anniversary ofthe dedication of the Albert Merritt Bill-ings Hospital. Dr. McLean, who was instrumental in the planning of the Hospitals and Clinics, discussed the history ofthe Hospital complex and changes withinit.Marvin A. Nelson, a management consultant in Chicago, has been appointedFencing Coach. He was fencing instructorat Triton Junior Collège in Northlake, 111.,since 1965. A member of the board of di-rectors of the Amateur Fencers League ofAmerica, Inc., he introduced fencing tofifteen Illinois high schools in 1960 and1961, when he was chairman of the IllinoisDivision of the League. Nelson succeedsStanford J. Patterson, who resigned asfencing coach at the end of the last académie year. During Patterson's last season,Maroon fencers won nine and lost nine.A. Léo Oppenheim, Professor of Assyr-iology and editor of the Assyrian Dic-tionary, has edited Letters from Mesopo-tamia, a new book in which he translates150 letters written in Akkadian on claytablets.Anthony T. G. Pallett, AM'66, has been appointed Director of Admissions. Pallett,who held the same post at Wells Collègein Aurora, New York, succeeds Charles D.O'Connell, who is now Dean of Students.Pallett served as Assistant to the Directorof Admissions at Chicago from 1963 to1966. He has completed his course workfor his PhD at Chicago.Helen Harris Perlman, Professor in theSchool of Social Service Administration,has received the University of MinnesotaOutstanding Achievement Award.Robert A. Plaskas, who had been wres-tling coach at West Aurora (111.) HighSchool since 1966, has been appointed Instructor in Physical Education and Wres-tling Coach. While an undergraduate atNorthwestern University, Plaskas won theBig Ten 123-pound wrestling champion-ship in 1963. In 1964-65, he served asf reshman wrestling coach at Eastern Mich-igan University, where he received his SMin 1966. Plaskas succeeds James Baillie,who resigned as wrestling coach at the endof the last académie year. During 1966-67, the Maroon wrestlers won six matchesand lost four.Fred Plog, a graduate assistant in theDepartment of Anthropology, is the co-editor, with Paul Bohannan of Northwestern University, of Beyond the Frontier:Social Process and Cultural Change. Thebook is an anthology bringing togetheranthropological accounts of some fron-tiers, and of the effect of such frontiers onthe people on one side or both. Plog, grad-uated with distinction from NorthwesternUniversity in 1966, is an honorary Wood-row Wilson Fellow and holds a NationalScience Foundation Traineeship.Dr. Jack Stevens, Chairman of the Department of Orthopédie Surgery at theCookCounty Hospital, has been appointedAssociate Professor of Surgery and Director of the Division of Orthopédie Surgery.Dr. Stevens has done clinical research onthe surgical treatment of rheumatoid ar-thritis, especially in the early stages of thedisease. He also has had wide expériencewith the surgical management of patientssuffering from traumatic injuries. He is theauthor or co-author of twenty articles in médical journals.Psychologist Silvan Tompkins, a professor and director of the Center for Research in Cognition and Affect at the CityUniversity of New York, gave six lectureson "Emotion and Ideology" at the University in October, sponsored by the Department of Psychology.George Wald, a graduate fellow at Chicago in 1932-34, has been named to sharethe 1967 Nobel Prize in Physiology andMedicine (with Haldan Keffer Hartlineand Ragnar Granit). Wald is professor ofbiology at Harvard. He and his co-Lau-reates were honored "for their discoveriesconcerning the primary chemical andphysiological visual processes in the eye."Karl J. Weintraub, 49, AM'52, PhD'57,an authority on the development of his-torical thought and the Thomas E. Donnelley Associate Professor of History inthe Collège, is one of ten scholars acrossthe nation who hâve received the 1968 E.Harris Harbison Award for DistinguishedTeaching from the Danforth Foundationof St. Louis. The Awards are given toteacher-scholars who excel in the art ofteaching, in the significance of their schol-arly contributions, and in their concernfor students as individuals.Gilbert F. White, 32, MS'34, PhD'42,Professor of Geography and an interna-tionally-known authority on water re-sources conservation, spoke at the firstof the University's autumn séries of Sat-urday Seminars for high school honorstudents in the humanities.Stig Wikander, Visiting Professor ofHistory of Religions, delivered the six-part Haskell Lectures this fall at the Divinity School. Wikander is Professor ofSanskrit and Comparative Indo-EuropeanPhilology at the University of Uppsala,Sweden. He is one of the few historiansof religions who has mastered Indo-European as well as Semitic languages. Hisprésent work is on the relationship be-tween myth and epic. The Haskell Lec-tureship was established in 1894 by a giftto the University from Mrs. Caroline E.Haskell to perpetuate a lectureship ofcomparative religion.31ProfilesVirginio Ferrari"The American artist is looked at ailover the world. American art is more new,especially the painting. In Italy it is hardfor the artist — just a few people like modem art. Hère it is more open for a newthing."Virginio Ferrari, a leading Italiansculptor and a Visiting Instructor at theUniversity this year, créâtes works stress-ing the importance of life in a world in-creasingly influenced by the mechanical.Harold Haydon, Associate Professor ofArt and Director of Midway Studios, callshim "the sculptor of life." Ferrari has ex-hibned in Italy, the United States, Ger-many, and Yugoslavia, and he won prizesbeginning with his earliest shows. This ishis second year at Chicago; last year hewas the University's Sculptor-in-Resi-dence.Born in Verona, Italy, in 1937, he received a diploma in plastic art there fromthe N. Nani School in 1956. He earned adiploma in sculpture from the Academiadi Belle Arte Cignaroli, Verona, in 1959.From 1963 to 1966 he taught sculptureat the Liceo Artistico in Verona.His father and grandfather were artisans who worked in marble, and Ferrarisculpted tombstones for three years. Hefeels the expérience was valuable and heremembers being "very happy, workingwith marble. For exercise for the hands itwas very good." In 1962, he went to New York for anexhibition of his works. What happenedto him and what he saw there greatly altered his personal and artistic outlook.He arrived just in time for a three-month dock strike, which .prevented hisworks from being unloaded. He foundhimself in a strange country, short ofmoney, and without work. With plenty oftime on his hands, he wandered aroundNew York, visiting galleries and muséumsand comparing his work with that ofAmerican artists. Although impressed bythe art, he found it — like the people inNew York — too cold for his taste. Whilethere he learned of the death of tenfriends, artists and critics, in an airplanecrash in France, a tragedy which latermoved him to produce a group of ninesculptures on the thème of "TragicFlight."Ferrari was disturbed by the hectic paceof life in the city. Nobody seemed to pauseto enjoy life, to really look at other humanbeings. When he returned to Italy, hiswork changed. He began a personal cru-sade against the growing power of themachine in society. He created worksdepicting the struggle between life andthe mechanical; human beings or organicBelow: "The Drop #9," bronze, about 10"diam. Right: Ferrari at work in the MidwayStudios on a bust of Karl A. Menninger.32forms were trapped in machines, strug-gling to escape.Ferrari departed briefly from this thèmewhen he did a bronze for the lobby of theSilvain and Arma Wyler Children's Hospital on the University campus. Commis-sioned by Mr. and Mrs. Albert Pick, Jr.,he visited the hospital in 1965, examinedthe then incomplète structure, and talkedwith physicians and architects."I learned of the hopes and dreams thatthis building symbolized for both the menof medicine and for the parents and children who would be entering through itsdoors to seek help," Ferrari said.Envisioning medicine "as a new motherfor the sick child, protecting him andhelping him to recover from his pains,"he created an eight-foot-high sculpture,called "Love and Hope."In 1966 Ferrari returned to Chicago,this time with his wife, Marisa, and hissmall son, Alberto, to become Sculptor-in-Residence at the University.The University provided him withspace at the Midway Studios and left himfree to do as he wished. Occasionally students would visit to discuss his work andsculpture in gênerai."At the University my work changed.Before I cast in bronze, now more in otherkinds of material, and I use more color."Below: "Human Landscape," aluminum andbronze, 31 by 27 inches.Right: Ferrari with his "Wheel of Life," aluminum and bronze, about 5 feet diameter. Ferrari's work has evolved, particularlysince he came hère, from representing thestruggle between life and the machine torepresenting the création of life, theémergence of life from the female.Ferrari works eight to ten hours a dayand has several pièces in progress at anygiven time. "The work cornes fresherwhen I change from one pièce to another." He works quickly, finishing somesmall pièces in a few days and some of thelarger pièces in about a month. He lives with his family in the University Faculty Apartments across the streetfrom the Midway Studios, where he is ableto mix with faculty members, and theirfamilies, from a great number of countries. "I like very much the variety, theconversations."At a time when most people worryabout security, Ferrari is relaxed in hisattitude toward the future, for which hehas no spécifie plans. He only wants tocreate new works of art. D33CLUB NEWSMinneapolis/St. PaulMartin E. Marty, PhD'56, Professor inthe Divinity School and Chairman of theChurch History Field, spoke on "Relocation of Religion in American Life" onOctober 20. Marty's talk followed a réception and dinner in the Regency Roombf the Sheraton-Ritz Hôtel.ChicagoVirgil Burnett, Assistant Professor ofArt, spoke on "The Search for Subject inContemporary Art" at an alumnae lun-cheon sponsored by the Quadranglers atthe Chicago Yacht Club on October 26.San FranciscoPhilip M. Hauser, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Population Research and Training Center, spoke on"After the Riots, What?" at the MarkHopkins Hôtel on November 2. A discussion of the talk was followed by a réception.Los AngelesPhilip M. Hauser, Professor of Sociology and Director of the Population Research and Training Center, spoke on"After the Riots, What?" at the Léo BaeckTemple on November 5. A discussion pe-riod and. a réception followed commentsby Marvin L. Braude, '41, a Los Angelescounciiman, and the Révérend James H.Hargett of the Church of Christian Fel-lowship, a local Negro leader.New YorkAlumni and their guests had a chanceto meet the new président of the NewYork Club, Alan J. Whitney, at the an-nual cocktail party at the Williams Clubon November 6.AtlantaGeorge R. Hughes, Professor of Egyp-tology and Associate Director of the Oriental Institute, introduced and commentedon the award-winning film, "The Egyptol-ogists," in the Auditorium of LenoxSquare on November 9. After the film, aréception was held for Prof. Hughes.PittsburghWilliam R. Polk, Professor of MiddleEastern History and Director of the Cen ter for Middle Eastern Studies, spoke on"An Objective Look at the Middle East"at Stouffer's Restaurant in Oakland onNovember 9. A réception preceded thetalk and light refreshments werê servedafterwards.DenverDr. Robert G. Page, Associate Professor of Medicine and Associate Dean ofthe Division of Biological Sciences, spokeon "Slums, Students, and Médical Education" at the Diplomat Motor Hôtel onNovember 10. Dr. Page's talk was preceded by a réception and dinner. ClevelandMrs. Mabel Grey Gehring, a writer forThe Christian Science Monitor, spoke"About Scotland — and the Isles" at aluncheon on November 11 at Stouffer's,Illuminated Building.For information on coming events, orfor assistance in planning an event in yourcommunity with a guest speaker from theUniversity, contact (Mrs.) Jane Steele,Program Director, The University of Chicago Alumni Association, 5733 UniversityAvenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, Ml3-0800, ext. 4291.New York: four alumni who are officers of the Smart Family Foundation (from left): A. L.Blinder, PhB'31, Président; Jérôme M. Jontry, PhB'33, Vice Président; Myron D. Davis,PhB'29, JD'31, Secretary and General Counsel; and Joseph M. Arnstein, PhB'33, Senior VicePrésident. The Foundation gave the University $1,000,000 for an art gallery in the NorthQuadrangle to be named in honor of David and Alfred Smart, founders of Esquire magazine.34San Francisco: above, Justice Stanley Mosk (left) président of the Bay Area Club, with Prof.Philip M. Hauser, who addressed the Nov. 2 meeting; below, alumni and guests at the meeting. COMING EVENTSBoston: December 13George R. Hughes, Professor of Egyp-tology and Associate Director of the Oriental Institute, will introduce and comment on the award-winning film, "TheEgyptologists," at the Sheraton-BostonHôtel. Cocktails will be served before thefilm.New Orléans: December 14David Grene will speak on "Pity andFear and the Modem Audience: A Viewof the Greek Tragedy" at an eveningmeeting at University Center at TulaneUniversity. A réception will follow.New York: December 15William H. McNeill, '38, AM'39, Professor of History and author of The Riseof the West, will speak on "Theory andPractice of World History."Philadelphia: December 17George R. Hughes, Professor of Egyp-tology and Associate Director of the Oriental Institute, will introduce and comment on the award-winning film, "TheEgyptologists." A brunch will précède theshowing of the film.Cleveland: January 25Grosvenor W. Cooper, Professor in theDepartment of Music and Collège Hu-manities and Chairman of the Committeeof General Studies in Humanities, willspeak at a dinner at The Higbee Company.Prospective students hâve been invitedto Christmas parties — each of them hostedby an alumnus — in several cities. The parties will enable prospective students tomeet informally small groups of alumni,local undergraduates home for the holi-days, an admissions officiai, and a facultymember. The parties will be held in eightcommunities: Boston, Denver, Los Angeles, Milwaukee, Minneapolis/St. Paul,Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, and Washington.35Alumni News 07Ivan Doseff, '07, a retired University ofMinnesota art professor, is teaching at theSt. Paul (Minn.) Art Center.10 ~~Carlie Souter Smith, SB' 10, MD'12,and the late Wallis Smith, MD'05, hâvehad Smith Hall, a new women's dormi-tory, named in their honor, in récognitionof their many years of service to DruryCollège, Springfield, Mo.12Arthur G. Beyer, SB12, MD14, hasretired after practicing medicine in Cincinnati for the past fîfty-two years.Elizabeth C. Crosby, SM'12, PhD'15, ateacher and specialist in anatomical studies at the University of Michigan, wasawarded an honorary Doctor of Sciencedegree at Smith College's June commencement.15Oscar F. Hedenburg, PhD'15, inventorof veronal — the first barbiturate sleepingpill — and of insecticides harmless to animais, has discovered a technique for quan-tity production of guanyl urea sulfate, achemical that prevents excess acidity inthe electroplating of zinc.17Leland C. Shafer, MD'17, and BerthaShafer, MD'17, were initiated this summer into the Illinois State Médical So-ciety's Fifty-Year Club.19Emily Taft Douglas, PhB'19, formerIllinois representative-at-large and wife offormer Senator Paul H. Douglas, spokeon "Some Reflections on the AmericanWoman" at a lecture séries early in 1967at Rosary Collège, River Forest, 111.20 ~~John J. Zavertnik, SB'20, MD'24, aphysician, was honored by his formerpatients, associâtes, and friends, at a testimonial dinner on June 28, 1967, for hisforty-three years of service to the Westside communities of Chicago. 23George B. Callahan, SM'23, MD'25, alecturer and specialist in obstetrics andgynecology, was presented the GoldenDeeds Award at a spring meeting of theWaukegan (111.) Exchange Club.Marion L. Pool, SB'23, PhB'27, professor of physics at Ohio State University,Columbus, Ohio, has been named a Fellow of the American Nuclear Society.24Alrida Barnett, PhB'24, and Iris I.Goodman, PhB'29, are counselors forCatalyst for Youth, an organization whichcounsels youth from financially disadvan-taged homes.Martin L. Faust, PhD'24, professor ofpolitical science at the University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., has retired as Professor Emeritus after thirty-eight yearswith the department.Walter MacPeek, PhB'24, has retired asassistant to the director of the EditorialService and associate editor of ScoutingMagazine. He was a professional leader inthe Boy Scout movement for forty-threeyears.25Herbert C. DeYoung, AB'25, JD'28, aChicago lawyer, has been awarded theWill Ross Medal for outstanding serviceby the National Tuberculosis Associationin Pittsburgh, Pa.Eugène L. Exman, AM'25, a vice président at Harper & Row of New York City,has written a new book, The House ofHarper: One Hundred and Fifty Years ofPublishing (Harper & Row) .Benjamin E. Mays, AM'25, PhD'35,président of Morehouse Collège, Atlanta,Ga., has been awarded an honorary LLDfrom Harvard University.Susan Smith, PhB'25, has been appointed a part-time instructor in the En-glish department at Denison University,Granville, Ohio.26Gertrude Whipple, PhB'26, PhD'35, areading consultant in the Détroit PublicSchools, spoke on "Teaching Reading to Children Who Are Culturally Différent"at a spring conférence sponsored by theReading Institute held at St. Francis Collège, Fort Wayne, Ind.27 ^Jessie M. Bierman, MD'27, former professor of Child Health and Pediatrics atthe University of California's School ofPublic Health in Berkeley, was awardedan honorary doctorate by the Universityof Montana, Missoula, Mont., at its Junecommencement.Théodore H. Harley, PhB'27, has retired as assistant vice président in the business services division of Harris Trust &Savings Bank, Chicago.28Morris Landwirth, PhB'28, a memberof the Peoria agency of the MassachusettsMutual Life Insurance Co. in Springfield,was honored for thirty-five years of service with the company at its MidwesternRégional Conférence held this summer inOsage Beach, Mo.Bernard N. Schilling, AM'28, professorof English and Comparative Literature,has been named chairman of the Department of Foreign and Comparative Literature at the University of Rochester (N.Y.)Collège of Arts and Sciences.Mary Stanton, PhB'28, AM'42, PhD'43,a lecturer in the department of sociologyat Mount St. Mary's Collège in Los Angeles, has had the Mary Stanton Center,a vocational training center for refugeegirls, named in her honor by the Sisters ofthe Good Shepherd in Hong Kong.29 ~Margaret Adkinson Chapman, PhB'29,who was erroneously reported as de-ceased in the October UCM, writes to tellus and her classmates that she is "verymuch alive." She and Mr. Chapman hâveretired to a new home just across the roadfrom her husband's birthplace near Carmi,111. (PO Box 224). Mrs. Chapman workedfor fourteen years with the WashingtonNational Insurance Co. at Evanston, 111.,where the Chapmans lived before retire-ment.36 30Harry A. Broadd, PhB'30, has been appointed professor of art at Illinois Teachers Collège North in Chicago.William L. Duren, Jr., PhD'30, professor of mathematics at the University ofVirginia, recently was honored for distinguished service by the MathematicalAssociation of America at its annualmeeting in Houston, Tex.Mrs. Lewis J. Ferrell, AM'30, EverettSchool director in Olympia, Wash., wasguest speaker at a récent meeting of theOlympia American Association of University Women.31 ~H. Gary Hudson, PhD'31, présidentemeritus of Illinois Collège, Jacksonville,111., was awarded an honorary LLD at theCollege's June commencement exercises.Raymond O. Rockwood, AM'31,PhD'35, professor of history and directorof graduate studies at Colgate University,has been named acting director of theDivision of Social Sciences at that institution.Mrs. Reginald G. Ullman, PhB'31, hasbeen named head of the Church WomenUnited of Greater Cleveland, Ohio.32Wallace A. Erickson, SB'32, PhD'36,président of the Erickson Foundation,Chicago, spoke on "Developing a Christian World and Life View" at a springlecture séries of Home Builders classes atthe Second Presbyterian Church in Evans-ton, 111.Lela Winegarner, AM'32, retired thisyear as coordinator of foreign student services »at Illinois State University, Normal,111. 33George F. Date, SB'33, former nitro-cellulose production supervisor at Hercules Powder Co., Radford, Va., has beennamed safety superintendent for the Radford (Va.) Army Ammunition Plant.Irving C. Lambert, PhB'33, MBA'45,a manager of sales training and éducation at Joseph T. Ryerson and Son in Chicago,recently celebrated his forty-fifth year ofservice with that company.Arnold C. Schultz, PhB'33, AM'35,professor of Old Testament and archae-ology at Northern Baptist TheologicalSeminary, Oakbrook, 111., recently led aconférence on "The Bible and Archaeol-ogy" at the First Baptist Church of Ran-toul, 111. His lecture dealt with the landsof the New Testament. Mr. Schultz servedas a pastor in Ohio. He also taught atBluffton (Ohio) Collège, and served aslecturer in several seminaries in the UnitedStates and Canada. He has done archae-ological research in Central America, Israël, Jordan, Iran, India, Japan, and theUSSR and other iron curtain countries.He also taught in Israël and Japan, andlectured at various mission fields in theOrient.34 ~Noël B. Gerson, '34, AM'63, PhD'63,author of ten volumes of non-fiction andtwenty-three historical and biographicalnovels, has written a new book, VU StormHell (Doubleday & Co., 1967), a biographical novel of Anthony Wayne, themost f amous and colorful gênerai, next toWashington, of the American révolution.Ray Sayler, X'34, head of the Douglas-Sarpy County chapter of the Red Cross inOmaha, Neb., was profilcd in a June,1967, édition of the Benson Sun.Robert Shone, AM'34, a Master ofEngineering at Liverpool University, hasbeen named Visiting Professor of the CityUniversity in London.35 ~James A. McDevitt, AB'35, has beenpromoted to class 1 in the Foreign Serviceof the United States. He served in theU.S. Navy from 1941 to 1946. Since enter-ing the Foreign Service in 1946, he hasserved in Washington, D. G, as AssistantDirector for Management, as Foreign Service Inspector, and as Director of theJunior Officer Program. He is assigned tothe Department of State as Executive Director of the Bureau of Intelligence andResearch. Alvin M. Weinberg Maurice M. ShapiroHelen Weigle, AB'35, is a director onthe State Board of the League of WomenVoters of Illinois. As chairman of thewelfare study, she is responsible for co-ordinating work in the area of "Support ofImproved Welfare Services to Childrenand Their Families." Mrs. Weigle hasbeen an active member of many civic andwelfare organizations. She is a formerprésident of the Highland Park League,a former vice président of the Family Welfare Service Association of South LakeCounty, and is a member of the AmericanField Service Committee of Highland Park,111.Alvin M. Weinberg, '35, SM'36, PhD-'39, director of Oak Ridge National Laboratory, was the featured speaker at Alfred(N.Y.) University's June commencementexercises. The University awarded him anhonorary LLD.John R. Womer, AB'35, has beenelected président of Great Lakes MortgageCorporation, Chicago, 111. Mr. Womerjoined the firm in 1935. He became a vice-président in 1948 and has served on manyimportant committees within the industry.He is a past président of the ChicagoMortgage Bankers Association, served assecretary-treasurer of the Illinois MortgageBankers Association, and is a member ofthe board of governors of the Metropolitan Housing and Planning Council of Chicago. He has served as chairman of theUrban Renewal Committee of both theMortgage Bankers Association of Americaand the Chicago Association of Commerceand Industry. He also headed the HousingCommittee of the Chicago Commission onHuman Relations. Mr. Womer is chairmanof the Alumni Fund of the University, andhas served on the executive committee ofthe Order of the 'C,' an honorary affiliation.36 ~Maurice M. Shapiro, SB'36, SM'40,PhD'42, Chief Scientist of the Laboratoryfor Cosmic Ray Physics at the Naval Research Laboratory, has received the NavyDistinguished Civilian Service Award.Charles T. Thrift, Jr., PhD'36, président of Florida Southern Collège, was the37Harold H. Hutson Edward J. Ledder Paul A . Florianprincipal speaker at Columbia (S.C.) College's June commencement exercises.David B. Truman, AM'36, PhD'39,former dean of the undergraduate collègeat Columbia University, has been namedprovost and vice président of Columbia.37 ~Robert H. Bethke, AB'37, has beennamed chairman of the executive committee of Discount Corporation of New YorkCity, a major dealer in securities of theUnited States Government and FédéralAgencies.Norman R. Davidson, SB'37, PhD'41,has been named division executive officerfor chemistry and chemical engineering atthe California Institute of Technology,Pasadena, Calif.38Lamont Cole, SB'38, PhD'44, a professor in the Zoology Department at CornellUniversity, Ithaca, N.Y., spoke on "TheEcology of Populations" at a spring lecture at Ithaca (N.Y.) Collège.George T. Donoghue, Jr., AB'38, JD'-38, has been elected président of the boardof trustées of the Homewood (111.) publiclibrary.Harold H. Hutson, PhD'38, provost andexecutive vice président of American University, Washington, D.C., has beenawarded an honorary Doctor of HumaneLetters degree from Ohio Wesleyan University, Delaware, Ohio.Nils W. Olsson, AM'38, PhD'49, a U.S.foreign service officer, was named directorof the American Swedish Institute in Min-neapolis, on Sept. 1, 1967.39 ~Donald C. Carner, AB'39, MBA'48, anadministrator of the Mémorial Hospital ofLong Beach, Calif., wrote an article, "TheCampers Are Corning!" for the February,1967, issue of Rotarian.Harry M. Smith, SB'39, PhD'42, aSpringfield (Mass.) Collège researcher, isdirector of "Sero-Anthropology of BloodGroups in the Near East," a three-con-tinent project studying human blood "gènepools." Edward J. Ledder, Jr., AB'39, MBA'54,has been named Président and Chief Opérations Officer at Abbott Laboratories inChicago.40Lee J. Cronbach, PhD'40, professor oféducation and psychology at StanfordUniversity, has been "honored with theVida Jacks endowed professorship in éducation.Cari E. Steinhauser, AB'40, AM'53,has been promoted to associate professorin the modem languages department atGeorgia Institute of Technology.41Helen Huss, AM'41, PhD'44, an associate professor of éducation in the graduate school at the University of Pennsyl-vania, spoke on "Right Roads to Reading" at a spring workshop sponsored bythe Défiance (Ohio) Collège Council ofthe International Reading Association.Maxwell A. Johnson, SB'41, MD'43, aTulsa Urologist, was inaugurated as président of the Oklahoma State Médical Association during récent cérémonies at theMayo Hôtel in Tulsa.Morley J. Mays, X'41 , was named Président of Elizabethtown (Pa.) Collège inOctober, 1967.Dietrich C. Reitzes, AM'41, PhD'50,headed the four week Faculty Institute onUrban Sociology, "The 20th Century City:Promise or Threat," held this summer atGeorge Williams Collège in Hinsdale, 111.Hatten S. Yoder, Jr., SB'41, a petrolo-gist with the Carnegie Institute of Washington, D.C., recently spoke on "Spiliteand Serpentinite Stability Fields" at Wit-tenborg University, Springfield, Ohio, aspart of the American Geophysical Union'sVisiting Scientist Program.42 ~Paul A. Florian, MBA'42, former viceprésident of Miehle-Goss-Dexter Inc., hasbeen appointed Vice Président for Administration of Rand McNally & Co.Michael H. Jameson, AB'42, PhD'49,dean of the Graduate School of Arts andSciences at the University of Pennsylvania, spoke on "The Persian Wars and the Problem of Sources" at a récent program sponsored by the University's department ofclassics.John H. Johnson, X'42, editor of Ebonymagazine, spoke at a récent lecture sériescommemorating the birth of FrederickDouglass at the University of Rochester.Fred L. Morritz, SB'42, head of theThin Films Research Group and a memberof the Physical Sciences Department atAutonetics Division of North AmericanAviation, Inc., Anaheim, Calif., wrote anarticle, "Chemical Vapor Déposition ofMonocrystalline Silicon On Insulators,"for the April issue of Electronic PackagingAnd Production.Ewell L. Newman, X'42, was honoredrecently at a dinner given by leaders of theEast Bridgeport Trade and Civic Association of Connecticut, upon his résignationas executive director of the Hall Neighbor-hood House, a position he has held since1949.Donald A. Peterson, AM'42, has beennamed director of human resources at theLife Insurance Agency Management Association, Washington, D.C.William P. Thompson, JD'42, a Topeka,Kan., attorney, was the baccalaureatespeaker at Missouri Valley Collège in June,1967.43Werner A. Baum, SB'43, SM'44, PhD-'48, former vice président for scientificaffairs at New York University, has beennamed deputy administrator of the fédéralgovernment's Environmental Science Services Administration.George W. Denemark, AB'43, AM'47,former dean of the University of Wiscon-sin School of Education, has been nameddean of the University of Kentucky Collège of Education, Lexington, Ky.44 ~~_James W. Cashman, SB'44, MD'46,chief of the Public Health Service's Division of Médical Care Administration,spoke on "Careers in Health" at a springmeeting of the United Nations Associationof Michigan City, Ind.38Albert E. Finholt 45Jeanne M. Foley, AB'45, a member ofthe department of psychology at LoyolaUniversity in Chicago, spoke on "WhoNeeds Discipline?" at a spring meeting ofthe St. Frances of Rome Home and SchoolProgram, Cicero, 111.Owen Jenkins, AB'45, AM'50, professor of English at Carleton Collège, hasbeen granted a year's leave of absence inEngland to study and do research on SirWalter Scott.46Anita Ford Allen, AM'46, a former English teacher at Howard University, Washington, D.C., has been appointed to theDistrict of Columbia Board of Education.Albert E. Finholt, PhD'46, vice président for académie affairs at St. Olaf Collège, Northfield, Minn., has been electedto the board of trustées of Knox Collège,Galesburg, 111.47David Blumberg, AB'47, MBA'50,président of J. Blumberg, Inc., in Wauke-gan, 111., has been named président of theHighland Park (111.) Community Chest.Robert Fleming, PhD'47, an expert inornithology and a field associate of theField Muséum in Chicago, recently wasguest speaker at a breakfast of the Wom-an's Society of Christian Service of theFirst Methodist Church in Streater, 111.George Wren, PhB'47, SB'49, MBA'51,director of hospital administration atGeorgia State Collège in Atlanta, has received a PhD from the University of Illinois.48Lowell C. Doak, MBA'48, has beennamed associate treasurer and controllerof Rutgers University. Mr. Doak lives at762 Hyslip Ave, Westfield, N.J.Seymour L. Halleck, PhB'48, SB'50,MD'52, professor of Psychiatry at the University of Wisconsin, has written a newbook, Psychiatry And The Dilemmas OfCrime (Harper & Row). The book dis-cusses criminal behavior, the myths about crime which hâve led to harmful errors inpunishment and treatment, and our poli-cies which hâve helped or severely hin-dered the rehabilitation of criminals.William N. Stokes, SM'48, has beenpromoted to class 2 in the Foreign Serviceof the United States. Mr. Stokes was inthe U.S. Army Air Corps from 1943 to1945. Since entering the Foreign Servicein 1946, he has served in Mukden, China,as Vice Consul; in Washington, D.C., asOfficer in Charge of Northwest AfricanAffairs; and in Tunis, Tunisia, as Chief ofthe Political Section. He is presently as-signed to the Department of State as StateDepartment Member, Air Force PlanningStaff. Mr. Stokes speaks Mandarin Chi-nese and French. He is married to theformer Janina Jadwiga Hierowski, andthey hâve six children.Chen Ning Yang, PhD'48, winner ofthe Nobel Prize in physics in 1957, hasreceived the 1967 Science LeadershipAward of Yeshiva University in NewYork City.49Leroy G. Augenstein, SB'49, a memberof the State Board of Education and chairman of the Biophysics Department atMichigan State University, was guestspeaker at the spring commencement atDelta Collège, Cleveland, Miss.John R. Coleman, AM'49, PhD'50, anexecutive of the Ford Foundation and aformer dean at Carnegie Institute of Technology, will become président of Haver-ford (Pa.) Collège in June, 1968. Mr.Coleman spent 1960-61 in New Delhi,India, as a consultant for the Ford Foundation on industriel relations research andmanagement development. In 1965 hejoined the foundation full time as associatedirector for its program in économie development and administration. Mr. Coleman is nationally known in the fields oféconomies and labor relations.Edwin E. Segall, AM'49, has been promoted to class 3 in the Foreign Service ofthe United States. He was in the U.S. Armyfrom 1943 to 1946. Since entering theForeign Service in 1949, he has been sta- tioned in Zagreb, Yugoslavia, as Vice Consul; Stockholm, Sweden, as Political Officer; Bucharest, Romania, as EconomieOfficer; Washington, D.C., as Chief ofYugoslavian Affairs and CzechoslovakianAffairs; and Belgrade, Yugoslavia, Economie Officer. He is presently assigned tothe Department of State, Foreign ServiceInstitute. Mr. Segall speaks Serbo-Croatian,Romanian, French, and German.James E. Zemek, AM'49, former headof the English department at St. Charles(111.) High School, has been named teacherof English and chairman of the Communications Division at Waubonsee Community Collège, Aurora, 111.50Walter Chizinsky, SM'50, former associate professor of biology and chairmanof the science-mathematics department atBennett Collège, Millbrook, N.Y., hasbeen named associate professor of biologyat Briarcliff Collège, Briarcliff Manor,N.Y.Marvin Schuster, '50, SB'54, MD'55,has been appointed head of the Department of Gastroenterology of the Universityof Florida School of Medicine in Gaines-ville, Fia., effective January, 1968. Dr.Schuster's contributions to the médicalfield hâve been in teaching and research.He has been active in the University ofChicago Alumni Club in Baltimore, as wellas in many civic activities.Paul K. Stahnke, AM'50, has been promoted to class 3 in the Foreign Service ofthe United States. Mr. Stahnke was in theU.S. Air Force from 1943 to 1946. Sinceentering the Foreign Service in 1951, hehas served as Political Officer in Hamburg,Germany; Consular Officer, Venice, Italy;and Economie Officer, Tokyo, Japan. Heis presently assigned to the Departmentof State as Country Desk Officer for Japan.Mr. Stahnke speaks German, Italian, andFrench.Ethel W. Tapper, PhD'50, librarian,professor of English, and chairman ofthe English Department at Aurora (111.)Collège, was among the recorders andresource persons at a national conférence39Lucien L. Farkas Melvin E. Fields C. H. Marquardt Charles E. Swansonon English éducation at the Universityof Georgia Center for Continuing Education at Athens, Ga. The Conférence wassponsored by the National Council ofTeachers of English. Miss Tapper offeredopinions on methods of teaching literature."Method in the Teaching of English" wasthe topic of the conférence program.51Wen-yu Cheng, AM'51, has been appointed chairman of the Department ofEconomies and Business Administrationat Marietta (Ohio) Collège. Mr. Cheng, anative of China, joined the Marietta faculty in 1948 as instructor in économies andbusiness administration and was namedprofessor in 1960. He has served as ad-viser to foreign students at Marietta since1963. Mr. Cheng is co-author of Moneyand Banking and of Principles of Economies (Pitman Publishing Corp.) and isthe author of several articles in professional periodicals. He and his wife, Helen,and their four children live at 928 Glen-dale Rd., Marietta, Ohio.Joseph C. Cleveland, DB'51, was honored at two réceptions by the membersof the Second Congregational Church inRockford,.IlL, where he has served as pas-tor for twenty years. He takes part in manycommunity affairs and has been présidentof the Rockford Ministerial Associationof the Winnebago County Heart Association, and the Rockford Boys Club. Hetravelled around the world in 1 950, study-ing political and économie problems. In1966 he visited African states from theUnion of South Africa to Ethiopia andEgypt. The Clevelands hâve a daughter,Cecelia (Mrs. Robert W. De Bose, Jr.),whose husband is with the State Department.Lucien L. Farkas, AM'51, of the Or-lando Division of Martin Marietta Corporation in Florida, has received the corporation^ 1967 Author of the Year awardfor his book, Electronic Testing (McGraw-Hill).Irwin Groner, AB'51, was named newspiritual leader of Congrégation ShaareyZedek in Southfield, Mich. Mr. Groner formerly served in the pulpit of Congrégation Agudath Achim in Little Rock,Ark.52Arturs V. Baumanis, AM'52, has beennamed head of the Foreign Language department of the Détroit Public LibrarySystem.Horace D. Cherry, AM'52, a memberof the Texas House of Représentatives,has been appointed congressional servicesofficer by the Department of Housing andUrban Development in Washington, D.C.53Samuel C. Adams, Jr., PhD'53, a careerforeign assistance officiai, has been namedby Président Lyndon B. Johnson as a représentative to the United Nations.Melvin E. Fields, MBA'53, a colonel inthe U.S. Air Force and chief of the Man-uf acturing Technology Division of Wright-Patterson Air Force Materials Laboratoryin Ohio, has retired after a twenty-six-yearmilitary career in research and management.Robert S. Forhman, MBA'53, is président and administrator of the non-profitCommunity Hospital of Brooklyn, NewYork. Mr. Forhman has a philosophythat is unique in an âge of mechanizationand scient if ic detachment: "We believethat thoughtfulness is as vital to recoveryas knowledge of médical science." Mr.Forhman has been awarded a Man of theYear Award for his conscientious rôle inguiding the Community Hospital to meetthe health needs of the community.Lorena E. Kemp, PhD'53, professor ofEnglish and Linguistics at West VirginiaState Collège, has been appointed a member of National Council of Teachers ofEnglish Commission on the English Language. The commission deals with linguistics, semantics, graphies, and lexicographyin their applications to teaching English.54James G. Harlow, PhD'54, former deanof the Oklahoma University Collège ofEducation, has been named président ofWest Virginia University. Lester Killen, MBA'54, has been appointed vice president-general manager ofthe Brass Mill Division of Bristol Brass,Hartford, Conn.55 'Richard L. Boyle, JD'55, has beennamed secretary for the fidelity and suretydepartment of the Commercial Union Insurance Co. of New York City.C. H. Marquardt, MBA'55, has beenappointed division gênerai Une sales manager for the central métal division of Continental Can Company.Mary A. Mitchell, AM'55, has retiredas director of nursing at West SuburbanHospital, Oak Park, 111.56Thomas L. Harris, AM'56, former viceprésident and public relations director ofNeedham, Harper & Steers, Inc., has beennamed Vice Président Business Development and Account Director of North Ad-vertising in Chicago.Clyde M. Livingston, '56, AM'56, acolonel in the U.S. Air Force, has beenawarded the Bronze Star Medal for distinguished service while serving on tem-porary combat duty in Thailand.Charles E. Swanson, MBA'56, this summer was named président of Encyclopae-dia Britannica, Inc., Chicago, 111.Robert A. Wallace, PhD'56, AssistantSecretary of the U.S. Treasury Department, wrote an article, "The State of theNational Economy," for the March issueof Brewers Digest.57Lois Austin, PhD'57, professor andchairman of the division of nursing éducation in the School of Nursing at theUniversity of Pittsburgh, has received aDistinguished Service Award from theUniversity of Iowa.Arthur J. Greenfield, SM'57, PhD'63,Marshall Luban, SM'58, PhD'62, andNathan Wiser, SM'59, PhD'65, physicistsat Bell Téléphone Laboratory, Universityof Pennsylvania, and IBM Watson Research Center in Pennsylvania, respec-tively, hâve been working together at Bar-40Fred D. Hubbard Paul I. Corddry Raul Nunez - — '« t . •. f *• —Steve Furimsky, Jr.Han University in Israël, on a program toexpand scientific research at the university.The three men and their families are liv-jng in Israël. Mrs. Wiser is the formerDvora Bekker, AB'63.Edvard Heiberg, PhD'57, who is asso-ciated with Norway's Institut for Atom-energi, wrote an article for the April 3issue of the Oslo newspaper, Aftenposten,describing a skiing tragedy on Hardanger-vidda, a mountain in southern Norway.Heiberg participated in a rescue opérationwhen four skiers, of a party of seven, diedin a blizzard. His article was an appeal forbetter safety patrols, rescue vehicles, communications equipment, and elementarysurvival training for ail skiers— any ofwhich, he said, might hâve reduced theloss of life in the tragedy he witnessed.Inin G. Wilmot, MBA'57, associateprofessor of préventive medicine at NewYork University School of Medicine, wasappointed associate director of the Médical Center for hospital and health servicesat New York University Médical Centeron July 1, 1967. Mr. Wilmot joined theMédical Center staff in 1961 as administrator of the University Hospital. He for-merly was assistant superintendent of theUniversity of Chicago Clinics, associatedirector of the graduate program in hospital administration at the U of C, andassistant professor at the University'sGraduate School of Business.58 ~John Anderson, AM'58, a mathematicsteacher at Minot (N.D.) High School, hasreceived the 1966-67 Teacher Of TheYear award for the state of North Dakota.Fred D. Hubbard, '58, former directorof the YMCA Program for DetachedWorkers in Chicago, has been named director of the Clarence Darrow CommunityCenter, a Hull House Association affiliate,Chicago.William R. llarinon, AB'58, lieutenantm the U.S. Navy, has been awarded theCommendation Medal for performance asa liaison officer aboard a ship of the SouthVietnamese Navy's Fleet Command.Dean M. Hennessy, MBA'58, has been named Secretary and Counsel of the Em-hart Corp. in Connecticut.Mrs. Hyla S. Napadensky, SB'58, hasbeen promoted to senior engineer withthe Explosion Mechanics and RheologySection at the Illinois Institute of Technology in Chicago.Elmer N. Pagels, MBA'58, formerly incharge of engineering for the Borden Spécial Products Company in Elgin, 111., hasbeen named director of production forthe Cosmetics and Toiletries Group ofThe Borden Chemical Company in NewYork City.Harold R. Rudolph, DB'58, former associate executive secretary of the North-central Area YMCA, Milwaukee, Wis.,has been named executive secretary of theIndiana University YMCA, Bloomington,Ind.59Raga S. Elim, AM'59, has been awardeda PhD from American University, Washington, D.C.James G. Emerson, Jr., PhD'59, min-ister of the Larchmont Avenue Church,Larchmont, N.Y., spoke on "Reconciliation and Morality" at a lenten service ofthe Wyoming Church in Millburn, N. J.Courtland H. Peterson, MCL'59, of theUniversity of Colorado Law School, recently was awarded a summer fellowshipby the National Foundation on the Artsand the Humanities to continue researchon the problems of foreign country judg-ments.60George Bail, MBA'60, has been appointed Purchasing Agent for ChemtechCorporation, distributors of chemicals andsolvents in St. Louis, Mo.Robert H. Clewlow, MBA'60, a General Trunk Facilities manager for IllinoisBell Téléphone Co., has been appointedchairman of the Council Explorer planning committee in Deerfield, 111.Paul I. Corddry, MBA'60, has been appointed gênerai manager of marketing forOre-Ida Foods, Inc., a processor of frozenpotato, corn, and onion products.Kai O. Lie, AM'60, has been awarded a PhD from American University.Raul Nunez, MBA'60, a lieutenant colonel in the U.S. Air Force, was graduatedfrom Air University, Maxwell Air ForceBase, Montgomery, Ala., on June 2, 1967,and reassigned to Los Angeles Air ForceStation in California as director of researchand development.61 ~C. D. Billingslea, MBA'61, a lieutenantcolonel in the U.S. Air Force, this summer completed his lOlst combat missionover North Vietnam and was reassigned tothe Pentagon.Carlo Coppola, A M '61. a lecturer inEnglish at Indiana University's NorthwestCampus, East Chicago, Ind., has beennamed a junior fellow of the AmericanInstitute of Indian Studies for 1968-69.John Deaver, PhD'61, a vice-présidentand economist of Chase Manhattan Bank,New York City, wrote an économie com-mentary, "The Great Gold Flap: Com-pounding Confusion," for the April, 1967,issue of Business Week.Lee Feldman, A M '61, an account executive with a Chicago public relationsfirm, has been appointed public information officer for the Department of Health,Education, and Welfare for the ChicagoRégional Office.Steve Furimsky, Jr., AB'6 1 , a lieutenantcolonel in the U.S. Marine Corps, wasgraduated from the Air War Collège, theU.S. Air Force's senior professional mili-tary school, at the Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Ala.,on June 2, 1967.Fred K. Grant, JD'61, an assistantstate's attorney in Baltimore, Md., has beengranted a leave of absence to become attorney for the Maryland Gambling Commission.John E. k u( nias, SM'61, a captain inthe U.S. Air Force, spoke on "Climaticservices provided by the Air Force's 5thWeather Wing" at a récent dinner meetingof the Hampton Roads Chapter, AmericanMeteorological Society, Hampton, Va.George D. O'Brien, PhD'61, associateprofessor of philosophy and former deanof men at Middlebury (Vt.) Collège, has41Frank J. Ruck, Jr. Richard A . Vogel Jon D. Oison ÈéRobert Roskoskibeen named Dean of the collège.Frank J. Ruck, Jr., MBA'61, an assistant vice président in charge of Systemsplanning and procédures at the ChicagoTitle and Trust Company, has been electedTreasurer and Comptroller of that Company.George W. Welsh, MBA'61, has beennamed gênerai manager for the researchdivision of General American Transportation Corp. in Allentown, Pa.Robert L. Wilken, AM'61, PhD'63, anassociate editor of Una Sancta, a LutheranChurch-Missouri Synod magazine, hasbeen named professor in the theology department at Fordham University in NewYork City.Jack A. Worthington, PhD'61, a Près-'byterian minister and a member of theboard of directors of the Upper MorelandSchool District in Pennsylvania, has beennamed dean of student affairs for theMontgomery County Community Collègein Norristown, Pa.62 ~Donald E. Baldovin, MBA'62, has beenappointed administrative manager of Am-oco, United Kingdom Exploration Co., asubsidiary of Standard Oil Co., in London.Jean Bernstein, A M '62, has been namedby the Matteson school district No. 162of Homewood, 111., as project co-ordinatorof a fédéral program entitled, "DiagnosticSupervision and Staffing to Achieve Indi-vidualization of Instruction."George Drake, DB'62, AM'63, PhD'65,an assistant professor of history and director of the selected students program atColorado Collège, recently was guestspeaker at the annual meeting of the YoungWomen's Christian Association of Colorado Springs.Wi Jo Kang, AM'62, PhD'67, assistantprofessor of theology at Valparaiso (Ind.)University, recently was guest speaker atTrinity Lutheran Church, Gary, Ind.Jesse Kennedy, PhD'62, professor ofFar Eastern History at the New JerseyState Collège in Glassboro, N.J., was theguest speaker at the spring meeting of theGloucester County Chapter of the American Association of University Women. Guy V. Martin, DB'62, a teacher ofphilosophy and religion at Colgate University, Hamilton, N.Y., has been nameddean of admissions at Colgate.Arthur J. Ruberg, M BA'62, a major inthe U.S. Air Force, was graduated late thissummer from the Air Command and StaffCollège, Montgomery, Ala., and assignedto the Pentagon. -George E. Swick, MBA'62, a major inthe U.S. Air Force, has been graduatedfrom the U.S. Air Force Air Commandand Staff collège, Montgomery, Ala. andassigned to the Pentagon.Richard A. Vogel, MBA'62, a lieutenantcolonel in the U.S. Air Force, has beenassigned to Otis Air Force Base in Massachusetts for duty as an opérations staffofficer.63Mona Bleiberg, AB'63, has been graduated cum laude from Harvard MédicalSchool and has been appointed to thehouse staff of Boston Beth Israël Hospital,one of the Harvard group of teachinghospitals.Denis G. Cain, MBA'63, of Wilmette,111., has been appointed to the associateboard of directors of Grant Hospital inChicago.Sidney B. Chesnin, AB'63, a private inthe U.S. Army, this summer completedhis eight-week advanced infantry trainingcourse at Ft. McClellan, Ala.Kirk R. Emmert, AM'63, has been appointed an instructor in Government atBowdoin Collège, Brunswick, Maine.Théodore A. Lutkus, AM'63, has beennamed an associate counsel for RitterPfaudler Corp., Rochester, N.Y.Bruce H. Schoumacher, MBA'63, JD'66, has been commissioned a second lieutenant in the U.S. Air Force.Rade Vignovic, MBA'63, has been appointed supervisor of pricing for the Du-luth, Missabe and Iron Range Railway Co.64Walter Buschmann, A M '64, an or-dained Lutheran Pastor, has been namedassistant professor of religion at ThielCollège, Greenville, Pa. Jon D. Oison, MBA'64, has been promoted to manager of inventory planningand control at Baxter Laboratories, Inc.,Morton Grove, 111.Dr. Robert Roskoski, Jr., SM'64, a cap-tain in the U.S. Air Force, recently completed his médical internship at WilfordHall Hospital at Lackland Air Force Basein Texas.65Albert H. Carter, III, AB'65, has beenawarded an AM from the University ofIowa.W. Eugène Groves, SB'65, former président of the United States National StudentAssociation, spoke on "What Do StudentsMean by Freedom?" at a récent programof the "Freedom and Responsibility" séries at Clarke Chapel at Lycoming Collège,Williamsport, Pa.William Hendricks, AM'65, professorof theology at Southwestern Baptist Semi-nary in Fort Worth, Tex., spoke on "TheRelation of the Church to the Arts" ata récent service at Highland Park (111.)Baptist Church.Jane W. Stedman, PhD'65, professor ofEnglish at Roosevelt University, has written a new book, Gilbert Before Sullivan(University of Chicago Press, 1967).66Robert G. Bradley, A VI '66, a private inthe U.S. Army, completed his advancedinfantry training this summer at Ft. Lewis,Wash.Richard M. Showman, AB'66,was commissioned an Army second lieutenantafter graduating this summer from the Infantry Officer Candidate School, Ft. Ben-ning, Ga.John R. Valentine, MBA'66, a captainin the U.S. Air Force, recently attendedthe Air University académie instructorcourse at Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery, Ala.67 "^Frederick J. Cummings, PhD'67, former Curator of European Art at the Détroit Institute of Arts, has been appointedassistant director at the Institute.42Inez Rice Haie, PhB'98, a retired schoolteacher, died May 8, 1967.Joseph C. Hazen, DB'02, retired pastorof the North Orange (N. J.) Baptist Church,has died.Ethel Percy Andrus, PhB'03, founcierand président of the National RetiredTeachers Association and the AmericanAssociation of Retired Persons, died July13, 1967.James F. Churchill, MD'06, formerdean of internai medicine specialists inSan Diego, Calif., has died.Odell Shepard, PhB'07, AM'08, Pulit-zer-prize-winning biographer, and formerlieutenant governor of Connecticut, diedJuly 20, 1967.A. Beth Hostetter, PhB'08, a teacher and administrator at Shimer Collège,Mount Carroll, 111., died Jan. 25, 1967.Jennie McMullin Turner, PhB'08, edu-cator, died June 29, 1967.Benjamin H. Badenoch, PhB'09, an Insurance underwriter for the NorthwesternMutual Life Insurance Co., died Aug. 3,1967.Sophia C. Camenisch, PhB'09, a retiredteacher of Chicago Teachers Collège, diedJuly 28, 1967.Nicolene J. Kildahl, PhD'09, died July7, 1967.Joseph B. Umpleby, SM'09, PhD'10, anauthor and oil geologist, has died.Augusta A. Swawite, PhB'13, a retiredChicago public school teacher, died Aug.1, 1967.Clinton D. Swickard, SB'14, MD'16, aCharleston (111.) physician, died June 9,1967. .Frederick J. Colbert, MD'17, died Feb.21, 1967.William A. Irwin, DB'17, PhD'25, Professor Emeritus of Old Testament Lan-guage and Literature at The University ofChicago, died April 22, 1967.Frederick L. Baumann, PhB'18, AM'-24, professor emeritus of history at Grin-nell (Iowa) Collège, died June 30, 1967.Frédéric M. Nicholson, SB' 18, PhD'21,MD'26, a Chicago physician and formerprésident of the Illinois State MédicalAssn., has died.Charles M. Austin, AM'19, formerhead of the department of mathematics atOak Park-River Forest (111.) high school,died Apr. 23, 1967.Andrew M. Baird, PhB'21, a formergovernor of the New York Stock Exchange and a retired investment banker,died May 9, 1967.Albert H. Veeder, JD'21, a former Chicago attorney and public officiai, has died.Ruth Porter Martin, PhB'23, AM'38,died Apr. 30, 1967.Harry Elder, AM'25, a Monticello(Ind.) High School principal and superin-tendent, died June 20, 1967.John A. Petska, PhB'25, a Manitowoc,Wis., real estate dealer, died Mar. 27,1967. John P. Howe, PhB'27, for thirty yearsassistant to William Benton, publisher andchairman of Encyclopaedia Britannica,died July 21, 1967.Thomas M. Brumfield, Sr., AM'28, diedAug. 5, 1967.Malcolm H. Bryan, X'28, former président of the Fédéral Reserve Bank of Atlanta, died Apr. 18, 1967.Victor E. Engelmann, MD'28, a Chicago surgeon, died June 17, 1967.Rolland H. Waters, PhD'28, of FlaglerBeach, Fia., died July 6, 1967.William E. Anderson, PhB'29, dean ofElizabeth City (N.C.) State Collège, diedJune 24, 1967.Willett N. Gorham, PhB'31, JD'33, viceprésident of the Northern Trust Co., diedJuly 5, 1967.Robert McEwen, AM'31, PhD'33, Président of Hamilton Collège, Clinton, N.Y.,died May 30, 1967.Charlotte Levinson Boren, PhB'34, AM'36, a teacher at Taft High School in Chicago, died June 18, 1967.Albert D. Kistin, SM'35, lecturer andphysician, died Mar. 22, 1967.Robert I. Livingston, AB'35, JD'37, aformer Chicago lawyer and businessman,died Aug. 1, 1967.Roger J. Cumming, AM'36, a VétéransAdministration social work researcher,died May 1,1967.Barbara Vail McNeil, X'36, of Winnet-ka, 111., wife of John McNeil, PhB'30,died on September 4, 1967.Lloyd A. Bimson, AB'41, former président of The Arizona Bank in Phoenix,died on April 8, 1967.Charles Haislip, MD'42, died Mar. 29,1967.Norwood R. Hanson, '46, professor ofphilosophy at Yale, died Apr. 18, 1967.Wendell P. Bradley, AM'52, a formerreporter for The Washington Post, diedon September 4, 1967.Murray Averbach, '63, died in March,1967.Stanley F. Patterson, AB'64, a U. S.Army lieutenant of the 23d Infantry, 35thDivision Hq., died in Vietnam, July 7,1967.43ARCHIVESDecember, 1892— The UC Weekly reported that "the cap and gown are begin-ning to appear in the class-rooms andabout the corridors of Cobb Hall." Therewas much discussion of whether studentsshould wear the cap and gown in ail collège work. The freshman class had for-mally voted and approved such a rule, butundergraduate opinion was divided on thesubject.Students at Morgan Park Academy, theUniversity's coeducational prep-school,were boycotting a local barber who had"refused tonsorial service" to a Negro student at the Academy.A six-week course in journalism — the ;nation's first — was among those offered inthe University's inaugural quarter. Thecourse undertook "to study and practicethe art of journalism, periodical literature,literary editorship, and book making."Other institutions had taken notice andwere considering similar courses.Jane Addams of Hull House addressedwomen students at the Béatrice dormitoryon December 5.Maie students were subjected to a rigidphysical measurements examination, in-cluding "âge, weight, height, both standing and sitting; length of arms, limbs,hands, and feet; girth of the head, neck,chest, waist, hips, biceps, forearm, thighs,knees, calf, and instep; breadth of head,neck, shoulders, chest, waist, and a fewother measurements." Each student was"given prescriptions and directions relative to the development of ail parts whichfall short of the idéal."The University News, forerunner of theMaroon, on December 7 carried a longfront-page article on how to take showerbaths.The first issue of the Journal of PoliticalEconomy appeared in December. The 160-page édition included Thorstein Veblenamong its contributors, writing on "ThePrice of Wheat Since 1867."Mrs. Joseph Reynolds gave the University $250,000 in memory of her latehusband.In shopping for a site for the Yerkes Observatory, ail Chicago locations wereruled out because of the "smoke and impure atmosphère." An artificial island inLake Michigan was being consjdered, aswas a site offered near Lake Forest, 111.(Lake Forest Collège was èxcited overtalk of a merger with the University.) Thefirm of Warner & Swasey in Clevelandhad contracted to build the mechanicalportion of the Observatory's new télescope— the world's largest — expected to weighsixty tons. Warner & Swasey was remov-ing sections of floor from its three-storyshops to make room for the construction.« December, 1917 — Dr. Frank Billings,Dean of the Faculty at Rush Médical Collège, and Trustée Harold H. Swift, '07,were back from a Red Cross mission toRussia. Dr. Billings, speaking in MandelHall, described his visit to Petrograd afterthe July 4 riots: "Thèse misfortunestaught the people that law and order werenecessary even in a democracy, and sincetheir occurrence there has been astound-ing orderliness. We observed less disorderin Petrograd in two months than one cansee in an American city in one week." Dr.Billings said that Kaledines, the Cossackleader was a "possible savior" of Russia."I can be sure in saying that Russia willne ver again hâve an autocracy," he pre-dicted.The University Choir revived its oldcustom of Christmas sérénades in the hospital, the Présidents home, and aroundcampus.Fourteen alumni met in Reynolds ClubThéâtre on December 10 to begin orga-nizing the Alumni Volunteer TrainingCorps, a home guard militia unit. Président Judson and a militia colonel wereon hand.The December 15 Maroon said in aneditorial on joining military service: "Butthere are many who cannot reconcile theirfeeling of duty with their feeling that toomuch blood is being spilled, too muchpoverty is being caused, too much miseryis being forced upon the peoples of the world. Shall they contribute in the in-crease of that misery? Shall they, who wantso much to help, do nothing but assist inthe destruction? Shall those collège menof America who feel this way enlist in themilitary armies of democracy? That is thegreat question." The editorial concludedwith quotes arguing for enlisting.The annual seulement dance was heldin Bartlett Gym on December 8, to raisefunds for The University of Chicago Set-tlement, which looked after 1,300 poor inthe city's 29th Ward.Wives of faculty members and alumniorganized a day nursery and kindergartenin the old gymnasium in Lexington Hall.Mothers of forty children paid fifty centsa week for upkeep and for the salary of ateacher.December, 1942 — In an experiment notmade public until much later, EnricoFermi and his associâtes achieved the firstself-sustaining nuclear chain reaction,Dec. 2, in the old squash court under thewest stands at Stagg Field.A University Round Table discussionon "After One Year of War — What HâveWe Learned?" was held December 6, withU. S. Attorney General Thurmond Arnoldand University Vice Président WilliamBenton.T. Walter Johnson, Professor of History, was nominated by the 5th Ward In-dependent Party to run for the alder-manic post of Paul H. Douglas, who wasa captain in the Marines.Arthur H. Compton gave the convocation address to the third graduating classof the Institute of Meteorology, the AirForce's wartime school on campus.Women students living in Gates-Blakewere preparing to move to other dorms,and men students were doubling up inHitchcock-Snell, to make room for moremeteorology students.Blackfriars officers announced suspension — because of "manpower problems"— of ail productions for the duration ofthe war.44First Dean of WomenGentlemen: In 1883, Jane Bancroft wasthird dean of women at NorthwesternUniversity.The issue of October, 1967, says thatAlice Freeman Palmer, when becomingChicago's dean of women in 1892, be-came"the country's first dean of women."You can readily see the inaccuracy ofthis représentation.Mae Coy (Mrs. Ernest W. Bail)ChicagoGentlemen: Miss Frances E. Willardwas dean of women and professor ofaesthetics at Northwestern University in1873-74. We believe this to be a "first"in the nation.Miss Willard was succeeded by MissEllen M. Soulé, 1874-77, and then cameMiss Jane M. Bancroft, 1877-85.Florence R. StewartNorthwestern University Archives Hippie of the Twenties?Gentlemen: As would be expected ofhim, Robert Pollak reminisced nicely ofthe University in the Twenties in yourOctober issue.However, concerning Robert's assumedrecollections of James Weber Linn, Icannot let pass the comment, "Mr. Linngave his English classes the impressionthat ail British literature stopped deadwith Matthew Arnold," without somecomment of my own.This is an interesting remark. Ail thatis wrong with it is that it lacks accuracy.It is a witticism at the expense of Mr.Linn that I imagine Robert will want tocorrect. No doubt Robert, like so manyof the young hippies of that day — ofcourse we did not call them that — euttoo many of Mr. Linn's classes; hence thefaulty appraisal.Mr. Linn was a lot of things, mostlyloveable, but being old-fogeyish was cer-tainly not one of them. So Robert's pièce,for ail its virtues, can get only an A-minusin my book, as I believe most of Mr.Linn's students will agrée.Harry Barnard, '28Wilmette, 111. Those Were the Days, Minus Ten YearsGentlemen: Robert Pollak's excellentarticle, "Those Were the Days," evokedmany a smile of réminiscence. AlthoughI belonged to an earlier génération(1911-12), the atmosphère was not ailthat différent.ElsaHenzel, PhB'12La Jolla, Calif.Gentlemen: Robert Pollak's article (October UCM) was most enjoyable, although I was a décade ahead on campus.There was no sex hanky-panky there inmy day, and mighty few girls were goodlooking.Pollak spoke of almost no require-ments in his day. My first two years wereentirely taken up with required courses.Electives came only in the last two. I gota rounded éducation (maybe too muchso) which has stood in good stead since.AlanD. Whitney, PhB'13Winnetka, 111.Letters accepted for publication aresubject to care fui condensation. Addresscorrespondent to: Editor, The Universityof Chicago Magazine, 5733 UniversityAvenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637.45What wentwrongin Chicago?«*• feiHisH H. GATEWOOD5550 waCHÉSfER AVE«"AGO, 1LL. 60637' APT. 509$7.50 at bookstores UNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOPRESS, In the 1890's, many parts of the city were inte-grated, and many hoped for complète géographie,social and économie assimilation. But only adécade later the ghetto had clearly emerged, andalong wi*1- it, white hostility. Allan H. Spear un-covers the forces and conditions which hinderedintégration in the crucial thirty-year period fromthe pre-ghetto days of the 1890's to the outbreakof racial violence in 1919."A brilliant, incisive and unusually perceptivework. . . . His discussions of the history of Negroinstitutions, class structure and popular idéologies, and their relationship to the developmentof the ghetto, is not only a unique contribution,but one that is superbly executed as well." —August Meier."The historical approach to the problem of theghetto gives an objective analysis that heightensthe significance of this timely volume." — RobertC. Weaver, U. S. Department of Housing andUrban Development.Other important booksabout the NegroURBAN BLUESBy Charles Keil, $4.95THE NEGRO FAMILY IN THE UNITEDSTATES By E. Franklin FrazierRevised and abridged with a new fore-word by Nathan Glazer.$6.00; paper, $2.45NEGRO POLITICIANS: The Rise ofNegro Politics in ChicagoBy Harold F. GosnellNew introduction by James Q. WilsonWinner of the John Anisfield Awardfor the year's best book in the fieldof race relations. $7.50; paper, $2.95IMAGES OF THE NEGRO INAMERICAN LITERATUREEdited by Seymour L. Grossand John Edward Hardy$6.50; paper, $2.95r~University of Chicago Press, Department A11030 S. Langley Ave.Chicago, 111. 60628Please send me the following books:D Black Chicago, $7.50D Urban Blues, $4.95The Negro Family in the United StatesD Cloth, $6.00 D Paper, $2.45Negro PoliticiansD Cloth, $7.50 ? Paper, $2.95Images of the Negro in American LiteratureD Cloth, $6.50 Q Paper, $2.95l~l Payment enclosed. If not satisfied, books maybe returned for full refund. For books sent toIllinois address, add 5% sales tax.Name__ 1Address_City _State_ _ZIP_