UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGOmooazuneDr. Clayton G. loosli (l), Dean of the MedicalSchool, University of Southern California, andThe Honorable Stanley Mosk, California'sAttorney General, with the Chancellor.Alumni Club President, Elizabeth Roe Milius,and Vice President Brownlee Haydon enjoy ChancellorBeadle's remarks at a pre-reception dinner.Our California alumni meet Chancellor and Mrs. Beadie and friends at the los Angeles Club.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEDr. and Mrs. Ernest C. Colwell meet Dr. andMrs. Beadle. Dr. Colwell is President of Southern CaliforniaSchool of Theology, Claremont.APRIL, 1961 Arthur Hanisch (L),President, The Stuart CO'Iand LeRoy D. Owen,President, LeRoy D. OwenCo., meet the Chancellor. memo padLOS ANGELES-For years the George W.Beadles were Pasadena neighbors of ourGreater Los Angeles Club. But who was toknow that these same neighbors one daywould become members of the family?Hours before the news broke in theCalifornia papers the Los Angeles Clubofficers had been notified through our LosAngeles office of the appointment of Dr.Beadle to the top administrative position atthe University. Immediately plans wereunder way to give these neighbors a going­away-welcome party.At the California Club on Friday even­ing, February lOth, the alumni of SouthernCalifornia welcomed the Beadles andpledged enthusiastic support as theyheaded east.Under the intelligent and efficient direc­tion of alumnus Paul G. Willis (V.P., Car­nation Co.) the reception and Dr. Beadle'sremarks made headlines even in the Chi­cago papers.We broke the receiving line to picturesome of the Chicago alumni meeting theBeadles. H.W.M.James Sheldon Riley (L)and lawyer William D. Campbellwith Dr. Beadle.Mr. and Mrs. John F.Moulds (L) with the Beadles.Mr. Moulds was formerlySecretary to our Boardof Trustees; is now Assistant tothe President, Pomona College.1UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO•maqazme5733 University AvenueChicago 37, IllinoisMidway 3-0800; Extension 3244ED ITOR M er] orie Bu rkha rdtFEATURES3 The America n I mageDaniel J. Boorstin7 Th e Fol klore Festiva I10 The Scholar as Merchant PrinceJoseph E. Gould15···· The Election "Frauds"Professors Finer, Kerwin & PritchettDEPARTMENTS1......................... .- Memo Pad18 News of the Quad ran g les23 News of the Alumni32 MemorialsCOVERA humanities class breaks up in Cobb Hall.CREDITSCover, 18: Albert C. Flores. 7-9: AI Hender­son. 14: Lee Balterman.THE ALUMNI ASSOCIA nONPRESIDENL. John F. Dille, Jr.EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Howard W. MortADMINISTRATIVE ASST Ruth G. HalloranPROGRAMMING MaryJeanne CarlsonALUMNI FOUNDATION01 RECTOR__ _ ___ .. __ Chet LacyChicago-Midwest Area Florence MedowREGIONAL OFFICESEastern Region __ . .... _._ ..... __ W. Ronald Sims2b E. 38th StreetNew York Ib, N. Y.MUrray Hill 3-1518Western Reg ion. ... .... .Ellen Boroug hfRoom 318, 717 Market St.San Francisco 3, Calif.EXbrook 2-0925Los Angeles ... _._ ..... .Mrs. Marie Stephens1195 Charles St., Pasadena 3After 3 P.M.-SYcamore 3-4545MEMBERSHIP RATES (Including Magazine)1 year, $5.00; 3 years, $12.00�ubli�hed mon.thly, October through June, by theUnl�erslty of Chicago Alumni Association, 5733 Uni­ve�slty Avenue, Chicago 37, III. Annual subscriptionprice, $5.00. Single copies, 25 cents. Entered assecond class matter December I 1934 at the PostOffice of Chicago, I II., under th� act' of -Merch 31879. Advertising agent: The American AlumniCouncil. 22 Washington Square, New York. N. Y.2 Brooks Brothers presentA NEW LIGHTWEIGHT SUIT THATOFFERS MANY UNUSUAL ADVANTAGESAs longtime leaders in lightweight Summer cloth­ing for men, we are proud to introduce the latestdevelopment in this field ... a remarkable blend ofyarn-dyed Dacron* polyester and Orlon* acrylic­exclusive with Brooks Brothers-that permits finertailoring, greater wrinkle-resistance and more in­teresting colorings than has been possible up to nowin a· washable suit. Included in the unusually attrac­tive selection-all excellent for town wear-are solidshades of navy, black or oxford grey; fine hairlinesin olive, medium grey or dark brown; and mediumgrey or olive Glenurquhart plaids with maroonoverplaid, $60"Du Pont's fibersESTABLISHED 181874 E. MADISON ST., NEAR MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 2, ILL.NEW YORK' BOSTON • PITTSBURGH • SAN FRANCISCO • LOS ANGELESTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThe iconography of our time is the iconography of images madeto attract us. to particular products .PROFESSOR OF HISTORY, DANIEL J. BOORSTIN:TheAmericanImagePeople, I believe, are inclined to exaggerate the im­portance of external revolutions-political and tech­nological revolutions-and are inclined, I think, togive insufficient importance to internal revolutions,revolutions of the mind and spirit.There has been taking place ill' this country duringthe past century a kind of revolution of which we havea clue when we talk about the American image. Thebest way to describe it in a phrase would be to saythat this has been the age of the decline of the idealand the rise of the image. If we can understand thisphenomenon, that is, why people no longer talk aboutideals as much as they did, and why they talk as muchabout images as they do, we will, I think, have comeclose to understanding our own problem in this countryand the problem which confronts us as we face theworld.First, let me remind you of some of the circumstancesthat have led to the rise of the image. Most of thesephenomena are very familiar, but all of them are madepossible by the facts of American wealth, Americanliteracy, and the American standard of living. Itwould be impossible for us to make and receive asmany images as we do if we were not as wealthy andas literate as we are.Recently the phenomenon has occurred which I liketo describe as the Graphic Revolution. This revolutionwhich has taken place in the last century, for the firsttime in human history, has made it possible to makeprecise images of men's faces, to reproduce eventssoon after they occur, and to reproduce the humanvoice.Then, of course, there was the important factor whichhad been operating from the eighteenth century whichwas a by-product of American wealth, of what cameto be called the "American system of production." Massproduction, the production of a system of items withAPRIL, 1961 a system of interchangeable parts, made it possible toproduce in large numbers precisely similar objects.The growth of the mass market would have been im­possible without the growth of advertising and withoutthe competition for markets which produced the largeenterprises. Advertising grew up partly from the needto develop, expand, and secure the market and in aneffort to produce apparent distinctions between pre­cisely similar or nearly similar competing products.The competition among cigarettes, of course, is avery good recent example, and a former citizen of Chi­cago, Albert Lasker, whose biography has recentlybeen written by John Gunther, was one of the leadingfigures in the production of these images.The building-up of the brand name, the very conceptof a brand name, was a concept which would havebeen impossible or unimportant in a country that wasnot wealthy.Along with these developments then came what wemight call the "iconography of speed." The great com­petition for attention put a premium on the attention­getting. The rise of the automobile and the billboardwere both incentives to produce images that couldcatch attention quickly and that could be indeliblyimprinted on the memory.The multiplication of magazines and the increasein the size of magazines were incentives to producingimages which could be remembered even if they wereonly fleetingly seen as one leafed the pages of a maga­zine.Then came the development of certain of the im­ages which became very familiar to us-the image ofthe dog listening to his master's voice, the big stickof the lady on the Dutch Cleanser box, the SmithBrothers Cough Drop sign, the yawning boy of theFisk Tire ("Time To Retire"), the Arrow Collar man,and so on.BUT TOGETHER WITH THE GROWTH OF theimage there has come the decline of the ideal, and Imean the word and the idea that go with the word"ideal." Ideals have become "corny." I was interestedto discover in a dictionary of American slang, an excel­lent one recently published, that the word "corny" cameinto use about 1935; that it originally derived from theword "corn-fed," meaning music in the country stylewhich was out of date or hillbilly, and by out of datethey mean in the style of pre-1925.3There is, by the way, an illustration in connectionwith this definition, a quotation from George Raft, who,regarding the word "corny," says: "To illustrate, gangkillings are corny or old-fashioned these days."But the very concept of ideal has become corny.With the rise of the notion of rationalization, with thedevelopment of the ideals of Karl Marx, who persuadedpeople to believe that their philosophies were nothingbut the reasons for their economic interests, and withthe rise of the teachings of Sigmund Freud, who alsoprovided people with an elaborate apparatus for ex­plaining why they did not really believe the reasonsthat they professed-with all this there has come anincreasing distrust of the ideal. Idealism has been onthe decline, and people come increasingly to think ofthe notion of an ideal in a reverse fashion. Instead ofthinking, as we used to, of the image as a representa­tion of an ideal, people now come to think of the idealas the projection or generalization of an image.We are told that our ideal father, our notion of whatan ideal father is, is nothing but a projection of ourimage of our own father, of what he was or what hewas not. But, in either case, we are led to distrust theconcept of an ideal as an abstraction, a conception ofperfection toward which people can strive. Along withthe decline of idealism there has come the rise of thesocial sciences; the rise of statistics, of the concepts ofnorms, modes, and averages; and the descriptive ap­proach which has grown up with the rise of sociology.This is a development which, of course, has been takingplace prominently at 1126 East Fifty-ninth Street, theSocial Science Research Building, where I have myoffice. That building was built on the idea that, by ac­cumulating information about society, one could arriveat important new truths. But the very process of accumu­lation required patterns of generalization which ledpeople to distrust the ideal. Instead they came to buildup an image from the "mode," that is, the most fre­quently recurring type. Now it becomes possible todescribe the Villager or the Suburban Housewife or theJunior Executive-these are caricatures of the notionof the social scientist, but, nevertheless, I think they arecaricatures at which many social scientists aim, thenotion being that, if you accumulate enough particularinformation, you will be able to create an image intowhich the individual may fit.Now the development of the concept of status, andespecially all our talking about status in this country,I think, also encourages us to think about ourselves aspeople who mayor may not fit into an image ratherthan as people in pursuit of an ideal. The notion of thenorm, the average, or the mode which the social scientistbuilds up tends to have the effect of leading us to imi­tate ourselves, of leading us to discover what it is reallylike to be a junior executive, so that we can really be theway a junior executive should be. But, in discoveringwhat a junior executive should be, we are inclined touse statistical data which describe the way juniorexecutives really are. Thus the concept of the statis­tical norm tends to lead to the process of self-imitation.All these developments have led then to a tendencyfor us to think of things concretely, in relation to pic­tures and images, and a tendency for us to distrust ab-4 straction--anyway, to dislike describing things in re­lation to a perfect ideal.Let me very briefly contrast the sociological differ­ences, that is, the differences in effect of thinking aboutimages as contrasted with thinking about ideals. Someof these notions may be obvious to you, but let meremind you of them. The word "image," which comesfrom the Latin imago, is related to the Latin wordimitari, which means "to imitate;" and, among the dic­tionary definitions, you will find the definition that animage is an artificial imitation or representation of theexternal form of any object, especially of a person.We can explore some of the implications of our beliefin images if we would just consider for a moment thenotion of the corporate image. I would like here tostart from a statement that was made at a recent meet­ing of the American Management Association in NewYork on October 27, 1960, when Mr. Mack Hanan, whois the managing partner in Mack Hanan & Son, toldthe executives who were enrolled in the course in effec­tive advertising what course they should pursue if theywere concerned with the problem of building a cor­porate image. He warned them that there were greatdangers in building a positive corporate image. Hesaid that building a positive image might, in fact, domore harm than good. "By its very nature," he said, "nopositive image can be all things to all the corporation'spublics. The sharper and more precise the image, themore likely it will accommodate only certain sub-sec­tions of the corporation's publics by isolating others."He then pointed to the example of the corporationthat had built up an image of being totally efficient butcompletely dehumanized, and he warned: "A dehuman­ized image discourages present employees, wards offprospective employees and executive recruiters, mayeven discourage certain discerning groups of investors."To avoid the dangers of the positive corporate imagehe recommended creating what he called a "neutralcorporate image," an image which, he said, was "notto be equated with a wishy-washy vague or unplannedimage but which, nevertheless, was neutral."This is the way he defined it. He said, "It is, instead,open-ended. It allows the various corporate publics tobe drawn into the corporate picture. A neutral corporateimage is an invitation to a management's public for asuspension of their critical judgment. Middle of theroad as it is, the neutral image attracts all but themarginal fringe groups at either attitudinal extreme;but, because it is impartial, it repels none."N ow, from the things he assumed about a corporateimage, I think we can say that an image in the sensein which we use it as applied to an institution has thefollowing characteristics:First, an image in our society is synthetic; that is, it issomething which is planned. It is created on purposeto attain a particular objective or to make a certainkind of impression.Second, a corporate image or any other social imageto be useful must be believable. It is useless if peoplewill not believe it, and it has no effect if people do notaccept it as standing for the institution.An illustration of this, of course, is the notion, theimage, of Ivory Soap as being 99.44 per cent pure. ThatTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEwas considered to be a master stroke of advertisingbecause it made the image more believable. If you hadsaid it was perfectly pure, it would not have been sobelievable.Third, I would sayan image is passive. The objectof the image is to induce people to fit into it. An imageis not what we strive toward, but it is what we fit into.It is supposed to be congruent with reality.Moreover an image is concrete. It serves its purposeonly if it appeals to the senses. "The skin you love totouch." It must be more graspable than any specific listof purposes. Therefore, it must be limited.Furthermore, an image mustbe simplified. It must besimpler than the object it represents in order to excludefrom people's thinking undesirable aspects of the ob­ject which is thought about. Yet, it must be ambiguous.It must not offend. It must suit the future unpredictedpurposes and unpredicted changes in taste.Now, by contrast to this concept of an image let meremind you of what we mean by an ideal. An ideal, ofcourse, is much more difficult to define. It is a very old­fashioned notion, but it is related to the notion of anidea, and in the dictionary it is defined as a conceptionof something in its most excellent or perfect form­something that exists only in the mind. I think wecan say that, by contrast to an image, an ideal isnot synthetic. When we think of an ideal, we think ofsomething that was already there. It was created bytradition or by God or by the past. It is not simplified.It is much less ambiguous than an image. It is less pas­sive. An ideal is something we strive toward actively,not something we fit into .. The believability of an ideal. is irrelevant. In fact, we may speak of some things asideals precisely because people do not believe in them,and the need for them comes from the fact that in theirperfect form they may be in a sense not believable.An image, moreover, is something that we have aclaim on. It must serve our purposes, hut an ideal issomething that somehow has a claim on us.IT IS OBVIOUS THAT THE CONCEPT OF imageas contrasted with ideal has reached out from the worldof commerce into the world of education and politics.Our churches, our charities, our universities-all ofthem now seek for favorable images. They want peopleto have favorable images of them. Our national politics,I must say with dismay and disgust-even horror-hasbecome a competition for images or between imagesrather than between ideals. The growth of televisionand the increasing prominence of television in ourcampaigns have simply underlined this fact,There are many things that one could say about theimportance of the shift from ideal to image, but I wantto mention briefly only of the significance of this shift,for our relation to other peoples in the world, peoplesabroad. I am going to suggest that in our relation topeople elsewhere we have become the victims of thisshift and that the shift from ideal to image has beenso important, so fundamental, that, by preoccupyingourselves simply with the creation of favorable images,APRIL, 1961 we may be defeating the very purpose at which we aim.In a word, when one goes abroad, I think one finds,and I think you can say this in every country-at leastI can say this in every country where I have been­American images overshadow American ideals. Theimage of America overshadows the ideals of America.How has this happened?Now, some of the explanations are so obvious, evensimple-minded, that one would be inclined to doubttheir significance. The most important single factor inmaking images of America overshadow ideals of Amer­ica has been the prevalence of American movies abroad.Our wealth, our technological precocity, our ability tomake motion pictures that are attractive to people else­where-all these have made it possible to provide peo­ple with images of America, to provide this to peoplewho have never heard of the ideals of America andwho do not know whether we have any ideals.I recall very well just about eleven months ago whenI was in Bangalore in central India. I was taken bythe man in charge of the United States InformationLibrary there to see the library, and it is a very pleas­ant library, with an excellent selection of books in it.There were a few people reading in the library. Iasked him about how many people visited the libraryevery day. The gentleman said there were about twohundred and fifty people a day. I did note, however,that some of the people there-c-a. considerable portionof them-had come in to get out of the sun and outof the dust, and some of them were studying theirschool lessons because they were so poor they had noother place to study. Then I asked him what otheramusements there were in Bangalore. He told me therewere five motion-picture houses, and four of thosemotion-picture houses always showed American movies.The people who were reading in the USIA Librarywere a handful, but anyone of these movie houses wereproviding people with images of America at many timesthe rate at which the library was providing them withideas about America.The motion picture is to real life in America, I sug­gest' what any image is to any product. The motionpicture as seen abroad is synthetic. It is believable.It is passive. It is concrete. It is simplified, and it isambiguous. The world has been flooded with theseimages of America. But, in addition to these unin­tended images, the products of free enterprise and theoperation of our commerce abroad, we have intention­ally spread abroad images of America.Much of our propaganda abroad has taken the formof trying to create an image-we always say, of course,a favorable image of the United States, exhibits ofphotographs of skyscrapers, of farm houses, of farmimplements and farm machinery, of automobiles, ofhouses, of clubs, of churches, and so on, together withmotion pictures, documentary motion pictures of townmeetings, of the American drugstore, of the Americanschool, and of many other things. Even in parts of theworld where people cannot read or read very little,there is probably a more concrete picture of .Iife inAmerica and probably, I believe, a more accurate pic­ture of life in America than in any other country simi­larly remote from those inhabitants.5Now, an image, I remind you, invites imitation. Aperson wants to fit into it or become a part of it. It issomething to be accepted rather than something tobe modified and applied.I remember very well last winter when I was inDelhi during the International Agricultural Fair. I wentto the American pavilion, which was a beautiful build­ing. It was designed by a Japanese-American architect,and it was just dancing on the landscape there in thesun, and, as I walked through, it was very neatly ar­ranged, deftly arranged, and one sight that impressedme particularly was the sight of the American farmkitchen.The American farm kitchen was a dazzling white­and-chromium spectacle which included a disposal, adeep freeze, an automatic washer and dryer, an electricstove, and, of course, a refrigerator; and walking be­fore it there was a procession of Indian peasants. Thewomen had hanging out of their ears most of their bankaccounts. That is, they had accumulated the gold inobjects, and some of them had objects through theirnoses. They were carrying children, and almost all ofthem were bare footed. They stood there in bewilder­ment. What was this? This was an image of America,and this was an almost perfect example of the wayanimage emphasizes irrelevance. The ideal of abundanceor of health or of nourishment was not irrelevant tothese people. They were eager for it. Their starvingchildren in their arms wanted it. A larger banana theywould have understood, but the image of an Americankitchen was meaningless. It was a barrier between themand America.I regret to say that the debate over prestige whichwe have heard a deal of recently could be describedas a debate over whose image appeals most to peoplein the world. Our concern for prestige really showsthe American desire to command respect for. our image.(It is interesting parenthetically to note the etymologyof the word "prestige." The word "prestige" is relatedappropriately to the word "prestidigitation," the wordfor magic, that which creates an illusion. The word"prestigious," if you look it up in the Oxford EnglishDictionary, means deceitful, and not until lately was itused in any other way; but the notion of prestige aswe have used it appropriately enough is in respectto the image we present to them.)Now we have been told again and again that wesuffer in the battle for men's minds because these peoplehave an unfavorable image of life in America and amore favorable image of life among our enemies. Iwill suggest a different answer to this question whywe suffer in. the opinions of peoples elsewhere. It isonly one explanation, but I think it may be an impor­tant one.Our problem may be not so much that people havean unfavorable image of us but rather that people knowAmerica through images, while our enemies profit fromthe fact that they are known only, or primarily, throughtheir ideals, that is, through their professed goals ofperfection.We thus suffer unwittingly from our own idolatry,and these are some of the ways in which we suffer.6 The more images we present to people, the more irrele­vant and perverse and unattractive they find the ideaand the ideal of America. Why? The image, becauseit invites comparison, is irrelevant. It becomes irrele­vant because it invites comparison among people whoare sensible enough to see that the image does notrelate to them. It also suggests arrogance because itsuggests that we are setting ourselves up as a standardfor the world, and even the most belligerent and un­realistic Communist ideals do not seem to do that. Theypresent people with a standard of perfection whichthey are supposed to apply to themselves.The image, because it is concrete, seems narrow andunadaptable. Because the image is a projection of theself, it seems conceited, and it seems static. What peo­ple in many parts of the world want today is fluidity.They want something dynamic, something that changes.They do not want an image to fit into.I WOULD SUGGEST THAT ONE of the morals ofwhat I have been saying is that much of what we arenow doing to improve the world's opinion of us has thecontrary effect. The audio-visual aids which we aresending over the world are aids really to the belief inthe irrelevance, the arrogance, the rigidity, and theconceit of America.Inevitably a more prosperous country seems mate­rialist to less prosperous countries. I think it will seemodd to future historians that, in this age, the only his­torical movement which. has explicitly based itself onmaterialism should be called "idealistic," whereas Ournation, which was built on ideals, should be consideredto be materialist. I think that one of the explanationsfor this is in this accident of the multiplication of imagesand in the fact not only that we suffer from materialism,which I do not think we suffer from in this country,but that, in a sense we suffer from idolatry. What arethe inevitable consequences of this? Are we caught init? Is there nothing that we can do about it?I think we should remember the fact that the multi­plication of images has made us the richest country inthe world and has dispersed opportunity more equallyand more widely in America than it has ever been dis­persed before. This does not alter the fact that wecannot extend the American continent and that wecannot include others in American history. If we mustspeak to other people in the world, I think we canspeak to them in the vocabulary that has built America.America, of all nations in the world, was built in no­body's image. It was the land of the unexpected, theland of unbounded hope, of ideals, of quest for anunknown perfection.We must communicate this which continues to be themotive power in America. I think we must try to com­municate it not by being concerned to produce favor­able images abroad because these images will comeback to haunt and curse us as I think they are now.We must rather be willing to be more naive and torecount the ideals, the standards of unattainable per­fection, which our best Americans in the past and manystill today pursue. •THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINENEW LOST CITY RAMBLERS-BELOW: STUDENT WING·DING PHOTOS: AL HENDERSONFIRSTFOLKSONGFETEAPRIL, 1961 7STUDENT WING-DING8 EVERY­BODYPICKS'NSINGSThere's one advantage women have over men;They can go to hell mid come back again.This immortal couplet and many another English broadside and southernmountain ballad have been contributed to our folk repertoire by a single man, ablind, 72-year-old man from Virginia, Horton Barker. He is known to many bvhis records made for the Library of Congress, Alan Lomax, and others. He h�snever sung before an audience before.Frank Proffitt is a farmer. But Frank 'Warner-a professional YMCA secretaryand free-time singer, banjo player and collector of songs-knew him for hisbanjo-playing and singing, and knew he should be heard outside of his farm inNorth Carolina."As many people as possibl�. must be exposed to our folk traditions beforethey die-before TV reaches into the backwoods of Kentucky, before the materialsget lost in the tides of blue grass, blues and pop music that come from our radios,"is the philosophy of the FolkloreSociety according to its president Mike Fleischer.Out of such convictions, the Society reserved Mandel Hall for three nights thisFebruary, and proceeded to put' together a Folklore Festival. In addition toHorton Barker (by everyone's judgement, the star of the show) and Frank Proffitt,the Society presented Roscoe Holcomb, a construction worker by trade, whoappeared professionally for the first time, and Arvella Gray, a blind street singer"discovered" by a member of the society-on 63rd Street.And there were professional performers: The Stanley Brothers, and their "bluegrass" country band; the New Lost City Ramblers, with their songs of theDepression; Alan Mills and Jean Carignan, a Canadian folk singer and countryfiddler; Richard Chase, a teller of tales from North Carolina; Elizabeth Cotton,with traditional Negro blues a'nd spirituals; Memphis Slim and Willie Dixon,a piano-bass blues team; and others well-known to Chicagoans: Inman and Ira,George and Gerry Armstrong, Bob Atcher, Sandy Paton, and Fleming Brown.The Folklore Festival was a sell-out success each of its three nights. But, then,this was to be expected by the largest and most successful student organization.Since its founding in 1953, the Society has always been large and this yearwith over 400 members it is larger than ever. They count among their numberat least a hundred guitars, 50 banjos, 25 mandolins, and miscellaneous harmonicas,autoharps, recorders, kazoos, lutes, and even a washtub bass.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEANDSOMEAREPICKEDTOSINGAPRIL, 1961 9The University of Chicago of 1891was unique among universities. And, itsuniqueness was to be traced largelyto one man: its president, Wm. Rainey Harper.The Scholaras Merchant Princeexcerpts from The Chautauqua Movementpublished by State University of New York Press: March, 1961BY JOSEPH E. GOULDOut of a background of Chautauqua-that movement that pioneered in correspondencecourses, lecture-study groups, reading circlesand the summer tent circuit - and anadmiration for the great business leadersof his day, Harper drew inspirationfor his educational plan. Alumni readersof Milton Mayer's Young Man in a Hurrywill remember "Little Willie" clerking inhis father's store. Perhaps this toowas a beginning ...10 PERHAPS THE ORGANIZATIONAL parallels be­tween Chautauqua and Chicago have been ignored be­cause, although the two institutions looked similar onpaper, they were actually quite different in outlook.One can trace Harper's emphasis on continuous ses­sions, concentrated doses of study, publication, corre­spondence work, lecture-study, and adult education tohis connection with the Chautauqua movement. How­ever, the articulation of these elements into a singleplan for formal higher education, and his system for theadministration of that plan, seem to be related less tohis Chautauqua experience than to his belief that theadvances made in his lifetime in the field of industrialorganization should be applicable to higher education.In his unpublished first report to the trustees, Harperstates that the. organization he designed "has more ofthe character of a Railroad Company or an InsuranceCompany than has heretofore characterized the organ­ization of Universities and Colleges. . ." Viewing theUniversity within this frame of reference, many factorsunite to form a consistent pattern. The administrativeofficers and their duties, as outlined by PresidentHarper in Official Bulletin No.1, are strikingly similarto those of a tightly knit, efficient industrial organiza­tion, consisting of (apart from the board of directors)the president, the cashier or treasurer, vice-president,works manager or plant director, and shop foremen:In other words, the work has been arranged on a businessbasis, with heads of departments who are held responsible.These heads, while frequently consulting with the Presidentin reference to the particular work of their departments, havebeen given the largest possible freedom.This organization by departments, which Harper be­lieved was "effected more rigidly than in any otherinstitution," was termed by him "advantageous in thatit located responsibility, drew sharp lines, and mademore evident points of strength and weakness."Instances of parallels between the organization andinternal arrangements of the University and majorbusiness enterprises might be multiplied, some of themno doubt merely coincidental. The prestige enjoyedin the last decade of the nineteenth century by businessand industrial leaders was real, however, and PresidentHarper seems to have prided himself on adapting atleast some of their methods of organization to his ownproblems. He was, of course, not alone in his ad­miration for industrial leaders, for they were realheroes to his generation. Walter Hines Page, editorand later wartime ambassador to Britain, wrote Harperin 1896:In spite of the impressiveness of the meeting at Buffalo, Iwas struck with the fact that there was not a single man norwoman there as far as I could find out, really of first-rateability. I was talking about this to a group of very thoughtfulmen and women at Buffalo, and I will shock you by reportingwhat one of them said: "The truth is there are only three menof first-rate ability engaged in education in the United States,men, that is, as able as railroad presidents, or great manufac­turers or great merchants." When the question was askedwho these three men are, the speaker said, "Presidents Eliot,Harper and Jordan."Quite in keeping with the businesslike organizationof the new university was the emphasis on productionTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEwhich was clearly stated in Harper's early plans.Promotion of younger men in the departments will dependmore largely upon the results of their work as investigatorsthan upon the efficiency of their teaching . . . . In otherwords, it is proposed to make the work of investigation pri­mary, the work of giving instruction secondary.Harper was determined that there should be no«sterile routine pedagogues" at· Chicago, and he re­garded the graduate schools of his university as thecapstone of his educational scheme. He consideredall other educational institutions, from the kindergartenthrough the college, and including adult and corre­spondence courses, preliminary to these non-profes­sional or professional graduate schools, where theapproach to knowledge is that of the specialist orinvestigator. Those persons who did not reach thisnirvana-and of course the majority would not-wouldstill have received the best possible training since itwould have been permeated with the «university spirit."Harper never made it quite clear what he meant bythe "university spirit"; perhaps the term was sufficientlymeaningful to him so that to enlarge upon it seemedsuperfluous. Apparently he meant a devotion to, orrespect for, scientific methods of acquiring data andtesting hypotheses without regard for preconceptions.Meanwhile, the great mass of people who could neverbecome researchers might still be taught to wait pa­tiently for a solution to their problems until the stateof exact scientific knowledge had progressed to a pointat which a solution could be scientifically demonstrated.One other facet of Harper's plan for a universityremains to be considered, and that is its scope.In the fall of 1887, when Dr. Strong, of the RochesterTheological Seminary, first expounded his plan for aBaptist super-university to Dr. Harper, the latter cameback in a few weeks with a proposal. to systematizeand coordinate all Baptist education in the UnitedStates. Strong protested that the time was not ripefor such a project and that it would become them toconcentrate first on the New York institution. Harpersubsided, and no more was heard about this projectat the time. The idea seemingly never left him, how­ever, for variations of it crop up many times in hispublished writings.Two words are frequently used by Harper in thesewritings: «system" and «order." He never ceased tobe upset and irritated by the formlessness and "chaos"of American education:Germany may be said to have a system of education,France likewise; but in America, as a whole, there is rio traceof anything that might rightly be called a system. . . . It ispossible to go even farther and to say that there is no suchthing as order. Whatever phase of this activity we studythere is discovered chaos and confusion; no order or plan.o 0 • The association of colleges may be either that of a state,as is already true of the State of New York, or that of adenomination (the bond in this case being very close) orthat of a district, such as New England, or the Valley of theMississippi. . . . The universities, supposing the number to�e ten, fifteen or twenty, should, let me say, unite in a federa­han .... Through this federation of Universities will cometh� cr�wning feature of our American system-a Nationaluniversity.In a very real sense Harper was attempting to buildan educational "Trust."APRIL, 1961 Te.nt ?hautauqua's demise was due to the inabilityof cIr�U1t managers to reconcile two fundamentallyopposite goals: they wanted to bring culture to thehinterland, and they wanted to make money. Theythought the answer lay in expansion, in more townson the circuit, a longer season, bigger names. Theironce proud boast that no serious issue was ever barredfrom a Chautauqua platform was forgotten, and theyconcentrated on hiring crowd-pleasing talent. Theywere influenced in their judgment by our commonAmerican propensity for equating bigness with excel­lence, and so they failed.At first glance, any parallel between Harper's Uni­versity of Chicago and the failure of circuit Chau­tauqua may seem farfetched, but the parallel does exist.Both the circuits and the University were created withChautauqua as the pattern, and although Chicago con­tin�es �o. occupy an important place among the greatuniversities of the world, Harper did fail to realizethere his announced intention to "revolutionize uni­versity study in this country." His ambition for the Uni­versity and his dream of combining a great number ofspecialized schools and colleges into a coherent andunified ':syste�" drove him into an excess of expendi­t�re which alienated Rockefeller and dried up, for Rtime, the steady stream of the financier's contributions.Discouragement and ill health made the last year ofHarper's life a gloomy period, in addition to whicheffective control of the University passed from hishands. Even before Harper's death in 1906, Dean HarryP. Judson,. the. acting president, had begun a programof reorganization and retrenchment that was in fact anabandonment of Harper's goals. Harper accepted theinevitable with dignity and fortitude.THE .REC�)RD O� ACHIEVEMENT that Harperleft behmd him at Chicago would have satisfied a manl�ss well-�ndo:v�d than he with courage and imagina­tion. In his wrItmgs, however, we can discern the scopeof his ambition for American higher education, and theproblems and contradictions that prevented the realiza­tion of that ambition. In a different context and at al�ter date, some of these contradictions were respon­SIble for the collapse of the Chautauqua circuits.When Harper had transplanted to Chicago his ownconcept of the organization that had proved so success­ful at Chautauqua, he added the principle of research,which he considered fundamental to the "universityspirit," the capstone of his idea of a university. Hesaw in free inquiry and independent investigation acosmic principle that transcended mere method; heconceived of it as fundamental in the operation of theuniverse. In a startling passage which clearly illumi­nates his faith in research as something tremendouslymore important than a mere tool, he wrote:Palestine was a great laboratory. For its erection and equip­ment centuries were taken and the whole world was laidunder tribute. Babylon on the one side and Egypt on theother made each its most precious contributions. The labora­tory was furnished with all the facilities for working out thegreatest truths of the greatest science, the truths connectedwith God and man. Indeed, the laboratory was built in orderto afford opportunity for experiment, and to give instruction11in respect to a single problem, and in this problem the great­est truths were involved.The director of the laboratory had been its architect. Hewas now to guide the work of investigation and instructionstep by step. This architect, this director, this master work­man, we may note was God. Strangely enough, the directorthought it best not to show himself in person; but, for thetime, to do his work through laboratory assistants, or agents.... It was expected that they would furnish discoveries ofnew truth and new formulations of old truth for the use ofthose who followed them. These pupils, to whom so greatan opportunity was given, were the ancient Hebrews.. . . there were, in fact, many laboratories in the world . . .and there was no laboratory in which earnest and scientificwork was done that did not have some contribution to make.. . . But in these other laboratories the facilities were not sogood, and, besides, the director was not so near at hand. . . .The Old Testament is a laboratory notebook kept, underthe supervision of the director, by the laboratory assistantswhom he employed.As a practical administrator, Harper's experienceproved to him that there was a gulf between whatought to be and what could immediately take place. Intheory, the cosmic principle of research was one whichshould pervade all levels of the University. In prac­tice, however, it became apparent to President Harperthat the research method of teaching was inappropriatefor lower division students. His research-minded fac­ulty, however, like the Director of the "Palestinianlaboratory," failed to recognize any distinction. Harperhimself said,After three or four years spent in the work of research,they seem to ignore the fact that there is any other methodof work than that employed by the most advanced students.They therefore employ university methods with freshmen andsophomores, and the result is an utter waste of energy andtime, both for the student and his instructor. When, now, weadd to this the insane purpose manifested by some of them(especially those who have been in Germany) to Germanizeeverything with which they come into relation ... We havea combination of evils to which may be traced a very con­siderable amount of waste.Harper suggested a remedy for this kind of situationin "the admission of no man to the position of instruc­tor whose ability to teach has not been absolutelydemonstrated; and in the furnishing of such instructionas will, to some extent at least, exhibit the organizedstructure and relationship of the various departments ofuniversity work."This was, of course, a pious hope and a worthysentiment. As a practical possibility, it was unrealistic.The policies that Harper had established in the begin­ning had resulted in the organization of a universitycommunity whose values were such that unless a con­siderable amount of attention were given to the shib­boleth of research, preferment was not to be expected.Department heads had been chosen for their pre­occupation with research; accordingly, they chose sub­ordinates with the same predilections. Upper-divisionand graduate courses, particularly the seminars, carriedprestige; accordingly, Junior College courses were as­signed to the newly Hedged Ph.D.s, who immediatelysought, not to improve their technique of teaching,but to gain leisure for research and publication so thatthey, too, might grow in dignity and be assigned aseminar. To reverse this trend would have been asuperhuman task even for an administrator who wasconvinced that the research emphasis was in itself a12 mistake, and there is no evidence that President Harperever thought this.CLOSELY RELATED TO PRESIDENT Harper'sacceptance . of evolution in the Darwinian sense asfundamental to the natural order of things was hisbelief that the modern business enterprise of his day,because most recent, represented the highest and besttype of· human productive activity.The democracy of Greece, and the democracy of a centuryago in our own land, were stages in the evolution which hasbeen taking place from the beginning of man's history onearth. Wherever the industrial spirit has prevailed, as op­posed to the predatory, this evolution still continues, and willcontinue until if includes in its grasp the entire world.As this "industrial spirit" comes into its own, it will,according to Harper, exhibit two marked characteristics-consolidation and specialization. To Harper, theseare not merely techniques; they, too, are cosmic prin­ciples, since they are techniques inseparable from thelarger concept of evolution by the survival of the fittest.For the institution, as for the individual, techniques ofspecialization must be discovered, differentiation musttake place, and then, by association of differentiatedparts, progress to higher levels of organization may beachieved.The great combinations of business enterprise, there­fore, will represent steps in the evolutionary process,and will rise to the dignity of exhibiting a principlethat should be followed in other types of institutions:It is a remark of frequent occurrence that one of the com­mon features of our present civilization is the emphasis laidupon specialism in every line of work. It is also to be notedthat, side by side with specialism, and because of specialism,another prominent feature exists, namely, that of combinationsand trusts, for it is only the specialists who combine. It wasnot until the day of specialism that combinations could occur.Harper emphasizes that institutions in general, andinstitutions for higher education in particular, are notfaced by . an infinite number of possible courses ofaction from which they may choose on the basis ofwhich seems best. They are faced by a dichotomy;they may choose to specialize and combine-since thatis the underlying principle of survival-or they maychoose to commit virtual suicide. Circumstances, how­ever, will inevitably dictate the former course, since«institutions, like individuals, move along the line ofleast resistance.". . . The small college, the college of the denomination, iscertain to continue in the future; but it will sooner or lateryield to the pressure of competition on every side and in everyline, to the demands of economy, made more rigorous by thediminishing rate of interest . . . and join itself in close asso­ciation with other similar colleges. The purpose of this asso­ciation will be, in part, protection, but also, in part, greaterstrength. If it be asked how these ends will be attained bysuch association, it may be answered, in general, in accord­ance with exactly the same principles which lead men en­gaged in the same business, whether it is insurance or rail­roading, whether it has to do with iron or sugar or wool, tojoin hands for the prevention of unnecessary expense, for theavoidance of injurious duplication, for the sake of gainingevery possible economy. But how, it may be asked, will theseprinciples operate in the case of colleges? With such asso­ciation, and as a result of the understanding reached thereby:THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThere will come a better distribution of work among thecolleges, and all will not undertake to do every kind of work;... The evils of competition will be mitigated; . . .Moreover, one may predict the close association of thesmaller colleges, not only with each other, but also, in everycase, with a university. The great advantages which will befound to accrue both to the college and the university in suchassociation will bring this about; for, after all, institutions,like individuals, move along the line of least resistance.It would not be strange if an industrialist or railroadmagnate had taken this position, since their activitiesare based upon the premise that individually and col­lectively men will everywhere seek personal gain. Auniversity president, however, occupies his positionbecause he believes, or should believe, that men canbe persuaded through education to choose, not "theline of least resistance" but the paths of justice andtruth.THE ORGANIZATION OF THE University on thelines of an industrial enterprise resulted in overcentral­ization, rigid departmentalization, and loss of facultymorale. The attempt to utilize plant and staff on a year­round basis resulted in excessive duplication of coursesand a loss in homogeneity in the student body. Theemphasis on research as units to be produced under­mined the faculty's interest in teaching. At the root ofall these contradictions lay Harper's belief, unverbal­ized because implicit, that demand and need weresynonymous. He interpreted the educational sceneabout him as indicating that the United States was inneed of a unified and harmonious scheme of education,organized vertically from the kindergarten through theuniversity, laterally by voluntary associations of collegeswith one another and with a parent university, and sup­plemented by university extension courses available toeveryone, the whole to be permeated by the "universityspirit" -that is, investigation and specialization. Havingbeen given an opportunity to do so, he had worked outsuch a system, and he remained supremely confidentalmost to the end of his life that that system wouldbe adopted. In 1902 he wrote:The Held of higher education is, at the present time, in anextremely disorganized condition. But the forces are alreadyin existence, through the operation of which, at no distantdate, order will be secured, and a great system established,which may be designated "the American System." The im­portant steps to be taken in working out such a system areco-ordination, specialization and association.Harper believed that the essentials of the "AmericanSystem" had been established at Chicago. As soon assome of the minor conflicts were worked out, Chicagowould demonstrate to the rest of the nation the validityof his scheme, and it would be widely copied.Had Harper been in fact an industrial or commercialentrepreneur, and had he evolved in that sphere such alogical and detailed plan for the distribution of a com­modity, he could confidently have expected success.Perhaps his mistake was that he, like so many of hiscontemporaries, regarded education as a commodity.Thorstein Veblen, with his usual penetrating insight,perceived this assumption that underlay an educationAPRIL, 1961 dominated by business ideals and business methods:The underlying business-like presumption accordingly ap­pears to be that learning is a merchantable commodity, to beproduced on a piece-rate plan, rated, bought and sold bystandard units, measured, counted and reduced to stapleequivalence by impersonal, mechanical tests.Essentially the same mistake was made by the man­agers of circuit Chautauqua. They thought that theirswas a merchantable commodity, too. They became soengrossed in the problems of management and deludedby the mirage of bigness that they lost sight of theirbasic cultural mission. Their programs became "stan­dard units," and they devised a system by which theycould be "measured, counted and reduced to stapleeq uivalence."When tent Chautauqua had become a big business,'Vawter and the other entrepreneurs devised a system of"quality control" whereby local managers on the cir­cuit reported "audience reaction" to a central officeafter every performance, indicating how each part ofthe program had been received. If there were indica­tions that a performer was doing something that wasnot entirely "safe," a more or less strongly worded "sug­gestion" from the central office would be waiting forhim at his next stop. It is more than unlikely that anysuggestion was ever offered to such platform greatsas William Jennings Bryan or Booker T. Washington,but by 1924, as a well-trained observer noted, "exces­sive liberalism is an extremely unlikely contingency.Conservative as are Chautauqua audiences, its man­agers are more so."This system of reports worked at cross purposeswith the ostensible goals of tent Chautauqua. Just asHarper's emphasis 'on research and scholarly productioninhibited too many professors in their teaching func­tion, surveillance by local managers made crowd­pleasers rather than agents of culture out of too manyperformers. For the men and women who seriously ad­vocated a program of action, there was no place at all;they might offend somebody in the audience. The "in­spirational" speakers took over, and the once vigorousChautauqua movement was drowned in a flood of pap.Basically, Harper and the circuit managers sharedthe same philosophy, verbalized in Harper's case, tacitin theirs. It was that "institutions, like individuals,move along the line of least resistance." Harper de­duced from this principle that combination and spe­cialization would come as naturally and beneficially toeducational institutions as to business enterprises. Thecircuit entrepreneurs deduced that their prosperitydepended upon "giving the people what they want."Both were wrong. Higher education has followedan older and surer instinct and has in some measureavoided the impersonality, fragmentation, and loss ofhuman values that have been the curse of modernindustrial life. The policy-makers for circuit Chau­tauqua discovered too late, if at all, that attempts toplease everyone' end by pleasing no one; a discoverythat the television networks of our own day have yetto make. The "line of least resistance," whether erro­neously deduced from the evolutionary process oradapted as mere expediency, is hardly a sure guide toprogress in human affairs. •13REUNION IS MANY THINGS TO MANY PEOPLE .... . a chance to meet and hear the new Chancellor.. an opportunity to see the campus and theneighborhood in transition. . a time to hear reports on research nowunderway at the University.14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPolitical Scientists are never far from the arena of working politics; however, this Februarythree of our most distinguished members of the Political Science Department (one of thema former welterweight boxer) put on the gloves to challenge both. the Chicago press andthe GOP spokesmen. The topic of contention:The Election "Frauds"H ow did this team (dubbed "the three blindmice of the Midway" by the opposition) farein battle? They bravely faced such chargesas "The three uninformed, misinformed,unschooled and unlearned professors whovindicated King Richard's (Daley's) powermachine which stole this last election canonly be likened to the three blind mice whosee or know not evil or fraud."We cherish a recollection of one of the con­tenders, Herman Finer, waving a copy ofthe professors' "Statement" at the membersof the press and proclaiming, "what one ofyour papers would print this report in full I"Here, in full, is their "superficial study,"their "whitewash 0/ the Democratic Party:"A few weeks ago, after the stories about the No­vember 8 election had appeared in the Chicago news­papers, Herman Finer, professor of Political Scienceat the University of Chicago, phoned Mayor Daleyand stated that he and some of his colleagues werevery disturbed about the impression that these storieswere giving the nation, and indeed the world, aboutthe civic reputation of Chicago. Mayor Daley sug­gested that Mr. Finer and his colleagues might con­sider attempting to counteract these impressions bymaking a report which would compare the charges ofthe defeated candidates and the stories in the news­papers with the actual facts established concerningthe election. Professor Finer undertook to prepare sucha report, associating with himself two of his colleaguesin the Political Science Department, Jerome G. Kerwinand C. Herman Pritchett.In releasing this report, the purpose of the authorsAPRIL, 1961 is not to defend the Democratic Party or to attack theRepublican Party, but rather to make a sober andresponsible evaluation of the charges which have cre­ated such an adverse image of Chicago. This matter isparticularly serious since there seems to be no indi­cation that the charges about the 1960 Chicago electionare being permitted to die down. References continueto appear in the national press, three months after theelection, to the Chicago "vote frauds" as though theyhad been fully established. One national magazine,Look, in its issue of February 14, 1961, was still allegingthat the election was "stolen" in a lead article entitled«How To Steal An Election," and carrying a bannerheadline with the question, «How Dishonest Are Chi­cago Elections?"The authors of this report are frank to admit thatthey are Democrats, and Herman Finer is by appoint­ment of Mayor Daley and Governor Stratton an unpaidmember of the board of the Chicago Regional PortAuthority. However, they are also political scientistsand citizens of Chicago who are alarmed at the loss ofconfidence in election procedures in the city as a resultof the press treatment of the 1960 election. They hopeby this report to restore some sense of balance on thisissue and some basis for continuing the very greatadvances which have been made in election adminis­tration in Chicago in the past decade or two.The authors wish to acknowledge that on some issuesof fact inquiries were made of, and information wassupplied by, Mr. Earl Bush, director of public relationsof the City of Chicago. The University of Chicago hasof course no connection with or responsibility for thisstudy, and no University funds were used in making it.Their "Statement"Chicago's responsible citizens are fond of their cityand desire to see its reputation enhanced. Yet at timeswe do not all realize the most prudent manner of cor­recting what appears to be wrong in our civic life.The end, very good in itself, of honesty and efficiencyin all walks of gove!nmental operation does not justifyany means that may be chosen.15Following the elections of November 8, 1960, seriouscharges were made, charges repeated and amplified bythe Chicago newspapers, imputing dishonesty andfraudulent intent to election officials in Chicago andto the Democratic Party specifically. The Mayor ofChicago acknowledged that there might have beensome cases of irregularity and many cases of errordue to human judgment. Considering the electionprocess in most cities of the land, this statement mighthave covered all of them. Nor is this said in deroga­tion of the cities, for rural areas have not been con­spicuously outstanding as models of electoral probity.However, this is often overlooked because the fullspotlight of publicity does not fall on them as it doeson the cities.It must be remembered that our election machineryis not and cannot be a continuously functioning or­ganism. It is in large part set up only for an occa­sional specific day and thereafter dismantled. Thisfact in itself accounts for many of the errors whichenter into the election process. Remembering, too, thatfor many years-until the middle of the 19th century,in fact-the election process was entirely the businessof the political parties themselves, it is no wonderthat a great deal of the former inexpert process remains.In a presidential election thousands of people, largelyamateur, are engaged to carry through the electionprocess. For the 1960 election in Chicago, 25,000election judges-Republican and Democratic-wereappointed.That there should be a sudden awakening to weak­nesses in the election process in Chicago was in itself8. matter of civic gratification. The unfortunate part,however, of this awakening was its excessive nature.Errors became crimes and crimes were said to bewholesale. Much artificial stimulation kept the cam­paign going. To those people who have watched theelection process in Cook County for many years, thecharges were not new but the fervor was somewhatsurprising. The veteran students of elections remem­bered a time during the first quarter of this centurywhen despite machine gunnings at the polls, stolenballot boxes, open buying of votes, intimidation, repeti­tive voting, estimating and not counting votes, short­penciling, and every fraud known in the dictionary ofcorrupt elections, it was impossible to arouse theinterest of anyone of the organizations now worthilyactive in elections.To be specific, politics was a "dirty business" inwhich the Chicago Bar Association, the Association ofCommerce, and other like organizations would notengage. Yet it must be remembered that the quietwork of the-League of Women Voters, the Men's CityClub, and the Women's City Club, and people at ouruniversities brought continual progress. While thereare obvious weaknesses still in our election machineryand methods, the amount of improvement in recentyears has been extraordinary.Whatever irregularities have been evident in therecent election do not merit for Chicago the lowinsinuations, the bitter criticisms, or the hopeless de­spair of our political morals displayed by so manypublications both here and abroad. Much of what16 was said and done was generated by the heat charac­teristic of all political struggles, yet the general resultsfrom the point of view of the city were most unfortunate.The 1960 election in Chicago was, in fact, accordingto Republican U. S. District Attorney Robert Tieken,<. cleaner than usual." And yet this election was madethe occasion for an unjustified and unsubstantiatedattack of extraordinary violence on Chicago's civic repu­tation. The assault was led by the official heads of theRepublican Party in Illinois and especially in CookCounty, and was aided by the Republican NationalCommittee. It is understandable that in an electionas close as the one of 1960, the defeated candidatesshould make strenuous efforts to reverse the results.But indiscriminate and irresponsible charges of thievery,corruption, and fraud are not an acceptable method ofcontesting election results. This fact was recognizedin the position taken at his farewell press conferenceby Vice President Nixon, who had more at stake inthe election than any other Republican:"I believe, first, that the time to work for correctingsuch evils is before Election Day, instead of pro­testing afterward. I am going to devote considerabletime now to recommending changes in our votingsystem. And, second, I must point out that no partyhas a monopoly on this type of cheating."Chicago and Illinois Republican leaders did notfollow this policy. They originated charges such asthe following. Frank Ferlic of the States Attorney'soffice charged that the election was "probably theworst in election memory." Republican 'Cook CountyChairman Francis X. Connell, a defeated candidate,said there had been fraudulent voting in as many as800 precincts, and that the Democrats had stolen100,000 votes. William H. Fetridge, chairman of theMidwest Volunteers for Nixon-Lodge, said: "We haveinformation that more than 25,000 persons in the skid­row area voted the <right way' in exchange for whiskeyand money." Frank Durham, of the Committee onHonest Elections, said he "had never seen fraudulentpractices more vicious in his twenty-five years of pollwatching." State's Attorney Adamowski charged flatlythat the White House had been "stolen."The Chicago newspapers printed these charges, sel­dom pointing out the lack of supporting evidence forthem. Moreover, the newspapers themselves becameparticipants in the campaign to picture the electionas fraudulent, and on their own account repeated,multiplied, and pyramided the charges of fraud in aday-to-day crescendo. To meet the requirements ofthe campaign, minor incidents and irregularities wererepeatedly blown up into the appearance of majorand intentional frauds. A survey of the press storiesthat appeared in the weeks following the election,made by Herman Finer, is attached to this statement.His report covers an ample and representative sampleof the stories that appeared, and shows the patternand technique of the propaganda campaign conductedby the metropolitan press, which gave the whole coun­try, and even foreign nations, the impression that theChicago election was a "dirty," "foul," "crooked,""thieving," "morass" of evil doing.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE(The "Analysis 0/ Chicago Newspaper Storieson the 1960 Election" which the professorsattached to their shorter statement which isreprinted on these pages, was 35 pages long.It consisted 0/ 35 pages of the professors'examples 0/ misleading newspaper reportingand unsubstantiated GOP charges.)The newspapers may argue that they only carriedthe quotations of officials, candidates and others whowere active in the election-that they did not them­selves make the charges and accusations. But whatactually happened in many cases was that the news­papers would carry stories of allegations; then makethe allegations charges; then make the charges facts;then make the facts conclusions-the conclusions beingthat the election was stolen in Chicago.Only a few examples of the misleading effect ofnewspaper coverage can be given. The prime exampleof alleged election' fraud, referred to time and timeagain in the press, concerned the 50th Precinct of theSecond Ward, where there was admittedly an overcastof the vote. The facts appeared to be that in thisprecinct most of the houses had been recently demol­ished, but that the former occupants had returned onelection day and been permitted to vote. After thiscase had been exploited in many newspaper stories,George Thiem finally conceded in an article in theDaily News on November 25 that "it would be hardto prove deliberate fraud in this precinct. A morelikely explanation is the unfamiliarity of the electionjudges and their duties, and the election laws."On December 2, the Tribune printed a story withthe headline, "Nixon Gain Is 1,214 on Machines:G.O.P." The sub-headline is "See State Victory WithCanvass Of Paper Ballots." Then follows a bulletin:«Vice President Nixon made a net unofficial gain of1,214 votes thru a Republican comparison of actualvoting machine figures with official canvass tallies, itwas learned early today. Ralph Berkowitz, an attorneyaiding the G.O.P., said Nixon apparently can go onto carry Illinois on the paper ballot recount. TheHepublican voting machine study, carried out by afirm of certified public accountants, also showed a netgain in Chicago of 1,616 votes for State's Atty. Ben­jamin S. Adamowski."These figures-1,214 and 1,616-disappeared in thefollowing days. The so-called machine study carriedout by a firm of certified accountants never was pre­sented or published. In fact the name of the firmcompletely disappeared from print. Yet this accountwas carried not only by the Tribune but by all threeother Chicago newspapers, and the figures and thestory disappeared from all other Chicago newspapersas well, with never an explanation.The Daily News of November 12 stated that WilliamH. Fetridge, Chairman of the Midwest Volunteers forNixon-Lodge, had "recalled that in 1952 Secretary ofState Carpentier was an apparent loser by lO,OOO votesbut the recount made him the winner by 9,000." Thearticle then quotes Fetridge directly, "There is aprecedent for this, that is what gives us encourage-APRIL, 1961 ment." But the fact is that there was no recount in1952 in the election for Secretary of State. Surely thefiles of the Daily News would have readily revealedthis fact.No one can question the constructive work whichour newspapers in Chicago have done on many occa­sions. We are, however, confronted with a situationwhich does not promote a wholesome reporting ofpolitical news with all four newspapers following oneparty line on national questions. 1£ it is worth while inour politics to have a vigorous two-party system, it isas worth while to have a two-party press.In the light of the charges made concerning the1960 election, it is important to recapitulate the factsthat have subsequently been established about theelection.Fact l. A recheck of the voting machines in Chicagoresulted in a net gain of 312 votes for Nixon out of atotal of 1,780,000 votes cast-an amazingly accuratereporting of the vote.Fact 2. The recheck of the voting machines in theState's Attorney's race resulted in a net gain of 435for Adamowski.Fact 3. On the "discovery recount" of the paperballots, Adamowski gained a net of 6,342 out of 417,000votes, leaving him some 20,000 votes short of thenumber that would be required to overturn the electionof his opponent. A discovery recount of paper ballotsis made for the purpose of permitting a candidate todetermine whether or not he would wish to file apetition for a recount, and is not made a part of theofficial canvass.Fact 4. The State Electoral Board, composed of fourRepublicans and one Democrat, certified the Kennedyvictory in the state on the ground that there was notsufficient evidence of fraud in Cook County to changethe canvass.Fact 5. The First Assistant U. S. Attorney, Albert F.Manion, was quoted extensively in the press regardingthe possibility of a number of indictments being re­turned by the federal grand jury, and "hundreds ofcomplaints" were reported as having been referred tothe grand jury for possible prosecution. Yet the De­cember grand jury returned only two indictments andthe January grand jury did not return a single one.Further investigations of alleged violations of theelection laws will no doubt be made, and should bemade, according to the regular procedures of the law.They might indeed establish additional cases of viola­tion. A recount of the paper ballots in the State'sAttorney's race is now beginning, and it is possiblethat it might yield evidence of errors in the count.Because of the many opportunities for error or fraudcreated by the use of paper ballots, it is important tonote that the City Council, at the request of MayorDaley, has appropriated a half million dollars for addi­tional voting machines so that paper ballots can inthe future be eliminated entirely in the city.It is to be hoped that the extreme partisan natureof the recent struggle over the results of the 1960 elec­tions will not prevent Republican and Democraticleaders alike from taking stock of our election lawswith a view to their reform. It is commendable that17various proposals for revising the election laws andprocedures are being made. Mrs. Marie H. Suthers,Republican member of the Chicago Board of ElectionCommissioners, has made some thoughtful proposalswhich should be carefully studied. It goes withoutsaying, of course, that any changes in the electionlaws should apply to the entire state, for electionirregularities have not been a monopoly of anyonesection of the state or anyone party.In any revision of the election laws, we suggest thatthe following proposals deserve consideration.1. The fundamental cause of bewilderment amongthe voters and the election judges is the long ballot.This makes it almost impossible for even the mostinterested citizens to make and mark a rational choicefor all positions, and it incredibly complicates thecounting process.2. So long as a reform of the long ballot proves to beimpossible, the one most reliable general assurance ofthe purity of the electoral count is the installationof voting machines in every precinct in the entirestate of Illinois. They are costly, but so is a citizen'svote precious.3. We should consider whether it is the part ofpolitical prudence to elect national, state) and localofficials at the same election, and whether a methodof staggering these elections could not be developed.4. Attempts should be made to reform our electionlaws in order that voters who have changed theiraddresses shortly before an election may be permittedto vote in national elections.5. Improvement of the caliber of official personnel atpolling places in elections is badly needed in someareas.6. The administration of Chicago's permanent regis­tration system can undoubtedly be improved.And they summarizeThis study has not attempted to make an independentexamination of the presence or absence of fraud in the1960 Chicago election. That would be outside the com­petence of anything except a large-scale official investi­gation. What we have attempted to do is to examinethe evidence put forward by the Republican Partyand the Chicago newspapers to support the chargesof fraud which they made. On the basis of this analysis,we conclude that the charges that wholesale electionfraud was perpetrated in Chicago were baseless andunsubstantiated, We agree with the judgment of Mil­burn P. Akers, writing in the Sun Times, when he said:"Republicans had a right, legally and morally, to con­test the results. But it is questionable whether theyhad a right to make sweeping charges of fraud withoutthe evidence to back them up."Chicago's title to its reputation as a city of goodgovernment and decent intention deserves protectionfrom irresponsible defamation. It is hoped that thisreport can have some effect in restoring the civicmorale of our citizens and the dignity of the communityand the nation for themselves and the onlooking world.18 HUMANITIES CLASS BREAKS UP IN COBBHUGE FORD GRANT-This Januarythe Ford Foundation announced a grantof $5,400,000 to the University ofChicago to strengthen and expandgraduate training and research in non­Western and other international studies.The Ford Foundation, in its an­nouncement of the grant, said in part:"The University of Chicago grantwill give support for ten years to theUniversity's South and Southeast Asian,Russian and Slavic, and Far Easternprograms; and five-year support toother international studies, includingcomparative education, comparativelaw, African and Near Eastern research,and language teaching. Chicago al­ready has some 400 students registeredin over sixty courses in South andSoutheast Asian fields, and the newfunds for studies in this area will beused for additional staff, partial en­dowment of a professorship, research,fellowships, library development, andadministration. In Far Eastern studies,the grant will support additional so­cial-science faculty members, and willaid research and the improvement oflibrary resources. Aid to the Russianand Slavic program will include partialendowment of two professorships .... "R. Wendell Harrison, acting chan­cellor of the University of Chicago,said in accepting the grant:"It is a university's business to under­stand man and the basis of society.Historically, however, in the UnitedStates higher education has been pre­occupied with Western man andWestern society. But there are otherimportant horizons largely untouchedawaiting scholarly attention, major cul­tures which deserve investigation fortheir intrinsic worth and not only asTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEsource materials for the solution ofimmediate problems ...."We especially appreciate the FordFoundation's recognition of, and pro­vision for, two aspects of planning withwhich all research institutions mustcope: long range support and flexi­bility."Of the total grant, $3,800,000 is forsupport of the university's non-Westernarea programs, to be divided approxi­mately as follows: $1,786,000 for theSouth and Southeast Asia program,$988,000 for the Far East program,and $1,026,000 for Russian and Slavicstudies.The remaining $1,600,000 is for five­year support of graduate training andresearch in other international studies.Cooperating in the programs forwhich the grant is made will be theDivision of the Social Sciences, theDivision of the Humanities, the LawSchool, and the Graduate School ofEducation.The Ford grant is a keystone in theuniversity efforts calling for an overallexpenditure of about $13,000,000 inthese programs over the next decade.It is one of the largest single dollargrants made to the University since itsfounding in 1890, and is particularlyeminent among grants received forwork in the Social Sciences and theHumanities.The University of Chicago took theoccasion to announce top priority pro­grams in the concerned disciplines forthe next ten years.The bulk of the grant is earmarkedfor support of study and research pro­grams in South and Southeast Asia,the Far East, and the Soviet Unionover the next decade. Support is alsoAPRIL, 1961 NEWS 0 F the quadranglesprovided on a five-year ?asis f�r abroad program of other internationalstudies.Combined Ford Foundation, Univer-sity, and other funds will .be used toenlarge the faculty, add to library hold­ings, support faculty research and R�ldexpenses, and to set up research tram­ing fellowships.DIVINITY PROGRAM-A doctor in­terns at a hospital. A minister internsat a church. The doctor's internshipis taken as a matter of course. Theminister's is not.To meet the need, the DivinitySchool of the University built a year'sinternship into the four years of grad­uate study. for the Bachelor of DivinityDegree. The internship takes up thethird year. The fourth year, back oncampus, consolidates the experience.One class has now had its year ofinternship and has returned for thefinal year of study. A second class isnow studying at 14 churches from Ore­gon to Virginia.How does internship work?Forty-three-year-old Mallary Fitzpat­rick, Jr., describes the concept and theoperation as bringing "logical andchronological" order into the educationof a minister. The Rev. Fitzpatrick, aCongregational minister, heads theCommittee on the Ministry of theDivinity School. He is a research asso­ciate and an associate professor in theDivinity School. The internship phaseof the four-year curriculum has beenhis responsibility since the new pro­gram was conceived in 1954, announcedin 1955 and put in operation in 1956.He has traveled more than 100,000 miles to find the churches that canmeet the academic standards of train­ing a graduate student for the pulpit."The four-year graduate course toprepare for the ministry is not an op­tional program at the University ofChicago, but a requirement," accordingto the Rev. Fitzpatrick. "The intern­ship is an integral part of it.""Theological education in this coun­try has not changed fundamentally for50 years and the time has come whenit must change. In other professions,internship and in-service training havebecome standard. But for the ministry,training with a church has been mis­used and fallen into disrepute."Too many churches have taken apredatory view of the student ministerand used him to carry ashes and sweepfloors. Other churches have looked uponthe student as a <minister in miniature'rather than a young person in theprocess of Rnding himself and his pro­fessional competence."The Rev. Fitzpatrick says that in­ternship purposely was scheduled aftertwo years of basic theological educa­tion in Bible, Theology, Church History,History of Religions, Ethics and So­ciety, Religion and the Arts, Religionand Personality."When he comes back to the class­room for his fourth and final year, hecomes back running. He has had towrestle with theory and with practice.Now, in his last year, he has a chanceto re-orient himself, to reconcile theoryand practice, to search for insights thatwill make him a fine minister beforehe accepts the responsibilities of a con­gregation."The Rev. Fitzpatrick also reports thatthe internship program has had a great19effect on the churches and the parish­ioners. A lay committee to work withthe student intern is a requirement ofthe program. "Laymen have beenshaken from their outlook that you canbuy ministers as you buy cars, off anassembly line, without knowledge ofwhat goes on in Detroit. They havelearned to think about problems oftheological education as part of the con­cern of their own church."They have learned to think aboutthe ministry, not about a particularminister-the one they've had, the onethey have now, or one they will have.They have been able to develop a de­tached view that helps them and theUniversity faculty develop standards forthe ministry itself."The Divinity School, the oldest pro­fessional graduate school of the Uni­versity, is an inter-denominationalgraduate institution which educates re­ligious scholars as well as trains Protes­tant ministers. It is exclusively a grad­uate school. Its total number of degreestudents is 407. Of these, 171 are em­barked on this special internship pro­gram leading to the Bachelor ofDivinity degree. Among the faculty of29, 7 denominations are represented;among the students, 16.MARATHON - Some flavorsome ex­cerpts from Maroon reporter LauraCodofsky's review of this year's WUCBmarathon. This tour de force of thestudent radio station started Fridaynight, February 24, with the traditionalRobert M. Hutchin's Farewell Address.26lj2 hours later it dwindled off the air.One WUCB staffer, who shall remainanonymous, was known to have stayedawake, around, and sober the wholetime. A traditional highlight of theevening is the annual farewell perform­ance of the Pro Nausea Musica. MissGodofsky:Dying a quick, painless death, guestconductor Mitya Pandowski was car­ried away with his music. He was dis­patched by a poison-tipped dart from aflute doubling as a blowpipe.Pandowski's assassination during theChicago Pro Nausea Musica's perform­ance of Haydn's Surprise Symphonywas this year's surprise. The 25-mem­ber ensemble, conducted by Sir MaxRunnerbien (Roger Downey) andMitya Pandowski (Jim Kim), was partof the "cast of thousands" appearingon WUCB's 9th annual marathon. Theprogram raised money for WUS's[World University Service] South Afri­can student fund. WUCB's contribu­tion brings the WUS drive total to$1,837.37.The Pro Nausea, following its tradi-20 tion of presenting "little known versionsof well-known works," introduced tothe world "Assignments No.6" by JimHilgers and Mark Dorenson, whichfeatured the composers' playing asignal generator.According to Hilgers, AssignmentsNo.6 is based on "theories" of naturaldissonance caused by the parametricamplification of a round top squarewave."Hilgers manipulated the generator'slevel control and attenuation networkand Dorenson worked its frequency­determining network. According toDorenson, this means that Hilgersturned one knob and a switch while heturned two switches.The generator played in a two-partsymphony, with Dana Smaller, soprano,acting as an instrument. Miss Smalleris a member of the N. Y. Pro Nauseawhich joined its Chicago branch forthe marathon performance.The N. Y. Pro Nausea, includingMary deLue, baritone, and CourtnerKing, soprano, performed "My BonnieLass, She Smileth," a "cracking goodmadrigal," according to Runnerbien.Charlie Nelson was the Pro Nausea'ssoloist in its version of Vivaldi's "Con­certina for well corrugated washboard."On his little princess washboard,made by the Columbia ladder andwoodenware company of Portland, Ore­gon, Nelson led the ensemble throughtwo renditions of the concertina, atdifferent tempos.The Pro Nausea also played the 4thpart of Respighi's triology, "The pines,fountains, festivals, and sewers ofRome." The piece "watered down intoone big thing, like the Mississippi, end­ing up in father Tiber." The N. Y. ProNausea sang "Oh give me a home,where the buffalo roam . . ." in thebackground.The Pro Nausea concluded withHonnegger's Pacific '23, a tone pictureof a steam locomotive starting, goingon, and "running into a little trouble"across the French countryside.REAVIS PROFESSOR-The first ap­pointment to the William Claude ReavisProfessorship of Educational Adminis­tration was announced last February.Named to the chair was ProfessorRoald F. Campbell of the University'sDepartment of Education. Mr. Camp­bell is director of the Midwest Ad­ministration Center of the Universityof Chicago and chairman of the com­mittee on educational administrationwithin the University's Department ofEducation.The late William Claude Reavis whose memory the professorship honorswas a "schoolman's schoolman." In histhree decades on the University'sfaculty, he helped shape public educa­tion policy and programs in thousandsof American communities.Francis S. Chase, Dean of the Grad­uate School of Education, said:"The appointment of Mr. Roald F.Campbell to the Reavis professorshipassures the University of Chicago con­tinuing leadership in the great traditionestablished by William Claude Reavis."It represents an 0 the r step instrengthening our programs of research,graduate instruction, and field servicesin educational administration. LikeProfessor Reavis, Professor Campbellhas built his theory and research on anextended experience in educational ad­ministration and has maintained closecontact with the schools throughout hiscareer."As William Claude Reavis Professor,Mr. Campbell becomes one of the 36members of the faculty holding namedor distinguished service chairs. TheUniversity faculty totals 858 members.In his new post as William ClaudeReavis Professor, Mr. Campbell willcontinue as director of the MidwestAdministration Center. He joined theUniversity of Chicago faculty in 1957.Prior to accepting the position here,he was professor of education at OhioState University since 1952. He wasborn in Ogden, Utah, December 4,1905, and grew up in Idaho. He re­ceived his B.A. and M.A. from BrighamUniversity and his Ed.D. in 1942 fromStanford University.He has served as a consultant andthe acting head of the department ofeducation at Idaho State College andhas been in charge of elementary edu­cation and director of the William M.Steward School of the University ofUtah. He also has been a teacher, prin­cipal and superintendent of schools inTexas and Idaho.The specialty of educational ad­ministration, one of a number of spe­cial fields offered by the Departmentof Education and the School of Educa­tion at the University of Chicago isdescribed in these terms in the cata­logues:Schools and school systems are enter­prises involving a variety of people, activ­ities, and purposes. As enterprises, theymust be organized, administered, andsupervised. Such work requires muchknowledge and skill; there are patternsof school organization that need to beknown and ways of obtaining CO-opera­tive and effective work that need to bemastered, both within the school and be­tween the school and other parts of thecommunity. Moreover, as social and eco­nomic changes take place, organizationTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEmust change. As more is learned abouthuman behavior, new ways of effectingco-operation and efficiency can be forged.The field of administration is concernedwith providing known skills and knowl­edge and with research aimed at increas­ing them.The University work in the field ofeducational administration centers onthese three specific organizations:1. The Committee on EducationalAdministration2. The Educational Field Service3. The Midwest Administration Cen­ter.All these are concerned with the train­ing of potential administrators, con­ducting research in the field of edu­cational administration and disseminat­ing the results of this research to inter­ested individuals and agencies.The Committee on Educational Ad­ministra tion, an academic committeewithin the Department of Education,is chiefly concerned with:- Directing a training program forschool administrators;- Developing new directions for re­search in the area of school ad­ministra tion.Under the chairmanship of Professor.Campbell, this committee has developedthe present curricula for doctoral can­didates in educational administration;established the master of arts in schooladministration program and developedprograms for internship and field ex­perience for degree candidates.One of the main objectives of Educa­tional Field Service is helping schoolsystems with some of their more dif­ficult problems. Members of the staffhave advised such systems in the Chi­cago area as Du Page County andDowner's Grove, and have gone as farafield as Alberta, Canada, and Pakis­tan. The University maintains a per­manent group of advisors in Pakistanunder a grant by the Ford Foundation.The training of students is also animportant function of Field Services.It affords an opportunity for the stu­dent administrator to be involved withthe solution of problems of which hehas little or no first hand knowledge.Another important aspect of this pro­gram is the opportunity for the Uni­versity staff to continue as observersas well as theoreticians.The third agency involved in educa­tional administration is the MidwestAdministration Center. Started in 1950by a grant from the W. K. KelloggFoundation, the Center has grown tobecome one of the acknowledged lead­ers in the field.APRIL, 1961 The two main functions of the cen­ter are:1. To provide valuable training ex­perience for young degree candi­dates, and2. To sponsor, prepare and conductclinics and conferences and publishthe "Administrator's Notebook," amonthly newsletter with informationfor the practicing school administra­tor as well as the student.COLVIN PROFESSOR - Donald F.Bond, professor of English at the U ni­versity, has been named first holder ofthe William H. Colvin Research Pro­fessorship in the Humanities. The newprofessorship honors the memory ofthe founder of the brokerage firm ofWilliam H. Colvin and Company. Mr.Colvin was president of the ChicagoStock Exchange from 1907-09, anddirector of the Chicago Board of Tradein 1919. He died in 1949.Endowment for the chair comes fromthe William H. Colvin Memorial Fund,established by his daughters Catherineand Jessie Colvin, both deceased, inhonor of their father. In past years theMisses Colvin also had endowed under­graduate scholarships at the Universityof Chicago in their own names. NapierWilt, dean of the Division of theHumanities, explained that the $20,000chair would be administered as arevolving professorship."The Colvin Research Professorshipwill be awarded each year to a memberof the division who is an associate pro­fessor or a full professor. He will becompletely freed from all duties at theUniversity and will work where and.on what he wants to during the yearhe holds the chair."The regular salary of the ColvinProfessor will then be used to bringto the University of Chicago a visitingprofessor in the same field. It is anunusual arrangement, but one we aresure will be beneficial both to scholarsand students," according to Mr. Wilt.Professor Bond, first holder of theColvin Professorship, was born inFrankfort, Indiana, and did both hisundergraduate and graduate work atthe University of Chicago. After teach­ing in Washington University, St. Louis,he joined the faculty of the Universityof Chicago, where he received thePh.D. degree in 1934.His studies have been mainly in thefield of English and French eighteenth­century literature. From 1938 to 1948he published in the Romanic Reviewan annual critical bibliography ofAnglo-French and Franco-American MR. CAMPBEllMR. BONDstudies, and in 1951 edited (with Pro­fessor George R. Havens of Ohio StateUniversity) A Critical Bibliography ofEighteenth Century French Literature,published by the Syracuse UniversityPress.In recent years he has made a spe­cial study of the Spectator essays ofAddison and Steele. An article whichhe published in Modem Philologyshowed, for the first time, how a systemof alternate printing made possible theissuing of over 3,000 copies of theSpectator each day. The article alsothrew new light on some hitherto un­solved problems of authorship.A Guggenheim Fellowship in 1958allowed Mr. Bond to do research in Eng­land, where he completed the manu­script of a critical edition of the Spec­tator, now in process of publication infour volumes by the Clarendon Pressat Oxford.21The long chain with no end of wondersA single molecule of polyethylene is a giant chain created fromseveral thousand basic molecules ... and it takes billions of these giants tomake a simple squeeze bottle or a child's toy! All the familiar plastics arederived from basic molecules found in common substances such as water, saltand natural gas. After years of research, scientists learned how to rearrangethe molecules and link them together into long chains, bringing you a greatvariety of colorful, durable, adaptable materials.. Just look around you and see what the many plastics fromUnion Carbide offer you today ... inexpensive flooring that puts a new touchof beauty in your home ... paints that dry in minutes ... "printed" circuitsthat simplify the wiring in your television set ... adhesives that can evenbond metal to metal ... so many things that were unheard of before plasticscame on the scene.Scientists are still adapting plastics to new uses, molding theirmolecules into new forms. In working with BAKELITE Brand polyethylenes,epoxies, phenolics, styrenes, and vinyls, the people of Union Carbide arecontinuing the research that helps to fill your life with endless wonders."Bakelite" is a registered trade mark of Union Carbide Corporation22 Learn about the exciting workgoing on now in plastics, car­bons, chemicals, gases, metals,and nuclear energy. Write for"The Exciting Universe ofUnion Carbide" Booklet R,Union Carbide Corporation,270 Park Avenue, New York 17,N. Y. In Canada, Union Car­bide Canada Limited, Toronto.... a handin things to comeTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE00-25MARY SYNON, '00, recently retired edi­torial consultant of the Commission onAmerican Citizenship of the Catholic Uni­versity of America was awarded the Ben­emerenti Medal of Pope John XXIII onJanuary 15. Presentation of the medal wasmade by the Rector of Catholic Universityat a reception held on the University cam­pus. Miss Synon, former reporter with theChicago Journal, left her journalistic careerin Chicago in 1939 at the urgent plea ofthe founders of the Commission on Ameri­can Citizenship, to assist "for one year andone year only" in writing the Faith andFreedom Readers for Catholic elementaryschools. She remained with the commissionfrom that time until she retired two yearsago. Miss Synon also assisted in later revi­sion of the readers, which are textbooksincorporating Christian social principles. Inaddition to this 12-volume series of readerswhich is in general use throughout theCatholic school system, six literary readershave been compiled and edited by MissSynon for enrichment of the establishedcurriculum. In the past, Miss Synon wasalso correspondent for the New York WorldSyndicate, on the staff of Universal Service,contributor to magazines as Scribner's,Harpers, Good Housekeeping, McCalls,Ladies Home Journal, Extension, and au­thor of several books. In 1943 RosaryCollege conferred on Miss Synon the de­gree of Doctor of Laws.FRANK McNAIR, '03, retired vice presi­dent of Harris Trust & Savings Bank inChicago, has been elected chairman of theboard of directors of Children's MemorialHospital in Chicago. ERRETT VAN NICE,'31, also a vice president at Harris Trust &Savings, was named president of the hos­pital. As in the past, the president willcontinue to be the chief executive officerof the hospital corporation. The chairman(a newly elected position) will preside atmeetings of the board and the corporation.JAMES H. MITCHELL, '07, MD'13, em­eritus clinical professor of dermatology inRush Medical School at U of C, is theauthor of a paper titled "Some FrenchDermatologists I Have Known." The paperwas reprinted in June, 1960 as a pamphletby the American Medical Association Ar­chives of Dermatology. Dr. Mitchell gavethe paper at the 11th annual meeting ofthe Academy of Dermatology and Syph­ilology in 1951. In pamphlet form theAPRIL, 1961 NEWS OF the alumniarticle is illustrated with the author's pencilsketches of the dermatologists in Francewhom he met on a trip to Paris in 1920.Dr. Mitchell lives in Chicago.HARRIETT E. GRIM, '08, is retired fromthe department of speech at the Universityof Wisconsin and since August, 1959, hasbeen living at Dr. Rogers Memorial Sana­tarium in Oconomac, Wise, She is 84 yearsof age and a life member of the AlumniAssociation.DAVID H. STEVENS, PhD'14, is the au­thor of a book titled, The Changing Hu­manities which has been translated, intoKorean by the U.S. Information Agency.Five thousand copies of the translationhave been printed by the government foruse in Asia. The volume was Originallypublished in 1953 and gives a picture ofthe changing role and emphasis of thehumanities in American colleges and uni­versities during the past fifty years. Mr.Stevens is a former director for the hu­manities of the Rockefeller Foundation,and was a teacher in humanities at theU of C from 1914 to 1930. He now residesin Ephraim, Wisc.JAMES M. NICELY, '20, member of theU of C Board of Trustees, has been namedvice president and treasurer of the FordFoundation. He retired on January 1 assenior vice president of the First NationalCity Bank of New York to join the founda­tion. Besides participating as a generalofficer in the foundation's programs, he willbe responsible for its financial affairs. Mr.Nicely has been in banking since 1927when he joined the National Bank ofCommerce as second vice president. Hewas later a vice president of the GuarantyTrust Company and then the First Na­tional Bank. Mr. Nicely became a memberof the Board of Trustees in 1954 and in1949 received an Alumni Association Cita­tion.JOHN R. F ANSELOW, SM'21, associateprofessor at Western Michigan Universityin Kalamazoo, has been named acting headof the department of paper technology.Mr. Fanselow has been on the faculty atWestern Michigan since 1957 when heretired as assistant to the manager of millsat Kimberly-Clark Corp.HENRY STEELE COMMAGER, '23, AM'24, PhD'28, was featured in the premiereperformance of a new ABC-TV series titled"Meet the Professor" on Sunday, Febru­ary 5. Mr. Commager is professor ofAmerican history and American studies atAmherst College.SYDNEY STEIN, '23, of Stein, Roe and Farnham, investment counselors in Chica­go, was recently appointed by PresidentKennedy as a member of his AdvisoryCommittee on Government Planning. Mr.Stein lives in Winnetka, Ill.ALISON B. BRYAN, AM'24, has resignedfrom his ministry at the First PresbyterianChurch in Perth Amboy, N.J., to accept anappointment by the Presbytery of NewYork as minister of evangelism in mission­aided churches, especially in the Boroughof the Bronx, N.Y. He writes that greatpopulation shifts have taken place whichwould have left many neighborhoodchurches stranded and unable to continuewithout the assistance of National Missionsin re-forming their congregations.JOHN W. CHITTUM, SM'24, PhD'28,received an honorary degree of Doctor ofScience from Iowa Wesleyan College, Mt.Pleasant, la., on February 19. Mr. Chittumis chairman of the department of chemistryat Wooster College, Wooster, Ohio, wherehe has taught for thirty years. Also onFebruary 19 at the program commemorat­ing the cornerstone ceremony for IWC'snew Hall of Science, JOSEPH F. CHIT­TUM, PhD'28, of Whittier, Calif., receivedone of three alumni merit awards. He issenior research chemist at California Re­search Corp., and a brother of John Chit­tum.ZELMA WATSON GEORGE, '24, washonored recently at a Greater ClevelandCivic Luncheon on Human Rights Daycommemorating the twelfth anniversary ofthe United Nations Declaration of HumanRights. Five hundred Cleveland citizenswere present and many civic organizationssponsored tables at the event to honor her.Mrs. George is an alternate delegate to theUnited Nations, and as a prominent Negroleader, is a founder and trustee of theCouncil on Human Relations in Cleveland.In Mrs. George's speech at the luncheonshe asserted that the United States hastalked about the basic tenets of democracyso long that peoples throughout the worldare seeking the concept, yet the Commun­ists are making «skillful use of our owndemocratic symbols and vocabulary," tak­ing advantage of the interest America hasaroused. She added, «We must now stopreacting to the Russian offensive and startacting on the basis of our own positive con­cepts." At the luncheon Mrs. George waspresented a recent limited edition Bible toadd to her collection of nearly 25 differentversions of the Bible.EARL E. SPEICHER, PhD'24, of Ash­land, Wisc., retired from teaching at North­land College last June. During his last23year of teaching Mr. Speicher receivedthe Edward and Rosa Uhrig MemorialAward of $500 for excellent teaching. Heand his wife will continue to live in Ash­land.RALPH D. BENNETT, PhD'25, has joinedthe staff of the Martin Co. in Baltimore,Md., as director of research. Mr. Bennettwon international recognition for his war­time services to the U.S. Navy, which in­cluded development of mines used againstJapanese shipping operations near the endof the war. From 1944 to 1954 he wastechnical director of the Naval OrdnanceLaboratory in Silver Spring, Md. Mr.Bennett goes to the Martin Co. from Gen­eral Electric Co., where he has been man­ager of its Vallecitos Atomic Laboratorylocated in Pleasanton, Calif., since 1956.The laboratory is used for research inpeaceful applications of atomic power.Mr. Bennett is a charter member of theAmerican Nuclear Society and a fellowof the Institute of Radio Engineers, theAmerican Physical Society and the Ameri­can Institute of Electrical Engineers. Helives in Howard County, Md.PHILIP DAVIDSON, AM'25, PhD'29,president of the University of Louisville,in January was awarded the HonoraryOffice of the Most Excellent Order of theBritish Empire by Queen Elizabeth. Mr.Davidson, who was one of five Ameri­cans so honored at this time, was giventhe award in recognition of his servicesto British interests in America and thefurtherance of Anglo-American friendship.Mr. Davidson served as chairman of theSouthern Regional Committee for the selec­tion of Marshall Scholars. The MarshallScholarships are financed by the Britishgovernment and are given to selectedAmerican Students for two years of studyat British universities.MEREDITH P. GILPATRICK, '25,PhD'57, is an analyst in legislative re­search with the Ohio Legislative ServiceCommission in Worthington, Ohio.VERNON G. GROVE, PhD'2.5, is pro-BENNETT '25 fessor emeritus of mathematics at Michi­gan State University in East Lansing, Mich.WILLIS W. HARDY, '25, assistant to themanager of exploration for Mobil Inter­national Oil Company's producing depart­ment, retired in December after 22 yearsof service. Mr. Hardy played a significantrole in guiding exploration research atMobil's Dallas field research laboratory,particularly in new geophysical techniquesand well logging. Mr. Harding joined thecompany as a geophysicist in 1938, andwas chief geophYSicist of the laboratorybefore taking his present position. Mr.Hardy is a former director of Well Surveys,Inc., and was a member of the AmericanPetroleum Institute's central committee onradio facilities. He is a member of theSociety of Exploration Ceophysicists andthe American Geophysical Union.JUI C. HSIA, AM'25, retired in January,1960, from his position with AluminumCompany of Canada, and is now living inClaremont, Calif. Mr. Hsia joined theAluminum Company in 1930 when he wassent to Shanghai as chief salesman andlater became assistant manager and thenmanager of operations there. When theCommunists took over the mainland ofChina, Mr. Hsia was called back to thecompany's headquarters in Montreal andremained there until 1952 when he wassent to Bangkok, Thailand, and then toHong Kong, which became his office head­quarters until the time of his retirement.Mr. Hsia was born in Shantung, China,attended college in Peking, and then cameto America in 1922 for advanced educa­tion at the University of Nevada, the U ofC and Columbia University, on a Chinesegovernment scholarship.THEODORE O. YNTEMA, AM'25,PhD'29, has been appointed chairman ofthe finance committee of Ford Motor Co.In addition to heading this committeewhich gives advice regarding financingpolicies of the company, Mr. Yntema willcontinue as a vice president and directorof the company, and as chairman of theboards of Ford Motor Credit Co. andYNTEMA '2524 American Road Insurance Co., both Fordsubsidiaries. Before joining Ford as vicepresident=finance in 1949, Mr. Yntema hasbeen an economic consultant to the com­pany from 1947 to 1949. Previous to 1949he was on the faculty of U of C for 19years as professor of statistics (1930-1944)and professor of business and economics(1944-1949). Mr. Yntema and his wifewith their two children, live in BloomfieldHills, Mich.26-31MARION H. DUNSMORE, PhD'26, isprofessor of religion and registrar at Kala­mazoo College in Kalamazoo, Mich.CHARLES B. EUBANK, '26, is managerof the Memphis mill of Kimberly-ClarkCorp. in Memphis, Tenn. His wife isELIZABETH LIECHTY, '34.ABRAHAM SCHULTZ, '26, MD'30, is anophthalmologist in Chicago, where he haspracticed since 1933. He and his wife,SARAH MELNICK, '32, have three chil­dren and are now enjoying four grand­children with "much enthusiasm anddelight."ERMA SMITH, PhD'26, MD'33, has re­signed from her former position with theVeterans Administration and is now prac­ticing medicine in Wichita, Kan. Dr. Smithis a certified physiatrist.AUGUST H. DAHLSTROM, PhD'27 ofTiffin, Ohio, is professor emeritus of Ger­man at Heidelberg College.DAVID R. DAVIS, PhD'27, is director ofthe mathematics department at East Caro­lina College in Greenville, N.C. His wife,VERA BROOKE, AM'26, is assistant pro­fessor of mathematics there.M. AGNES DUNAWAY, '27, AM'34 ischairman of the department of for�ignlanguages at Riverside High School in Mil­waukee, Wisc. She teaches both Frenchand Spanish.MARY S. FOSTER, AM'27, is a teacher atWoodrow Wilson Junior High School inDes Moines, la.GOULD FOX, '27, JD'28, is a partner inthe law firm of Fox, Thompson & Morrisin Kalamazoo, Mich.EUGENE A. FRANCIS, '27, is managerof the Pasadena Garden Apartments inPhoenix, Ariz. His wife is MARTHAATWOOD, '29.EVERETT W. GAIKEMA, MD'27, is aphysician in North Muskegon, Mich., spe­cializing in pulmonary diseases.HARVEY M. GENSKOW, '27, AM'34 isdirector of the Shorewood Opportu�itySchool (vocational and adult education) inMilwaukee, Wisc.JAMES B. GRIFFIN, '27, AM'30, is pro­fessor of anthropology and director of themuseum of anthropology at the Universityof Michigan in Ann Arbor.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEIVAN G. GRIMSHAW, AM'27, is loanlibrarian at the Public Library at FortWayne and Allen County in Fort Wayne,Ind.EDITH G. DANIEL, AM'28, teachesEnglish at Mary D. Bradford Senior HighSchool in Kenosha, Wisc.RUTH WHITE ENGLER, '28, is dieticianin charge of research, development andquality control in the frozen prepared fooddivision of Stouffer Corp., in Cleveland,Ohio. She and her husband (owner ofEngler Construction Co.), live in Cuya­hoga, Ohio.CHARLES C. ERASMUS, '28, JD'29, ofPewaukee, Wise., is an attorney in Mil­waukee.BEATRICE WITKOWSKY FECH­HEIMER, '28, is a housewife in Detroit,Mich., where her husband is president ofKing Paint Roller, Inc.WILLIAM T. GARRETT, SM'28, is asso­ciate professor and chairman of the depart­ment of biology at Northwest MissouriState College in Maryville, Mo.MAUD E. GRILL, '28, is librarian atNorthwest High School in Jackson, Mich.PERCY G. E. MILLER, '28, PhD'3l, re­ceived one of ten $10,000 awards givenby the American Council of Learned So­cieties on January 20. Mr. Miller, professorof American literature at Harvard Uni­versity, Cambridge, Mass., was honoredalong with the other educators for "ac-'complishments in humanistic scholarship."A Guggenheim fellow in 1936, Mr. Millerhas written several books and has receivedhonorary degrees from Harvard University,Grinnell University and Syracuse Univer­sity. Two former U of C professors re­ceived similar awards from the Council.They are Frank H. Knight, professoremeritus of economics, and Quincy Wright,former professor of international law. Mr.Knight retired in 1951 after 23 years onthe faculty. While at U of C Mr. Knightheld the Morton D. Hull DistinguishedService Professorship. Well-known as afoe of the Keynesian economic theory, hehas written and lectured extensively. Mr.Knight, who is listed in Who's Who inAmerica, received the $15,000 WilliamVolker award in 1953 for distinguishedservice as a scholar and teacher. QuincyWright, now on the faculty of the Univer­sitv of Virginia, served as professor ofpolitical science at U of C from: 1923-31and as professor of international law from1931-56. Mr. Wright, who has also writtenseveral books and is a member of manyprofessional organizations, is listed inWho's Who in America.EDGAR DALE, PhD'29, is professor ofeducation at Ohio State University in Co­lumbus.HELEN LANDON DANA, '29, of Ash­land, Ohio, is a housewife. Her husbandis administrative assistant to the head ofresearch at Hess and Clark (research,manufacturing and sale of animal healthproducts) in Ashland.APRIL, 1961 FOR THE RECORDARTS AND LETTERS ALUMNUS-Carl Van Vechten, '03, novelist andcritic, is among the nine distinguished artists, writers and composers electedthis year to the National Institute of Arts and Letters. Mr. Van Vechtenhas made an outstanding contribution to creative writing in a series ofsatirical novels, and in other books has established himself as a championof modern drama, modern music and the cause of the Negro. Himself acomposer, he served as a music critic on the New York Times for a numberof years, and wrote several books on music in the early 1900's. Duringthe twenties he published a series of books of which perhaps the bestknown are: The Tiger in the H ouse (1920), The Blind Bow-Boy (1923),Nigger Heaven (1926), and Spider Boy (1928). Mr. Van Vechten hasalso edited the works of Gertrude Stein (Selected Works of Gertrude Stein,1946) and has photographed many of the most famous personalities ofthe theatre and the musical and literary world. He founded the JamesWeldon Johnson Memorial Collection of Negro Arts and Letters at theYale University Library, and has established many similar collections atother universities.REPORT FROM AFRICA-During a tour of Africa this year, Eleanor M.Burgess, '20, is locating many U of C alumni and will send us a report onthem from time to time. Miss Burgess is a former teacher of English atHarrison High School in Chicago. Her first letter, written from Johannes­burg, South Africa begins, "After six weeks in Europe, I started my Africantour in Morocco and visited every capital on the west coast as far asBrazzaville and Leopoldville; then on to Victoria Falls, Kariba, Salisbury,Bulaneayo, and now Johannesburg." She adds, '1 heard the presidentalelection returns in Kano in northern Nigeria, by short-wave radio!" Here'sher news of U of C alumni. John P. Mitchell, PhD'55, is under secretary ofpublic instruction in Monrovia, Liberia, and is chairman of the LiberianNational Commission for UNESCO. He and his wife, entertained at areception in honor of Miss Burgess when she was in Monrovia. David N.Howell, '30, is also in Monrovia, Liberia, where he is executive secretary ofthe YMCA, a position he has held for 10 years. Robert C. Armstrong,PhD' 52, is a visiting professor in linguistics and field director of the WestAfrican Language Survey, at the University of Nigeria, in Ibadan. John C.Drake, PhD'54, is now principal of Our Lady of Fatima College in Mary­land, Liberia. He was formerly at the University of Liberia in Monrovia.(His wife is Elizabeth Johns, '34, PhD' 42.) In South Africa, Miss Burgess,has located a number of alumni so far. William T. Hodgson, AM'36, isassistant managing director of Williams Hunt Co. Africa Ltd. (GeneralMotors) in Johannesburg, and Robert Morris, MD'35, also in Johannes­burg, is a practicing physician.MORE ALUMNI IN AFRICA-A U of C alumni family is now in SouthWest Africa completing its second ethnological research trip in sevenyears. Gordon D. Gibson, '37, MA'50, PhD'52, is doing research among theHerero tribe, sponsored by the National Science Foundation and the N a­tional Institute of Health. With him are his wife, Bethune Millen, '37, theirdaughter, Linda, and son, Roger. Mr. Gibson writes from Okahandja, SouthWest Africa, "We have just now returned from an ethnological explorationof the Kaokoveld, one of the most remote and primitive areas of this partof Africa. Even in such areas, and among people where the literacy rate isless than one percent, we have found much curiosity about the currentUnited Nations talks concerning the status of South West Africa, thoughfew have any conception of where they are taking place, or why." Mr.Gibson, who is associate curator of ethnology at the U.S. National Museum,Smithsonian Institute in Washington, D.C., also traveled to Africa in1953 to study the Herero tribe in Bechuanaland under the support of theSocial Science Research Council.25ALICE WILES DRIVER, '29, is a house­wife in Hollywood, Ga., where her hus­band is owner of the Lazy D Ranch.MILLARD S. EVERETT, PhD'29, is pro­fessor of philosophy and humanities atOklahoma State University in Stillwater,Okla.JOHN R. GRIFFITHS, '29, is directorof industrial and public relations withAmerican Zinc, Lead & Smelting Co. inSt. Louis, Mo. Mr. Griffiths lives inWebster Groves, Mo.LEROY W. DAHLBERG, JD'SO, of Bloom­field Hills, Mich., is a partner in the lawfirm of Dahlberg, Simon, Jayne, Wool­fenden and Gawne in Detroit, Mich.J. CARY DAVIS, AM'SO, PhD'S6, of Car­bondale, Ill., is professor of Spanish atSouthern Illinois University.HELEN KRULL DUNN, 'SO, is a house­wife in Denver, Colo., where her husbandis a chemist with the U.S. Food and DrugAdministration.FRANKLIN D. ELMER, JR., 'SO, isclergyman at the First Baptist Church inFlint, Mich.CHRISTIAN T. ELVEY, PhD'SO, is direc­tor of the Geophysical Institute in College,Alaska.presenttheir i 961 production��M d M "a oneyat Leon Mandel Hall, April 21, 22, and23, 1961 at 8:40, 8:40 and 7:40 p.m.Dancing in the Reynolds Club to followthe performance.Tickets available at the Box Office,Mandel Hall or from the Blackfriars,Reynolds Club, 57th St. and UniversityAve., Chicago 37, III.All seats Reserved at $2.50 and$2.00. Please Order Today!Blackfriars, Reynolds Club, 57th St. andUniversity Ave., Chicago 37, III.Enclosed is my check or money order for-----_ for tickets for"Mad Money" on, _If they are not available my second choiceis .Name, _Address26 WILLIAM FREDERICK, 'SO, JD'SI, is apartner in Younge, Frederick & Ruther­ford, Attorneys, in Peoria, Ill.FORREST H. FROBERG, '30, is generalsales manager for Mason Shoe Manufac­turing Co. in Chippewa Falls, Wisc.DAROL K. FROMAN, PhD'SO, is technicalassociate director of the Los Alamos Scien­tific Laboratory in Los Alamos, N.M. Mr.Froman lives in Espanola, N.M.EUNICE M. GILBERT, AM'SO, is execu­tive secretary of the Big Sister Organiza­tion of Denver in Denver, Colo.NEWELL S. GINGRICH, PhD'SO, is aprofessor of physics at the University ofMissouri in Columbia, Mo.JANET L. MAcDONALD, AM'SO, PhD'S9,professor of history at Hollins College inHollins College, Va., has been awarded aFulbright grant for study and travel inIndia during the summer of 1961. MissMacDonald, who is head of the history de­partment and chairman of the division ofsocial sciences at Hollins, spent the 1959-60session at Harvard University as a fellowat the Center for East Asian Studies.LORETTA M. MILLER, 'SO, AM'S8, pro­fessor of education at Central WashingtonCollege of Education in Ellensburg, Wash.,has been appointed chairman of the com­mittee on public affairs of Altrusa Inter­national, Inc.GLENN O. EMICK, AM'Sl, of Fairborn,Ohio, is director of admissions at the AirForce Institute of Technology.GEORGE FENSTERMACHER, AM'Sl, ofUpland, Ind., is executive secretary of theMethodist Church board of education inMarion, Ind.J. LESTER FRASER, 'si, is owner of theCasual Corner ( ladies sportswear shop)in Atlanta, Ga.RUSSELL L. FURST, AM'SI, is a teacherat South Side High School in Fort Wayne,Ind. Mr. Furst lives in Muncie, Ind.MARIE GROSS, AM'Sl, is chairman ofthe English department at Riverside HighSchool in Milwaukee, Wise.HEINZ O. HOFFMANN, 'SI, MD'S7, ofDecatur, Ill., is a surgeon in the DecaturClinic which he established in 1941. On thecompletion of medical school Dr. Hoffmantook postgraduate study in pathology fornine months in Berlin, had his medicaland surgical internship at PresbyterianHospital in Chicago and was at MayoFoundation in Rochester, Minn. for fouryears in general surgery.EDWIN H. LENNETTE, 'SI, PhD'S5,MD'S6, has recently been appointed to twoprofessional positions.' In July he wasappointed to the editorial board of theJournal of Infectious Diseases, and morerecently he was appointed a member of acommittee of the National Institutes ofHealth=the Tropical Medicine and In­fectious Diseases Training Grant Com­mittee. Dr. Lennette is director of theViral and Rickettsial Disease Laboratory of the California State Department of PublicHealth in Berkeley. He also lectures inepidemiology at the University of Cali­fornia School of Public Health. Dr. Len­nette is also chairman of the board ofscientific counselors of the National Insti­tute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,and is on the editorial boards of theAmerican Journal of Hygiene and theJournal of Immunology.CHARLES W. MARSHALL, 'SI, SM'SS,PhD'49, of Skokie, Ill., was elected inApril, 1960, to a three-year term as aschool board member in the Clevelandelementary district in Skokie. Mr. Marshallis a research chemist with G. D. Searle &Co. (manufacturer of drugs).MORGAN S. ODELL, PhD'SI, and hiswife, of Portland, Ore., are on a year'strip around the world. Dr. Odell is visitingChristian schools and colleges, counselingwith their staffs, and then reporting to acommission of the United PresbyterianChurch on his findings. Between Septem­ber and December the couple visitedBangkok, Japan, the Philippines, HongKong, and Singapore. They will be in theHoly Land for Easter.32-39SARAH BOGOT, 'S2, is teaching eighthgrade at Lyon Elementary School in Chi­cago, Ill. She is anticipating a trip toEurope and Israel this summer.GARMAN H. DARON, PhD'S2, is a pro­fessor at the University of Oklahoma Medi­cal Center in Oklahoma City.HELEN KLAAS ENGDAHL, 'S2, SM'SS,is a housewife in Columbus, Ohio, whereher husband is an engineer with BattelleMemorial Institute.JAMES K. FELTS, AM'S2, teaches historyat Monticello High School in Monticello,Ill.KENNETH P. FRAIDER, 'S2, generalmanager of the Indiana area for IllinoisBell Telephone Co., has been selected asone of 150 participants in the S9th sessionof the Advanced Management Program atthe Harvard Business School. The programis being held from February 19 to May 19.Participants are nominated by their com­panies and selected for the program On thebasis of "demonstrated ability, leadershipqualities and adaptability in their careers."RALPH H. FURST, AM'S2, is publicassistance consultant with the IndianaState Department of Public Welfare inIndianapolis.NORMAN N. GILL, 'S2, is executive di­rector of the Citizen's Governmental Re­search Bureau in Milwaukee, Wisc.LAURENCE F. GREENE, 'S2, is associateprofessor and consultant in urology at theMayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.WILLIAM B. DANFORTH, JD'SS, ofTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMinneapolis, Minn., is a professor of lawat William Mitchell College of Law inSt. Paul, Minn.RUTH ENLOW, '33, is principal of Frank­lin School in Council Bluffs, Ia.JULIUS FELDMAN, '33, PhD'37, ofJanesville, Wisc., is a chemist with ParkerPen Co.JOHN M. FRAZIER, '33, is chairman ofthe department of conservation and naturalresources at Mississippi Southern Collegein Hattiesburg, Miss.ALBERT J. GAL V ANI, '33, is presidentof Donovan-Calvani of Dallas, Inc. (wom­en's wear manufacturing) in Dallas, Texas.JOHN P. GRIES, SM'33, PhD'35, is aprofessor of geology at the School of Minesin Rapid City, S.D.MINNA L. GUTSCH, '33, of Aberdeen,S.D., is an area nutrition and dietetic direc­tor with the division of Indian health ofthe U.S. Public Health Service.PA UL R. ENGBERG, '34, is division man­ager at Sears Roebuck & Co. retail storein Milwaukee, Wisc.LEONARD J. ESLICK, '34, is professorof philosophy at St. Louis University inSt. Louis, Mo. His wife, FLORENCEWEBER, '34, is head psychiatric nurse atthe Veterans Hospital in Jefferson Barracks,Mo.MILDRED FOSTER, AM'34, is head ofthe English department at Shortridge HighSchool in Indianapolis, Ind.KEITH S. GRIM SON, MD'34, is professorof surgery at Duke University MedicalCenter in Durham, N.C.GEORGE F. GSELL, MD'34, is an oph­thalmologist at Wichita Clinic in Wichita,Kan.HENRY E. PATRICK, '34, AM'38, is aneducational specialist in Air University ofthe U.S. Air Force at Montgomery, Ala.He was recently named a Knight of St.Gregory (civil class), an honor grantedby Pope John XXIII at the request of theBishop of Mobile-Birmingham.LOIS H. DANIEL, AM'35, is director ofthe library at Tennessee A & I State Uni­versity in Nashville.RAYMOND B. DULL, SM'35, is technicalassistant to the development manager ofNational Carbon Co. in Fostoria, Ohio. HisWife is RUTH KERSHAW, '39.MABEL B. DUNCAN, SM'35, teachessocial studies at Bradford Senior HighSchool in Kenosha, Wisc.GEORGE J. FALGIER, SM'35, is a scienceteacher at Hadley Technical High Schoolin St. Louis, Mo.EDGAR H. GAULT, PhD'35, is professorof marketing in the school of businessadministration at the University of Michi­gan in Ann Arbor.J. HENRY GIENAPP, AM'35, is associateAPRIL, 1961 MOST FAMOUS ALUMNUS-He is the late Eliot Ness, '25, who withhis band of ten Untouchables-agents of the Prohibition Bureau of theU.S. Department of Justice «untouched by bribery or bullets," brokethe Al Capone crime syndicate in Chicago. Mr. Ness attended the U of Cfrom 1922-25, majoring in commerce and business administration. Evenin college he couldn't deny the lure of detective and law enforcementwork which had interested him since his teens. Stealing a few hours fromhis studies, he took a jujitsu course and became an expert shot at theChicago police pistol range.After graduation he was an investigator for the Retail Credit Co. fortwo years, and in 1927 this experience gained him a position as an agentin the Prohibition Bureau. In the Bureau, Mr. Ness saw Capone's briberyat work, and it was then that he came to believe that only a small hand­picked group of top agents working with a free hand could ever combatCapone and his grip on the law. To Mr. Ness's surprise, the U.S. DistrictAttorney not only listened to his idea, but liked it, and gave him leadershipof the squad with power to pick his own agents. Thus began the twoand a half years of work in Chicago now immortalized on weekly TVduring which Mr. Ness and his men closed down Capone's breweries, cutoff the syndicate's income, and finally found the evidence to convict Caponehimself of income tax evasion.Mr. Ness's law enforcement work did not end, however, with the disband­ing of the Untouchables in 1932, for he was appointed chief investigatorof prohibition forces in Chicago. In 1933 he was transferred to the U.S.Treasury Department's Alcoholic Tax Unit, first in Cincinnati and then inCleveland, and as a special investigator closed down hundreds of illegalliquor businesses. Because of his outstanding reputation Mr. Ness wassubsequently appointed director of public safety in Cleveland in 1935,heading the police, fire and building inspection departments. At the ageof 32, he was one of the youngest men ever to head the protective forcesin a major American city, and reputedly one of the most energetic. Hisinvestigations led to major changes in the departments, particularly amongthe police where he forced many resignations and sent several high officersto prison.During World War II, Mr. Ness served as director of social protectionfor the Federal Security Agency and it was not until after the war thathe finally entered the business world. In 1944 he became chairman of theboard of Diebold, Inc. (safe and vault manufacturing) which later mergedwith York Safe and Lock Co. Mr. Ness headed the combined firm, YorkIndustries, Inc. (which manufactured plastics machinery, microfilmingequipment, vaults and safes), with offices in New York City. He was alsovice president and treasurer of the Middle East Co. Mr. Ness died onMay 16, 1957, shortly after approving the final galleys of his book, TheUntouchables, from which the current television series is adapted.27professor and registrar at Concordia Col­lege in Milwaukee, Wisc.RALPH B. GREENFIELD, '35, of Wheat­ridge, Colo., is an attorney and has hisoffice in Lakewood, Colo.ROBERT E. GREGG, '35, PhD'41, is pro­fessor of biology at the University of Colo­rado in Boulder. His wife, ELLA MILLER,'35, SM' 45, is a primary school teacher atFoothill Elementary School.JAMES A. GRIDR, JR., MD'35, is clinicaldirector in psychiatry at the U.S. PublicHealth Service Hospital in Lexington, Ky.GRETTA GRIFFIS, AM'35, is a socialworker with the Family Service of MorrisCounty in Morristown, N.J.LOLA A. EMERY, MBA'38, of Clinton,Ill., is college adviser and accounting in­structor at Joliet Township High Schooland Junior College in Joliet, Ill.STANFORD C. ERICKSEN, PhD'38, isprofessor of psychology and head of thedepart�ent at Vanderbilt. University inNashville, Tenn. He and his wife, JANEPENNELL, '37, live in Brentwood, Tenn.HAROLD W. FELDMAN, AM'38, isassistant chief of social work service at theVeteran's Hospital in Topeka, Kan.GORDON FREESE, '38, administrativev�ce-president of Stephens College, Colum­bia, Mo., accepted a position as executivevice-president of the Art Association ofIndianapolis, and took over his duties in January. In his new post, Mr. Freese willlead a new program to expand the facilitiesand the work of the Art Association, whichoperates the John Herron Art Museum andArt School. His new duties there willenable Mr. Freese to continue his work inadministration of educational and publicservice programs. Mr. Freese joined theadministrative staff of Stephens in 1953and has guided the master plan for thecampus, including both planning and con­struction of several new buildings.J. WINFIELD FRETZ, AM'38, PhD'41, ischairman of the division of social sciencesat Bethel College in North Newton, Kan. "LOIS WARREN GALLAGHER, AM'38, ischief of social work service at the VeteransAdministration Hospital in Fort Wayne,Ind.A. EUGENE GROSSMANN, JR., '38,JD'40, is a partner in the law firm ofStinson, Mag, Thomson, McEvers & Fizzellin Kansas City, Mo.FABIAN GUDAS, '38, PhD'52, is assistantprofessor of English at Louisiana State Uni­versity in Baton Rouge.HAROLD M. SCHOLBERG, PhD'38, hasjoined Photek, Inc., in Kingston, R.I., asproject manager in charge of research anddevelopment projects. Photek, manufac­turers in the photocopying and equipmentfield, plan to put heavy emphasis on re­search for new products and equipmentthis year. Mr. Scholberg has been a con­sulting chemist in St. Louis, Mo. since 1959 and previously had been associatedwith Monsanto Chemical Co. there. Hehas also b�en with. Minnesota Mining &Manufacturmg Co. m St. Paul, the Ameri­can Can Co., Sherwin-Williams Co. andH�ndricks Research Co. Mr., Scholberg, hisWIfe, YARMILA MULLER, 33, and familyare currently moving to Rhode Island.DANIEL J. DAVITT, MBA'39, is manage­ment analyst at the Office of Civil andDefense Mobilization in Battle Creek, Mich.JOHN S. EVANS, PhD'39, is a researchch�mist with the Upjohn Co. in Kalamazoo,MICh.GALEN W. EWING, PhD'39, is professorof chemistry and acting head of the de­partment at New Mexico Highlands Uni­versity in Las Vegas, N.M.JEAN E; FAIR, AM'39, PhD'53, is asso­ciate professor in the college of educationat Wayne State University in Detroit, Mich.She lives in Dearborn.MARY M. FELDMAN, AM'39, is a psychi­atric social worker at Longview State Hos­pital in Cincinnati, Ohio.LAUR� O. FO�TER, AM'39, is a teachingsuperVIsor at Wmona State College in Win­ona, Minn.JOHN C. FRAZIER, PhD'39, is professorof plant physiology at Kansas State Univer­sity in Manhattan, Kan.ALBERT F. FRICKE, '39, MD'41, is aphysician in Jacksonville, Ill.From New York Life's yearbook of successful insurance career men!JIM MADDUX- Once aScout leader, now he blazestrails in insurance sales!In becoming a New York Life Agent, Jim Madduxjust shifted his natural talent for leadership from onefield to another. As a senior patrol leader, he led aScout group to a National Jamboree. After becomingan Eagle Scout, he represented his county at an Inter­national Jamboree in Austria.Selling life insurance offers Jim the same challengehe found-and Iiked=-in Scouting. After his first year,he was eligible for Nylic's "Star Club" of leadingagents. As a further aid to his bright future, Jim nowplans to study for his Chartered Life Underwriterdegree.Jim Maddux looks forward to a future whose rewardsare limited only by his own efforts and ambition. Ifyou believe this kind of career would interest you, orsomeone you know, write for information.28 ooooooooooooooooooo JAMES R.MADDUXNew York lifeRepresentativeat theVentura, CalifGeneral Office"Education· Un l'. versi ty fSouthern Calif . 0ornla, B,S. '56Employment Record.N Y . JOinedew ork Life '58St . Memberar Club '59, '60 �Ne-w YorkLncInsurance e CompanyCollege Relations, Dept. E751 Madison Avenue, New York 10, N.Y.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPETER GATES, '39, is director of quali­ty evaluation at A. George Schulz Co.(paper box manufacturing) in Milwaukee,Wisc.40-54DAVID C. DAHLIN, MD'40, is a patholo­gist at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minn.ALBERT W. DRIGOT, '40, MBA'41, istreasurer of Basic Products Corp. in Mil­waukee, Wisc.JOSEPHINE SCHNEIDER DRYER, '40,of South Milwaukee, Wisc., is a housewife.Her husband is chief engineer of protectivedevices with Line Material (power lineequipment) .CRESSIDA CROSSMAN DURHAM, '40,is a social service consultant with the Illi­nois Public Aid Commission in Peoria, Ill.FRANK L. ESTERQUEST, PhD'40, ischairman of the history department at'Western College in Oxford, Ohio. His wifeBONNIE BOOKWALTER, '31, is an Eng­lish teacher in Middletown Senior HighSchool.CALVIN O. EVANS, AM' 40, is dean ofstudents of Milwaukee Vocational and AdultSchools in Milwaukee, Wisc.WILFRED R. FOSTER, PhD'40, of Worth­ington, Ohio, is professor and chairman ofthe department of mineralogy at Ohio StateUniversity in Columbus.RUTH BEITELSPACHER FOX, AM'40,is an English instructor at Austin JuniorCollege in Austin, Minn.LESLIE W. FREEMAN, PhD'40, MD'43,if) professor of surgery and director of thesurgical experimental laboratories at Indi­ana University School of Medicine in Indi­anapolis.ELVIRA GELLENTHIEN, AM'40, PhD­'41, is dean of women at Wisconsin StateCollege in Superior, Wisc.LEWIS S. GROSSMAN, '40, is presidentof the Grossman Development Co. (realestate) in Wayne, Mich.BYRON L. GUNDLACH, '40, is generalsales manager of Refrigerated TransportCo. Inc. in Atlanta, Ga.JAMES HARTZLER, '43, SM'44, PhD'51,is an operations analyst and is employedby the Massachusetts Institute of Tech­nology as a section leader for Navy con­tract work at the Pentagon in Washington,D. C. In May, 1961, Mr. Hartzler gave apaper on radio-active fallout at a NATOmeeting in Paris, spending about a weekin Europe, and he attended a SpecialWeapons School in February, 1960 atAlbuquerque, N. M. Mrs. Hartzler (MARYPETERSON, '50) is on the County Boardof the League of Women Voters at theirhome in Falls Church, Va., and has beenAPRIL, 1961 active in the group's work concerning localgovernment there .EDMOND J. LINDBLOM, '43, has beenappointed head of the new Chicago officeof the New York State Department of Com­merce opened at 7 South Dearborn onJanuary 11. At a luncheon celebrating theopening, honored guests were the gover­nors of New York and of Illinois.ROBERT C. SPENCER, '43, AM'52, PhD­'55, is presently serving as Democraticstate senator in Vermont for his secondterm. He and his wife, EDITH Me­CARTHY, '36, and their five children livein Jericho, Vt. Mr. Spencer is chairman ofthe political science department and deanof summer session at St. Michael's Collegein Winooski Park, Vt.WILLIAM F. WHYTE, PhD' 43, professorin the New York State School of Industrialand Labor Relations at Cornell Universityin Ithaca, N.Y., has been elected to theboard of trustees of the Foundation forResearch on Human Behavior. The Founda­tion is a national, non-profit organizationwith headquarters on the University ofMichigan campus and which finances re­search on problems affecting organizations,economic behavior, mass communicationand cross-cultural operations. Mr. Whyteis director of the Social Science ResearchCenter at Cornell.RUTH L. GREENFIELD, SM'44, a lieu­tenant colonel in the U.S. Army, is anArmy nurse at Fitzsimons General Hospitalin Denver, Colo., where her title is educa­tional coordinator.WARREN E. GREENWOLD, '44, MD'46,of Champaign, Ill., is a pediatrician at theCarle Hospital Clinic in Urbana, Ill.JOHN M. McBRIDE, '44, MBA'48, wasrecently appointed assistant controller ofFord Motor Co. Formerly he was managerof the budget analysis department of thefinance staff. Mr. McBride joined Ford in1955. He and his family live in BloomfieldTownship, Mich.MARSHALL B. EYSTER, '45, is associateprofessor of biology at the University ofSouthwestern Louisiana, in Lafayette, La.RAYMOND G. FELDMAN, JD'45, is apartner in Green and Feldman law firm inTulsa, Okla. His wife NANCY GOOD­MAN, '44, JD'46, is an instructor in so­ciology at the University of Tulsa.ESTHER L. FRAZIER, AM'45, of Cleve­land, Ohio, is a teacher of English andreading at the senior high school in ShakerHeights, Ohio.ROSALIND GILES, '45, is director of thechild welfare division at the Texas De­partment of Public Welfare in Austin.CLIFFORD GILPIN, '45, MD'48, is aresident in psychiatry at the Cochran Vet­erans Hospital in St. Louis, Mo., and aninstructor at Washington University. Hiswife, DORIS WEISER, MD' 48, is a schoolphysician with the St. Louis Health De­partment.LOIS BRODER GREENFIELD, '45, SM- .�Undivided ResponsibilityHere the conception of an ideacarried to its final printed formis made possible by each stepbeing performed under our own roof.Departments encompass art anddesign, photography, process color,plate making, single and multicolorpresswork, binding and shipping.Thus, the integrated operation ofthis organization backed with arecord of 30 years' reliability onmajor projects makes possible ourservice of undivided responsibilityOFFSET LITHOGRAPHVCongress Expressway at Gardner RoadBROADVIEW, ILL. COlumbus 1-1420SidewalksFactory FloorsMachineFoundationsConcrete BreakingNOrmal 7-0433We operate our own dry cleaning plant1309 East 57th St.MI dway 3-0602 5319 Hyde Park Blvd.NO rmal 7-98581553 E. Hyde Park Blvd.1442 E. 57th FAirfax 4-5759Midway 3-0607GEORGE ERHARDTand SONS. Inc.Painting-Decorating-Wood Finishing3123 PhoneLake Street KEdzie 3-3186MODEL CAMERA SHOPLeica -Bolex - Rolleiflex - Polaroid1342 E. 55th St. HYde Park 3-9259NSA Discounh24-hour Kodachrome DevelopingHO Trains and Model Supplies29, 46, is assistant professor in the college ofengineering at the University of Wisconsinin Madison.MAX E. GRIFFIN, '45, MD'46, of Akron,Ohio, is a pediatrician in Barberton, Ohio.THOMAS M. ENDICOTT, '46, MBA'50,is an automobile dealer (Tom EndicottBuick-Rambler) in Delray Beach, Fla.DUDLEY C. ENOS, '46, is chairman ofthe department of English at George Wash­ington High School in Denver, Colo.FREDERIC C. FEILER, MD'46, anUNIVERSITY NATIONAL BANK1354 East 55th StreetN;4�dad"MemberFederal Deposit Insurance CorporationMUseum 4-1200BEST BOILER REPAIR & WELDING CO.24 HOUR SERVICELicensed 0 Bonded • InsuredQualified WeldersSubmerged Water HeatersHAymarket 1-79171404-08 S. Western Ave.. ChicagoRICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING and DECORATING1331W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneMOnroe 6-3192YOUR FAVORITEFOUNTAIN TREATTASTES BETTER[Swift & CompanyA product of 7409 So. State StreetPhone RAdcliffe 3-740030 orthopedic surgeon in Chicago, Ill., istemporarily with the U.S. Army as assis­tant chief of the orthopedic section of theU.S. Army Hospital, Fort Hood, Texas.PAUL L. FRANK, AM'46, PhD'50, is pro­fessor of music at Otterbein College inWesterville, Ohio.JOHN E. GILL, '46, MD'49, is an oph­thalmologist in Texarkana, Texas. His wife,GALE SCRIBNER, '48, does "some art,golf and library work, and generally enjoy­ing life in the town I expect to call home."LESLIE A. GROSS, '46, JD' 49, is a part­ner in the law firm of Gross & Kaiser inDenver, Colo.GEORGE OVERTON, JD'46, is now prac­ticing law in his own firm at 208 So. La­Salle, in Chicago -. His wife is JUNE HAR­PER, PhD'50.HUGH G. CASEY, JR., '47, AM'51, JD'56,is a member of the firm of Goodman, Sed­berry & Casey, Attorneys, in Charlotte,N.C.JOSEPH G. DAWSON, JR., AM'47, PhD­'49, is head clinical psychologist at the J.Hillis Miller Health Center at the Univer­sity of Florida in Gainesville, Fla. His wifeis SUSAN WHEELER, AM' 44.CARL L. ERWIN, MBA'47, is director ofindustrial relations at L.F.M. Manufactur­ing Co. Inc. (steel foundry and machineshop) in Atchison, Kan.JOSEPH O. EVANS, '47, of Normal, Ill.,is a partner in Schaeffer, Wilson & Evans,Architects in Bloomington, Ill.AUDREY BARRETT FAY, '47, of KellyLake, Minn., is the staff nurse with Inde­pendent School District No. 701 in Hib­bing, Minn.WILLIAM ESSON, MBA'49, is regionaladministrator of the Memorial MedicalCenter in Williamson, W. Va.BERNARD FARBER, AM' 49, PhD'53, isassociate professor of SOciology at the Uni­versity of Illinois in Urbana.HOWARD W. FRAZER, MBA' 49, is man­ager of the ion exchange department ofInfilco, Inc. ( manufacture of water andwaste treating equipment) in Tucson, Ariz.JACK FRIEDMAN, '49, AM'51, is a consulfor the Department of State in the office ofthe American Consulate General in HongKong, B.C.C.ROBERT E. FRYXELL, SM'49, PhD'SO,is a principal chemical engineer with Gen­eral Electric Co. in Cincinnati, Ohio.SAMUEL FUERSTENBERG, '49, is abuilding contractor with Rutenberg Inc., inClearwater, Fla. He and his wife live inLargo, Fla.JOHN FUSZEK, SM' 49, is a geologist withForest Oil Corp. in Midland, Texas.WILMAR J. GARDNER, '49, is generalmanager of the KCRG stations (radio andtelevision broadcasting) in Cedar Rapids,la. RAY H. GARRISON, JD'49, an InternalRevenue Service lawyer of St. Louis, Mo.,has been named staff assistant to the re­gional counsel for the Omaha Region (ofInternal Revenue Service). Mr. Garrisonhas been assistant regional counsel incharge of the St. Louis office since 19S9.He joined the Internal Revenue Service in19S2. In his new post, Mr. Garrison willbecome the principal trial lawyer for thenine-state Omaha Region of the InternalRevenue Service. His office will continueto be located in St. Louis.GILBERT S. GUSLAND, '49, is merchan­dise manager of Wright Sprayit Divisionof Thomas Industries in Sheboygan, Wise.M. HENRY JAMISON, MBA'49, has beenappointed manager-market development inthe commercial development division ofSun Oil Co. in Philadelphia, Pa. FormerlyMr. Jamison was district sales manager forthe Celanese Chemical Co., and earlier wasemployed by Dearborn Chemical Co. andSwift & Co. Mr. Jamison is a member ofthe Chemical Club of New England; Na­tional Paint, Varnish and Lacquer Assn.;and Buyers Importers Manufacturers' Clubof New England.ESTHER MILNER, PhD'49, has returnedto the faculty of Brooklyn College inBrooklyn, N.Y., after three years at theUniversity of Alberta. She has also re­joined the Executive Council of the NewYork U of C alumni.JOHN R. MOOK, PhD'49, is professor ofeducation and chairman of the departmentof education at Oshkosh State College inOshkosh, Wisc.MARY WOLK BOARD, AM'50, of Water­loo, Ia., is a housewife. Her husband is aphysician.R. DARRELL BOCK, AM'SO, PhD'52, ofChapel Hill, N.C., is an assistant professorin the department of psychology at theUniversity of North Carolina. His wife,RENEE MENEGAZ, AM'S6, is an instruc­tor in the department of anatomy there.GEORGE C. BOLIAN, II., 'SO, is a childpsychiatrist at Cincinnati General Hospital,Cincinnati, Ohio.OPAL BOSTON, AM'SO, of Indianapolis,Ind., is director of social service for theIndianapolis Public Schools.EVAN F. BOURNE, JR., MBA'SO, isdirector of personnel at the U.S. Air ForceAcademy in Colorado.VIRGINIA DRURY BOWEN, AM'SO, isa regional analyst with the regional officeof internal revenue at Omaha, Neb.HARRIET FRICKE, AM'53, is supervisorof social work at the Department of Wel­fare in St. Paul, Minn.JOSEF W. FOX, PhD'S3, is professor ofEnglish at Iowa State Teachers College inCedar Falls, la.JAMES F. DAVIDSON, PhD'S4, is asso­ciate professor and assistant dean in thecollege of liberal arts at the Universityof Tennessee in Knoxville.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEJOSEPH M. DUFFY, JR., PhD'54, ofSouth Bend, Ind., is an associate professorin the department of English at the Uni­versity of Notre Dame.MARILYN DYKEMA, AM'54, is a remedialreading consultant with the Board of Edu­cation in Grand Rapids, Mich.GEORGE M. F AIBISH, PhD'54, is a psy­chologist at the Veterans AdministrationHospital in Houston, Texas. Mr. Faibishlives in Bellaire, Texas.KATHARINE FElKER, AM'54, is a super­visor with Family and Children's Service(social work) in Minneapolis, Minn.LEONARD J. FEIN, '54, '56, AM'58, isan instructor in the department of politicalscience at Michigan State University inEast Lansing, Mich.LESLIE D. FOSTER, '54, AM'60, is aninstructor in the department of English atValparaiso University in Valparaiso, Ind.DIMITRA S. GEORGE, AM'54, is chiefpsychiatric social worker of the RichlandCounty Mental Health Clinic in Columbia,S.C.MARGARET GREGG, AM'54, is directorof field staff with the public assistancedivision of the Texas State Departmentof Public Welfare in Austin.ALFRED GRUBER, '54, MBA'56, is vicepresident of Milton Brand & Co. (marketresearch) in Royal Oak, Mich.54-60JOHN N. DAHLE, AM'55, JD'55, is apartner in Gannon & Dahle law firm inHibbing, Minn.JOSEPH L. DRUSE, PhD'55, is associateprofessor of humanities at Michigan StateUniversity in East Lansing.MILDRED STOHLGREN DUGAS,AM'55, is head of book purchasing at theUniversity of Michigan library in AnnArbor.CAROL A. GAUSS, AM'55, is a clinicalsocial worker in diagnosis of mentally re­tarded children at the Child DevelopmentCenter in Phoenix, Ariz.HARRIS A. GILBERT, JD'55, is apartnerin Barksdale and Hudgins, Attorneys, inNashville, Tenn.ANDREAS P. GROTEWOLD, PhD'55,is assistant professor of geography at theUniversity of Missouri in Columbia, Mo.His wife is LOIS EHLMAN, AM'55.DAVID W. CLARK, MBA'56, has beenpromoted to assistant director of the U ni­versity Hospitals of Cleveland in Ohio.In his new position Mr. Clark became thedirector· of Benjamin Rose Hospital andcoordinator of planning for a new MedicalAPRIL, 1961 Research Building. He will also continueto be responsible for Hanna Pavilion andthe Medical Records Department, a por­tion of his former duties as administrativeassistant. Succeeding Mr. Clark as ad­ministrative assistant in charge of the clin­ics, is GARETH MITCHELL, MBA'60.Mr. Mitchell was formerly with BaptistMemorial Hospital in Memphis, Tenn.Mr. Mitchell's position of administrativeassistant was held for two years by JERRYB. BOYLE, MBA'58, previous to Mr.Clark's appointment to that job in Sep­tember, 1960.DAVID M. HIRSCH, JR., MD'59, is cur­rently a first-year resident in general sur­gery at the Cleveland Metropolitan Gen­eral Hospital in Cleveland, Ohio. In Julyhe will begin his second year of residencyat the Beth Israel Hospital in Boston, Mass.ROBERTA SMISKOL MATUSEK, '59, isa digital computer programmer for UnivacII at the Electronics Supply Office in GreatLakes, Ill. She and her husband, who ownsa television sales and service store, live inGrayslake, Ill.CASSIE YOUNG McCAULEY, AM'59,and her husband Brewster, announce thebirth of a boy, Peter Wesley, born onDecember 7, 1960. The McCauley's livein Chicago.ANNE SILVERSTEIN, '59, now of Morris­town, N.J., received her MA degree inmathematics from Columbia University inJune, 1960, and then sailed off for a sum­mer in Europe and Israel. In Novembershe began work with Bell Telephone Labo­ratories in Whippany, N.J.STANLEY J. BROIS, PhD'60, has joinedthe staff of the chemicals research divisionof Esso Research and Engineering Co. Heis living in Westfield, N.J.WILLIAM B. DUNN, PhD'60, is assistantprofessor of government at East TexasState College in Commerce, Texas.JAMES ENGELBRECHT, AM'60, is aclinical social worker at Fort Worth, Texas.PAUL T. GABRIELSEN, AM'60, is col­lege chaplain at Augsburg College inMinneapolis, Minn.B. DELWORTH GARDNER, PhD'60, isan associate professor in the department ofeconomics at Brigham Young Universityin Provo, Utah.JAMES M. HOPPER, MBA'60, has beenappointed Midwest sales engineer with theDewey and Almy Chemical Division ofW. R. Grace & Co. in Cambridge, Mass.Mr. Hopper has been a sales trainee at thecompany since June, 1960. He was for­merly a chemical engineer with the Indus­trial Research Center at the University ofArkansas.JANE SAYET, '60, is now Mrs. Gary A.Weiss, Mr. and Mrs. Weiss were marriedat Miami, Fla., on December 30, 1960.ROSS P. WALKER, JD'60, of Richmond,Ind., is a private in the U.S. Army. Heis stationed in Germany as a member ofthe Eighth Ordnance Company. Since J878HANNIBAL, INC.Furniture RepairingUpholstering • RefinishingAntiques Restored1919 N. Sheffield Ave. • 11 9-7180LEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1327 East 57th StreetPhones: HYde Park 3-9100-1-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVERPOND LETTER SERVICE, Inc.Everything in LettersHooven Typewriting MimeographingMultigraphing AddressingAddressograph Service MailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones: 219 W. Chicago AvenueMI 2-8883 Chicago 10, IllinoisTHE NEW CHICAGO CHAIRAn attractive, sturdy, comfortablechair finished in jet black withgold trim and gold silk-screenedUniversity shield.$30.00Order from and make checks pay­able toTHE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION5733 University Ave., Chicago 37Chairs will be shipped express col­lect from Gardner, Mass. withinone month.31BOYDSTON AMBULANCE SERVICEAuthorized Ambulance ServiceFor Billings HospitalOffiCial Ambulance Service forThe University of Chicagophone NOrmal 7-2468NEW ADDRESS-1708 E. 71ST ST.PENDERCatch Basin and Sewer ServiceBack Water Valves, Sump-Pumps6620 COTTAGE GROVE AVENUEFAirfax 4-0550PENDER SEWER COMPANYReal E8tate and Lnsurauce1461 East 57th Street Hyde Park 3-2525Phone: REgent 1-3311The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning (0.INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes1142 E. 82nd StreetCHICAGO ADDRESSING & PRINTING CO.Complete Service lor Mail AdvertisersPRINTING-LETTERPRESS & OFFSETLetters • Copy Preparation • ImprintingTypewriting Addressing MailingQUALITY - ACCURACY - SPEED722 So. Dearborn • Chicago 5 • WA 2-456132 memorialsLAURA GRANT FOLIN, AM'96, of Phila- -delphia, Pa., died on January 18, after anillness of several months.W. ALBERT COOK, MD'97, retired eye,ear, nose and throat specialist of Tulsa,Okla., died December 30, 1960. He wasorganizer and first president of the TulsaCounty Medical Society and past presidentof the Oklahoma State Medical Association.ARTHUR L. PIENKOWSKY, '98, of Chi­cago, Ill., died on December 31, 1960.ORMSBY ELROY PETTET, '00, of Chica­go, IlL, died Janua:y 2? In 194� he hadretired from teachmg m the MIlwaukee,Wise., public schools. Mr. Pettet is sur­vived by a sister, NELETTA PETTETHOWARD, '98, of Manville, Wyo., and abrother, ZELLMER R. PETTET, '02, ofPhoenix, Ariz.JOSE W. HOOVER, '07, JD'09, formerattorney in Chicago, died in February.GORDON L. STEWART, '07, retired at­torney of Kalamazoo, Mich., died Febru­ary 2. He served as municipal court judgethere from 1931 to 1944.MARY HILL SANKEY, '08, of TerreHaute, Ind. has died.ISAAC P. MASON� '10, of Stockton, Ala.,died on March 4, 1960. He was a retiredteacher and school principal. Mr. Mason issurvived by a son, BROWN C. MASON,'46, '49, MD'51, pediatrician at The Chil­dren's Clinic, New Orleans, La.PHOEBE CLOVER, '14, MD'24, of West­field, Mass., died in 1959.ARTHUR SCOTT, PhD'16, professor em­eritus of history at the U of C, diedFebruary 10. He retired in 1950 after serv­ing for 36 years as a teacher of modernEuropean history.IDALIA MAXSON MACY, '18, of Flush­ing, N.Y., died on February 24.ERNEST J. LEVEQUE, '23, AM'26, ofBloomington, Ind., died on December 10,1960. He retired in 1954 as assistant pro­fessor emeritus in the department of Frenchand Italian at Indiana University where hehad taught for 32 years.CASPER W. OOMS, '27, Chicago patentlawyer and former U.S. commissioner ofpatents, died February 19. A nationallyrecognized expert in the field of patentlaw, he was senior partner in the law firmof Ooms, McDougall, Williams & Hersh.Mr. Ooms was appointed patent commis­sioner by President Truman in 1945 andserved until 1947. He had also served aschairman of the patent compensation board of the Atomic Energy Commission, and hadlectured in patent law at the U of C.STANLEY W. COSBY, PhD'30, of Berke­ley, Calif., died January 21. He was assis­tant conservationist in the State Office ofSoil Conservation.JULIUS E. RATNER, '30, AM'32, of Min­neapolis, Minn., died on February 17. Hewas advertising director for General Millsflour and mix products. Mr. Ratner was aninstructor of marketing at the U of C inthe School of Business Administration untilhe entered the Navy in World War II.After the war, he joined the editorial staffof Better Hames & Gardens magazine andbecame its editor-in-chief. He left that postto become a vice-president with the adver­tising firm of Campbell-Mithun Inc., andfrom 1956 until his death was with GeneralMills.EDITH BOWEN CHASE, PhD'31, ofLeonia, N.J., died on January 8. She wasassistant dean of faculty and associate pro­fessor in the department of biological sci­ences at Hunter College.EARL M. LEEDS, '34, JD'36, of Chicago,Ill., died on February 4. He had been alawyer in Chicago for 25 years.JOI-IN B. RUST, '34, of Chicago, IlL, diedon November 8, 1960 in Michigan City,Ind. He was professor of Spanish and chair­man of the department of modern lan­guages at Chicago Teachers College.THOMAS M. IIAMS, AM'39, of Hamilton,N.Y., died on August 22, 1959. Mr. Iiamswas the librarian at Colgate University forthe past 20 years. An authority on methodsof preserving rare books and manuscripts,he was the author of two books and sev­eral articles on the subject.ROBERT E. BROWN, '41, '42, of Aurora,Ill., died on November 28, 1960.NORBERT WARD, '50, of the U.S. Inter­national Cooperation Administration, diedin late January in a plane crash inthe hills of west Java. Said AssistantProfessor Theodore Schaefer (biology, psy­chology, college adviser), "Norby Wardwas an outstanding student . . . I knewhim in Mathews House-Burton Judson-athoroughly nice guy ... news of his deathis particularly disturbing to me. He was aserious student who . . . evolved his ownunique field of interests and devoted him­self unstintingly to a tough program ofstudy .... He seemed to exemplify a kindof independent disciplined, self-directedscholar which I like to think is a frequentif n�; characteristic product of our Col­lege.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEDad is home from a busy day ... spent mostlyin helping other Dads. Showed one father howto be certain there will be money for collegewhen his kids need it. Helped another man makesure his wife will have an income as long as shelives. Guided another in planning a worry-freeretirement. Worked with another father in mak­ing sure his son will inherit his business.Important, satisfying work.He's a Massachusetts Mutual man. Like thedoctor and lawyer, he fits his services to each client's needs. And, like these professional men,he brings to his work thorough training, dis­cretion, understanding - and a readiness toput in extra hours when it will help.Somehow he finds time to be a good citizen,too. Glad to do his share of the communitywork that makes his town a fine place to raisea family.He's got to be good - to be good enoughfor Massachusetts Mutual. And he's at yourservice.MASSACHUSETTS MUTUAL Life Insurance CompanySPRINGFIELD. MASSACHUSETTS· ORGANIZED 1851Chester A. Schipplock, '27, ChicagoSome of the University of Chicago alumni in Massachusetts Mutual service:Jens M. Dellert, ChicagoPetro Lewis Patras, '40, ChicagoTheodore E. Knock, '41, ChicagoJacob E. Way, '50, WaukeganRolf Erik G. Becker, OaklandMorris Landwirth, c.L.U., '28, PeoriaTrevor D. Weiss, '35, M.B.A. '38,Chicago James J. Lawler, EvanstonJesse]. Simoson, Niagara FallsWELCOME OUR NEW CHANCELLORAlumni fund leaders Samuel J. Horwitz '32, JD '34, Fay Horton Sawyier '44 and C.E. McKittrick '20 greet Chancellor George Wells Beadle.WITH THE GIFT OF OUR CONFIDENCE'Send your check toThe Alumni FoundationUniversity of Chicago5733 University AvenueChicago 37, Illinois