MAGAZINETen Years of the Atomic Age. . . Samuel K. Allison Atoms on the Midway :Report on Radioactivity and ResearchTheir First Christmas away From hometSanta's suit was made by a South Korean who had never seen or heard of Santa Claus.South Koreans also took turns in drawing the jeep trailer.A wholeCompany ofMarinesHow a group of telephone womenhelped to make it a Merry Christmasfor the men in KoreaHelping others to have a MerryChristmas is a tradition among telephone people. In recent years therehas been an increasing number ofgifts for those in the service.One group of telephone womenobserved last Christmas by sendinga holiday package to every man inCompany E of the 1st Marines inKorea. They adopted this companyin remembrance of Corporal RichardE. deVilliers, a gallant fellow-workerMembers of the TEVS, the Telephone Employees Volunteer Service in San Francisco,holding the scroll of thanks from the Marines. It is one of their proudest possessions. who was killed in action while servingwith Company E.You can imagine what happenedwhen all those packages arrived.The boys made quite an occasionof it. There was much scurryingaround to get a Santa Claus suit.None was available but finally theyfound a South Korean who could sewand the job was completed after a lotof picture drawing and explaining.Then Santa was mounted on a jeeptrailer and drawn along in state.After the packages were opened, ascroll of appreciation was signed by every member of the company andsent back to this country. More thantwo hundred of the men wrote lettersof thanks."Your kindness," wrote their Captain, "brought happiness to the heartsof a group of Marines, many of whomwere spending their first Christmasaway from home."It all turned out so well that it wasdecided to do the same thing againthis year. So hundreds of packagesare again on their way across the seasto help make it a Merry Christmas inKorea.THIS IS JUST ONE OF MANY WAYS in which telephone people in manycommunities say "Merry Christmas."Whether it's dressing dolls for orphaned children, or contributing treesand turkeys and baskets of food, telephone men and women are spurred bythe desire to be helpful. Through all the year they try to keep good will andThe Voice With The Smile in telephone service.BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEMfy/emo f^adPrelude to a storyIf you really want to confuse a Chicagoalumnus tell him you're a member of theSenate of the College Division of The University of Chicago Alumni Association.Kven a Senator, attending his first meeting,is bewildered as to how and why.If you must know— and you must if thisstory is to make sense— the Alumni Association is made up of divisions, e.g., Law,Medicine, Business, College, etc. Each hasrepresentatives on the governing board ofthe Association.The College Division is composed of alldues paying alumni who did their undergraduate work at Chicago. It is the largest(7,000) of all the Divisions.Its governing board is the Senate of100 members— two from each class year forthe past 35 years plus 30 at large.Charles G. Higgins, '19, is president ofthe College Division. An athlete of nosmall stature (Captain of the 1919 footballteam) , Charlie is credited with throwingthe discus out of a Paris stadium beforehe returned from the wars. A stock brokerin the Board of Trade Building, Charliealso served his turn as head of our LaSalleStreet Coaching Staff in the final days ofStagg Field football.After his day on the Exchange, Charlieput on his green thumb in his Oak Parkgarden and ends the day among his whitepetunias.Vice-President is John J. McDonough,'28, punter, Rhodes Scholar, and vice-president of Harris Trust and Savings Bank.Both he and Charlie were Head Marshallsand are members of Owl & Serpent.Vice-President in charge of Women'sAffairs is Dorothy Dallman, '39.The Senate sponsors the annual Mid-Year Open House on campus. Next year,Open House will be a big affair Saturdayevening, February 7th, with the Collegestudents entertaining.But the Senate was in a rut. It stood upand looked around. The Foundation Board,charged with raising the annual AlumniGift to the University, had discovered thatalumni, a few years out of the University,didn't know the Alumni Association existed. The Senate rolled up its sleeves todo something about it.Why shouldn't the Association do thingsfor the students before expecting the students to do something for the Association?So this was what happened:The storyTwo years ago 16 student leaders wereinvited to be the dinner guests of theDean of Students' staff. These studentswere commended for their outstandingwork in extracurricular activities andawarded certificates of recognition.It was a nice party but, coming late inthe year, it received little public attentionon the campus.So this became Operations No. 1 for .aStudent-Alumni Committee. This committee was made up of 9 Senators and 9 students from the top student organizations.The Committee worked with the Dean'soffice in selecting those to be cited. Thestudents on the Committee made the finaldecision for the design of a bronze medal to be awarded by the Alumni Associationeach year. (See cut.)The Senate gave a big dinner on AlumniDay honoring the student leaders. Guestsincluded students being graduated in June.Trustee Harold H. Swift, '07, commendedthe student leaders and told about the earlyUniversity.Dean Strozier awarded the certificatesfrom the University; the President of theCollege Division presided and awarded 3-year memberships in the Alumni Association.Later that evening, around the fountainat the Interfraternity Sing, before 10,000alumni and guests, the alumni medals wereawarded. Many of the students testifiedthat it was the most memorable experiencein their college careers.This will be an annual event and youare invited to the next dinner on AlumniDay, June 6, 1953.The Student-Alumni Committee is nowat work on a program which will bringback to the quadrangles top flight alumniin business and the professions.From television to law; big industry towriting; these alumni will sit down withthe students to discuss careers and how torealize them.The Senate is still looking around. Therut has disappeared. We'll keep you posted.But note this on your membership card:It is your $3.00 membership dues whichhelps to underwrite programs like these.The MAGAZINE is an extra monthly dividend.Of all things"The Postural Development of InfantChimpanzees" is the title of a 204-pagebook published by the Yale UniversityPress. Austin H. Riesen, Associate Professor of Psychology, is the co-author.Two species, man and chimpanzee, arecompared in respect to behavior duringthe first year of life.William Jennings Bryan wouldn't likethis.Emeritus? Who said?We did and we were wrong.In the box on Page 9 of the Novemberissue, we stated that Dr. Eugene M. K.SIXTEEN WERE AWARDED Geiling, Distinguished Service Professorand Chairman, Department of Pharmacology, is emeritus.This was a slip of the typewriter. Noone could be more active on importantresearch than Dr. Geiling (See P. 14) . Retirement isn't even just around the corner.CHARLES HIGGINSHe also built the porch boxesOverboard on landArnold Maremont, '24, JD '26, Presidentof Maremont Automotive Products at 1600S. Ashland Avenue, Chicago, likes the wideopen spaces. How wide? Divide 1,280,000acres by three.With two business associates, he recentlypurchased a chunk of Nevada and a cornerof California. They own a quarter of amillion acres outright and the grazingrights on another million. The ranch includes a 10,000 foot peak and is nearlytwice the size of Rhode Island.This will give wandering space for 9,500sheep, 7,000 cattle, and 70 employes. Modern conveniences include running hot andcold water springs although the buildingsare as far apart as 45 miles.The partners will commute from Chicago. If they want to circle the ranch inthe company's plane it will take anotherday.I'll be thereWhen Reed College was founded in1911, Frank L. Griffin, '03, SM '04, PhD '06,was there. And I was selling SaturdayEvening Posts on the corner of Washingtonand Fifth Street, Portland.In the early 20s I matriculated at Reed.Frank L. Griffin was still there, teaching afascinating brand of mathematics.In 1949 I was at Chicago when Frank L.Griffin was brought back to be honoredwith an Alumni Citation for Good Citizenship. He was still at Reed. But his reputation for civic interests and for makingmathematics live in the lives of studentshad brought honors and recognition fromeverywhere.For the first time this fall, Reed Collegeopened its doors without Frank L. Griffin.Dr. Griffin was now emeritus in the fullestsense of the term.With lecture and conference commitments, Emeritus Frank, and wife Mary,crossed the continent by stages, picking upa new Packard in Detroit, and finally landing in the midst of a blazing ConnecticutIndian Summer. At Middletown he movedon to the campus of old Wesleyan to continue spreading the romance of mathematics as a visiting professor.Next June 6 he will return to Chicago forhis fiftieth anniversary and an Emeritusalumni medal commemorating the occasion.And I'll be there.-H. W. M.DECEMBER, 1952 1ATOMIC ENERGYThe field of atomic energy is admittedlyone for the specialists. But the intelligent layman has wanted and neededsome interpretation of the facts andissues which the release of atomic energyhas forced upon his attention these pastten years.There have been a number of writers whohave tried to meet this layman's needfor understanding. Without any pretension to an exhaustive bibliography,the Readers Guide, herewith, attemptsto review the highlights of a decade ofatomic energy literature for the layman.This list has been prepared with theadvice of specialists in the field.A TOMIC ENERGY FOR MILITARY PURPOSES. By Henry D. Smyth. PrincetonUniversity Press, 1945. $1.25.Although this book may be considered"technical," the fact remains that it is"the official word" on the developmentof the atomic bomb by the ManhattanDistrict, and very little published factualinformation on the atomic bomb canbe obtained except in this book. It isas factual and complete as military security will allow.ATOMIC ENERGY IN COSMIC ANDHUMAN LIFE. By G. Gamow. Mac-millan, 1946. $3.Designed for the interested layman, thisvolume outlines 50 years of research inradioactivity. The author, a physicist,uses schematic drawings to clarify various nuclear processes. The book is, inpart, based on the Smyth report.REPORT ON THE INTERNATIONALCONTROL OF ATOMIC ENERGY.United States Department of State, Committee on Atomic Energy, David Lilien-thal, chairman. Government PrintingOffice, 1946. 20c.The problem of international control ofatomic energy still remains one of theknottiest of the unsolved problems in thisfield. This report is one of the mostconstructive analyses of the question.HIROSHIMA. By John R. Hersey. Knopf,1946. $1.75.This is a human document, the well-knownspecial issue of the New Yorker, done inbook form, to tell what the atomic bombdid to Hiroshima, and particularly thestory of how it affected six individualsinvolved in the bombing, August 6, 1945.ONE WORLD OR NONE. Edited by Dexter Masters and Katharine Way. McGraw-Hill 1946. $1.This collection concerns the atomic bomband its menace to civilization. Amongthe contributing scientists are J. R. Op-penheimer, Niels Bohr, Hans A. Bethe,Harold Urey, Albert Einstein. There area variety of opinions expressed in thisdiscussion of the world problem resultingfrom the use of the bomb, but generalagreement that it is a job for the statesmen to work toward the abolishment ofwar and the unified order of world control over atomic energy.EXPLAINING THE ATOM. By Seli*Hecht. Viking, 1947. $2.75.This volume has been hailed as a "masterpiece of popularization." The author, abiophysicist at Columbia University, is atop-notch scientist as well as a goodwriter. He succeeds admirably in describ ing what nuclear energy means withoutassuming any knowledge of physics, chemistry, or math on the part of the reader.This book is remarkably free of the condescending attitude toward laymen, whichsome writers in this field have affected.ATOMIC ENERGY; ITS INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS. Royal Institute of International Affairs. Great Britain. A discussion by a Chatham HouseStudy Group (by J. D. Crocker oft andothers). 1948. $1.25.This discussion has been well received forits logical, penetrating and factual presentation of both the scientific facts ofatomic energy and the problems concerned with its international control.CONSTRUCTIVE USES OF ATOMICENERGY. Edited by S. C. Rothmann.Harper, 1949. $3.Samuel K. Allison and others have contributed essays on the peace time uses ofatomic energy in medicine, industry, andother non-military fields.(On checking with the publisher, wefound that this title is out-of-print.Since this fact may be another indicationof its value, we still bring it to yourattention.)THE ATOM AT WORK. By Jacob Sacks.Ronald Press, 1951.Written by a University of Chicago alumnus, this book has succeeded in presenting the atomic energy program in asimplified manner without distortingscientific facts. It is one of the best non-mathematical treatments of the subject.WE OF NAGASAKI. By Dr. TakashiNagai. Duell, Sloan & Pearce, Inc., N. Y.,1951. $3.75.In the same vein as HIROSHIMA, this isa personal account of the effects of atomicbombing on populations under attack.This narrative includes eight stories, byboth children and adults, relating theirexperiences and reactions to the atombombing of their homes. All of the testimonies are by relatives and neighbors ofDr. Nagai, a Japanese-Christian physician,whose wife was killed in the raid. Dr.Nagai died last year of the lingering effectsof atomic radiation.ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF ATOMICPOWER. By Jacob Marschak and S. H.Schurr. Princeton University Press, 1951.$6.This is an exploratory study published forthe Cowles Commission for Research inEconomics. It brings the observationsof one research group to bear upon theeconomics of atomic energy in suchfields as aluminum, cement, glass, ironand steel, railroad transportation, andresidential heating.BULLETIN OF THE ATOMIC SCIENTISTS. A Magazine for Science and Public Affairs. 53 W. Jackson Blvd., Chicago4, III. $5 a year.Founded in 1945 by Hyman Goldsmithand Eugene Rabinowitch, the Bulletin isconcerned primarily with presenting anauthoritative, world-wide discussion ofatomic energy matters, with particularemphasis upon the social implicationsof the atomic energy program. Its contributors include a distinguished list ofinternationally known scientists, philosophers, and statesmen.For readers who are interested in a moredetailed bibliography in this field, theyare referred to the selected bibliographies on atomic energy compiled by theTechnical Information Division of theU. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Washington, D. C. Their list include a vastnumber of articles in periodicals as wellas books and pamphlets.— A. P. (JSoORLby Faculty and AlumniINTELLIGENCE AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: A Study of Cultural Learning and, Problem-Solving. By KennethEells, Allison Davis, Robert J. Havig-hurst, Virgil E. Herrick, and Ralph TT.Tyler. University of Chicago Press, 1951 ,Pp. 366. $5.00.It is a well-known paradox in scientificresearch that positive results, by theirsatisfying and apparently final character,can hamper further investigative efforts.This is what had happened in researchon intelligence and cultural differences,until the publication of the present significant volume and of the articles whichpreceded it.From the time of the construction ofthe first intelligence scales, one studyafter another has monotonously reportedthat high social-status groups score significantly higher on intelligence measuresthan do lower social -status groups. Butthe effect of these gratifyingly consistentresults has been to discourage most investigators from trying to answer thenext question: What factors contributeto these demonstrated cultural differencesin intelligence test scores? INTELLIGENCE AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES offers one line of evidence bearingon this question.Two main hypotheses have usuallybeen advanced to account for social statusdifferences in intelligence test scores:the hereditary, or genetic, hypothesis;and the environmental hypothesis. Without ignoring these two hypotheses, thepresent volume focusses on a third: thatthe higher test scores obtained by childrenof superior socioeconomic level reflect abias in the test materials rather thanany more basic difference in the childrenthemselves. The implications of thishypothesis are clear and far-reaching. Ifthe items which make up our intelligencescales are more appropriate to the background and everyday experience of onesocioeconomic level than to another,then our scales are in a very real senseculturally unfair. Moreover, many ofour curricular and instructional procedures—based as they are on intelligencetest scores— are unjust to children fromcertain levels, and wasteful of theirtalents.This book, part of the extensive projecton cultural learning and problem-solvingbegun at the University of Chicago in1945 under the direction of ProfessorAllison Davis, approaches the problemof cultural bias in intelligence test performance from two directions. The firstpart of the volume contains theoreticalanalyses of the question by Herrick,Havighurst, Davis and Tyler. Here arestimulating discussions of the topics ofsocial class differences, the influence ofculture on test responses, and the meaning of "educability" as this may bepredicted from or affected by particularmeasuring instruments.In Parts II and III of the volume, Dr.Eells describes his field study of theresponses to standard intelligence - testitems made by white children from dif-2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMAGAZINEVolume 45 December, 1952 Number 3PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONExecutive EditorHOWARD W. MORTStaff PhotographerSTEPHEN LEWELLYNExecutive SecretaryAlumni FoundationJIM ATKINS EditorDON MORRISAssociate Editor Associate EditorHAROLD E. DONOHUE AUDREY. PROBSTNews EditorJEANNETTE LOWREYField SecretaryJIM RATCLIFFE DirectorAlumni EducationDONALD S. BARNHARTIN THIS ISSUETen Years of the Atomic Age, Samuel K. Allison 5Radioiodine: Isotope Against Disease 9Protecting a University 10Speed-up in Pre-history 11Kevatron's Aurora 13Atomic Farm 14Nuclear Power Generation 17Of Time and the Water 20How Does A Virus Reproduce? 21And Last, But — 23DEPARTMENTSMemo Pad 1 Reader's Guide 2Books 2 Class News 24COVER: The nuclear physicist whoposed for our special issue on peacetime uses of atomic energy is SamuelK. Allison. The machine is the Keva-tron, which he designed. For abetter picture of Dr. Allison, see p. 5.Cover and all photographs taken byStephen Lewellyn except page 1 (upperright), page 7, 8, 11, 12, (top of page)16, 17, 19, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, and 32,.Portrait of Dr. Braidwood is by Wolff-Schenider. Pictures of Jarmo expeditioncourtesy of , Dr. Braidwood. Photo onpage 31 by Hauger. Pile, greenhouse,arid picture of Dr. Zinn courtesy of Argonne National Laboratory.Published monthly, October through June, by The University of Chicago Alumni Association, 5733 University Avenue, Chicago 37, Illinois. Annual subscription price, J3.00. Singlecopies, 35 cents. Student price at University oi Chicago Bookstore, 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934. at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois under the act oiMarch 3, 1S79. Advertising agent. The American Alumni Council, B. A. Ross, director, itWashington Square, New York, X. Y.IN THIS ISSUETen Years of the Atomic Age, Samuel K. Allison 5Radioiodine: Isotope Against Disease 9Protecting a University 10Speed-up in Pre-history 11Kevatron's Aurora 13Atomic Farm 14Nuclear Power Generation 17Of Time and the Water 20How Does A Virus Reproduce? 21And Last, But — 23DEPARTMENTSMemo Pad 1 Reader's Guide 2Books 2 Class News 24COVER: The nuclear physicist whoposed for our special issue on peacetime uses of atomic energy is SamuelK. Allison. The machine is the Keva-tron, which he designed. For abetter picture of Dr. Allison, see p. 5.Cover and all photographs taken byStephen Lewellyn except page 1 (upperright), page 7, 8, 11, 12, (top of page)16, 17, 19, 23, 26, 29, 30, 31, and 32,.Portrait of Dr. Braidwood is by Wolff-Schenider. Pictures of Jarmo expeditioncourtesy of , Dr. Braidwood. Photo onpage 31 by Hauger. Pile, greenhouse,and picture of Dr. Zinn courtesy of Argonne National Laboratory.ferent socioeconomic levels. A battery ofintelligence tests was administered toapproximately 4800 school children, aged9, 10, 13 and 14, who lived in a mid-western industrial community. An indexof socioeconomic status applied to thefamilies of these children made possiblethe identification of three groups: onehigh-status group and two low-statusgroups, the latter differentiated from oneanother on the basis of ethnicity. A statistical analysis was then made not onlyof the general relationship of IQ tosocial status, but also of the responsesmade by members of the three groups tomore than 650 individual test items. Theinvestigators analyzed also the relationship of status differences to age, andcertain atypical status differences whichseemed to go along with patterns ofwrong responses, or with proportion ofcorrect responses to the intelligence-testitems.The results confirm the usual findingsthat high-status pupils score significantlyhigher on these scales than do low-statuspupils, although there is sufficient overlapping between the two groups to suggest that individual differences are atleast as important as group differenceshere. More significant for the hypothesis which underlies the study, however,is the impressive evidence that statusdifferences vary from item to item inthese intelligence scales.At the risk of grossly oversimplifyingthe results, it may be said that in general, the test items which favor the high-status groups are those which are verbalin symbolism. Many of these involvematerials which are familiar to high-status children by virtue of nonschoolexperiences which low-status childrensimply do not have. When the subjectmatter of the test items is "noncultural,"or dependent upon experiences commonto all children, then the differences between status groups are minimized.There are few significant differences between ethnic and nonethnic groups whensocial status is held constant.Like any field investigation, this onehas its limitations. Unlike many fieldinvestigators, however, the present groupof workers recognize and state clearlythe limitations of their study. The reportis outstanding for its organization, forits clarity, and for its careful distinctionsbetween obtained results and tentativeinterpretations.Ann MagaretProfessor of PsychologyUniversity of IllinoisCollege of MedicineTHE BROTHERHOOD OF FEAR. ByRobert Ardrey, '30. Random House, 342pp. $3.00.Robert Ardrey, '30, slipped his Phi BetaKappa key into his watch pocket andinched his way through the depressionto his goal: playwriting.Broadway snuffed out "Star Spangled"but London went overboard for "Thunder Rock," as did the movies. So Bobsuccumbed to Hollywood— with reservations. The reservation: after establishing a top flight reputation with MGMhe went free-lance to be choosy abouthis stories.This permitted him time to write hisfirst novel. The story can be summarized in four words: The Brotherhood of Fear. But before the readerheads for eastern Europe, Bob stops himwith an Author's Warning: "The Brotherhood of Fear is the workof the imagination. . . If the readerseeks to discover a particular nationrepresented, then he will lose much ofthe story's point . . . parallels are coincidental. . ." O.K., Bob. But after we've followedsecret agent Konnr, stalking Willy Bryoaround a roughhewn island and througha strange love affair, we find ourselvesthinking in a Slavic language.A fine and fascinating novel— H. W. M.DECEMBER, 1952 3TEN YEARSofTHE ATOMIC AGEThoughts on the Tenth Anniversary of the Chain ReactionBy Samuel K. AllisonProfessor of PhysicsDirector, Institute forNuclear StudiesB.?EFORE 1932, experimental nuclear physics was almost entirely confined to the Cavendish Laboratory atCambridge University in England,where the famous physicist, LordRutherford, had assembled a stellargroup of investigators. Here the nuclear atom and isotopes were discovered, and here were developed theGeiger counter, the Wilson cloudchamber, and the Cockcroft- Waltoncircuit that have become familiarwords wherever nuclear physics isdiscussed.At the University of Chicago inthis period, only Professors A. J.Dempster and W. D. Harkins showedan interest in the subject.Professor Harkins assembled chartsof the known nuclei and discoveredregularities among them. With inadequate funds and meager equipment,he succeeded in making a slight physical separation of the isotopes of mercury, and a few experiments on thetracks of nuclear particles in cloudchambers were carried out.Dempster made significant improvements in the technique of measuring nuclear masses with the massspectroscope and he made two contributions to nuclear physics whichin institute for nuclear studiesgeiger counter is visible belowfamiliar warning placard on door proved to be of great significancein the field of atomic energy.The first of these resulted from asystematic study he and others madeof the nuclear masses from which itatomic history is made on midway was clear that, if the uranium nucleus should explode into two approximately equal parts, the enormousenergy of 200 million electron voltswould be released.At the time this work was done,it never occurred to Dempster or anyone else that such a process wouldactually take place. Furthermore,Dempster discovered the existence ofthe lighter isotope of uranium —uranium 235 — and found that itexists to about one part in 140 inthe natural element. Again, neitherhe nor any one else foresaw at thattime the epoch-making properties ofthis material.Nuclear physics began to developin the United States about 1932,largely due to the stimulus providedby the successful operation of thefirst cyclotron at the University ofCalifornia by E. O. Lawrence.We are a nation of gadget loversand the technical complexity of thisnew device fascinated our physicists.Cyclotrons blossomed everywhereand the University of Chicago beganthe construction of a cyclotron underthe direction of Professor Harkins in1935. Up to this time, I had devotedmyself to researches in the field ofx-rays, but by 1935 I felt that it wastime for a change.With the help of the GuggenheimFoundation, I visited the CavendishLaboratory for six months and par-DECEMBER, 1952ticipated in the experimental program there. On my return, aided bya small grant from the Universityadministration, I undertook the construction of a Cockcroft- Walton highvoltage circuit and began the studyof transformations among the verylight nuclei.This work was underway in 1939when the great news of the discoveryof fission electrified physicists allover the world. Although I had beenworking in the field of nuclear physics, I had been studying the wrongnuclei to be anywhere near this greatdiscovery.Sensation after sensationIn the weeks following the discovery of fission, sensation after sensation shook the world of physicswithout as yet making much impression on the general public. It wasrapidly realized that the large scalerelease of atomic energy was closeat hand, and even that a devastatingexplosion or bomb was possible. Forthe first time in history, perhaps,physicists became afraid to discusstheir subject in public and imposedpublication restrictions upon themselves.At Columbia University, Fermiassisted by Herbert Anderson, JohnMarshall, and Water Zinn, undertookthe construction of an aggregate, oras they are now known piles, of uranium and graphite from which, by thechain reaction, nuclear energy mightbe abstracted. Similar efforts, undervarious amounts of secrecy, beganin some European laboratories.Direct interest in this matter ofatomic energy began at the Universityof Chicago in the summer of 1940.Professor A. H. Compton requestedVolney Wilson, who at that time wasworking on some cosmic ray studiesin Ryerson Laboratory, to survey thepossibilities of the release of nuclearenergy and suggest, if possible, apromising line of research whichcould be undertaken. Wilson wrotea report which called attention to thefact that the metal beryllium, usedin connection with uranium, mightpermit the construction of an aggregate from which atomic energy couldbe extracted.In late September of that year, Iwas in Washington, D. C, helpingwith a defense project involving thedevelopment of military rockets. Pro fessor Compton sent me Wilson's report and, on October 1, 1940, I wrotehim that this line of investigationseemed very interesting, and that Iwould enjoy returning to the University and participating in it.This came to pass about February1941, when I obtained a grant ofapproximately $9,000 to investigatethe possibility of using beryllium inthe release of nuclear energy. I remember being aghast at the easewith which this seemingly colossalsum was placed at my disposal.Work started at once with a groupconsisting principally of A. H. Snell,H. W. Newson, Louis Slotin, W. P.Jesse, and myself. These men subsequently became leaders in the atomicenergy project in which, tragically,Louis Slotin lost his life. Before theconclusive evidence on the possibleutilization of beryllium could be obtained, this small preliminary projectbecame engulfed in the vast effortwhich later became the MetallurgicalLaboratory of the Manhattan Project.During this period, a long distancetelephone call, from E. O. Lawrencein Berkeley to A. H. Compton, revealed a discovery which changedcompletely the long range aspects ofour atomic energy endeavors. Thiswas the discovery that plutonium,of the type made as a by-product inthe chain reacting piles, is itself verymuch like uranium 235, and capableof sustaining a chain reaction.Last skeptic convincedThis discovery was made by Segre,Seaborg, and Wahl, and though wecould not even mention it to our scientific friends outside the project, weknew that it meant that eventuallywe could abstract not only the energylocked in uranium 235, but also theenergy in the 140-times more abundant uranium 238. From that time on,nothing could deflect us from ourcourse. The Metallurgical Projectgrew and differentiated at a fantasticrate. It became a common sayingthat those who went home for lunchneeded a re-orientation course oncoming back for the afternoon.With great energy, samples of different aggregates of uranium andgraphite were assembled and testedfor their ability to sustain the chainreaction.In early May 1942, Fermi and his group assembled a sample pile inwhich tests showed that the chainreaction would certainly proceed ifthe sample were built to full size.Professor Compton, with his usualoptimism, had been so certain thatthis test would succeed that in April,at a committee meeting in Washington, he had confidently predictedsuccess. I remember that at thatmeeting I urged caution and madeit clear that in my opinion it wasnot at all certain that we shouldsucceed with uranium and graphite.After the demonstration, early inMay, I wrote a letter to the Chairman of the Office of Scientific Research and Development announcing that the last skeptic was finallyconvinced. From that time until thefamous date of December 2, 1942,the liberation of atomic energyawaited only the preparation ofenough material, of sufficient purity,to make a full size pile of the typeof the May sample.In the squash courtDuring the fall of 1942, the assembly proceeded with agonizing slowness, it seemed, in the squash courtof the west stands at Stagg Field.As each layer of graphite and uranium was stacked up, the detectingequipment indicated the growth ofgreater and greater neutron intensity, and allowed us confidently topredict that some time in Decemberthe critical size would be reached.During this period, the controlrods were perfected and we convincedourselves that in case of any unforeseen event at the time of criticality,the rods would slide in under gravityand shut down the reaction.Nevertheless, at the last day whencriticality was obviously imminent,we decided that even further cautionwas justified.Cadmium in any form has a severely depressing effect on the chainreaction and we decided to placeseveral five-gallon glass bottles ofcadmium salts in solution on a platform over the graphite and uraniumstructure. As a last resort, these bottles were to be smashed with hammers by the "suicide squad" allowingthe solution to trickle down throughthe structure and stop the reaction.During the last hours, venerablemembers of the project were to be6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEsquash court pile, alternate graphite, graphite-uranium layers at nineteenth level, note hammer for scaleobserved rolling five-gallon glass jarsof cadmium solution up and downthe corridors of Kent Laboratory,attempting to get the salts quicklyin solution. Fortunately this drasticstep never needed to be taken; thesoaking of the pile would have ruinedthe structure permanently and completely as a chain reactor.On December 2, 1942, a groupgathered at the structure to observethe first evidence of a self-perpetuating nuclear chain reaction. Fermiwas in charge and ordered the con trol rods to be pulled out step bystep from the interior of the structure.In the pause after each step in theretraction, the neutron intensity increased greatly but finally levelledoff.The chain reactionAt last a stage was reached inwhich the neutron intensity did notlevel off but began to rise spontane-.ously as evidenced by the more and more rapid flashing of the lights inour counter detectors. The final linkin the chain had been closed, andwithout human intervention, energywould have come pouring out of thestructure at ever-increasing rate untilit melted or vaporized.However, an extremely slight motion of the control rods back towardthe center was all that was necessary to control the situation andcurtail the evolution of energy.The demonstration was utterlyconvincing and it is one of the fortu-DECEMBER, 1952 7nate accidents in history that Crawford H. Greene wait, at that timehigh in the councils of the duPontCompany, was passing through Chicago and saw this event. The Company at that time was being approached by General Groves of theManhattan Project, who wantedthem to take the responsibility for theconstruction of a giant reactor andthe recovery of plutonium from it.Nuclear physics up to then had hadpractically no commercial applications, and its content and techniqueswere largely unknown to the duPontCompany. Without this convincingdemonstration, it is doubtful whetherthe Company would have enteredupon this great responsibility, andwithout the vast resources of the duPont Company, the advent of largescale chain reactors might have beengreatly delayed.A bottle of wineImmediately after the demonstration E. P. Wigner of Princeton University stepped forward from thelittle group of watchers and presentedhis friend Fermi with a bottle ofItalian Chianti. Actual consumption of this was delayed until later, because so many things were immediately at hand that needed doing.From this accomplishment, astraight line of progress led to theproduction of plutonium by thepound, the assembly of an atomicbomb, the destruction of Hiroshimaand part of Nagasaki. In all thiswork, the scientists were drawn onby hope and goaded on by fear.Peaceful usesThe hopes related to the benefitsthat humanity might receive from thenew source of power; the fear wasan immediate and acute one that ourenemies in the war might be aheadof us in atom bomb development.And then there was a long rangeanxiety, namely that humanity mightnot be sufficiently advanced in ethicaland moral sense to make good insteadof bad use of the new powers to beconferred upon it.Thus it was that the scientistslobbied so vigorously for a civilianrather than a military commissionto carry on the atomic energy developments after the war. The resultwas the passage of the McMahon Act and the creation of the AtomicEnergy Commission.At that time, the intensity of theantagonism which has developed between the United States and theUSSR could not be foreseen. It wasstill hoped that an agreement mightbe reached on the international control of atomic energy. Due to thecold war and the lack of such anagreement, the aims of the scientists in setting up a civilian ratherthan a military commission have beenlargely frustrated.In the present crisis, the commission can do no other than devote thegreat majority of its budget to thedevelopment of atomic energy as aweapon of war. The large scale generation of electric power, the production of large amounts of heat atlow cost, the irrigation of vast districts with fresh water from whichthe ocean salt has been removed areprojects of various degrees of feasibility, and are at present subordinatedto the military necessities.Beyond our borders, it has nowcome to pass that no country considers itself in step with the timesunless it has an atomic energy corn-Continued on page 220EC.2 1942 START-UPOFFIRST SELF-SUSTAINING CHAIN REACTIONNEUTRON INTENSITY IN THE PILE AS RECORDED BY A GALVANOMETERTIME \CONTROL RODSREMOVED /LEVELING OFINTENSITY INDICATESPILE NOT YET"CRITICAL" \SHARP DROP DUETO CHANGE INSCALE OFRECORDING INSTRUMENT /SELF SUSTAININGREACTIONEXPONENTIAL RISE OFINTENSITY WITH NOEVIDENCE OFLEVELING OFF SHARP DROP ININTENSITY DUETO INSERTIONOF CONTROL RODTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERADIOIODINE :Isotope Against DiseaseHyperthyroidism, toogives ground beforeinternal radiationT WITH IODINE, DR. CLARK ACHIEVED A 99% IMPROVEMENTHE UNIVERSITY'S total bulk,whether figured in cubic feet or intons of limestone, professorial flesh,laboratory glassware and bound volumes, has never been its chief glory.Dwelling in the realms of mind andspirit, the University's name appearson no lists of major producers ofgoods, or, until recently, of majorconsumers, either. In the last couple of years, however, this situationchanged in one respect. In one area,not only is the University the largestU. S. consumer, but one lab within itholds this distinction. The man whohas come close to cornering one highly specialized market is Dwight Clark,Professor of Surgery. The materialis the radioactive isotope of iodine,J131Dr. Clark was a chief surgeon atOak Ridge in, the years of World WarII. His wife is Eleanor Melander, '38,and his daughter, Betty, was introduced to readers of the magazine oneyear ago, when she was its cover girl.In the University Clinics since1947, Dr. Clark and his co-workershave *put to good use the qualitiespeculiar to iodine, in working withits radiation-emitting twin. As is wellknown, this element has an affinityfor the thyroid gland, and becauseradioactivity destroys body tissue,radioiodine was put to work, not as atracer, but as an active agent againstbody malfunctioning in or related tothe thyroid. This meant cancer as well as less well-publicized problemsconfined to the thyroid itself. Thusfar no indication has emerged fromthe lab on any progress which mayhave been obtained in the work withcancer, but this year another phaseof the work was reported. Dr. Clark,and his collaborators, James Rule,MD '50, Otto Trippel, '44, MD '46,and David A. Cofrin, disclosed thatradioiodine has sharply reduced thearea of unsolved problems in hyperthyroidism.Reverse processIodine is a principal part of thehormone, thyroxin, which is secretedby the thyroid gland. Too little thyroxin results in a lowering of themetabolic rate, blood-pressure, andmental activity. But over production of the hormone raises all ofthese to dangerous levels, and putsadded strain on the heart. Whennatural iodine is taken into the system, it heads for the thyroid andhelps produce more hormone. Radioiodine reverses the process, partiallydestroying the gland, and diminishing hormone production."Hot" iodine has been used before. For twelve years it was administered to patients where surgeryor drugs apparently failed. But untilthe atomic pile made the isotope amass-production item, this work necessarily was on a small scale. Dr. Clark and his associates administeredthe material to over 500 persons.They were able to maintain a closecheck on 384 of them from sixmonths to five years. Further, theirexperiments point the way to aformula for deciding which patientsshould get the treatment (pregnantwomen for instance should not), andhow much each should receive.The dosage for each patient is determined by the approximate weightof the gland, the patient's age, andthe presence or absence of a goiter.The average amount turned out tobe a little more than 11 millicuries.Patients selected ranged between theages of 12 (there were two) and 84.Most were between 40 and 60.Dissolved in water, tasteless radioiodine is placed in a paper cup, andthe patient simply drinks it.After the initial dose, additionalamounts were given every two monthsuntil the symptoms disappeared.More than 75 per cent of the patientsrecovered after only one or two doses.The remainder required from threeto seven, though one individualneeded ten.Of all the patients the researchersfound only 1 per cent who did notrespond as expected. Forty-nine others over-reacted, developing hypothyroidism, but this effect was successfully countered by administrationof thyroid extract.Radioiodine does not abolish orDECEMBER, 1952 9even supersede standard forms oftreatment. Persons under 40, theresearchers believe, still should depend upon surgery first. Besides helping to close the gap inmedical knowledge of how to treata badly-operating thyroid gland,however, the work of Dr. Clark and his colleagues, provides additionalevidence of the effectiveness of theradioisotope as a useful tool in someforms of internal radiation treatment.± IME WAS when the handful ofscientists involved in the hazardousstudies of radioactivity and X-raysmade up their safety rules as theywent along. Often these rules wereinadequate, and some of the early investigators received severe injuries.With the coming of the war-timeA-bomb project, more comprehensiveregulations and procedures had to bedeveloped to protect the health of thepersonnel involved. A new fieldnamed "Health Physics" was developed in the laboratories in the standsat Stagg Field. With the postwar expansion of nuclear research, the workof the health physicists became evenmore important.The new field received formal academic status at the University thiswinter, with the creation of the HealthPhysics Service under Associate Professor Lester Skaggs. The HealthPhysics Service draws upon the accumulated experience of past researchin the field and applies it to the protection of scientists exposed to nearlyevery conceivable form of radiationhazard. Crossing departmental anddivisional lines, its regulations applyuniformly to all potentially exposedpersonnel.The work of this group breaksdown into many areas, some of whichare common to all laboratories whereradioactive research is done, whetherin the university or in industry. Theservice draws up safety regulationsand advises those potentially exposed.It specifies the maximum doses ofradiation permissible and distributesfilm badges to employees to make surethese doses are not being exceeded.The maximum dose permitted is .3of a roentgen per week, about one-third the amount you receive whenyour chest is fluoroscoped.Periodic checkups are made of thelaboratories, and records are kept ofradioactive contamination found inthem. In case radioactive materialshave been accidentally spilled, theservice supervises their removal andProtecting a Universityalso supervises the disposal of theradioactive wastes after the experiments are completed. Approved typesof gloves, protective clothing, andrespirators are also provided for workof especially hazardous nature.In some more dangerous areas,pocket ionization chambers as well asfilm badges are provided for the personnel. These are quicker and morei DANGPOSTERS PROMOTE CAUTION IN LABSquantitative than the film badge.Thorough periodic physical examinations are also provided for the scientists and technicians. And, to reducedanger to a minimum, hazardous experiments are first worked out inadvance by health physicists and thescientists involved.While much of the work of theHealth Physics Service is standardized application of procedures alreadydeveloped, it also has special problems relevant to work in the Univer sity's institutes and medical researchcenter. One is caused by the almostbewildering variety of experimentswith radioactive isotopes on the quadrangles, where more than fifty investigators use these isotopes in investigations. All these laboratories must beconstantly monitored by counting devices at given periods to detect spills.A second special problem is posedby the various atom-smashers on thecampus, the two cyclotrons, the Vande Graaff accelerator, the kevatron,and the betatron. A special problemhere is the big cyclotron. The membersof the Health Physics staff are currently seeking to develop a specialbadge to detect the heavy nuclearparticles produced by this device. Thisbadge will consist of a photographicplate much like, but more portablethan, the ones sent aloft to study thenuclear collisions produced by cosmicrays. Exposure to neutrons and protons will be detected by studyingunder the microscope the tracks leftin the plates by these particles.The cyclotron must also be keptunder continuous monitoring when inoperation. The monitoring is delicateenough to reveal that the water usedfor cooling (which is recirculated),the air around the machine, and thegrease within the cyclotron are contaminated by small but measurableamounts of radioactivity, which isquickly dissipated.A third special problem will beposed by the Argonne Cancer Hospital, now under construction, wherevarious forms of radioactive chemicalsand a linear accelerator will be usedin the most complete American program for attacking cancer with thesepowerful radiations. Here protectionstarted even before the hospital wasbegun, by designing the facilities tomitigate the hazards. The specialrooms for patients at Argonne willhave walls of eight to twelve inchesof concrete, to protect other patientsand personnel from the radiationsused in treatment. — Research Reports.10 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEChemistry backs up archaeologydocumenting the importantSPEED-UP INPRE-HISTORYRadiocarbon dating shows that a mightyrevolution began later than we thoughtBRAIDWOOD DUG OUT PRIMEVAL VILLAGET,HE MERE LOSS of time is not ficult to mislay a prehistoric centuryan especially sensational event in here or there. When, however, it isarchaeology. In archaeology time possible to eliminate 1,500 years, asebbs and flows, and it is not too dif- orientalists now appear to have doneFARMING PROBABLY BEGAN IN THE HILLS; IRRIGATION WAS A LATER DEVELOPMENTDECEMBER, 1952 at the ancient site of Jarmo, in Iraq,the accomplishment may have interesting repercussions upon man's understanding of the past. Furthermore,the means by which this shrinkagewas effected becomes important itself.One of the men involved in thepossible erasure of fifteen centuries ofprehistory is Dr. Robert Braidwood,Associate Professor of Anthropology,who, with other students of antiquity,has been excavating the Jarmo remains for the University's OrientalInstitute, in co-operation with theDepartment of Anthropology.By fitting together thousands ofbits and pieces, scholars concernedwith the origins of civilization in theNear East had erected a time scale.It was principally a relative timescale. With rather good certainty,this scale made it possible to assertthat one type of pottery, for example,antedated another, that a given levelin Excavation A corresponded to suchand such a level in Excavation B,many miles away. From this sort ofcalculation, it was possible to make atentative calendar. And, according tothis calendar, the approximate datefor the village of Jarmo was 6,000B.C.Assuming this date to have at leastsome absolute validity, and assumingthat Jarmo really represents one ofthe first manifestations of true villagelife — one of the first places wherewhat Dr. Braidwood has referred toas the food-producing revolution11> \A ¦.^-VWEAVE IMPRESSION (LEFT) INDICATES JARMO HAD RUGS OR BASKETS. HAND SICKLE (RIGHT, THREE PIECES) HELPED HARVESToccurred — the standard chronologywould indicate that this revolutionwas in progress for some 7,770 yearsbefore it was superseded by the industrial revolution. (This calculationchooses the year 1770 A.D. as a reasonable starting date for the industrial revolution.)The industrial revolution, whichcontinues unabated today, is no more(and probably less) important in thehistory of mankind than this food-producing revolution several millennia ago. In it, as Dr. Braidwood has pointed out, man learned to controlnature for his sustenance, even as heis now learning to control it forother needs. Before this earlier revolution, man was a wanderer, adweller in caves, a plucker of berriesand a hunter of game.When the food-producing revolution arrived, this creature learned toraise grain, and he succeeded in taming some of the animals. No longerdriven by hunger, he settled down tocommunity life. History picks up thefood-producing revolution in fullCHARCOAL CHECKED BY DR. LIBBY TOLD JARMO'S AGE. PAPER CLIP IS ONE INCH swing, a few thousand years ago.How many years before the originsof written history did it actually begin?When, after the end of World WarII, Willard Libby, Professor ofChemistry at the University, developed a new method of dating, basedon the empirical methods of physicalscience, it appeared that the archaeologists might at last have an answer: something approaching anabsolute check on the existing calendar based on relative dating andsurmise.Dr. Libby's method of dating, as isby now well known, is founded onthe use of isotopes — principally onthe radioactive isotope of carbon,C14. This isotope is created in theatmosphere by the impacts of cosmicrays. Thus struck, carbon nuclei become radioactive in a very durableway; in 5,600 years only half of theradioactivity is dissipated.Incorporated into plants in theirnormal life processes, these traces ofradioactivity remain alive, whetherthe plant is eaten by, and incorporated into, the bone or shell of ananimal; or whether it grows into atree and provides wood for a caveman's fire. Dr. Libby and his associates, by measuring the radioactivitystill present, have worked out ratherprecise methods of dating ancient objects containing carbon.After the first visit to Jarmo in1948, by Dr. Braidwood and his collaborators, the Libby group on theMidway did some preliminary dating.But the object tested was a shell, andby that time, the indications were12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthat shell is a less dependable carbon-bearing substance than someothers, such as charcoal. So, pendinga second visit to Jarmo, the dategiven by the shell was treated as unreliable.After Dr. Braidwood's return lastspring from the second Jarmo expedition, radiation tests were begunon two specimens, both charcoal.Last summer the answer was forthcoming. Give or take a margin oferror of 350 years, Jarmo's date was4,700 B.C. The two pieces of charcoal and the shell corroborated eachother strikingly, and Jarmo, it appeared, was not 8,000 years old, butonly 6,700, or so.We think now that our society ismoving along a dizzying pace, butthis is so partly because we have notunderstood how fast those first struggling steps were accomplished. TheW HAT CAUSES the NorthernLights? Primitive tribes from theHudson River to Hudson's Bay haveoffered a basketful of legends to explain these flickering signals on thenorthern horizon. For a time, sciencecouldn't compete with legend. Thefacts weren't in. But now, thanks toan optical device which collects lightsome eight thousand times fainterthan the human eye can detect it,and thanks to an atom-smasher inthe University's Institute for NuclearStudies, the final returns are comingin. The myth makers can find another subject.The story, as far as results areconcerned, really begins in the summer of 1950, when a young instructorat Yerkes Observatory pointed a device he had just completed at a spectacular display of Northern Lights.He called the device an auroral spectrograph. It was equipped with afast lens with a speed of / O.8., andit contained a special grating, whichsplit the light into a photographablespectrum.The instructor, now an assistantprofessor and winner of the AmericanOptical Society's Adolph Lomb medal, was Dr. Aden B. Meinel. He wasseeking proof of some connection between sunspots and the pyrotechnicsof the Aurora Borealis. Fifteen hours move from nomadism to the village,from hunting to agriculture was a development whose importance it isscarcely possible to overestimate. Thefood-producing revolution, the Libbydates indicated, probably took place,not in 7,770, but in a period on theorder of 6,500 years.Jarmo was not the only site Dr.Braidwood and his associates excavated in Iraq. At the cave of Pale-gawra the remains they found werethose of stone-working hunters. Atnearby Karim Shahir — which thegroup investigated on behalf of theAmerican Schools of Oriental Research — living was a little more advanced. Here the first tentative stepstoward food production were underexperiment. In a one-layer settlementapparently without architecture andalmost certainly not a village at all,the excavators found crude stonebefore that August evening there hadbeen a great sunspot. Flaming gaseshad erupted outward from the surface of the sun into outer space.Dr. Meinel pointed his auroral spectrograph at the display of NorthernLights and discovered the presenceof hydrogen. But the spectrum linesrepresenting hydrogen were shifted,displaced from their normal wavelengths. This was scientific evidence,not only that hydrogen atoms — orhydrogen nuclei — were entering theearth's upper atmosphere but thatthey were entering at a fast pace. Dr.Meinel' s figures indicated that thesehydrogen nuclei — or protons — wereentering the earth's atmosphere at aspeed of something like seven and ahalf million miles an hour.When these particles bombardedthe air, they produced visible light.They were in fact, the source ofvisible Northern Lights.This of course, was still at the stageof theory. If Dr. Meinel's ideas wereright, it might be possible to checkthem in the laboratory. Many ofthe circumstances postulated as responsible for the Northern Lightscould be duplicated in the laboratory. Using the 600,000-electron-voltkevatron built by Samuel K. Allison(see cover) , Dr. Meinel began bombarding air at low — and hence upper hoes and rough mills, presumably forgrinding grain. This was probablythe stage of the revolution whichnext preceded Jarmo.But what a difference when onecomes to Jarmo! Here, in a dozenlayers, representing continuous occupation for perhaps 300 years, is a fullblown village, its mud buildingsshowing an already-advancing architecture, its ovens showing how far itspeople had come since the centuriesof berry-picking. Jarmo's people hadmade dishes of stone, but commercealso was budding, and they first imported pottery (maybe only from tenmiles away), then imitated it in theirown manufacture — though badly.Men had roamed the earth for halfa million years before Jarmo; afterJarmo and its contemporary villages— sharing the revolution — progresstoward civilization really began.atmospheric pressures — with a protonbeam. Working with Research Associate C. Y. Fan, he shot varyingbeams through air samples. Spec-trographic photographs showed thatthere was little essential difference inthe spectrograph of the man-madeaurora, and that recorded in nature.The spectrographic record of thenatural and the synthetic aurora werealmost absolutely in agreement except for two forbidden lines in theartificial "Allison's Aurora". These,it was known beforehand, could notbe reproduced under laboratory conditions.Next, to determine what kind ofnuclear particles were actually responsible for the northern lights,Dr. Meinel bombarded gases with bothprotons and alpha particles — thelatter are the stripped nuclei of helium atoms. After checking the spectrographic results, he concluded thatnature was operating with hydrogen,plus a smaller amount of helium nuclei, to produce the phenomenon.Incidentally, there is nothinguniquely northern about the NorthernLights. They are found in both thenorth and south polar regions. Theearth's magnetic field traps the bombarding particles and focuses themin these areas.Kevatron s AuroraDECEMBER, 1952 13DR. GEILING'S JAMAICAN TOAD ATE SNAILS FED ON RADIOACTIVE LETTUCE. FLUID ON TOAD'S HEAD MADE COUNTER WORKATOMIC FARMWhere radioactive plants yieldharvest of "hot" tracer drugs1 HE SCIENTISTS who built thefirst atomic pile weren't aware of itat the time, but their researchesmade it possible last fall for a Uni versity of Chicago allergist to harvest — and to treasure — a few specksof ragweed pollen. The minutepinches of pollen grains harvested (a good sneeze could blow them all toKingdom Come) represent new hopefor the millions of Americans whosuffer from hay fever and seasonal14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEasthma. This special pollen containscarbon 14, the long-lived radioisotope of normal carbon, that can betraced with a Geiger counter no matter where it goes in living tissue. Justas important, the carbon 14 can beproduced by an atomic pile almost asreadily as a coal furnace producesclinkers.Thus the tagged pollen will beused by clinicians to find out for thefirst time, exactly where pollen goesin the living body to wreak its misery-making effects. Experiments on specially sensitized animals soon willbegin, under the supervision of Dr.George V. LeRoy, Associate Professor of Medicine, and Associate Deanof the Division of the Biological Sciences.From whales to poison"Hot" ragweed, however, was justanother kind of harvest from theUniversity's "atomic farm", whichwas conceived and executed by Dr.E. M. K. Geiling, Frank P. HixonDistinguished Service Professor andChairman of the Department ofPharmacology. Dr. Geiling's own scientific interests have stretched fromwhale pituitaries to poisons. (Hespent summers aboard whalers, salvaging pharmacologically importantglands on blubbery decks.) DuringWorld War II, he conducted basicinvestigations many of which are stillclassified. Almost as a sideline, hewas the pharamcologist who established the cause of the famed "Elixirof Sulfanilamide" deaths a few yearsago.But the development of the pile,of the first mass-produced source oftagged radioactive atoms, gave Dr.Geiling an idea. One great drawbackin pharmacology has been lack ofknowledge as to exactly what happened to a drug when it entered thehuman body — particularly in thetiny and hard to trace doses of manydrugs in ordinary medical use. Inwhat tissues are the drugs taken up?Are they broken down into intermediate chemical products? At whatrate does the body get rid of them?Radioactive tracers offered a newapproach. There were two ways of usingthese tagged atoms in drugs. Onewas to develop a chemical method forinserting a tagged atom into a drugmolecule. The other, and in manycases the simpler approach, was toincorporate the tagged atom into thedrug itself, if the drug was whatpharmacologists call a botanical —that is, produced by a plant. Themethod for doing this is called "biosynthesis". So Dr. Geiling began thehard task of growing drug plants sothat they would naturally absorb carbon 14 in their growth.In theory it looked simple. Justgrow the plants in a closed atmosphere containing carbon dioxde madeartficially radioactive with taggedcarbon. The plants would absorb thecarbon dioxide from the sealed airsurrounding them, and give off theoxygen — a kind of reverse Englishon human breathing. The taggedcarbon atoms taken in by the plantwould distribute themselves throughout the plant, and enough of themto be worthwhile would collect in thedrug. In practice, this proved difficult.Botanical participationDr. Geiling enjoyed the completecooperation of John M. Beal, Professor and Chairman of the Departmentof Botany, of F. Ellis Kelsey, formerlyAssociate Professor of Pharmacology,and of many skilled and inventivegraduate students. Problems had to belicked. Dosages of radiation had tobe kept low enough so that the plantsweren't killed by radiation before maturing. The moisture inside the enclosure had to be meticulously controlled.The problems were licked, and theatomic farm was on its way. In addition to growing ragweed, such otherdrug plants as foxglove (the plantsource of the vital heart drug digi-toxin), belladonna (source of atropine), tobacco (every smoker hasfelt the effect of nicotine), opiumpoppies (source of morphine, whosepain killing mechanism needed tracing), hellebore, and meadow saffron (source of colchicine, a gout remedyand chemcal kibitzer in the growthinvolved in certain tumors).ContradictionsOnce the drugs were extractedfrom the plant, new methods had tobe developed to detect the minutequantities of the drug in the variousorgans of the body, in excreted substances. This involves chemical extraction, delicate counting, and preliminary checks to make sure the drugsthemselves were being traced.These processes, too, were workedout, first on animals, and in one instance on human beings. In this latercase, digitoxin, the heart stimulant,and one of the most important heartdrugs known was tested. When radioactive digitoxin, obtained from foxglove, was given to patients, new andimportant information turned up.For one thing, digitoxin appeared tobe retained in the body far longerthan previously thought — which gaveimportant clues to clinical decisionsregarding repeated administration ofthe drug. The drug stays in the bodyfrom 40 to 74 days.Tracer studies indicated that themajor route by which digitoxin isexcreted is through the kidneys. Thiswas contrary to findings in earlierexperiments on animals, using unlabeled forms of the drug. Furthermore, the tracer work showed thatdigitoxin is retained in the bloodstream itself for as long as 24 hours,also a new disclosure. Thus taggeddigitoxin has given new clues tophysicians attempting to tailor drugdoses to the specific reactions of individuals.The toadOne sideline of the digitoxin research whch demonstrated the soundness of the approach in a somewhatspectacular fashion was Dr. Geiling'suse of Jamaican toads. These toadssecrete a creamy substance in glandshigh on their necks. This substancehas been used for arrow poison byDECEMBER, 1952 15'HOT" GREENHOUSE AT ARGONNE LAB WITH WATER COOLING SYSTEM 0UTS1D3 WHICH CONDENSES EXCESS MOISTURE INSIDEWest Indian tribesmen. One way ofestablishing the soundness of the bio-synthetic tagging of drugs was a kindof biological chain reaction established by Geiling. Lettuce was grownin the sealed chambers to becomeradioactive. Then those slimy garden pests, the slugs, were allowedto feed on the lettuce. Finally, theslugs were fed to the dinner-platesized toads. It was shown conclusivelythat the radioactivity carried all theway through the original lettuce tothe chemicals obtained from theglands behind the toad's eyes.Actually, the horizons for this research are almost unlimited. Take,for example, the drug colchicine.It's been close to twenty years sincethis extract from meadow saffronwas shown to stop certain kinds of cell division. Applied to tumors, however, the results obtained by usingcolchicine were contradictory. Twoof Dr. Geiling's co-workers, Dr. AvigorBack, who is on leave from the University of Jerusalem, and EdwardWalaszek, figured that biosynthesismight settle some of these problems.So, after obtaining for the first timethe purified form of the drug they began experimenting on animals. Theyfound that from a third to a half ofthe drug was concentrated in thespleen of normal mice. In tumorousmice, none of the colchicine went tothe spleen. Why? Looking for the answer is engaging some of the University's pharmacologists at the present time, and the results may provehighly meaningful.The future involves equally com petent studies of the behavior of otherdrugs — drugs that range over theentire spectrum from marihuana tomorphine. And eventually worth attempting, Dr. Geiling and his associates feel, is the problem of hormones, whose commercial originscome from animals in slaughterhouses. Here, the chain reactionmight start with tagged alfalfa, grownin the radiocarbon chambers. Thiswould be fed to farm animals, fromwhose pituitaries, adrenals, and thyroids, thus could be extracted taggedhormones, lending new dimensionsto essential hormone research. Suchfindings would parallel the ones currently conducted on drugs. The eraof istotope-tagged research tools isonly beginning to dawn.¦ — George Mann16 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETOP OF REACTOR CORE AT ARGONNE NATIONAL LAB. SHOWS TUBE (CENTER) WHICH HOLDS MATERIAL TO BE MADE RADIOACTIVEAn interpretation of somerecent considerations by aneminent nuclear physicist onNuclear Power GenerationliiACH TIME the price of coalor fuel oil goes up a notch, there isa new burst of discussion about thepossibility of using nuclear energy toproduce electric power. Such discussions have thus far always wound up with the admission that the timewas not yet. We are producing asubmarine powered with nuclearenergy because in national defense,use itself can outweigh cost. But inordinary peacetime needs, such as the need for domestic electric power,cost remains a critical factor.Yet we have now reached a pointat which it appears actually necessaryto build nuclear power-generating apparatus. On paper, and through workDECEMBER, 1952 17with research-directed reactors, itseems that such a plant, capable ofproducing power on an economicallyfeasible basis, is no longer an unattainable dream. What we need is anactual operation.There never has been, nor is therenow, any dearth of designs of reactors which technically are feasibleas producers of electric power, Dr.Walter Zinn, Professor of Physics anddirector of the Argonne NationalLaboratory, reported in a recentarticle (see box) . "As the research anddevelopment program progresses, it isfair to say that troublesome technicalproblems are being solved rather morequickly than new ones are being discovered."Thus far two important and basically different types of reactors havebeen studied for possible adaptationto the needs of making electric power.One of these is the regenerative reactor, or converter. The other iscalled a breeder. The regenerativereactor has the advantage of simplicity, and it probably would producepower at an economically justifiablerate. It has the disadvantage ofbeing, in the long run, wasteful ofuranium. It is simple and cheap, inthe short run, to burn off naturalgas at the well-head of an oil well,but eventually this comes to be regarded as an inadmissable waste ofan irreplaceable resource. So it iswith regenerative nuclear power.Method I: RegenerationIn this system, purified naturaluranium is loaded into the reactor,a neutron causes the fission of aU235 nucleus, and the apparatus begins to heat up. On the average,2.5 neutrons are emitted in the fission process. One of these goes tomaintain the chain reaction. Anothermay be captured by the nucleus of anatom of non-fissionable U238. Thiswould, in two steps, turn the U238into plutonium, and the amount offissionable material in the reactorwould remain constant. The otherhalf-neutron would leave a marginfor loss or unproductive absorption.A converter operating in this fashion apparently would not consumeany fissionable material, but would begenerating heat. Basically, it wouldbe using up the non-fissionable U238.It is relatively easy to make a reactorwhich will perform in this way. The first heavy-water reactor ever built,a research machine, is still operatingat Argonne National Laboratory.Though its heat output is low, itclearly established the fact that foreach atom of U235 destroyed, 0.8 ofa plutonium atom was formed.Thus by the time all of the original U235 in a regenerative reactorhas been consumed, 80 per cent asmuch plutonium will have beenformed. Again, by the time this plutonium has been used up, it willThe material in this article isadapted by the editors from anarticle entitled "Basic Problems inCentral-Station Nuclear Power" byDr. Walter H. Zinn, Professor ofPhysics in the University and director of the Argonne NationalLaboratory. The article appeared inNucleonics for September, 1952.Much of the material which is notdirectly quoted has been closelyparaphrased to achieve the brevitynecessary in this issue of the Magazine.have regenerated 80 per cent of itsfissionable capacity. By this processthe original amount of U235 isstretched fivefold, and the prospectis that 3.5 per cent of the uraniumcould be converted into heat energy.Unfortunately there is another factor, and that is that before this proportion of the uranium could beused up, it would probably be necessary to remove the metal and reprocess it chemically to get rid of theradioactive waste products whichwould be created. This reprocessingmeans extra cost. By removing theuranium after only 1 per cent wasconsumed, it would be possible tominimize chemical processing. Thus,if the process were begun with, say, a20-pound unit of uranium, the 1 percent yield would be the energy equivalent of 260 tons of coal. This wouldalso mean, of course, discarding 19.8of the 20 pounds.The 260 tons of coal are equivalentto about 518,000 kilowatt hours ofelectricity. If the 20 pounds of uranium cost $700, the cost of nuclear fuelwould be 1.3 mills per kilowatt hour.Use of a regenerative reactor would,in this way, bring the cost of nuclearfuel below the 3.5 mills which is accepted as the approximate cost ofcoal in a steam-electric plant. (Thisprocess, using natural uranium, mustresemble the production plants inwhich plutonium is made, though in a plutonium plant, the reprocessingwould be carried on to recover thecontaminated plutonium. And, ofcourse, none of the production reactors has been used for producingelectric power.)Method II: BreedingIt is natural to ask, at this point,whether, if a regenerative reactorcould operate economically when replenishing 80 per cent of its ownradioactive substance, it would notbe possible to build a reactor which,by minimizing loss in that last half-neutron, would regenerate at the rateof 100 per cent. Such a reactor isreferred to as a breeder and its construction is more complex, but certainly not impossible.In principle, a breeder would notbe limited to the consumption of amere 3.5 per cent of its uraniumfuel, but could use it all, greatly multiplying its efficiency as a power producer. The hypothetical 20-poundunit of uranium, entirely consumed,would produce heat equal to thatfrom 26,000 tons of coal, or theequivalent of 51,800,000 kilowatthours.This process, further, would makeavailable not only U235 and U238, butalso the third isotope, U233. Thiswould mean a truly significant contribution to the world's energy resources.In the breeder, however, it is notpossible to skip the chemical reprocessing steps, and whether the cost ofthese steps would be prohibitive is atpresent the great question mark. Onesuggested solution to this problem hasbeen the homogenous reactor, inwhich the fuel is utilized in fluidform. This type of reactor, in whichchemical processing would be vastlysimplified, is being explored at theOak Ridge National Laboratory.Meanwhile the prior question ofwhether a reactor can be built whichis efficient enough to conserve a partof that half-neutron, on whose utilization the breeding process depends,has been under study by the University-operated Argonne NationalLaboratory. One year ago the firstmachine designed to give over-allinformation on breeding was put intooperation at the National ReactorTesting Station, in Idaho. The project involved the solution of manydifficult problems of design and engi-18 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEneering, especially regarding thecrucial problem of providing sufficient cooling. But the reactor is,so far as we know, the first ever togenerate electrical power from theenergy of the atomic nucleus.The large capital investment apparently required for a nuclear fuelsteam-electric plant now appears tobe the central difficulty. No amountof paper analysis can substitute foractual experience or remove the economic question mark. It may be thatthe scheme of having private powercompanies erect their own powerplants, then selling plutonium to thegovernment will produce the economic foundation on which a nuclear-fueled electrical power industrycan be based. But the governmentis deeply involved, since it must guarantee a price for plutonium which will protect the companies from financial loss — or else the plants willnot be built.The Atomic Energy Commission isitself the largest single user of electricpower in this country. If AEC wereto undertake to construct and operatepower plants on its own reservations,using public funds, this would placethe government in competition withthe private utility companies, andwe have other examples in whichthis has led to unending debate andvery strong opposing opinions as towhether the power producton is oris not being subsidized at public expense.Reactors built by the AEC on itsown lands would not bring such criticism if the operation clearly was producing urgently needed fissionablematerials, and if power production was limited to what the AEC installation itself could use — itself a largeamount.The alternative to plans of thisgeneral character is to permit a muchlonger time for expensive development and experience. This coursewould incur the risk of seeing central-station electric power developed incountries in which the lack of conventional energy sources makes theneed much greater than it is in theUnited States. Reactor research anddevelopment is making substantialprogress in solving technical problems."Vast quantities of competitivelypriced nuclear power will result," Dr.Zinn concludes. "It may not be muchcheaper power, but this energy sourceshould become available for our expanding needs." — D. M.AT ARGONNE, DIRECTOR WALTER ZINN LINES UP CRYSTAL WHICH SORTS NEUTRONS IN BEAM IN MEASURING BEAM'S ENERGYDECEMBER, 1952 19Perfecting a new instrumentfor better investigationOF TIME AND THE WATERH. D. PILOTS nowadays trackdown hurricanes. Dry-ice, dumpedonto a cloud, makes rain. These andother practices are the scientists' current answer to Mark Twain's crack about people and the weather. Butcompared to chemical research inprogress at the University, these approaches are as effective as whackinga watch to make it go.KAUFMAN, WITH VACUUM LINE, CONVERTS HEAVY WATER INTO DEUTERIUM GAS20 At the University, in Jones Lab, agraduate student is completing anexperiment which may yield vitalclues to the mysteries of weather andclimate. He is perfecting a modern"water clock" out of that rare butfacinating isotope of hydrogen knownas tritium.Working under the direction ofDr. Willard Libby, Professor of Chemistry, 23-year-old Sheldon Kaufmanis telling the age of water. Not onlythat, he is working with water whoseage is already known, and in theprocess he makes almost all of it disappear.Kaufman, however, is wastingneither his time nor the water. Heis working with natural tritium, thesuperheavy radioactive form of hydrogen. (Hydrogen, or H1, has one proton as its nucleus; deuterium, fromwhich heavy water is made, has anextra neutron; and tritium, H3, hastwo extra neutrons.)Discovered two years ago by Dr.Libby, natural tritium results whannitrogen is bombarded by cosmic raysin the upper atmosphere. But it is arare commodity: for every billion billion atoms of hydrogen there is oneatom of tritium. Until Kaufman began electrolyzing water, tritium wasknown to exist only as a result of exposing water to the inside of anTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEHow Does A Virus Reproduce?How does a virus reproduce?This is no problem for Dr. Kin-sey, but one for a biochemist,for viruses are the simplestchemical structures with someof the characteristics of livingthings. More directly important, viruses cause a host ofhuman and animal diseases.Most widely publicized is polio.Most prevalent is the commoncold. To unveil the mystery ofvirus reproduction is to invitemethods for inhibiting this reproduction, for eliminatingthese diseases. Complete understanding would lead to newknowledge about growth itself,and hence about the medicalproblems connected withgrowth. Not the least of theseis cancer.A group of scientists, underthe direction of Earl A. Evans,Chairman of the Departmentof Biochemistry and includingDoctors Lloyd Kozloff, FrankPurnam and Ray Koppelman,is investigating this mysterythrough the use of isotopes,some made radioactive in theatomic pile, others merely differing in weight from theirchemically identical twins. Theviruses studied are tiny, tadpole shaped particles that reproduce through attacking a common kind of bacteria foundin sewage. A hundred thousandth of an inch long, theseviruses reproduce inside thebodies of these bacteria. Whena virus enters, it remains outwardly quiescent for an incubation period of 25 minutes. Thenthe bacterium bursts, and twoto three hundred new virusesemerge.The investigators are lookingfor the chemical compoundswhich enter the bodies of thenew viruses. Using taggedatoms, they are trying to findout what happened to the original "parent" virus during thiscrucial almost-half-an-hour period.The simplest way is to feedthe bacteria on tagged atoms.Constituents of the bacteria,thus marked with radiocarbon,later appear incorporated intothe structure of the viruses.Studies with the possibly lessglamorous heavy isotope of nitrogen (which is non-radioactive) have traced the patternof proteins and have even demonstrated the reproduction ofdead viruses. Even though deadby every known test, these viruses can nevertheless somehowcontribute to reproducing theirkind.atomic reactor. (See picture page 11 .)The reactor — formerly called theatomic pile — can produce much moretritium in a few seconds than Dr.Libby and his assistant can isolate inmore than a month. Kaufman takes 30gallons of water and runs an electriccurrent through it. (This, in aword, is a generalization. Like mostother graduate students, particularlyin his field, Sheldon Kaufman mustunderstand and be able to execute anumber of highly intricate procedures.) After 45 days he ends up withone-half of one cubic centimeter ofwater containing 10,000 times thetritium in the original 30 gallons.The reason Dr. Libby and Kaufman are getting their tritium the hardway is that they want to prove thata specimen of water, known to be acertain age, will have a correspondingamount of tritium radiation. Tritium'srate of radioactive decay is known —half is "lost" every 12 J/2 years. Sowater 12 J/s> years old, for example,should register half as much radiationas "newborn" water, such as freshrain. If it does, then a time-radiationscale can be calculated and the ageof any water can be found.Kaufman has run the present testsix times, indicating the theory to betrue. Now Dr. Libby is able to calculate the time that certain waterhas been on and in the earth by measuring the radioactivity of selectedsamples.To test the theory, Dr. Libby neededwater whose age could be verified.Closed-off hot-water heating systemsand emergency water tanks would do,providing their owners knew whenthey had been filled with fresh water.One of the first samples they received came from Professor Harold C.Urey, of "heavy- water" fame. Dr.Urey had saved 30 gallons of NewYork tap-water from his 1944 experiments at Columbia. When hecame to the Midway, he brought thehistoric tankful along, and when thetritium work began, he gave it toKaufman.Since the University did not haveenough at hand, Dr. Libby ran anadvertisement in the Chicago papers.Then came the deluge.Wire-services all over the worldpicked up the story of the "prof" whoneeded "middle-aged" water. Hundreds of letters arrived. Besides the United States, offerspoured in from India, South Africa,Germany, France, and England (onefrom the "Inspectorate of AncientMonuments and Historical Buildings.") In answer to one offer, Kaufman drove a two-ton truck over 100miles and back. Since he needed 30gallons of each specimen, Dr. Libbygraciously declined such offers as "oneounce of the Sea of Galilee" and a"1933 bottle of beer."But he got the water. And he hasenough reserve offers from the individuals who answered his ad — one ofwhom addressed him as "Dear Scientist" — to complete any future test.To meteorologists and ciimatolo-. gists, as well as specialists such as oceanographers, the possibility ofdating water is immensely encouraging. With this knowledge they can"clock" certain bodies of H20. Theycan tell, with greater accuracy, wherewater comes from and where it goes.Enthusiastic response came evenbefore the tests were begun. Perhapsthe best statement of support came,not from a resident of the "ivorytower," but from a civil servant. Thechief of a state water survey division,after suggesting valuable ideas aboutsupplies of dated water, closed hisletter thus: "Obviously a tritium timescale would be very useful in solvingsome of the problems of ground-water movement, and we are very happyto assist in a small way in your veryimportant researches."DECEMBER, 1952 21ENRICO FERMI AT WORK AROUND 1945.ALLISONcontinued from page 8mission of its own. The structuremost similar to our own Atomic Energy Commission is the Atomic Energy Research Establishment in England which has its research laboratory at Harwell, near Oxford, and aproduction plant for plutonium at an undisclosed location. Chain reactorsfor experimental purposes have beenerected in Canada, France, and Norway, and soon one will be in operation in Sweden. These small reactorswill be devoted to the purposes ofresearch in the physical and medicalsciences.The size of the effort that theUnited States is putting forth to develop and lead the field of atomicenergy has not been grasped by thepublic.Institute at ChicagoAccording to the Eleventh Semiannual Report of the Atomic EnergyCommission, at present 3 per cent ofthe nation's total building expenditure goes to the erection of atomicenergy facilities, and 2 per cent ofthe nation's entire construction forceis employed in this one field.The cost of the Savannah Riverand Paducah plants of the AtomicEnergy Commission is practicallyequal to the total plant and equipment investment of the General Motors Corporation. A great industry isrising behind the screens of security.At the end of the war, the majority of the scientific leaders of thewartime atomic energy program returned to the universities from whichthey had come. They returned because they felt that university life,with its possibility of training studentsand its freedom from dictation as to the research to be performed, wasthe ideal environment for basic studies which would be useful in the nottoo immediate future.The founding of the Institute forNuclear Studies at the University ofChicago showed that our Universityunderstood the trend of the timesand that it would not confine theactivities of basic research to themeager laboratories and still moreinadequate funds available before thewar.As a direct outcome of the memorable demonstration of December2, 1942, we see today a dedicatedgroup in the Institute for NuclearStudies exploring and discoveringdaily new radioactive properties ofnuclei and of the even more fundamental particles of which nuclei appear to be composed.[The above article by Dr.Allison was written for this special issue.Dr. Allison, who received hisBachelor of Science from theUniversity in 1921, and Ph.D.in Chemistry in 1923, was coordinator of research at LosAlamos after the self-sustainingpile had been perfected at theUniversity.His daughter, Catherine, entered the college last year. —Editors.]22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAndLast But. . .not least iswork of the many others on campuswhich could not receive notice here.Limited space did not permit us toretell the work of Dr. Harold C. Urey(below). He, as we reported in ourOctober, '51 issue, has been workingwith fossils and questions of earth history.Nor could we print a resume ofthe work of Dr. Robert D. Tschirgi(above, with collaborators Roy Johnleft — and Stanley Molner — right) . Hedeveloped the' Soracram, which maintains the level of radioactive materialsin the blood stream of experimentalanimals. With this apparatus, tracingradioisotopes became much more ac curate. (See MAGAZINE, February,'52.)These are only two more of the many projects going on at the Universitywhich are using atomic energy forpeaceful ends.DECEMBER, 1952 23CLASS f NEWSif'*!Jmmm1890Andros Carson, Rush MD, is still practicing medicine in Des Moines, Iowa.1893Madeleine Wallin (Mrs. Leo Sikes) at theage of 84, maintains an active interest incommunity affairs. She helped out in thetelephone campaign of the Cerebral PalsyAssociation in San Antonio, Texas. Shewrites that she is still lame from a fall shehad in 1950 but that she gets around quitecomfortably with a cane. Mrs. Sikes has atwo-y ear-old great grandchild.1900Mary B. Harris, PhD, is a trustee of Bucknell University and a vice-president ofUnion County Cancer Society.1903Roy W. Merrifield, DB '06, writes thathe is "still enjoying life at 71." He hasfour children and eight grandchildren. Mr.Merrifield is a resident of Ellsworth, Minn.1904Fred Tonney, formerly head of the laboratory division of the Chicago Board ofHealth, has returned to Chicago after serving as health officer in Texas. He hasalso served in this capacity in Michigan,Ohio and southern Illinois.1905Clara H. Taylor retired four years agoafter 43 years of high school teaching inIllinois, 39 of them in Englewood HighSchool. "For me it has been one of life'scompensations to have been a member ofthat faculty. Now I am making my homewith my sister, Mrs. Emily Larson, formerlyof the cataloging department of the Chicago Public Library and Miss Mary EllenDavidson of Camden, N. J., who is the sisterof the late Margaret Davidson Huston, Classof '03."1906Frederick R. Baird, JD '08, retired as general counsel of Armour & Co., on November1. Mr. Baird had been with Armours for 37years, during six years of which he residedin London, England. Mr. Baird is a residentof Lake Forest, 111.1907Carey H. Brown is manager of engineering and manufacturing services, Kodak Park Works, Eastman Kodak Co., Rochester, N. Y.The Browns reside at Rebel Hill Farm,Scottsville, N. Y.Bessie Carroll Dean writes from Miami,Fla., that she is "still in the harness"— aslibrarian in one of the junior high schools.Susan M. Lough, PhM '09, PhD '19, Professor Emeritus of History of the University of Richmond, has been a lecturer inhistory at Richmond Professional Institutefor the past two years.Education unlimitedFrom Marie Ortmayer, comes thisobservation about her carrer at theUniversity:"When one is a PhB of 1906, anMD of 1917, and registered for anadult education class in foreignaffairs in 1952, one just about losesany class identification! Still oncampus."1908Clyde M. Bauer retired last June aftermore than 25 years of service with theU. S. Geological Survey and the NationalPark Service. He has also had six years ofteaching experience and 14 years as an oiland gas geologist in the west. He will keephis home in Arlington, Va., but will winterin Florida.Josephine Lesem retired from teaching inthe Chicago public schools in 1942 and hasbeen living since then in Sarasota, Fla.1910Beulah Armacost (Mrs. Lawrence Hess)maintains an active interest in civic affairs.She is on the Baltimore and the state boardof the League of Women Voters as well asa council member of the National CivilService League. She serves as chairman ofthe social education and action committeeof the Second Presbyterian Church of Baltimore, and in addition, is on the advisoryboard of the Baltimore area rent control,"so," she adds, "I keep out of mischief."Lillian Gubelman, AM '23, who retiredin 1946, has been spending her winters inSanta Cruz, Calif., and her summers inValley City, N. D. "I am enjoying my retirement as I am busy with very interestingthings."1911Wilfred G. Binneweis, AM, writes fromBrookings, S. D., "Having been retired from Lowry Air Force Base in Denver, my mainactivities are fishing, golf, gardening and aGreat Books group."1912Leonard Loeb, PhD '16, is a Professor ofPhysics at the University of California. Heis a specialist in gaseous electronics. He hasfour daughters, two of college age, and twoelementary school youngsters.A. Boyd Pixley writes from La Jolla,Calif., that he is still "dabbling" in musicas a hobby. "Last spring the San DiegoPhilharmonic Orchestra played my concertoverture, which was well received, and Iwas guest conductor with the San DiegoCollege Symphony Band when they playedone of my military marches, 'The MountedBand.' "1913Chester S. Bell, JD '15, sends family newsfrom Neenah, Wise: "My daughter, HelenBell, who studied at the University around1945, has returned to government serviceand has spent nearly two years in Bonn,Germany, as a State Department employeein the U. S. HICOG office there. Her sister,Betty, is doing canteen work at Aschaffen-burg, Germany, as a civilian in the specialservices section of the Army. My son, Chet,Jr., was awarded his AB from Princetonin June."George O. Curme, PhD, an industrial research chemist with Union Carbide andCarbon Corp., has been initiated into honorary membership in Phi Lambda Upsilon,national honorary chemical society.William A. Schneider, of Kankakee, 111.,writes, "Jiuji (George) Kasai sends his sincere greetings to his classmates via my son,Lt. James Schneider, radar officer on theUSS Essex, who recently was warmly welcomed by George in Tokyo where he is president of Kokusai Shuppan Insatsusha (International Publishing and Printing Co.)."1914Edith D. Gwinn, of Wynnewood, Pa., isspecial assistant to the director of the division of pupil personnel and counseling inthe Philadelphia public schools. She is incharge of the employment certificating service which involves issuing over 30,000 employment certificates a year for the protection of the education, health and safety ofworking boys and girls under 18 years ofage.Patty Newbold Hoefner sends news fromHempstead, N. Y., that their third daughterwas married last June 21, and is living inHempstead, "which is a break for us,"Patty reports, "since the other girls live inOlean and Rome, N. Y. I enjoy readingnews of the alumni I know and hope anyclassmates passing by this way will look usup."1915Katharine J. Densford, AM, serves as second vice-president of the InternationalCouncil of Nurses.Margaret Fenton (Mrs. Paul Headlund)spent a few months in Pasadena and contacted several University alumnae: IrisSpohn Albert, '16 Helen Street Perlee, 14,and Dorothy Higgs Hoover, '14. "Iris hasmade a name for herself in the field ofhome economics in Los Angeles as teacher,writer, lecturer and supervisor. HelenPerlee has a fine position with the Y.M.C.A.and has recently become a grandmotherfor the third time. Wherever I go I meet24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAll Eyes, Ears, Nose &ThroatHedwig Stieglits Kuhn, '17, MD'20, sends in news of her well-doctored family. Her husband is adoctor, and their two sons aredoctors, graduates of the medicalschool of the University of Cincinnati."So, now we are a family of fourdoctors," Mrs. Kuhn writes, "andare hoping to continue as such inour Eye, Ear, Nose and ThroatClinic which we have been operatingin the heart of the Hammond, Ind.,industrial area since 1923. Arthuris at present in the Navy, in chargeof the ear, nose and throat work atthe Naval Base in Portsmouth, N. H.,and Robert is interning at Presbyterian Hospital and will then takehis basic course in ophthalmology(we hope! we hope!). Both sons willjoin us. here when their specialtraining is over. We have threegrandchildren, all girls, and are stilllooking for a boy."My husband is the president ofthe Association of Nose and ThroatAllergists and is assuming leadership in the field of traumatic deafness, one of the great problems inindustry."My own interest in industrial eyeproblems developed into a book,EYES AND INDUSTRY, publishedby C. V. Mosby Co., and it hasbrought me steady consultationassignments with the Armed Forces."University of Chicago people and they arealways interested in news of the campus."George A. Gray, MD '17, reports that heis still practicing internal medicine andallergy "as usual" and raising cattle, cottonand alfalfa on the side, out in San Jose,Calif. His latest report mentioned six and"one-half" grandchildren.1916William D. Baskett, PhD, is now ProfessorEmeritus of Foreign Languages of CentralCollege, Mo., as of August, 1952.The Jay Garner family had interestingtravel plans for this past summer. Mrs.Garner, Katherine Rogers, T9, SM '20, tookher two daughters, Maryella, 23, and Joy,17, with her to Europe and to the WorldCLASSIFIED(30c per line)RETIRING to sunny Florida? For a home ofdistinction in a beautiful city of lakes nearRollins College, settle in Orlando or WinterPark. See or write a U. of C alumna, EdnaM. Feltges, with McNutt-Heasley, Realtors, 15W. Washington St., Orlando, Florida.SARGENT'S DRUG STOREAn Ethical Drug Store for 1 00 YearsChicago's most completeprescription stock23 N. Wabash Avenue670 N. Michigan AvenueChicagoWHOLESALE RETAIL Conference of Friends at Oxford, England.Meanwhile, Jay, MD '21, and his son, Ted,13, planned to cruise from Chicago to theirsummer home in Ontario in a 28-foot steel-craft.Hannah E. Pease retired last June after32 years as a home economist in the Putnam, Conn., High School.1917Lillian Barbour, AM '28, in addition toher administrative duties at Roosevelt College in Chicago, has been teaching an English course to foreign-born students. "Itis the most thrilling teaching experienceI have ever had," she writes. "I also adviseforeign students."Ralph Doner has a responsible positionwith the Arsenal at Huntsville, Ala.John W. Eliott, AM, is pastor of the Central Baptist Church in Westerly, R. I.,where John and his congregation have beenactive in raising $350,000 for a new churchbuilding.1918William S. Hedges was presented with aplaque last spring at the 30th Annual convention of the National Association ofRadio k Television Broadcasters in honorof his continuous affiliation with the broadcasting industry since the Association wasfounded. As the representative of the Chicago Daily News radio station, WMAQ, Mr.Hedges participated in the founding of thebroadcasters' Association. In 1931 Mr.Hedges joined the NBC network and is nowvice-president, with headquarters in NewYork City.Rosa G. Maddock writes that since herretirement from the principalship of theHarvard School in Chicago in 1942, she hasbeen teaching in the Cook County publicschools.Mattie Montgomery is a retired schoolteacher living in Sedalia, Mo. "I enjoybeing an active member in our A.A.U.W.and Sorosis and many other activities inour little town."Simha Rubinstein's daughter, Navah, received her AB degree from the Universitylast June.1919Simon H. Herzfeld, SM '22, PhD '49, recently became a consultant for the Office ofScientific Research of the Air Research andLA TOURAINECoffee and TeaLa Touraine Coffee Co.209 Milwaukee Ave., ChicagoOther PlantsBoston — New York — Philadelphia —Syracuse — Cleveland — Detroit"You Might As Well Have The Best"RESULTS. . .depend on getting the details RIGHTPRINTINGImprinting-Processed Letters - TypewritingAddressing - Adressographing - FoldingMailing - Copy Preparation - MultilithA Complete Service for Direct AdvertisersChicago Addressing Company722 So. Dearborn - Chicago 5 - WA 2-4561 Local and Long Distance MovingStorage Facilities for Books,Record Cabinets, Trunks, orCarloads of FurniturePeterson FireproofWarehouse Inc.1011 EAST 55th STREETBUTTERFIELD 8-6711DAVID L. SUTTON, PresidentWasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phone: BUtterfield 8-2116-7-8-9Wasson's Coal Makes Good — or —Wasson DoesBLACKSTONEHALLAnExclusive Women's Hotelin th«University of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to University and Business Woman etModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748Blackstone Av» TelephonePLaza 2-3313Verne P. Werner, DirectorAuto LiveryQuiet, vnoblrutiv serviceWhen you want it, as you want itCALL AN EMERY FIRS!Emery Drexel Livery, Inc.5516 Harper AvenueFAirfax 4-6400DECEMBER, 1952 25CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency70th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One Fee64 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoMinneapolis — Kansas City, Mo.Spokane — New YorkAMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGOA Bureau of Placement which limits its workto the university and college field. It isaffiliated with the Fisk Teachers Agency ofChicago, whose work covers all the educational fields. Both organizations assist inthe appointment of administrators as wellas of teachers.Our service is nation-wide.HYLAND A. NOLANPLASTERING. BRICK•ndCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone DOrchester 3-1579RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneMOnroe e-3192YOUR FA VORITEFOUNTAIN TREATTASTESBETTERWHEN IT'S...A product of [ Swift & Company7409 So. State StreetPhone RAdcliff 3-7400 Development Command in Baltimore, Md.He is on leave of absence from his positionas Chairman of the Department of Mathematics at Washington University.1920Harry G. Comerford is chief of vocationalrehabilitation and education for the U. S.Veterans' Administration in Honolulu.Frederick A. Cowper, PhD, retired lastspring after 34 years of teaching in the Department of Romance Languages at DukeUniversity. He spent two months in Franceduring the summer, doing research in thearchives and libraries. He expects to spenda good deal of his time now in writing.Forrest A. Kinsbury, PhD, since his retirement from the faculty of the Universityof Chicago, has been living in Redlands,Calif., and serving as Visiting Professor ofPsychology at the University of Redlands.Miriam Russel has been teaching sight-saving and Braille for 21 years in the Illinois School for the Blind at Jacksonville, 111.Chester Schrader writes, "I proudly weara 30-year button with Western Union." Heis a traveling auditor. His son, John, is ahigh school freshman this year.Cora Steinebach Bradley sends word thather son, Carl, was graduated from YaleUniversity last June. He won second prizeof the six Thatcher Memorial debate prizesin the senior debating competition.H. C. Witherington, AM '25, PhD '31, isregistrar and Professor of Education inBelmont College, Nashville, Tenn. The second edition of his book, EDUCATIONALPSYCHOLOGY, first published in 1946, wasout last spring.1921Enola B. Hamilton, AM '36, was awardedthe degree of doctor of pedagogy from theUniversity of Toronto last June.Marjorie Logan retired in June as director of the Art Department at MilwaukeeDowner College. She is making her homenow in Springfield, 111.Alfred W. Simon, PhD '25, has joinedthe graduate school faculty of AlabamaPolytechnic Institute.1922Ward, PhD '24, and Opal, '24, PhD '25,Davis are still residents of Pasadena, Calif.,where Ward is with the U.S.D.A. Fruit andVegetable Laboratory. News of their grownup family includes word that their daughter, Florence, completed her work for herMD at U.S.C. Medical School last June,followed by a June wedding to Orval Miller,and then an interneship at Riverside Hospital. One of their sons received his secondary teaching credentials at Whittier College last June, and their other son is ajunior at Cal Tech.William Dock, MD, is still Professor ofMedicine at the State University of NewYork Medical Center in New York City.Mattie Dykes, AM, devoted full time thispast summer to writing a history of Northwest Missouri State College, in anticipationof the 50th anniversary of the College,which will be celebrated in 1955. MissDykes is a member of the English facultyof the College. She continues this year aspresident of the National Federation ofPress Women.L. Dell Henry, MD '36, teaches in themedical school of the University of Michigan and has a private practice in AnnArbor. Gardening and farming are two ofhis spare-time interests. He has recently served as president of the Michigan AllergySociety and as second vice-president of theAmerican College of Allergists.1923Lela B. Carr, AM '40, is assistant superintendent, division of child welfare of theIllinois department of public welfare.Margaret Eulass Macklin is still a residentof San Francisco. "My older son, a firstlieutenant in the Army, is expected backin the States after three years in Germanyand my younger son, a second lieutenant,appears to be slated for duty in Korea."James R. Jackson, AM '24, PhD '27, liasbeen connected with the United States AirF'orces Institute of Technology since 1948.He is head of the department of industrialadministration.1924Marcella Roach Nell, AM, is a psychologist in the division of child study of theChicago Public Schools, which post she hasheld since 1937. The Nells have a 17-year-old son, Edward, Jr.1925Herbert A. Ball and his wife, GlennaMode, '24, reside near East Alton, 111., whereMr. Ball is quality control superintendentof the Metals Division of Olin Industries.They have three children: Jackye Jean, whowas graduated from Blackburn College lastspring; Donald, who was graduated recentlyfrom high school; and Beverly, 10.Charles O. Harris, MD '29, has beenpracticing medicine for 24 years in Men-dota, 111., with some banking and farming"thrown in." He was in Chicago last Julyas a delegate to the National RepublicanConvention.Harold McLean, JD '26, is the new general counsel of the New York CentralRailroad. He will be in charge of therailroad's law, land and tax, and claim andmedical departments. He and Mrs. McLean(Sarah Newton, '25) live in Dobbs Ferry,N. Y., with their three sons.HAROLD McLEANTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINECivic leaderThe TOWN CRIER of NewBrunswick, N. J., has been singingout the praises of one of the town'sleading citizens, Mary Wetsman Uhr,who was a law school graduate atthe University back in 1918.The profile tells of Mary's continuing love for music and traveling, and her life-long dedication toworthy causes. The article describes,in part, the sumptuous living roomin the New Brunswick home of Maryand her doctor husband, JacquesUhr. It tells, also, of their son,Jonathan, who was graduated lastspring from New York UniversityMedical School.When Mrs. Uhr went to NewBrunswick 18 years ago, she foundedJunior Hadassah, and is now honorary president of senior Hadassah.She is on the boards of the Community center, the Jewish Federation, honorary chairman oj/ the women's division of UJA, arid treasurerof the Civic Symphony that shehelped found. She served for threeyears as chairman of the U. of C.Alumni Foundation.1926Norman Arterburn, JD, a prominent Vin-cennes, Ind., lawyer, served as governor ofthe board of directors of the Good Samaritan Hospital of Vincennes, Indiana, duringtheir recent building program to add anew wing.1927Ruth DeWitt is still practicing law inDallas, Texas, and this year is leading aGreat Books group.Vera Lighthall, AM, an Associate Professor of English, Northern State TeachersCollege in Aberdeen, S. D., plans to retirefrom teaching in January, and will makeher home in Fort Dodge, Iowa.Y. P. Mei, PhD, is this year the TallmanVisiting Professor of Chinese Civilizationand Philosophy at Bowdoin College.1928Pliny del Valle writes that he is "stillhard at it," working for the Continental OilCo., in Houston, Texas.Oscar K. Dizmang, AM, is now businessanalyst at the Shohane district office of theOffice of Price Stabilization.1929Archie Blake, SM '31, PhD '37, sendsnews from Buffalo, N. Y., that a daughter,Beverly Jean, was born March 25, 1952.Samuel B. Braden has recently resignedas director of the Axtell Christian Hospitalin Newton, Kan.John Chole, of Shorewood, Wis., reportsthat there are four children in the Cholefamily now. Frederick was born December24, 1951, making the score even with twoboys and two girls, ages 11, 7, 4, and 1.Grace E. Wertenberger, SM '32, PhD '39,^ Associate Professor of Physiology in theUniversity of Indiana Medical School. 1930Ruth Campbell, AM, is now the executive director of the Y.W.C.A. in WilkesBarre, Pa.Leo C. Rosten, PhD '37, author— aliasLeonard Q. Ross— is as busy as ever thesedays, writing, lecturing, traveling. He is aspecial editorial advisor for LOOK Magazine, a faculty associate at Columbia University and author of the recent screenplay,"Walk East on Beacon." He and his wife,Priscilla Mead, '32, have three childrenand their home is in Springdale, Conn.H. Lloyd Stow, PhD '36, has been appointed head of the classics department atVanderbilt University. For the past 10years he had been chairman of the University of Oklahoma's Department of ClassicalLanguages and Literature.1931C. Clifton Aird, SM, is Associate Professorof Geography at Michigan Tech in Houghton, Mich. He has maintained a busyspeaking schedule since his return from aSouth American trip in the fall of 1950.Florence Barber Caird, AM '38, is principal of the J. A. Sexton school in Chicago.Ivan E. Ericson has been appointed manager of the Swift & Co., plant in Scottsbluff,Neb. Ivan joined Swift's in 1931 and hasbeen kept on the move ever since with aseries of transfers to various Swift plantsin the Midwest.Harry Palmer Gordon keeps busy handling the sale of homes in Pasadena, notfar from the Rose Bowl. "If any of youChicagoans want to settle here, hurry outand you'll be close enough to cheer ourBig Ten on to continued victory in theannual football classic."John McCurry, of Toledo, Ohio, hastaken over the duties of secretary and general manager of the Michigan Manufacturers' Association. He was previouslyexecutive vice-president of the Northwestern Ohio Industrial Council.Louise Meebold, AM, dropped a note tothe Alumni Office while she was en routeto the Marshall Islands to serve as a missionary after many years of service in China.Eloise Webster Baker, SM '32, a teacherand administrative aid at Wendell PhillipsHigh School in Chicago, is on sabbaticalleave this year, and is spending time andeffort on campus as part of required conditions for same.1932Evelyn Crady Adams received honorablemention for a published study she enteredin the national contest sponsored by theNational League of American Pen Women.^ G. Waldo Crippen, AM, is the ministerof the Congregational Church of Milford,Kansas.Robert Klove, SM '37, PhD '42, and hiswife, : Patricia, have a baby daughter,Kathryn Patricia, born last July 15.Harry C. Shernoff in addition to his lawpractice in Crivitz, Wis., has opened hisown store, Harry's Crivitz Store, specializingin tourist needs. His daughter, Roberta,graduated from the Crivitz High Schoolsecond highest in her class last spring andis now attending the University of Wisconsin.1933Violette L. Burstatte is teaching thirdand fourth grades in the Melrose Park (111.)schools as well as running the school li- Phones OAkland 4-0690—4-0691—4-0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueT. A. REHNQUIST CO.voyEST. 192?CONCRETEFLOORS — SIDEWALKSMACHINE FOUNDATIONSINDUSTRIAL FLOORINGEMERGENCY REPAIR WORKCONCRETE BREAKINGWATERPROOFINGINSIDE WALLS6639 S. Vernon AvenueNOrmal 7-0433FOR A BETTER UJ(Picture living in a citywarmed by the sun in winter, cooled byAtlantic ocean breezes in summer...Gracious tropical homes and apartments in arestful community of congenial surroundingsand year 'round vacation pleasures.RI DClean and uncongested with its own shopping center, churches, schools, recreationalfacilities . . . There are few places in theUnited States where so many visitors become permanent residents.Only minutes by bus or carto the heart of Miami ... v© CHAMBER OF COMMERCE• 282 Aragon Avenue, Coral Gables, Fla• SEND FREE COLOR BROCHURE• Name __ o6 Address.°City -State .DECEMBER, 1952POND LETTER SERVICE IEverything in Letters 1Heeves Typewriting Mimeographing 1Multigraphing Addressing IAddressograph Service Mailing 1Highest Qualify Service Minimum PricesAll Phones: 219 W. Chicago AvenueMl 2-8883 Chicago SO, IllinoisPHOTOPRESS, INC.OFFSET-LITHOGRAPHYFine Color Work A SpecialtyQuality Booh Reproduction131 Plymouth CofcsrtWAbash 2-8182Platers- SilversmithsSince 1917GOLD, SILVER, RHODIUMSILVERWARERvpalrmd, &®§s8hh®dt R^lacquai&dSWARTZ & COMPANY10 S. Wabash Av«. CEntral 6-6089-90 ChicagoA. T. STEWART LUMBER CO.Qualify and ServiceSince USB79fh Street af Greenwood Ave*ASS Phones VSncennes 6-9000LEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKETS327 East 57th StreetPhones: HYde Park 3-9I00-S-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVER2801 W8 47TH ST.. CHICAGO, brary. She has served as publicity chairmanfor her school and P.T.A. and is chairmanof the supervisory committee for the ProvisoTownship Teachers' Credit Union. Heroutside interests include concerts, lecturesof the Geographic Society, as well as hobbies of crafts, seed and picture collections.Helen Cook Newman is the physician atI the U. of C. Laboratory School. She is| active in the Citizens' Schools Committee| as well as in other civic and professionalj groups. Her husband, Wilson Newman, '37,is supervising psychologist at the statepenitentiary in Joliet, 111.1934Clarence Cade has returned after fiveyears in Montreal, Quebec, to become administrative officer of the U. S. Public| Health Services, Environmental Health Center, at Cincinnati.Elizabeth J. Dames sends in news that sheand her husband, J. Frank Thomas, '33,are "very happy in a smaller city, namely,Jackson, Mich. My husband is assistantcontroller of the local Allied department| store, and I am teaching a class of mentallyhandicapped children. Our daughter, Virginia, has completed, 'brilliantly,' of course,the first grade."! Byron Getzoff, JD '35, maintains twolaw offices in Chicago, and in addition, a15-acre farm near Glenn, Mich., where thewhole family helps to raise prize blueberries. James, 9, and William, 5, are theGetzoff youngsters who are being groomedfor future U. of C. matriculation. Byronsays that the real blueberry expert of thefamily is wife Mabel Chapman, '35.Milton Goldman, MD, his wife and theirI two daughters, Marion and Gretchen, havemoved into their new home in the hills,3970 Archdale Rd., Encino. Calif.Martha Henderson (Mrs. Malvern Gross)has a son at Lehigh University on theclean's honor list. She is devoting a gooddeal of her time to "Gray Ladies," as aI Red Cross volunteer. She is the vice-chair-I man of Red Cross volunteers in SchenectadyCounty, N. Y.Helen L. Morgan, AM 536, left in Augustfor a three-year term as teacher in a girls'school in Turkey for the American Boardof Commissioners for Foreign Missions(Congregational). She has a leave of absence from Macalester College, where shewill return to teach Spanish after heroverseas' a ss ign m en t .S935Miriam G. Buck, PhD, has been withthe duPont Co., Explosives Dept., AtomicEnergy Division, since last December. "I'min the technical information service andfind the work very interesting."Clyde O. Eddy is associated with the firmof Ragnar Benson, Inc., general contractors,in charge of field office operations.Katherine Maclntyre is director of tenschool cafeterias in Hammond, Ind. "I likemy work, but there certainly is a lot of it."1936John J. Ballenger is practicing ear, noseand throat medicine in Wilmette, 111., andreports that he is devoting his spare timeto the practice of amateur painting.Omego V. Lutes is a third grade teacherin the Louisville, Ky., public schools. Shehas recently been elected president of thedepartment.Elaine Ogden McNeil, AM '38, is serving her second year as president of the CedarRapids League of Women Voters.1937Charles F. Axelson, Jr., MBA '37, hasbeen appointed controller of United StatesGypsum Co., with offices in Chicago.Wendell Metzner, PhD, has been withthe Monsanto Chemical Co. since his graduation in '37, and is now associate directorof research of organic chemicals divisionat Charleston, W. Va.1938Herbert G. Lahr, AM, has been servingas business manager for School City of EastChicago, Ind.Lyle M. Spencer has been elected to theboard of directors of the American Textbook Publishers Institute. He is presidentof Science Research Associates.!939Helen Cabaniss, PhD, reports that in the1952 commencement of Southwestern University at Memphis, she was made analumna member of the new Southwesternchapter of Phi Beta Kappa.J. Wesley Guilders, PhD, is chairman ofthe Department of Modern Foreign Languages at the New York State College forTeachers at Albany. He is president ofthe Association of New York State TeachersCollege Faculties— an association which includes 11 teachers colleges in New Yorkstate. He was a delegate to the ThirdNational Conference of UNESCO, representing the American Association of Teachersof Spanish and Portuguese.Frances Clyde, AM '51, is Assistant Professor in the College of Nursing, WayneUniversity. She is also director of thenursing service administration program.Robert Saalbach, AM, accepted a position this fall as Assistant Professor of English and Social Science at the South DakotaSchool of Mines and Technology in RapidCity, S. D.1940Bernice L. Anderson, SM, is head administrative dietitian at the new Veterans Administration Hospital at the Medical Centerin Indianapolis. 'This is a 496-bed hospitalwhich serves as a training center for students of Indiana University School ofMedicine."N. Harry Camp, AM '41, has been pro-"LOOK applauds . . ."The October 21 issue of LOOKMagazine applauded Anthony Olis,'19, JD '21, for the energetic wayhe has gone about his job as trusteeof the Sanitary District in Chicago."Believing that 'the best politicsis good government,' he has ignoredthe local political machine andbrought efficiency and honesty toChicago's formerly scandal-riddenSanitary District. Olis, a dynamicnative Chicagoan, is the first Republican in 20 years to head thisdistrict."He was reelected to office onNovember 4.28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINESuccess storyFrances Sadauskas, '28, certifiedpublic accountant, seems to be holding her own very well in what ispredominantly a man's profession.She was admitted in 1951 as apartner in the public accountingfirm of Joseph Varkala, '09, inChicago.She is also national vice-presidentof the American Society of WomenAccountants (membership approximately 1,600 throughout the U. S.),a former member of the board ofdirectors of Chicago Savings andLoan Association, and is now a director (with 13 men) of the MarquetteBusiness Men's Association.moted to the rank of Associate Professorof Education at Bucknell University.Natalie A. Clyne (Mrs. Charles Reid) israising three daughters these days sincePamela Joyce joined her two sisters lastJanuary 10. Robin, 8, and Natalie, 5, haveadopted a philosophical view of the thirdgirl's arrival by saying, "It's economical tohave another girl because we don't have tobuy any new clothes."John F. Dunkel, MD '50, is in residencyin pathology at the University of OklahomaMedical School in Oklahoma City underDr. Howard C. Hopps. "My wife and sonand daughter are also here enjoying Oklahoma City."Emily Scherer Jackson has written fromSan Diego, Calif., about the recent excitingnews in their family: "On September 12,1952, a tiny, four pounds-four ounce daughter was born to us. We named her PatriciaMary. She has a three-year-old sister, Edith,who was also a premature baby, but whois today a curly headed, brown eyed, vivacious little girl. We always look forwardto the Magazine, especially the pictures ofthe snowy campus, for we lack that brandof winter here,— not that we miss shovelingthe fine, white, fluffy stuff."Ruth and "Tex" Schietinger, AM '48,have had a busy time of it this fall, with anew job, a new home, and a new baby. Thenew job is research associate with theMaxwell Field Air Force University inMontgomery, Ala. The new baby, TimothyCarl, arrived October 6 to join his sister,Helen Kay, 5, and Evelyn, 3, in gettingsettled in their new southern home. 1941Mary Hammel (Mrs. Richard Davis)sends this news from her Joliet, 111., home,"The 1952 addition to our family is four-and-a-half-year-old, freckle-faced Jimmy, andwe're so proud and lucky to call him ours."Joe Molkup is keeping very busy inPuerto Rico these days. His wife, T. LouiseViehoff, AM '35, is our informant that Joe"is doing two terrific jobs— one with thedepartment of labor and one with the department of commerce and agriculture."In addition, he is active with the LittleTheatre Group, with parts in "Harvey"and "Bell, Book and Candle" in his repertoire. Louise was back in Chicago in November to vote and catch up on a busyround of activities.1942Jacqueline Cross Hinkel is living on a28-acre farm in Potomac, Md. She is avolunteer worker for the District of Columbia Red Cross Motor Service, in her eighthyear with the chapter and her second yearas chairman of the motor service.Dimitra Kachiroubas is senior legal editorat Commerce Clearing House, Inc., inChicago.Dolores G. LaCaro, AM '45, Chief of theBureau of Medical Social Services, Department of Health, Puerto Rico, representedthe United States at a mental health institute sponsored by the World Health Organization in England last spring.Raymond H. McEvoy, AM '47, PhD '50,has left his teaching position at the University of Illinois to become financial economist for the Federal Deposit InsuranceCorp., Washington, D. C.1943Peter Cammarata, SM '48, has sent in thisnews: "I have resigned my position as research biochemist with the Upjohn Co. inKalamazoo to accept new positions as 1,husband; and 2, instructor in physiologicalchemistry at Yale University MedicalSchool."Allen B. Kellogg, PhD, is president of theIndiana College of English Association.Doris Kerns Eddins, AM, is teaching atthe State Teachers College, New York StateUniversity at Buffalo.Leslie Phillips, AM, PhD '49, AssociateProfessor Affiliate in Clinical Psychology atClark University, attended the 60th annualmeeting of the American Psychological Association in Washington, D. C, in September. He delivered a paper entitled, "Perceptual Processes and Development inNormal Children and Adults and inPsychiatric Patients."1944Emmy Aufricht, AM '48, is a caseworkerwith Inwood House, a shelter for unwedmothers and their infants, in New YorkCity.Jack A. Batten, MBA '50, is field auditorfor the Procter and Gamble Co., and travelsover the entire U. S., Canada and PuertoRico auditing the records. "It's interestingwork, and the sightseeing adds to it considerably," he notes.David C. Beebe is general manager ofthe Brown Book Corporation in Asheville,N. C.For Charles, AM, and Janice Feldstein,the birth of a son, Jimmy, on October 12, The Hazel HoffShopInfants' - Children's WearLingerie - HosieryNylon Hosiery — BerkshireNeumodePerfectly ProportionedShort? Medium? Tall?1377 East 55th Street— HYde Park 3-8180BIRCK-FELLINGER CORP.ExclusiveCleaners & Dyers200 E. Marquette RoadPhone: WEntworfh 6-5380Sine* 1878HANNIBAL, INC.UphelstertFurniture Repairing1919 N. Sheffield AvenuePhone: Lincoln 9-7180ASHJIAN BROS., Inc.ESTABLISHED 1921Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone REgent 4-6000GEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finishing3123 PhoneLake Street KEdzle 3-3186TELEVISIONRentals — sales New & ReconditionedRADIOSRadio-TV ServiceELECTRICAL APPLIANCESRefrigerators Dishwashers DriersWashers Air Conditioners FreezersSPORTING GOODSFor all seasonsRECORDSLPs & 45sFine collection for children935 E. 55th StreetAt Ingleside AvenueTeleDhone Midway 3-6700Julian A. Tishler, '33DECEMBER, 1952Ajax Waste Paper Co.1001 W. North Ave.Buyers of Waste Paper500 pounds or moreScrap Metal and IronFor Prompt Service CallMr. B. Shedroff, CR 7-2668BEST BOILER REPAIR & WELDING CO.24-HOUR SERVICELICENSED - BONDEDINSUREDQUALIFIED WELDERSHAymarket 1-79171404-08 S. Western Ave., ChicagoGolden DirilyteUormi'ly Dirigoli)The Lifetime TablewareSOLID — NOT PLATEDComplete sets and open slockFINE BONE CHINAAyntley, Royal Crown Derby, Spode andOther Famous Males of Fine China. AlsoCrystal. Table Linen and Gifts.COMPLETE TABLE APPOINTMENTSDiriqn, Inc.70 E. Jacltson Blvd. Chicago 4, III.Telephone HAymarket 1-3120E. A. AARON & BROS. Inc.Fresh Fruits and VegetablesDistributor! ofCEDERGREEN FROZEN FRESH FRUITS ANDVEGETABLES46-48 South Water Marketricsiitwr m ticcrucju rioovcnleuwoilELECTRICAL SUPPLY CO.0l«trl»itsri, Minilactorirs ill Jiiisn slELECTRICAL MATERIALSAND FIXTURE SUPPLIES5801 Halsted St. - ENglewood 4-7500 1952 had political significance, for this isthe way they announced his arrival:I was only born yesterdaybut I'm for STEVENSON.Jimmy.Robert Swords, AM '49, and his wife,Barbara Winchester, AM '47, have a babydaughter, Susan Elizabeth, born March 21,1952, in Chicago.1945Susanne Artingstall, AM, is a teacher inthe Laboratory School at the University ofCh icago.Billie Delores Bichacoff, SM, is now practicing medicine in Ft. Wayne, Ind., aftercompleting her medical training at JohnsHopkins University and an internship atWesley Memorial Hospital in Chicago.W. Robert Elghammer, MD '47, has completed his pediatric training and also histwo years' medical military service. Hewrites that he enjoyed his work in Mt.Edgecumbe, Alaska, and also the excellentAlaskan boating, fishing and hunting.Martin D. Kruskal, who received hisPhD in math from New York Universitylast winter, is a research associate at Princeton University.Steven A. Moszkowski, who has 4 degreesfrom Chicago from a PhB to a PhD, wasmarried in Hilton Memorial Chapel toLena Ruth Iggers on August 29, 1952.They are now living in New York Citywhere Dr. Moszkowski is a research assistant in theoretical physics at ColumbiaUniversity.Ernestine Rowe Ritter, MBA, writes,"By request of the Navy we are now inSan Diego, Calif., where Emil, '46, is doctoraboard the USS Jason. We have two children, Susan, 3, and David, 1.Wallace W. Tourtellotte, PhD '48, MD'51, is a neuropsychiatrist at the VA's Regional Office Mental Hygiene Clinic inChicago.1946Philip A. Anderson, DB, spent fourmonths last spring in Scotland, completinghis work toward a PhD in theology at theUniversity of Edinburgh. He began hiswork there his first year following graduation when he served for a year in Britainunder the Service Committee and the WarVictims and Reconstruction Committee ofthe Congregational Churches.Maxine R. Mann, AM (Mrs. WalterRaine), is back in the States now afterthree years in Israel where she worked inthe Lasker Mental Hygiene Clinic.Leon Miller, AM, PhD '50, is startinghis third year at Northwest Missouri StateCollege. "This past year my departmentwas enlarged to a division status with theaddition of psychology and library science.I'm now chairman, Division of Education."Elmer G. Million, AM, PhD '50, is associate executive director of the departmentof audio-visual and radio education of theNational Council of Churches. He hastwo children: a daughter, Charlotte, bornJuly 31, 1950, and a son, Stephen, bornDecember 29, 1951.Vern Pings is the manager of the experimental farm at the American Universityin Beirut, Lebanon. From 1949 to 1951he was construction and reintegration officer with the American Friends ServiceCommittee and the United Nations Reliefand Works Agency aiding the Palestinerefugees. This beats K.P.Included in the Army duties ofPfc. William L. Maloney, '47, AM'51, himself a one-time ballet artist,was an assist on an "arabesque"executed by Tanaquil LeClercq, NewYork Opera Company ballerina, onthe stage of the Berlin City OperaHouse. The New York companyperformed in Berlin during thecity's annual Cultural Festival lastsummer. Maloney, now stationed inBerlin, appeared with the Page-Stowe Ballet Company while working for a master of arts degree atthe University. He has been inthe Army since September, 1951.1947Betty Abrams is working in the publicitydepartment of Crown Publishers in NewYork City.Albert G. Ballert, PhD, is supplementing his regular work as director of the research program of the Chicago Plan Commission by teaching a course, "Geographyand World Affairs" at the U. of C. Downtown College.Lawrence A. Blasberg, SM '50, is a research engineer in the Hughes Aircraftresearch and development laboratories inCulver City, Calif.Edward Bos, AM, a teacher in ProvisoTownship High School, in Maywood, 111.,was general coordinator of local arrangements of the Central Association of Scienceand Mathematics Teachers' annual convention, held at the Edgewater Beach Hotelin November.Laura Gilbert completed her tenth yearas librarian at Central High School inSheboygan, Wise, last spring. She hadan unexpected "vacation" for 11 weeks lastyear when she suffered a crushed vertebraeas a result of being hit by a falling treelimb when she was felling trees on hernewly purchased wooded lot.Joseph Marciano, SM '48, writes fromSan Diego, "After more than a year on TVI'm still amazed at the sustained interestin weather in an area where there islittle 'weather' during the summer. I nowhave the biggest sponsor in the city, Con-vair. On several personal appearanceslately I've heard that U. of C. alumni havebeen my biggest boosters."30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThomas J. Whitby, AM '52, has taken aposition at the Library of Congress in thenewly formed Cyrillic Union catalog section. The goal of the section is the compilation of a subject catalog of publicationsin the various Slavic languages located inlibraries throughout the country.1948George O. Braden was awarded the degree of bachelor of commercial science(insurance) cum laude from Golden GateCollege in San Francisco in June.Charles J. Buhrow, MD, is senior assistant-surgeon, Division of OccupationalHealth, U. S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio.Cromwell C. Cleveland is pastor of theFirst Christian Church in Newport News,Va., and he writes that his church is inthe process of establishing and building anew church in Hilton Village, Va. "Thisis a great experience for a minister andhis family," he reports.The latest news from Ann Collar Broder,AM '51, was that Dave, '47, AM '51, was onhis way to Germany (with the Army) andthat she was working in New York Cityfor an economics magazine.Lt. Col. Jay P. Dawley, SM, is assistantto the chairman of the research and development board, Department of Defense,and also serves on the staff of the committee on atomic energy.Dorothy Kaemlein, AM, is the assistantfield director of the Red Cross, at the U. S.Army Hospital at Camp Omiya, Japan.Jack McClure, MD '50, is a resident insurgery at the University of Kansas MedicalCenter, Kansas City, Kan. His wife, Marie,'50, is an instructor in nursing at the University of Kansas School of Nursing.William D. Pattison, AM '52, received hisgraduate degree in August and went directly to England to become a researchassistant in geography at University College,Smart RotariansFor four years in a row presidents of the Rotary Club of Toledohave been Phi Beta Kappa men, twoof theni from the University ofChicago.In the group shown here, left toright, are Irving C. Reynolds, '21;Allen Saunders, Wabash College;Edward C. Ames, PhD '26, andBlakemore Godwin, University ofMissouri.Mr. Reynolds is president of theFranklin Ice Cream Co., and Mr.Ames is public relations director ofOwens-Corning Fiberglas Corp. London. After a year he plans to returnto the Midway to complete work on hisPhD. Moving into our College fromU-High, Pattison soon made a reputationas an exceptional student and he receivedliis Phi Beta Kappa key this year.Thomas Payne, AM, PhD '51, is nowAssistant Professor of Political Science atMontana State University. "We have recently purchased a house here, indicatingthat we are well pleased with the town(Missoula) as well as with M.S.U."Eugene Savaiano, PhD, head of the University of Wichita Spanish department, isconducting adult education courses in"Spanish for Business' whose students include top export trade officials of severalWichita business firms.A daughter, Amy was born to John andGenevieve Reynolds, PhD '50, last April inBerkeley where John is teaching.Wendell Russell, AM '50, has acceptedan administrative position with the OakRidge Institute of Nuclear Studies. Hiswife, Lois Lawrance, '44, AM '47, is teaching history at Knoxville College.1949C. Conrad Browne, DB, writes fromAmericus, Ga., that he is working in acommunal farming enterprise, "a community based on brotherhood, non-violence,and common finances. We are trying to givethe Christian witness a new base of operation in a rural setting. Excitement andthrills aplenty as we challenge the statusquo."Miriam Wagenschein, AM, is Instructorin Sociology and director of women's affairsat Whitman College, in Walla Walla, Wash.William Chupka, SM, PhD '51, is an instructor in the Department of Chemistryof Harvard University.Harry R. Davis, AM, PhD '51, and hiswife, Ruth Greenlee, '45, AM '47, are inNew York City this year where Harry isstudying philosophy and theology at UnionSeminary and Columbia University on aFord Foundation grant. The Davises havetwo children: Peter, 2, and Scott, 3 months.Harry is on leave from Beloit College,where he is Assistant Professor of Government.Joanne C. Fink was graduated from theSchool of Business Administration, UCLA,last January with a BS in accounting, andis now working in the systems and procedures department of comptroller's division,Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif.Aaron, AM, and Frances Rothstein, AM'49, Seidman are happy to announce thebirth of a daughter, Lisa Alison, on August11, 1952.1950Calvin R. Axford, AM, a social workerat Cook County Psychopathic Hospital, wasmarried on April 9, 1952, to Miss NancyAnne Sutter.James E. Baker has been with TaylorForge Pipe Co., in Chicago, as stressanalyst in the project engineering department since December, 1950.Walter Chizinsky, SM, is engaged in graduate work leading toward his PhD at NewYork University.John Forwalter, DB, has accepted a callto the First Univeralist Church of Bridgeport, Conn. The Forwalters' second daughter, Denise Ann, was born last April 8, 1952.Virginia Graf is private secretary to theassistant treasurer and financial secretaryof Continental Casualty Co.Robert G. Lindblom is a geologist with ibimilllllnitmiiillPARKER -HOLSMMC O M P A N YReal Estate and Insurance1500 East 57th Street Hyde Park 3-25253Jn Jfflemorp ofMR. BEN SHEDROFFFor 28 years, associated in business withthe University, who passed away onSeptember 1, 1950PENDERCatch Basin and Sewar ServiceBed Water Valves, Sumps-Pumps1.620 COTTAGE GROVE AVENUEFAIrlu 4-OiilPENDER CATCH BASIN SERVICEOLC*>xclu<sive K^leanerAWe operate our own drycleaning plantTHREE HOUR SERVICE1331 East 57th St. 5319 Hyde Park Blvd.Midway 3-0602 NOrmal 7-9858Office & Plant1442 East 57th Street Midway 3-0608LOWER YOUR COSTSWAGE INCENTIVESEMPLOYEE TRAININGPERSONNEL PROCEDURESIMPROVED METHODSJOB EVALUATIONROBERT B. SHAPIRO 33, DIRECTORDECEMBER, 1952BOYDSTON BROS., INC.operatingAuthorized Ambulance ServiceFor Billings HospitalOfficial Ambulance Service forThe University of ChicagoOAlcland 4-0492Trained and licensed attendantsW. B. Conkey Co.Division ofRand McNally & Company'P'UHt&u<utcC\^i*td%vtACHICAGO • HAMMOND • NEW YORKSince 1885ALBERTTeachers' Agencythe best In placement service for University.College, Secondary end Elementary. Nationwide patronage. Call or write us at25 E. Jackson Blvd.Chicago 4, IllinoisTelephone KEnwood 6-1352J. E. KIDWELL Fi^T826 East Forty-seventh StreetChicago 15, IllinoisJAMES E. KIDWELLTREMONTAUTO SALES CORP.Direct Factory DealerforCHRYSLER and PLYMOUTHNEW CARS6040 Cottage GroveMUseum 4-4500AlraGuaranteed Used Cars andComplete Automobile Repair,Body, Paint, Simonize, Washand Greasing Departments the Standard Oil Company of California, inBakersfield.Norman J. Panzegrau was commissioneda second lieutenant last July followinggraduation from the Engineer Officers Candidate School at the Army's Engineer Center, Fort Belvoir, Va.John E. McGrath, MBA, is Instructor inBusiness and Economics, School of Businessand Public Administration, University' ofMissouri.Morris McKeehan, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Anatomy in the University of Virginia Medical School.Pfc. William McMillan, AM, is servingwith the 25th Infantry Division in theeastern Korea sector.Warren Nyer, his wife, and their twochildren are living in Idaho Falls, whereWarren is head of the experimental physicsgroup at the Materials Testing Reactor,which is operated by the Phillips PetroleumCompany for the Atomic Energy Commission.Mrs. J. Cleola Prowell, AM, is a teacherof the third grade in the public schoolsof Little Rock, Ark. She was chairman thisfall of the workshop for the third gradeteachers on "Meeting the Needs of EveryChild."Anne Elizabeth Ritter, AM, recently arrived in Europe for an overseas' assignmentwith the American Red Cross Services tothe Armed Forces program.1951Gerald Brody is attending RensselaerPolytechnic Institute where he is majoringin electrical engineering.Walter J. Fenny, JD, does legal work inthe Land and Exploration Division of DeepRock Oil Corp., with headquarters in theOklahoma City office.Margaret Fox, PhD, who became Mrs.Richard Reed last May 17, is an assistanteditor for Scott-Foresman Publishing Co.,in Chicago. Richard, PhD '52, is Dean ofStudents at University College.Stanley B. Gilson, Jr., reports that he isstill at Pasadena Playhouse, and that he isalso assistant director to Gilmor Brown athis Playbox Theatre.Hans Glissman, AM, is a psychiatric socialworker at the University of Nebraska Medical College, Psychiatric Unit.Charles E. King, PhD, Professor of Sociology at North Carolina College, is therepresentative of the College in the Durham Social Planning Council.Jack Locher, AM, wrote to the Association in the summer that he expected tobe back in the States in the fall, by whichtime he would have completed his fiftymissions as a B-26 navigator over Korea.Jewel Maher, PhD, received her doctoratejust a year before her daughter was graduated from Vassar College this June. Daughter Jewel was married on June 14 toEnsign John Moran. Son Joseph is a freshman at the University of Illinois. Mrs.Maher is a field examiner for the NationalLabor Relations Board.Joseph Orlicky, MBA, is now assistant tothe plant manager of the Burton-DixieCorp., Dallas plant.Dorothy Ruggles, MBA, is chief of thedietetic service of the new Veterans' Hospital in Iowa City.Maj. George L. Theisen, JD, has beenappointed staff judge advocate of the 40thInfantry Division in Korea.Don L. Weston, AM, is working for theNavy as an organization and methods' examiner in Washington, D. C. Hurricane hunterMost people run for the nearestcellar when a hurricane is spotted.But not Navy Lt. Charles J. Neu-man, AM '49, who, in fact, goesout of his way to track them down.As a hurricane hunter, Neumanregularly flies into the thick ofthings, clocking the speeds andcharting the course of offshorehurricanes. The September bigblows which threatened the Eastcoast were clocked by meteorologistNeuman, who is stationed at theJacksonville Naval Air Station. Heserved as a hurricane hunter inWorld War II and was called backto service by the Navy last summer.1952Gilbert C. Hornung was married to HelenHarveg on September 5, 1952, in GrahamTaylor Chapel. The couple is living inMissoula, Montana, where Gilbert is ageologist at the University of Montana.Lloyd J. Page, AM, is now serving withthe 6th Infantry Regiment at the BerlinMilitary Post. His unit provides securityfor American installations in the BerlinV II tentorialWilliam Scott Bond, W, died on September 10, 1952. Mr. Scott served as a trusteeof the University from 1922 to 1946, whenhe became an honorary trustee.Wallace St. John, DB '98, PhD '00, diedon June 8, 1952, in Columbia, S. C.Sarah Addams, '00, (Mrs. Ernest A.Young), died on December 19, 1951, in SanAntonio, Texas.Nellie L. Baldwin, 02, a retired highschool teacher of English, died on July 5,1952, in Des Moines, Iowa.Laurens L. Simpson, who took work atthe University around 1904, died August4, 1952.Frieda Berens, '05, (Mrs. Richard Powell)died in the early part of July, 1952. TheAlumni Office has not received news of theexact date of her death.32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMary Alma Hardman, '06 (Mrs. RolandObenchain), died on October 18, 1952, inSouth Bend, Indiana. She taught highschool in South Bend for many years andwas also a former member of the staffof the Chicago Academy of Sciences.Hugo F. Bezdek, '07, who came to America from Czechoslovakia when he was fiveand became a famous coach, died of aheart attack at his home in Ventnor, NewJersey, on September 15, 1952 at the ageof 68. Hugo, who is credited with inventing the spinner play, coached football atthe University of Arkansas, the Universityof Oregon (with the Rose Bowl in 1917),and at Penn State. For three years he wasmanager of the Pittsburgh Pirates and oncepiloted the Cleveland Rams. Surviving areMrs. Bezdek and his daughter, FrancesBezdek McKinstry, '38.Ruth T. Miller, '08, died on August 3,1952. She had served for many years as alibrarian in the New York City Librarysystem.Lorena Underhill, '09, (Mrs. John Zweers)died on April 2, 1952, in Pasadena, Calif.Mabel Ruth Fernald, PhD '10, diedOctober 9, 1952, in Cincinnati, Ohio, atthe age of 69. A noted child psychologist,Dr. Fernald was director of psychologicalservices for the Cincinnati public schools.Anna H. Jones, '10, died December 24,1951.Margaret K. Hackett (Mrs. William A.Sears) '11, died September 10, 1952.Conrad H. Jenson, Rush MD '19, a prominent Ogden, Utah, physician, died on September 2, 1952, after a two-day illness. Dr.Jenson had served as head and chief ofstaff on the Dee Hospital and had beenhead of the surgical department.Arthur A. Buchanan, '20, died June 4,1952.Edward J. Horick, '20, died on July 26,1952.Carl J. Lind, JD '20, an attorney, diedon May 6, 1952 in Minneapolis.Charles S. Smith, SM '21, PhD '28, diedon August 1, 1952. His colleagues at theSouthwest Texas State Teachers College,where Mr. Smith established a record as anoutstanding teacher, are setting up a scholarship fund as a memorial to Dr. Smith.The Charles Spurgeon Smith MemorialAward will be given each commencementto the ranking graduate who is a biologymajor.Edgar Meacham, PhD '22, died on June28, 1952, of a heart ailment at the age of63. He was dean of the University ofOklahoma College of Arts and Sciences.Mabel E. Gilpatrick, '24, died on November 2, 1951.Edwin W. Schreiber, AM, '24, died onDecember 17, 1951. He was Acting Headof the Department of Mathematics at Western Illinois State Teachers College.George E. Spieth, SM, PhD '25, died onNovember 27, 1951. He had retired in June,1951, after teaching chemistry for 35 yearsin Hillsdale College, Michigan.Eva Lou Culbreth, '30, died on May 30,1952, in Silver Springs, Md.John P. Esposito, '30, died on June 27,1952, after a long illness.Charles A. Angell, MD '31, died of aheart attack on April 13, 1952.Agnes Van Driel, '31, died October 30,"1951.Paulus Lange, who studied at the University around 1934, died on May 30, 1952.William L. Brown, Jr., '41, MD '42, diedon July 10, 1952.Wendell Zimmers, '50, died on Tune 26,1952.Richard P. Southworth, MBA '51, diedon April 27, 1952. One of a series oj Christmasdrawings by Paul Brown,famous American artist.CHRISTMAS GIFTSthat are exclusive with Brooks BrothersThe distinctiveness and individuality of ourown make clothing and furnishings are atno time more appreciated than during theChristmas season. ..when gifts that are unusual and of good taste are so important toboth the giver and the recipient.Our Own Make Neckwear, $2.50 to $6.50Our Own Make Pajamas, $9 to $25Our Own Make Shirts, $5.50 to $12.50Our Own Make Briefcases and Luggage, $ 1 8* to $ 1 32*Our Own Make Suspenders, $3 to $5Christmas catalogue upon request. ^Including Federal TaxESTABLISHED 1818tm f umi$tnng0, }f ate ^llhoe*346 MADISON AVENUE, COR. 44TH ST., NEW YORK 17, N. Y.1 1 1 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. 6, N. Y.BOSTON • CHICAGO • LOS ANGELES • SAN FRANCISCORussell W. "Ruck" Steger, University ofIllinois star fullback for four years, playedan important part as a freshman in histeam's Rose Bowl victory in 1946. Afterhe graduated, Ruck decided to find a jobwhere his competitive spirit and initiativecould help him move ahead fast.He chose life insurance as the field thatoffered him the greatest opportunity,along with freedom of action and the advantage of a business of his own. Aftermaking a study of leading companies,Ruck chose New England Mutual. Heliked the comprehensive training offered,and the association with congenial college- trained men. Since joining New EnglandMutual, Ruck has moved ahead fast. He'sconvinced, he says, that he "couldn't havemade a better choice."Are you as far along as you thoughtyou'd be by 1952? If not, it may pay youto look into the opportunities Ruck Stegerfound at New England Mutual. 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