MAGAZINE^Ure, Chicago Students Are Different. . . By Hilary G. Fry YOUNCTlXECUTIVE| ,#* Page 13Look Back to See the Future. . . By Ralph W. Gerardhall we give himonly Yi of an educationbecause that's allhis tuition pays for?Or will you help pay the other J^, as someonedid for you?It has always been true that tuition fees have paidonly half the cost of an education — yours included. Grantsfrom wealthy donors made up the difference.Now the University is faced with the problemof giving only as much education as tuition pays for,or finding the money elsewhere. For the day of the wealthydonor is gone, and instead of one large gift there mustbe a multitude of small ones.Will you help provide for others the advantagesof a fine education which you enjoyed? Share now inthe 1952 Alumni Gift. A contribution of $100 will enteryour name in the Century Club. A gift of any sizewill be received with gratitude.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOALUMNI FOUNDATION5733 UNIVERSITY AVENUE, CHICAGO 37, ILLINOISOne night standsOn my way to the West Coast I droppedoff between trains at Omaha. ChampionWard, Dean of the College, was to be theguest of the Omaha alumni the followingWednesday, February 13.John Merriam, '25, head of the NorthernNatural Gas Co., who was to preside, hadbeen called to Houston on business. Wesubstituted Addison Wilson, '26, head ofthe Omaha office of the Bankers Life ofDes Moines, and they tell me he did asuperb job. Mrs. Grace Festersen, '35, asco-chairman, Allen Sahler, '34, handlingreservations, and Phyliss Savidge, '44, heading the reception committee, helped makethis Omaha event the finest in decades.The reception and dinner was held at theelite Omaha Club.The West Coast. I moved on to Seattlewhere I met Chancellor Kimpton for abig Chicago reception at the attractiveEdmond Meany Hotel. Club presidentS. T. Kernoll, '43, MBA '47, presided overa record crowd of nearly 100.Mr. Kimpton made the Seattle papers byspending the late afternoon with his longtime friend, the acting president of theUniversity of Washington. The headlinesjumped to the conclusion that Kimptonwas being considered for the presidency ofthat university.A press conference began our two days inPortland. Club president Dexter Fairbank,'35, really capitalized on the Kimpton visit.In the afternoon the Chancellor addressed a meeting of all the teachers inthe Portland school system. In the evening he was the guest at a record-breakingmeeting of the Chicago Club. The following noon he spoke before the large Portland City Club in the ball room of theBenson Hotel before leaving for San Francisco. Both morning and evening paperscarried prominent and full accounts withpictures.San Francisco was the pay-off. We weremet by Club president Philip R. Lawrence,'40, LLB '42, and publicity chairman Mrs.Elizabeth Carroll, MBA '47, Saturday morning. They warned us that Saturday wouldbe our day of rest but Sunday and Mondaywere something else again.Sunday afternoon, before the Clubbuffet in the Peacock Room of the MarkHopkins, Kimpton met the press reportersand photographers. From there we wentimmediately to the Club reception whereJohn G. Neakom, '34, presided. Therewere nearly 200 present.Monday noon the Chancellor was theluncheon guest of some 25 alumni businessand professional men in the Red LacquerRoom of the Bohemian Club. The luncheon was arranged by Ralph N. Larson, '25.Kimpt@n spoke off the record. The menunanimously agreed they had not felt soclose to their Alma Mater in years.Chancellor Kimpton rushed from theluncheon to a television interview. Questions were intelligent and the answers musthave made new Chicago friends on the Bayairways.The television show was followed by atape recording for a radio interview.Tribute is due Mrs. Carroll, for makingsuch effective use of the Chancellor's timein San Francisco. The Los Angeles reception and dinnerfilled the main dining room of the University Club. In the long list of guestsyou would all recognize old friends, campusleaders of your generation. Most of themwere present. It was a great reunion aswell as a program. William D. Campbell,LLB '21, is the Club president.Around the circuitThe Aurora, Illinois program put on byour College Acrotheatre in late Januarydrew a crowd of 300 alumni, high schoolstudents and parents. The performers wereenthusiastically received.. Dr. Carl H. Kraeling, Director of Oriental Institute, appeared in Houston andDallas, Texas, to tell the fascinating storyof the work of the Institute. He does asuperb job with the aid of an excellentset of movies.The Gary Club entertained John Nuveen,'18, at a dinner on February 26th. Later inthe evening he told of his experiences withE.C.A. in Europe.The Cleveland Club held a theatre partyon March 15 for the play, "Amahl and theNight Visitor."The College Division of the Alumni Association held its annual Mid-Year OpenHouse on campus Sunday, March 16th.Chancellor Kimpton presided at the NBCRound Table in Mandel; Hutchinson Commons and the Coffee Shop provided a beefdinner; and 500 alumni divided into 11groups to tour "backstage" on the quad-PROVE ITThe following are from the Dictionary of Americanisms (U. of C. Press) .Guess the dates they first appeared inprint. If you have proof of an earlierdate, quote or clip the excerpt showing how it is used. Add title, author,date, page, or source.Date the Americanism1. Beauty Contest 1903-1913-19232. Parking lot 1914-1924-19343. Double parking 1921-1931-19414. Skid row 1924-1934-19445. Junior college 1899-1909-19196. Junior high school. .. 1899-1909-19197. School superintendent 1903-1913-19238. Term paper 1924-1934-19449. Associate professor ...1891-1901-191110. Fan mail 1915-1925-193511. Beauty queen 1912-1922-193212. Honkey tonk 1894-1904-191413. Parking meter 1916-1926-193614. Electric chair 1902-1912-192215. Cherry cobbler 1906-1926-194616. Ice cream pants 1908-1918-192817. Storm cellar 1899-1929-193918. Soap chips 1914-1924-193419. Midwest 1913-1923-1933Note: If you request it, and yourearlier proven date is the first to bereceived, you will also be given creditfor $3.00 on the purchase of theAwards1. REVEILLE FOR RADICALS by SaulAlinsky.2. LAY MY BURDEN DOWN by BenA. Botkin.3. WOBBLY by Ralph Chaplin. SPRING REUNION, June 4-7June 4: Owl & Serpent ConventionJune 5: Faculty Revels, Chancellor Kimpton will have a leadrole.Order of the C dinner honoringCoach Stagg for his 90th birthday.June 6: Class Reunions. Mr. Kimpton will drop in.June 7: Alumnae Breakfast atnoon.Alumni Assembly at 3. Chancellor Kimpton will speak. Coachand Stella Stagg will be honored.Reception for the Kimptons andStaggs in Hutchinson Court atfour.Interfraternity Sing in the evening.rangles in the afternoon. A bright andcheerful sun joined the parties.East Coast meetingsPhiladelphia, Wednesday, April 16. Reception and dinner for Chancellor Kimpton at University Club.New York City, Thursday, April 17. Reception and dinner for Mr. Kimpton atTown Hall Club.Washington, D. C, Thursday, April 24.Reception and dinner for the Chancellorat the National Press Club— H.W.M.If you are first to prove an earlierdate, we will send your choice of anybook listed under Awards.Answers to Americanisms1. 1903 Beauty doctor appeared in1909.2. 1924 Parking space also 1924.3. 1931 Double parker in 1932.4. 1944 The bum was mentioned in1864.5. 1899 From U. of C. Register.6. 1909 Junior Prom in 1893.7. 1923 You may find an earlier one.8. 1934 There must be an earlier date9. 1891 At the U. of C.10. 1925 Fan letter in 1947.11. 1922 Beauty parlors in 1908.12. 1894 Called a dump in 1903.13. 1936 Probably an earlier date.14. 1922 Hangings in 1846.15. 1946 Check your old cook books.16. 1908 Those famous cream-coloredpants.17. 1929 Cyclone cellar in 1887.18. 1934 Remember Fairy Soap?19. 1923 This might get you a book.Dictionary. Seven three-dollar credits(totaling $21) will be permitted anyone Magazine subscriber. This offerand all credits expire June 30, 1952.4. A HOUSE IN CHICAGO by OliviaH. Dunbar.5. MIDWEST AT NOON by GrahamHutton.6. AMERICAN DAUGHTER by EvaBell Thompson.APRIL, 1952nieaderA LjuldeHUMAN DEVELOPMENTThe Committee on Human Developmentcuts across departmental lines, offering itsstudents a stiff dose of courses in the biological as well as the social sciences.This reading list, therefore, which hasbeen prepared by members of the Committee, may be helpful to alumni readers whowant to understand better their own, andtheir children's, biological as well as socialdevelopment.CHILD DEVELOPMENTHELEN KOCH, Professor of Psychologyand Home Economics, has scanned hervoluminous lists of readings, for theserecent publications in the field of childdevelopment:READINGS IN CHILD PSYCHOLOGY. ByWayne Dennis. Prentice-Hall, 1951.This collection of readings probably shouldbe thought of as ancillary to a generalcollege text on child psychology. The collection includes brief descriptions of 61significant studies in the field of child psychology. The descriptions have been written by the investigators who conductedthe original studies and who give substantial attention to the details of the procedures they used as well as to the concepts underlying their investigations.Dennis was eclectic in his selection. Thosepersons interested in knowing whencehave come some of the major generalizations met in child psychology texts willfind Dennis' volume a valuable source.CHILD PSYCHOLOGY. By Horace B. English. Henry Holt, 1951.This is a college textbook suitable for anintroductory course in child psychology.The author states that his dominant goalsin writing the text were practical— i.e.,the promotion of a better basic understanding and treatment of children. Thewriting has the down-to-earth characterone might expect to distinguish the products of the father of five children.HOW TO HELP YOUR CHILD INSCHOOL. By Mary and Lawrence K.Frank. Viking Press, 1950.This is really a general treatise on childmotivation and guidance with emphasison the effects of family attitudes. It isnon-technical and written with charm.THE HANDICAPPED CHILD; A GUIDEFOR PARENTS. By Edith M. Stern.A. A. Wyn, Inc., 1950.The main theme of the volume is that"good principles of child rearing applyequally to the normal and the handicapped." The effects of faulty parent attitudes and practices, the authors contend,may be as crippling as the basic handicapunder which the child labors. Amongthe handicapping conditions discussedare crippling, cerebral palsy, epilepsy,blindness and poor vision, deafness andimpaired hearing, low mentality andchronic illness. INFANT CARE. Children's Bureau Publication, No. 8. U. S. Department of Labor,1951.This is the eighth complete revision of abulletin on the physical and psychologicalcare of children under a year of age.Since its first edition in 1914, it has had awider distribution than any similar document. The principal authors are theChildren's Bureau staff members, Mrs.Marion L. Faegre, specialist in parenteducation, and Dr. Alice Chenoweth, pediatric consultant, but their wordswere carefully weighed and reviewed by70 specialists from such diverse fields aspediatrics, psychiatry, anthropology, nursing and nutrition. Hence the bulletin canJbe said to represent the trend of our bestpresent-day thinking on the many problems of infant care. The present edition,in contrast with the earlier ones, puismore emphasis on problems of social andemotional adjustment.THE ARTS CO-OP SUGGESTS TOYSFOR CHILDREN. The Arts CooperativeService, Inc., 340 Amsterdam Ave., NewYork 24, N. Y. Mimeographed, single copies free.The Arts Co-op Service is a non-profit or-ganziation formed to promote an activetype of education. The above is the organization's catalog of play things foryoung children and of leisure-time materials for older children.WATCHfor special issue of the Magazine next month.In MAT the Magazine willpresent a ROUND-THE-WORLD issue with first-handaccounts of life in India, Iran,Germany, England, Thailand,and other nations, written byfaculty, students, and alumninow overseas.ADOLESCENCEROBERT HESS and MARTIN LOEB, ofthe Committee's staff, make these recommendations of recent books dealingwith the growing-up process and problems of adolescents.DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS AND EDUCATION. By Robert J. Havighurst. University of Chicago Press, 1948.The chapters on adolescence describe themain life problems of teen-agers, andways the school and community can help.ADOLESCENT CHARACTER AND PERSONALITY. By Robert Havighurst andHilda Taba. John Wiley & Sons, 1949.A study of some of the personality characteristics associated with moral reputationin adolescence. The book contains lifelike case illustrations.THE PSYCHOLOGY OF ADOLESCENCE.By L. P. Cole. Rinehart, 1948.A standard work in the field. Covers physical, social, and emotional development. WORKING WITH TEEN-AGE GANGS.By Paul L. Crawford et al. Welfare Council of New York City, 1950.A report of an experimental attempt to influence members of street gangs in thedirection of socially desirable behavior.GROWING UP IN AN ANXIOUS AGE.Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. National EducationAssociation, Washington, D. C, 1952.Specialists from a variety of disciplines discuss the problems of children and youthin American culture and the usefulnessof present knowledge and theory in offering solutions to such problems.AN EXPERIMENT IN THE PREVENTION OF DELINQUENCY. By E. Powers and H. Witmer. Columbia UniversityPress, 1951.A description of the planning, techniques,and theory involved in a project for theprevention of delinquency. The outcomeof the project is discussed and evaluatedin terms of its usefulness for current procedures.LATER MATURITYETHEL SHANAS, Instructor and ResearchAssociate for the Committee, suggeststhese recent books dealing with problems of later maturity:SOCIAL CONTRIBUTION BY THE AGING. By Clark Tibbitts (ed). The Annalsof the American Academy of Political andSocial Science, 1952.This is a collection of papers by outstanding authorities which can be read profitably by the lay reader, and which givesthe most recent material available on thepresent status of the aging in the UnitedStates. This volume is edited by a University of Chicago alumnus.THE AGED AND SOCIETY. By M. Derber(ed). Champaign: Industrial RelationsResearch Association, 1950.This is another collection of papers whichis designed primarily for the professionalworking in this field. Readers of theMagazine who are interested in workwith the aged will find this useful.THE SECOND FORTY YEARS. By Edward Stieglitz. Lippincott, 1946.This book by Dr. Stieglitz is probably thebest of the so-called popular books in thefield of aging. Written for an audienceof men and women who are in their"second 40 years", Dr. Stieglitz presentsan over-all coverage with perhaps specialemphasis on the physical and mental aspects of aging. Dr. Stieglitz is an alumnusof the University and a former memberof our medical school faculty.LIVING THROUGH THE OLDERYEARS. By Clark Tibbitts (ed). University of Michigan Press, 1949.This is a collection of papers given at theUniversity of Michigan Institute on Aging. These presentations were made to amixed lay and professional audience andwould be of considerable interest to thegeneral reader.2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThe University announced last monththat, like most other private institutionsof higher learning, it was reluctantlyraising tuition rates by 15 per cent, beginning with the summer quarter, 1952.Students attending the University onscholarships, the Trustees pointed out,will not feel the effects of the increase,since scholarship benefits will be raisedcorrespondingly.Two hundred three students becamealumni at the 250th convocation March14. One of the degree recipients probablyset a new endurance record for students—20 years. The son of Professor EmeritusErnest Chave, Keith Chave began his Midway career in the Laboratory School kindergarten two decades ago. In 1948 hehad completed College work and got hisbachelor's. Last spring he received hismaster's degree, ,and last month the Ph.D.in geology.Ralph S. Lillie, Ph.D. '01, ProfessorEmeritus of Physiology and Zoology, amember of the University's faculty since1924, died March 19 of heart disease.Marshall H. Stone, Andrew MacLeishDistinguished Service Professor of Mathematics and chairman of the department,was elected the first president of the International Mathematical Union, at the society's meeting in Rome. Formerly presidentof the American Mathematical Society,Professor Stone attended the Rome meeting as a UNESCO delegate. He is a sonof the late Harlan F. Stone, Chief Justiceof the Supreme Court, who was awardedthe honorary LLD degree by the Universityin 1938.Not without some expressed misgivings,the Chicago Maroon announced that theStudent Government had authorized theformation of a Campus Newspaper Advisory Commission, to keep an eye onthe Maroon. MAGAZINEVolume 44 April, 1952 Number 7PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONExecutive EditorHOWARD W. MORTNews EditorJEANNETTE LOWREYExecutive SecretaryAlumni FoundationJIM ATKINS EditorDON MORRISField SecretaryJIM RATCLIFFE Associate EditorAUDREY PROBSTStaff PhotographerSTEPHEN LEWELLYNDirectorAlumni EducationRICHARD CRUMLEYIN THIS ISSUEThe Introspective Industry 7Sure, Chicago Students Are Different, Hilary Fry 11Carson's and the College 13Mister U. S. Family Doctor 15Look Back to See the Future, Ralph W. Gerard 16DEPARTMENTSMemo Pad- 1 Featuring The Foundation 2Reader's Guide 2 Books . 4Class News 23COVER: Charles Stone, whose smilegraces the cover this month, is 27, anative of Connecticut. He was an AirForce navigator in World War II, cameto the University after receiving hisbachelor's degree at Connecticut Wesleyan in 1948. Last year he receivedhis master's degree in sociology atChicago; the subject of his thesis was"The Negro Business Man and Organized Labor." Whenhe went to work for Carson Pirie Scott & Co. (See page1 3) he and Carson's made history, in this first penetrationof the Negro job ceiling in Chicago department stores.In addition to his duties at the store he puts in long hoursas a Red Cross home service worker. He hopes some dayto return to the Midway for a doctorate.Cover and photographs on pages 11, 13, 14 and photocopies onpages 6 and 19 by Stephen Lewellyn. Painting on page 6 byDavid Daniels. Drawings on pages 7, 8, and 9 by Cissie. Photoon page IS courtesy AMA. Photo on page 16 by ChicagoPhotographers. Painting on page 19 by Dean Cornwall. Photoon page 2i by the Chicago Tribune.Published monthly, October through June, by The University of Chicago Alumni Association, 5733 University Avenue, Chicago 87, Illinois. Annual subscription price, 83.00. Singlecopies, 35 cents. Student price at University of Chicago Bookstore, 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934, at the Post Office at Chicago, Illinois under the act ofMarch 3, 1S79. Advertising agent. The American Alumni Council, B. A. Ross, director, 22Washington Square, New York, N. Y.APRIL, 1952 3Bookooksby Faculty and AlumniTHE PHILOSOPHY OF DEMOCRATICGOVERNMENT, by Yves R. Simon. University of Chicago Press, 1951. $3.50.This book is a philosophical treatment ofwhat would generally be regarded as aportion of political science — in otherwords, an analysis and exposition ofphilosophical politics, applied specificallyto the democratic form of government.It is the second in a series of WalgreenFoundation Lectures at the Universitydesigned to set forth the basic principleson which democracy rests. The author isProfessor of Philosophy with the Committee on Social Thought.Beginning with considerations on thegeneral theory of government, ProfessorSimon treats in successive chapters democratic freedom, sovereignty in democracy,democratic equality, and democracy andtechnology.A philosopher in the tradition deriving from Thomas Aquinas, Simonfinds much that is relevant to the discussion of these problems in the writingsof this great thinker of the Middle Ages.Not that he would settle issues or solveproblems by any appeal to authority-Aquinas himself has written that inphilosophy arguments from authorityhave little or no weight— but it is clearthat for him philosophical truth is not amatter of time or fashion. Nevertheless,he has not proposed to give the answersof a past age to the problems of thepresent, but rather has evolved andadapted what seem to him to be perennially sound principles to questions oftenvery different in detail and context fromthose to which they were originally applied.To select but one idea from a richand varied discussion, we may examinewhat he has to say concerning the nature of authority. There is a great dealof superficial talk which asserts a kindof irremediable opposition between authority and freedom. This comes froma failure to distinguish between the substitutional function of authority and itsessential ones. The former is typifiedby the authority of parents and its verynature consists in finally bringing aboutits own disappearance. That is to say,those governed by the parental type ofauthority are by its exercise to bebrought to a condition in which theywill be enabled to govern themselves.This is the sort of authority which mayproperly be exercised at certain stagesof the development of civilization. Inactual history, however, it was scarcelyever exemplified until the concepts of"mandate" and "trusteeship" developedby the League of Nations and~ the UnitedNations organization clearly gave recognition to the status of colonial rule asbeing temporary in character and forthe benefit of the ruled.Self-rule is the aim and, according toSimon, "The undue postponement ofself-rule can never find an excuse inthe principle of paternal authority,which contains a demand for the principle of autonomy. In so far as government exercises paternal authority, itis plainly true that the best governmentis that which governs least." But for the general theory of government, authority has also essential functions, that is to say, roles necessary andpermanent in character. ProfessorSimon's point is that however generallythis is recognized in practice the theoretical justification of it is seldom welldone and this is what he essays to do.Stable and just governments exemplifythe essential functions of authority andit may even be said that stability andjustice are inconceivable without suchauthority accepted as right by communities so governed. The entire argumentdeserves close study by all who are interested in a theory which equally rejectsanarchism and totalitarianism and defends democracy on more than merelysentimental or pragmatic grounds.In terms of Professor Simon's philosophy, books which treat of man in societyare, or should be, practical in two senses.According to Aristotle, "we must be content ... in speaking of such subjects(viz., those of political science) and withsuch premises to indicate the truthroughly and in outline, and in speakingabout things which are only for themost part true and with premises ofthe same kind to reach conclusions thatare no better." (Nicomachean Ethics,I, 3.)In the second place, every book hasa rhetorical dimension, that is, it shouldaim to persuade in part at least bytaking into account the actual state ofdiscussion of the issues treated. Professor Simon certainly gives the impression of having reached a degree of precision and finality which is hardly appropriate to his subject-matter. Thisimpression of a theoretical mode oftreatment is further heightened by theomission in the present work of any butthe most casual mention of recent andcontemporary discussion of the problems with which it is concerned.William O'MearaProfessor of Philosophy,The College.THE AMERICAN VETERAN BACKHOME, by R. J. Havighurst, J. W.Bau£hman, W. E. Eaton, and E. W.Burgess. Longmans, Green & Co., 1951.$3.50.This study reveals no appreciable differences between the attitudes and adjustments to civilian life four years afterthe war of veterans and non-veterans ina small, Illinois community. If such differences do occur, their elucidation willdepend upon techniques of observationand probing which are more subtle thanthe statistical methods employed in thisstudy.Such is the conclusion reached by theresearchers in the Committee on HumanDevelopment who conducted this studyin an attempt to evaluate the effects ofmilitary service on the subsequent civilian adjustments of 416 Midwest veterans.Of most interest in the book are themany quotations from veterans, civilians,wives, and others who supplied the research interviewers with answers toquestions about military adjustments,the wives' problems in raising a familywith husbands overseas-, of in-law complications, the adjustments of homecoming, and perhaps, most interesting of all,"What did the war win?"The authors observe that the veteransconstitute a powerful special-interestgroup in American society. They assume,therefore, that it is important to learn Stockton, CaliforniaMarch 12, 1952I have just read the announcementfor the "Century Club" on the insidecover of the March issue of The University of Chicago Magazine [see sameannouncement, same place, this issue]. I want Stella Robertson Stagg,'96, to qualify for membership, hencethis check. She has been down witha virus infection and will not knowabout it until she sees our check booklater.I hope you get a lot of new members.SincerelyLon(Amos Alonzo Stagg)There's nothing that can be, orshould be added to this letter fromthe "Grand Old Man".what we can of the veteran's service experience and postwar adjustment as theseaffect his political outlook and behavior.The observation is made by theauthors, as the result of the persistenttheme uncovered in the interviews, thatthe single quality which most of allcharacterized the veteran's political outlook, following his return to Midwest,might be described as that of "passivecynicism— a feeling that 'things were allwrong' but that political action wouldscarcely make them right." In this respect, it is pointed out, the attitudes ofveterans and non-veterans alike is identical.Perhaps one of the book's most valuable contributions lies in the warningit gives to political and military leadersalike who contemplate universal military training and the threat of WorldWar IIL It is that such cynicism,shared by servicemen and civilians, plusthe lack pf positive convictions aboutthe aims of World War II which thisstudy showed to be characteristic of Midwest veterans, do not sustain a healthypolitical climate in which to recruitsoldiers for democracy.— A .P.Henriette C. K. Naeseth, PhD '31, Chairman of the Humanities division at Augustana College, has written a special history of the theatrical enterprises ofSwedish immigrants, entitled THESWEDISH THEATRE OF CHICAGO,1868-1950. Miss Naeseth shows the importance of the Swedish theatre as asocial institution by presenting muchmaterial not ordinarily included intheatrical annals. Hers is the first bookto deal with this phase of immigrant lifein the United States. The book has beenpublished jointly by the AugustanaLibrary publications and the AugustanaHistorical Society publications. The 390page cloth-bound volume has 19 additional pages of illustrations, most of thempictures of the more prominent actorsof the Chicago Swedish theatre.4 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEJames W. Kennedy and family, DetroitI couldn't have made a better choice!After I left Marquette University in 1941, I knewwhat I wanted out of a career. I wanted to be my own boss.But most of all, I wanted to feel that I was helping people—that I was performing a service that they really needed.I finally decided that the one field that offered me thesebig objectives was life insurance. Life insurance protectsbusinesses as well as families ... it often means the difference between financial security, and financial tragedy.So, after deciding on a career in life insurance, I startedmaking a survey of the various companies. I was much impressed with the New England Mutual men I met, and withtheir sincere enthusiasm for their company. I learned thatNew England was the first mutual life insurance company tobe chartered in America, and that it offered liberal featuresthat made its policy contracts most attractive to the buyer. Ialso learned that New England Mutual was one of the fastestgrowing companies in its field, and that it offered new mencomprehensive training in all phases of the business.I discovered that the company's continuing training program helps me to perform a real service to my clients. At thesame time I'm getting a lot of fun and satisfaction out of mywork and am providing a good living for my family. In fact,I'm happy to say that I couldn't have made a better choice ! If you would like more information about a career inwhich your individual ability and industry— and nothingelse— determine your income, write Mr. H. C. Chaney,Director of Agencies, 501 Boylston St., Boston 17, Mass....One reason New England Mutual agents do so well is thatthey have a truly fine product to sell. The New England Mutuallife insurance policy is a liberal and flexible contract that cangive you just the kind of financial help you require.And you will be pleasandy surprised to find that the ratesfor many New England Mutual policies are lower today thanthey were 20 years ago!If you are interested in having your life insurance programcustom-tailored to fit your personal or business needs, get intouch with one of your own alumni listed below, or one ofthe other 700 college-trained men who represent New EnglandMutual from Maine to Hawaii.These University of Chicago men are New England Mutual representatives:Harry Benner, 'II, ChicagoGeorge Marselos, '34, ChicagoPaul C. Lippold, '38, ChicagoJames M. Bangharf, '41, San FranciscoJohn R. Downs, '46, ChicagoNew England Mutual would like to add several qualified University of Chicago men to its sales organization which is locatedin the principal cities from coast to coast. If you are interested,write to Mr. Chaney as directed above.The NEW ENGLAND MUTUALLife Insurance Company of BostonAPRIL, 1952 5Poor naked wretches, wheresoe'er you are,That bide the pelting o/ this pitiless storm,How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend'youFrom seasons such as these?— — "King Lear"KING LEAR, THIS UNUSUAL OIL PAINTING ON MASONITE ARRANGED IN SEVEN PLANES, WON FIRST PRIZE,IN ART SHOW SPONSORED BY REYNOLDS CLUB, FOR ITS CREATOR, DAVID DANIELS, A STUDENT IN THE COLLEGETheIntrospectiveIndustryOpinion researchis becoming morereliable, throughself -analysis andimproved methodsIN A GENERAL election approximately seven months from now,the 34th President of the United Stateswill be named (or perhaps the 33rdreinstated) .In those seven months, the worldwill eagerly take note of how the shifting breezes of public opinion blowaround the respective candidates. Themeasurement and recording of thesebreezes will be in the hands of segments of the polling industry.In less than two decades, the pollingindustry has become as integral a partof the American political legend as thecampaign button industry, and probably more influential. In some cases,opinion polls have become storm centers as great as the national partychairmen.Opinion research not only is one ofthe newest industries; it is by all oddsthe most introspective. This is a helpful fact, for in getting an understanding of the processes of polling, thepublished self-analyses of the opinionresearch organizations are of markedvalue. The pollsters have become -soexpert at sounding out others thatthey have devoted — in part, perhaps,out of habit — a lot of effort to analyzing themselves.The National Opinion Research Center, one of the most importantof the nation's polling organizations,is affiliated with the University. Aself-supporting, non-profit enterprise,directed by Clyde Hart, NORC ishoused — somewhat to its own discontent — in the old mansion at 49thStreet and Ellis Avenue, where theRosenwald Fund was quartered whenit was active.The NORC will do no presidentialpolling, in this presidential year. Itdoes hope, however, that before theyear is out, it will have brought tocompletion a rather massive analysisof the polling process. This study,which is under the direction of Herbert Hyman, Research Associate ofthe Center, should throw some lighton the opinion gatherers whose findings will constitute much of American political news between now andNovember 4.Election check unnecessaryNORC's studies of polling methodsare only a part of its whole program,which also includes work in suchbroadly varied fields as attitudes toward phonevision and to new life-saving methods, reactions to disaster,and the factors involved in making economic decisions. The program isnot even necessarily limited to polling, but, in practice, opinion researchthus far has been NORC's chief activity.The pollsters, of course, have nomonopoly on polling methods, or onthe difficulties they involve. Interviewing and statistical handling ofresults are vital to a great deal of research in the social sciences. (And thesocial sciences therefore benefit fromimprovements in method devised bythe polling organizations.)Although some researchers regardinterviewing as a slippery technique,still much that is known about people's buying habits, the Deep South,cultural differences in child-rearing,the effects of bombing on morale, andthe sexual behavior of the human maleis derived from interviewing. And theU. S. Bureau of the Census, the biggest of them all, still employs themethod in its well-known inventoriesevery tenth year.One reason NORC no longer pollspresidential elections — the organization did so some years ago, on an experimental, not-for-publication basis,with eminently respectable results —is that it is busy with other things. AAPRIL, 1952 7second reason is that the field alreadyis fairly crowded. A third is that itsimply is not necessary to do so.It has sometimes been urged thatpolling organizations need to work onelections, as being the only opinion-testing subjects which provide an automatic check on the validity of results. If this was ever true, it certainlyis no longer. An outfit such as theGallup organization, for instance, hascontinual checks on its operations ingeneral, through its market researchactivities. These are in relation to itselection polling as the underwater bulkof an iceberg is to its visible part. Andin product research, a forecast aboutthe popularity of a brand of soap isquite automatically checked when thesoap is marketed.Sampling grows more refinedPolling, a discipline whose difficulties were made famous years ago bythe Literary Digest, has come a longway in the last twenty years.For one thing, the familiar methodof quota sampling has steadily beendisplaced by sample selection basedon probability statistics. Instead of permitting the interviewer in the field aconsiderable area of discretion, thenewer methods of "area" or "cluster"sampling, and "systematic" sampling have thrown a greater share of responsibility on the central office staffs.The interviewer goes to a designated block, selected on a statisticallyrandom basis by the central staff,and rings every nth doorbell. If noone answers, he doesn't go to the next one. He tries the nth later — againand again.This revolution in method has meantthat accuracy increases in direct proportion as size of sample is increased.Under the quota system, no such gainswere achieved, however much thesample was enlarged.The newer techniques, inevitably,involve much more work, and to accomplish their gains in accuracy, theindustry also has had to contend withnoticeably higher costs.But interim studies NORC is making show that workers in the fieldstill are concerned over the old basicproblem of bias vs. validity, as well aswith numerous finer points which experience has brought to the surface.The old problem is this: to get results which are valid, it is importantto have the first-hand data which canbe got best from interviewing. But theinterviewing process itself can hidemany pitfalls of bias, which may inthemselves undermine the validity ofresults.With a questionnaire, an investigator gets around the problem of abiased middleman, but he has no indication as to whether the subject wassincere, serious, or sober when hefilled it out.With a batch of interviews, he hassome indication as to these things,PROFESSIONAL POLL WATCHERFINDINGS of opinion surveyswill furnish the material formany a conversational gambit,many an editorial and many atelecast oration in the monthsahead.For Lewis A. Dexter, '35, theywill be a daily enforced diet —bread and butter, in fact. As public opinion and election analyst forthe Democratic National Committee, one of his activities is thepreparation of a monthly OpinionReport, the first of which appearedin February.It might be assumed that, being on the payroll of one of thecontenders, Dexter would losesome of the fine political objectivity for which he has been known.Not so. Politicians must be realists,and Dexter's publication, as an"inside job," must coolly advise the partisans against mistakes, over-confidence, traps."Some surveys of public opinion," Dexter notes in MonthlyOpinion Report No. 1, "are worthwhile. Others are not. Useful oruseless, people talk about them."Dexter will be long rememberedon the Midway as the striplingwho entered the 1933-vintage OldNew-Plan College, and five quarters later, having completed fouryears3 work, was graduated.He received the Master's degreeat Harvard in 1938, and since thenhas accumulated an exceptionallyvaried teaching record in higherinstitutions. Work toward his doctorate, for which he returned tothe Midway last fall, was interrupted by his present activity,whose appeal was irresistible inthis political year.8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEK£r*^eBbut he has introduced the complication of the middleman."Actually," Hyman has declared,*"the choice is not this difficult, andone can drive a better bargain."Public opinion research seems tohave adopted a reasonable positionwhich reduces bias and yet maintainsvalidity."Interviewing still a problemThis method, he indicates, consistsof keeping questions and phraseologystandardized, but permitting some discretion to the interviewer, meanwhilescreening, training, and checking upon interviewers, within the limits ofhuman endurance.The three components of field research in public opinion, clearly, arethe interviewer, the questions, and thepublic, in the person of the respondentgiving answers.No one of these operates in a vacuum. The content and phrasing ofquestions must be such as to minimize misunderstanding by respondents, and to avoid "leading" their replies one way or the other. But theyalso must be brief and as interestingas possible, to keep the interviewerfrom becoming bored or discouragedand turning in a sloppy job.Interviewers themselves, obviously*In the Policy Sciences : Recent Developments in Scope and Method, edited by DanielLerner and Harold D. Lasswell, copyright1951, Stanford University Press. |/f<f'••"tfllciiii^Joccupying a key position in the process, have been subjected to endlessstudy. From this emerge some of thecharacteristics of interviewers, some oftheir problems, and some of theirfoibles.Interviewers are mostly part-timeworkers, mostly women, mostly educated, and mostly painfully conscientious, according to a series of studiesby Paul B. Sheatsley, who headsNORC's office in New York.Theoretically, interviewers themselves should comprise a populationsample that is just as accurately proportioned as the population sample towhom the interviewers will put theirquestions.In practice this ideal is all but impossible, according to Sheatsley. Interviewers are such a small groupthat lining them up in exact correspondence to the population is out ofthe question, even omitting such problems as having an illiterate interviewerto interview illiterates.Besides, the supply of available interviewers, necessarily part-time workers, is thereby limited. And there is thepractical consideration that if a goodinterviewer can be found who is willing to remain on the staff long enoughto justify training costs (about $100a throw) it is only sensible management to keep him on, even if he (orshe) doesn't fit the sample on allcounts and for all questions. But even though the interviewersare specially trained to avoid bias,and their results checked, rationalized,and compared, there still are doubtsabout the prevailing situation, inwhich, Sheatsley declares, "the greatbulk of market and opinion researchinterviewing is conducted by womentalking to the men, by college graduates talking to the uneducated, byupper-middle-class individuals talkingto those of low socio-economic status,by younger people talking to the increasingly larger older- age groups, bywhite persons talking to Negroes, andby city dwellers talking to rural folk."Defeated own purposeFurther, efforts to control any nascent tendency toward bias may themselves increase the degree of bias.In 1948, the Gallup poll found thatits staff included 45 per cent Republicans, as against 38 per cent Democrats. The firm therefore, followinga special screening questionnaire to itsinterviewers, altered its practice so thatno interviewer was assigned to anypre-election survey if he had a recordof political activity.This procedure, Sheatsley pointsout, had the curious effect of throwing Gallup's party alignment still further off, toward the GOP side.NORC has followed, generally, apolicy of hiring the most capable interviewers it can find, more or lessdisregarding their personal characteristics, and then training them in howto avoid bias.On the other hand, since 1945,NORC has employed Negro interviewers to handle the Negro portionof its population sample, in areas inwhich the number of Negroes waslarge enough to make this feasible.This meant, however, that NORChad to consolidate its Negro sample.confining it to a relatively small number of places, in order to produce interviewer quotas large enough to justify hiring a specialized interviewer.The dilemma obviously was: to risk alarger sampling error in order to getmore accurate responses, or to takea chance on responses in order tomake sure of a better sample.Milady takes the honorsAll in all, NORC has found thatthe "standard" interviewer — a womanof about 37, who knows her wayAPRIL, 1952 9around, who has had college trainingbut is not ostentatiously "intellectual,"who is neither too hot nor too coldabout politics, but who has a larger-than-average bump of curiosity — doesa good job.An interviewer's skill is compounded of many constituents. They include the ability to follow instructions,to elicit truthful answers easily, torecord and report them accurately,and to persevere on the job.And NORC statistics show that thenot-too-young housewife does comeoff with the best scores. She completesthe highest percentage of surveys. Shescores highest on over- all performance.And, with the exception of her onenotable tendency toward dereliction,she tends to stay on the staff longest.This exception is her likelihood ofoccasionally becoming pregnant. Noresearch agency (with the possible exception of Gallup and the Bureau ofAgricultural Economics, which employ larger proportions of men) hassucceeded in meeting this threat toits best source of interviewers.Occupational hazardOne embarrassed NORC trainer,one of whose new graduates resignedshortly after she was hired, ruefullyexplained to the Center: "I specifically warned her against any sort ofpersonal indulgence when I hired herfor the staff. I explained the Spartanregimen we expected of our interviewers, but I suppose there are alwayssome weak ones who will fall fromgrace."The public remains a continualsource of worry for both the interviewers and their home offices.NORC, on the basis of experienceand analysis, warns its new inter- WHAT DO YOU KNOWABOUT POLLING?Do poll interviewers cheat?Yes, but not many do. Checking over its former employees, NORC found that 3 percent had been fired for dishonesty.Does experience improve an interviewer?Moot point. Some interviewers retain a fresh attitudeand improve with years. Others get bored, discover shortcuts injurious to results, ortry to anticipate answers.Can an interviewer unconsciously influence a respondent'sanswer?Yes. When Negroes were askedif the army is unfair to Negroes, 35 per cent said yes toNegro interviewers; only 11per cent said yes to white interviewers.Is a person likely to speak morefrankly to a strange interviewer than to someone heknows ?In 'many cases, yes. He can befrank with the stranger sincehe is not likely ever to seehim again.viewers not to bother talking to people who are in a hurry, or who obviously have difficulty with the Englishlanguage.Slow answerers, on the other hand,should not be rushed. They may beundecided, but don't write them downthat way, because they may make uptheir minds in the meantime."If a respondent turns out to bea smart aleck," declares Douglas Williams, in NORC's instructions for newinterviewers, "don't bother to try toget a completed interview."If a respondent talks too much,and on topics far removed from thequestionnaire, you can cut him offpolitely with something like this:'That's an interesting reaction. NowI'd like to know what your answer isto this question'."Other NORC "don'ts:" Never tryto interview by telephone. Never interview people in groups.Occasional public misunderstanding is reflected in this cue from NORCto its embryo agents: "In a few rare instances, you may find it helpful inyour introduction to explain that youare not selling anything."The public, besides being sometimesperverse, is also not everywhere thesame. Studies have made it clear thatinterviewing is generally easier in theMidwest or the West than in theEast or South. One agency has found,for instance, that Bostonians are consistently less eager to air their viewsthan residents of cities more remotefrom the hub of the universe.A pollster's life is not an easy one.In addition to myriad other difficulties is the fact that the public's attitudes can be demonstrated to beinconsistent.One NORC experiment reported bySheatsley and Hyman strikingly bearsthis out. One set of respondents wasasked two questions : ( 1 ) Should Russian reporters be entitled to come tothe U. S. and report to their countryon the American scene; and (2)Should American reporters be giventhe same privilege to report on theRussian scene.Another set of respondents wasasked the same questions but in thereverse order.The second set of respondents, having first espoused freedom of pressfor Americans, was generally morewilling to grant it to Russians. Thefirst group was less prone to admit thehypothetical Russian reporters.Further, the first group of respondents contained a number of personswho, after sanctioning American reporters, still were unwilling to sanction the Russian reporters.Admitted inconsistencyThis sort of problem, and a lot ofothers, however, are all in the day'swork in opinion research, and as timegoes on representation of the public'sviews grows more and more accurate.The 1952 presidential polls mayprove to be as far off from — or asclose to — reality as those in 1948.What is sure is that studies suchas the NORC examination of pollingmethods Will ultimately give to socialscience at least an approach to thequantativity of research in the naturalsciences.It may not be possible for socialscience to produce a President by 1960— or 1964 — but it should be possibleto tell who the President will be.—DM.10 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEV\i> 1' 1 1,1 ?i $iiI,2i 1 B *. B^STUDENTS AT 1952's WASHINGTON PROM CLOSELY RESEMBLE OTHER PROMSTERS, WHATEVER THE YEAR OR BALLROOMSure, Chicago Students Are DifferentThey were smarter when they entered the College, but on the Midway-alertness, curiosity, and maturity grew as "new worlds opened up"By Hilary Fry, AM '51Director of Reynolds Student ClubhouseIT SEEMS to be acknowledgedquite generally that the studentsin the University's famous Collegeare bright. There also appears tobe, however, an undercurrent of opinion that, though bright, they are adreamy, anti-social, lopsided lot.One noted visiting critic recentlyreported that the students are neurotic. But the barroom in which headmitted gathering this informationlater published an ad in the Maroonwhich indicated that the reporter'sinvestigation time had been devotedto sleeping.By staying awake, it is possible tolearn some interesting things aboutthe students in the College, includingthe fact that they are generally normal, gregarious, and fun-loving, ona par with college students elsewhere,and more alert, curious, and down-to-earth than most. And bright, too. The general pattern of derogatorycomment about the "typical" Collegestudent is likely to run something likethis: "He has to be bright, thebrightest in the land — sure. But hisbrilliance in a Great Books discussionturns into something less than a dullglow once he steps outside the classroom. He greedily digests GreatIdeas, but he has no appetite for thefollies and foibles of his next-doorneighbor.Normal hut wiser than normalThis whole problem has been ofsome concern to me. From my vantage point in the Reynolds Club Ihave observed that the present generation of Chicago students doesn't appear to be notably "different". Theyplay the same card games, bang outapproximately the same brand of piano music, gripe just as much aboutthe food, and in general are just asbroke, noisy, and prone to trample upon the furniture as students I haveknown on other college campuses.They complain just as much about theinstitutions of their University (anddefend them just as stoutly to thevisitor) .But other characteristics have beenapparent, too. When plans are beingmade for a Reynolds Club project,the students display a more thoroughgrasp of the problems involved thanmight be expected. The questionsthey ask of visiting celebrities aremore searching than could ordinarilybe anticipated. In such personalproblems as those of family, fiancee,or finance, the students exhibit a moreadult, self-sufficient approach thanmost.Last year at this time I was begin-APRIL, 1952 11ning to wonder whether the evidencewould support the impressions whichcome to a denizen of the ReynoldsClub, or whether they would back upthe stereotype of the one-sided antisocial being. And since at the sametime I was wondering what to selectas a topic for my master's thesis, thetwo questions ultimately answeredeach other.Activity boost for mostOne of the first things I wonderedabout the College and its studentswas: what happens to a student'sinterests as he progresses through theintellectual fare of the College? Dohis interests, in both intellectual andeveryday issues such as religion andpolitics, flare up or dwindle? Dothey broaden or narrow?I felt this question of interests wasparticularly crucial because the students, being two years younger thantheir counterparts elsewhere, embarkupon their studious careers when theyare at the very threshold of the so-called formative years.Smaller questions kept croppingup: How interested is the student insocial affairs? Do the intellectualismof the College and the subjectivity ofreligion mix? What interest does hehave in current political matters, offas well as on campus? And does hefind that his intellectual curiosity issatisfied by the curriculum, or is hestimulated to further searching in intellectual realms?In general, my suspicions of theeffects of the curriculum were substantiated. The study showed thatthe average student experienced agreat and continuous increase in hisinterests as he progressed through theCollege. "New worlds opened up tome," was a comment I heard manytimes. Evidently it expressed the experience of most students.As a mechanic of the study I brokeall the activities down into sevenrather broad interest categories. Thefour in which the evidence provedmost revealing were: (f) social-recreational, which included the athletic groups, Student Union, thewomen's clubs, men's fraternities, etc.,(2) religious, including only those recognized campus religious groups, several of which are affiliated with localchurches, (3) political, (4) educational-scholastic, which included departmental clubs and Nu Pi Sigma and Iron Mask, the honorary scholastic organizations for the College.Only a few students failed to joinin one or more of these activities.Nearly three-fourths of all studentsparticipated in some activity duringthe 9-quarter period covered in thestudy (from October, 1948, throughDecember, 1950). And the amountof participation of the students covered increased from quarter to quarter. Most of those who did notparticipate found it impossible onlybecause they commuted too great adistance, or because they spent mostof their spare time working.Most gratifying to any Chicagoanis the striking picture of the nettle-field of intellectual stimulation whichthe College provided for the students— they possessed generally an enormous curiosity. Moreover they were,as evidenced by their activities, interested not only in the theory, but inpractice as well. They were interested in discussions of political theory,but they tested these by taking partin current political activities.To sum up the picture statistically,only 15 per cent said that their interests had decreased in any category;34 per cent said that' their interestshad remained steadily strong; and 51per cent said their interest had increased in one or more of the categories.Change of plansFor the most part, the students appeared highly appreciative of thebreadth of outlook they received inthe College. One enthusiastic younglady, daughter of a concert pianist,was especially grateful for her experience here : she had been planningfor a career as a concert pianist, too,but the Social Science sequence inthe College revealed an area of evengreater meaning for her. She nowplans to go into social work.I frequently heard the commentthat the student had been made awareof many problems of society of whichhe had never dreamed. Of course,much of this is simply part of theprocess of maturing, but investigationclearly showed that the breadth andthoroughness of the curriculum addedmuch to the natural process ofmaturation.The findings in the social-recreational area (by far the bulk of whichwas social) will be very disquieting to the shallow critic who pictures theCollege student as an emaciated, antisocial creature.Twenty per cent of all activity wasin this category, and it was steadilypopular with the students for the entire period of the study. Comparedwith the other categories, the numberof students tending to lose interest inthis one was quite high, but the proportion showing increase of interestfar outstripped the decreases.Comments of the students soundedno different from those I have heardon other college campuses: "My beefis, how do I go about meeting a girlaround here?" or "There's no placeto take a girl to dance informally —say to a juke-box, or to records."(This last comment was voiced constantly by both men and women, andhas led to the establishment of aspecial "den," in the basement ofReynolds Club.)The record of participation in religious activities is an interesting one.Eighteen per cent of all activity (considerably more than its pro ratashare) occurred in this area. Compared to other categories, the increasein interest here was low and the decrease was high; but again, theamount of increase was substantiallygreater than the decrease; so the netresult represented considerable gain.To me the inference was that theintellectualism of the College causedthe student to search for a soundermeaning in his own subjective religion. It was obvious that the religious organizations on the campus,with their good facilities and theirfull-time workers, are doing an outstanding job in serving the religiousneeds of the students. There werefrequent and frank expressions fromthe students concerning religion intheir lives. One student commentedthat the curriculum of the Collegeencouraged her to participate "in agroup with a rule of life and conduct,such as a religious group."Political activity leadsAnother student, not so concernedwith the weightiness of religion, addressed himself to a different aspectof the religion-curriculum relationship. Said he, "I find that if I don'tsubjugate my religion just beforecomps, I'm likely to lose it altogetherwhen the grades come in!"Activity in the political groups was12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEmarked' by wide fluctuation andstrong feelings. The most participation occurred in the beginning of thefirst year, the least in the beginningof the second. By the beginning ofthe third, it had climbed again, butto an intermediary point. Twenty-one per cent of all activity was inthis area, and 16 per cent of all thisactivity was off-campus. Considerable work was done for local politicalparty organizations — usually somesort of leg work, or envelope stuffing.Still some of it was done on higherlevels of the party organizations.As is true almost anywhere wherepolitics are involved, there was something less than complete unanimity.Some students who did not participatein these activities had harsh words forthose who did: such phrases as "naivechildren" and "busybodies" were usedto characterize the participants.Despite strong pro and con feelings,however, politics, significantly, wasthe leading category in the amount ofparticipation. On the other hand, itshould be pointed out that the number of political organizations which aTHE SHEER dollars - and - centsvalue, if any, of liberal educationhas been debated for a long time.Robert M. Hutchins, as stout a champion of general education as generaleducation ever found, declared itscash value to be nil.But the management of CarsonPirie Scott & Company, in Chicago,is out to prove him wrong, at leastin terms of this department store'sunusually forward-looking personnelpolicies.For at Carson's, general educationdoes have a cash value. This value College student might join was exceptionally large — fifty per cent largerthan the category with the next highest number.There was an interesting paradoxin the educational-scholastic category.The greatest amount of increase ofinterest and the smallest decrease ofinterest was in this area, yet the students' actual participation took uponly 3 per cent of the total picture ofactivity.Honorable hallmarkI soon discovered at least one reason for the high-interest low-activityphenomenon: there is a real dearthof scholastic organizations which areopen to the student in the College.This is unfortunate, since this interestin scholastic pursuits is usually not theexpression of a chosen-course-of-studyspecialization. The College studentcannot specialize in any one field.Such interest appears rather to be theproduct of a broad education whichstimulates intellectual curiosity toprobe many different areas. Thedoes not rest on the symbol of theacademic degree, nor on trainingspecifically useful in retail merchandising. It resides where it should, ona recognition of the worth of generaleducation in developing adult, thinking human beings.Customers at Carson's these daysmay expect to overhear assistant bosses debating with section managersabout the equality of man or thetheory of manifest destiny. And lateshoppers may observe some of thesejunior executives making a scholarlyretreat each Tuesday to the store's study indicated that this probablyoffers the greatest field for potentialgrowth in student activities on thecampus.The picture I have painted concerning students' responses to extra -curriculum activities is not all peaches and cream. It would be astonishingif this were the case. Some studentssimply were not inspired to partic-pate, while others found participationdefinitely unpleasant.Thus, as a result of the study, thisis the way I see the College studentnow: whether he is searching in vainfor a supplementary scholastic activityor joining a group for the promotionof world government, he is usually asocial, out-going organism, more interested than the average in the test-ing-in-action of the theories he learns,and possessed of a keen intellectualcuriosity.It is "true that he is younger thanthe average college student on othercampuses. Probably he is "different."But if this difference is considered tobe a hallmark of the College, it wouldappear to be an honorable one.eleventh-floor conference room withone fat volume or another tucked under their arms.For Carson's this year has been engaged in an effort to give the advantages of general education to promising employees at the young-manageriallevel who have not had these advantages. Carson's has footed thetuition bill for fifteen of these full-time junior executives, who are carrying one-fourth of a normal studentcourse load in addition to their workin the store. They are enrolled as agroup in the College of the University,Carson sand the CollegeFootnote onthe value ofan educationSERIOUS MERCHANDISERS CONSIDER AMERICA S HISTORYAPRIL, 1952 13as students in the course known asSocial Sciences I."We are convinced that a liberalpersonnel policy and a liberal education go hand in hand," ElizabethHatch, assistant personnel manager,says, in explaining this novel venture into education-commerce partnership.Objectivity and imagination"The hectic and competitive merchandising game increasingly demands top-flight executives who havea broad education and wide interests, who can view the problems ofretail merchandising, as well as theproblems of our society, with objectivity and imagination."After carefully considering theinstitutions in the Chicago area whichcould best help us develop some ofour promising younger managers intothis needed type of senior executive,we were further convinced that theCollege of the University of Chicagohad the approach and the program ingeneral education that we wanted."These State Street scholars meettwice weekly under the tutelage ofGeorge Probst, assisted by Jay Williams, both on the Social Sciencesstaff of the College. The group includes employees who range in agefrom 19 to 40. Most have had littleor no previous college training. Theyare up-and-comers, whose interestsand abilities qualify them for thisUniversity course.They are enthusiastic students andonly the necessary out-of-town buyingtrips interrupt regular class attend ee ALUMNAE CHATMAN, NETHERTONance. For many of them, the programmay be the first step toward a collegedegree.The Social Sciences I course wasdecided upon as a starter, since itdeals with materials in American history with which the students arelikely to have had some previous contact. It fits in, too, with the aim ofdeveloping reasoning, adult citizens.The University's reputation in education has been well documented byseveral recent University graduateswho are now employed at Carson'sand whose own progress in the storecontributed in some measure to thedecision to establish the program.Charles Stone, AM'51 (Sociology)Mrs. Joan Chatman, AM'52 (Business), and Ruth Wehlan Netherton,AB'44, are a trio who come to MissHatch's mind as she describes management's faith in the experiment."These young people have turnedin an outstanding record at Carson's.We are impressed with the broadskills and tools with which they approach their jobs. They can workwith ideas as well as with people.They have the ability to see beyond their specific task and to use newideas and a fresh approach. Theycan 'think on their feet' — no idlequalification in this 'gabby' profession."In recent years Carson's has workedincreasingly toward a progressive personnel policy based entirely on merit.This fair-practices policy has beendirected by Virgil Martin, Carson'spersonnel chief, who brought his educational experience and convictionsinto the field of merchandising sevenyears ago. Charles Stone, for instance,was the first Negro employed by Carson's. Now, after two years, he ismanager of the divisional sales force,responsible for the smooth allocationof employees all over the store.Mrs. Chatman is assistant to thewage administrator and also job analyst. Mrs. Netherton is wedding giftssecretary.Profitable collaborationCollaboration with the Universityis nothing new for Carson's. RobertL. Scott, one of the store's owners,is an honorary trustee of the University, after many years of activeservice on the Board. The store's president, Bruce MacLeish, is an alumnus,class of '03.The store has long been a subscribing firm in the Industrial RelationsCenter, and has recently worked withProfessor Robert K. Burns, ExecutiveOfficer of the Center, on its moralesurveys.A relationship of mutual benefithas also been established with theCommittee on Human Developmentand Professor Robert Havighurst'sstudies on problems of employmentof older people.It is too early, says Miss Hatch, toevaluate the results of the Collegegroup's study of American civilization, as elaborated in Social SciencesI, although some positive signs arealready discernible, she feels. Someof the student-employees already arenavigating in the realm of ideas withgreater self-confidence.There are indications that thesejunior executives have even begun toacquire the intellectual vigilance characteristic of some of the College'sfull-time students. One recently wasoverheard to remark to another "I'mbecoming increasingly suspicious ofthe sub-verbal level of communication." — A.P."THE PEOPLE SHALL JUDGE" IS SOC. I TEXT. AT RIGHT: INSTRUCTOR PROBST14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINENEW METHODS ARE FINE, BUT GOOD SENSE IS STILL VITAL, SAYS DR. YODERMister U.S. Family DoctorAMERICA'S "Family Doctor of theYear" for 1951, Albert C. Yoder,Rush MD '02 started his medicalcareer in Goshen, Indiana, in the horseand buggy era 50 years ago, but hecontinues to practice with almost supersonic speed in the atomic age.At 84, the energetic Dr. Yoder,who wears glasses mainly to humorhis oculist, is still making night callsand looking after his flock of patients.In fact, he hesitated briefly about going to Los Angeles in December toreceive the American Medical Association's medal of distinction, naming him Family Doctor of the Year,because of concern about leaving hisailing friends.In preparing for the trip Dr. Yodergave a demonstration of the pace atwhich he clips through his daily life.Notified at 1 : 45 pm by phone that hehad received the award, Dr. Yoderand his wife were en route to Chicagoby train at 7:30 that evening andfour hours later were aboard theplane for Los Angeles. In the interimthey had packed up, and had submitted to a newspaper interview. Andupon arrival in Los Angeles, at 7o'clock next morning, they promptlywere booked solid for television andradio appearances for the remainderof the day.The airplane trip was the first forboth Dr. and Mrs. Yoder. It was insharp contrast to Dr. Yoder's early days of medical practice, when hemade house calls on a bicycle and performed "more operations than I careto recall" on dining room tables.Born in La Grange County, notmany miles from his present office,Yoder's first professional venture wasin teaching. At the age of 16 hetaught in a one-room school, and following his graduation from IndianaState Teachers College, he was appointed principal of the VincennesHigh School, a post he held for sixyears.While at Vincennes, the young educator was married to Flo-MarieBrookie. But he also was acquiring adislike for school boards not uncommon among principals in that remoteperiod. They were always meddlingin his work.Thirst for independenceIt was also at about this time thatYoder began to think of medicine andof how nice it would be to "be myown boss."Mrs. Yoder agreed, explaining, "Ididn't marry a doctor, I helped makeone." With advanced standing fromIndiana University, where he majoredin zoology, Yoder entered Rush Medical College in 1899, and was graduatedin 1902 after studying under such menas Billings, Sippy, Haines, Webster,Bevan, Brower, Hyde, Fenger, Her rick, and others — "all wonderfulteachers."After a year of interning in Chicago,Dr. Yoder took his wife and their six-year old son to Goshen and set up apractice that has continued unbrokenin the same community for 50 years.The initial bicycle days of Yoder'spractice gave way to the horse-and-buggy stage when a patient paid hisaccount by presenting the young doctor with a harness and buggy. It wasnot until two years later, however,that he acquired a horse.Since 1910 Dr. Yoder has worn outa long succession of cars, making theendless round of calls on his rural andsmall-town clientele. He was, however, sold on airborne transportationin the course of his West Coast flight,and it would probably surprise no oneif in his second 50 years of practicehe took to making calls in a helicopter.In addition to the AMA's medal,Dr. Yoder was presented with an oilpainting, "Hoosier Song" by the Indiana State Medical Association, whichalso named him the state's FamilyDoctor of the Year. The Goshen Hospital medical staff symbolized theiraffection by giving him a handsomegold wrist watch.In addition to his own practice, Dr.Yoder was a member of the board ofdirectors of the first hospital inGoshen, built in 1913. He served forseven years as city health officer. Hehas twice been president of the countymedical society.His latest interest aside from hispatients concerns the study of fluidbalance in the human body and thepart it plays in maintaining health.Outside of medicine, one of Dr.Yoder's chief delights is traveling. Heand Mrs. Yoder have toured extensively in this country, and they made atrip to Europe in 1930. Their futuretravel plans have been amended toprovide greater emphasis on flying.The Yoders have four children —two sons and two daughters. Theiroldest, Dwight, graduated from theUniversity in 1920 and is now livingin Wilmette, 111. Neither son is aphysician. "I guess they didn't likethe idea of getting up at night," theirfather reflects.He confesses that he does get a littletired, nowadays, but, says he firmly,"If you have any fire at all, you don'tget stale in this field." — A. P.APRIL, 1952 15Cause or chance? Dr. Gerard's philosophical preludePRIMITIVE MAN probably hadtwo awarenesses that led to thenotion of cause. A combination of subjective and objective experience servesto differentiate for the individual the 7and the not-I. He carves out from theuniverse a segment identified as himself; an entity which acts upon and isacted upon by other parts of the universe that constitute its environment.Experience, similarly, reveals certainregularly-repeated sequences of events:a stone thrown into water is followedby a sound and surface ripple; a stonehitting an animal, by sound and muscletwitches; a stone hitting himself, by afeeling of pain. Darkness follows sunset and thunder, lightning.The actions of the individual areaccompanied by the subjective experience of volition: I make the stone flyupon its wjry; I kill and eat the game;I send a call through the woods. Whennot-I acts upon I, it is easy to personifyit and endow it with a similar volition.The tree root deliberately tripped me,the wind intentionally tore down mythatch, the wave swamped my raft onpurpose. Not-I becomes Thou, and aspirit or demon or Nature God is assigned to each entity as its personalityand prime mover.Here, then, is causality fully established in man's mind. An animate actorproduces the observed effect. The Euro-( fi TtyfULTIPLE INDEPENDENTIT A variables," "organized complexity" — in such terms reside the essence -of organism and of modern biology. What a chasm in concepts separates this from the biology of twocenturies ago!In 1752 the vapors of Galen werestill filling the body, although by thenthey were circulating in it. And theywere still clouding the mind, althoughby then they were thinning and aboutto lift. Vesalius, two centuries earlier,had put human anatomy on a soundobservational basis, and Bacon and pean peasant, seeing his first locomotive,was perplexed and unhappy until hereached a similar solution: "Ah, there arehorses inside."But the outstanding attribute of animateaction is its apparent spontaneity, is? un-causedness, is caprice. The "Harvard jaw"of animal behavior states, with only ;a littletwinkle in the eye, "Under the most carefully controlled experimental conditions,animals behave— as they damn please." Butwhat a wealth of sophistication has beengathered in this wry witticism! Experiments? Controls? Why the surprise? Howelse should animals or animates behaveother than as they please? To primitiveman causality was very real, but each eventhad its own private and personal cause, anuncaused spirit.The Greeks de-personalized and generalized causes. At least Democritus, with hisessentially modern picture of endlessly darting and bouncing atoms, gave a completelymaterialized picture of existence and afully deterministic view of change.Even Plato and Aristotle, who were concerned with what things are rather thanwith how they behave, sought in the common attributes of the group the key to the"essential nature" or the "material andformal causes" of the entity.For the atomists, determinism was complete. And Laplace epitomized this view inthe modern era in his famous statementthat a knowledge of position and motion ofGalileo had unfettered induction andexperiment a few decades after him.Harvey's De Motu Cordis et Sanguinis, the open sesame to valid physiological thinking, had been in theThis article is an abridged versionof a lecture given by Dr. GerardMarch 27, 1952, at the "Conferenceon the Future" in New York, marking the 200 th anniversary of the establishment of the first mutual insurance company by Benjamin Franklin in 1752. The conference was sponsored by a special committee of thenation's 2,614 mutual fire and casualty insurance companies. each particle of the universe would permita rigid prediction of all future events. Hecould well say of God, "I did not need thathypothesis."During the intervening millenia, therise of Christianity and the dominance ofthe church turned men's thoughts againtoward the animistic or the supernatural,and events were caused by the willing of aGod-head, conceived as everything from thebearded patriach to a universal first cause.And in the past few decades, quantummechanics and the uncertainty principlehave raised sophisticated doubts as to theunlimited operation of complete determinism. Contemporary man, and not only thescientist, is so steeped in causal thinking,and of a mechanistic mode, that true spontaneity or non-contingency or free chanceor free will or any kind of un-caused eventis not easily conceived.Even if a dash of indeterminacy existsto spice the sombreness of a determinedeternity, it is not disposed of by the word"chance." Chance may mean a true spontaneity, which some would attribute to thenuclear disintegration of a given atom. Orit may mean only an unidentified or unqualified set of familiar causes, as theentry of a blood cell into capillary a or b.Surely in most cases where "chance" operates—and in which probabilities can bedetermined with precision— there are manyfactors, each varying in time and perhaps inspace, but all of sufficiently similar weighthands of scholars for 124 years. Leeu-wenhoek's superb microscopic observations had been pouring out fornearly a century.Newton, who had rationalized thegreat co-ordinates of physical experience and had quantified the heavens,was dead but 26 years. Voltaire,whose coruscating brilliance flashedthe mechanistic consequences of thesediscoveries into all avenues of thought,had still 26 years to live.In 1752, Lavoisier was but 9 yearsold. Priestley was only 19, and oxygenundiscovered. And the birth of quan-LOOK BACK TO SEE THE FUTUREA thoughtful view across two centuries of scientific advanceprovides a platform from which to ponder what may lie aheadBy Ralph W. Gerard, '18, PhD '21, MD '25Professor of Physiology16 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEto this thought-provoking discussionso that no one or few would be dominant.And indeterminacy may not mean chancein either of these senses. It may mean,rather, a non-material cause, an animate orhuman or super-human volition. This hasbeen the dominant issue in the domain ofbiological science. If some animate volitionor vital force can, of itself and in a capricious manner, produce behavior of organisms, then such behavior cannot be regularand predictable and is beyond the scopeof science.Indeed since growth and reproduction,respiration and digestion and secretion, noless than adaptive or purposive behavior,seemed unique to the living, it was naturalenough that all of the biology was considered out of bounds for deterministic analysis.Perhaps the most important single statement that can be made about the past twocenturies of biology is: At the start of thisperiod vital forces operated living beingsand their parts; today organisms are as determinate as non-living systems and equallywithin the scope of science.When Heisenberg established his indeterminacy principle, many physical scientists (but no biologists, to my knowledge)promptly extrapolated this to free will.For, if an electron's position or movementwere to some extent undetermined, it couldmove into or out of a cell membrane justbalanced at a critical level, and so cause itto react, initiate a nerve impulse, discharge other nerve cells, move muscles, and produce behavior on a macroscopic scale.Actually, in the past decade,- as experimental techniques have enabled the neuro-physiologist to deal with individual nervefibers and cells and to measure their excitability, a "spontaneous" play of thresholds has been found to exist. Due almostsurely to thermal movement of ions andother particles, the charge across a nervemembrane fluctuates in time. And the extraions that must be moved to topple the system into activity— hence the applied electric current— fluctuates accordingly.Rarely, the spontaneous threshold play isgreat enough for the cell to fire with noexternal stimulus applied, And further amplification could certainly occur, so thatmolar action could follow molecular event.But, of course, this has nothing to dowith free will, unless one makes the altogether unreasonable assumption that theunexplained act of willing, by an unimag-ined coupling, could act in an unknownway to move the electron.Indeterminacy or even simple chance, atthe electron level, gives no personal freedom. The real question is why it does notlead to personal chaos, to all sorts of unwilled and untoward behavior. Yet it doesnot, with the rarest exceptions.This approach to the history of biologv,from the viewpoint of cause and chance,permits a final generalization I have madein the Annual Review of Physiology (now in press) in terms of the mathematicsof organized complexity."Biological theory has been, on thewhole, non-quantitative; but only inpart is this because of the complexityand fuzziness of the present phenomena.It has needed as well— and is getting—new mathematical methods to solve theproblems. Mathematical biologists arecontributing powerfully in reactionchain theory, in population genetics, inthe analysis of information and communication, even in statistical theoryproper. And statisticians are advisingbiologists on the design of experiments."Following Weaver's provocativeanalysis, mathematics early producedtools, as the calculus, to solve the 'problems of simplicity' of classical physicsand chemistry. More recently, by statistical techniques of the probability kind,it has created tools to handle largegroups of random events, as in thermodynamics, the 'problems of disorganizedcomplexity.'"Many problems of biology (and sociology) are, however, ones of 'organizedcomplexity'— inherent in the nature ofthe organism— and for these new methods are needed: devices for obtainingempirical relations where insight and deductions have not found a path throughthe maze of multiple interdependentvariables."titative chemistry (and of democracy)lay decades ahead.The course of scientific advance iszigzag but not random. Certain patterns repeat in sector after sector. AsI have stated elsewhere, "Each discipline begins in a descriptive or classi-ficatory manner. The subjects or entities of interest to it, the nouns ofits language, are identified, described,tabulated, and ordered. This is thetaxonomic stage, whether dealing withpure compounds in chemistry, minerals in geology, species in botany, structures in anatomy, or specific functionsin physiology."Next is the static or structuralstage, during which relations, as quantitative as possible, are established between these entities, and verbs of stateare introduced. Pythagoras' law,Ohm's law, Boyle's law, Bell's law,Starling's law are fruits of such activity."Then comes the dynamic stage,and the verbs of change, when variations in time, space, and other conditions are introduced and the shift in relations is examined. Integers pre-ceded infinitesimals ; electrostaticscame before electrodynamics; molecular structure preceded reductionrates; and knowledge about the architecture of bodies was prerequisite tostudies of their action."Finally, with the holistic stage,the language is completed, the unitsin their variable relations are returnedto the whole, the gestalt is recognized,GERARD: LEARNING ACHIEVES UNITY the planet or the organism returns tothe center of focus."But this is too simple, for thesestages apply not to each science, butto each level within it. The naturalentities examined by science are notultimate indivisible units but are builtof units. These are themselves entitiesbuilt of lesser units, often in a longregression. Man first grapples natureat a level dictated by the dimensionsof his unaided senses. Then he pusheshis way up or down through the layers — the astronomer to supergalaxies,the physicist to subnucleons — as instrumental aids enrich his senses, andinsight orders data."At the present rate of advance, scientists are moving at a level per generation. Before this century, the organism had been dissected, to the organ level. During the first half ofthe 1900's, the analysis swept on to thetissue, then the cell. In the secondhalf, it is already pushing on the organelle, particle, and molecule."In 1752, species, organisms, and organs had been recognized and tissuesAPRIL, 1952 17were being envisioned. But the deeperlevels of cell, organelle, molecular aggregate, molecule, and smaller particles of matter were unknown and unsought. In principle, they were evenunimagined.Knowledge organizesTypes of plants and animals werebeing assembled from accessible partsof the world and extensive descriptions of them had been published. Butuntil Linneus succeeded in devising areasonably acceptable system of classification (based on the structure of thereproductive system) and introducedthe systematic use of the double name,for genus and species, they remaineda chaotic mass of fact, with less meaning than the alphabetic ordering ofwords in a dictionary.After this time, taxonomy was firmly launched ; the distribution of plantsand animals — the geography — wasavidly pursued; the relations of individuals arid species to their physicalenvironment and to other organismswas noted, then studied. And thebreeding of plants and animals becamemore intense and experimental untilit exploded into the science of genetics.At the level of the species or group,then, the classification stage was passedtwo centuries ago. That of structureor pattern in space was undertakenin the following decades. And thepattern in time, or evolution, was noteven taken as a serious problem untila century more had passed.It is just one hundred years sinceSpencer first used the word "evolution" to indicate mutability of species,seven years before Darwin's Origin ofthe Species gave the process a mechanism in natural selection (built uponthe operation of chance) and set theworld on its ear.The organism itself, as an entityaside from its group relations, was alsowell identified two centuries ago. Itsmajor organs and parts had been dissected and portrayed and the functions of a few of these were roughlyknown. The circulation of the bloodwas proven, but for what end it didso was unknown. How could it be,with the word "gas" derived from"chaos" only a century before, andoxygen and carbon dioxide still to berecognized and named?A brief look at digestion is in order.The main muscular and glandularorgans of digestion were mostly well known to antiquity, but none of theducts — able to lead gland secretionsinto the digestive tube — had been discovered until nearly the middle of theseventeenth century. What was thegland's function? To fill crevices inthe body, or to support blood vessels,or to make contours lovely!Twenty years earlier, Beaumont —our great pioneer scientist — had published his masterly study of gastricjuice and digestion in a fur trapperwith a healed opening in his side directly into his stomach. And two yearsafter this, Schwann isolated andnamed pepsin, the main digestive"ferment" or agent of peptic digestion.But it was not until the presentcentury that Cannon's use of anopaque meal permitted x-rays of thealimentary tract and the study of itsrelatively undisturbed movements ;and Pavlov's studies of the "psychological" control of salivary and gastricsecretion, which led into the domainof conditioned reflexes.For a final area at the organ level,the nervous system deserves attention.The soft brain was, to the ancients, amere collection of mucous waiting torun into the nose. Even in the seventeenth century, it was a gland secreting Galen's "animal spirits."Not until 1786 did Galvani discovercurrent electricity, from its stimulating action on frog nerve, and also —taking the first step in electrophysio-logy — turn thought about the nerveimpulse in the correct direction. Theproduction of electric currents by active nerve was demonstrated in 1846by DuBois Reymond, and the modestvelocity of travel— a mile a minute —measured just a century ago by thatgreatest of scientists, Helmholtz.Cancer principleOne of the three great attributes ofall organisms is "specific synthesis"- — •the ability to build the molecules andpatterns characteristic of each. Thisis now clearly formulated in terms ofauto catalysis, the ability of certainmolecules to enhance the formation ofothers like them. It supplies a common denominator to the phenomenaof reproduction, growth (largely reproduction of cells), and repair.With this degree of insight, it isunlikely that the disturbed and disordered cell reproduction that constitutes cancer will long remain withoutan effective practical solution. The other two universal attributesof organisms are dynamic equilibriumand adaptive amplification. The latter refers to "purposeful" behavior inresponse to environmental stimuli andhas to do greatly with brain and mindin the higher animals.The level of the cellDynamic equilibrium is the consequence of the self -regulating machinery of the body and is an expressionof homeostasis, a term coined only acouple of decades ago by Cannon. Thecells of a multicellular organism, except those few on the surface, do notlive in the external environment of thewhole animal. Rather, they live in aspecial environment of blood and tissue fluids and other cells, internal tothe animal. The bulk of the visceraof the body are concerned with keeping this internal environment fromvarying.Aside from some mechanical devices,the two means of co-ordinating or integrating the trillions of cells into aunitary whole are transportation —mainly the carrying of chemicals, especially hormones, in the blood stream —and transmission — mainly the carryingof impulses along nerves, especiallythose to and from the viscera.If blood pressure falls, hormonesand nerves co-operate to speed theheart and narrow the blood vessels. Ifblood temperature falls, these samemechanisms cause shivering and fluffing of the hair or feathers. If thesugar in the blood falls, they forcethe liver to contribute some from itsstore, and encourage the animal, viahunger, to seek more food.If an acute emergency presents itself, these mechanisms (especially theadrenal medulla and adrenalin) helpmarshal the body resources to permitmaximal muscle performance, in fightor flight. If the emergency stress isless acute and longer maintained,again these mechanisms (especiallythe adrenal cortex and cortisone) helpcarry the individual through withoutbreaking.The study of homeostatic mechanisms is in the forefront of physiologytoday. And well may it be, with thephysical and mental stresses of waror even of our compressed civilizationupon us.By 1752, cells, specially the wooden-boxed ones of plants had been seen(e.g. Hooke, 1667) under the respectable microscopes of the day. But theycould hardly be identified as such,18 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPAINTING BY DEAN CORNWALL DEPICTS WILLIAM BEAUMONT USING ST. MARTIN S STOMACH WINDOW IN RESEARCHsince the very concept did not exist.A medical student, having paid extrafor special instruction, wrote in 1752:He then to inform me that this(Microscope) is the only trueTeacher of Truth; the which Ifound it hard to believe, but I learnthen that its Mechanicks have revealed the Structure of Animals andPlants to be of a Vastly differentNature to that supposed by the Ancients, that one Hooke found Vegetables to be built of little boxes andthat Malphigi and others with itfound the Body of both animals andMan to be built of fibres and tubesof a Complexity the most confusing.Mr. Kelly then to show me a dropof water taken from his gutter,which swarmed with invisible tinyanimals or Animalculae whose anticsI found vastly diverting, and he toinform me that such creatures didswarm even within the NobleTemple of Man, especially withinTumours and the Like where theywere generated from the Heat andDecomposition of the Flesh. He informs me likewise that the PurpleTide of Life the Blood containsglobules that can be seen to roll •through Vessels finer than the tiniesthair.Early attention had been focussedon the cell wall, and the viscid contents were disposed of as "slime," "mucus" or "jelly." Not until 1840was it dignified, by Purkinje, with thename protoplasm. Not until 1862 wasthis recognized as the universal content of plant and animal cells.Genes were conceived clearly, named(Morgan, 1910), located, and finallyseen (Painter, 1934) only in this century. Their manner of action is currently under intensive study. Thechemically related viruses, perhapsparasitic organisms degenerated to little more than genes, were actuallycrystallized only a decade and a halfago.Continuity and changeThe continuity of life might be regarded as the major theme of thepast century of biology. Continuity,not without slow change, is recognizedat all levels for structure and for function.Darwin taught that species werenot the result of discontinuous actsof creation but were derived in acontinuous sequence of generationsfrom different ancestral forms. Each twig of the tree of life connected backto the common trunk and so to othertwigs.Pasteur proved, for the individualorganism, the same unbroken succession. Organisms, even the lowly bacteria, must have parents — at least oneparent — and do not arise by spontaneous generation.So we find ourselves at the molecular level. This is the domain of biochemistry, another daughter of thetwentieth century although in gestation for most of the nineteenth, sinceWohler synthesized the first "organiccompound," urea (1828, or Hennelda year earlier) . But the continuingstory of the recognition of moleculesformed by living things — of proteins,sugars, fats, sterols, nucleic acid, ofhormones, vitamins, enzymes, of foodcomponents, waste substances, structural materials of the body, and thedrama of their analysis, synthesis, even"improvement" — :perhaps now belongsmore to the chemists than to the biologists.What is here crucial is that architecture has been traced, at least inAPRIL, 1952 19outline, from the elaborate multicellular organism through its organs andcells to the pure chemical moleculesand their own atomic pattern. Thereare no gaps to fill. The sequence iscomplete.Biology and chemistry thus merge atthe molecular level as do chemistryand physics at the atomic level.Structural chemistry explores thearrangement of atoms in molecules.Anatomy — or morphology — goes onfrom there, with the newborn cytochemistry aspiring to locate all molecules within a cell.Physical chemistry explores the actions and interactions of atoms andmolecules. Physiology, including its related disciplines of pathology andpharmacology — even ecology and sociology — likewise goes on from there.Like begets like, from autocatalyticmolecules to socially inherited culturepatterns. But groups of entities uniteto form new unit systems, new "orgs,"at a higher level, and with new properties.These "emergent" behaviors are stillregarded by some as true discontinuities, unbridgable and inexplicable. Yetthe behavior of atoms is being explained, and quantitatively, in terms ofthe lesser units of matter and theirrelations. And the behavior of molecules can be nicely predicted from theproperties and arrangement of theirconstituent atoms.So also the "living" behavior ofcells and organisms and groups reduces to, and will some day be derivable from, the attributes of the subordinate molecular units and theiraggregates.Continuum envisionedGrowth and reproduction are butelaborations of molecule reduplication.Metabolism and digestion and excretion are but organized molecular exchange and breakdown. Responses tostimulation, inborn or learned, even"voluntary" action, are but controlledcatalysis and directed energy flow.From nucleonics to sociology thereexists in principle a continuum.Biology, not even named until 1802(Lamarck), has transformed humanlife in two centuries. In 1752, lifeexpectancy was some 33 years; todayit is more than twice as long. Thecurve of rise, mostly in the past fewdecades, and still accelerating, parallels that of the direct financial sup port of biological research. This deserves a close study. Perhaps nosimpler and more convincing indexof the value of fundamental researchcould be found. And it is fundamentalresearch in biology, more than its application in medicine — though medicine mothered all science — that is thecritical ingredient.To picture the state of health andmedicine two centuries ago, I shallquote liberally from eye-witnesses accounts rather than lose their odor byparaphrase.In 1752, London was not a twentieth its present size. A couple ofdecades earlier, as Guttmacher wrote :. . . The bone-setter, Crazy SallyMapp of Epsom, an enormous, fat,ugly, drunken woman, was made famous by being consulted by Sir HansSloan, a President of the Royal Society, in the case of his niece . . .James Graham . . . made in 1773more than thirty thousand poundsby his lectures on generation andby the rental of his Royal Patago-nian Bed. This remarkable contrivance had electrical sparks jumping all about it. Its use during con-c e p t i o n guaranteed that "Sonsspringing from the bed like Marsshall prove, and daughters beauteous as the Queen of Love."Use of the lancetIn the eighteenth century, sixty million Europeans died from smallpoxalone. At its close (1798), Jenner introduced vaccination, the first modernbiological agent. With quinine formalaria and mercury for syphilis, itwas about the only substance of worthin the doctor's bag of that day.Some remedies were at least relatively harmless, but more vigorousmeasures were also used for treatment.The following paragraph by Craven,dealing with American medicine inthe early 1800's were written aboutbut are not limited to the frontier. Hequotes the best-known doctor in theAmerican West :To bleed a patient who cannot beraised from his pillow without fainting, whose pulse is nearly imperceptible, whose skin is cold, and extremes shrunk up to half their ordinary size, would at first view seemrash and unwarrantable. But experience, which in medicine can grantwarrants from any procedure, hassanctioned the use of the lancet evenwhen all these and other symptomsof extreme prostration are present.. . . The quantity taken must varywith the effect. It generally flowswith difficulty . . . and sometimesnot at all, though large veins beopened. In every desperate case, recourse should be had to the jugulars, from which blood will flow when it cannot be elicited from thearms; and flowing, must contributemore to the relief of the oppressedbrain than when drawn from theextremities.Human vivisectionSurgical treatment was hardly better than medical or mental care. Theabdomen had not yet been successfullyviolated by the scalpel — this awaitedMcDowell's removal of an ovariancyst in 1810 — and wounded limbswere amputated more often than not.The cautery was wielded as nonchalantly then as is the hypodermicneedle now, and pus was still largely"laudable" and omni-present.A hint of the kind of practice whichprevailed in 1752 is found in this excerpt from the diary of a young surgeon, John Knyveton:A woeful sight this morning instepping into the Alley. AnotherMarine dead during the night, alsotwo seamen both having lost theirright legs, one at the knee, the otherat the hip. So to remove them, andbeing made dismally aware of myshortcomings by these their deaths,to attend the others, in somethinglike a fury of mingled fear and exasperation. Oh, God, if we onlyhad more drugs! Of what avail isit to be dubbed Surgeon and to belooked up to for help when one'shands are tied and skill renderedempty through having naught butone's fingers to aid one! Did bleedall the wounded, and to dress theirwounds with salt water and tar,these being the only Physick I had,and so to make all as comfortable asI might; cheering the downcast, andfeeling a most Hypocritical Roguethereby.. . . We did agree that Desp'rateIlls need Desp'rate Remedies; andso to remove him from the Cockpit;where having first dosed him withRum to exalt his Fortitude andNumb his Emotions, we laid himout on the table and cleared awayall the Muck over the wound, andthen Mr. Nadauld did Trepann him,using for this purpose the Carpenter's bit, his own Trephine beingstiff with Rust. . .(This is how humans were oncetreated. One has little patience withanti-vivisection extremists who bemoan the pain an animal suffers onbeing stuck with a hypodermic needleor during recovery from an operationunder anesthesia. For it is such animalexperiments which have made possiblethe change in the treatment of manand animal.)For a last glance back to the worldof two centuries ago, look at the pestilences — and how they were regardedand handled. A yellow fever outbreakin the Spanish East Indies in 1752 was20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEseen by the natives as a problem ofexorcism :. . . When Pestilence breaks out incheir homes they catch a monkeyand dress it in fine cloathes; thenlead it on a string to each house,so that it may catch the Devils theysuppose to lurk within, they beatingthe walls and floors of the nouses todrive out any such; then when themonkey has made the round, he isled to the outskirts of the village,where he is disembowelled and crucified that the aforesaid Devils, having been coaxed out from the hamlet, may feed upon his entrails andso be distracted from returning tothe houses. Others again, when theyfind themselves particularly affected,beat their animals that the sicknessmay be diverted from their bodiesto the animal; others again catcha toad, spit in its mouth, and thenthrow the frog away, crying aloud"Oh Frog! Carry my sickness fromme!"Challenge of mental diseasePlague flooded over Europe timeand again, from 800 to 1800, killinghalf the total population in one wave,leaving alive less than one in ten ofthe inhabitants of cities as large asLondon, completely depopulating theislands of Iceland and Cyprus.Besides plague, other epidemicshave devastated mankind, especiallyas travel has brought a new mico-or-ganism to a population not recentlysubjected to it. Syphilis, brought fromthe New World by Columbus' sailors,and measles, brought to it in exchange, are examples. In 1801, yellowfever killed 22,000 of the 25,000French attacking the Haitians andleft Toussaint L'Ouverture the victor.Today these scourges are under control. Direct prevention, specific therapy, and general health measures havealmost eliminated most and cut theothers to size. "Magic bullets" havegiven the modern doctor real firepower. No longer need he cry in despair, "Oh, God, if only we had moredrugs!"These powerful agents are fruits ofthe tree of knowledge. Sometimes theinitial one came from an empiricalobservation — that cowpox was not followed by small pox, that cinchonabark relieved the ague, that bacteriadid not grow near a growth of breadmold. Some came from experiments.But in all cases, long laboratory —even human — experimentation wasneeded before practical use. In allcases, a vast store of backgroundknowledge and skill and attitudes made success possible. Little could beexpected when pestilence arose froma miasma or followed a comet.Today the surgeon operates freelyon all parts of the body and is chagrined when a rare patient dies. Withthe introduction of antisepsis, followedby asepsis, pus became reprehensibleinstead of laudable. The addition ofantibiotics, just yesterday, has all buteliminated the problem of infection.With pain and infection controlled,the skin was no longer an importantbarrier, and the surgeon could cut,ligature, and sew freely throughoutthe body.Some faith in the future is neededin facing the even more difficult problems of the brain and mind. "Psychology" was coined in 1590, but not untillate last century was schizophreniaclassified and named by Kraepelin,general paresis identified as a result ofsyphilis by Kraft-Ebing, the "unconscious" recognized by Janet, andpsychoanalysis introduced by Freud.Humane treatment of the insanewas established by Pinel at the startof the last century and hypnotism wasaccepted as a genuine phenomenon by1826. But not until 1917 was fevertreatment developed for general paresis ( Wagner- Jauregg) , and the shocktherapies for schizophrenia, and dementia praecox, followed later.Now psychosurgery is in vogue andhormone treatments are increasing.But it is clear that the solution ofmental disease is still for the future.We do not yet know enough of theintricate chemical changes in the braincells, or of the more complex fieldsof electrical potential and nets of impulse-travel about the brain. Certainly we still know too little of theeven more elaborate patterns of communication between persons. It istoo early for us to advance sure-foot-edly with organic or psychotherapy.How understanding groivsWe have come far from the eighteenth century, and live in a differentworld from the fifteenth. Dare welook forward toward the coming centuries?Barring a human holocaust, thecourse of discovery should continue inthe manner exhibited. At each level,progress will be from the classificatoryand static toward the dynamic andholistic. And as knowledge grows it will be put to use for prediction andcontrol. It will be applied to modifyman's environment, his culture andrace, his mind and body.Genetic control — for what?As the power to do these thingsgrows, the problem of values will become more acute; for controlledchange will have to be to some end.Whether this problem can be itself resolved by empirical science is at leastdebatable. Surely there is no sign today that the value of utility, emphasized by Bacon, is being questioned —as it was by Greek thinkers.A superior power could breed menas we breed cattle; and some unhappyattempts have been made in this direction by totalitarian states. Evenless drastic "eugenic" measures have-had -little mass acceptance. But whenhuman sex organs are kept alive in thelaboratory and eggs and sperm can bemated at will, to create babies thatgrow in "test tubes" or in the wombsof foster mothers, the situation will bevery different.Perhaps, beside such parent selection, it will become possible to inducedesired kinds of gene changes, mutations, and to modify embryonic development in a planned way by changingthe hormones or other chemical orphysical factors in the environment ofthe growing offspring. Then truly,men can be made to order and evolution speeded and aimed.But aimed at what? At height orbrawn or beauty (however defined) orlongevity? At reasoning or memoryor humor or altruism? Should all bekept uniform or should different castesbe created? Or should all such tinkering be abhorred and eschewed? Andeven if the answer were an unequivocal "yes", would one dare not tobe in a riven world?Given an individual person, theprogress of biology will still lead togreat changes. Control of disease willcontinue to improve. If the presentantibodies "wear out", as organismsbecome resistant, even if entirely newbacteria and viruses appear — probablyby mutation, as they do from time totime — yet it seems reasonable to expect that countermeasures against infection will more than keep pace.And the other great killers, the degenerative diseases of age, are evenAPRIL, 1952 21Crippled Childrenneed YOUR helpCrippled children want to walk, talkand play like other children. They canil you help by giving to Easter Seals.Give generously — your dollars meanisew lives for America's crippledchildren.19th ANNUALEASTER SEAL APPEALMarch 13 to April 13O Iw iNlsTKATlfEEXECUTIVEManagement Efficiency Executive position open in alarge, modern, metal goodsmanufacturing company inthe Mid-West, employing10,000 people in a singleplant operation.Must have had ten yearsprevious experience in position challenging ability toanalyze organizational andfunctional structures, manpower utilization, procedures and systems problems.Capacity as consultant alsodesirable.The man for whom we arelooking is 30-40 years ofage and a graduate of Engineering or Business Administration. This positionpays in excess of $10,000.All replies treated in strictestconfidence.Send detailed resume andrecent snapshot to Box 82,American Alumni Magazines, 22 WashingtonSquare North, New York 11,N. Y. now under intensive attack. Growingunderstanding of the physiology andchemistry of growth will some day answer the riddle of cancer, the problemof hypertension, indeed that of theaging process; but perhaps long beforethis time the practical problem of survival will be solved in a way by organtransplantation — a healthy kidney orheart for a diseased one.Moreover, as the molecular architecture and traffic of cells is revealedit will become ever simpler to devisenew substances, drugs, such as thegroup of antimetabolites, which willhave some desired action on the body,a powerful and specific one.Influence of agingThen the problems of old age andpopulation pressure will really be uponus. People will surely live longer andlonger and, for the foreseeable future,they will not keep youthfulness ofbody and mind. The influence of anaging population on productivity, initiative, and social customs, and on therate of change of institutions may beprofound ; and the person problems ofoctogenarian or centenarian, no lessso. The new field of gerontology is atimely one and one destined to expand.With more people living longer,populations must increase, unless birthnumber (aside from selection) is widely regulated. Populations are ultimately limited by food, at whateverstandard of living level. Food production will be vastly increased, by steadyimprovement of agricultural and animal raising techniques, including soilcontrol (e.g. krilium), better strains(e.g. hybrid corn or pigs), better nurture (e.g. antibiotic feeding) : and byexploitation of little used sources, asby yeast culture, or by making morehabitable presently forbidding worldareas.But at any time the available foodmay be abruptly multiplied by newapproaches, as occurred for chemicalfuels with atomic energy sources.The capture of solar energy underthe influence of chlorophyll is underincreasingly productive study. Itshould one day be possible to store thisenergy at will in food molecules,which thus become foods, by appropriate catalyst or enzyme systems. Indeed, the continued identification andpurification of enzymes, and their ulti mate manufacture, as protein chemistry becomes better known, will givethe scientist a superb set of tools tomake molecules of all sorts in quantity and inexpensively.Man's physical inventions enablehim to live in more and more extremematerial environments, enable him tomove from one to another more rapidly, place him in immediate communication with more people, andmultiply the matters about which hemust or wishes to communicate orotherwise act. Physically he is morecomfortable, psychologically more har-rassed. Here also new knowledge andinventions will come, but the shadowcast before them is more blurred andhazy.Assessment of individual abilitiesand attitudes and of the influence offormal and informal educational procedures on these will develop, ratherrapidly in all probability. Social devices for measuring and influencinggroup attitudes and performance willalso multiply.As power, in coal and oil and electricity, led to machines to aid man'smuscles, so controlled amplification.in electronic devices, is giving aid toman's senses and to his brain. Present calculators are not very realisticmodels of nervous systems; but theprinciple of controlled or adaptive amplification is alike in both and someof the principles that could lead totruly brainlike machines are known.Their application is not theoreticallyimpossible. If novelty-creating machines are built and improved, thenindeed will man's significance anddestiny become a flaming question.Expect the unexpectedBut the new ages that will beushered on to the stage of history bythese epochal advances are still sometime away. It is rash to mention them;it would be foolhardy to date them.One can only be certain of changeand of the unexpected.The biologist, the scientist, can onlyecho, eight hundred years after Maimonides, part of his "Daily Prayer ofa Physician," "Give me frugality beyond all, except in the great art. Maynever awaken in me the notion that Iknow enough, but give me strengthand leisure and zeal to enlarge myknowledge and to attain ever to more.Our art is great, and the mind of manpresses forward forever."22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINECLASS NEWSs»iis)i\r-Lady lawyer-farmerHelen Walter Munsert, '29, cut herbaby teeth on the word jurisprudenceand went on from there to cut paperdolls from legal briefs.She was brought up in a legal atmosphere and has maintained thattradition in her adult life. A practicinglawyer, she is the first woman to serveas attorney and hearing examiner forthe Illinois Commerce Commission.Her father, Luther Walter, was apartner in the firm of Walter, Burch-more & Belnap, and guided her earlyinterests in the law. Her marriage in1929 to Kenneth Munsert served todouble that interest, for they both attended Kent Law school. She was firstin a graduating class of more than 100,"which just killed all the boys."Helen has also turned to a man-sizejob for a hobby. Six years ago, she andher husband, feeling cramped in a cityapartment, bought a 13 acre farm southwest of Wheaton. Now they shouldertheir rural responsibilities in additionto their full-time careers in the city.Mr. Munsert, a hearing aid distributorwith offices in Oak Park, is frequentlyaway on business trips, leaving hisenergetic spouse with a 5 a.m. round of farm chores, which includes the feedingof 30 sheep, five Hereford steers, 20chickens, and two cocker spaniels.In their "spare" time, the Munsertsalso keep their four eyes on the sevenacres they have in pasture for the stock,a vegetable garden, an orchard with 55fruit trees, a grape arbor, and an asparagus patch.Apparently her farmer-lawyer lifedoesn't absorb all of her energies, forshe's an ubiquitous joiner, and the listof her activities and posts therein islong and impressive.As a sample of her many volunteerassociations, we note that she is thefirst woman to serve as director of theChicago Regional Chapter of the Association of Interstate Commerce Commission Practitioners.She is serving now as legislative chair-man of the Alliance of Business andProfessional Women of Chicago, and asa member of the local and national barassociations, has served innumerableterms as secretary of various committees.One of her special interests, for whichshe is a competent spokesman, concernsthe promotion of qualified women inpublic service. Admittedly, this is amatter she knows about first hand.1912Here's more news about this 40threunion class. Put a red circle aroundJune 6, and plan to join us on thecampus then. Asterisk continues toindicate those who have plans, tentative or otherwise, of attending. Margaret Bacon Blachly has sent in anewsy note telling of her retirement, after26 years with the Legislative ReferenceService in the Library of Congress. Herhusband, Clarence Blachly, PhD '19, isalso a retired government employee, after29 years with the Tariff Commission. "Ourwork along the lines of general researchand economics has been of absorbing interest through the years spent in our veryimportant capitol city. Now the days pass l/mwuity ef&icayiMORE LEADERS AMONGITS READERS!That's what »op executives everywhereare discovering about Mid-West AlummMagazines. Chicago is one of the sevenAlumni Magaiines that compose theMid-West Group, which has98,000 READERS!A selective audience with BIG Incomes,BIG Influence, BIG Needs-a BIG primary market for advertisers.Ajax Waste Paper Co.1001 W. North Ave.Buyers of Waste Paper500 pounds or moreScrap Metal and IronFor Prompt Service CallMr. B. Shedroff, CR 7-2668BEST BOILER REPAIR & WELDING CO.24-HOUR SERVICELICENSED - BONDEDINSUREDQUALIFIED WELDERSHAymarket 1-79171404-08 S. Western Ave., ChicagoGolden DirilyteIformtrly Dirigoli)The Lifetime TablewareSOLID — NOT PLATEDComplete sets and open stockFINE BONE CHINAAynsley, Royal Crown Derby, Spode andOther Famous Mates of Fine China. AltoCrystal. Table Linen and Gifts.COMPLETE TABLE APPOINTMENTSDiriijo, Inc.70 E. Jackson Blvd. Chicago 4. III.APRIL, 1952 23CLASSIFIED(80c per line)RETIRING to sunny Florida? For a home ofdistinction in a beautiful city of lakes nearRollins College, settle in Orlando or WinterPark. See or write a U. of C. alumna, EdnaM. Feltges, with McNutt-Heasley, Realtors, 15W. Washington St., Orlando, Florida.SARGENT'S DRUG STOREAn Ethical Drug Store for 100 YearsChicago's most completeprescription stock23 N. Wabash Avenue670 N. Michigan AvenueChicagoWHOLESALE RETAILLA TOURAINECoffee and TeaLa Touraine Coffee Co.209 Milwaukee Ave., ChicagoOther PlantsBoston — New York — Philadelphia —Syracuse — Cleveland — Detroit"You Might As Weil Have The Best"RESULTS . . .depend on getting the details RIGHTPRINTINGImprinting-Processed Letters - TypewritingAddressing - Adressographing - FoldingMailing - Copy Preparation - MultilithA Complete Service for Direct AdvertisersChicago Addressing Company722 So. Dearborn - Chicago 5 - WA 2-4561Phones OAkland 4-0690—4-0691—4-0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.INC.Awnings and Canopies tor All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueT. A. REHNQUIST CO.¥EST. 1929CONCRETEFLOORS — SIDEWALKSMACHINE FOUNDATIONSINDUSTRIAL FLOORINGEMERGENCY REPAIR WORKCONCRETE BREAKINGWATERPROOFINGINSIDE WALLS6639 S. Vernon AvenueNOrmal 7-0433 almost too rapidly, but more restfully, inthe performance of household, family andchurch duties, with occasional volunteerservice in our local library. Pride in ourgreat University continues, largely becauseof stimulation by contacts with its manygifted graduates in the Washington alumnigroup."* Edward E. Jennings, AM '29, a retiredschool principal, writes "I am enjoying lifeon a small acreage near Galesburg, 111. Itwould be delightful to get together withthe old gang."Maynard E. Simond sends news that heand his wife will be unable to attend thereunion since they will be abroad in Mayand early June on a vacation. "I wish youwould be good enough to remember meto all my classmates and give them mywarmest regards." Simond is chairman,executive committee, of the Charles PfizerCo., manufacturing chemists, in Brooklyn,N. Y.* Edna L. Sterling is director of Language Arts for the Seattle Public Schoolsfrom kindergarten through grade 14. Shealso works with the University of Washington on their in-service training programfor teachers. She will be attending ateacher-training workshop at the University of Arizona this summer.Myron E. UUman, JD '14, is a partner inthe law firm of Manchester, Bennett,Powers, and Ullman in Youngstown, Ohio.1913George O. Curme Jr., PhD, has beenelected a director of the Union Carbide 8cCarbon* Corp.1914Rudy Matthews writes that he has returned to Winter Park, Fla., for the restof the winter. Mrs. Matthews is remainingin Princeton, N. J., until spring when shewill join him. Classmates or alumni arewelcome at both points, of course.1915John H. Lewis, AM, has returned to thepresidency of Atlanta's Morris Brown College after an absence of 23 years. Dr.Lewis was president of Morris Brown from1920 to 1928, and has served since 1944,until his present post, as Dean of thePayne Theological Seminary at WilberforceUniversity.1916Florence Chisholm Bowles is representedin the January issue of THE INSTRUCTOR with an article entitled, "What is theAnswer?" which deals with a problem inremedial reading to which she invitesreader response."1917Charles Percy Drake is deputy director,Industry Relations Staff, Office of SalaryStabilization in the Economic StabilizationAgency in Washington, D. C.1918Wrisley B. Oleson, president of the AllenB. Wrisley Co., soap manufacturers in Chicago, was re-elected president of the Employers' Association of Chicago for a secondone-year term. The association represents163 Cook County industries.1919In honor of John Schwarz, AM, Professor Emeritus of History, at BowlingGreen University, the John Schwarz History Prize has been established at thatUniversity.The University chapter of Phi AlphaTheta, honor society in history, will offera prize each spring to the Bowling Greenstudent who has written the outstandingpaper on historical study. 192!Priscilla Sanborn, who was married ayear ago to Milton Simon, is a ChristianScience Practitioner in New York City.Andrew M. Baird, Vice-President of theA. G. Becker & Co., Inc., has been electedpresident of the Bond Club of Chicago.1922It won't be lone now until the30th reunion of the Class of 1922-June 6, 1952. Asterisk tells whichalumni are hoping to be back oncampus that day.* Grace Abrams (Mrs. Robert Carson) isa housewife in Toledo, Iowa. Her husbandis a retired farmer. They have two sons:Kenneth, a junior in agricultural educationat Iowa State College; and Robert, in theMarine Corps.Gottfred J. Anderson is district superintendent of the Covenant Church ofAmerica in Omaha, Nebr. He has threechildren: Marian, Phyllis, and Wilbur.* Marthe Bloch, AM '24, whose husband,Joseph Golde, '13, JD '15, is an attorneyin Chicago, writes that they still live nearcampus, "attend U. of C. concerts regularly.Best music in Chicago." Their son, Roger,is a student in the second year of theCollege. "As junior varsity athlete he haswon major awards in tennis, soccer, basketball, and baseball, and last season wasnamed to the all-star team in both lattersports."Those who knew me at the FrenchHouse and later as instructor in Italian atthe Chicago University may be interestedto learn that family tradition has passedon to Roger, who returned last fall fromsummer camping in France, plus a beret,personally plucked edelweiss, and a goodlycollection of French folk and popularsongs, not to speak of new and lively cosmopolitan interests."* Irene E. Burnett, AM '31, is a socialscience teacher at the Springfield (111.)High School.Walter M. Campbell is director of University Extension at the University of Colorado in Boulder. His wife is a home-maker and artist, nationally known asMyrtle Campbell. Their son, Paul, is headand joint owner of the New England ToolCo., and the New England Special Machines Co. Their daughter, Jean, is livingin Lbs Angeles where her husband is assistant superintendent of the publicschools.* Samuel S. Caplan is in the wholesalepaper and envelopes business in Chicago.He has three sons.Katharine Howe Chapman, MD '27, is aphysician in Colorado Springs, Colo., specializing in eye diseases. The Chapman'soldest son, Warren, is a medical studentat the University of Chicago; their daughter, Grace, has been studying in London:and son Philip, is at Dartmouth.Ruel V. Churchill is Professor of Mathematics at the University of Michigan. Heand his wife, Ruby Sichs, have a marrieddaughter, Betty, living in Richland, Wash.:and a son, Eugene, in San Francisco.Elizabeth J. Cope is a bacteriologistworking for the Detroit Department ofHealth.Warren A. Culp has served for 26 yearsas principal of the Washington ElementarySchool in Independence, Kansas. He hastwo children, a son and a daughter, andone granddaughter.Stanley D. Dodge, PhD '26, is a teacher24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEin the department of geography at theUniversity of Michigan.* Henry A. Doniat is chief chemist for theJohn Sexton & Co., manufacturing wholesale grocers, in Chicago. "Caught a fivepound large-mouth bass this summer andhave two witnesses to prove it!"Kenneth D. Dukes is in the securitiesbusiness in Boise, Idaho. He and his wife,Wilma Burrhus, have two children: Marly,a student at Radcliffe; and Dale, a highschool student.Rose Mary Fisk Hill is doing free-lancewriting in New York City, "after years ofputting down and pulling up roots inWashington, Atlanta, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh. Our 16-year old son, Tom, is ajunior at the George School in Pennsylvania."* Harold A. Fletcher is manager of sales,Household Products Division, PennsylvaniaSalt Manufacturing Co., in Philadelphia.His wife is Winifred King, '24.* Leo Frederick, Principal of Wells HighSchool in Chicago, sends news of his all-University family. His son William, AM'48, PhD '50, is now on the staff of theCouncil of State Governments. His youngerson, Robert, is a student at the ChicagoTheological Seminary.Hortense Friedman is assistant treasurerof the University of Chicago.Edward Fuhlbruegge, AM '23, is teachingat Newark College in New Jersey.* Percival T. Gates is president of a manufacturing company in Suffield, Conn. Heand his wife, Frances Crozier, '22, havethree sons: Gregory, a Yale graduate whois now in business with his father; PercivalJr., a U. S. Air Force cadet; and Christopher, a student at Harrow, England.* Harold R. Goebel is owner of the BillyAnn children's department store in SanAntonio, Texas. His son, John, is a captain in the Air Corps. Patricia is a freshman at the University of Texas, and theyoungest child, Marilyn, is 13.Bertie F. Goetschins is teaching highschool in Tulsa, Okla. "I would not bepresent for a reunion, but it will be apleasure for those who return."* Alger D. Goldfarb is president of theMetal Craft Constructors Inc., in Chicagoand owner of the Metal and Glass ProductsCo. A resident of Highland Park, he hastwo children: a boy, 17, and a girl, 13.Edward W. Griffey, MD '25, is an oculist,and practicing medicine in Houston, Texas.His son, Earle, '51, is a freshman in themedical school of the University of Texas.Daughter Jean is attending Bradford Jr.College in Massachusetts.* Thelma de Graffenreid Gunley is ahomemaker in Monroe, La., where her husband is an attorney.Harry A. Gussin, MD '26, is a physicianand surgeon in Chicago. He is on the staffsof Mt. Sinai and Chicago Physicians Hospitals. He has three children: his daughter is now attending the University, andalso his youngest son, who expects to studymedicine.B. Brower Hall is retired and living inClaremont, Calif.Herbert W. Hansen, AM '23, DB '24, isminister of the Community Baptist Churchin Scarsdale, N. Y. In 1950 he received theU. of C. Divinity School award, "Alumnusof the Year." He has two sons: Chadwick,now a graduate student at the Universityof Minnesota in American Studies; andCochrane, a Yale graduate who is now serving in the Navy.Amanda Hazemann is a resident of Le-land, 111.L. Dell Henry, MD '36, is a physician in •^a^^aer^agr^^eor-^^ggr^jaar^Inow ready with interesting new materials inCOOL, LIGHTWEIGHT SUMMER SUITSmade exclusively for uson our own distinctive patternsBrooks Brothers have long been noted for cool,comfortable suits and Odd Jackets. This season'sselection— in addition to Irish linen or cottonstandbys— includes a new blend of rayon, acetateand dacron... and other cool, lightweight materials that enhance comfort and appearance... in achoice of good-looking designs.Suits, from $23.50 • Odd Jackets, from $18. 50Swatches, descriptions and order jorm sent ufon request.ESTABLISHED 1818CLOTflTgo^Oens furnishings, Pats tr% hoes346 MADISON AVENUE, COR.44TH ST., NEW YORK 17, N. Y.74 E. MADISON ST., NEAR MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO 2, ILL.BOSTON • LOS ANGELES • SAN FRANCISCOAPRIL, 1952PARKER-HOLSMANReal Estate and Insurance1500 East 57th Street Hyde Park 3-2525H— m mmt±_U& \smammmmCOLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 Woodlawn Ave.Phone HYde Park 3-6324lunches: 45c up; Dinners: $1.25-$2.25Catch Baiin and Sewer ServiceBeck Water Valves, Sumpi-Pumpt6620 COTTAGE GROVE AVENUfFAIrtu 4-oinPENDER CATCH BASIN SERVICEC^xcludive L-steWe operate our own dry• cleaning plantTHREE HOUR SERVICE1331 East 57th St. 5319 Hyde Park Blvd.Midway 3-0602 NOrmal 7-9858Office & Plant1442 East 57th Street Midway 3-0608LOWER YOUR COSTSWAGE INCENTIVESEMPLOYEE TRAININGPERSONNEL PROCEDURESIMPROVED METHODSJOB EVALUATIONROBERT B. SHAPIRO '33, DIRECTOR Ann Arbor, Mich., whose practice is limitedto the study of allergic diseases. "Myavocation is staff physician in the speechclinic and lecturer in speech pathology.My hobbies are my garden and my farm."She is the past president of the MichiganAllergy Society. She is also lieutenantgovernor of district V of Zonta International and will be attending one of theZonta meetings in Houston this June.* Paul D. Hinkle is in the athletic department of Butler University in Indianapolis. He has two daughters: Barbara, whois now married; and Patricia, 19.Allen D. Holloway is a lawyer in Chicago. He has one daughter.* Ethel F. Hyman is a school teacher inChicago.Richard C. Jacobs, AM '26, is a retireddistrict school principal, living in Dallas,Texas.Marie D. Jensen (Mrs. Burdette Logan)is in the banking and real estate businessin Sheridan, Wyoming.Willard A. Johnston, is a teacher atFenger High School in Chicago.John S. Jones is manager of the salesanalyses department of the Ralston PurinaCo., of St. Louis, Mo. He has two children: Mary Elizabeth, who is married andliving in Los Angeles, Calif.; and a son,John Jr.Mary Kingsland Doman is a Girl Scoutdirector in Ripon, Wis. She has a marrieddaughter living in Cambridge where herhusband is attending Harvard University;and a son, Charles, a sophomore at theUniversity of Wisconsin.Louise kuhn Eppenstein is a writer,living in Chicago. Her husband is an architect. They have two daughters: Sally,who is teaching at Francis Parker schoolin Chicago; and Peggy, who is in thetheatre in New York.* Elizabeth Mitchell writes that her husband, Harry Hume, '21, MS '22, PhD "24,is refinery superintendent of the AtlanticRefining Co., in Philadelphia. They havea married daughter, Barbara; and twosons, Harry and John, both of whom arestudents in the School of Medicine at theUniversity of Pennsylvania.* Samuel H. Nerlove, AM '23, continuesas professor of business economics at theUniversity of Chicago. His son, Marc, is astudent at the University of Chicago; Harriet is graduating from the Laboratoryschool and heading for the U. of C. College; and Sally Beth is a Lab school student, "interested in horses."* Carolyn Thompson Costen is living inSt. Louis, Mo. Her husband is a physician. They have four children: Jean, married with two children; William, a studentat Washington University Medical School;Carolyn, a graduate of Bradford; and Lucy,9. "Nothing spectacular to report, justbusy with the above since 1924."Myra Thompson Ingmanson is living inNew Haven, Conn., where her husband,John, '25, is vice president of the WhitneyBlake Co.1924Emilyn Anderson Roberts contributed anarticle to the November issue of THEINSTRUCTOR, entitled, "A Step TowardOne World," in which she describes howchildren in her fourth-grade school roomin Imperial Beach School, California, madedioramas depicting the types of dwellingof peoples around the world.1925Burr L. Robbins, president of the General Outdoor Advertising Co., Inc., has beenelected a member of the board of directorsof Kropp Forge Co. Robbins is a director of the Mercantile National Bank, the Chi-cago Better Business Bureau, and a numberof other organizations.1927These class notes should help bringyou up to date on the whereaboutsand doings of some of the membersof the Class of 1927, who will holdtheir 25th reunion on June 6.* John Allison is special consultant for theAnn Arbor, Mich., public schools.* Luther A. Anderson is an accountantfor Armour & Co., in Ironwood, Mich. Hewrites that his avocation is writing on outdoor subjects and that he contributed tohunting and fishing magazines. He haswritten two books, Hunting, Fishing, andCamping published by Macmillan, andHunting the American Game Field, published by Ziff-Davis.Madi Bacon writes from Berkeley, Calif.:"I am conducting the University of California Extension chorus, and the San Francisco Boys' chorus which sings with theSan Francisco Opera Co., and gives concerts. I am also a lecturer in music. Continue mountain climbing with the SierraClub. Still appreciate attitudes and accomplishments of my Alma Mater. Keepon fighting loyalty oaths!"Robert S. Baldwin, MD '32, is a physicianof internal medicine, practicing in Marsh-field, Wis.* Melvin G. Barker is promotion directorof the Chicago Sun-Times.Walter N. Barnes is a photographer inAustin, Texas. He has two sons: Frank,16; and Walter, 14. His wife teaches mathematics at the University of Texas.* Anthony Bay, MD, '31, is practicing industrial medicine in Chicago. He has adaughter, Barbara Jane.John C. Bennette is in advertising saleswith the Harvey & Howe Co., in Chicago.* Herbert N. Blakeway, AM '28, is principal of the Poe School in Chicago.* Eva Bloom is a homemaker and business assistant to her husband, Sam Benjamin, JD '29, who is in men's wear business in Ann Arbor, Mich. They have twodaughters: Bernice, 12; and Helen, 8.* Louise M. Bloom is a high school teacherof German and Spanish in Winona, Minn.Seymour S. Borden has announced thathe is in the process of reforming the firmof Seymour Borden & Co., wholesale distributors of dressed poultry, in Chicago.Borden, who discontinued his business tovolunteer for duty with the U. S. navalreserves in 1942, recently has managed theaffairs of several large distributors.* J. Frederick Borgh is vice president ofNorth Park College in Chicago. He hasthree grown children: J. Frederick Jr., adentist in Princeton, 111.; Helen, who is aresident nurse at Swedish Covenant Hospital in Chicago; and a married daughter,Doris, who is living in Louisville, Ky.* Lester H. Brill is a real estate investorin Chicago. He has two daughters: Margot,11; and Helen Louise, 7.* Harold E. Brooks is general managerof the personnel division of Armour & Co.,in Chicago. A Hinsdale resident, he hastwo children: Joan, 12; and David, 9.Alfred L. Burgdorf, MD '32, is directorof health in Hartford, Conn. He has twosons: David, 12; and Mark, 6.Marjorie Burrell, AM '37, is coordinatorfor the elementary schools of, North Plain-field, N. J. She writes: "I am near enough26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINENew York to enjoy its advantages, and farenough so that a few minutes drive takesme to the country and the mountains. Iwish I could come to a reunion, but ourschools don't dismiss early enough."Elsie M. Bush is an assistant in fieldwork at Union Theological Seminary inNew York City.J. Harold Caesar is assistant director ofthe Muskegon Community College inMichigan. The whole Caesar family wentalong to England a few years back whenHarold was an exchange teacher there.His daughter, Lois, is a student now at theChicago Musical College. He has a son,Pete.* Richard Chadwell is president of theWeatherall Engineers, Inc., a firm in Providence, R. I., which manufactures heatingequipment. He has three children: RichardII, who is a freshman at the University ofPennsylvania; Charles, a senior at Choateschool in Connecticut; and Judith Ann, asixth grader.* Dwight M. Cochran lists the SafewayStores, Inc., as his business in Burlingame,Calif. His two children are a 13-year oldboy, and a 6-year old daughter. He votes"yes" for a reunion, but adds, "it's a longway from here to Chicago."* Esther E. Cook and her husband, RobertPease, '35, MBA' 47, have two sons: RobertJr., 17; and Richard, 12. They are livingin Chicago.Elizabeth Coolidge is a teacher in theSeattle public schools.* Everett J. Crews is in the real estate andinsurance business in Enid, Oklahoma.* Louise Duncan Carson continues asteacher of English at the Asheville (.N. C.)Senior High School. She spent the summer of 1951 in Europe and studied at theSorbonne for five weeks. She is servingher sixth year as public relations representative in western North Carolina for theNational Council of Teachers of English.* Gordon F. Ebert, a manufacturer of picture frames, moved his factory from Chicago to Winona, Miss., three years ago.Roy G. Fischer, a certified public accountant, is in the general chemical division of the Allied Chemical Sc Dye Corp.His home is in White Plains, N. Y. He hasa 16-year old daughter.Ruth Fox Wyatt is Associate Professorand Director of Tests and Measurements,School of Music, Northwestern University.Her husband is Harry Wyatt, '18, JD '21.Dorothy Freund (Mrs. Willett Weber) isa teacher at Lane Technical High Schoolin Chicago.* Eva Hachtman Berkenbilt writes fromWashington, D. C: "Am renovating anold house in Glen Echo Heights, Md.Watching David, 14, and Judith, 13, growup and decide what to be and where togo to college. Will be working part timeagain in social service. The training insocial work at the University is still verymodern, and I have a deep feeling ofgratitude for excellent training receivedthere."* Alfred H. Highland, JD '28, is a lawyerin Hammond, Ind., with the firm of Peters& Highland. He is a member of the Boardof Managers of the Indiana State Bar Association, and co-chairman of the committeesoliciting funds for the U. of C. Law Schooldevelopment program in Indiana. He hastwo children: Jean, 13; and John, 10.Ray Holbrook, JD '29, is engaged inprivate law practice in Frankfort, Ky. Hewas previously with the attorney general'soffice of Kentucky as special attorney forthe department of highways.Virginia Hyde Ken nan is executive sec retary and director of the University ofVirginia Hospital.* Robert H. Jackson is an accountant withthe L. J. Sheridan Co., in Chicago.* Norman D. Johnson is assistant secretary and assistant treasurer of the AllisChalmers Mfg. Co., in Milwaukee.Livingston E. Josselyn, MD '32, PhD '33,is doing pharmaceutical-medical research.His wife is Irene Milliken, MD '34. Residents of Highland Park, 111., the Josselynshave a daughter, Helen, who is a freshman at the University of Colorado.* M. Helen Keller is a teacher in Dayton,Ohio.Clyde Keutzer is director of the Schoolof Music, College of Puget Sound, in Tacoma, Wash. "In addition, I direct theOrpheus Male Chorus and the Ladies MusicClub Chorus, and sing (tenor) a limitednumber of concerts each season." TheKeutzers have two children: Carolyn, 15;and Stephen, 13.* William W. King, sales representative ofthe American Brass Co., in Bryn Mawr, Pa.,announces the birth of a son last October17.* John A. Krafft is vice-principal of theElgin Senior High School in Illinois.Phyllis B. Kreis is director of guidance atLake View High School in Chicago.* Harold S. Laden is in the wholesaleliquor business in Philadelphia, Pa. Hehas two sons: Steven, 16; and Richard, 11.* Anna D. Lanz is principal of the Bur-bank School in Chicago and of the BurbankSpecial^ School for Crippled Children.* Lewis Levy is a certified public accountant and a partner in the Levy, Calderon 8cCo., in Indianapolis, Ind. He has twodaughters: Marsha, 13; and Margot, 10.* Kenneth K. Loemker is Professor ofPsychology at Marshall College in Huntington, W. Va. He has two daughters: MaryMargaret, 8; and Jean Elizabeth, 6.* Evangeline Lynch is a teacher of speechand dramatics at the Chicago School ofExpression and Dramatic Art. She is alsothe author of published dramatic playsand won a first award at the MidwesternWriters' Conference.Louisa L. Magraw is a teacher of officepractice in Quincy (Mass.) high school.* C. M. Marberg is with the Gustin-BaconMfg. Co., in Kansas City, Mo.* Walter S. Marks is in his 24th year ofteaching and coaching at Indiana State College in Terre Haute, Ind. He has twosons.* John D. McCarthy, MD '32, has beenpracticing medicine in Riverside, 111., for16 years. He has been alumni chairmanthere for six years. His three sons are:Jim, 17, who is a sophomore at the U. ofC; Joe, 15, and Jerry, 7. He has a daughter, Bonnie, 10.* Dorothy McCoy McBride is a resident ofEvanston, 111., where her husband is a bankofficer.Frederick M. Meigs, PhD '30, is directorof development, General Aniline and FilmCorp., New York City. He has three children: Robert, 8; Gordon, 5; and Marilyn, 3.* Otto M. Merriman retired last June after44 years of teaching and vocational guidance work in the public schools in Indiana,of which 35 years were spent in Whitingwhere he now lives. He is now in the lifeinsurance business. He has a married sonand two grandchildren.Albert W. Meyer is a research chemistin Nutley, N. J. He and his wife, LeslieHudson, MS '31, have four children: Albert Jr., Leslie, Katherine, and Robert.Ruth Mills Elwood is working for theBaumann-Cook real estate office in Winnetka, 111. She is also president of Chi Psi TheHazelHoffShopInfants' - Children's WearLingerie - HosieryShip V Shore —America's favorite sports blouse1377 East 55th Street— HYde Park 3-8180BIRCK-FELLINGER CORP.ExclusiveCleaners & Dyers200 E. Marquette RoadPhone: WEntworth 6-5380BOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.OAkland 4-0492Telephone HAymarket 1-3120E. A. AARON & BROS. Inc.Fresh Fruits and VegetablesDittributor* otCEDERGREEN FROZEN FRESH FRUITS ANDVEGETABLES46-48 South Water Market^^^^^krxcfitfNcc w tttcniCAi products^Jelectrical SUPPLY CO.DIstrlbBtirs, Minofietanrs ind Jabbers ifELECTRICAL MATERIALSAND FIXTURE SUPPLIES5801 Halsted St. - ENglewood 4-7500TELEVISIONDrop in and see a programRADIOSFrom consoles to portablesRadio-TV ServiceAt home or shopELECTRICAL APPLIANCESRefrigerators RangesWashers BlanketsSPORTING GOODSFor all seasonsRECORDSPopular-SymphoniesFine collection for childrenHERMANS935 E. 55th StreetAt Ingleside AvenueTelephone Midway 3-6700Robert Gaertner, '34 Julian Tishler, '33APRIL, 1952 27Swift;Ice CreamA product of Swiff & Company7409 So. State StreetPhone RAddiff 3-7400L E S S H ° SGROCERY aod MARKET1327 East 57th Str@®fPhones: HYd© Park 3-9100-1-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVERPhone: SAginaw 1-3202Fpigyir f^ilEIBJililta©fing & InsulationLeuka RepairedF/ee Estimate®FRANK CURIRAN ROOFIWG COB7711 Luella Ave*m^i^^T-.:^^rM^^mMn^^p^i^^mENVR AVERS- SINCE 19 O 6 —¦?' WORK DON E BY ALL PROCESSES -4+ ' ES Tl MATE'S GLADLY FUR N IS HED +> ANY PUBLISHER OUR REFERENCE ?RAYNER-DALHEIM fxCO.2801 W. 47TH &T.B CHSCAGOo Mothers' Club at Northwestern Universitywhere her son, Bill, is a junior. She servesas treasurer of the Village Gardeners ofGlencoe. News of her three daughters includes the facts that Janice, Smith '51, isnow working toward her master's degreeat Berkeley; Jean is a freshman at NewTrier High School; and Susan is a sixthgrader.* Homer D. Mitchell is pastor of the FirstPresbyterian Church in Marquette, Mich.,and a member of the state committee toestablish Westminster (student) Foundations on all state-college campuses in Michigan.Jack S. Morris, JB '28, is a lawyer inChicago. He has a six-year-old daughter,Marilyn Ann.R. Wynne Morris is a physician and surgeon in Helena, Montana. He has threechildren: Richard, 16; Suzanne, 11; andBradley, 6.* Lois Myerhoff Hinson and her husband,who is a retired electrical engineer, areliving in South Pasadena, Calif.Alexander J. Napoli, JD '29, is a judgein the municipal court of Chicago. He hasthree children: Thomas, 14; Robert, 12;and Richard, 10.* Annie Nelson, a retired teacher livingin St. Charles, 111., keeps busy traveling,reading, and looking after home affairs.Mary Nixon Andress is living in Lees-burg, Fla., where her husband is a citrusfruit grower. They have two children:Marjorie, 16; and Janet, 13.* Ruth Orilefo is Associate Professor ofClinical Psychology at Miami University inOxford, Ohio.Helen Palmer King is living in Oberlin,Ohio, where her husband is minister of theCongregational Church. The Kings havefour children: Carol, 13; Joey, 12; Janet, 8;and Judy, 5.Tom D. Paul, Rush MD '32, is an obstetrician and gynecologist in Santa Barbara, Calif. "Have been here since 1947 —got tired of cold, slush and heavy trafficafter my army hitch took me away from itall for 42 months." He has two daughters.* Ann S. Pearson is principal of the PorterSchool in Muskegon, Mich.* Helen N. Scott (Mrs. John Gilbert) isemployment manager for the AmericanChicle Co., in Long Island City, New York.* Zee-May Sutherland Hakes is living inRye, N. Y., where her husband is zone manager for the Nash-Kelvinator Corp. Theyhave two children: Bruce, 15; and Pamela,8.* jeanette Tamon Kann, a Glencoe, 111.,housewife, writes: "Have been paintingand selling pictures! (art was my major)and writing and selling articles! (Englishwas my minor) after a lapse of 20 years ofnon-productive literary and artistic inactivity. We have two children: Judith, 16,and Edward, 13."* Bertha Tepper (Mrs. Louis Gaiter) isliving in Chicago and working at BordelonDesigns on Chicago's southside. Herdaughter, Julie, is in Odenwaldschule,Germany this year with her father, MiltonMayer, and Amanda, 10, is at the Laboratory School.Marscia Wallace Rosenfels is a substitutehigh school teacher in Kennewick, Wash.Her husband is with the Hanford Works,General Electric Co., in Richland, Wash.* Wilhelmina Warner Levine, AM '30, isa busy housewife in Chicago, raising twochildren: Joe, who plans to enter the College of the University in the fall, andFrances, 11. Mrs. Levine is also active incommunity affairs. Her husband, Victor,SB '25, MD '29, is a pathologist. Zoo paradeTelevision's most popular cast isnon-human.Viewers of TV's Zoo Parade willno doubt agree with this summaryof an article written by CharlesKomaiko, '33, and his wife, Jean, inthe April issue of Pageant Magazine.The Komaikos5 article is chuckfull of humorous and informativeanecdotes about how this popularprogram got its start and keeps going with a potential cast of 2,500animals.Zoo director Marl in Perkin's suavemanner and the fascinating, completely unrehearsed antics of hisLincoln Park zoo inhabitants havecombined to win for the programthe coveted Peabody Award and ahost of other citations.John H. Wild is in the real estate business in Chicago. He has four children:John Jr., 13; Robert, 12; Ann, 7; andStephen, 3.Grace D. Wills is manager of a glassdecorating plant in Bowling Green, Ohio.* Robert W. Wolff is director of the en-gine.ering-centralab division of the Globe-Union Co. Inc., in Milwaukee.* Frances Carpenter Zimmer is executiveassistant of the Illinois State Medical Society. Her home is in Monmouth, 111.193SAllen R. Levin sends in news of the birthof a second son, Robert Alex, born December 19, 1951. Captain Levin is chiefclinical psychologist at the Army Hospital,Fort Benning, Ga.Col. Morris Schonholz, JD '33, SeniorArmy Instructor, Organized Reserve Corps,reported in January to Fort Mason, Calif.,for reassignment to Yokohama, Japan. Heserved in India and China during W7orlclWar II, and was awarded the Bronze Starmedal.1932The Class of '32 is set for a reunion onJune 6. Will you be there?* Joseph j. Abbell, JD '34, is an attorney,a partner of Abbell, Portes 8c Schonfield,and a certified public accountant in Chicago. He has one daughter, Louise, 11.Werner H. Bromund is an associate professor of chemistry at Oberlin College, inOhio. He has two children: Richard, 11;and Marylee, 7. "Would like very muchto attend the reunion, but probably can'tget away for it since commencement activities here at Oberlin would interfere."Tracy H. Calkins is general factory manager for the Continental Optical Co., inIndianapolis. His two children are Robert,10; and Carol Lee, 6.Stanley Cook, AM '39, is an Englishteacher in the Grosse Pointe (Mich.) highschool.Viola De Berriene Ellsworth sends newsthat her husband is on leave from the staffof the University of Wisconsin as aneconomist to serve with the InternationalBank for Reconstruction and Development,and that he has just returned from hisfirst mission to Ceylon.* Samuel Horwitz, JD '34, lists law andreal estate under "business." He has fourchildren: Roger, 10; Jill, 8; Gail, 4; and Jan,four months. "Happy to see U. of C. not28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEembarrassed by the national collegiate football picture."* William Kir-Stimon is a lecturer in educational psychology at Indiana University(Gary) and a teacher in the Pestalozzi-Froebel Teachers College in Chicago.* Florence McCullagh (Mrs. Anthony Zehr)is a substitute teacher in Chicago. Shehas two daughters: Nancy, 7; and Amy, 9.Her husband is a baker.Charlotte Morehouse Duesing, AM '34,writes from Atlanta, Ga., that "We're realboosters for Atlanta as a place to live."Her husband is sales manager in theAtlanta zone for Sears, Roebuck & Co.They have three children: Billy, 9; AliceAnn, 7; and John, I.* Rose Mary Parsons (Mrs. Sigmund J.Schaul) is living on Long Island, N. Y.,where her husband is a salesman in theGarment Center. They have two sons:Stephen, 5; and Joseph, almost 3.* Samuel C. Plummer Jr., is agency supervisor in Peoria, 111., for the NorthwesternMutual Life Ins. Co.* Stephen G. Proksa, a lawyer in Chicago,had a busy fall, what with moving intotheir new home in Oak Park, 111., andwelcoming a new daughter into the family.* Aaron Saltzman is with the Gem JewelryCo., in Beaumont, Texas, and is also apart-time instructor in history at the LamarState College.Agnes Wolters Sendecke is a homemakerin Momence, 111., where her husband is aretired farmer.* Margaret W. Siemon is assistant manager of the Boston office of the Book Housefor Children.* Ogden K. Smyth is foreman, technicaldivision, Sinclair Refining Co., CorpusChristi Refinery. He has three children:Barbara, 17; Douglas, 15; and Dianne, 13.He lists sailing on his 18-foot boat "Fantasy"and scouting, for which he is an exploreradvisor, as major hobbies.* John H. Tiernan reports that the newBannock Memorial Hospital in Pocatello,Idaho, of which he is administrator, isrunning smoothly.* Joseph E. West is an attorney in Gales-burg, 111. He and his wife, Helen JoBondi, have two children: Carol, 14; andThomas, 12.JOHN H. SLOCUM George E. Boyd, PhD '37, Associate Director of the Chemical Division at Oak RidgeNational Laboratory, has been electedchairman of the American Chemical Society's Division of Colloid Chemistry forthe year 1952. Dr. Boyd joined the staffof Oak Ridge in 1949, having previouslyserved as associate professor of chemistryat the University.1935Lewis Dexter has been appointed publicopinion and elections analyst for theDemocratic National Committee, with headquarters in Washington, D. C. One of hisresponsibilities is to edit a monthly opinionreport, and the first issue appeared inFebruary summarizing what various opinionsurveys are saying on topics related tothe political campaigns.1937Frederick L. Devereaux Jr., has beenappointed general sales manager of OneitaKnitting Mills, Utica, N. Y.David J. Hopkins has been appointedpresident of the Emerson West Coast Corp.,a new distributing subsidiary of the Emerson Radio & Phonograph Corp. The newconcern will serve northern California andthe Reno area of Nevada.Dorothy Jane Kinsley (Mrs. Vernon Mei-dell) contributed an article, "Chanukah andChristmas" to the December issue of THEINSTRUCTOR. At present, she is ateacher of fifth grade in Roosevelt School,Chicago Heights.1938Robert C. Upton has been appointedvice-president of the Whirlpool Corp., inSt. Joseph, Mich:, leading manufacturersof washing machines, ironers, and mangles.Paul Wagner, in his Christmas greetingsfrom Winter Park, Florida, wrote: "Born,November 4, 1950, Paula Ann Wagner. Wefirst saw her February 6, 1951; she movedin March 6, 1951." She has an olderbrother. Mother was Paula Shaw whenshe was at the University.1939William M. Brandt, JD '41, sends in newsof the arrival of his second son, ThomasDean, born January 5, 1952, to join Stephen,now two. "Wife Aileen is a graduate of(I must confess) Northwestern, but now isalmost convinced that the U. of C. is theplace for our children."1940Mozart G. Ratner, JD '42, has beennominated by the National Labor Relations Board and its General Counsel for theWilliam A. lump Memorial Award for1952.This award is given each year to a government employee "for exemplary achievementin public administration" and "-for notablecontributions in this field to the efficiencyand quality of the public service."Mr. Ratner is presently an Assistant General Counsel for the National Labor Relations Board, in charge of litigation beforethe U. S. Supreme Court.1941John H. Slotum, AM '46, has beenelected to serve as secretary of the. Boardof Trustees of the State University of NewYork. Dr. Slocum brings to his new position a comprehensive background in thefield of teaching and educational administration. In 1950 he was appointed National Education Director of the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, from Local and Long Distance MovingStorage Facilities for Books,Record Cabinets, Trunks, orCarloads of FurniturePeterson FireproofWarehouse Inc.1011 EAST 55th STREETBUTTERFIELD 8-6711DAVID L. SUTTON, PresidentWasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phone: BUtterfield 8-2116-7-8-9Wasson's Coal Makes Good — or —Wasson DoesBLACKSTONEHALLAnExclusive Women's HotelIn theUniversity of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to University and Business Women *tModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALLS748Blackstone Ave. TelephonePLaza 2-3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorAuto LiveryQuia', unobtrusive serviceWhen you want il, at you want ilCALL AN EMERY FIRSTEmery Drexel Livery, Inc.5516 Harper AvenueFAirfax 4-6400APRIL, 1952 29POND LETTER SERVICEEverything in LettersHeeves Typewriting MimeographingMultigraphing AddressingAddressograph Service MailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones: 219 W. Chicago AvenueMl 2-8883 Chicago 10, IllinoisPHOTOPRESS, INC.OFFSET-LITHOGRAPHYFine Color Work A SpecialtyQuality Book Reproduction731 Plymouth CourtWAbash 2-8182CLARKE-McELROYPUBLISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3-3935"Good Printing of All Description^Since 1878HANNIBAL, INC.UpholstersFurniture Repairing1919 N. Sheffield AvenuePhone: Lincoln 9-7180Ashjian Bros., w.ESTABLISHED 1921Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone REgent 4-6000Platers- SilversmithsSince 1917GOLD. SILVER, RHODIUMSILVERWARERepaired, Retlmhhed, RelacqoeredSWARTZ & COMPANY10 S. Wabash Ava. CEntral t-608?-90 ChicagoA. T.STEWART LUMBER CO.Quality and ServiceSince 188879th Street at Greenwood Ave.All Phones Vincennes 6-9000 which post he resigned recently to comewith the State University.Lt. Albert Somit writes that "my hopesof attending the 10th anniversary reunionof the class of '41 were somewhat dampenedby a recall to active military service. Thatsame month, June, I was also promoted toassociate professor of government at NewYork University. To make it a completemonth, it was the period of the arrival ofmy second son, Jed Lawton. I am nowserving in a psychological warfare unitattached to EUCOM, and stationed inMannheim."1942This issue, and the next, will beloaded with news of the Class of '42,with an asterisk indicating those whohope to attend the reunion onJune 6.Frances Barker Clarke is with the Midland Broadcasting Co., in Kansas City,Kan. Her husband is with the CitiesService Oil Co.Donald C. Bergus is a foreign serviceofficer with the Department of State inBeirut, Lebanon. "Hope to get home onleave in summer of 1952 but doubt if intime for reunion. Presently wearing threehats (to use current gobbledegock) : secondsecretary of American legation; politicaladvisor to coordinator of U. S. Technicaland Economic Assistance to Near East; andpolitical advisor to U. S. representative,U. N. Relief Agency for Palestine refugees."Lawrence Bogorad is a Merck Fellow ofthe National Research Council at Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research inNew York City. He has a two-year-old son,Paul.Lea M. Bohnert (Mrs. Herbert C), AM'47, is studying this year on a researchfellowship from the Rockefeller Foundation. Herbert, '40, is with the Rand Corp.,in Pasadena, Calif.* Edward N. Chamberlain and his wife,Jeanne Bailey, have moved to Californiawhere Edward is an architect.William A. Chapin has been with theforeign service of the State Departmentfor the last few years and is now assignedto Munich.Jozef B. Cohen is an associate professorof psychology at the University of Illinois.Jerome K. Coopersmith is in the wholesale women's wear business in Chicago.He and his wife, Lynn Levinson, '43, havetwo children: a girl, 5; and a boy, 2.Little Donald Louis Devoe arrived at theChicago Lying-in Hospital January 19,1952. His mother is Mrs. Naomi SmithDevoe of Chicago. Donald is discoveringhe has two brothers: Larry, 7, and Kenny,4. His grandfather is a Chicago man, Dr.Louis D. Smith, TO, Rush MD Tl, practicing in Chicago, and his uncle, Paul C.Smith, 34, is in business in New York.Mother hasn't made it clear to the threeboys yet but her plans include their attendance on the Midway at the propertime, according to the Smith tradition.* Lewis E. Drehman is a chemist in petroleum research in Bartlesville, Okla.Lillian M. Dutton (Mrs. Robert Davis)is living in Hammond, Ind., where herhusband is a petroleum engineer with theSinclair Research Laboratory. They havea 15-month-old son, Stephen Charles.* Robert G. Ettelson, MBA '46, has recently been appointed a manager on thestaff of Arthur Young 8c Co., certified public accountants, in their Chicago office.* Frank F. Evans, MD '44, is a psychiatristin Chicago, and writes that he is incontact with many alumni of all classes—non-professionally. He has three children:Judith Lyn, 8; Frank II, 6; and Michele, 4.Edward G. Ference, MD '44, a physicianin Springfield, 111., wrote in January thathe was to report to Camp Cooke, Calif.,with the 44th Division, Illinois NationalGuard. He has a son, Michael, 6.* Ted Fields is assistant director, radioisotope unit, Hines Veterans Hospital inChicago. His wife is Audrey Engerman,'45. They have two sons: Brad, 3; andScott, one year.Richard A. Fineberg, MD '45, is a U. S.Public Health postdoctorate research fellowin biochemistry at the University of California in Berkeley. His wife is EstherZeigler, '44.* Webb Fiser, AM '47, PhD '50, and hiswife, Margaret Zimmer, '43, are living inJamesville, N. Y., where Webb is AssistantProfessor of Citizenship at Syracuse University.* David L. Fisher is a research engineerwith the Sperry Gyroscope Co. He writesthat he is "working in electronics andradar for this firm in Lake Success, N. Y.Very interesting and lots of variety although most of the work is for the Army.We have moved recently to a new six-room ranch home in Garden City. Liveacross the street from Frank Hochstein, PhD'49."Gilbert F. Ford Jr., a civilian accountantfor the Navy on Guam, writes, "Nothingever happens on Guam."Norman G. Foster has moved his familyto the University of Arkansas where he isa graduate student in chemistry, havingreceived a fellowship from a research corp.* J. L. Fox Jr., JD '47, is an attorney inChicago. His wife is alumna, Chloe Roth,'43.* Arthur Fradkin is a research chemistwith the National Aluminate Co. in Chicago. He has two children: Judith Ellen,4; and Gary Alan, eight months.* Robert Freedman is a physician at theMayo Foundation in Rochester, Minn. Heis in the department of otolaryngology.He has one daughter, Cynthia Ann.* James L. Frey, MD '44, is an ophthalmologist in Detroit.* Herbert N. Friedlander, PhD '47, is aresearch chemist for the Standard Oil Co.,of Indiana.Muriel Frodin English is a resident ofWashington, D. C, where her husband iswith the U. S. Atomic Energy CommissionLead Chemistry Branch, Research Division.They have three children: Susan, 7, andthe twins, Helen and Elizabeth, three.Major Jerry C. Glover is a meteorologistwith the U. S. Air Force. He has twochildren: Linda Kay, 5; and Rodney, twomonths.Lorraine Golden and her husband, JohnCrawford, SM '48, are living in Berkeley,Calif. Lorraine is an artist and John aphysicist. They have a son, John Delos,born last. September 14.* Bernice Goldsmith Coiner is a Chicagohousewife. Her husband, William, '41, isa research metallurgist for the ArmourResearch Foundation. They have a son,Jonathan, who will be three in August.Leon Golub, an instructor in art atWright Junior College in Chicago, wasmarried on December 15, 1951 to NancySpero of Highland Park. He had a one-man art show in November at Purdue,and also an, exhibition at Bprdelon Gallery,near the campus, in February.30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERaymond Goodman, MD '44, is a physician in Los Angeles, Calif., specializingin internal medicine. He has three children: Steven, 7; Jeffrey, 4; Deborah, 2; anda fourth addition on the way. During thepast two years he has served as instructorin medicine at the University of California.Viola Granstaff is living in San Diegowhere she is a Sunday School teacher andcounselor.* Harold P. Green, JD '48, and his wife,Pauline Goldstein, '44, are living in Be-ihesda, Md. Harold is an attorney withthe Atomic Energy Commission and also alecturer in federal taxation in the GeorgeWashington University Department of Accounting. They have two children: NancyJo, ^3; and Philip, 1.Esther Ann Heller (Mrs. Frank Goodwin)is secretary of finance for the Anche EmetSynagogue in Chicago. She has a 15-year-old son, Michael.Melinda Johnson Good, formerly Mrs.Walter Gutt, is now living in Seattle,Wash.* Margaret Kueffner Chandler, AM '44,PhD '48, is an assistant professor of sociology, labor and industrial relations at theUniversity of Illinois. She is completinga manuscript covering a section of an interdisciplinary study of the nature of labor-management relations.Lorraine MacGuffin Fowler writes that"we moved to St. Louis from New YorkCity a year and a half ago after my husband finished his PhD in chemistry atColumbia. He is now assistant chiefchemist with the Monsanto Chemical Co.I keep busy in A.A.U.W. anti League ofWomen Voters. We expect our first offspring in June. Main ambition: to returnto Pacific Northwest as soon as possible."* Muriel Markman Cohen is a Chicagohousewife with two children: Jeffrey, 6;and Catherine, 13 months. Her husbandis an advertising layout artist with Sears,Roebuck 8c Co.* Louise Mayer is married to SeymourBurroughs, '39, who is now in labor relations. They have two children: Benjy, 4;and Larry, 2.* Robert L. Mickelsen is office managerof Lord, Bissell 8c Kadyk law firm inChicago. He has three children: Robert, 5;David, 3; and Linda Marie, one year old. * Benjamin Nimer is teaching international relations and political science at theUniversity of Rhode Island. His wife isGilda Vaslow, '46.John F. Porter is rector of St. Peter'sEpiscopal Church in Monroe, Conn. Hehas begun work on his PhD degree atColumbia University and Union Theological Seminary.* Henry J. Shames is now with the lawfirm of Arvey, Hodes and Montynband inChicago. Following three years of servicein the Navy during the war, he wentto Harvard for his LL.B. He is marriedand has two children: Stephen, 4^; andSuzanne, 18 months.* Delia Silverstein Danziger is a home-maker in Chicago with two children:Stephen, 3, and James, 6 months. Herhusband is manager of a retail enterprise.* Paul E. Strueh, MD '45, is in the practice of otolaryngology in Evansville, Ind.* Dorothy Tebe*rg Doolittle writes thathusband John, '41, is now on active dutyat Wright Patterson Air Force Base, butthat they hope to return to their homein Rochester in a year, where John isan industrial engineer with the EastmanKodak Co. They have two children:Martha, almost three, and Thomas, 10months.* Eleanor Vesey Eggers, AM '48, and herhusband, Oscar Eggers, AM '51, are livingin Claremont, Calif., where Eleanor is apsychologist and Oscar a sociologist, teaching at Pomona College.* Carolyn Vick Merrifield lives in ParkRidge, 111., with her two children: Ricky,nearly 5; and Sara, almost 2; and herhusband Richard, MBA '43, who is anaccountant for Walgreen Drugs.* Robert O. Weedfall is assistant buyerof boys' clothing for Sear, Roebuck 8c Co.,in Oak Park, 111.June Wetherbee is teaching high schoolin West De Pere, Wise, and her husband,Royal Rodman, MBA '47, is personnel manager for the northern division of KraftFoods Co. They have an eight-year oldson, Bill.Sander W. Wirpel is research consultantwith the Inland Steel Co., East Chicago,Indiana.1946The husband-wife team of Joy Fetterman,choreographer and Michael Kane, architect,has been described by the Cleveland Pressas a smooth-running operation. Seems theycooperate on managing their household andtheir nine-month old daughter, Anina."Mike works days, Joy, nights— and between the two they still find time to— well,raise Kane."Joy has resumed her choreographic careerwith Karamu's "Ballet Ballads". She helpedwith their "Dark of the Moon" and thePlay House's first musical, "The GayRascal."Cpl. Sol K. Newman, MBA '49, writesfrom the Army Chemical Center in Maryland to say that Thomas Lies, SM '51, andWarren Yalowitz, 50, are also in his unit."Tom and Warren are both doing research, while I am in the front officedoing administration. We are in the Army'sscientific and professional program, andI am happy to report that whatever talentwe may possess is not being entirelywasted."1947Harry G. Kroll, MD '50, was married lastJune to Jane Cornwell. Harry is now aFellow in orthopedic surgery at the MayoFoundation in Rochester, Minn., where hiswife is a nurse. BOYDSTON BROS., INC.operatingAuthorized Ambulance ServiceFor Billings HospitalOfficial Ambulance Service forThe University of ChicagoOAkland 4-0492Trained and licensed attendantsW. B. Conkey Co.Division ofRand M9Nally & Company|Mg S00& and &zttd<>y|§J[ *P*£*ttenA> and ^t*tden&CHICAGO • HAMMOND • NEW YORKSince 1885ALBERTTeachers' AgencyThe best In placement service for University,College, Secondary and Elementary. Nationwide patronage. Call or write us at25 E. Jackson Blvd.Chicago 4, IllinoisTelephone KEnwood 6-1352J. E. KIDWELL Fh^t826 East Forty-seventh StreetChicago 15, IllinoisJAMES E. KIDWELLTREMONTAUTO SALES CORP.Direct Factory DealerforCHRYSLER and PLYMOUTHNEW CARS6040 Cottage GroveMUseum 4-4500AltoGuaranteed Used Cars andComplete Automobile Repair,Body, Paint, Simonize, Washand Greasing DepartmentsConnubial progressEvelyn M. Duvall, PhD '46, nationally-known family relations expert, recently tossed these marriagestatistics to an audience of obstetricians in Los Angeles:1. In 1949, less than 33 per centof the girls in the 20-to-24 age groupwere single. (In the period 1890-1900, 50 per cent of girls between 20and 24 were unmarried.)2. The median age for marriageby women is now 20.3. There aremany localities where two-thirds ofhigh school seniors are engaged.3. The median age for marriageby men is 22.7, compared with amedian of 26.1 in 1890, when only63 per cent of the population wasmarried. Now, 78.6 per cent of thepopulation is married.4. Between 1900-1944 the numberof marriages climbed 128 per cent.5. Sobering note: In that sameperiod, the divorce rate increased 374per cent.31GLEN EYRIE FARM FORCHILDRENOn Delavan LakeA FARM CAMP, farm family life, gardening,farm animals, orchard, nature hikes, countrydancing, games, swimming, boating, andcamp life for both boys and girls.8 and 4 week terms beginning June 24thVirginia Hinkins Buzzell '13, DirectorDelavan, WisconsinCLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency70th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One Fee64 E. Jackson Blvd.. ChicagoMinneapolis — Kansas City. Mo.Spokane — New YorkAMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGOA Bureau of Placement which limits its workto the university and college field. It isaffiliated with the Fisk Teachers Agency ofChicago, whose work covers all the educational fields. Both organizations assist inthe appointment of administrators as wellas of teachers.Our service is nation-wide.TEIEPHONE TAylor 9-5455O'CALLAGHAN BROS.PLUMBING CONTRACTORS21 SOUTH GREEN ST.GEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finiihing3123 PhoneLake Street KEdzie 3-3186HYLAND A. NOLANPLASTERING. BRICKandCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone DOrchester 3-1579RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331 TelephoneW. Jackion Blvd. MOnroe 4-3192 Edith M. Lent/., AM '50, is a researchassociate in Human Relations at CornellUniversity.Babette V. Casper, SB '49, is in charge ofacademic films at Armour Laboratories,Chicago. She is also working on her master's in Human Development.1948Bernard Gordon, AM, has recently joinedthe staff of the Chicago region of theHousing and Home Finance Agency, theoverall federal agency administering thenational housing policy, in the capacity ofhousing analyst. "At the present time Iam busily engaged in making housingmarket analyses of various critical defensehousing areas throughout the north centralstates."Lt. Frank Glazer, JD, was recalled to active duty last July. His latest address ofwhich the Alumni Office has knowledge isBase Legal Office, Patrick Air Force Base,Cocoa, Fla.1950Cornelia Ladwig, PhD., placement advisor at West Virginia University, is making special efforts this year to find summerjobs for students which will give thempractical experience in their major field ofUniversity study.Ralph D. Maguire, Pfc, is in the quartermaster corps at Fort Lee, Va.Wilbur Lee Porterfield, AM, is administrative assistant in the Department of Public Welfare in Arizona. His home is inPhoenix.Peter J. Strutz, MBA, writes, "Last Junewe packed up and left the shadow of theUniversity. We've taken up residence inTujunga— the asthmatics' paradise. Ourdaughter's health has improved greatly.The climate— sunshine and mountain air-has done wonders. I'm with the Ford J.Twaits organization, as assistant controller.One of our present projects is the citypark garage— an underground garage whichwill accommodate 2,000 automobiles andatop which will be Pershing Square Park.'Park in the park in '52' is a slogan familiarto every resident of Los Angeles."1951News of Reynold "Rennie" Ansehno hasbeen sent in by Stanley Gilson Jr., who isanxious to keep alumni posted on thedoings of theatrical U. of C.'ers. "Renniefounded theatre-in-the-round on the Chicago* campus. Later he went to MexicoCity as producer-director of an all-Englishproduction of Fry's 'The Lady's Not forBurning.' Rave notices heralded him asa great director. Now he is here at thePasadena Playhouse doing Noel Coward's'The Vortex'."Stanley Gilson Jr., who is busily engagedthese days at the Pasadena Playhouse inCalifornia, writes, "I am doing more thanone show at a time, besides preparing myadaptation of Bill Mauldin's 'Up Front'for production here, as well as an originalone-act musical for which I am director,writer, choreographer, composer. In otherwords, I am not getting enough sleep."Andrew MacLeish, AM, is an instructorin English at Valparaiso University.David E. Honnold is a student in theSchool of Engineering at North DakotaState College in Fargo.Overlooked in an earlier issue was themarriage of Donald A. Martin, MBA, toShirley Williams. Both were employed atthe Quadrangle Club when they first met.They are living in Fort Wayne, Indiana,where Don is helping his dad operateMillers Cafeteria. Shirley's father is on thestaff of the department of Buildings andGrounds: her mother adds personality tothe staff of the Quadrangle Club.emoriaHenry T. Colestock, DB '99, died January20, 1952 at the age of 83. Dr. Colestockhad retired from the history departmentof Bucknell University in 1933 and inrecent years had made his home in St.Petersburg, Fla.John J. Crumley, '99, was killed onJanuary 1, 1952, when struck by an automobile on a highway near his home inAthens, Ohio. Mr. Crumley was the firstpresident of Texas State Normal College,but retired from teaching many years agoto devote his life to forestry, and he waswidely known as the expert who was incharge of the acquisition of about 70,000acres, which the state of Ohio later converted into the Zaleski State Forest andthe parks of the Hocking Scenic area.L. R. Meara, '15, died on January 5,1952.Clara Morgan Wilkie (Mrs. Perry Sharpe),'10, died on October 10, 1951.William H. Witte, '48, died January 16,1952.32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPower at your finger tipNearly everything you do today is done easier, quicker and better — thanks to electricityIf you are an average American worker you use the strengthof nine horses each working hour of the day.WHERE DO YOU GET SUCH POWER -Merely by flicking a switch ... for by that simple act you are tapping thevast sources of electric energy that are ready to work forall of us in the home and on the job.Today, the use of electric power has grown to where asingle factory uses more electricity than an entire city useda generation ago. And your home— with its electric appliances, lighting and other conveniences — consumes morepower than was used in yesterday's factory.NEW MATERIALS WERE NEED ED -This great progresscould not have been achieved without the many new andbetter materials which make possible today's larger andmore efficient power generating equipment.A JOB FOR ALLOY STEEL — Giant turbines and generators, for example, couldn't stand up under terrific heat, UCC's Trade-marked Products of Alloys, Carbons, Chemicals, Gases, and Plastics include .ELECTROMET Alloys and Metals • HAYNES STELLITE Alloys • NATIONAL Carbons • ACHESON Electrodes • PYROFAX Gas • EVEREADY Flashlights and BatteriesBAKELITE, KRENE, and VlNYLITE Plastics • PREST-O-LlTE Acetylene • LlNDE Oxygen • PRESTONE and TREK Anti-Freezes • SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALSpressure, wear and corrosion if it weren't for steels madetough and enduring by alloying metals.Improved plastics also do their part in better insulationand protective coatings. And carbon brushes are as vital tohuge generators as they are to your vacuum cleaner motor.FOR MORE POWER— Developing and producing alloys,plastics, carbons and many other better materials for ourpower industry are but a few of the many ways in whichthe people of Union Carbide serve all of us.STUDENTS and STUDENT ADVISERSLearn more about the many fields in which UnionCarbide offers career opportunities. Write for thefree illustrated booklet "Products and Processes"which describes the various activities of UCC in thefields of Alloys, Carbons, Chemicals, Gases, andPlastics. Ask for booklet A-2.Union CarbideAND CARBON CORPORATION30 EAST 42ND STREET \\\*\^ NEW YORK 17, N. Y."You should have seen the size of thatcake! It was that big and it was decoratedto look like a kitchen range and it hadthirty-two candles put in circles wherethe burners would be!"Why thirty-two candles ? Because Saturday was the thirty-second anniversaryof the opening of my appliance store downon Broad Street. And what a party itturned out to be!"Milly — that's my wife — arranged thewhole thing, and was I ever surprised!Honest, I never knew I had so many goodfriends. Both my sons were there withtheir families, and my brother came allthe way from Cleveland with his. A fellownever realizes how many nieces and nephews and grandchildren he has until he seesthem all in one place at one time."What's that? Oh, no — it wasn't afamily party one hundred per cent. A goodmany of the merchants down my waydropped into the store to shake hands.You know, people like Tom Everett, BenAbrams and the others. And Milly saw toit especially that Joe Wilson would bethere."Why Joe especially? Well, you see,this party was really a little more thanjust an anniversary celebration. Becauseas of this week, I'm turning the wholebusiness over to my two boys — lock, stockand barrel — and Milly and I are headingup to the lake cottage to take life easy."And what does that have to do withJoe? I'll tell you. Back in the days when Ifirst started in business, Joe Wilson wasjust starting in his business — as agent for Naturally, names used in this story are fictitious.the New York Life. Well, Joe used to stopat the store every once in a while just totalk about things in general, and I'll bedoggoned if he didn't convince me beforelong that I ought to do some serious thinking about the future. There was Milly tobe considered, the two kids who were justhardly out of their cribs, and the businesswhich wasn't on too firm a footing."To make a long story short, it was thelife insurance Joe got me to start withthen — and add to later — that helped morethan anything else to make the party ashappy for everyone as it turned out to be."Wouldn't have been complete withoutJoe, though. You ought to go over to hisoffice and talk with him one of these days."No, come to think of it, you'd betterask for Joe Wilson, Junior. The one I'mtalking about is getting all set to retirehimself in a couple of months."Must believe in his own medicine!" is GOO° «°»ry£&Few occupations offer a man so much inthe way of personal reward as life underwriting. Many New York Life agents arebuilding very substantial futures for themselves by helping others plan ahead fortheirs. If you would like to know moreabout a life insurance career, talk it overwith the New York Life manager in yourcommunity— or write to the Home Officeat the address, below.NEW YORK LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY51 Madison Avenue, New York 10, N. Y.