THE UNIVERSITYOFCHICAGO MAGAZINEAPR! 19 4 5The EquitableLIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY OF THE UNITED STATES*reports on its progress inserving human needsThHE PURPOSE of The Equitableis to serve human needs — to enablepolicyholders through co-operativeaction to achieve security to a degreethat would not be possible throughindividual effort alone.The Equitable during the past year continued togrow in usefulness to the American public and to thewar economy of the nation. A total of $609,026,000of new Equitable life insurance was purchased in1944. This volume is a tribute to the foresight andpatriotism of a large proportion of the Americanpeople, who are refraining from spending their moneyneedlessly and instead are putting it aside for the future.It is likewise a tribute to the work of Equitableagents in carrying the story of life insurance and itsbenefits to the public. Most people, even though theyrealize their need for the protection that life insuranceprovides, tend to defer its purchase and must be persuaded to do that which will mean much to theirwelfare and happiness.The aggregate of Equitable protection at the year-end was $8,897,754,000— a record.Benefit payments to policyholders and their familiesaveraged $26,000 an hour throughout the past year,a total cf $230,992,000.The increase in dividend rates on most types ofpolicies, put into effect last year, is being continuedfor 1945, thus maintaining the low net cost of Equitableprotection. An aggregate of $43,801,000 is scheduledfor distribution to policyholders as dividends during1945.The Equitable continued to grow in financialstrength during 1944, assets increasing $318,329,000,a larger gain than in any previous year. Total assetsare $3,507,983,000.Holdings of United States Government obligationshave increased to $ 1 ,568,3 1 7,000, representing policy-*A Mutual Company Incorporated under the Laws of New York State holder funds directly helping to speed victory. Inaddition to the purchase of Government securities,The Equitable made diversified investments in corporate securities in 1944 at an average yield of 3.51%.Life insurance is serving well in the war. It hasextended and enlarged its protection of the AmericanFamily. It has helped those in distress. It has encouraged thrift and combated inflation. It has contributedgreatly to the financing of the war.In the peacetime future of our country, life insurance will be an equally dynamic factor. While continuing as a bulwark of family security, its investmentfunds will help industry speed reconversion and expand production, thereby providing jobs.Life insurance investment funds have played animportant role in the development of America. Whatlife insurance has done in the past to aid the nationaleconomy, it will do on an even vaster scale and withlarger inspiration in the America cf tomorrow.FREE BOOKLET— with real-life picturesand examples. Helps youarrange your own lifeinsurance to get thegreatest values. Noobligation. Fill incoupon today andsend to 393 SeventhAvenue, New York 1, N. Y,N«Address-City and State-MIDWAYMISCELLANYEVERY Monday night as the master of ceremonies fades the finalapplausg for the Lady Esther ScreenGuild Players the announcer says:"Music on tonight's program was arranged and conducted by WilburHatch." Wilbur Hatch '22, began hismusical career on the Midway whenhe wrote much of the music for Black -friar's The Machinations of Max.John Joseph, '20, wrote the book andmost of the lyrics. John is also amember of the Hollywood colony,where he is publicity director forUniversal Pictures.HOLM TALENTWHEN Verle N. Fry, J.D. '30, recently organized his new lawfirm in Los Angeles it wasn't a matterof seniority that gave the partnerspause in the proper arrangement ofthe names for the reception roomdoor j it was the problem of distributing the kitchen through the house sothat neither would be too obvious.The order agreed upon was Boyle,Holmes, Fry, and Garrett.FRIVOLOUS FOOTNOTESAT last an alumnus has found ause for footnotes which are as(and frequently more) interestingthan the text: Will Cuppy's ('07,A.M. '14) strange animal stories atintervals in Post Scripts of the Saturday Evening Post. Will Cuppy alsowrites the weekly mystery reviews forthe New York Herald Tribune's literary supplement, "Books."A LETTER HOMEA SON and daughter of one ofLook's editors are undergraduates at Chicago. The daughter wrotedad and mother an enthusiastic eight-page letter about her classes in gymnastics. Dad suddenly decided thisathletic program was newsworthy andsent a photographer to the Midway. THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOMAGAZINEVolume 37 April, 1945 Number 7PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONCHARLTON T. BECK, EditorHOWARD W. MORTAssociate Editor BEATRICE J. WULFAssociate Editor SYLVESTER PETROAssistant EditorI N T H I S I S S U E pageInsecurity for Graduates, Laird Bell -- 3Will Agriculture Collapse? Theodore W. Schultz 6College without Cheers, Bennett Epstein 9Searching for Snipers .,...-10Mathematics in the College, E. P. Northrop 11Chicago's Home Economists, Margaret S. Chaney 14News of the Quadrangles, Chet Opal 16April Twelfth, Cody Pfanstiehl 20News of the Classes ----21The Cover: Pulpit and choir of Rockefeller MemorialChapel. The delicate wood carvings are the work ofAlois Lang, a cousin of Anton Lang, the Christus ofOberammergau. The great Skinner organ was specificallydesigned for the Chapel by Ernest M. Skinner personally.the Pot Office at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 8, 1879. The Graduate Group, Inc.,SO Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, is the official advertising agency of the Magazine.Result: a three-page spread in. theApril 17 issue of Look.IF YOU ARE HUNGRYANTON J. CARLSON, Chicago'sDistinguished Service ProfessorEmeritus of Physiology, whose scientific curiosity has led him from theextremes of extended fasting to theeating of dog, rattlesnakes, andtoasted grasshoppers, made a three-day test of a K-ration diet. His personal opinion: On the whole, theGeneral Staff has done an excellentjob in planning and our manufacturers an equally fine job in the canning and packaging of K-rations. Agood diet . . . nutritious food. . . .If you are hungry, it goes down likehoney on wafers. REFRESHING PAUSEWORKING from penciled noteson an old envelope, artist JohnSloan spoke at Mandel Hall recently.The audience was kept alert by suchunorthodox pauses as, "That's enoughabout critics. Now [referring to envelope] I have down here: talk aboutsurrealism"; a little later, "Next [another glance at his notes] I'm supposed to discuss democracy." Suddenly, reference to the envelope gaveartist Sloan extended pause. He adjusted his glasses, frowned at thescribbling, puzzled over the oppositeside, and only tardily rememberedhis guests, spellbound in cooperativeconcern. Hastily he explained, "It'snot that I doubt what I have downhere; I just don't recognize it."1Back to Hutchinson Court on June 9 for Reunion and the Thirty-fifth Annual Sing.INSECURITY FOR GRADUATES• By LAIRD BELL, J.D. '07What's all thisprating aboutsecurity?IT IS customary on occasions such as this to welcomegraduates into a world which is assumed to be fullof bright prospects. Unfortunately this ; particulartype of platitude is not safe today. It must be admittedthat the world we are offering to you is a pretty poorone. My generation must take the blame for havingmade a rather complete mess of it.I shall have to confess that I am one of those whohave taken a somewhat pessimistic view of your generation anyway. It has seemed to me that you and yourimmediate predecessors were very ill prepared for life.You grew up in a world where somebody else had contrived machines that did most of your work for you.The hewers of wood and drawers of water were largelyfool-proof engines. A vast industry grew up to provideopportunities for you to watch other people exercise.Nobody knew how to walk — you took Dad's car to goaround ,the corner. Machines did a good deal of yourthinking for you, too; they not merely added and multiplied for you; but moving picture machines relieved youof the necessity for reading. A whole philosophy grewup of making education not only painless but fun. Wedramatized the multiplication table and if you foundLatin or mathematics too hard we substituted cookingor the decorative arts. When you got to the collegelevel we invited you to roam the fields of knowledge atwill and fancy free and relieved you of all effort of learning by having our best professors study for you and passknowledge on in pre-digested form. Add all this on topof the world's highest standard of living and there seemedevery reason to believe that your generation would achievethe peak of softness. Compare this with the kind oftraining our enemies have given their youth — drilled,toughened, indoctrinated, disciplined to the point ofglorying in sacrifice. Only an incorrigible optimistcould have thought our*youth able to measure up to thoseof our enemies.Events have certainly given the lie to these forebodings.Our youth fighting through the green hell of the SouthPacific, and the mud and misery of European winter,have demonstrated that they have a fiber that I submitthere. was little reason to anticipate. One out of everythree. men on Iwo was a casualty, a proportion supposedto be a military impossibility, yet they saw it through.Somewhere, somehow, they have developed stern stuff.Perhaps the education they got was better than wethought; or possibly the kind of education didn't matter much. Be that as it may, I hereby publicly recant myown misgivings about you and your contemporaries.This has, however, raised an uncomfortable doubt inmy mind whether some of the other assumptions thatmy generation indulges in about yours may not be equallyill-founded. For example, my contemporaries are accustomed to complain that you are too full of radicalideas. This is of course the almost universal complaintof any older generation about any younger generationand it presupposes that it is a very bad thing for theyoung to be radical. It is commonly asserted thereforethat the colleges should do something about it.I recall an incident a good many years ago when myown Alma Mater was in one of those moods of cultivating the alumni which are apt to precede a drive forfunds. The university sent a distinguished eastern banker(and this was in the days when bankers were pretty impressive) out to Chicago to stir up the alumni. He madethe kind of speech suitable for alumni and then climaxedit with the assurance that, come what might, the institution was going to continue to turn out sound young conservatives. This is not an uncommon hope, though notalways so openly avowed. Here in the presumably lesssophisticated middle west it is possible to find a goodmany institutions that, with varying degrees of candor,encourage that hope. It is not a bad line to take withpossible donors. It often reflects the viewpoint of trustees;at some institutions the trustees like to feel that all isquiet on the campus — happily at Chicago we have hadlittle danger of complacency on that score.But it is far from clear to me that colleges and universities find their proper job in turning out sound youngconservatives. We are on the eve of times which, Ifirmly believe, are going to make the conservative veryunhappy and rather useless. After its present convulsions the world cannot but be a different one from thatwe have known. A university will not serve its studentsbest by encouraging a nostalgia for the good old days;a better equipment would be a healthy disrespect forsacred cows, a receptive attitude toward new ideas, anda cheerful enthusiasm for meeting strange problems.But are you radical enough? I am concerned aboutsome philosophies apparently current with your generation which seem to me to accord ill with youthful ideals.For example, what is this talk about our having comeinto a matured economy? We are constantly told thatLaird Bell, who did his undergraduate work at Harvard,is a University trustee and chairman of the Committee onInstruction and Research. He has given dynamic* leadershipto so many civic activities that the Alumni Associationawarded him a medal in 1943. In our opinion, "Insecurityfor Graduates," delivered at the Winter Convocation,merits an audience far beyond the sound of the carillon.34 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthere is no longer a frontier, with the implication thatthere isn't the opportunity for the rising generation thatthere once was unless government does this and that.The development of the significance of the frontier wasa great contribution to American history, no doubt, buthaven't we ridden that horse nearly to death? It maynot be possible to stake out a homestead of 160 acresin the west any more, but there is no shortage of areasthat can be staked out in the realm of ideas. It is threegenerations since the physical frontier practically disappeared. Those three generations have seen a breathtaking expansion in all other lines. Within that periodthe world has developed the automobile, the airplane, andthe radio and electronics, to mention only samples. Ithas seen advances in all scientific fields that are literallyincredible; and the end is not yet. The men responsiblefor those developments did not worry about the lostfrontier and the matured economy. Even when therewas a frontier it was only a horizontal one; there is nofrontier vertically, no lid on what man can conceiveand carry out if he has the will to do it.The theory of a matured economy is a defeatist doctrine, an alibi for tired old folks. It should have no placein the equipment with which you approach life, whetheryou are here today as bachelors, masters, or doctors.And what is all this prating of security? Everyoneis entitled to a job; he must be secure in his job; hemust be assured a pension so that if he succeeds in keepingalive until sixty-five he can quit work but continue toeat; he must be guaranteed medical attention to keephim alive; he must be assured that when the efforts ofsociety finally fail to keep him from dying he will beproperly buried. All these are things somebody elsemust do for him — his only duty is not to die before hecollects his full benefits. It is somebody else that mustfind him a job — he is under no urge to create one. Ifnobody wants to hire him, government must do it. Heprogresses in his job, if at all, by seniority, i.e., by notdying. He hasn't the spur of economic need to get agood job or to do one. He hasn't the spur of rewardto make progress. But he is quite secure.Security in its very essence is something static. It isthe antithesis of progress. Are we interested in a worldof security, or do we still think there are improvementsthat can be made here and there? Security is aphilosophy of late middle age. It is the philosophy ofresignation. It is not the stuff of which great nationsare made. It is not the way to develop strong bodiesand alert minds. It is no proper diet for youth.Then there is the current doctrine that we need moreplanning. We are told that life has become so compli-*cated that we cannot go on without having someoneplan for us. I submit there is something almost abjectabout admitting that we have to have somebody elseplan our lives for us. If there is to be planning theremust be those who plan and there must be those whoare planned for. This may be fun for the few who getto be the planners, but the thing won't work unless most LAIRD BELLof the people are willing to be planned for. It may beexciting for the few but it is certainly deadening for themany.The pattern of the past in America has been achievedas the net result of the restless surging and chargingabout of a great many ambitious and energetic people.Those people wanted to change things, and change themquickly. They were true radicals. Perhaps Americawould have built up in a more neat and orderly wayif somebody had planned its growth, but it is hard tobelieve that the great outburst of energy of the lasthundred years would have been possible if we had hadto wait for some one to plan it for us. We doubtlesswasted our forests cruelly, but with the lumber we builtthe farms and cities of the prairies in a developmentthat was the admiration of the world. Our transportationsystem grew up in a wild and wasteful scramble, buttoday in our hour of need it is superb. We have beenmost unsystematic about opening up our oil resources,but we have opened them up indeed and are fighting awar of internal combustion engines and setting the pacefor the world. It is true that we still have slums andshare croppers and many unpleasant things that shouldbe cleared up. In the unplanned society of the pastwe got rid of slavery, however, and perhaps a vigorousdemocracy can still solve its f3wn problems withouthaving superior persons do its thinking for it.Some planning has, of course, always been the dutyof government and it would be absurd to condemn allplanning because one didn't like too much of it. It is,I suppose, a question of emphasis. Shall we chancelosing the vigor of a society where progress is the result.of the striving of many for one where it is the productof the thinking of a few? Perhaps the few can do a better job. The only point I want to make here is thatit seems to me no proper frame of mind for youth, toaccept a world where not his own energy and talentTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 5but the plans that somebody else makes for him determinehis life.I realize that I am now indulging in the time-honoredsport of attributing to a defenseless audience sentimentsthat no member of it may entertain. I recognize particularly, too, that one should not be too censoriousabout young people who accept the managed economy,security, and planning as ideals. Most of you havelived as adults under no other political philosophy.Twelve years ago the first Roosevelt administration beganat a time when security was outstandingly the need of thecountry. For three years and more a boasted prosperityhad been dissolving before our eyes. Banks were closing,savings of the thrifty being wiped out, businesses collapsing, jobs vanishing, and insecurity haunted all. A magnificent attack was staged on insecurity, all along theline. A collection of governmental weapons as variedas a D-Day armada was launched, and boards, authorities, and commissions were hurled into the fray. Therewas planning and lots of it, some of it good. It aimedat security of job, security of bank accounts, security forold age; it even included in N.R.A. a sort of security forbusinessmen. The battle against insecurity was eventually won, but it seems to be in the nature of governmentagencies to live on doggedly once they are created. Andthough the original crisis has long since passed, planning is so agreeable an occupation that its votaries arequite willing to keep on doing it. Meantime the abuses ofthe old insecure and unplanned days had so discreditedthe achievements of the older freer society that yourgeneration may be excused for not having much faithin the old ways.A deal of buncombe has been uttered in the name ofthe free enterprise system, which has tended to discreditthe system itself. One may doubt whether the noisiestclamorers for the system genuinely believe in wholly freeenterprise. For the most part what they want at anygiven time is to have things kept about as they are atthat moment. Businessmen don't really want to go backto the fine free old days when, for example, a business could be made or broken by unregulated railroadrates; they don't mind having their funds protected byregulation of the currency and banks; and they are horrified at any thought of doing business without the protection of a tariff. The half forgotten N.R.A. was amagnificent example of how much free enterprise business really wanted. Given the chance to write their owncodes businessmen indulged in a perfect orgy of regulation, both of themselves and of their competitors. Itis only fair to add, however, that businessmen have come a long way. The forward looking ones undoubtedlyrecognize much virtue in recent social legislation. Iquestion, for example, whether the investment bankerswould now repeal the Securities and Exchange Act, and7. believe that even in the case of the labor laws thecomplaints are now more against the administration ofthe laws than against the laws themselves.While, then, there may be some hypocrisy in theclamor for free enterprise that fact shouldn't obscure the. fact that there is still something to be said for the system.After all a very great development of civilization tookplace under a relatively unplanned society in the last twocenturies. It was not merely economic — it was certainlyalso scientific and perhaps artistic. The energies andambitions of millions of men competing with one another, supplementing one another, produced theseastonishing developments. They had no security, nobodyplanned for them, nobody convinced them that our worldhad matured and wasn't going to grow any more. Ifind it hard to believe that that is all over in a suddennow. I find it still harder to be reconciled to the thoughtthat the young should turn away from an exciting worldof risk and big stakes for a tame one planned, howeverexpertly, by someone else. As we get older it is all tooeasy to become resigned to a stubborn world that refusesto improve. If this somewhat dazed and weary planetis going to be kept on revolving with at least traces ofimprovement it is going to need the hope and energyof the young. It will certainly slow down if they themselves are content with security.We of the University of Chicago are very proud of theinstitution. In fact we boast about it too much for goodmanners and, to my mind, too much for good propaganda. But we can scarcely be blamed for bragging a bitabout so many achievements in so short a time. Theyhave been possible, however, not because we had economic security but rather because we had ambitions.Our least productive period was when we balanced ourbudgets best; our periods of growth and greatness havebeen when we were striving for something and lettingsecurity go hang. The University was founded in thepioneer spirit. Particularly under Harper and Hutchinsit has joyfully adventured. On its Fiftieth Anniversaryit concerned itself with new and further frontiers, notsmug contemplation of territory already won. TheUniversity is about to award you various degrees. Theyare not much more than scraps of parchment if you donot take with them something that carries more of theUniversity's essence than those formal documents. Itrust you will go forth, not in search of security, but looking for high adventure.PERTINENT STATISTICSTHERE are 2085 alumni who have unbroken gift records since the beginning of annual alumni giving. Of these, 787 are citizens of Chicago; 141are members of the University staff. More than a thousand gifts havealready been received for this year's fund, of which two thirds are from,.alumni continuing their unbroken records.WILL AGRICULTURE COLLAPSE?—^~~~- — — —© By THEODORE W. SCHULTZThe postwar outlookhas a pessimisticundertoneTWICE during the course of the last three decadesAmerican agriculture has been called upon toproduce a large, additional, amount of food forour Allies whose normal supply lines were disrupted bywar. Twice American agriculture has responded, increasing its output of food 11 per cent during WorldWar I, and 30 per cent during this war. Both thenand now agriculture has prospered while the wartime demands lasted. Will this parallelism between the twowars also assert itself after this war in an agriculturalcollapse? After World War I, when the supply linesof our Allies for food had been restored, the demandfor American food dropped and agriculture experienceda depression from which it had not fully recovered whenthis war was thrust upon us. Are we likely to have arepetition on the agricultural front of the twenties andthirties? Will this nation again find it necessary toundertake farm relief, measures to stave off disastrouslylow farm prices — production control, price supports, andsubsidies?It will not be possible to cover all of the many important facets of the farm problem now in prospect oncethe war ends. I am restricting this paper to the maincharacteristics and the underlying forces creating it.Thus, except for an occasional aside, I will not deal withpolicy.How the Mobilization for World War II HasAffected American AgricultureLet me touch briefly on what has happened in production. In the aggregate it has been expanded by one-fourth, for food by about one-third. During the firstwar our efforts were focused on the "battle for wheat."This time it has been on oil crops, on livestock and itsproducts, and to a much less extent, on wheat. Andyet there has been a very considerable change on thecrop side. The "Big Three" in our agriculture are corn,wheat, and cotton. Corn has expanded from 86 to 97million acres, with a record crop of 3.2 billion bushelslast year; wheat has increased from 49 to 59 millionacres, nearly all of the increase coming in 1944, and theunprecedented crop of 1.1 billion bushels; meanwhile,cotton has declined from 24 to 20 million acres. Soybeans have been doubled. Flax seed and peanuts havealso been increased markedly. The expansions in livestock products have been much larger than those inthe main crops. Large carryovers of corn and wheat along with imports made this possible. Our productionof meat last year was 50 per cent greater than it wasbefore the war. Eggs and chickens have also been increased by one-half. Lard was up about 85 per cent.One of the few things that is down is butter, chieflyas a result of more milk being used for human consumption. There also have been important shifts amongcrops as a result of these major changes.World War II has emptied our granaries, which wereoverflowing with feed and food when the war started.The corn carryover has dropped from 600 to less than200 million bushels. In wheat we are again on the wayto accumulating stocks. But even the war has notliquidated our excessive stocks of cotton. We still havea carryover upwards of 11 million bales.The high prices and large farm incomes of the lastfew years have induced another land boom. Land priceshave risen fully 50 per cent. As yet this increase doesnot represent an overvaluation as extreme as that whichoccurred at the close of World War I.One of the more significant developments is the decline that has occurred in the farm population, whichhas dropped from about 30 to 25 million people as aconsequence of the mobilization for war. This transferof people has increased greatly the relative scarcity ofthe labor supply in agriculture; and, it is by all odds,the most important wartime development affectingagriculture.Then there is the marked improvement that has occurred in the capital position of farm people, which isA-l for the first time in three decades. Since 1940,deposits and currency owned by farmers have risen from4 to almost 10 billion dollars. In addition farmers havereduced their farm mortgage debt by about one billiondollars, and at the same time have purchased about 2billion dollars of U. S. war bonds. Here we have again of about 9 billion dollars in intangible assets, again nearly twice the annual prewar net income of agriculture. When we add all of the items in the farmer'sfinancial balance sheet, including real estate, otherphysical goods, and intangibles, we find that it has risenfrom 54 to 83 billion dollars since 1940. This meansin substance that the equity of the owners of farm landand the farm tenants has increased by 30 billion dollars.Let me pass over other wartime developments — thosein soil conservation, in which we have lost some ground;Theodore W. Schultz, an expert in the field^ of postwarfood problems and a member of the economic panel established by the United Nations Food Commission, isprofessor of agricultural economics at the University. Heis an economic consultant to the State Department and theFederal Reserve Board and a member of the Committeeon Postwar Economic Policy and Planning.6THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7,in farm machinery and equipment, which have beendepleted considerably; in food consumption, where ourdiets have been better than they have ever been before;and in government programs, where we have shiftedfrom production control to a system of price supportsand price ceilings — and turn now to a brief glance withregard to what appears to lie ahead.The Agricultural Outlook After the WarThe outlook has a definitely pessimistic undertone.The gist of it is something as follows:1 — Agriculture will stay in full production after thewar regardless of the performance of business or thelevel of foreign trade. Agriculture can be induced toexpand its production, as we have done both duringWorld War I and World War II, but it is essentiallya one-way street, for we have found that it is not onlycostly and difficult but virtually impossible to bring abouta contraction in the short run, and for that matter, evenduring a decade or longer. What is clear is that theaggregate output of farm products in the United Statesis not likely to be reduced appreciably after this warexcept as unfavorable weather happens to reduce yields.The import of this is obvious. We are going to havea much larger volume of farm products than we hadbefore the war.2 — The demand for farm products, is likely to dropsharply as soon as the relief period is over and ourgranaries have been refilled. My guess is we will find ourgranaries bulging within two years after the war. Thedemand for food will contract; even if we attain andmaintain full employment and relatively free and opentrade with other countries, it will drop far below thelevels of 1944.3 — Chronic agricultural surpluses are likely to put intheir appearance within two to five years after the war.Sugar, and even fats and oils, may become much scarcerbefore they are abundant again. Cotton on the otherhand is already decidedly surplus. Wheat surpluses, too,may be just around the corner.4 — Despite the commitments authorized by Congressto support farm prices for two years after the war, theyare likely to drop sharply in dollars and cents and declinemarkedly relative to other prices as we make the transition to a peacetime economy. Prices received by farmershave doubled since 1939. They have increased substantially more than have non-agricultural commodityprices. Under existing legislation the government is notprepared to make its program of support prices effective. There are, therefore, *no convincing reasons forbelieving that farm prices will settle or be maintainedat a level which is substantially higher relative to otherprices than they were prewar. Even at that level theenlarged agricultural production may not clear themarkets.5 — The terms of exchange available to farm people(namely the relationship of prices received and pricespaid by farmers) are likely to drop from one-fourth toone-third from the levels of 1944. To translate this into parity, it means a drop from a parity of about 115 toa parity somewhere between 80 and 90.6 — The proportion of the working population engagedin farming will be smaller after the war than it was in1939. It has dropped from 20 to 15 per cent as a consequence of the mobilization for war. Herein lies a realgain for agriculture, for it means that the relative earnings per worker engaged in farming will be better thanthey would be under the prewar distribution of thenation's labor force.The postwar agricultural outlook, accordingly, addsup to this: soon after the defeat of Germany and Japanfarm prices will recede from the price ceilings that haveheld them in check and in their fall many of them arelikely to break through the price floors that have beenestablished by the government. Although the drop willnot be as precipitous or great as that which occuredfollowing World War I, it will be sufficient to cause awidespread, serious, depression in agriculture. On twocounts, however, American farmers may well be in abetter position to withstand low prices and low incomesfor a time, certainly better than they were in 1920-1921.In the first place, the farm population is down one-sixth; the number of farms perhaps one-tenth; and theefficiency per worker is up sharply — with this proviso,that the war workers who left the farm during the wardo not return and, further, that we do not embark ona program of settling large numbers of returning soldierson farms. In the second place, farmers are in a strongerfinancial position, but here too we must say — providedthis gain is not dissipated in a further bidding up of landvalues.My answer, therefore, to the question this article raisesis : we are not likely to experience an agricultural collapsein the manner of 1920-1921, but we will probably suffera serious agricultural depression within two years afterthe defeat of Germany.The Postwar Agricultural DepressionThe next question, therefore, might well be: how longis this postwar agricultural depression likely to last? Ishall devote the remainder of this paper to an exploration of the problem presented by this question. In doingso, however, it is necessary to leave aside further consideration of the effects of war on agriculture and alsonot treat the effects of business fluctuations on agriculture in order to portray to you clearly the basic forcesthat are reshaping the supply and demand of farm products. (From what we have already said it should beevident that wars have caused farm prices and incometo rise and fall sharply, and production to increase substantially. Business fluctuations differ in that they arethe main cause for the instability of farm income.Agricultural production is remarkably steady from yearto year, regardless of the performance of business,whether it booms or is depressed. But farm prices quicklyreflect changes in business conditions, and as a consequence farm incomes have become exceedingly vulnerable to business fluctuations.)8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWithout further comment, then, with regard to theeffects of war and of business fluctuations on agriculture,let us inquire into the position of agriculture as a supplier of farm products, both for food and industrialuses in a developing economy.The most significant fact that emerges from the analysiswhich I am about to present is the unequal growthwhich has come to characterize the demand and supplyof farm products. The prospect is that for the firstdecade or two after the war the supply of farm productswill be ahead. It will increase more rapidly than thedemand.We can pay our respects to history here, for it willgive us perspective on this development. At the timeMalthus was writing there was fear that the demandfor food would increase more rapidly than its supply.The Mathusian thesis put its emphasis on overpopulation, shortage of land, diminishing returns in agriculture,and the specter of not enough food. Even today thereare many populations whose pressure on the food supplyis such as to make it one of the main causes of poverty.This certainly is the case in India and China. Westerncountries, however, are no longer in fear of overpopulation. Instead, there is a rising concern about depopulation. Nor is there an apprehension of a shortage of farmland to produce food as we look to the next few decades.As far as western countries are concerned, including allof North America, what we foresee is not a food problemin the Malthusian sense, but a farm problem of thetype that was developing during the inter-war years.Instead of hungry mouths begging for food, agriculturalsurpluses will go begging for markets.The two primary forces that are responsible for thisfundamental change are: (1) the decline in the rateat which the population within the orbit of the marketserving American agriculture is increasing, along withthe low income elasticity of food as people becomericher; and (2) the technical revolution in progress inagriculture. Although it is the task of the economicsystem to reconcile these two sets of forces, one reshapingthe demand and the other reshaping the supply, it mustbe said that for a long time the economic mechanismhas not done an adequate job.What Are the Causes of the Slow Growth ofthe Demand?The nightmare of overpopulation that oppressed theolder economists, Malthus and his contemporaries 150years ago-, no longer troubles our minds. Even as recently as 1870-1880 our population increased 26 per centduring the decade, while during the decade preceding1940 it increased only 7.5 per cent; and Europe, oncea considerable market for American farm products, isconfronted with a similar population change. The projected increase for the decade 1950-1960 for all of Europe,exclusive of Russia, is only 1.5 per cent, and ih westernand northern Europe the population is likely to decline.The second important variable in the demand for farmproducts is the level of income. In the years between the THEODORE W. SCHULTZtwo wars income per head in the United States fluctuated widely, but there was no appreciable gain. Thwar has given us a marked increase. Conservative estimates of Simon Kuznets put the rise in income for 193to 1944 at about 40 per cent per capita. This increasof income has enlarged appreciably the demand for farrproducts as we well know. But the question is, ho\much does it increase the demand? The answer dependupon what the economist calls the income elasticity of :product, which is, in this case of farm products, simpfa measure of how people spend their income as they become richer. You may recall Engel's law to the effecthat people spend proportionately less of their incomon necessaries as they become richer. Our researcheindicate that the income elasticity of farm products ilow, in fact much lower than is usually supposed. Iappears to fall at about .25, which simply means thawith a 40 per cent rise in income per head the deman<for food would increase 10 per cent, relative prices an<other factors remaining constant.Let us now apply to the situation at hand in the UnitecStates the quantitative changes in population and incomias they affect the demand for food. Let us suppose, thenthat we come to the end of the war with an increase iiour population of 6 per cent, with a rise in our incomion a per capita basis in real terms of 40 per cent, antwith an income elasticity of farm products of .25; thiwould increase the aggregate demand for farm product16 per cent. Meanwhile the supply of farm products haexpanded 25 per cent. Here we have a measure of th<gap between the two induced by the war itself. If ou:exports were to become much larger than they wenbefore the war, the gap would be reduced, but the prospects for this happening are very doubtful indeed.We are forced to conclude, therefore, that the growtlin population and the very high incomes attained duringthe war, if maintained, will in themselves not creatfenough additional demand to absorb even at prewairelative prices the additional supplies of farm productnow being produced. Certainly there is no possibility(Concluded on page 19)COLLEGE WITHOUT CHEERSThe curriculumwas conglomerateWHAT can college have meant to a man whotook no part in college life, made no lastingfriends while there, and was never an ambitiousor serious seeker after knowledge?I entered the University with the Class of 1903 but,because of what is today known as acceleration, I graduated in 1902. I knew no one in my graduating class andconsequently have never been to a reunion. As a daypupil, living at home in Chicago, I had little connectionwith any dormitory or campus activities. And my haphazard selection of courses permitted no sustained interest in any single subject.For some reason which seemed important at the timeI decided to finish college in three years. This requiredattendance, among completely alien faces, at the twosummer quarters and an additional course throughoutmy final year. All my courses, therefore, had to be chosenon the sole basis of whether they fitted into a crowdedtime schedule and were what in those days we called"snap courses."If student advisers were known in my time I absolveany faculty member from responsibility for the curriculumI followed. Followed is the exact word, for in my feverishrace with time and credit requirements I was unableto keep serious intellectual pace with any of my courses.Except for English composition, in which I was genuinely interested, I cannot remember a single study thatI pursued for two consecutive quarters. One quarter ofpsychology, English literature of the 18th century, esthetics, and sociology would be followed by a quarter ofItalian literature, American history, Shakespeare andphysiology. With some glimmering foreknowledge ofcompensation, in the Freudian sense, I topped off myfinal quarter with a course in logic.If a crazy quilt of courses like this could have anymeaning at all, both President Hutchins in his ideal curriculum for a university, and all those who have expressedother views, must have overlooked some other possiblevalues in a college career. For my particular three yearsat the University, chaotic and hurried as they were, nevertheless have had for me rich meaning and lasting value.Most of my English composition courses were takenunder Robert Herrick. Those of his students who survivedhis caustic, searching criticisms have been able ever since,I am sure, to detect the sound from the showy in writingand in thinking.William Vaughan Moody's course was called Shakespeare's comedies, or something equally inclusive, yet allhe did was to read one or two of the plays to us. For eventhe least sensitive of his students, however, each emotionand turn of poetic phrase in Twelfth Night was invested • By BENNETT EPSTEIN, '02with beauty and depth of meaning that must have madecontinued reading of Shakespeare a real adventure ofthe spirit.An instructor named Oscar Lovell Triggs may becompletely forgotten by now in the annals of the University, although in his day his: name furnished sensational headline material for the Chicago newspapers.With him we registered for a course called simply American literature. One lecture disposed of Longfellow,Whittier, Bryant, and all the other socalled standardwriters. The rest of the quarter was devoted to Whitmanand the poems only of Emerson and Poe. But Mr. Triggs5enthusiasm and love for these writers opened before usa world of new thoughts and new meanings and madeour native literature something far more electric than acatalogue of authors.A subordinate instructor, whom I remember only asMiss Hammond, sent out sparks of light to illuminatesubtleties of technique in Vanity Fair and Adam Bedethat gave most of us a lasting perception of purely technical beauties in great literature.Dean Vincent's machine gun fire of pungent commentacted like a needle shower in stimulating us to a criticalinterest in sociological questions, and Tufts' gentle wisdomshed something lovable and heart warming over a course,otherwise meaningless to me, in ethics.Professor Slaught could never make trigonometry clearto me, but he did give his students the key to an understanding of rugged fineness of character. And, whileI remember little of Sterne, Smollett, and Fielding, Ihave retained a picture of learning blended with a sweetwomanliness, embodied in the housewifely figure of MyraReynolds.Elementary courses in psychology and American historycame to life, even for freshmen, through the incisiveclarity of Angell and James Westfall Thompson. JamesWeber Linn I knew only as a very young, inexperiencedassistant instructor of a summer theme course, but I remember a certain lively sincerity that made me understand the quality that so endeared him to later students.These men and women I knew only in the impersonalcontact of the classroom. Superficial as this was, theimpressions they made have deepened over the years andgiven the University its meaning for me. Certainly, Ireceived no training that was ever of practical benefitto me and less than the little learning that could havebeen a dangerous thing. I have no memories that giveme a sentimental nostalgia for the good old college days.All I did, during my three years at the University, was tosit in the daily company of kindling enthusiasms and incisive personalities and to acquire permanent possessionof a picture gallery of fine characters and great teachers.Bennett Epstein's accelerated program did not end withgraduation. He is now an officer in the General AmericanTransportation Corporation.9SEARCHING FOR SNIPERSTHEY FOUND THISgg alumni wm^P Look for these books ^PThe Financial Organization of Society. By EL G.Moulton. A study of the financial aspects of modernsociety. Money, credit facilities, and our financial institutions areclosely interwoven with the entire economic organization* $4.00 net.Introduction to the Science of Sociology. By RobertE. Park and Ernest W. Burgess. Based on the belief thatthe use of concrete material makes possible a clearer understandingof the principles of sociology than has been possible with the methodof presentation in the past. Ready February 1. $4.50 not.Modern Tendencies in Sculpture. By Lorado Taft.In the series of Scammon Lectures at the Art Instituteof Chicago. Discusses the work of Auguste Rodin and other European sculpture, and Augustus Saint-Gaudens and American sculpture.Profusely illustrated. Ready March 1. $5.00 net.The Graphic Arts. By Joseph Pennell. In the series ofScammon Lectures at the Art Institute of Chicago.Deals with the modern development of all the graphic arts and isrichly illustrated. The chapter headings are Illustration: WoodCutting, Wood Engraving, Modern Methods; Etching: The Etchers,The Methods; Lithography: The Artists, The Methods. ReadyMarch 1. $5.00 net.The Press and Politics in Japan. By Kisaburo Kawabe.Shows the influence of the press upon the political life ofJapan. A mine of information about the Japan of the past and oftoday. A clear and comprehensive history of the Sunrise Kingdom.Ready March 1. Estimated $2.50 net.Purchase from your dealer or direct.The University of ChicagoPress5859 ELLIS AVENUE CHICAGO, ILLINOISWITH an Infantry division on Luzon, Lt.Harry R. Stevens, '42, found a reminderof old times in a shell torn house in the outskirts of Manila.As the Infantrymen followed in hot pursuitof the retreating Japanese on the road to Manila, each house was carefully searched forsnipers who were left behind to delay the American advance. On the library floor of an old Spanish style dwelling, amid a litter of booksand letters, Lt. Stevens found a copy of theUniversity of Chicago Magazine for January,1921.It was open, and staring up at him in boldtype were the words: ALUMNI— Look for thesebooks.Lt. Stevens, a veteran of 33 months in thePacific war zone, was formerly a history instructor at the University of Cincinnati.10MATHEMATICS IN THE COLLEGE• By E. P. NORTHROPDesigned for aliberal educationCONSIDERATIONS of the place of mathematicsin liberal education have been somewhat neglected during the past three years. The neglectwas brought about, of course, by the demand that manymen acquire certain mathematical skills in the shortestpossible time. Now although the war has brought mathematics before the public eye, it has focussed that eyeonly on the more immediately useful mathematical skills— skills almost exclusively manipulative in nature. Thepublic may well tend to lose sight of an entirely differentkind of skill in mathematics. This skill, which has valuesin liberal education, is one that the public had alreadybegun to challenge two decades before the war.Shortcomings and MisconceptionsAs I reflect on what I have read in the past few yearsabout the place of mathematics in liberal education, andabout mathematics curricula designed for such education,I am impressed by several things. One of these is thatit is difficult to discover a definition of "liberal education"in many of the papers which use the term. Possibly thewriters regard the concept as too simple, or too general,to admit of definition. A number of them imply that forthem a liberal education is one which enables the studentto solve certain specific problems he will presumably meetlater in his vocational or social life. This sort of thingis not education, but a kind of training which may havea place in a school designed to train, but which has littleplace in a school devoted to the liberal arts.Then there are writers who discuss mathematics as adiscipline, and so come somewhat closer to the point.Many of them are concerned with the problem of "transfer." Here I am impressed by the number of writerswho, unable to find any significant transfer of mathematical methods to non-mathematical situations, tend tooverlook, among other things, the kind of mathematicalinstruction received by the students they are trying totest. In this connection they disregard not only the content of such instruction, but its method of presentationas well. I am also impressed by the fact that only a verysmall number of writers are bold enough to questionwhether or not the objectives of mathematics in liberaleducation have yet been clearly stated; or, if stated,whether or hot they have yet been measured by means oftests and examinations. Of this small group of critics,some believe that significant tests will eventually be found,but have not been found to date. A very few suspectthat significant tests may never be found.Liberal Education and MathematicsA liberal education, properly speaking, is one which liberates the student's mind. It does so by providing himwith intellectual disciplines of various kinds. He mustbe taught not only to read and write, but to analyze andinterpret what he has read, to look for premises and conclusions of arguments, to recognize them when he hasfound them, and to discover the pre-suppositions whichlead to the particular choice of the premises used. Hemust become acquainted not only with a part of humanity's store of knowledge, but with the various methodsby which knowledge of different kinds is gained, withmethods by which premises are formulated, with methods by which premises lead to conclusions, and with methods by which conclusions are validated. No single discipline can do all of these things. Nor is it correct to assume that there exists a one-to-one correspondence between fields of knowledge and disciplines appropriate tothem. There is a variety of disciplines, some of whichare appropriate to one field and some to another field,with much overlapping among them.Now some of these disciplines involve the use of ordinary numerical reckoning. The value of mathematics inthis very narrow sense is almost too obvious to mention.But consider mathematics as a discipline in itself — thatis to say, as a body of concepts and methods which constitutes a way of thinking. Surely mathematics is such adiscipline. It deals almost exclusively with premises andconclusions, and with deductive reasoning, which is oneof the more important methods of drawing conclusionsfrom premises. Moreover, clarity and precision of definitions and assumptions, and rigor in reasoning, can bemore nearly attained and more simply studied in mathematics than in the other disciplines. Is not this the realplace of mathematics in a liberal education — not simplyas a subject matter, or as a discipline applicable only toits own subject matter, but as a discipline which is applicable to almost every intellectual activity of man?Mathematics was given without question the place itdeserves in liberal education until the last two or threedecades. In 1928 Florian Cajori published a compilation of the opinions of all writers known to him, an historian of mathematics, who had expressed themselves onthe relation of mathematics to liberal education. Thelist includes the names of over seven hundred men, ranging in time from the Greek period to the twentieth century, and ranging in professions from philosophers, mathematicians, and scientists to literary men, statesmen,businessmen, and lawyers. Over four-fifths of these menEugene P. Northrop joined the University faculty in thefall of 1943 to help organize and present general coursesin mathematics for the College. "Mathematics in theCollege" was originally given at the annual meeting ofthe Mathematical Association of America and is publishedin the March issue of the American Mathematical Monthly.1112 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEplaced a high value on mathematics as a part of liberaleducation. Although this accumulation of opinion maynot constitute public opinion, it is certainly representativeof it to some degree. At any rate, it is doubtful whetherwe shall have public opinion so strongly on our side inthe years which lie immediately ahead. Returned veterans, for example, having been subjected to acceleratedcourses in mathematics, often at the hands of inexperienced teachers, will know little or nothing of the valueof mathematics as an appropriate study for all students,but will regard mathematics as a study relevant only tovocations in which they are no longer engaged. Perhapsour best argument will lie in mathematics courses truly— and thoughtfully— designed for all students, regardlessof the occupation or profession they may expect to enter.A Course Designed for Liberal EducationSince the autumn of 1943 a course designed for liberaleducation has been offered in the College of the University of Chicago. It should perhaps be pointed out thatChicago differs from most colleges in that students areaccepted after they have completed two years of highschool. Obvious modifications of the program for students who enter college with more than two years ofmathematics can of course be made.Our general course is a one-year course (two semesters,or three quarters), meeting five times per week, and presupposing a knowledge of elementary algebra and planegeometry such as is ordinarily acquired in one^year highschool courses in these subjects. Note the expression,"such as is ordinarily acquired." Rather than bring upthe time-worn question of pre-college training in mathematics, we might as well resign ourselves to acceptingstudents who have been exposed to a year of algebra anda year of geometry. Actually, much can be done withsuch students even though they may have failed to catchthat to which they were exposed.The work of the course falls into four parts : (.1 ) logicalstructure, (2) geometry, (3) algebra, and (4) coordinategeometry. Of these four parts, the first two together,the third, and the fourth, each occupy about one thirdof the time devoted to the course.Part 1 (logical structure) consists of a general consideration of the role played by definitions, assumptions,and methods of reasoning in fields of thought in general,and in mathematical and scientific fields of thought inparticular. Here the student is made aware of the necessity for undefined terms and assumptions. He begins tolearn something about the importance of clear and precise formulations of definitions, assumptions, and otherpropositions. He acquires an elementary understandingof the notions of consistency and independence of postulates. He suddenly realizes that in order to be able todemonstrate anything, he must accept some fundamentallogical structure by which to reason. He begins to seewhat a proof is, and how the postulates of contradictionand excluded middle enter into indirect proof. And inhis study of relations between propositions, he is led tounderstand the significance of converses, inverses, con- trapositives, contradictories, and necessary and sufficientconditions. Needless to say, the ideas developed hereconstitute the fundamental framework of the entire course.Part 2 (geometry) consists of a brief critical examination of Euclid's definitions' and postulates, a brief review of plane geometry, and an extension of plane geometry to certain portions of Euclidean space geometry. Thepostulates used in the review of plane geometry are postulates formulated by the late George D. Birkhoff. Basedon scale and protractor, they are different from, butequivalent to, the ordinary Euclidean postulates. Theyserve to give the student practice in reasoning from a setof postulates with which most students are unfamiliar.They make it possible to develop, in some ten or twelvetheorems, nearly everything of importance to the courseconcerning rectilinear figures in the plane (Pythagoreantheorem, theorems on similarity, angle sums, parallelismand perpendicularity, etc.). And resting ultimately uponthe properties of real numbers, they lead naturally to thework in algebra and lay the foundation for the work incoordinate geometry. The discussion of Euclidean spacegeometry is designed to show the student how an additional assumption or two is sufficient for the purpose ofextending geometry from two dimensions to three, andto give him some understanding of the relations of linesand planes in space.Part 3 (algebra), consists of a postulational development of certain portions of algebra, including elementaryalgebra and parts of "intermediate" and "college'* algebra.This approach not only serves to bring order into whatthe student looks upon as a vast collection of dissociatedfacts and techniques, but offers an opportunity for badlyneeded remedial work in connection with those techniques. The work here centers around a relatively rigorous development of number systems, which in turn leadsto a relatively thorough investigation of variables andfunctions.Starting with the natural numbers, these numbers andadditions are accepted as undefined concepts. Multiplication is defined in terms of addition, and the ordinaryclosure, commutative, associative, and distributive postulates are formulated. Subtraction is introduced as theinverse of addition, and the natural numbers extendedto the integers through postulation of identity and inverse elements for addition. Division is introduced asthe inverse of multiplication, and the integers extendedto the rational numbers through postulation of an inverseelement for multiplication. Evolution, or root extraction, is introduced as the inverse of involution, or raisingto a power, and the necessity for further generalizationsof the number system is made clear. Here rigor tendsto break down, for the obvious reason that this elementarycourse is not a course in real variables. Nevertheless,real numbers are introduced by means of the Dedekindcut, a concept which is by no means as difficult for thestudent to grasp as it is generally thought to be. Thiscontention is particularly true in the case of the studentwhose geometry is founded on the notion of one-to-oneTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 13correspondences between points of lines and members ofclasses of numbers. No attempt is made, however, to develop the real numbers in any complete sense. A returnto rigor is accomplished in the extension of real numbersto complex numbers through postulation of an imaginaryunit. Theorems on special products and factoring are introduced in connection with integers, theorems on orderin connection with rational numbers, and theorems onexponents in connection with real numbers. The studyof number systems closes with an investigation of thePeano postulates, by means of which the natural numbers and addition may be defined, and the original postulates for natural numbers proved. Particular emphasisis laid on Peano's fifth postulate — that of mathematicalinduction — as a new method of proof.The second portion of part 3 opens with a discussionof the role played by functional relations in the sciences.Variables and functions are introduced with care, anda wide variety of functions is examined. The materialalso includes the study of functions of several variables,the construction of functional relations, the introductionof functional notation, and various classifications offunctions. Investigation of zeros of functions leads to thegeneral question of the solution of equations, which istreated in detail through polynomials of the second degree. A short time is also spent in the study of functionsof positive integral variables: arithmetic and geometricseries, and permutations and combinations, together withtheir applications to probability and the binomialtheorem.Part 4 (coordinate geometry) is the logical outgrowthof parts 2 and 3, the student being well prepared forthis union of geometry and algebra. For in geometry hewas introduced to the assumption of a one-to-one correspondence between the points of a line and the realnumbers, and in the discussion of Dedekind cuts he wasable to gain a clearer notion of the implications of suchan assumption. Linear coordinates are thoroughly investigated before rectangular coordinates are introduced.Plane rectangular coordinate geometry is then developedin detail through the straight line and the circle, and thegraphs of algebraic functions are studied in a generalway. More than usual attention is paid to the complete correspondence between geometric concepts, relations, and operations on the one hand, and algebraicconcepts, relations, and operations on the other. Considerations of the circle lead naturally to a discussionof the circular functions, their properties, and their applications. Thus the fundamentals of trigonometry aretreated, not as a separate subject, but as an appropriatepart of the general study of functions and functionalbehavior.Emphasis on PresentationMy point in describing this course designed for liberaleducation is not only to argue for the inclusion in sucha course of the particular material cited, or at least forthe inclusion of the four parts named, but to argue forthe particular method of presentation used. Indeed, the pedagogy is to be stressed far more than the content.For example, the work of the first part of the course —logical structure — does not end when the second part isbegun, but continues on, transformed from somethingthought about to something used in thinking.Again, throughout the course emphasis is laid on thecultivation of an acute critical attitude on the part ofthe student. He is held to a level of rigor higher thanthat which most students of his age are credited with theability to appreciate. He is not often faced with thelame phrase, "It can be shown that," and when he isfaced with it, an attempt is made to show him why.Emphasis is also laid on the cultivation of skill infundamental manipulative techniques. This emphasis isnot only consistent with, but actually necessary to, theobjectives of the course. Full appreciation of mathematics is impossible without such skill, and it is evidently of help to the student in his general courses inthe sciences.The student's attention is directed to relevant applications of his work in the other sciences, but no attemptis made to force such references. So-called practicalapplications of mathematics are generally included incourses for one of two purposes : to train the studentfor particular vocational work, or to motivate his interest. The first of these purposes is not one of the purposesof a liberal education, and the second is unnecessaryin the course described above if it is properly presented.It should be added that this course is actually thefirst of two general courses in mathematics offered bythe College of the University of Chicago, and that theCollege faculty has voted to make it a required part oftheir program of liberal education.ConclusionThe first course, which has been described in detail,is a proposed course in mathematics for purposes ofliberal education. I believe that such a course, properlytaught, is more appropriate than most conventionalcourses for the student who plans to study mathematicsonly one year bevond algebra and geometry. In this Ithink many teachers of mathematics may agree with me.I wonder how many of them would also agree with meif I were to make the far more radical suggestion that sucha course, properly taught, is also more appropriate thanmost conventional courses at the same level for thestudent who plans to continue his work in mathematicsor science. My belief that this is the case is based on thefollowing grounds: that an order of learning in whichfirst emphasis is placed on the mastery of a conceptionof mathematical systems and of skill in following theirdevelopment makes mastery of subsequently studiedsystems more rapid and more complete. Whereas toplace first emphasis on the mastery of a large body ofmathematical formulae and of skill in their manipulationmakes mastery of subsequent formulae and manipulation almost as difficult as mastery of the first, and makesmore and more difficult any later attempts to master andappreciate mathematical systems as such.CHICAGO'S HOME ECONOMISTSBecome a divisionof the AlumniAssociationAS A permanent record of information and forthe special benefit of the home economists whohave studied at the University of Chicago, itseems apropos to publish in the University of ChicagoMagazine a statement which will review briefly the pastof an informal alumnae group and bring up to datethe status quo of the now fully established Home Economics Alumnae Association of the University of Chicago. Time and space do not permit a complete storyof the large group of young women who have majoredin home economics at the University of Chicago; sucha history would contribute much of interest and, nodoubt, the readers of such a record would be surprisedto learn of the many graduates noted in professionalfields as well as the large group of successful home-makers who received their start at the University.As many readers of this article know from actual participation, it has for years been customary for thoseattending the annual meeting of the American HomeEconomics Association to have a University of Chicagoget-together, usually a dinner. At such times somemember of the staff brought the alumnae up to dateon recent happenings in the department; occasionallythe matter of having a permanent alumnae organizationwas mentioned.The first united effort of the group to further the workof the Department of Home Economics at the University was made following the American Home Economics Association meeting in Kansas City in June, 1937.At this time, with Marie Dye as chairman and MariettaEichelberger as secretary, and with seven other alumnaeon the committee, letters were sent to a large mailinglist, announcing a home economics fellowship fund driveand requesting contributions, little and big. After aconcerted and successful drive lasting for two years, thesum of $450 was accumulated, contributed by sixty-eightpeople; and with the University granting full tuition, thefirst fellowship was awarded in 1940-41 to MarianneMuse. Continuing the drive during the next year, $400was secured and in 1941-42 Herta Briter was the recipientof the alumnae fellowship.The 1941 American Home Economics Associationmeeting was held in Chicago and on June 24, at theannual alumnae dinner in the dining room of BurtonCourt, a permanent alumnae organization was set up,with Thelma Porter elected president and Lucile Reynolds secretary-treasurer. Ruth Cowan Clouse was ap- • By MARGARET S. CHANEY, '14, Ph.D. '25pointed chairman of a committee of eleven to considerplans for a suitable gift to the University for the benefitof the Department of Home Economics at the FiftiethAnniversary celebration in September. In a letter sentto approximately six hundred people, a request was madefor funds and three gift suggestions were listed: (1)portraits of members of the staff of the Department ofHome Economics, (2) an alumnae fellowship, and (3)a lectureship fund. As a result of this appeal, and bythe fall of the Anniversary celebration, 117 people madecontributions amounting to $1038.30, and additionalpledges totaled $672. However, due to the fact that noformal action had been taken as to the disposition of themoney, it was decided not to offer a fellowship for1942-43.At the business meeting following the dinner heldduring the Boston meeting in 1942, Ruth Cowan Clousepresided and announced that Thelma Porter had tendered her resignation as president. Margaret Chaneywas elected to fill the vacancy, and Lucile Reynolds wasreelected secretary-treasurer.Over two-thirds of the contributors to the Anniversarygift had designated as their first choice an alumnae fellowship, and at the meeting held in Boston the groupvoted to offer the fellowship for 1943-44 and to continuethe drive until at least $2,000 was raised.Also at this meeting the president was authorized toappoint the chairman of a committee to prepare a constitution; Miss Frances Swain accepted this responsibility.In the spring of 1943 Margaret Davis was grantedthe alumnae fellowship for 1943-44.Due to the fact that the 1943 meeting of the American Home Economics Association was a wartime institute and that a small group of home economists wasinvited to attend, only an informal meeting of twelveChicagoans was held. The fellowship for 1944-45 wasapproved at this time and in the spring of 1944 Margaret Liston was granted this honor.In June, 1944, at another Chicago meeting of theAmerican Home Economics Association, the Home Economics Alumnae Association held its most recent meeting, a dinner planned to perfection by Helen Oldhamand Frances Johnston, and attended by approximatelyone hundred and fifty home economists. Here the groupwas told by Miss Roberts of her retirement from the University and of the appointment of Mrs. Thelma Porteras her successor. Also the report of the treasurer an-, nounced the fact that the goal of $2,000 originally set;<fqr the fellowship fund had been reached; this amount•ji Margaret Chaney is chairman of the home economicsdepartment at Connecticut College and president ofChicago's Home Economics Alumnae Association.14THE UNIVERSITY OFTHELMA PORTERChairman, Home EconomicsDepartmentis sufficient to assure three more grants — amounting, withthe remission of tuition by the University, to $700 annually. It is the sincere hope of interested alumnae thatthe Association will continue to collect funds and willestablish a permanent endowment fund for the fellowship.Miss Swain's report on the constitution was read andapproved. With this formal document the Home Economics Alumnae Association has come of age and, tothe satisfaction of those who have sponsored it duringits early years, it stands ready to carry on in its purpose"to advance the interests, influence, and efficiency ofthe University of Chicago, and to strengthen the relation between the members of this organization and withtheir Alma Mater." The Home Economics AlumnaeAssociation has now been unanimously elected to membership in the general Alumni Association. This meansTWO SUGGESTIONS FOR"We are pleased to inform you . . ."IT HAS just come to our attention that anincreasing number of alumni are adopting aform of giving to the University through theAlumni Foundation which adds warmth to theirgifts.An alumnus, wishing to recognize the anniversary of a friend, sends a gift to the Foundation celebrating this event. The Foundationacknowledges the gift and writes a personal letter to the friend about as follows: "We arepleased to inform you that John M. Doe hasmade a gift to the University of Chicago honoring your fiftieth birthday." No mention is madeas to the amount of the gift, of course.This letter varies depending upon the occasion,which may be a death, a birth, a wedding anniversary, a civic honor, or some personal success. CHICAGO MAGAZINE 15LYDIA J. ROBERTSFormer Chairman, Home EconomicsDepartmentthat two home economists will serve as representativeson the Cabinet.All former students in the Department of Home Eco- .nomics are eligible for membership, and dues are onlyone dollar per year. It should be noted that, accordingto the constitution, the part of the dues not used forthe expenses of the Association will go into the supportof a permanent fellowship fund. It is hoped that thosewho read this brief report will be sufficiently interestedto send in their names and dues and a fellowship contribution to the treasurer, Dr. Jean Simpson, the University of Illinois, Urbana, and to express their opinionsif and when they wish to, to the president, MargaretChaney, Connecticut College, New London, or to thevice-president, Irma Gross, Michigan State College,East Lansing.WHAT THEY ARE WORTH"I give and bequeath the sum of . . ."GROWING from the realization of the University's needs brought to their attentionthrough the literature of the Alumni Foundation,more alumni are remembering their Alma Materin their wills.These bequests, ranging upward from $2,000,are accumulating to important amounts. Thisyear their total already has reached nearly$30,000. Two came from alumnae who spenttheir lives in the classroom: Elsie G. Perce, '13,of Anderson, Indiana; and Florence RalstonBrook, of Austin, Texas, who took twenty coursesfrom Home Study.The simplest form of unrestricted bequests is:"I give and bequeath the sum of Dollars ($ ) to the University ofChicago."NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLESIntuition, the Sixth CentCHICAGO has boosted its tuition rates. The forbidding prospect of reconversion, -with its attendant financial pressures, coupled with the steadyrise of costs during the war, have compelled the University to increase student fees beginning with the summerquarter, which opens June 26.Northwestern University announced increases last fall,precipitating several ill-advised demonstrations amonguncomprehending students. But there was no demonstration at Chicago when President Hutchins announcedthat in the major areas of the University — the College,the divisions, and the professional schools — the basic tuition rate will be raised by 10 per cent, and that in addition, incidental fees will be consolidated and increasedfrom an average of $42 to $60 for an academic year. Inthe downtown college, each course at the divisional levelwill cost $40 instead of $30, while the home study coursefee rises from $20 to $25. Tuition in the LaboratorySchools, which extend through the tenth grade, also willbe raised, but this schedule has not yet been determined.There was a bit of ointment on the fly, however. President Hutchins said the University will increase its scholarship and fellowship aid by 37.8 per cent to assist studentsat all levels on whom the increase works hardship."Reconversion is upon the University, as it is for alleducational institutions," President Hutchins said. "Endowment income supporting the general budget has declined $765,000 since 1929-30, in spite of increases inendowment funds. Thirty-one new appointments to thefaculty are being made, and salary increases of $118,000have been approved. Many members of the faculty havereturned from government or military service, adding$170,000 to our expenses."Since the estimate for the next fiscal year demonstrates a serious drain on our remaining reserves, theonly means of stabilizing our budget is to increase studentfees. The increase has been kept to the absolute minimum and the new schedules are lower than those ineffect in all but a few of the smaller endowed colleges."The last general tuition change at the University camein 1926, when college tuition was raised from $90 to $100a quarter, and the quarterly rate on the graduate levelwas lifted from $60 to $70. This latter rate was increasedto $100 in 1929. The Divinity School rate was increasedfrom $60 to $70 in 1926 and to $100 in 1929, when theLaw School rate was increased from $100 to $125 aquarter. In 1933, two-dollar health and registration fees(quarterly) were added and the $20 matriculation feewas dropped. In 1930, the graduation fee was raisedfrom $10 to $20. • By CHET OPALQuadrangle Club's Golden YearLost in the drafty adyts of time are the beginningsof a history which reaches its fiftieth year in 1945 andwhich will be memorialized appropriately in a dinneron May 10. The occasion will be the Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration of the Quadrangle Club on campus.Dean Emeritus Gordon J. Laing, whom readers of theMagazine will remember for his amiable chats from theDean's Easy Chair, will be the principal speaker, andscores of oldtimers are expected to be present. DeanLaing will hark back to resurrect some of the skeletonsin the Club closet.The time has come also for this writer to retract aserious libel. In his February stint he blithely referredto the Quadrangle Club as "that ivory tower." Thiswas next to blasphemy, and the writer himself is requesting that that issue of the Magazine be placed on theIndex in Rome as unfit for innocent children to read.For who ever heard of an ivory tower going up inflames, and of its members hot-footing it off before thevery embers were cool to demand insurance money asthe result of an act of God? But, poring over thedusty tomes of early minutes of the Club, we find thisingenuous record:"Minutes of Christmas Day, 1897. Fire having destroyed the clubhouse of the Quadrangle Club in theearly morning of this Christmas Day, a special meetingwas held in the office of the Recorder of the University."Mr. Shephardson was made secretary pro tempore.After discussion it was voted unanimously that the Clubrent temporary headquarters. It was voted unanimouslythat all the present help of the Club be employed forthe time being."Mr. Mathews [Shailer Mathews] was appointed a special committee to see Mr. Peirce at 3 o'clock in reference to the insurance."It was the "the" in the phrase "the insurance" thatblasted the ivory tower illusion. The full impact comessix minutes after you close the book. (If it interests thereader, then perhaps it should be reported that theminutes for March 2, 1898, show that the sum of $1975.50was collected from the insurance company. Actually,^only a part of the Club was destroyed. Indeed, that firewas the third in six months — which may explain thecalm "the" in the secretary's minutes above. The Clubthen stood a block south of its present site, at 58th Streetand what is now University Avenue. )From that discovery the course of disillusionment randownhill all the way. It was discovered, for example,that Jacques Loeb, the great biologist and champion ofv the mechanist view of life, toiled as the auditor of theClub's books in 1897. That an "Exhibition of Fancy16THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 17Shooting" was sandwiched in with several tame chamberconcerts among the "general entertainments" of that year.That in January of 1897 the Club encountered troublewith the help, a recusant clerk yclept Lockridge havingproved "impudent and insulting" a la workers vintage1945. That it was decided to hire several employees,among them "a night watchman, who should be chargedwith the scrubbing of the floors at night."The constitution of the Club stated that it was "instituted for the association of members of the faculties ofthe University and other persons interested in Literature,Science, or Art." It might have added Eating (capitalE), if the founders had been gifted with prevision, forthat regular occupation is a major element in the Clubpattern today. It is mainly around food, perhaps, thatthe Club now permits the kind of relationships thatmerited the encomium of Thomas Wakefield Goodspeed,who ^aid: "It is not too much to say that it was tothe Quadrangle Club that the University largely owedthe extraordinary spirit of unity and fellowship that prevailed between [sic] schools, departments, professors, officers of administration, trustees, and alumni."Camera EyeAlumni of the University may be interested in knowing whether, under the sweep of war news, developmentsat Chicago are as candles under a bushel. They arenot, and if the alumni read other magazines besides this(and the circulation figures indicate they do), they willfind the University figuring prominently on the pages ofimportant periodicals.A story, with pictures, dealing with U. High andwith the College, written with some of the glib synthetic lunguage of the bobby sox young, is scheduled toappear in the June issue of the magazine Seventeen. OnApril 17 the magazine Look carried a three-page spreadof "coeducational gymnastics," the assembly-line methodof teaching acrobatics to mixed groups which Mr. Morgenstern described briefly two months ago. And Lifemagazine was out on campus for more than a monthshooting pictures and gathering material for what, if itappears, will be a 9- to 11 -page essay. And all this inthe midst of the war. The University is news, becauseit is still pioneering. President Hutchins may still beviewed as a gadfly to other educators, but it must beacknowledged that although he occupies himself regularly with attacking the inadequacies of other institutions,he is not neglecting his own and is, with the help of enterprising minds and a far-seeing board of trustees, building into the future.Cox Made Business DeanGarfield V. Cox, Robert Law Professor of Finance inthe School of Business, has been appointed dean of theschool to succeed William H. Spencer, who resigned lastmonth to accept a distinguished service professorship.Cox was appointed acting dean of the school on October21, 1942, when Spencer became regional director of theWar Manpower Commission. "The appointment of Mr. Cox as head of the Schoolof Business comes in recognition of his long teachingcareer and his inspiring administration as acting dean,"President Hutchins said in announcing the appointmentby the board of trustees.A native of Fairmount, Indiana, where he was bornalmost fifty-two years ago, Dean Cox received his earlyeducation at Fairmount Academy, attended Earlham College for two years, and later received his bachelor's degree at Beloit. His teaching career began in 1917, whenhe taught public speaking at Wabash College. It wasinterrupted by service in France in the next two years asa member of the American Friends Service Commissionin the work of relief and reconstruction. Cox joined thefaculty of the School of Business at Chicago in 1920, andten years later was named professor of finance.In 1930 his work achieved national prominence, withthe publication of "An Appraisal of American BusinessForecasts," a study at once scholarly and timely, whichattracted the attention of businessmen who wished tolearn about the performance record of forecasting agencies during the years preceding the depression. His"Forecasting Business Conditions," written three yearsearlier, remains a standard text on the subject.With long practical experience in the field in whichhe teaches, Dean Cox has served as adviser to banks andother financial organizations. He has been chairman ofthe board of the South East National Bank of Chicago,of which he was a founder, since its organization in 1935.Changes in the Library SchoolResignation of Carleton B. Joeckel as dean of theGraduate Library School and appointment of Ralph A.Beals as his successor were announced by Robert M.Hutchins. The change becomes effective August 31.In accordance with a long-standing plan to retire fromactive administrative duties at about the age of sixty,Dean Joeckel leaves the Midway to become professor inthe School of Librarianship of the University of California at Berkeley, where he will devote part of his timeto teaching and the remainder to research and writing.He is a leading American authority on the relation oflibraries to public administration.In addition to assuming the new post, Beals will continue as professor of library science and director of theUniversity Libraries. Leon Carnovsky, professor of library science and assistant dean of the library school,his been elevated to the offices of associate dean anddean of students of the school, effective July 1.Dean Joeckel, a native of Lake Mills, Wisconsin, wherehe was born in 1886, came to the University of Chicagoas a professor ten years ago, after eight years as professorin the department of library science at the Universityof Michigan. He was made dean September 1, 1942.Professor Morrison DiesFuneral services were held in Andover, Massachusetts,on March 26 for Henry C. Morrison, professor emeritusof education at'the University, who died suddenly March18 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE19 while working in the garden of his home near theUniversity campus. Professor Morrison, who enjoyedgood health until his unexpected death at the age of 73,had purchased a residence in Andover to which he andMrs. Morrison planned to move this spring.Professor Morrison came to the University of Chicagoin 1918 as professor and supervisor of its laboratoryschool and retired as professor of education in 1937. Hewas famed for the "Morrison Plan" of unit teaching inthe high schools, a method which exercised much influence in America, England, Belgium, India, and China.An expert in state school systems, which he developed invarious high posts in New Hampshire and Connecticut,he was at the time of his arrival at Chicago alreadycredited with much of the improvement of the New England school system.Survivors are his^rvidow, the former Marion Locke, ofAndover, and three sons — Hugh S., art historian at Dartmouth College; John A., a geographer now with theOffice of Strategic Services in Washington; and Lt.Robert D., formerly professor of history at WisconsinState Teachers College, Stevens Point, Wisconsin.Better Education, Better Military RankThe typical young midwesterner with a college education has had a 50-50 chance of becoming a commissionedofficer, while men with no more than a high school education have' had the same chance of becoming sergeantsbut only one chance in four of being commissioned.These facts were revealed by studies made before lastJuly 1 by Professor Robert J. Havighurst, secretary ofthe University's Committee on Human Development, andMiss Mary Russell, Walgreen Foundation researcher atthe University, who report in the current issue of theSchool Review.Taking as the object of their study a typical midwest-ern county-seat town of 6,000 population, with a fairproportion of industrial workers, the writers found demonstrated in a new way the truth that a high school education is practically essential to advancement in present-day American life, whether civilian or military."There is a very high positive relation between rankin the armed services and educational attainment priorto entering the services," they report. Having at least ahigh school education is "almost essential for promotionto the level of commissioned officers.""Midwest," as they designated the town studied, is arelatively stable community with an independent socialand business life, as distinguished from a suburban community dependent on a metropolis. Approximately 90per cent of the population is native born, and two ethnicgroups are distinguished — a small body of persons ofPolish descent and a larger number of Norwegians.A sample group of 163 servicemen was scientificallyselected and the records of the men were examined forrank in relation to educational level. Seventy-eight percent of the men with no more than eighth-grade education did not go beyond the rank of private or corporal. Of those who graduated from high school, 55 per centremained at the levels of private or corporal and 21 percent achieved officers rank. The levels apply to allbranches of the service.Of those men who had some college education, only27 per cent stayed at the level of private or corporal and53 per cent were made officers."Contrary to the general rule," Professor Havighurstand Miss Russell write, "one person who had less thanan eighth-grade education was a commissioned officer.A generation or two ago this would have been a commonstory."Discussing the relation of social status to Army advancement, the authors state:"Almost half the boys from the upper and upper-middle class families are officers or officers candidates.On the other hand, only 13 per cent of the upper-lowerclass and none at all of the lower-lower class are officers.The young men from the lower-middle, upper-lower, andlower-lower classes have been equally successful in reaching the rating of sergeants and other non-commissionedofficers."To determine whether high attainment in educationmight not be so much a cause of advancement in theservices as it is a result of social status, the authors studiedthe relation of rank in the armed services of a singlestatus group, the upper-lower class of 66 men. Oneout of 41 who failed to graduate from high school secured a commission and seven were promoted to thelevel of sergeant. On the other hand, eight out of 25who graduated from high school became officers or officers candidates, and six reached the level of sergeant.Dance Macabre"Give Wilton M. Krogman a bone to work over andhe's as happy as a puppy. But not for the same reason."So begins a journalist in a story on Professor Krog-man's extension of physical anthropology into morbidavenues of investigating mayhem, murder, and mummies.The press has dubbed him "the bone detective" and has "said that bones are his meat.His most recent excursion into the macabre began several weeks ago when an unhinged South Side janitorconfessed to police that he had slain a woman tenantand cremated her in the maws of a roaring furnace.The case took a strange legal turn several days laterwhen it was discovered that there was the confession ofa crime but no proof actually that one had been committed. The police needed the corpus delicti. All 'theyhad was the corpus derelicti.Professor Krogman was summoned. Bones were takenfrom the ashpit, sifted, and examined to determinewhether they were human. They were not. The heapoutside the city on which • ashes from the South Sidebuilding were dumped also was examined, with the results not yet disclosed. At any rate, it would be up toProfessor Krogman to identify any bones found and todecide age, sex, height, weight, and such other factorsTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 19which might serve to identify the remains. This mayor may not be a thing of the future.But it was in connection with an incident of morethan 3,000 years ago that Professor Krogman gainedhis first fame as a bone sleuth. With the help of x-rayshe determined that a certain young man had died at theage of eighteen. That youth was King Tut.He won the sobriquet of "bone detective" back in1929 (a year which put many a skeleton in the closet,especially over on Wall Street) when he entered thefamous "Runaway Millionaire" case, and has since thenbeen called in on twenty other criminal cases. The list ofcases reads like something out of the records of the FrenchSurete: "The Missing Beneficiary," "The Cobbler'sBasement," "The Lady in the Culvert," "The ForestPreserve Pyre."The Missing Beneficiary Case was his most interesting,he says. A man had committed suicide, making a funeralpyre out of his own automobile, but the police of Cleveland couldn't be certain who the man was. The remains had only one leg, and since the owner of the carhad never lost a leg, the insurance company refused topay. Furthermore, a one-legged man of the neighborhood had disappeared. Professor Krogman was summoned, found that the bones of the hip had not beenatrophied as they would had the man lost the limb during his lifetime, and asserted the leg had been destroyedin the fire. The insurance company paid on its policy,and the one-legged man reappeared some time later, asthe anthropologist had predicted. His work in "TheTorso Murders of Kingsbury Run" case is too well knownperhaps to be recounted here.But Professor Krogman is a scientist delving in thingsless spectacular also. His work includes the excavationand study of 500 skeletons from the Indian mounds ofsouthern Illinois, the examination of 250,000 x-rays ofbones in all stages of development, the reporting on 300skeletons ranging from four to six thousand years in age.Also, he is a "G Man" ex officio, being called in oftenin consultation and being the author of a required reading text for federal agents on the identification of skeletalremains.Recently he was elected president of the AmericanAssociation of Physical Anthropologists.WILL AGRICULTURE COLLAPSE?(Continued from page 8)that the highly favorable farm prices relative to otherprices that prevail currently can be supported once foodexports decline.Let us look just a moment at the first decade after thewar in this context. The population in the United Statesmay grow as little as 5 per cent. Under very favorablecircumstances we may realize a growth in our income ofas much as 20 per cent per head. These two developments, should they occur, would create an additionaldemand for farm products of about. 9 per cent. Withfarm prices as low as 90 per cent of parity, agricultural production is likely to increase upwards of 15 per centduring the decade, which certainly is much more thanthe demand will absorb without marked changes in relative prices. The forces pushing the supply up are several,but primary among them is the rapid advance in farmtechnology. To a very considerable extent this force andseveral of the others affecting the supply is independentof price changes, that is, their impact on production islikely to go on despite very low farm prices.Chronic Depression A ConsequenceUnless the equilibrating mechanism has the capacityconstantly to transfer a very considerable quantity of resources out of agriculture, the main consequences of thisunequal growth of the demand and supply of farm products, with the supply so distinctly in the vanguard,will be:1. We would expect a chronic disequilibrium adverseto agriculture to occur and to persist, except during warsand for a short period during business booms and alsofor awhile whenever governments accumulate large inventories of farm products.2. We would expect agriculture to be burdened constantly with an excess supply of labor even during pe*riods of business expansion and of brisk job opportunities in non-agricultural industries. The burden of equilibrating the excess supply of resources in agriculture fallsprimarily on the labor force simply because improvementsin agricultural technology are largely labor-saving in theneffects. Moreover, labor constitutes the bulk of resourcesemployed in agriculture and workers are transferable.As our economy develops we find that we require constantly a redistribution of the labor force with relativelyfew workers engaged in agriculture. Slowly, but alwaysbelatedly, this is happening.3. We would expect food to be cheaper on accountof the chronic disequilibrium caused by the differing ratesof growth of the demand and supply of food than itwould be if the excess supply of labor in agriculture wereat a minimum. Obviously, merely raising the price offood by governmental action does not remedy this situation since it does not get at the underlying causes.There are other important consequences, particularlyin the international sphere, which I shall not treat atthis time. Suffice it, therefore, to stress the long-runcharacter of the depression in agriculture because of thechronic disequilibrium, the excess supply of labor resources in agriculture, and the implications of these tothe price of food. In the task of evolving appropriatepolicy, it is essential that we do not lose sight of thefundamental forces that are persistently reshaping boththe supply and demand of farm products as our economydevelops. Nearly all of our policies forged during theinter-war years, largely of necessity, were focused on farmrelief dealing with one emergency after another, and asa consequence the measures which have been taken inbehalf of agriculture do not deal with the more basiccauses touched upon in this brief paper.APRIL TWELFTHAlmost MidnightGreenville, South Carolina12 April 1945IT WAS a few hours after President Roosevelt's deathhad been announced tonight and we were just beginning to realize that it was really true. We were atWFBC. Ray Stanfield, the station's youngest announcer,came by and said, "What a night!" Then he added ina low voice "Are you just beginning to miss him too?"And that is how it is tonight.I must record the following little things, because somehow I must identify myself with what has happened.I don't know why, except that when someone you knowdies, a bit of you goes with him. Perhaps it is presumptuous of an ordinary citizen, a mite among eight millionothers in his Army, to speak of a personal friendshipwith the man who influenced every nation in the world.But I feel that way, and I know he would have liked meto feel that way.The Dixie Playboys were singing and strumming theirguitars when I turned on the radio to WMRC shortlyafter I got home from the base this afternoon. Themusic faded. A voice, as if recovering from surprise,said, "Here is a bulletin. President Roosevelt is dead."Then the WMRC engineer turned up the Dixie Playboys microphone again. I felt a shiver inside me. Iturned the dial to WFBC. They were playing organmusic. They've got it already, I thought. There's noorgan music scheduled for this time of day.On WMRC again, the Playboys were still singing.But now they faltered. There was a pause. One of theHill Billy voices said uncertainly: "We ought to pause... to pause for a moment for this thing that has happened." The music stopped. "We'll have a moment ofsilence for this . . . this death of our greatest . . .leader," the announcer said. There was a mumble ofassent. The station went silent.I put on my flight cap, locked the door, and walkedto the bus stop.y At WFBC, small, bustling Dr. Nicholas P. Mitchell,the station's "political analyst" who does it all from theUnited Press radio wire, was leaning against a studiodoor. Announcer Charlie Davis was there, and bigBevo Whitmire, station manager, who has the mostwholehearted and gusty roar at the conclusion of hisown jokes of anyone I have ever known. They werequiet now.Charlie had been reading his 15-minute sports show.Dr. Nick, whose news show was due in twenty minutes,had been standing by the ticker in the hallway when thebulletin came in. "They rang all the bells onthe machine," he said. "But the bulletin was on thepaper even before they got the bells ringing." He hadtaken it into the small studio and laid it. in front ofCharlie. Charlie had paused and then said, "And hereis a flash— President Roosevelt . . ." And here, according to one of the boys in the control room, here Charlie's face suddenly blanched. He read it over again, veryslowly. I have the original teletype before me now.Charlie read, "President Roosevelt died this afternoonat Warm Springs, Georgia." There is no "take" numberon the bulletin and no time and operator's initials afterit.We talked a few minutes and then I went out andwalked up the street. I wanted to tell everyone I sawon the street. Roosevelt is dead ... the President isdead ... the President is dead. I thought I ought tohave a sandwich board hanging on my shoulders, withthe awful fact written on it.At the Carolina theater I met Margaret as we hadplanned earlier, before President Roosevelt had died. Ihad been wondering if we should go into the movie.So did Margaret. But there was nothing we could do.I bought the tickets. Even the title of the movie wassignificant — Since You Went Away. I think it is aclassic, something worth saying, a beautifully told storyof a wife and daughters, typical of a thousand familiesin any city, who must continue their lives when theirmen go away to war.When we came out it was dark. We walked slowlydown the street. It had affected us — the President'sdeath and the picture and its implications. We bothfelt a personal loss, as if one of our own family had died.And we both wanted to tell everyone that the Presidentwas dead.We went down the street to the News office. BillGaines was "mighty glad" to see us. He asked me whatthe Base planned to do tomorrow. He had been unsuccessfully trying to get Capt. Burger, our public relationsofficer, all evening. I called the Base duty officer, whoknew nothing other than that all men were to reportto their regular sections in class A uniforms — ODtrousers and blouses.Bill had just finished three feet of story on Greenville'sreaction to the news. We talked about the movie fora few minutes. Then he brought out a chess board andshowed us a two-move checkmate. We puzzled on itfor a while and then we went home.I sat down to write this, and Margaret got out a pairof OD trousers to sew up a cuff. Somehow that orderto report in class A uniform was comforting. Thiswould be one formation I would meet and willingly.It made me feel as if I were a small part of it.And so it has been tonight, the night that PresidentRoosevelt died. These little doings of a few of us inthis small corner of the nation, they have seemed important enough to record, but I don't know why.S/sgt. Cody Pfanstiehl^ '38When former assistant editor Cody Pfanstiehl enteredthe Air Corps, readers will remember he wrote a series ofimpressions entitled "One Man's Army." He marriedMargaret Vogel after he was assigned to the GreenvilleArmy Air Base.20THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 21NEWS OF THE CLASSES? IN THE SERVICE ?Word has been received that LouisP. River, '22, MD '25, was promotedto the rank of lieutenant colonel lastJanuary. Col. River is chief of thesurgical service of a general hospitalin France. Prior to entering theservice in the summer of 1942, hewas on the staff of the Cook Countyand Oak Park hospitals. He servedwith the Army Air Forces until ayear ago last January, when he wastransferred to his present unit.John K. Gerhart, '28, commanderof an 8th Air Force combat bombwing, holder of the Silver Star, twoOak Leaf Clusters, the DistinguishedFlying Cross, and the Air Medalwith two Oak Leaf Clusters, has beenpromoted from colonel to brigadiergeneral. He has been with the ArmyAir Forces since he left the Quadrangles. Mrs. Gerhart (HelenO'Brien, '31) lives in Chicago. Gerhart flew one of the first P-38 Lightnings to cross the Atlantic to Englandin July, 1942, and was one of thefirst test pilots to fly a Liberator.John W. Coulter, PhD '26, hasbeen promoted to a colonelcy. He isin Washington with the General StaffCorps. His recent book, Fiji: LittleIndia of the Pacific, published bythe U. of C. Press, is in its secondprinting."Though I have been around plenty," writes Major Jerry Metz, '30,"guess my record of being assignedto one post for three years sort ofmakes a southern gentleman ( ? ) outof a 'damyankee'." He is assistantchief of arsenal operations at thePine Bluff Arsenal in Arkansas.Josephine Matson, '31, has been inEngland a year with the Red Cross.She is running a servicemen's club ina large port city and has seen quitea number of U. of C. grads. Shesays that the English people havebeen fine, with the result that shehasn't experienced homesickness. Heronly complaint — it rains all the time!Major Hal A. Swenson, PhD '31,sends gretings to "alleged friendsand former co-sufferers." For morethan two years he has been "testing,interviewing, classifying, and assigning to duty all west coast Marineson the basis of test scores, education,work history, skills, aptitudes, hobbies, interests, and the needs of theMarine Corps."Pfc. George F. Griewank, '32, isoccupational counselor at the separation center at Fort Leavenworth, ad vising men who are being dischargedfrom the Army.Ruth S. Buffmgton, AM '33, is assistant to a Red Cross field directorand stationed with an evacuation hospital. She writes: "We are encamped on a mountain top in theApennines with the 5 th Army. Thereis much to remind one of Switzerland. Right now huge snowbanksare diminishing and we are goingwithout sheepskin vests and rabbitskin hoods. Brilliant flowers dotsunny, protected slopes — -violets, crocuses, yellow daisies — and pussy willow shoots are beginning to silver. Wehave lost the somewhat battered feeling of three months ago when thebig storms blew our hospital down;Happily our badly injured patientsare now few in number. Our affection and admiration for the UnitedStates Army Infantry is as great asduring last year's river crossings.""London is a great city, if theweather would ever clear up," reportsLt. Col. W. J. B. Strange, AM '33.He has been stationed there for almost three years.Pfc. David Eskind, '34, has beenoverseas for fifteen months, most ofthat time assigned to a station hospital in Hawaii. Recently he waslucky enough to effect a transfer toOahu, and is writing radio scripts forthe Armed Forces Radio Service,which is reminiscent of his stay oncampus as a staff writer for "TheHuman Adventure." The only Chicago man he has run into so far isDale Letts, '31, JD '35, at an all-star baseball game on Hawaii.After a couple of years of activecampaigning in New Jersey, Lt. Edgar Martin, AM '34, PhD '42, findslife in the tropics "very dull." Heis on Admiral Nimitz' staff in thelogistics division, where he can makeoccasional use of his civilian training and experience.Publication of a propaganda newspaper for isolated Japanese troops inthe Pacific islands has been startedby the American psychological warfare branch of the Army. The paperis directed by Lt. Col. Claude E.Hawley, '35, PhD '39.Sp3/c Charles H. Stevenson, '36,is stationed at the headquarters ofthe Sixth Naval District in Charleston, S. C. He writes that he doesmiss the Midway and the manyfriends and associations he madewhile at the University.Lt. Joe Witherspoon, '36, assumed command of an LST on D-Day ofthe initial Philippine operation. Sincethat time, he writes, "it has been asthe seamen say, a rough go." Theyhave twice been subjected to heavymortar and artillery fire while approaching and on an enemy beach,have been bombed several times, andundergone a torpedo attack from amidget submarine — fortunately without injury. Witherspoon's particularLST has been the flagship of all LST'sof the Seventh Fleet for two years.Sgt. Herman Getner, '36, is in thePhilippines.Lt. John Knowlton, JD '36, hasgone aboard his fourth ship, preparing her for her pilgrimage about theworld. "The Armed Guard is theone branch of the Navy that supportsthe old Navy slogan, 'Join the Navyand See the World.' There is hardlya port that we haven't visited andwe seldom go back twice. Of course,there's plenty of water to look at,too."Leaving a "swell practice in obstetrics" in Fergus Falls, Minnesota,Lt. Roy A. Nelson, '36, MD '39, sawduty at Great Lakes and Toledo andis now at the Naval Dispensary Barracks at Norfolk. His wife, daughter,and son are remaining in Minnesota;the latter he has seen only in pictures.Major Laurence S. Jennings, '37,MD '39, is surgeon for an air disarmament group whose function isapparent from the title. "We takethe Luft out of the Luftwaffe — interesting, but one becomes very booby-trap conscious," he writes. He recently spent two weeks at a hospitalin England and ran into Capt. JohnHammer, MD '39 and Capt. JuliusA SundaeTreat forAny Day!SWIFT'S ICE CREAMSundaes and sodas are extra goodmade with Swift's Ice Cream. Sodelicious, so creamy -smooth, soW: fatf'A Product of' ^V SWIFT & COMPANY7409 S. State StreetPhone RADcliffe 740022 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINET/5 Franklin B. Evans, Jr., '43 hasbeen serving at a base supply depotin southwestern China operated byY-Force, the American military missionwhich trained, equipped, and suppliedthe Chinese expeditionary force forits Salween campaign. He is the sonof Franklin B. Evans, '15.Fried, MD '40, both on duty there.Many of the patients were POW'sfrom von Runstedt's break-through.Also there as chief of the medicalservice was Lt. Col. Kenneth Smith,MD '37. They had a "swell schoolreunion" and hope their next is atHanley's. Incidentally, the majorsays he gave Hammer a shellackingat darts. Let him deny it if he dares !Lt. Col. Alf Haerem, MD '37, isdivision surgeon for an armored division in Alsace. He's had some veryinteresting experiences and hopes toreturn to the Quadrangles "apres laguerre."Pfc. Milton L. Bernard, '37, writes:"You can't praise Americans toomuch; with all our faults we're thecream of- the world. You should seethe Belgian people respond to us toappreciate that fact. A pity wehaven't more faith in ourselves.America as the hope and inspirationand not the terror of the world — letthat be our goal and let the U. of C.lead the way toward that goal. Waris no picnic and the Germans areprofessionals at it, but slowly, inevitably we are wearing them down.I see the U. won a basketball game.Congratulations ! Wonder how muchPlato had to do with the win!"After being wounded while commanding an armored Infantry company in France, Capt. Don Elliott,'38, spent almost three months in ahospital in England. He is back onthe Continent in a limited assignmentcapacity.Major Arnold T. Phillips, '38, iscommanding officer of a bombard- La Touraine Coffee Co.IMPORTERS AND ROASTERS OFLA TOURAINECOFFEE AND TEA209-13 MILWAUKEE AVE.. CHICAGOat Laic, and Canal Sts.Phono Stat. 1350Boston— New York— Philadelphia— SyratuMACMESHEET METAL WORKSANIMAL CAGESandLaboratory Equipment1121 East 55th StreetPhone Hyde Park 9500Telephone Hay market 3120E. A. AARON & BROS. Inc.Fresh Fruits and VegetablesDistributors ofCEDER6REEN FROZEN FRESH FRUITS ANDVEGETABLES46-48 South Water MarketAshjian Bros., inc.ESTABLISHED 1921Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone Regent 6000SUPER-GOLD CORPORATIONMANUFACTURERS OF COMMERCIALREFRIGERATION2221 South Michigan AvenueCHICAGO 16, ILLINOISA. J. F. Lowe & Son1217 Eau 55th StreetPlumbing — Refrigeration — RadioSales and ServiceDay Phones Mid. 0782-0783Night Phones Mid. 9295-Oakland 1131 ment group of the 8th Air Forcebased in England. His wife and twolittle sons (Tyler, born October 2,1943, and Brainerd, born October 16,1944) are living in Wheeling, WestVirginia, with her parents, Mr. andMrs. E. Tyler Davis.Sgt. Irwin Glustoff, '38, enteredthe Army a year ago, trained atCamp Maxey, Texas, and is now inWales, taking care of the enlistedpersonnel for his unit. The work isinteresting and much to his liking.He says that life is not rough inWales, with beautiful countryside,but he just keeps waiting for thetime when they can swing into action.Ensign Persis- Jane Peeples, '39, isassistant disbursing officer at theNavy supply school in Cambridge,Massachusetts.T/4 Arthur J. Clauter, '39, withthe Infantry in France, was sittingin the Regimental CP one night recently when in walked Lt. MurrayA. Powell, '39. They were goodfriends all the way through schooland it was the first time they hadseen each other in over two years.As a matter of record both of themas well as their wives were on theQuadrangles at the same time. Powell's wife, the former Pat Turpin, '38,is in California, and Mrs. Clauter(Hazel Lindquist, '39) is holdingdown the home front in Chicago.Out in the Mariana Islands Lt.Burton Moyer, '39, is keeping himself busy as the information and education officer for a heavy bombardment group. He reports living conditions pretty rustic, but the weatherand food are good so he can't complain. After a stop at Honolulu enroute he has about decided to settledown there after the war, it's sucha beautiful spot.Capt. John E. Fagg, '39, PhD '42,was made historical officer of theAAF personnel distribution command, with headquarters at AtlanticCity, last September.Cpl. Erwin Nemmers, AM '39, recently published a series of five articles on war contract termination,which has been his military workfor two years. In reviewing the articles, the corporal writes, the American Bar Association Journal refersto them as establishing the author as"the country's leading authority onthe 100 billion dollar business oftermination."Working for Gen. Patton is a sureway of seeing plenty of Europe, Lt.Norris Tish, '39, AM '40, reports.But he is getting to the point wherehe would even trade the ChampsElysee for the Midway.Elizabeth Essington, '40, writes:THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 23"Until recently I have been servingcoffee and doughnuts from a RedCross clubmobile at various B-l 7bases somewhere in England. I amnow serving said coffee and doughnuts at an English port to troops embarking for France. Have just returned from a week's leave in Scotland with Katherine Wells, '40. Kay,Areta Kelble, '40, and I spent a fineweekend together in London early inDecember. Areta is now running aRed Cross rest camp near the frontlines in Germany."Byron L. Gundlach, '40, has beenmade a major. He is in the Pacificarea.Lt. (j.g.) Mary E. Grenander, '40,AM '41, has been transferred fromthe Bronx to Washington, D. C.CWO John M. Cory, '40, has beentransferred from Berkeley, California,'to Arlington, Virginia. He is withthe Air Transport Command.Lt. (j.g.) Betty Ann Glixon, '40,is still in San Francisco with the communications branch of the Navy.T/5 Thomas Ahern, '40, JD '42,when last heard from was in Franceon his way to Berlin.C/PhM. John Hodgson, '40, hasbeen assigned to a fleet air wing atWhidbey Island, Washington, "agood breaking-in place for overseas."Capt. Walter E. Swarthout, AM'40, enjoys the work he is doing witha medical corps in the liberated townsof the Philippines.Lt. Edward Stanwood, AM '40,after completing a course in militarygovernment at Princeton last January was sent to the Presidio at Monterey, California, for special trainingfor the Asiatic theater.Assigned to work in conjunctionwith a psychiatrist at the general hospital at Camp Roberts, part of theduties of Lt. John W. Anderson, AM'40, include being trial judge advocate for special courts martial. Asa result, he reports, he is not toopopular with the accused. However,he does draw all the jobs that involveworking with soldiers and definitely*has a chance to use his skill andtraining.From Cpl. Edward Bershtein, '41,at Fort Sill, Oklahoma, comes onlythe report of "a few more grayhairs."Remaining in the "lovely state ofColorado," Lt. Solomon Lichter, AM'41, has moved from Buckley Fieldto Lowry Field. His job continues tobe classification and personnel management."What relation economics and accounting have to do with driving atank only the Army knows but no"doubt they have found a correlation POST-WAROPPORTUNITIESFORTECHNICALLY TRAINEDGRADUATES•If you are a technically-trainedgraduate of the class of 1941, 1942,1943 or 1944 ... if you enteredmilitary service without previousindustrial connections . . . TheProcter & Gamble Co. has a message of interest for you.For many years, college men havemade careers for themselves withthis Company in the departmentsof Production Management, Chemical Research and Development,Plant Maintenance, and Mechanical Design and Development.As America's largest manufacturersand processors of soaps, glycerineproducts, and vegetable fats andoils, this Company operates 29factory and mill units in the UnitedStates and Canada. Each workingday these plants produce one million dollars worth of soap, shortening and oil.During the past IS years an average of one factory each year — athome and abroad — has been added.Post-war plans are to continue thisgrowth and to expand Companyoperations into new factories withnew products and far-reachingtechnical developments.Procter & Gamble has been builtby men coming up through thebusiness. Factory Superintendentsgenerally are young men. The Company believes in developing itsmain group of executives insteadof hiring them from the outside.We do not wish to distract yourattention from your present veryimportant assignment. But whenyou are ready to return to civilianlife, we should like the opportunityto discuss with you the industrialopportunities this Company has tooffer.Write now for an application blankand a copy of our illustrated booklet, "Opportunities for Employment."PROCTER & GAMBLEINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DIVISION 'CINCINNATI 17, OHIO somewhere," writes Pvt. EllsworthHoladay, '41. However, he is getting a lot of fun out of the trainingat Fort Knox, even though it issomewhat strenuous.Lt. (j-g.) Jean King, December1942 meteorology graduate, is stationed at Kodiak, Alaska, in theaerology branch of the Navy. Capt.Merle T. Wetton, '23, of the Marines,recently left Kodiak for TreasureIsland, San Francisco.The Shanken twins, Earl andCourtney, '42, are stationed in themiddle of Texas as instructors in anadvance navigation school.Pfc. Francis D. Casper, AM '42,is in the "monotonous tropical climate" of the Netherlands East Indies,where one dreams of civilization Illinois style.Lt. (j.g.) Donald Howell, '42,served under Admiral Moon, beforehis death, in the Normandy andsouthern France operations last year,but has been moved now to an amphibious group in the Pacific.Major Alexis T. Miller, '42, is agroup commander at Williams Field,Arizona — a four-engine Army AirForces training base.T/5 Herbert Goldhor, Pfc. LeRoyC. Merritt, and Pvt. Edward B. Stan-Cited for making hazardous voluntary flights over heavily defendedenemy targets in the interest of theadvancement of aviation medicine, Lt.Ralph E. Kirsch, MD '39, was presentedwith a Letter of Commendation Ribbon recently in ceremonies at theNaval Air Station at Pensacola, wherehe is on duty at the dispensary. Hesaw action in the Marshall Islands andat Guam and Saipan.24 THE UNI VENGLEWOODELECTRICAL SUPPLY CO.Distributors, Manufacturers and Jobbers ofELECTRICAL MATERIALS ANDFIXTURE SUPPLIESS80I EnglewoodS. Halsted Street 7500Phone: Saginaw 3202FRANK CURRANRoofing & InsulationLeaks RepairedFree EstimatesFRANK CURRAN ROOFING CO.8019 Bennett St.Phones Oakland 0690—0691—0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508' Cottage Grove Avenueford— all PhD's of 1942— are working together in Paris with the librarybranch, Special Service Division.They are generally concerned withthe distribution of books and magazines' to all enlisted men in the European theater, especially for recreational reading. They are currentlyengaged in the writing of a specialcourse in library science to be givento Army librarians. Goldhor andStanford will do a major portion ofthe teaching.Lt. (j.g.) Gilbert Ford, '42, leftTexas for Iowa, where he is at present instructing in aerology at the pre-flight school in Iowa City.The Army has finally recognizedthe talents of Bernard Balikov, '42,made him a private first class, andgiven him work to do in his ownfield — clinical laboratory analysis.Heaping pleasure upon that good fortune the Army has even seen fit tolocate him at a general hospital inParis. He womld like to have a littleget-together of U. of C. men stationed there.Donna Culliton Miller, '42, sendsus the following excerpt from a letter written by her husband, LewisMiller, '42, who took part at Iwo:"To start from the beginning, I gothit on D plus 4 about 5:00 o'clockby a Jap mortar shell. I was notterribly surprised to get it, as theshelling had been terrific, and youcouldn't tell where to look for it next.Well, the shell went off in the holethat I was in, and a fairly largefragment went through my left foot ERSITY OF CHICAGOLt. Dorothy C. McGinnis, '36, wasone of the first four women MarineCorps officers to be assigned outsidethe United States. She has been serving in Hawaii.*around the heel, taking most of theankle bone with it. I remained conscious, and received emergency treatment and was then evacuated to anLST on the beach. They gave metemporary treatment that night. Thenext day, I was moved to a transport,where a cast was put on. The nextday we left the area for the Marianas.We are still there, at an Army hospital. I'm feeling pretty good andright now biding my time to be evacuated again, this time to Oahu. Ithink I will probably get back to theStates eventually. I 'am so damnthankful to be alive and still havemy foot that I don't feel that I havemuch to complain about." Lewiswas subsequently moved to Oahu,where he is at the U. S. Naval Hospital, j' -|One of the first and one of thebusiest Chicagoans on Iwo Jima wasLt. (j.g.) Marvin Courtney, MD '43,who helped direct the care of theBIRCK-FELLINGER CORP.ExclusiveCleaners & Dyers200 E. Marquette RoadPhone: Went. 5380LEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Parle 9100-1-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVER MAGAZINEOBERG'SFLOWER SHOPFlowers wired the world over1461 E. 57th StreetPhones: Fairfax 3670, 3671ECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKSoGalvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights, Gutters, Down SpoutsTile, Slate and Asbestos Roofing1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893Since 1878HANNIBAL, INC.UpholstersFurniture Repairing1919 N. Sheffield. AvenuePhone: Lincoln 7180I wounded at the invasion. Courtneyinterned at Great Lakes Naval Train-' ing Station and was sent to Guamlast August. His wife, Gertrude, and'_ nine months' old daughter, Dale, are, living in Chicago.Cpl. Lawrence Seiver, '43, camerar technician with a photographic reconnaissance squadron which has re-~ cently been awarded the Distin-a guished Unit Citation, is with the Air1 Forces in Italy.~ Cpl. Irvin Shostak, '43, beginninghis third year in the Army and his' second overseas, finds the prospectsI more interesting at each new turn.He met Picasso in London and other" interesting people in France. He's; had more invitations to dinner thanI is safe, for the French can make any-"_ thing taste like heaven. "Anyone whohas been in England can understandmy joy," he writes.After London and Paris, T/3 PeterFlesch, SM '43, is having the time of"his life "in the craziest spot of thewhole ETO, in the middle of aFrench field." He's trying to buy upFrance's perfume and laces, with sadJ consequences to his pocketbook."I Like many another alumnus, Pfc.Audrey Joyce, '44, "misses the University, some brisk Chicago air, agood chat, and peaceful reading inClassics." She is in Pine Bluff Arsenal, Arkansas, doing a clerical job inthe publications office.Lt. Sanford G. Kahn, '44, is withthe Weather Reconnaissance Projectat La Guardia Field, N. Y. He hasJ made over twenty trips across theTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 25Atlantic and visited ten countries. Heis a member of the Short SnortersClub.Lt. Eugene W. Gleason, '44, is withthe Fifth Amphibious Corps and sayshe likes his work fine and the climateand scenery are wonderful.After four months with a line company, firing mortar shells at the Germans in France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Germany, Pfc. William B.Greene, '44, has still to meet anyonefrom the University. The three orfour years he will spend on the Midway don't seem too far off now andhe hopes there haven't been manychanges.THE CLASSES1896It is with regret we report thedeath in service of Lt. Charles MacClintock, son of Samuel MacClintock, PhD '08. Lt. MacClintock waswounded during the German breakthrough last winter and died January19 in a Belgian hospital. In civilianlife he had been associated with theMarsh and Truman Lumber Company of Chicago.1898George L. White, DB '03, AM '04,has been made secretary of promotion and student aid of the Spanish-American Baptist Seminary of LosAngeles, California.1900Clifton D. Gray, DB, PhD '01, retired president of Bates College, leftMaine and is settled at Pilgrim Placein Claremont, California.DEWEY & WHALEN INC.Plain & OrnamentalPLASTERINGAuthorized All-Bond Contractors4035 PhoneLawrence Ave. Pensacola 8040HUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY25 E. JACKSON BLVD., Chicago, IllinoisTelephone Harrison 7793Member National Associationof Teachers AgenciesGenerally recognized as one of the leading TeachersAgencies of the United States.ESTABLISHED 1*08ROOFING and INSULATING Timothy A. BarrettPLASTERERRepairing A Specialty5549 S. Cottage Grove Ave.Phone Hyde Park 0653RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331 TelephoneW. Jackson Blvd. Monroe 31921905Chaplain Alva J. Brasted, DB, isthe author of Az Tou Were!, a bookof twenty-six practical messages —one for each letter of the alphabetwith accompanying cartoons — inwhich the thought and meaning of asmany qualifications which characterize every good soldier are visualizedfor the man in the service. ChaplainBrasted was appointed an Armychaplain in 1913. During the firstWorld War he served in France; laterhe spent four years in the Philippines.He served as chief of chaplains from1933 to 1937. He retired from activeduty in December, 1943. At presenthe is editor of The Army and NavyChaplain and executive secretary ofthe Chaplains Association.1909George W. Phillips is living at"Seven Oaks" near Saratoga, California, since retiring as minister ofthe Tenth Avenue Baptist Church inOakland.1910Carl L. V. Exselsen, JD '12, hasleft Detroit and now has law officesat 1 Wall Street in New York.Harris Learner Latham, AM, ayear ago completed four typed copies of "Postwar Problems Discussed inLatin America," translated extractsfrom Latin-American publications issued in some twelve nations. Copiesof this valuable work were depositedin Harper Library, the Library ofInternational Relations, the Wood-row Wilson Memorial Library, andthe Library of Congress. At presentMr. Latham is an instructor in musicat the Manteno State Hospital, Manteno, Illinois.1911Ee-o-leven class members will beglad to hear the following news reported to us by G. Harold Earle: "IJknow you will be pleased to learnthat I have just received word di rectly from Conrado Benitez, AM,and that he and his family are allsafe. A brief note written by Conrado, dated March 7, was enclosedin a letter from my son-in-law, whois with the armed forces in the Philippines, who met the members of Benitez' family when they were in Chicago a few years ago, and who hadthe pleasure of seeing them and finding them safe. Conrado's note israther brief and dwells chiefly uponthe unbelievable brutality of theJapanese, and his thankfulness thatthey have been able to survive theordeals experienced. Benitez speaksof still trying to recuperate, and assures that he will write a partial account of the happenings when he feelsstronger. The only address Conradogives is Manila."The Alumni Office has sincelearned that Benitez may be addressed in care of the American RedCross, Civil War Affairs Section,A.P.O. 442, c/o Postmaster, SanFrancisco, California.Clarence W. Kemper, AM, DB '12,terminated his pastorate with theFirst Baptist Church of Denver onMarch 31, to become minister of theFirst Baptist Church of Boulder, Colorado. Kemper closed his eleven-yearpastorate with a splendid record.During this period the fine church edifice was planned, built, and paid for.Support of the operating budget ofthe church doubled, and he welcomedmore than 1,300 new members.Kemper is well known in his areaand throughout the country for hisSPRAGUEIRON WORKS4410 WEST ADDISON ST.TELEPHONEPALISADE - - 2210Platers, SilversmithsSpecialists . . .GOLD, SILVER, RHODANIZESILVERWARERepaired, Refinished, RelacqueredSWARTZ & COMPANY10 S. Wabash Ave. CENtral 6089-90 ChieagoCIGARETTE BURNSMOTH HOLESCUTS— TEARSRE WOVEN LIKE NEWIN CLOTHES, LINENS AND RUGSAmerican Weaving Co.5 N. Wabash Avenue Phone Dearborn 169326 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFINE BONE CHINAAynsley, Royal Crown Derby, Spodeand Other Famous Makes inDistinctive DinnerwareExcellent Hand Decorated ServicePlates from $3.00 each.Hand cnt and Gold encrusted TableCrystal and Accessories.Unusual Gifts from Near and Far.Dirigo, Inc.Distinctive Tableware70 E. Jackson Blvd. Chicago, 111.participation in the work of theNorthern Baptist Convention, theDenver Round Table of the National Conference of Christians andJews, and for his contributions asnews correspondent of Christian Century.1912Last summer George E. Bodin, AM'13, became principal of the Ramonarural high school at Ramona, Kansas.William C. Smith, AM, PhD '20,professor of sociology at LinfieldCollege, Oregon, was honored in1944 with the presidency of the Pacific Sociological Society. He wasfurther honored with a grant-in-aidfrom the Social Science ResearchCouncil which enabled him to carryon his work on The Step-Child.1916Mrs. Thomas O. Burgess (Henrietta P. Christensen) is enjoying theexperience as a teacher in the childcare center of a defense project atWilmington, California, where sheand her husband are living. Mr.Burgess has taken a year's leave ofabsence f/om teaching at ConcordiaCollege to serve in the industrial relations department of the CaliforniaShipbuilding Corporation.Lawrence MacGregor, president ofthe Summit, New Jersey, Trust Company, is on leave of absence and isin Portugal as head of the Lisbonoffice of the Friends Service Committee.The A. B. Dick Company of Chicago has appointed Agnes A. Sharp, AM '30, PhD '38, head of its medicaldepartment. She is on leave of absence from the Psychiatric Instituteof the Municipal Court of Chicago.Miss Sharp did a successful pioneering job in the early days of the warwhen she helped to choose the veryfirst officer candidates for the WAAC.1917Mary Duncan Carter, PhD '42,has left for Cairo, Egypt, where shewill organize and develop the libraryat the Cairo outpost of the overseasbranch of the Office of War Information. On leave of absence from herposition as director of the LibrarySchool of the University of SouthernCalifornia, Mrs. Carter spent sometime in New York City training forher overseas post. An active workerin the American library field, shewas president of the California Library Association during the past yearand is a member of the board of directors of the Special Libraries Association for the term 1944 to 1947.She has also served on various committees of the American Library Association. For four years she conducted a Los Angeles radio programon current films and related readingcalled "The Film Book Club of theAir." Before going to U.S.C. in1937, Mrs. Carter was assistant director of the Library School at McGill University, Montreal, and whilethere she aided in the establishmentof children's libraries in the Montrealarea and broadcast a weekly radioprogram for chilren. Her son, Duncan Carter, recently received a medical discharge from the Canadianarmy after serving twenty months.1919Edward B. Reuter, PhD, is temporarily in Nashville, Tennessee, wherehe has a visiting appointment at FiskUniversity.1920Ernest B. Harper, DB, PhD '22, ofMichigan State College, became headof the new Department of SocialService and the School of Businessand Public Service last September.His wife is the former Lyssa Chalkley'20.1921Raymond H. Ewing, DB, AM '29,is enjoying his work with the Congregational Community Church in Roberts, Wisconsin, where he has beenminister since 1942. The church hasthe distinction of being the onlychurch in the township and represents, says Mr. Ewing, "the best example of religion unified in a community I ever saw." He is, he adds,ably assisted by his wife, Ruth Grimes Ewing, '15, AM '21. Their daughter,Mary Ada, is attending the University.1922In February Theophilus W. Strieterwas granted a leave of absence fromhis church in Evansville, Indiana, toaccept a position as executive directorfor the National Emergency PlanningCouncil of the Lutheran Church ofthe Missouri Synod. The new postwill include the direction of projectssponsored jointly by the nationalLutheran Council of the United Lutheran and American Lutheranchurches and the work will involvethe coordination and direction of special wartime church extension projects and postwar expansion.Raymond A. Smith, DB, PhD '26,of Greensboro College, North Carolina, was made a member of theboard of education of the North Carolina Conference of the MethodistChurch in October. Mr. Smithtaught last summer in the NorthCarolina Pastors' School and RuralChurch Institute in Greensboro, atthe Virginia Pastor's School at Randolph-Macon Women's College, inLynchburg, and at the LeadershipSchool for the S.E. jurisdiction ofthe Methodist Church at Junaluska,TREMONTAUTO SALES CORP.Authorized DealerCHRYSLER and PLYMOUTH6040 Cottage GroveMid. 4200Used Car DepartmentComplete Automobile RepairsBody Shop — Paint ShopSimon/zing — WashingGreasingBLACKSTONEHALLAnExclusive Women's HotelIn th.University of Chicago DistrictOffering; Graceful Living to University and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748 TelephoneBlackstone Ave. Plaza 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 27North Carolina. Mrs. Smith is theformer Mary Taft, '19.Gail B. Ussery, LLB, former merchandise manager of the Better Business Bureau of Pittsburgh, has become general manager of the BetterBusiness Bureau of Baltimore. Mr.Ussery practiced law in Missouri andIllinois before becoming affiliatedwith the bureau.1923As head of the astronomy and geology department in the Bay City,Michigan, Junior College, J. HoseaGeorge, AM '25, still teaches one section in geology. The days of threeand four sections went when the wargot under way, he writes, but thereare indications of increased enrolment as the boys begin to returnfrom the battle fronts.1925Frank L. Church, AM, founder andpastor of the Newark CommunityChurch at Holly, Michigan, is finishing up his ninth year there. He isalso justice of the peace, having begun his second four-year term.1926Elsie May Smithies, AM, left theUniversity high school to becomedean of women students at Occidental College at Los Angeles.After more than five years on theAlbert Teachers' AgencyServing the Medical ProfessionSince 1895V. MUELLER & CO.SURGEONS' INSTRUMENTSHOSPITAL AND OFFICEFURNITUREORTHOPEDICAPPLIANCES•Phone Seeley 2180, all departmentsOgden Ave., Van Buren andHonore StreetsChicago 12 Denver staff of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission,Robert E. Landon, PhD '29, has resigned to accept a position as a geologist with the General PetroleumCorporation of California. Landonwill be working in Wyoming and maybe addressed in care of the company,Box 1652, Casper, Wyoming.1927Stella Millan Pagan, AM '28, isassistant registrar at the University ofPuerto Rico at Rio Piedras. Her husband, Francisco Pagan, '27, SM '28,PhD '31, headed the botany department at Puerto Rico until his deaththree years ago.Homer D. Mitchell has left theWestminster Presbyterian Church atBay City, Michigan, to take upduties at Marquette.Coal Valley, Illinois, communityhigh school has Hedwig E. Roesner,AM, as one of its teachers.Alfred W. Hurst, AM, DB '30, ispastor of the Cleveland Park Congregational Church in Washington,D.C.1928Jerome F. Kutak, LLB, vice-president and general counsel of the Guarantee Reserve Life Insurance Company, headed up the Hammond, Indiana, Community Chest-War Fundappeal last fall. Kutak has been active in the community affairs ofHammond since he moved there in1941.1929• Charles G. Chakerian, AM, holds aprofessorship of social ethics at Hartford Seminary Foundation. He hasbeen appointed to the HousingAuthority of the State of Connecticut.Mrs. Samuel Altshuler (ConstanceWeinberger) is a statistician for theNew York health department. She isliving at the Hotel Earle in NewYork City.John Paul Quigley, PhD, formerprofessor of gastro-intestinal physiology at Western Reserve UniversitySchool of Medicine, left Cleveland tobecome professor of pharmacologyand chief of the division of pharmacology at the University of Tennesseeat Memphis. He will continue his researches on the physiology and pharmacology of the gastro-intestinaltract.1930Lucile Hoerr Charles had thepleasure last fall of directing a fairlyelaborate production (225 participants) of the Coventry Nativity Play.at Mary Washington College of theUniversity of Virginia^ where Miss Charles is assistant professor of dramatic arts. She says that it broughtback memories, for she played theVirgin Mary at the U. of C. production in 1922.Paul G. Dibble, AM, minister ofthe Fourth Street Methodist Churchin Aurora, Illinois, was elected president of the Aurora Ministerial Association.William R. Sype, geologist with theStanolind Company, is living inTulsa, Oklahoma. The Sypes havethree children: Nancy Jane, born November 1, 1940; and twin girls —Margaret and Mary — born July 2,1943.J. Harold Gamble, AM, DB '30, assistant pastor at the Baptist Churchin Ames, Iowa, was elected presidentof the Iowa Inter-Church Council.1931Dorothy E. Colonius, AM, has beenteaching at the Alton, Illinois, seniorhigh school.1932Magnus R. Hestenes, PhD, associate professor on leave from the University's math department, is workingwith the Applied Mathematics Groupin the Division of War Research atColumbia University.1933Charles L. Hopkins, Jr., is doingeditorial work for the Quarrie Corporation in Chicago. He and Mrs.Hopkins live in Oak Park.Viola M. DuFrain, AM, PhD '44,25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all .kinda of teachingpositions. Large and alert College andState Teachers' College departments forDoctors and Masters; forty per cent oi ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenumbers; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Administration, Music, and Art, secure finepositions through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well prepared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special manager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEhas left Chicago to teach at MissouriValley College at Marshall.1934Carl A. Renstrom is serving as taxaccountant for the Bendix AviationCorporation in Detroit.Mrs. Cecil Armstrong (MarieLouise Irelan, AM) is a field work assistant for SSA at the University.1935Arthur Berndtson, PhD '40 and hiswife (Esther Schumm, '41) are atColumbia, Missouri, where he is aninstructor in philosophy at the University of Missouri.1936Leaving his position as head of theFrench department at McMasterUniversity at Hamilton, Ontario,Canada, Ernest F. Haden, PhD, hasbecome instructor in flight academicsat the Hawthorne School of Aeronautics in Orangeburg, S. C.Discharged from the Service lastDecember, Edgar Cumings, PhD, hasbeen appointed assistant professor inthe extension division of Indiana University at Bloomington. Mrs. Cumingsis the former Eleanor J. Sharts, '36.1937Industrial psychologist Wilbur J. HOSPITAL SHIP NAITHE Charles A. Stafford, one ofthe fastest hospital ships operatedby the Transportation Corps for theU. S. Army, named for a graduate ofthe University, has been in service forover a year.Built in 1918 as the Siboney of theCuba Mail Line, the 450-ft. twinscrew vessel was immediately takenover by the Army and served as oneof the crack troop transports ofWorld War I. Upon the outbreak ofthe present war the liner, which hadbecome one of the luxury "honeymoon ships" between New York andHavana, made numerous voyages toLisbon in 1941 to bring Americanrefugees back to the United States.Later she was again requisitioned asa troopship and made several tripsbefore being converted into an Armyhospital ship.The Stafford, like other hospitalships, is operated under the terms ofthe Hague Convention. The ship ispainted a gleaming white with agreen band running from stem tostern and a huge red cross appears onthe stack and sides.Capt. Stafford received his M.D.from Rush in 1937 and joined theMedical Reserve in 1939. Later heHumber, AM, has his office in theEngineering Building in Chicago.Harold B. Siegel, JD '39, is withthe office of the general counsel, Federal Security Agency, in Washington.On January 1, J. Bernard Lundyresigned his position as consultant and editor for the NationalSafety Council to join the advertising department of the Liquid Carbonic Association. His major responsibility is editing Liquid Newsletter, the monthly plant organ. Atpresent his company is nearly onehundred per cent war producing.They manufacture the pontoonswhich float the sea-going jeep — wa-terbuffalo; a jungle portable freezingunit for serving iced cokes and otherrefreshments; a three-story ammunition hoist for battleships; and theinflation material for Mae West jackets. Manufacturing ice cream refrigerating units for the Services,Liquid's . own cafeteria was recentlystymied in serving ice cream becausethey couldn't get a priority for oneof their own units, manufactured inthe next building.1938Still carrying on his pediatricspractice in Kansas City, Missouri,Clark W. Seely, MD, became superintendent of the Kansas City gen- FOR ALUMNUSCapt. Staffordwas appointed a first lieutenant in theregular Army and was promoted tothe grade of captain in 1941. Uponcompletion of his training at theSchool of Aviation Medicine at Randolph Field, Texas, he qualified as anaviation medical examiner. He losthis life on March 3, 1942, after theevacuation of Java. He was posthumously awarded the Silver Star forhis fine work in Java, which includedover and above caring for his Armypersonnel, care of the Naval woundedfrom the U.S.S. Houston and U.S.S.Marblehead.eral hospital on February 1. Hisdaughter, Julianne, arrived on January 11.Leona F. Becker, AM, after leaving Chicago became field representative of the division of old age assistance of the New Jersey State Department of Institutions and Agencies,where she remained until 1941, wasinvestigator of the State Board ofChildren's Guardians for the nextyear; and since August 1942 hasbeen an investigator for the wage andhour division of the State Department of Labor. She is on the boardof directors of the Paterson YWCA;is vice-chairman of the YWCA industrial committee; and is chairmanof the Women's Action Committeefor Victory and Lasting Peace.1939Harriet Johnson is living in Cambridge, Massachusetts, and lets usknow that husband, John, JD '40, is alieutenant (j.g.) on a minelayer somewhere in the Pacific. Daughter Barbara has advanced to a full-fledgedtoddler and is a lot of fun and company for her mother. In JanuaryHarriet started taking piano lessons,hoping some day to accompany Johnand violin and have songfests in thehome. It keeps her out of mischief,she writes, even if it is a long roadVTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEahead! She has seen Paul Archipley,'40, and Tucker Dean's wife andbaby are near by.Clarence Ted Johnson, AM, is executive secretary of the Missouri Association for Social Welfare, with offices in Jefferson City.John Hind, SM, and his wife, Lu-ella Raithel, former student, have recently been freed from a Japaneseprison camp in the Philippines. TheHinds went to the Philippines for ahoneymoon directly after his graduation. Hind is a chemist and hisfather, who was released at the sametime, owns a sugar plantation on theislands.After teaching English at AssiutCollege and the American Missionsecondary school at Assiut, Egypt,from the time of his graduation toJune, 1944, Judson Allen took a jobwith the Combined Economic Warfare Agencies at Cairo. He wastransferred to Italy and a few monthslater left CEWA to join the economicsection of the Allied Commission. Heis assigned there as an economicanalyst. Allen is the son of Jay B.Allen, '14, of Sioux Falls, S. D.1940Marguerite Owings Polifroni is car-MURPHY BUTTER and EGG CO.WHOLESALE2016 CALUMET AVE.CHURNERS OF FANCY CREAMERY BUTTERFINEST WISCONSIN EGGSPhone CALumet 5731E. J. Chalifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph — Offset — Printing731 Plymouth CourtWabash 8182Siinmoaif.Chicago's OutstandingDRUG STORESBOYDSTON BROS.All phones OAK. 0492operatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics, etc.CADILLAC EQUIPMENT EXCLUSIVELY rying on social work with the Childand Family Service at Elmira, N. Y.1941Brooklyn College has appointedBernard J. Siegel, AM, PhD '44, aninstructor. He and his wife are livingat 250 West 99th Street, New YorkCity.Bishop William J. Walls, AM, hasbeen serving on the Commission ona Just and Durable Peace of the Federal Council of Churches of Christ inAmerica. He attended and workedwith the study conference of 500members meeting at Cleveland forthree days last January.1942Leaving the economics departmentat Wellesly College, Elisabeth Armour Curtiss, PhD,- has become anassociate professor in the economicsand sociology department at the IowaState College in Ames.A teaching fellow in history at theUniversity of North Carolina inChapel Hill, George A. Beebe reports that there are many Chicagoalumni there to keep him company.Since September, 1942, Shirley A.Adamson has been with the WPB inWashington — currently as an industrial analyst in the radio and radardivision.1943James E. McEldowney, PhD, returned to his work at Leonard Theological College, Jubbulpore, India,last year. From him comes the following message: "We need Christianworkers throughout the world desperately, not all of them missionaries; some in the expanding outposts of the government, some servingthrough humanitarian organizations,some as representatives of American industry, but all giving evidence of profound Christian faithand experience. How much betterfor Christian youth to fill these responsible positions than those whoseactions might reflect not only onChristianity in general but also onthe good name of our nation. Andwe need clean, wholesome youthpouring through our churches asmissionaries. The need is desperate.Yes, we need money, but we needAmerican flesh and blood as a moreunmistakable proof that we Christians are in earnest and willing to liveas well as die for what we believe iseternally right. God give us youth."1944Machteld Huisman, SM, is directorof nurses at the Cedars of LebanonHospital in Los Angeles.Thora Moulton, AM, is teaching at'Valparaiso University, Indiana. placfesitone decorating^erbttePhone Pullman 917010422 &fjobea mt.f Chicago, 3U.Ajax Waste Paper Co.2600-2634 W. Taylor St.Buyers of Any QuantityWaste PaperScrap Metal and IronFor Prompt Service CallMr. B. Shedroff, Van Buren 0230BEST BOILER REPAIR & WELDING CO.24-HOUR SERVICELICENSED - BONDEDINSUREDQUALIFIED WELDERSHAYmarket 79171404-08 S. Western Ave., ChicagoAMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGO .A Bureau of Placement which limits lt»work to the university and college Held.It is affliated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allthe educational fields. Both organizationsassist in the appointment of administratorsas well as of teachers.At the beginning of the springsemester Robert T. Crauder entered the graduate division of theWharton School of Finance andCommerce of the University of Pennsylvania. His major will be financeand banking. He writes that as faras he knows, he will be the first2-year graduate of the U. of C. to beadmitted to any school for conventional graduate work, and expects toget his MBA in a year.SOCIAL SERVICEDean Wright and Miss Walker,dean of students, spent several daysin February visiting the faculty of theNew York School of Social Work,studying especially their field workdepartment and some of their specialfield work assignments.Martha Branscombe, PhD '42,chief of the child welfare section ofthe welfare division of UNRRA, afterten months in London, is in Parisworking with the French governmenton problems of guardianship and isscheduled to consult with Italian andGreek authorities before returning toWashington.Dean Wright recently attended twomeetings in Washington — the meeting30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEof the executive committee of the National Commission for Children inWartime on February 17 and themeeting of a special committee ontraining and personnel, advisory tothe Children's Bureau and the Bureau of Public Assistance, on February 23.Helen Younggren, AM '30, has accepted a position with the State Department of Public Welfare inSpringfield, Illinois, to assist in workwith the department institutionsother than mental hospitals.Zephyr Holman Stewart, AM '32,has been serving for the past yearas chairman of the Illinois districtof the AAMSW.Ruth Higgins, AM '37, has beenmade executive secretary of theChurch Mission of Help in the diocese of Chicago.John Whitelaw, AM '37, has leftthe Portland, Oregon, Council of Social Agencies to accept a commissionin the U. S. Navy.Alice Wolff, AM '38, has beenmade regional supervisor in the Chicago office of the division of childwelfare, Illinois Department of Public Welfare. AEloise Clarke, AM '39, has beenmade visiting teacher in the JosephA. Craig School, New Orleans, Louisiana.Elizabeth McKinley, AM '39, is director of the social service department in the Washington UniversityClinics, St. Louis, Missouri.J. A. Seabrook, AM '39, has beenmade associate executive secretary ofthe National Council of the Protestant Episcopal Church and is locatedin New York City.Florence Hosch, AM '40, executivesecretary of the Illinois Board ofPublic Welfare Commissioners, isteaching a course in introduction tosocial work at Rosary College, RiverForest, Illinois.Ruth Pierstoff, AM '41, has recently been appointed director of thesocial service department of the Neurological Institute in New York City. AMERICANPHOTO ENGRAVING CO.Pfiofo EngraversArtists -Makers of ElectrotypersPrinting Plates429S. Ashland Blvd. TelephoneMonroe 7515PENDERCatch Basin and Sewer ServiceBack Water Valves, Sumps-Pumps6620 COTTAGE GROVE AVENUE1545 E. 63RD STREETFAIRFAX 0330-0550-0880PENDER CATCH BASIN SERVICE1545 EAST 63RD STREETEleanor Feeney, AM '42, is director of the home service division ofthe American Red Cross in Chicago.Mary Jane Gilkey, AM '42, isworking as a medical social workerin Presbyterian Hospital, Chicago.Mary Lawrence, AM '44, has beenmade director of clinic social serviceof the mental hygiene bureau of theNew Jersey State Hospital, Trenton.BIRTHSRuth Browne Burchard, '21, AM'22, has two children who have notso far been recorded in these columns.Virginia Diane was born on June28, 1942, and John Edward arrivedleap year day, February 29, 1944.The Burchards are living in Chicago.A daughter, Elizabeth Leslie, wasborn to Fred G. Lehmann and Mrs.Lehmann (Marcella River, '29) onDecember 2, 1944 in Chicago. Elizabeth has three older brothers.Lt. Jerome K. Nathan, '29, andMrs. Nathan (Cecile Loewy, '33)have a new son, Jerome K. They areliving in Chicago.A second daughter, Deborah Briar,was born to Merton M. Gill, '34,MD '38, and Mrs. Gill (Harriette R.Wells, '36) at Topeka, Kansas, onFebruary 5.Suzanne Jenkins, 4, has a sisterEileen, who arrived in the Jenkins TINY TOTSTERILIZEDDIAPER SERVICE1742-44 m A ~a. *e. 75th st. PLAza 8464GEO. D. MILLIGANCOMPANYPAINTING CONTRACTORS2101-9 South Kedzie AvenuePhone: Rockwell 8060home at Wauwatosa, Wisconsin, onDecember 11, 1944. Dad is FredJenkins, '36, a member of the investment house of Charles Brew andCompany of Milwaukee.Miriam Stephanie arrived at thehome of David M. Kinsler, '37, AM'39, and Mrs. Kinsler on March 15.The baby was born at Havre deGrace, Maryland. Parents live at 12Chesapeake Court, Aberdeen, Maryland.A daughter, Harriet Marcia, wasborn to Martin Dollin, MD Rush '37,and Mrs. Dollin (Florence Wishnick,'34) at Doctor's Hospital in NewYork City on November 22, 1944.Mrs. Dollin was woman's editor ofthe Daily Maroon while on campusand majored in political science. Thedoctor received a medical dischargefrom the Army Medical Corps, wherehe had the rank of captain, in June,1943, and since then has been staffpsychiatrist at River Crest Sanitariumat Astoria, Long Island.A baby daughter, Jean Ann, wasborn on February 3 to Capt. RichardS. Ferguson, '38, and Mrs. Ferguson(Clementine Vander Schaegh, '39).The captain is with the Army engineers stationed in Baltimore.A son, Martin Peter, was born toMajor Martin D. Miller, '39, andMrs. Miller on March 1 in Chicago.The baby's brother, Thomas Louis,was two years old in January.Major Miller is serving with the 3rdArmy in Germany.To Anne Gussack Levine, AM '41,and Dr. Rachmiel Levine, a daughter,Judith Anne, on December 30, 1944,in Chicago.Susan Scott was born on February24 at England General Hospital inAtlantic City, New Jersey, to Lt. Ken-ath H. Sponsel, '41, MD '43, and Mrs.Sponsel.rgfk-S^ BANK WHERE SAFETYIS TRADITIONALSince 1919 this Bank has continuouslyserved the South Side.We invite your Banking Business.UNIVERSITY NATi;ONA[LlBANKMember Federal Reserve SystemMember Federal Deposit Insurance CorporationTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 31JOSEPH H. BIGGSFine Catering in all its branches50 East Huron StreetTel. Sup. 0900—0901Retail Deliveries Daily and SundaysQuality and Service Since 1882CLARKE-McELROYPUBLISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3935"Good Printing of All Descriptions"ENGAGEMENTSMrs. Edward G. Thomas of Virginia, Illinois, announces the engagement of her daughter, Ensign MaryG. Thomas to Major William W. R.Peterson, '32, AM '34. EnsignThomas is a former resident of NewYork City and Long Beach, California, and a graduate of Pomona College. Ensign and Major are bothstationed in Washington, D. C.Announcement has been made byMrs. Irma C. Bartley of Washington,D. C, of the engagement of herdaughter, Jeanne Gifford Dante, toCpl. Henry D. Lytton, '35. The bride-to-be has been connected with theBritish army staff in Washington forthe past three years. Cpl. Lytton isserving in the Italian theater.MARRIAGESOn February 24 Mamie RuthDavis, AM '27, was married to Reynold A. Champagne. They are living at West Palm Beach, Florida,where Mrs. Champagne is district director of the state welfare board.F. M. Petkevich '31, MD '37, andDelphine Proulx, R.N., were marriedAugust 7, 1944. They are now athome at Red Lake Falls, Minnesota.Wladeslava M. Szurek, '33, wasmarried to Lon E. Sullivan on December 22, 1944. At home: 2554Peachtree Road, Atlanta, Georgia.Vivian Carlson, '34, became Mrs.F. D. Squire on December 3, 1944,soon after her husband returned from25 months of active duty with theNavy in the South Pacific. They expect to remain a year in Chicagowhere Squire is on duty.On January 2 in San Diego, California, Helen Ann Hagedorn, '37, became the bride of AM2/c HaroldMurphy, U.S.N.Lt. (j.g.) Mary Harnmel, '41, wasmarried on February 26 at the Naval (NOT INC.)ENGINEERSMechanical and ElectricalConsulting and Designing431 So. Dearborn StreetChicago 5, III.Telephone Harrison 7691TELEPHONE HAYMARKET 4566O'CALLAGHAN BROS., Inc.PLUMBING CONTRACTORS21 SOUTH GREEN ST.Air Station chapel at Corpus Christi,Texas, to Lt. (j.g.) Richard A.Davis. The couple met when Lt.Davis piloted the PBY on which Mrs.Davis was navigator for a flight toPensacola, Florida, and back.Lt. Walter K. Kurk, '41, and AliceBoren, '43, were married on January15 at Thorndike Hilton Chapel. Thelieutenant served as navigator withthe 8fh Air Force based in Englandfrom last April to December and isnow stationed at Ellington Field,Houston, Texas, where the newlywedsare living.Lorraine MacGuffin, '42, and LewisFowler were married February 17.Mrs. Fowler is working for the Housing Authority of Seattle. They areat home at 4718 16th Ave. NE, Seattle 5, Washington.Georgene Clark, '43, became thebride of John H. McLane on July16, 1944. At home: 4001 Rucker,Everett, Washington.Minna Sachs, '43, and Cpl. HartWurzburg, '41, were married inTampa, Florida, last year and havebeen living most of the time since atDelray Beach, while the corporal isArthur MichaudelDesigner and Maker ofDistinctive Stained Glass Windows542 North Paulina Street, ChicagoTelephone Monroe 2423CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency63rd YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One Fee64 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoMinneapolis — Kansas City, Mo.Spokane — New York assigned to Boca Raton Field as aninstructor.Dorothy A. Kozinski, '44, was married to John R. Kunkel on January4 at the Chapel of Christ the Kingon campus. At home: 7907 SouthPhillips, Chicago 17. Dorothy is continuing as a technician with X-ray,Inc.Cpl. Richard Jacob, '43, with the3rd Army in Germany, a little tardily reports his marriage last September to Ruth Apprich, '42, "anotherphenomenon which might be attributed to an outgrowth of the sociallife backstage with D.A. and U.P.,where we met. Although for thesake of keeping a good record clear,let it be established definitely that wefirst met in front of Cobb after aten o'clock class one sunny Marchmorning only three years ago! However, Ruth was extraordinarily activenot only in D.A. and U.P. but alsoin a group known to the campus asthe Cooperative Players, and I wasaround Reynolds Theater in one capacity or other a good deal. So if itsuits editorial whim, I feel that itcould reasonably be chalked up asanother laurel for Mitchell Tower'sbrow. We were married in Wyomis-sing, Pennsylvania, and for the occasion Gerald Devlin, '42, who wrotemost of the music for the Blackfriarsscore in '42, came from Chicago toact as best man, accompanied by myyoung aunt, Faith McLeod, '45.From New York came Maggy Ma-gerstadt, '44, a regular D.A. actressin the 1940's, and from Baltimorecame William Strube, '41,. formerlypresident of the Calvert Club."The marriage is announced of JaneI. Newmyer, '44, to Lt. Fred A. Riceof the Army Medical Corps on January 2. She is teaching at the .GirlsLatin School in Chicago while herhusband is interning at Billings Hospital.Wasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phones: Wentworth 8620-1-2-3-4Wasson's Coal Makes Good — or —Wasson DoesSTANDARDBOILER and TANK CO.524 WEST 42nd STREETTelephone BOUIevard 588632 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINET. A. REHNQUIST CO.\i — 7 CONCRETE\-// FLOORS\r\r SIDEWALKS\\V MACHINE FOUNDATIONSw EMERGENCY WORKv ALL PHONESEST.I«» Wentworth 44226639 So. Vernon Ave.MEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall New Books Received as soon as published. Come in and browse.SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Congress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical CollegeTEACHERSREGISTRY &EXCHANGE32 W. Randolph Street, Chicago ISuite 1508-10 Randolph 0739Administrators — Teachers in all fieldsMember of N.A.T.A.Shirley L. Bowman, '44, and Aerog-rapher's Mate 2/c Werner A. Baum,'43, SM '44, were married on January 20 at Bond Chapel. The coupleis now at home at 1144 West Woodlawn, Broad Creek Village, Norfolk2, Virginia.DEATHSThe following deaths among Rushalumni have recently been reported:Harlow N. Orton, 79, on January25, 1945, in California. He had practiced in Minneapolis most of his lifeuntil his retirement in 1923; AntonioLagorio, '79, on November 26, 1944.He was a member and president ofthe board of directors of the Chicagopublic library from 1906 to 1917, andwas twice decorated by the Italiangovernment; Herbert W. Davis, '80,of St. Paul, Minnesota, general examiner for the Northwestern MutualLife Insurance Company for 44 years,on November 16, 1944; Warren W.Murfin, '84, of Patoka, Illinois, localsurgeon for the Illinois Central Railroad, on October 16, 1944; Elmer J.Tiedman, '86, of Adrian, Minnesota,on October 28, 1944; Walter W.Overfield, '90, of Forreston, Illinois,many years president of the Commercial State Bank, on October 1,1944; John N. Rock, '91, of Milwaukee, on November 26, 1944; Theodore H. Schreuder, '91, of Chicago,on October 7, 1944; William F. Scott,'92, chief of staff and head of thesurgery department at Oak ParkHospital since 1906, on January 18,1945, at his home in Maywood; How ard C. Adams, '98, of Wolbach, Nebraska, in St. Francis Hospital, GrandIsland, on October 30, 1944; ElbridgeM. Breniman, '99, Ackley, Iowa, onOctober 22, 1944; Benjamin Kinsell,'01, on the staff of St. Paul's Hospital in Dallas, Texas, on October16, 1944; William A. Lurie, '03, NewOrleans, formerly clinical assistant insurgery at his Alma Mater, on September 24, 1944; Maurice L. Blatt,'03, professor of pediatrics at the University of Illinois, professor of diseases of children at the Cook CountyPost-Graduate School and head since1925 of the children's division of thesame hospital, on December 10, 1944;Bertnard Smith, '04, of Los Angeles,on January 23, 1945; George H.Steele, '10, part owner and medicalsuperintendent of the Belmond Hospital, Belmond, Iowa, on November15, 1944; Joseph M. Lindenbaum, '20,MD Rush '22, of Chicago, on October 25, 1944; William M. Swickard,'21, MD '25, on the staff of theMontgomery Memorial Hospital inCharleston, Illinois, on October 15,1944.Mrs. George A. Abbott (IreneElizabeth Robinson, '95) on February20 at Muskegon, Michigan.WILLIAMS, BARKER &SEVERN CO.AUCTIONEERSAuctioneers and AppraisersPublic auctions on owner's premises or at oursalesroomsAccept on consignment the better quality offurniture, works of art, books, rugs, bric-a-brac, etc.We sell on commission or buy outrightOur specialty liquidating estates, libraries, etc.229 S. Wabash Ave. Phone Harrison 3777PETERSONFIREPROOFWAREHOUSESTORAGEMOVINGForeign — DomesticShipments55th & ELLIS AVENUEPHONEMIDway 9700 Alice Banner Englewood 3181COLORED HELPFACTORY HELPSTORESSHOPSMILLS FOUNDRIESEnglewood Emp. Agcy., 5534 S. State St.A. T. STEWART LUMBER COMPANYEVERYTHING inLUMBER AND MILLWORK7855 Greenwood Ave. Vin 9000410 West I llth St. Pul 0034HOWARD F. NOLANPLASTERING, BRICKCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY -5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone Dorchester 1579Clara L. German, '01, of MorganPark, Chicago, on January 15. Shewas the daughter of Morgan Park'snoted physician, Dr. William H. German and for many years was an assistant in the Walker public library,where she was particularly known forher quiet helpfulness in aiding youngpeople.Frederick W. Shipley, PhD '01, retired dean of the School of GraduateStudies at Washington University,died on February 11 at his home inUniversity City, Missouri. He hadbeen a member of the faculty forforty years and served in many capacities at that university. He organized and was first director of theextension division, and when adulteducation became an integral part ofthe university he became the firstdean of the university's college. Heorganized the first summer sessionand became its director. From 1932to 1937 he was dean of the Collegeof Liberal Arts, and was dean of theSchool of Graduate Studies from1937 until his retirement in 1941. Heis survived by his wife, AntoinetteCary, '93, and two sons.Laurence Hamill, '03, passed awayon February 8 in Cleveland, Ohio,where he had been a deputy collectorof internal revenue. During the firstWorld War he served as chairman ofthe Military Training Camps Association. He was well known in business and social circles in Cleveland.His wife has been for years executivesecretary of the Day Nursery Association.Henry Ellis Sampson, 04, JD '05,attorney and former assistant attorney general for Iowa, died onJanuary 5 at his home in Des Moines.He had been ill nearly a year. Mr.Sampson was admitted to the Iowabar in 1905 and to the United Statessupreme court in 1916. He successfully argued the constitutionalityof the Iowa workmen's compensationlaw before the Iowa and U. S. supreme courts, and from 1914 to 1916,as special counsel to Iowa's industrialcommissioner, was charged with administration of the act. Mr. Sampson was author of a number of monographs on legislative subjects.Charles R. Drussel, '05, pastor ofthe Baptist Church of La Moille, Illinois, on October 14, 1944.S. Winifred Vosseler, '05, on September 30, 1944, in Chicago. Shewas a loyal and active supporter ofher University, serving on the AlumniFoundation for some years.Harold F. Lindley, '11, JD '12,member of the law firm of Lindley,Jones, Grant, and Sebat of Danville,Illinois, on September 14, 1944, atDanville.Sidney J. Wolf erman, '11, physician with the Cooper Clinic of FortSmith, Arkansas, on February 18.Donald Stirling Stophlet, '12, ofMoline, Illinois, died on February 3of a heart ailment. He leaves a son,Lt. Donald V. Stophlet of Luke Field,BEN SOHN & SONSManufacturers ofMATTRESSES ANDSTUDIO COUCHES1452 TelephoneW. Roosevelt Rd. Haymarket 3523POND LETTER SERVICEEverything in LettersHoove n TypewritingMulti graphingAddressograph Service MimeographingAddressingMailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones 418 So. Market St.Harrison 8118 ChicagoThe Best Place to Eat on the South SideCOLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 Woodlawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324 TuckerDecorating Service5559 S. Cottage Grove Ave.Phone MIDway 4404Albert K. Epstein, '12B. R. Harris, '21Epstein, Reynolds and HarrisConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-6MacCormac School ofCommerceBusiness Administration and Secretarial TrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Association ofAccredited Commercial Schools1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130Phoenix, Arizona, and two daughters,Mrs. Thomas Barnes of Moline andMrs. Gunnar Bach of Washington,D. C.Joseph B. Lawler, JD '13, attorney,died at his home in Chicago on February 15. Mr. Lawler played quarterback under Coach Stagg and waschosen a member of the all Big Tenteam. He was a prominent bridgeplayer and took part in many tournaments.Uriah L. Light, '13, former superintendent of schools at Barberton,Ohio, passed away December 6, 1944.Carl Foster Snapp, '13, MD Rush'15, for more than twenty years anear, nose, and throat specialist ofGrand Rapids, Michigan, died in thatcity on January 20 after an illnessof more than a year. Dr. Snappserved as chairman of the departmentof head surgery at St. Mary's hospital and as chairman of the department of otolaryngology at Blodgettmemorial hospital. Active in churchand community work, Dr. Snapp retained a continuing interest in hisUniversity, serving for two years aspresident of the Grand RapidsAlumni Club.Maud Watson, psychiatrist and director of the Children's Clinic of De troit, Michigan, died at the University Hospital in Ann Arbor on January 31 after a long illness. She wasa graduate of the University of Michigan and attended the University ofChicago as a graduate student in1916. Miss Watson spent severalyears as a social worker in the Chicago stockyards district, and laterbecame Chicago director for theAmerican Red Cross and assistantsupervisor of the U. S. Public HealthService here.Leo Guy Haselton '19, in Eustis,Lake County, Florida, on September14, 1944. Mr. Haselton had been inthe dairy business.Lorimer V. Cavins, PhD '24,widely known educator and chief ofthe division of research and statistics of the West Virginia departmentof unemployment compensation, diedin Charleston on January 28 following an illness of a few days. Notedthroughout the state as the father ofthe county school system which reduced the number of school boardsfrom 400 to 55 and resulted in greatimprovement of the standards ofrural schools, Mr. Cavins also wasauthor of several books on education.Recently he had been assigned tomake a survey of postwar employment conditions for the state planning board.Mrs. Charles L. Schwering (HazelM. Prutsman, '26), dean of womenat the University of Oregon, on November 17, 1944, at Eugene, Oregon.GEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Rnishing3123 PhoneLake Street Kedzie 3186BOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.All Phones OAKIand 0492MOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigan Blvd., Chicago State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERU. of C. ALUMNIThis tiny dot in the Pacific*SAIPANGarapanAnchorage JAgingati^kPt. A.*.Nafutan Pt.has more communications equipmentthan a city of 190,000 people!The little island of Saipan today has communications facilities greater than those ofHartford, Connecticut.Without this vast array of telephone,teletype and radio apparatus— much of itmade by Western Electric— Saipan couldnot play its key part as an army, navy andair base in the great drive our fightingforces are making toward Tokyo.When you realize that Saipan is onlyone small island — and that many more bases must be taken and similarly developed—you get some idea of the job thatis still ahead.In peacetime Western Electric makesyour Bell telephone equipment. Todayits manpower and manufacturing facilities are devoted to meeting our fighters'increased needs for communications andelectronic equipment. That's why there isnot enough telephone equipment to takecare of all civilian requirements.To speed final Victory, buy all the War Bonds you can — and keep them!Western ElectricIN PEACE. ..SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR THE BELL SYSTEM.IN WAR. ..ARSENAL OF COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT.