THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEFEBRUARY 19 4 5General Electric answers your questions aboutTELEVISIONQ. What will sets cost after the war?A. It is expected that set prices will beginaround $200, unless there are unforeseen changes in manufacturing costs.Higher priced models will also receiveregular radio programs, and in additionFM and international shortwave programs. Perhaps larger and more expensive sets will include built-in phonographs with automatic record changers. Q. How big will television pictures be?A. Even small television sets will probably have screens about 8 by 10 inches.(That's as big as the finest of pre-warsets.) In more expensive television sets,screens will be as large as 18 by 24inches. Some sets may project pictureson the wall like home movies. Naturally, pictures will be even clearer thanthose produced by pre-war sets. Q. What kind of shows will we see?A. All kinds. For example: (1) Studiostage shows — dancers, vaudeville, plays,opera, musicians, famous people. (2)Movies can be broadcast to you by television. (3) On-the-spot pick-up of sportsevents, parades, news happenings. G.E.has already produced over 900 television shows over its station, WRGB,in Schenectady.Q. Where can television be seen now?A. Nine television stations are operatingtoday — in Chicago, Los Angeles, NewYork, Philadelphia, and Schenectady.Twenty -two million people — about one-fifth of all who enjoy electric service —live in areas served by these stations.Applications for more than 80 new television stations have been filed with theFederal Communications Commission. Q. Will there be television networks?A. Because television waves are practically limited by the horizon, networkswill be accomplished by relay stationsconnecting large cities. General Electricset up the first network five years ago,and has developed new tubes that makerelaying practical. G-E station WRGB,since 1939, has been a laboratory forengineering and programming. Q. What is G. E.'s part in television? — ¦A. Back in 1928, a General Electric engineer, Dr. E. F. W. Alexanderson, gavethe first public demonstration. Beforethe war, G.E. was manufacturing bothtelevision transmitters and home receivers. It will again build both after Victory . ¦'Should you visit Schenectady, you areinvited to WRGB's studio to see atelevision show put on the air.TELEVISION, another example of G-E researchDevelopments by General Electric scientists and engineers, working for our armed forces in such new fields aselectronics, of which television is an example, will helpto bring you new products and services in the peace yearsto follow. General Electric Company, Schenectady, N. Y.FOR VICTORY BUY AND HOLD WAR BONDS Hear the General Electric radio program: "The G-E All-Girl Orchestra," Sunday 10 p.m. EWT, NBC— "TheWorld Today" news, every weekday 6:45 p.m. EWT, CBS.GENERAL M ELECTRICNOSTALGIAFEBRUARY, 1894— Dean HarryPratt Judson (later to becomethe University's second president) was elected president of thenewly formed faculty club, whichwas to be known as the QuadrangleClub. Other officers were Professors Adolph C. Miller, Robert F.Harper, Henry H. Donaldson, andFrank B. Tarbell. Early meetingswere held in a suite of rooms at theDel Prado Hotel — now the site ofInternational House. Fifty yearsold this month, the QuadrangleClub now has its own three-storyhome across from Mitchell Toweron 57th Street.February, 1903 — Students commuting from north of 55th Street weredelayed for classes because the Cottage Grove cable broke, making itnecessary to tow the icy-cold carsto the 55th Street junction byhorses.February, 1910 — Professor F. R.Moulton (astronomy) received aletter from a Texas lad asking:"What are the possibilities of thisHalley comet critter flying the trackand sending us to another world,but God forbid. ... If this cometwill spare my life, I hereby expressmy desire to some day enter as astudent in the U. of C. and, for atleast one quarter, dip into thescience of the stars."February, 1911 — Depew's orchestra,playing for the Washington Promat Bartlett Gymnasium, includednumerous rags in its repertoire:Powder Rag, Spaghetti Rag, Beautiful Rag, Pussy Rag, and Passingof Ragtime. In 1921, at the SouthShore Country Club, the Promcalled for blues: Wang WangBlues, Crazy Blues, Singing theBlues, Home Again Blues. In 1924Benson's band at the South Shoreplayed Dream Daddy, The One ILove Belongs to Somebody Else, THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOMAGAZINEVolume 37 February, 1945 Number 5PUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONCHARLTON T. BECK, EditorHOWARD W. MORTAssociate Editor BEATRICE J. WULFAssociate Editor SYLVESTER PETROAssistant EditorIN THIS ISSUE PAGEUnanswered Questions, Robert M. Hutchins - 3They Experimented on Me, Paul V. Harper - - 6Sand-Hill Sketches, Frederick S. Breed -10Natural Religion and Liberty, William Warren Sweet - - - - 12One Man's Opinion, William V. Morgenstern - - - * - - - - 17News of the Quadrangles, Chet Opal ---- 18The Associate Editor Visits Philadelphia 22News of the Classes -24The Cover — A winter scene on Chicago's campus at theUniversity of Puerto Rico, where Chicago operates itsInstitute of Tropical Meteorology.Published by the Alumni Association of the University of Chicago monthly, from Octoberto June. Office of Publication, 5733 University Avenue, Chicago 37, Illinois. Annual subscription price $2.00. Single copies 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934, atthe Post Office at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The Graduate Group, Inc.,30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, is the official advertising agency of the Magazine.Rememberin', Sun-uv-a-gun, andLast Night on the Back Porch.February, 1920 — Pat Page, '10,famous Maroon athlete, resigned hiscoaching position on the Midwayto become coach of Butler University's football squad.February, 1924 — Twenty yearsahead of the black market, Fatimawas carrying the following cigaretslogan in all campus publications:"What a whale of a difference afew cents make." Which inspireda Maroon humor columnist to re-spell "cents" and apply the sloganto University women.February, 1931 — The first Universityof Chicago Round Table went onthe NBC airways from MitchellTower. Professors Percy Boynton,Winfred Garrison, and T. V. Smithdiscussed the Wickersham Commission report on the effectiveness of¦prohibition. February, 1939 — Eduard Benes,Czech president in exile, arrived onthe Quadrangles and became thevictim of our American plague,which, unlike the common cold, attacks only prominent people — theautograph pest. In his flood of mailwas: "Please sign your name on theenclosed yellow slip. . . . Our troopof Boy Scouts is collecting autographs of great men. . . . My grandmother is a native of Czechoslovakia and would like your autograph. . . . Autograph the attachedCzech stamp. . . . Autograph theenclosed linen handkerchief. . . .As one of the world's great menyou are eligible to add a pipe to" my collection."1The Great EmancipatorReproduced from the Lorado Taft model in Harper LibraryUNANSWERED QUESTIONS• By ROBERT M. HUTCHINSA constant forcethat makes formuddlementWHATEVER may be thought of the machinerycreated by the recent action of the Board ofTrustees, it must be admitted that the declaration accompanying the action is as remarkable as it isadmirable. The Board says that it wants the Universityto be progressive, even aggressively so; that the University, though great, must be greater still; that it mustwork toward a common and unified purpose; that theprinciples and practices of academic freedom are its settled policy; that its characteristic function is to pioneer,and that nothing must be allowed to stand in the way ofthe performance of that function. I think you will agreethat no other board of trustees in the United States couldor would have made these statements. We owe a greatdebt of gratitude to the Board for them, and particularlyto that gifted, sophisticated, and devoted member of itwho is our presiding officer tonight. The attitude of theBoard opens to us new opportunities and lays upon usheavy obligations.The ABC of university administration is academicfreedom, decent academic salaries, and good academicappointments. These are the merest rudiments, the barenecessities, of university existence. The frequency withwhich they are discussed in this country shows how far weare from having true universities. If we had them, weshould be talking about what the universities should bedoing, instead of struggling to obtain the minimum essentials for their life.In this university we have complete freedom. We areapproaching, I hope, decent salaries and decent livingconditions. And the quality of our faculty is the envyof the academic world. The question is, now that wehave these things, what are we going to do with them?Academic freedom, decent salaries, and good appointments are like physical health. They are indispensable,but they are insufficient. A man can hardly spend hisdays achieving health and nothing but health and congratulating himself on being healthy. He is expected todo something with his magnificent physical condition.And so we, who have mastered the first three letters ofthe academic alphabet, are now expected to go onthrough the rest.A popular view is that there are no more letters, orthat if there are any, they will take care of themselves.The notion is that if you will appoint good men and paythem good salaries and guarantee them freedom, you have done all you can and all you should do. In thisconception a university is a geographical location containing an agglomeration of specialists who use somecommon facilities and derive their income from a common source. And if you ask what is a good man, a goodman is one who has a good conventional reputation.This has never been the ideal of the University ofChicago. If President Harper had appointed men withgood conventional reputations at the time the Universitywas founded, he would have appointed those who weresuccessful college teachers; for only at Johns Hopkinsand Clark, with some faint stirrings at Harvard and Yale,had it ever been thought that a university had anythingto do with investigation. Mr. Harper made the unconventional conventional. The state universities of themiddle west became universities. They followed his leadinto research and graduate study. They even followedhim into decent academic salaries and an approach toacademic freedom. The justification of the Universityof Chicago cannot be found in the claim that it grantsmore academic freedom, pays better salaries, and makesmore and better conventional appointments than all otheruniversities. Even if the claim, were true, the ideal suggested by it is pale and attenuated. We cannot be muchinspired by the suggestion that we master the first threeletters of the alphabet a little better than our neighborsand with them let the rest of it go hang.The ideal embodied in the first three letters of thealphabet is open to some objections even in an isolatedresearch institute. It is positively wrong when set up asthe exclusive goal of a university. A university is aneducational institution. An educational institution requires organization. And organization implies purpose.The faculty must be assembled and the resources of theinstitution must be mobilized to accomplish this purpose.And if a university wishes, as this one has from the beginning, to affect the life outside its walls in somethingmore than an accidental fashion, its faculty must be assembled arid its resources mobilized to accomplish thispurpose, too. Unless a university is to grow by a processof simple addition in whatever direction the whims ofdonors send it, it must know what it is trying to do andit must measure its development by that standard. Ifwe ask why the University of Chicago has attained preeminence in spite of the fact that other universities havePresident Hutchins put away his dynamite for this year'sTrustee-Faculty dinner and concentrated on re-emphasizing those educational theories already advanced on whichhe feels a university should build. The University's preeminence "must depend on this effort to define and redefine its purpose and to organize its work in the light ofthat purpose."34 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEhad much more money, as much freedom, and have madeas good conventional appointments, the answer must bethat the University has had more success than most inusing its funds and its freedom to achieve a common aim,an aim which it was always seeking to define and redefine, and that it has had more success than most in selecting its faculty in terms of its aim and in welding themtogether into an effective organization. The continued:pre-eminence of the University must depend upon thecontinuation of this effort to define and re- define its purpose and to organize its work in the light of that purpose. The mastery of the remaining letters of the alphabet involves the detailed elaboration of the purpose ofthe University as a whole and of its various parts andthe even more difficult task of seeing to it that the wholeand the parts operate in conformity with the purpose.When we look at the work of American universities,we see that the most successful aspect of it is researchand, what is more remarkable, we see that in fifty yearsthe country has been convinced of the value of universityresearch, or at least of the value of university research inthe natural sciences. One reason for this is that academicfreedom, good salaries, and good men suffice for specialized research to a much greater extent than they do forany other branch of university activity. Although it hasits limitations, the slogan, "Get good men and turn themloose," is not too bad for an institution whose sole interestis in specialized, individualistic investigation. But whenwe pass from the triumphs of specialized research, we findthe field bristling with questions to which we do not knowthe answers, which means, of course, that we do notknow what we are trying to do.We find, for example, that specialism, which haswrought such wonders in scientific investigation, has promoted the extinction of liberal education. Since the college teachers of America have been trained as specialistsfor the last thirty years, the education they have offeredhas tended to be a disorderly collection of more or lesselementary courses in specialties, composing a curriculumdetermined by the pressure of competing specialists andpursued by the student in terms of his special interests.Now, largely under the influence of our College, the sceneis shifting, and it is becoming increasingly difficult for aspecialist who is nothing but a specialist to become acollege teacher. But our own notions of the educationof college teachers have been little affected by the character of our own College. It is easy to say that the conventional Ph.D. is too narrowly trained to teach in acollege like ours. How can his training be broadenedwithout making him superficial? The future of liberaleducation depends upon the answer to this question.Although it would seem that every citizen of a democracy should be educated for citizenship, and although weat Chicago agree that liberal education is the best education for citizenship, neither we nor anybody else knowswhether every citizen can acquire and use a liberal edu^cation. And in this University itself we have a tendencyto say with one breath that every student should have a liberal education and with the next that this should notbe insisted upon if it is likely to cut down the enrolmentin our department, division, or school. I had supposedthat the divisions and schools might think that the College gave too little liberal education; I had never imagined that they would think it gave too much. We cannot deny that the pressure upon liberal education continues even with an autonomous college offering its owndegrees. The forces of specialism are constantly whittling down the program of liberal education and depreciating its worth.Within the College, although we say that every citizen should have a liberal education, we have been steadily raising the requirements for admission and graduation so as to limit our problem to> future citizens of relatively high intelligence. What about citizens of relativelylow intelligence? Can they be educated for citizenship,or must we train them to be self-supporting and let itgo at that? If they are to be educated for citizenship,where and by what methods shall it be done? Can onecollege in one university show how both groups may beeducated, or shall we take only the best and leave therest to others? To these questions we have no answers.American education is characterized by complete incapacity to tell what a profession is. An examination ofprofessional schools suggests that a profession is anyoccupational group which has money or influence. It istrue that every occupational group has problems whichare important to it and which can be studied in a university. It is true that it is usually not hard to showthat the courses proposed to train young men and womenfor membership in the group are not much worse thansome courses already offered in universities. But is thereno standard for the reception of such programs of training and research? The one I have used is that the vocation must be conducted for the common good and notfor the private profit of the members and that the vocation must have an intellectual content of its own. Butthis standard would mean the expulsion from Americanuniversities of some professional schools which have longenjoyed a high degree of respectability.Outside the University of Chicago no programs of instruction between the junior college and the graduateschool mean anything at all. The year of graduate studydevoted to acquiring the master's degree justifies GeorgeVincent's remark that a graduate -student is one whodoes not know enough to go home when the party isover. The principal reason why I was interested in therelocation of the bachelor's degree was that I thoughtit would give the divisions a chance to do somethingthat has never been done in an American university, towork out coherent, nonprofessional courses of study tothe master's degree. Liberal education in my view isthe education every citizen should have. The place toeducate the leadership the enlightened citizenry shouldhave is the three years which Chicago now has availableto the master's degree. Though we have made someencouraging progress in taking advantage of this op-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 5portunity, we have a long way to go before we can saywe have made the most of it.The education of adults in this country has exhibitedall the worst features of the education of adolescentswithout acquiring any of its virtues. It has been carriedas excess baggage by overworked teachers after hours andhas been principally designed to gratify the vocationalrather than the intellectual interests of the student. Yetif the next ten years turn out to be as critical in the historyof the world as they now seem certain to be, the educationof the adult citizen is far more urgent than the education of his juniors, for his juniors are not likely to riseto much influence in this period. If every citizen oughtto have a liberal education in order to make democracywork, then we must abandon the parody which goes bythe name of adult education and build a system whichwill educate adults for freedom.When we turn from the educational work of the American universities to their research, in the sense of theirspecialized investigations of an individualistic variety, wesee that this requires little more than encouragement,money, and freedom, using freedom here to include freedom from academic routine, academic barriers, and themonopolistic tendencies which sometimes develop withindepartments. These demands are relatively easy to meet,and this University has had a great interest in meetingthem, and some success. But there is one letter of thealphabet, and one of the most important, which is almostwholly missing in the United States, and that is synthetic, generalized thinking about fundamental issues.The American university took its present shape in the'90's under the influence and direction of men who hadbeen rightly impressed with the scholarly accomplishmentsof the universities of imperial Germany. The Germanuniversities had struck a new note, the note of investigation, and it was one that needed to be struck. TheirAmerican followers took over, amplified, and improvedthis activity and aspired to make it the distinguishingcharacteristic of a university. The specialized, individualistic research which was the welcome gift of imperialGermany to the learned world has great victories to itscredit, and it deserves them all. It will win more andmore laurels in the future. But the brilliant successesof this type of investigation should not blind us to thefact that in the rapid change of our universities in thelast fifty years much that was valuable in the Anglo-American tradition was lost. Those who in our timehave thought most profoundly about universities, fromNewman and Arnold to Whitehead and Ortega, haveheld that a principal function of the university was thetransmission, criticism, development, and systematizationof that body of ideas which constitutes or underlies theculture of the race. In Ortega's new book, Mission of theUniversity, he goes to the somewhat excessive length ofmaking a new faculty of culture the heart of his university. Until lately the transmission, criticism, develop ment, and systematization of the culture was thought ofas scholarship, too. And so it is. But it is a differentkind from that analytical, departmentalized, individualized scholarship which has now monopolized the name.It uses the results of this scholarship but is itself syntheticand generalized and, though it must deal with means, it isconcerned primarily with ends. Its aim is to bring tobear upon the life of its time the accumulated wisdom ofthe race, including the latest scientific discoveries, andto promote a deeper and wider understanding of man, hisworld, and his destiny.I venture to say that this kind of synthetic, generalizedscholarship which aims to transmit, criticize, and developthe culture is not merely non-existent in this country;it is not even respectable, so complete has been the victory of specialization. Yet never in history has the transmission, criticism, and development of the culture, neverhas the search for standards, ends, and goals, been so important as it is today. The world is crashing about us.The moral fabric which we call civilization is fallingapart. If the new world which is coming is to be civilized, it must in some way or other formulate and makeeffective the ideas which are to guide human life andmould society.This task can be performed only by the universities.As Ortega points out, the only institution which nowserves to transmit, criticize, and develop the culture isthe press; and the press, as any front page will show,has got the world upside down. If we are to find ourway out of the wilderness, if we are to discover the idealsby which we should live, if the new world we create isto be better than the old, the universities must show ushow to do it; for nobody else can.The task of the universities is the task of integration.The universities must therefore combat the centrifugalforces always at work within them, which are closelyanalogous to that power which Henry James referredto in the preface to What Maisie Knew as the constantforce that makes for muddlement. The universities mustmake sense of themselves before they can make sense ofthe world. This is a much more painful and difficultundertaking than the glorious course we followed up to1929; for, as Lucretius pointed out years ago, integrationis long and hard, and disintegration is the easiest thingin the world.The resolutions of the Board of Trustees give us anew chance for integration. The creation of an academiclegislature representing the whole academic community;the establishment of new and regular means of communication among all parts of the community; the newmethods of obtaining uniformity of policy and uniformquality in the staff; and above all the spirit which theBoard has shown — these things provide us with the conditions we need to answer the great questions which mustbe answered if the American universities are to play therole which history has assigned to them.THEY EXPERIMENTED ON ME• By PAUL V. HARPER, '08, J.D. '13My father and John Deweywere no unskilledexperimentersY TALK to you this evening will not be in thenature of a formal address. I do not wish itto be. If I were a stranger to the Universityand its community I might dare to be formal. Herethere are too many who have known me as a child. Thereare several in this audience who have held me on theirlaps. Some of you, for all I know, may even havebathed me in my baby tub — my memory does not goback that far. But my memory of the University and theproblems of the faculty and their families does go backvery far. I am now fifty-six years old, and my activeconsciousness of the University of Chicago spans a periodof over fifty of those years.Few of you remember the time when the first president's house was established at 5657 Washington Avenue — now Blackstone Avenue — a house which had afriendly door full of red, green, and blue pieces of glasswith many facets, which made a father coming home forsupper seem to young eyes as though twenty fathers wereapproaching. Many things happened in those early daysto which I alone can bear witness.The life of the wife of the first president of this University was hectic to say the least, and I was an addedproblem to her. Divinity students were Mother's mostreliable source in searching for a caretaker for heryoungest — and where could a young mother look for amore reliable supply? Yet, let it be recorded that theoccasion of my first drunkenness was under the auspicesof the Divinity School. Two of these Divines were taking me, at the age of three or four, for a walk to getme out of the way for an early faculty reception, and Ideveloped an insistent thirst. Fearing to give me waterwhich had not been boiled — chlorination had not beendiscovered in those days — they treated me to cider at agrocery store on 53rd Street, and I had glass after glassbefore they tasted it themselves. It was very hard cider.They had to walk me up and down the streets for anhour and a half before they dared to bring me home.I was very intimate in those days with many membersof the faculty. Professor Starr always came to my parties, and many an afternoon I spent in his apartmentlooking over his collection of primitive weapons. MissElizabeth Wallace used to read to me by the hour. MissLuanna Robertson was also one of my playmates. MissReynolds and Miss Talbot were entertainers-in-chief atparties given for the faculty children. Professor Tarbelltook us faculty children seriously at Sunday afternoongatherings, which, I must confess, we all rather dreaded, Professor Laughlin scolded us for running across his lawn.Professor Stratton let me play in the laboratories, andlater when he became head of the Department of Weightsand Measures, invited me to spend an unforgettable weekin Washington. I met the President, I held a million dollars in my hands in the vaults of the Treasury, and Iwent through a battleship at Newport News. My firstview of a woman in bloomers was Miss Dudley — at thewomen's; gymnasium, the low temporary structure at therear of the barn of the President's house, which has beentemporary now for forty years.Then there was the hustle and bustle of all the facultywives to get off to Mrs. Glessner's reading group on Monday mornings. That Monday was wash day only madeit more difficult. In those early days the downtown menwere very interested in the University of Chicago andtheir wives showed their interest too. It was a friendlyand important matter and Mrs. John J. Glessner did herpart to bring the ladies of the University and the ladiesof the North Side together at her home on Prairie Avenueand 18th Street. But there were trials and tribulationsinvolved in getting to Mrs; Glessner's — the trip on theIllinois Central was slow, with the small locomotives ofthe time, or, if life was too pressing, last minute arrangements to share a carriage from Kinze's Livery were veryupsetting. And there was always a feeling of nervousness when we went to the North Side, although with suchpersonages as Miss Wallace, Mrs. Shorey, Mrs. Vincent,Miss Breckinridge, and the like, it is a little difficult tounderstand why such should be the case. I wish therewere someone today to take the place of Mrs. Glessner.I have in mind suggesting to the powers-that-be, as amodern equivalent, a Ladies' Citizens Board with luncheons at Judson Court — the ladies and wives of the faculty participating in the arrangements. Today, I fancy,the tables are reversed — the North Side now comes tothe South Side — and quite properly so, for of all communities in Chicago I think that the University community is by far the most interesting and stimulating tolive in. I always recommend that new people comingto live in Chicago choose your University community.You who live here take it all too much for granted, asis usual, I suppose. Some time ago I took a so-calledleading citizen out to spend an afternoon and eveningaround the University. It is a difficult thing to show anoutsider a university. To see the campus and the build-When Paul Harper, Trustee speaker at the annualTrustee-Faculty dinner, began by noting that "ProfessorStarr always came to my parties . . . Elizabeth Wallaceused to read to me by the hour . . . and my first view of awoman in bloomers was Miss Dudley," Faculty guestssettled back in their dinner chairs with a feeling that theywere to enjoy the next twenty minutes — as we think youwill if you start reading from the top of this page.6THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7ings is not particularly interesting; our architecture, witha few exceptions, is not what one travels far to see. Withthe student body busy about its own affairs and thefaculty busy with its own affairs an ordinary outsider islikely to feel out of it. To show what the University isdoing by asking it, as we do on occasions, to do something out of its regular course of business, is only to makeit put its poor foot, not its best foot, forward. It is theUniversity at work, either at research or at teaching,which is the real thing. It is literally impossible to furnish an adequate view of research. You can hardly takethe public into a single class room and show off teachingby letting them see a disconnected hour's segment out ofthe three months course. And yet there is a certainsomething that goes on in a community around a university which tells the tale — which shows the people whomake it, their interests and values.I took my friend from his office at four o'clock andtaxied him to Mandel Hall, which we reached at 4:12.It was a summer afternoon and we had time to have acooling drink in the cafeteria at the Commons. I tookhim to a public lecture at Mandel Hall, which was givenunder the auspices of the Harris Foundation. The lecturer was the Director General of the Bank of Mexico.As soon as he began talking I knew that this wouldn't dobecause he talked so rapidly and with such an accent wecouldn't understand what he said, so I took my guest tocall on our Librarian. After that we strolled across thecampus to have supper at Judson Court, and at seveno'clock, with all the rest of the neighborhood, we droppedin to a vesper service at the Chapel, and, sitting in thatexquisite building, listened to a splendid Russian choir.At 7:30 I took my friend in to the real Round Table ofthe Harris Foundation, which was being led by JacobViner, and heard the most scholarly, brilliant, and practical discussion of the problem of foreign loans to SouthAmerica imaginable. My friend went home about teno'clock with his eyes wide open about what goes onaround a university. What community in Chicago canoffer so much to its residents?And now let me say a word about education and educational policy; to make it sound less dangerous as a.topic I will add "education in those good old days." Iwant you to know that I was one of the guinea pigs uponwhich your early educational policies were tried andtested. From the age of about six, fifty years ago, untilthe age of twenty-three, it was your institution whichguided my education, and I don't think you realize theextent and character of the experimentation that wenton in those days. What has been announced by a certain midwestern university president — quoting, indeed,from another university president — "as thoroughly unsound experimentation" being conducted in one or twoplaces (and what perhaps is being looked at askancetoday by some of you) is just nothing compared to theexperiments conceived, tried out, and tested in the olddays, and I speak with the authority of a guinea pig.They did it to me — my father and John Dewey, and these two were no unskilled experimenters. Their views andtheir experimenting, however much you may disagreewith them, were not "thoroughly unsound."With apologies to that chapter from the hand of thepresident entitled, "Autobiography of an UneducatedMan," I will outline the course of my education. Atabout the age of six I attended the Pedagogical School ofthe University of Chicago which was started by JohnDewey and Father, and the "elective system," that broadliberalizing phase of formal education of those days, whichperhaps went better under the name of "smattering," wastried out on me in the primary school between the agesof six and ten. We studied geology through field trips inWisconsin and in the areas southwest of Chicago wherethey were cutting through the lime beds for the drainagecanal. Our botany studies gave us a very fair conceptionof the construction of trees and plants. Anthropology wetouched upon through reading the stories of Ab and Oakbetween visits to the Field Museum, and then with ourinterest roused, we wrote a second volume on our ownfurther researches. I still have this second volume.Science came to us through well-equipped laboratoriesfilled with the smoke of gunpowder and numerous gases,test tubes and flasks, and Bunsen burners, weights andmeasures, and frogs opened up to see how the heart andother internals worked. We made our own thermometersand barometers. We even read some of the great books— the Iliad and the Odyssey. These we reveled in. Weknew them almost by heart. This branch of our studiescame during the year of the Fitzsimmons-Corbett prizefight, which to us appeared pale compared to the rivalries of Hector and Achilles. We appeared at faculty.children's parties in the golden armor of Achilles, a Mar-The Harper family in 1902. Paul, "educationalguinea pig," sits at extreme right in front.8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEshall Field suit box with holes cut out for arms and legs,covered with gilt paper, and helmets fashioned with greatdifficulty after the manner of the ancient Greeks. Welived and thought the lives of ancient Greeks, and knewtheir mythology with more thoroughness than was everpossible when studying Greek history more formally later.And with all this, somehow or other, there was sandwiched in reading, writing, and arithmetic and manyother things. "Electives" I call it, because the principleof the school was to have you do what you^ were interested in, what you elected. But the teachers were highlysuccessful in stimulating our interest and guiding it. Wewere all of us intense in our enthusiasm about these subjects, and any breadth of interest in these fields whichI have I date back to those early days.When I had reached about the formal sixth grade myfather, in my individual case, put his finger in my educational pie, and at the age of eleven I was whisked off toParis to learn French. In this totally foreign atmospherein Paris I started again in the first grade, but I soonpicked up enough French to move forward through thesecond grade and to the third grade. Then back againto your formal guidance came my education. I went tothe Morgan Park Academy of the University of Chicago,which was the secondary school operated for boardingscholars, corresponding to what had then become yourUniversity High School. Please note that in doing thisI had omitted the seventh and eighth grades of the formal primary school and gained two years' time, enteringsecondary formal education at the age of twelve. MorganPark Academy was a splendidly staffed school. Our professors were scholars, four of them had earned their doctors' degrees. From here on my education was regimented — I was subjected to regular studies, requiredeither by the particular curriculum or by the rather forceful directions of my father. At Morgan Park there wasLatin and Greek; there was a year of Greek history, andone of Roman history, a good year of physics and oneof chemistry; there was mathematics through solid geometry; there was English, both literature and compositionwork; and there was advanced French. This led me tomy entry in your University at the age of sixteen. Hereagain came an experiment, mixed somewhat with sentiment, in an effort on the part of my father to guide mylife. I was first registered for the summer quarter andmy 8 : 30 class that quarter was beginning Hebrew. It wasthe last beginners' class which my father felt he wouldteach. What a start for a college boy of sixteen, surrounded by divinity and archeological students. As myfather had promised, I learned more Hebrew in onequarter under him than I had learned Greek or Latin inany one year. It really was an amazing experience.Semitics intrigued me, as well as Old Testament history,and studies along these lines filled all of the non-requiredtime for my standard bachelor of arts course. I did visitaround at miscellaneous courses. I liked to drop in onRichard Moulton's class, where he would close his eyesand recite Goethe's Faust from memory during the whole PAUL HARPERTrusteeof theUniversityhour. I enjoyed James Westfall Thompson's colorful lectures on Napoleon. As a result of a little advanced creditin French and by attending the summer quarters to savetime, I was eventually graduated about three monthsafter my nineteenth birthday.Whether I received a liberal education or whether Ireceived less or more than a liberal education, I havenever dared ask your President. I am not sure whetherI regard as the most important part of the experiment;the taking of my electives at the tender years of six to tenor the saving to me of two precious years of my formaleducation. I can say, however, that I am glad you experimented on me.So don't give up the spirit of experiment. We Trusteesknow that many a close vote has and may again arise'over an issue of experimental educational policy. I thinkI can safely say, laying aside any, legalistic thinking abouta majority governing actual action, that we Trustees havesuch faith in the overall soundness of our academic fam,-ily that if even a substantial part of the Senate afterdeliberation were in favor of trying an experiment in education it would at least not be a foolish or unwarrantedexperiment per se.Your academic friends in other institutions may poke afinger at the University and jeer at its experimentationin this or that field — this has happened to me — but Ifound that those who jeered were lamentably uninformed.Such jeers, I suspect, reflect an attitude of over-conservative, change-resisting communities in which these institutions exist and on which they depend. You should bendyour knee in thankfulness that such is not yet the caseat Chicago. Those who liberally support this institutionand your Trustees have respect for your judgment andthey are willing to have you pioneer; in fact they expect it.That our broad attitude of being willing to advance astep beyond the known borders will deter promising orprominent additions to our staff is hardly conceivable. Itwas not so in the old days; it will not be so now. I can'tresist telling you one more old-time story, of WilliamGardner Hale when he came on from Harvard in the beginning to head the Latin department. The story is ofhis son's last prayer at his mother's knee before leaving,which ended up: "Goodbye, God, we are going to Chi-THE UNIVERSITY OFcago." No, it will not be your pioneering that will deterthe noblest academic spirits from coming to Chicago. Itwill not even be the strong differences of opinion withinour midst, so long as such differences of opinion are oversuch important matters as the bachelor's degree. But donot let the level of our controversies drop to trivialities.This year has been a troubled one for the world andfor the University. Your Senate saw fit to present to theBoard of Trustees a memorial on the state of the University. The question of altering the organization of theUniversity, so that matters of educational policy can bedetermined with the unity of purpose and informed judgment necessary to meet existing requirements, was disturbing to you and to the Trustees. Much thought hadbeen given to the matter of your organization before thememorial was received, and much more thought wasgiven to it by the Trustees after the memorial was presented. The Trustees have recently announced certainbroad policies of organization which they very sincerelyhope and believe will provide a better working basis formore harmonious and constructive conduct of the University. Substantial detailed work to implement thesepolicies is yet to be done with the aid of your SenateCommittee before the policies can become effective. Letme say a few words to you about the attitude of yourTrustees on this subject. You all realize, I know, thatthe ultimate responsibility for what kind of a Universitywe are rests very heavily on the shoulders of the Trustees.What is more important, and what I wish to impressupon you, is that the whole aim and interest of the Boardof Trustees is to so arrange matters that every department, division, or school which is once undertaken andestablished as part of the University is as excellent in itscharacter and facilities and accomplishments as all ourenergies and skill and all our resources will allow. Nomean standard has been set over the fifty-odd years ofthe existence of the University.But how do we laymen in the academic world knowwhat we are doing in conducting the University? Theanswer is simple. We select the best qualified presidentthat we can find, we secure the best faculty available, andwe make them conduct the University. This is donethrough the organization of the academic body — andwithout proper organization I can assure you the University would not be well conducted. We rely, and rightfully so, on your talents and judgment.The problem of administration of a university is a hugeone; it was huge in the days when I can remember afather coming home tired to the death. It is a far greaterproblem today, even aside from size and number, as weare in an era of swift changes. The needs of societywhen they call cannot be ignored, whether it be war orthe better life. I need not tell you that good administration requires a president. Your presidents have alwaysbeen selected from the academic field, and as long asthe academic field produces good and able leaders thiswill continue to be the case because it is necessary thatthe president of the university know and understand aca- GHICAGO MAGAZINE 9demic standards, academic life, and academic problems.But just as essential to good administration of a university is the faculty, and I have consciously linked "goodadministration" with the faculty. From the faculty as abody comes the academic judgment of an institution andneither the President nor the Trustees would dare to administer this institution without the judgment of thefaculty. Our problem is how best to get such judgment.Your judgment in your own fields and specialties asmathematician or as botanist or as bacteriologist and thelike is not what I am talking about, but rather yourgeneralized judgment as teachers and scholars in administering the University. Just as the President has alwaysbeen selected from the academic field because it is necessary that he know and understand academic standards,academic life, and academic problems, so the faculty orsome part of it, if it is to participate in University administration/ must be willing to familiarize itself to some extent concretely with the problems of administration. Youcannot give us the kind of judgment that is necessary forthis task unless you are willing at least to some degree tolive with the problems of administration. Some of youlike participation in administration — perhaps too much.To most of you it is a burden, disturbing to your fieldsof study and work. The Trustees cannot expect all ofthe faculty or even all of the Senate to qualify itself adequately for administration. So we have virtually askeda goodly number of around forty to take this responsibilityand burden, but not to too constant a degree, and to actas council of the Senate to meet the problems of administration face to face with deliberation and with adequateinformation. To keep this group well informed of thetrends and the major administrative problems, we haveasked that a smaller executive group of seven really burden themselves with very constant contact with the President's office.It is you, Mr. President and members of the faculty,who must conduct the University. We can only helpyou to help yourselves. You, members of the faculty before me in this room, are one of the great university faculties of this world, and you, Mr. President, are one ofthe great university presidents. But it will take, in addition, a little thing known to us common people as well,a spirit of good will and understanding, a spirit of common unified purpose, to keep this a great university.It is useless to speculate over what more those who builtthis University in the beginning might have achieved ifthey could have had then, all at once, all the faculties andstudents and laboratories and buildings and resourceswhich you, the present University, have today. On theother hand, with all the faculties, students, laboratories,buildings, and resources which you, the present University, have today, if you, my friends, will only seek out,and having found, grasp firmly, that spirit, that freshness and clarity of purpose which comes to all men whenthey begin great things, which came to those who builtthis University in the beginning, what godly achievements will come forth!SAND-HILL SKETCHES• By FREDERICK S. BREEDMelancholy DaysI AM compelled to admit that my interest in crickets isas slender and irrelevant as Mark Twain's interestwas in golf. According to legend, the irrepressiblewit was invited by a friend to visit a golf course. Thefriend drove off in a flurry of dust, of which the visitorgot the full benefit.Turning to Mark after the drive, the golfer asked,"How do you like our links?""The best I ever tasted," drawled Mark as he wrylyspat the dust out of his mouth.All I can say for crickets can be compacted in a word :they are the most alluring morsels a bluegill ever tasted.Otherwise, they are the abomination of desolation andan everlasting threat to the serenity of mankind.These impertinent creatures are doleful prophets ofimpending gloom. At the high tide of the summer seasonthey begin their rhythmic rooting for melancholy days tocome. In the gathering twilight and the sweet serenityof an August evening, one sits on the cabin porch, sitsand smokes and listens, listens and looks for a cheerfulnote in a war- torn weary world. The mellow phrases ofVandercook and the staccato accents of Kaltenborn havecome and gone over the radio, high-lighting the latesthorrors of the gruesome march of death. Then, as thedarkness deepens, the peaceful silence of the woods isbroken by a mournful chirp. It's the advance patrol ofthe cricket brigade sounding the doom of summer, queenof the seasons all.But the crickets are not alone in their dismal and distressing prophecy. The green locusts, those mammothkatydids that later fill the autumn woods with their cacophony, are already squawking here and there that summer's on the wane.Yesterday the trees about the cabin were full of tinyvisitors whom we had not entertained for many months.They were the warblers who had stopped for an intervalin the early spring, while bound for their northern nesting haunts. Now they were on their southward flight,some destined to wing their way as far as Central America, or beyond. They had stopped to feed, perhaps torest, in their long migration. After a day of flitting aboutin the cabin yard, searching the leaves and twigs minutelyfor a meal of worms and insects, they resumed theirflight to lands where summer lingers long or even neverends.Across the road my friend Charley operates a summerhostelry for purple martins. With its numerous apartments, this martin menage is perched aloft on a toweringpole, safe from the depredations of cats and squirrels andother dangerous marauders. Of a summer eveningCharley's martins flit and glide and chirp and twitter overmy tree tops in their quest for insects on the wing. But today their summer home is empty, forsaken, and forlorn. The birds are gathering elsewhere in the neighborhood for their annual flight to distant South America.The leaves are beginning to show the first touch of colorannouncing the approach of autumn. A Virginia creeperthat has surreptitiously climbed far up into the branchesof a jack pine hard by the cabin porch has turned froman inconspicuous green to a brilliant red. On the groundbelow, lacey ferns are verging to yellow and to brown.The sumacs are showing fronds of scarlet mixed with thefronds of green. And the tupelos that thrive on theedges of the marshlands are flashing the first faint glowof the crimson that will later make them flaming massesof autumnal beauty.August is little more than halfway gone, yet the richtide of life has surged to its crest and is ready, now, forthe inevitable decline to dormancy, decay, and death.Thus "the paths of glory."Almost HumanON THE northern slope of a wooded dune, withineasy view of our dining room, a home has beendeeded to a pair of wrens. It is theirs to have andto hold. It is perched aloft on the decapitated trunk ofa dead cherry tree, the lower reaches of which have beenobligingly covered by wild grapevines with a mantle ofornamental green. As one nibbles at one's morning toast,or chews on leftovers at the luncheon hour, one can watchhis pert little friends setting up housekeeping in the merrymonth of May and raising their brood of wrenletsthrough the ensuing weeks.When the fox squirrels took possession of the housefor a winter season, after amplifying the two-bit portalsufficiently for their purposes, the wrens on their returnwere not perceptibly disturbed. The squirrels vacatedthe premises for the rightful owners, the mama squirrelcarrying a baby down the tree trunk in her mouth afterthe cat-and-kitten custom, and the wrens moved in. Thenew occupants dragged out the furnishings of the squirrels, then dragged in such furnishings as a 'well-regulated, domicile for wrens requires.Came another spring, and the owners of the propertyappeared on schedule. But seeds of trouble lurked inthat widened threshold. The wrens were on the pointof resuming occupancy when a pair of English sparrowstook a fancy to the dwelling and prepared to settle there.These brazen bullies, now invading the American hinterland, went ahead with their business of home-making,the pugnacious male standing guard on the porch, whilethe wrens hovered about, flitting from point to point, and,surprisingly, bursting at intervals into their sharp, shrillsong. When the interlopers occasionally left the scenefor food or furniture, the owners courageously went rightin, but they discreetly came right out again when their10THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 11enemies returned. At times plaintiff and defendant cameto blows, flogging and assailing each other on the wing,or tumbled from the embattled porch locked in combativeembrace.For more than three weeks the struggle dragged along,the usurpers continuing belligerently on the defensive,the owners never ceasing for a moment to press theirlegal claim. Then at long last came the end of hostilities,with the retreat of the sparrows and a victory for thewrens.Though it happened in the wilds of the hills of sand,where might makes right and the way of death is tragedy,it is a story with a perfect ending:Villains Vanquished,Victims of Violence Victorious,Virtue Vindicated.Flowering of the DunesMANY members of the University family havedoubtless dipped into the delightful boyhoodstory, Dune Boy, written by Edwin Way Teale.It did not become a Book-of-the-Month selection, but itreceived a favorable review for the Club from DorothyCanfield with "Other New Books Praised by Readers." Itcarries the secondary title, "The Early Years of a Naturalist," and is autobiographical.It is not the intent of the writer to inflict another bookreview upon the gentle readers of this Magazine. It ishis desire, rather, to dwell for a few moments on certainfeatures of this book as a literary product of the dunes,for, like the Chicago-authored Wolves Against the Moon,and I mean the University, it grew as naturally out ofthe history and geography of these golden hills of sandas the jack pines and the cedars that adorn them. "Howcome?" the educator asks, but never quite receives a satisfying answer. But he can identify some of the influencesthat played their part in such a literary achievement, andto his advantage, for is he not always bent on bringingforth at least a few resplendent blossoms from all theacademic seed he sows? When he retires from his collegeworkshop and takes his seat by the side of the road watching the never-ending procession of instructors and theirclasses pressing toward their uncertain goals, his heartwill be cheered by the brilliant accomplishments of hisstudents here and there, but it will also be saddened bythe thought of all that might have been.The evil that men do lives after them, but seldom inan autobiography. This is not to suggest that Mr. Tealewas a man of evil designs, or ever harbored an unworthythought. But it explains the fact that after an exceedingly smooth and diplomatic old gentleman like Benjamin Franklin puts the finishing touches on a model autobiography, the reading public does not regard it as afinished product, but, on the contrary, flocks to biographers like Van Doren with an eager scent for scandaland a welcome for a debunking pen.An autobiography, I am tempted to interject, is theefflorescence of a peculiar and refreshing vanity. Jusl Wrote essayistBreed: "You droppeda hint of space to letin the February numberof the MAGAZINE.Consequence: the enclosure. I am awarethat a manuscript maybe as empty as thespace it fills, but itdoes give the appearance of filling; indeed,a reader may get his fillbefore reading half ofit. If this happens to theeditor, think (you do* it,I'd rather not) what willhappen to me."cast aside the Biblical adage that there is none perfect,grasp firmly the significance of the principle that thereare exceptions to all rules, then allow yourself to flourishluxuriantly in your fondest self-esteem, and you can capture the mood required to describe your personal magnificence for all the world to read.Mr. Teale was born around the turn of the centuryand spent long vacations on his grandad's farm, from thetime he was four years old until he was sixteen. Thefarm is located ih a submarginal area about a mile and ahalf south of Lake Michigan and only a few miles frommy cabin. Teale was not a dune boy in the strictestsense. To him the dunes were objects of wonder in thedistance, visited only occasionally, as on a holiday, whenthe trip was "a gala event that required days of preparation."With my artist friend, Hannell, who operates a potterydeep in the woods near Furnessville, I had the pleasureof a personally conducted tour of Teale's boyhood stamping ground. When I arrived at the pottery for the tour,Hannell washed the clay off his hands and made awaywith me, leaving his wife, Hazel, deftly brushing decoration on the big mugs of a newly modeled breakfast setfor children.It was not difficult to locate the site of the old farmhouse that burned to the ground on a cold winter's nightin the final chapter of the book. The tall cedar thatstood like a sentinel by the garden gate is still there tomark the spot, but the gate has rotted from its hinges,and the garden, once bright and redolent with grandma'sflowers, is now cluttered with a tangled growth of nativetrees and shrubs. The old cellar still contains the heavyshelves once laden with gram's jellies and preserves. Andthe little barn across the way, where Edwin played witha neighbor boy, survives in its faded red, as if it had somefurther usefulness.The Reader's Digest has offered the public an abstractof this book, but it missed the most absorbing thread ofinterest. It featured a series of exciting episodes, such asplaying Indian and killing a rattlesnake, but neglectedalmost entirely the significant steps that led to the making(Concluded on page 16)NATURAL RELIGION AND LIBERTY• By WILLIAM WARREN SWEETEstablishing the patternof liberal thought incolonial AmericaTHE tree of religious freedom which came to something like full fruition in America in the latter partof the eighteenth century has many and variedroots. There were certain practical matters, such as thenecessity of securing colonists for Jthe great unpeopledwilderness which was colonial America, which helped tocreate an environment favorable to religious liberty.There were Lord Baltimore's and Roger Williams' experiments in religious freedom in Rhode Island and Maryland and the Quaker influence in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware, which exercised a far-reachinginfluence in helping to prove that religious libertywas workable. The fact that the American colonies became a refuge for people persecuted for conscience from all western Europe resulted in bringing tothese shores a great variety of religious minority groups,and this tended, more and more, to create a feeling ofgeneral toleration throughout colonial society. Thenthere was the growing influence of the merchant class onthe lookout for new markets. Writing to the presidentof the Council of Virginia in 1750, the Lords of Tradein London stated: "As toleration and a free exercise ofreligion is so valuable a branch of true liberty, and soessential to the enriching and improving a Trading Nation, it should ever be held sacred in his Majesties Colonies."John Dewey has suggested that certain ideas flourishwhen they answer a need and tend to wane when thatneed is no longer felt. This, I think, is well illustrated inthe wide currency given to certain ideas relative tochurch-state relationships in eighteenth-century America.It is the purpose of this discussion to show how these ideasfunctioned in helping to achieve the separation of churchand state.John Locke America's PhilosopherPar ExcellenceJohn Locke seems to be the best starting-point fora discussion of philosophical ideas which influencedeighteenth-century America. Exalting reason as the basisof human society, Locke found many enthusiastic disciples throughout the length and breadth of colonial America. His writings were not confined to any one phaseof philosophical interest, as he wrote convincingly andwith clarity upon education, religion and theology, mental philosophy, and political and economic theory. Andin each of these several spheres he influenced the thinkingof leading eighteenth- century Americans.When John Locke wrote his Two Treatises of Govern ment in 1690, he was primarily concerned with producingarguments to justify the Glorious Revolution of 1688.But, in seeking justification for the seizure of power byParliament and for the overthrow of King James, he unwittingly furnished the principal arguments for Americanresistance to British authority two generations later. Hisbasic argument was that planted deeply in the hearts ofall men is a law of nature, which is "God's law," and thatunder this law men enjoy certain "natural rights." Whenin the course of time it became necessary to form governments with authority over individuals, man surrendered some of his "natural rights," but never all of them,and, as a consequence, governments thus formed weregiven only limited powers.In Locke's The Reasonableness of Christianity as Delivered in the Scriptures, which appeared in 1695, hetells his readers that he has betaken himself "to the solereading of the Scriptures . . . for the understanding of theChristian religion, and has dismissed all systems of divinity as inconsistent and unsatisfactory." Though, he states,the works of nature give sufficient evidence of a deity, yetthrough false teaching and foolish and absurd rites instituted by priests in order "to secure their empire," reasonhas been excluded from religion. Though the rationaland thinking part of mankind are able to find God whenthey seek him through reason and nature, yet reason,speaking ever so clearly to the wise and virtuous, "hadnever authority enough to prevail on the multitude,"hence the necessity of revelation.In sending Christ into the world to make the way ofsalvation so plain and clear that even the humble andunlettered could understand, "the all-merciful God seemsto have . . . consulted the poor of the world, and thebulk of mankind." Pursuing this idea further, Lockecontinues:The writers and wranglers in religion fill it withniceties, and dress it up with notions; which theymake necessary and fundamental parts of it; as ifthere were no way into the church but through theacademy or lyceum. The greatest part of mankindhave not leisure for learning and logic, and super-The fact that George Washington did not kneel in prayeror fake the sacrament when attending church is only anincidental illustration in this study of early American religion. But it is typical of the detailed extent to whichProfessor Sweet has gone in his study of American churchhistory. Mr. Sweet has published a score of books on thissubject in addition to the many lectures he has given fromHarvard to the University of Washington. "Natural Religion and Liberty" is condensed from the Dudleian Lecturegiven at Harvard University and published in full underthe title, "Natural Religion and Religious Liberty in America" in the Harvard University Bulletin. Professor Sweetis a member of the Federated Theological Faculty.12THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 13fine distinctions of the schools. Where the hand isused to the plough and spade, the head is seldomelevated to sublime notions, or exercised in mysterious reasoning. It is well if men of that rank(to say nothing of the other sex) can comprehendplain propositions, and short reasoning about thingsfamiliar to their minds, and nearly allied to theirdaily experience. Go beyond this, and you amaze thegreatest part of mankind; and may as well talkArabic to a poor day-labourer, as the notions andlanguage that books and disputes of religion are filledwith.Christ, he states, stresses the fact that the poor had thegospel preached to them :And if the poor had the gospel preached to themit is without doubt, such a gospel as the poor couldunderstand; plain and intelligible; and so it was, aswe have seen in the preaching of Christ and hisapostles.Of the many writings of John Locke which were widelyknown in America, none had greater vogue and exercisedlarger influence than his four letters on toleration. Asummary of the salient passages from these notable essayswill clearly indicate their significance for church-staterelationships in the eighteenth-century.In his first letter Locke states:I esteem it above all things necessary to distinguish exactly the business of civil governmentfrom that of religion, and to settle the just boundsthat lie between the one and the other. If this benot done, there can be no end put to the controversies that will be always arising between those thathave, or at least pretend to have, on the one side aconcernment for the interests of men's souls, and,on the other side the care for the commonwealth.Note the suspicion of the sincerity of the clergy impliedin the words "or at least pretend to have ... a concernment for the interest of men's souls." He definesthe commonwealth as "a society of men constituted onlyfor the procuring, preserving, and advancing their civilinterests." The power of civil government is confined to"the things of this world, and has nothing to do withthe world to come." No one can, "if he would, conform his faith to the dictates of another. All the lifeand power of true religion consist in the inward and fullpersuasion of the mind; and faith is not faith withoutbelieving."Like Roger Williams, Locke held that there was absolutely no such thing under the Gospel as a Christianstate. Christ, he stated, instituted no commonwealth,prescribed for his followers no new or peculiar form ofgovernment, nor did he put the sword in any magistrate'shand with commission to use it in forcing any man toforsake his own religion and receive his. The businessof law is not to impose speculative opinions and articlesof faith on any church. It is the business of laws toprovide not for the truth of opinions but rather for thesecurity of the commonwealth. Truth, he says, will do well enough if left alone to shift for herself. Liberty ofconscience is every man's natural right, equally belongingto dissenters; and nobody ought to be compelled in matters of religion either by law or by force.Locke's toleration, however, did not extend to RomanCatholics, since he argued that their first allegiance wasto the pope and that, therefore, their teaching undermined the power of civil government in its rightful realm.Since Catholics did not believe in toleration of others,toleration should not be extended to them. Nor wouldhe extend toleration to infidels, since to them covenantsand oaths, which, he states, are "the bonds of humansociety," have no hold upon them. Taking away Godeven in thought dissolves all. Yet he would not excludeMohammedans, pagans, or Jews from civil rights becauseof their religious beliefs, for the commonwealth embracesall men that are honest, peaceful, and industrious.And, finally, he insists that every man should have theinherent right to enjoy the same privileges that aregranted to others. Is it permitted to worship God in theRoman manner? Let it be permitted to do so in theGenevan form also. Is it permitted to speak Latin inthe market place? Let those who have the mind to it,be permitted to do it in the church. Is it lawful forany man in his own house to kneel, stand, sit, or use anyother posture and to clothe himself in white or black,in short or in long garments? Whatsoever things areleft free in the common occasions of life, let them remainfree for every church in divine worship.I have given this rather extended summary of Locke'sviews on church-state relationships because he was undoubtedly America's philosopher par excellence, the fatherof liberal opinion in eighteenth-century America, andwas, more than any other, responsible for making nature,intuition, and common sense popular and familiar colonial ideas. Others, of course, made their contributions,but it was from John Locke, particularly, that thestreams of this type of influence proceeded. Next in importance to Locke, toward the end of the eighteenthcentury, in shaping American liberal opinion, was JosephPriestley, whose prolific writings on scientific, historical,and religious subjects were increasingly well known asthe century neared its close.Just previous to the opening of the Revolutionary War,Priestley published in London his Essay on the First Principles of Government and the Nature of Political, Civil,and Religious Freedom. He advocated a broader toleration than did Locke, since he would extend it even toCatholics. He calls attention to the fact that those nations which have had the largest degree of tolerationhave become the most prosperous. As examples he citesHolland in Europe and Pennsylvania in America, bothhaving prospered "in consequence of giving more libertyin matters of religion." Though not advocating disestablishment immediately "as too hazardous an experiment," he does, however, propose immediate religiousreforms in England, among them the elimination ofthirty-eight of the Thirty-nine Articles, leaving only one14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcalling for belief solely "in the religion of Jesus Christ,as it is set forth in the New Testament." Priestley alsourges that "that system of toleration be completely carriedinto execution," in which every citizen shall have the rightto belong to any church he pleases, without being deprived of any of his civil rights.An avowed Unitarian Priestley was an insatiable enemyof the doctrines of transubstantiation, the objective atonement, and the trinity, together with the elaborate RomanCatholic and Anglican hierarchy, all of which he considered corruptions of the Christianity of Jesus and basefrauds perpetrated upon the people. Priestley's bookwhich perhaps had the greatest vogue in America washis History of the Corruptions of Christianity in two volumes, which he considered the most valuable of all hismany works, and which Jefferson looked upon as requiredreading jn the education of the young away from narroworthodoxy.The Application of Locke's Thought to theAmerican SceneHere we have before us the pattern of liberal thoughtregarding church-state relationships which came moreand more to prevail in eighteenth-century colonial America. John Locke and, to a lesser degree, Joseph Priestley and others of the same school furnished the American Revolutionary fathers not only the political philosophy which underlay their attitude toward the mother-country but also the religious philosophy which determined their attitude toward the church and its relationto the state.Two points of view in regard to natural religion wereto be found among eighteenth-century American liberals.The first, which may be identified as full-fledged deism,relied solely upon nature for knowledge of God, insistedthat natural laws are themselves moral laws, and rejectedrevelation entirely, not only as unnecessary but as a fraud,perpetrated to deceive. It also rejected the church, sinceit based its authority on, and justified its existence by,revelation. A second type reconciled natural and revealed religion and bolstered revelation with argumentsfrom nature. Both emphasized reason and commonsense, and both were critical of the church and especiallyhostile to the idea of established churches. Thomas Paineand Ethan Allen are the best-known American representatives of the first type, while Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, and the relatively large numberof southern liberals were representative of the milder type.The eighteenth-century southern planter aristocracy,especially in Virginia, presented some strange paradoxes.They had patrician tastes and yet at the same time heldliberal views on religion and politics. They were largeslave owners and at the same time were critical of theinstitution and looked forward to its abolishment, considering it a curse to the master as well as to the slave.A few of them, of whom John Randolph especially in hisearlier years is an example, were disciples of Voltaireand the French deists and were openly hostile to the WILLIAMSWEETChristian religion. Most of them, however, were disciplesof Locke and Priestley and did not wholly discard theBible as revelation but emphasized the worship of theSupreme Being who ruled the universe by natural laws.Thomas Jefferson has given fuller expression to the liberal attitude on church-state relationships than any otherof the American natural religionists, and it is not difficultto trace the influence of Locke and Priestley upon histhought. In the notes which he prepared for the debatein the Virginia Assembly on the bill of 1779 to establishreligious freedom, he states:The care of every man's soul belongs to himself.But what if he neglect the care of it? Well, what ifhe neglect the care of his health or estate, whichmore nearly relate to the state? Will the magistratemake a law that he shall not be poor or sick? Lawsprovide against injury from others; but not from ourselves. God himself will not save men against theirwills. . . No man- has power to save men againsttheir wills. . . No man has power to let another prescribe his faith. Faith is not faith without believing. . . I may grow rich by an art I am compelledto follow, I may recover health by medicines I amcompelled to take . . . but I cannot be saved by aworship I disbelieve.Jefferson considered an established church clergy "purveyors of religious intolerance" who, "by getting themselves established by law, and ingrafted into the machineof government, have been a very formidable engineagainst the civil and religious rights of man." In aletter written in 1815 to the Reverend Charles Clay,formerly rector of St. Ann's Parish, in Albemarle County,Virginia, of which Jefferson nominally was a vestryman,are these flaming words:I abuse the priests, indeed, who have so muchabused the pure and holy doctrines of their Master,and who have laid me under no obligations for reticence as to the tricks of their trade. The genuinesystem of Jesus^ and the artificial structures they haveerected, to make them the instruments of wealth,power, and pre-eminence to themselves, are as distinct things in my view as light and darkness; andTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 15while I class them as soothsayers and necromancers,I place Him among the great reformers of moralsand scourges of priestcraft that have ever existed.Again and again in his letters and other writings hereturned to the same theme. Christianity, he stated,"when divested of the rags" in which a scheming priesthood "have enveloped it, and brought to the originalpurity and simplicity of its benevolent institutor, is areligion of all others most friendly to liberty, science, andthe freest expansion of the human mind." As for himself, he says:I never told my religion, nor scrutinized that ofanother. I never attempted to make a convert, norwished to change another's creed. I have *everjudged of the religion of others by their lives. . . Forit is our lives and not from our words, that our religion must be read. By the same test the world mustjudge me.This, however, he says, does not satisfy the priesthood.They must have a positive, a declared assent to alltheir interested absurdities. My opinion is that therewould never have been an infidel, if there had neverbeen a priest. The artificial structure they have builton the purest of all moral systems, for the purposeof deriving from it pence and power, revolt those whothink for themselves, and who read in that systemonly what is really there.James Madison, whose leadership in the struggle forthe separation of church and state in Virginia was atleast as important as was that of Jefferson's, was not sooutspoken in his religious views. He did indicate, however, on several occasions that his thought was influencedby the liberal ideas current at the time. Perhaps the yearshe had spent at the College of New Jersey under the influence of John Witherspoon had given him a morewholesome respect for theological learning than Jefferson possessed. He has, however, left us in no doubt asto his stand on church-state relationships. An advocateof complete separation between ecclesiastical and civilmatters, he held that there was not a shadow of right onthe part of government to intermingle with religion unlessit trespass on private rights and public peace. "Theleast interference with it," he stated, "would be a mostflagrant usurpation." He held that both religion andgovernment would remain purer "the less they mixed together." The great multiplicity of sects which pervadesAmerica he considered "the best security for religiousliberty. For where there is such a variety . . . therecannot be a majority of any one sect to oppress andpersecute the rest."George Mason, another Virginian prominent in thestruggle for the separation of church and state and theauthor of the Virginia Bill of Rights and probably alsoof Virginia's first constitution, was a liberal in his religious views. He held that religion was simply the dutyman owed to his Creator and was to be discharged byeach individual as reason and conviction dictated. Though an Anglican and a vestryman, he desired nevertheless to see the Anglican church placed on an equalfooting with others.All sorts of conflicting claims have been made in regardto George Washington's religion. The free thinkers haveclaimed him; but he has been often classed as a deist,this claim being based on the fact that in his writingshe most frequently spoke of the Supreme Being in deisticrather than in Biblical terms, most often using the term"Providence" rather than "God." He did not kneel inprayer or take the sacrament when he attended the churchservices, nor did he ask for a clergyman to attend himon his deathbed. On the other hand, it has been pointedout that he manifested high religious motives in hisnational leadership; that he attended church regularlyand was a. vestryman; and that in his Farewell Addressand in his numerous addresses to religious bodies healways spoke respectfully of religion and desired it tocontinue as a vital force in the life of the new nation,expressing conviction that religion and morality were"essential pillars of civil society." Though it is impossible definitely to determine Washington's religious position, there can be no reasonable doubt but that he was infull sympathy with the ideas current among his class inregard to the application of reason and common senseto religion.Natural Religion and the Common ManTo what extent the views of the natural religionistswere accepted by the common man must be largely amatter of conjecture. If one is to judge the extent oftheir acceptance by the circulation of the post-Revolutionary writings of Thomas Paine, there can be no doubtbut that they had wide vogue among the masses. Theacceptance of deism among the college students of thetime is fully attested by contemporaries. The electionof Thomas Jefferson to the presidency in 1800 is furtherindication that his liberal views and the leadership hehad exerted in the struggle for the separation of churchand state were elements of his popularity among the massof the voters. Those who made the most vicious attacksupon Jefferson were the spokesmen of the privileged religious bodies, while, on the other hand, the revivalisticgroups and the dissenting elements pretty generally wereJeffersonian in their political ideas.The great mass of the people who had been touched inthe great revivals thought of religion as primarily aninner experience. To them it was essentially a personalaffair rather than an institutional matter. Again andagain the personal nature of religion is stressed by Locke,Priestley, Jefferson, Madison, and Mason. The revivalistic dissenters well understood what Jefferson meantwhen he said, "I am a sect by myself," and what ThomasPaine meant when he stated, "My mind is my church."Society in eighteenth-century America was dominantlyindividualistic. And religion, to make any appeal to anindividualistic society, must make its chief concern the16 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEpersonal problems and needs of the common man and and might then have shifted its spotlight from the tire-stress the fact that salvation is a personal matter. less reader to the wide-eyed youngster that lay listening,Both the liberals and the popular religious bodies em- stretched upon the floor.phasized the simplicity of the teachings of Jesus. The The typewriter and the camera were immediatelyprotagonists of natural religion continually advocated pressed into feverish service by the budding author, andthrowing overboard the dogmatic accumulations of the have continued to be indispensable tools in a career thatcenturies and a return to the simple and easily understood already embraces a half-dozen books and many thou-teachings of Jesus. In this they jibed exactly with the sands of nature photographs. Readers of this Maga-general frontier emphasis. Everywhere among the com- zine may have seen Teale's pictures of footprints in themon people common sense in religion found wide accept- Indiana dunes, which were published in Life a year or soance and popular acclaim. ago.There was agreement also between the liberals and the There is no space here for discussion of the boy's note-popular masses on anti-clericalism. The idea that the books and field notes; of biological and other specimens,established church clergy were grafters upon the body laboriously and joyfully collected and labeled; of writing,politic was widely held among the dissenting groups and rewriting, and chewing of pencils; of crisp chapter head-pretty generally also among the unchurched. It was ings and story titles; of sentences that betray a knack ofthis, more than anything else, which led the frontier vivid description; of sentences that race along in theBaptists to repudiate completely a salaried ministry, as spirit of adventure; of sentences and paragraphs in boy-the Quakers had done before them. They held tl\at the hood manuscripts, thickly studded with evidence of ageneral ineffectiveness of the Anglican clergy, particu- remarkable ingenuity in spelling the words of our com-larly of the southern colonies, was due to their pagan- mon vocabulary. In the Digest these items are not evenized and corrupt dogmas, which they used to exploit mentioned.the people, and to the fact that they were in the ministry But these activities, crudely performed in childhood,for what they could get out of it. are of the highest significance, for, continued under theThe eighteenth century has been called the "skeptical spur of a life-career motive, they gradually took on theera in modern history." It was produced by causes more refinement that eventually entitled Teale to nationalpractical than speculative, "more moral than intellectual, recognition as an author and a naturalist. This, ofless theological than ecclesiastical." All over western course, is the theme of the book, a theme that shouldEurope as well as in America there were religious insur- prove of absorbing interest to everyone concerned withrections whose causes were more political and social than the intellectual development of boys and girls.metaphysical. The revolt was less from Christianity than from the church; or, perhaps it may be stated, it was a UNFINISHED BUSINESSrevolt from Christianity because of the church. The in- TPO THE desk of the Secretary-Editor comes the follow-tellectual liberals had their part to play in it, but without ¦ 'n9 memo from the University's Office of Dramaticthe support of the common people its great achievement Productions:— the separation of church and state and complete re- tl x 11 • • s. t^n*^,. . ,.f . , , , . ., , r The following is a copy of a bill pre-hgious liberty— would have been impossible. sented by MJss r \Qr propertfes ^^y she bought for the production of f * * 'SAND-HILL SKETCHES "Claudia" on June 7 1944, sponsored \ \*{Continued from page 11) by y°.ur. °?ce- ThJ b'" Lhas lus* bee." n Vr +u ., , rt ,. J? turned in to us and we hope you will A JJof the writer and the naturalist. There was no mention excuse the de,ay and set+£ ^ hep# j\of the ambitious book entitled, Tails of Lone Oak, fore- 10 yd. material for drapes. .$7.04 ^W "Y {runner and adumbration of his later work, which he com- Wallpaper — 10 double rolls. 5.31 ^Z Vpleted in pencil when he was ten years old; or the old 2 packages cigarettes 33 / >Underwood typewriter, that came into his eager posses- i"3, wallPaPer P^te 49sion after his hesitant dad discovered that 360 cigars were matches^' °48included with the coveted machine at the price of $59; Box of candy! ........... .70 I f)or the much longed-for Sears Roebuck camera purchased Bread, milk, eggs, pickle, * **for $3.75, earned by picking 250 quarts of strawberries. oranges 45True, the Digest noticed the hundred-odd classics read Colce (+0 ma'ce Sc°fch) 05aloud by gram, during these formative years, in the soft TITocdull glow of the kerosene lamp, but largely as a com- Very truly yours,mentary on the life of a marvelous grand-parent. The (Signed) JERE C. MICKELpowerful effect of the books on the boy, the stimulus to Director of Dramaticsgo and do likewise, seems to have escaped the abstracter's Our f"rs+ "temptation was to postpone action untilattention. If the Digest had only consulted one Robert .+he I?65? ReVnion season' buf +hle1Ilafst ltem was so intr'9u-M. Hutchins, it could have obtained no end of informa- ^^L^^l3^07^ * ^r immediate payment¦¦¦., , '. . , , . . , , and delegated the office boy to go out in search of a casetion on the function of the classics in a modern education, 0f coke which we will use for purely experimental purposes.ONE MAN'S OPINION~"~• By WILLIAM V. MORGENSTERN, '20, J.D. "22AS CERTAIN as the postwar boom in college enrolments is the postwar boom in intercollegiatesports, when the game will be given back to theskilled, the robust, and the matured, and the averagehealthy young man will take his football out by sittingin the stands watching the exceptionally talented do theirstuff. This flourishing state of intercollegiate athletics,particularly of the money sports, may not prove an unmixed blessing, for the business may get so intense that itwill blow up from its own internal pressures. It hasbeen tending that way even under the cramping conditions of wartime. The professional entrepreneur has beenriding high in basketball, which has reached such a heightin Madison Square Garden as to attract the attentionsof the big-time gamblers.Apparently everyone but the athletes have been makingmoney, and some of them have attempted to share thewealth by naive and crude methods. The more thoughtful of the leaders of college athletics are not unaware ofwhat is going on now, or what the dangers of the expansion will be, and their chief concern is to check themomentum rather than to accelerate it. The Big Ten iseasily the leader of this group, and its prestige makes itinfluential outside its own area, but there will be elementsin collegiate athletics that will insist on their right to bereckless.Though there will be this boom in intercollegiateathletics, it does not look as if the University of Chicagowill contribute especially to it. Chicago teams will beback in intercollegiate athletics, but their competitiveposition will not be particularly improved over that ofthe years just preceding the war.Enrolment undoubtedly will increase considerably, butthe increase will be smaller, both relatively and absolutely than in the Big Ten universities which are stateinstitutions. The prewar status of Chicago teams in theso-called minor sports probably can be regained. Theimportant development in undergraduate education herein the past few years has been the growth of the first twoyears of the College, which replace the junior and senioryears of high school. This growth has notably increasedthe proportion of resident students; half of those enteringthe first two years now are coming from out of town.When it is possible to build more College residence halls,the proportion will be even larger. Students at this levelare required to take physical education, but the boyscompete at the high school level. Under normal eligibility rules they will not be eligible for intercollegiatecompetition until their fourth year in the- College, andthey then can continue for two more years as Divisional students. These students will not strengthen Chicago'sintercollegiate teams. They will be younger than theaverage and there will be few outstanding athletes amongthem, for the abler high school athletes will not want tointerrupt their prep competition.The obvious direction in which athletics at the University will go is toward more teaching and more participation in the sports which can be continued after graduation. The emphasis will be on swimming, golf, tennis,handball, squash racquets, and even gymnastics andfencing. The larger number of resident students willprovide a better base for general participation, and theincreased number of residence halls will establish a betterbasis for intramural competition than has existed in thepast, for the commuting student is little interested inathletics. The varsity coaching staff has been doing thisteaching, and so the instruction is better than generallyprevails. Most coaches of intercollegiate teams are notinterested in anyone who does not have real talents; theChicago coaches have never known that luxury. Thedepartment is engaged in various experiments, which mayseem dull to those concerned only with intercollegiatecompetition in the spectacle sports, but which have realmerit for the average student. Kyle Anderson, actingdirector of athletics, has introduced into the College asurvey course in sports that makes required "gym"interesting. Each quarter the first-year students are introduced to a series of seasonal sports; in the winter quarter,for example, they spend three weeks each in wrestling,basketball, and handball. At the end of the first periodthose who are in wrestling do not want to shift, nor dothe other two groups want to change. In their secondyear, the College students pick one sport each quarter.At all times any reasonable demand for special instruction is met. When a group of women wanted acrobaticdancing, Erwin Beyer, the gymnastics coach, set up anassembly line system with the assistance of his team, andtaught this dangerous art with such success that he nowhas a class numbering over forty that is still growing.Some of the other young ladies thought they wanted tomaster the art of judo, and Spyros Vorres, the wrestlingcoach, was assigned to teach them. When the girls foundthat the trick of draping someone over a lamp post wasnot casually acquired, most of them lost interest, and onlya handful are still at it. The point is that the studentscan get what they want and from good teachers. Theathletic program at the University may not be spectacularat the level involving the top one per cent but it doesmeet the needs of the ninety-nine per cent in a very satisfactory way.17NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES• By CHET OPALBull Durham Gets in Ydur Eyes . . .I WANDER about the windy campus with weather eyepeeled these days. I'm looking for a full professor with five advanced degrees standing on acorner trying to roll a cigaret against the wind. For,indeed, the University has come to that. Students arepetitioning for permission to write Ph.D. theses on thehistory, hagiography, martyrology, and art of cigaret-rolling. And professors?I made a discovery the other day in that ivory towerknown to Midway denizens as the Quadrangle Club. Iespied, neatly stacked in the bowels of the tobacco counterat the information desk, several tight bags of Bull Durham. I held a brief seminar with the clerk, who revealed:(1) Professors (members of the Club) took to buyingBull Durham whenever they couldn't get tailor-mades.Being creatures of habit, they now neglect to ask for thatpack of Luckies, even when a few packs are cached outof sight.(2) The cigaret papers that come with the bag of tobacco are not sufficient. The professors are not so adeptwith the fingers, apparently, as they are with their hands.Therefore, they have to buy a special large folder ofpapers. (Note: There is a gum edge on the special paper,but not on that which comes with the bag.) Some rebelled at first; didn't like the color of the wheat strawpaper, which is tawny and looks like unbleached tree-bark.(3) The chemists of the tribe are experimenting. Theynow are mixing their Bull Durham with shreds of Velvetand Half-and-Half, spicing it with latakia and perique,and giving it backbone with burley and plug.(4) Nevertheless, the profs spend more money for cigaret paper than for tobacco.Gossipal TruthsThe students have been getting gay around campus.They don't truss up the town sheriff (as W. V. Morgenstern says), or pour molasses into the gas tank of thePresident's town car, but they are kicking up.You all have read about the Communist flag incident.About how the perambulant guards found in the dawn'searly blight the giddy furl of the hammer-and-sickle ofRussia atop the flag-pole outside Cobb. About how thatsame day, another guard found leaning against the entrance of President Hutchins' house a placard reading:"Apartments. Three, four, and five rooms. Inquirewithin."You may have heard that not so long ago the localconstabulary was set abuzz by a call from campus thata woman student had leaped into eternity from the thirdstory of a dormitory. Policemen who rushed to the scenebeheld a dummy which, for all its stuffiness, looked like a gay girl clad in refugee garments belonging properly tothe Russian War Relief. Pinned to the bosom of thispin-up girl was a note which read: "I have ended it all.[Signed] Maude Lynn." A policeman rubbed his ruffledmane and said: "This must be a joke on some studentnamed Maude Lynn." His cohorts agreed. They wentto consult a telephone directory.And in Hutchinson Commons the other day a waiter —candidate for a doctorate, no doubt — proved a world-beater. Another student sat down to breakfast, took afew swipes of egg and drank up his coffee. He decidedto get another cup of coffee and left the table, abandoningfor the moment much of his untouched breakfast. Whenhe got back to his table, he found the waiter, being efficient, had politely cleared away his food.So Big You Can't BudgetBut of course there is still the serious side of Universityactivity. For example, Harvey C. Daines, comptroller,reported to the Board of Trustees this month that thevast war activities of the University, which have trebledits pre-war budget, have drawn so heavily on its personneland facilities that the University was unable to use almost$550,000 set aside for normal civilian operations duringthe year ending last June 30.The total operating income, amounting to $28,067,127,was 78 per cent greater than the previous year and nearlythree times that of a normal pre-war year. Approximately two-thirds of this income came from governmentsources for instruction, research, housing, and feedingunder about 200 non-profit contracts. Expenditures were$541,734 less than income, all but $71,088 of whichcould not have been used otherwise than according torestrictions set on it for use and reappropriation of balances."On the whole," Mr. Daines said, "the financial outcome was satisfactory, despite declining income fromcivilian student fees and increasing costs of operation.This condition resulted from the transfer of a large partof the facilities and staff to' war work requested andfinanced by the federal government."Gifts to the University totaled $1,834,130, bringing to$13,672,590 the total received in the last five years andto more than $70,000,000 the total received during President Hutchins' fifteen years on the Midway. (This isalmost half the total of $151,000,000 received since theUniversity's incorporation 55 years ago.)Total assets owned by the University amounted to$134,066,154. Endowment funds rose $396,168 to $69,-820,141 in book value (as contrasted to a higher marketvalue) during the year. Investment in the Universityplant was set at $43,875,675, the original cost of land,building, and equipment used for academic purposes.There were 11,934 different students, an increase of18THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 19607, including 4,044 different Army and Navy studentsregularly enrolled. Student fee income was $2,006,736,or $304,849 less than the previous year. Scholarship andfellowship aid amounted to $594,912, an increase of$141,668 over the prior year."Would the Power the Giftie Gie Us . . ."President Hutchins reported at the end of the yearthat gifts totaling $987,550 were received by the University after the books were closed last July 1. Largestgifts were from the General American TransportationCorporation (of which Trustee Max Epstein is chairmanof the board), $100,000 as a starter for war memorialscholarships to the College; Time, Inc., which gave$170,000 for work of the Commission on Freedom of thePress, of which President Hutchins is chairman; and theRockefeller Foundation, $120,000 for teaching and research in psychiatry and another $90,000 for analysis andevaluation of teaching modern languages.Full-Service AppointmentsDespite the opposition that attended the proposal andacceptance of the full-service plan voted at the University a year ago, the demand for appointments underit have been so heavy that only one half the facultymembers desiring them have been admitted to the planbecause of the financial burden to the University, ErnestC. Colwell, vice-president and dean of the faculties, disclosed.It has cost the University almost $120,000 to shift 135faculty members from three-quarter to four-quarterstatus.The contracts, which can be sought voluntarily byall faculty members above the rank of instructor but arecompulsory for all new appointees in that category, provide for work iii four quarters and require the teachersto turn over to the University all outside compensationearned from royalties on books, lecture and consultantfees, and similar activities. To compensate for this lossof outside income, salary adjustments are provided. Faculty members making the change are given an averagesalary increase of about $900, Mr. Colwell said. TheCHET OPAL 135 teachers have turned over $13,000 in outside incomesince last July 1.First call on the new contracts is given assistant professors, who, according to President Hutchins, are mostin need of salary improvements. The plan is "designedto make possible the more rapid development of youngmen as scholars and teachers by removing the financialpressure which leads them to give time and energy tounproductive piece work," President Hutchins has said.As a result, 60 per cent of those admitted to the new planare assistant professors, the remainder being associateand full professors, Mr. Colwell said.Those already granted the new contracts represent 30per cent of the 450 faculty members eligible for it. Ofthe 135 teachers who have signed, only 17 were compelledto do so, either because they were newly appointed to theUniversity or they were promoted from the rank of instructor. Those applying voluntarily are granted thefull-service contracts as soon as the University budgetpermits it.Among those who signed the new contracts up to lastJuly 1 were 16 teachers in the College of the University,18 in the Division of the Social Sciences, 20 in the Di.vision of the Biological Sciences, 15 in the Division oithe Humanities, and nine in the Division of PhysicalSciences, which has the greatest number of faculty menon leave for government service.The full-service policy was adopted in line with meas.ures taken in the summer of 1943, when it was decidedthat neither the University nor members of its staff shouldprofit from patents arising out of research work. Thestep was taken on the recommendation of PresidentHutchins, who, commenting on the actions in his latestannual statement, said:"As long as members of the faculty may be expectedto supplement their salaries, the University is relievedof the necessity of facing the problem of paying decentsalaries. I believe that it is impossible to over-estimattthe importance of the action. It will mean that the faculty of the University is devoting its entire time to theobjects of the University. If the faculty has great accomplishments to its credit whert many members of ithave been compelled to support themselves by activitiesirrelevant to education and scholarship, what may it notachieve when its full force is directed to these purposes?"Enrolment UpRegistration on the Midway and the University's downtown school rose, in the winter quarter, 20.23 per centover that of last year, with two professional schools andthe College each showing an enrolment increase of morethan 40 per cent. Total civilian enrolment at the University was 5,045, as compared with 4,197. Total enrolment in the College was 1,680, not counting the 150who were expected to enter at the end of the public schoolsemester, around February 1. The School of Medicinehad an increase of 75.76 per cent and the Law School,48.72 per cent. The other graduate schools likewiseshowed large increases.20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMack Evans LeavesMack Evans, director of chapel music at the Universityfor seventeen years, resigned February 1 to join the FredWaring organization in New York in various choral andeducational activities with Robert Shaw. Involved ismore than a popular dance band famed equally for itsattendant vocalists; Fred Waring's enterprises embracepublishing and arranging as well.Evans, who holds degrees from Knox College and Conservatory and Harvard University, came to the University of Chicago in 1925 to take the position of organist and choirmaster. In 1928, when Rockefeller Memorial Chapel was founded, he was made director ofchapel music.His successor on campus is Gerhard Schroth, formerdirector of the Walther League a capella choir of Milwaukee and musical director of KFUO, Lutheran national radio station of St. Louis.ScholarshipsA unique type of scholarship fund has been set up atthe University by a Chicago firm, providing three $400annual scholarships for southside Chicagoans, one of theChristian faith, one of the Jewish faith, and one of theNegro race. The firm, Ben Greenberg and Brothers, established a fund of $12,000 for the first three years, withcommitments for $4800 a year thereafter."The Play's the Thing . . ."Costume, scenery, and the kindness of critics— thesehave been abolished in a daring innovation made by students of drama of the University. They will present aone-act play every other week in the Reynolds ClubTheater (just reopened). Following the performance,fellow students, guest critics, and faculty members willtear the performance apart in a round table discussionwith members of the cast. The experimental theater isexpected to afford an increasing number of students dramatic opportunities.CATS UpUp for graduation, the third such group to be sent onits way at the University, were 54 officers of the Far Eastern Civil Affairs Training School on campus, who completed their studies January 26. They ranged in rank from lieutenant (j.g.) and second lieutenant to lieutenant commander and lieutenant colonel. Many had been lawyers,teachers, publishers, and architects in civilian life. Onehad been a Chicago police captain.In studying civil affairs at the University (under University professors), the graduates received training in thehistory, economics, culture, education, legal structure, industry, transportation, and geography of the Far East aswell as in the Japanese language. The mission of civilaffairs officers overseas is to maintain law and orderamong civilians, restore essential public services and functions necessary to military operation, and to relievehuman suffering. In performing also the functions ofmilitary government, they relieve the tactical commanderof the added burden of dealing with a disturbed civilianpopulation with a disrupted economy and non-functioning native government.The school here is one of five in the nation and theonly one in the midwest. It is under the direction ofFred Eggan, associate professor of anthropology, and Col.Bruce E. Clark of the Infantry.Katherine Dunham Comes BackBack at her old haunts on campus the other day wasKatherine Dunham, whose new "Tropical Review" is appearing in the city. Miss Dunham, who graduated in1936 and stayed on for work in anthropology at theUniversity, was honored at a tea held by the NegroStudent Club and the Chicago Maroon (or Maroon Chicago, as the linotypists twisted it one day shortly after theRed flag incident). Principals of Miss Dunham's castwere on hand also. Some of her former teachers, including Fay-Cooper Cole, head of the Department of Anthropology, greeted her at the tea.Brawn vs. Brain in Who's WhoA Newtown, Connecticut, columnist took his standbeside President Hutchins the other day over a news itemripped off last November hy Sports Writer Bill Coramwho, commenting on the discontinuance of football bymany colleges, said:"After all, anybody can quit. And soon be forgotten,too, for that matter. President Hutchins took the University of Chicago out of intercollegiate football four orfive years ago and, outside of academic circles, nobodyhas heard of it since."(Of course, Bill Corum was mentioning the Universityhimself, with the implied assumption that his audienceknew about a University of Chicago.)The tack taken by Philip Dillon, of the Newtown Bee,was that football fame is evanescent, even more so thangolf, tennis, baseball, or boxing fame. The best insuranceagainst future total obscurity, Dillon said, seems to bebeing listed in Who's Who in America. No football starsare listed; only one golfer, Bobby Jones (a Harvard man) ;and about ten tennis sjars, male and otherwise. EvenBabe Ruth is absent from the rolls. No boxer is listed.President Hutchins is listed — no doubt because he playeda poor tennis game in his youth.Of Special Interestto Chicago AlumniNEW BOOKS FROM THEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSFreedom Is More Than a WordBy MARSHALL FIELDOne of America's best-known fighting liberals has set down a unique, vigorousrecord of his part in our struggle toward democracy, including one of the mostexciting chapters in modern journalism— the story of PM, the newspaperman's idealof journalistic freedom, and of the Chicago Sun and its battles against newsmonopolies. Written with modesty, sincerity, and clarity, this book is a primer indemocracy for Americans.To he published April, $2.50The Russia 1 Believed InThe Memoirs of Samuel N. Harper. 1 902- 1 94 1Edited by PAUL V. HARPERThe reminiscences, written in a warm, personal style, of the sonof the first president of the University of Chicago, who knewRussia from Tsarist days to the maturing of the Soviet Union andunderstood that country as few Americans have.To be published June, $3.75 GovernmentBy CHARLES E. MERRIAMOne of America's most famous teachers of Politics and Government, with more than thirty years of wide practical experiencein local and national politics, sums up his theories of government.Makes concrete suggestions for streamlining democracy, adding asecond Bill of Rights to our Constitution.To be published May, $5.00New Books of Wide AppealImmortal VillageBy DONALD CULROSS PEATT1EHere is Europe, a Europe that will not die, epitomized in thelittle village of Vence— the first town reached by our Army in itsinvasion of France from the Mediterranean. Introduction revealsa new chapter in the lives of the Peatties. Wood cuts by PaulLandacre. For June publication. Limited signed edition, $7.50;regular edition, $3.00.What Are Cosmic Rays?By PIERRE AUGERTranslated by MAURICE M. SHAPIROFrance's most distinguished physicist traces for the non-scientificreader the story of cosmic rays from their discovery to the lateststratospheric balloon flights. "Distinctly the best that has yetappeared," says ARTHUR H. COMPTON. Illustrated, $2.00fte-educating GermanyBy WERNER RICHTERTranslated by PAUL LEHMANN"There are few others who can speak from such a wealth ofknowledge and experience as Professor Richter. ... In thisvolume he indicates how Hitler Germany can be re-educated sothat the next Germany will be a loyal and efficient member ofthe society of nations."~ABRAHAM FLEXNER. $2.50 When Democracy BuildsBy FRANK LLOYD WRIGHTAmerica's famous architect protests the absurdities of urbancentralization and the domination of its unhealthy feudal economy. He blueprints his argument for a real democracy based onthe individual home and its acre with detailed plans for Broad-acres City.To be published April, illustrated, $4.00Talking to the MoonBy JOHN JOSEPH MATHEWSAuthor of the Indian classic Wah'Kon-Tah, this twentieth-centuryThoreau writes a new Walden in a style as unique as the plantand animal life of the Osage country which inspired its writing.Describes in poetic prose the earth going through its seasonalchanges, the striving of nature and of man for harmony.To be published May, $2.50Building Lenin's RussiaBy SIMON LIBERMANMemoirs of a businessman who played a unique and excitingpart in building Soviet Russia reveal, with humor, fairness, andbrilliant economic and psychological insight, the beginnings ofmodern Russia and the need today for a balanced view of ourpowerful ally.To be published May, $3.75¦?¦UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESS * 5750 ELLIS AVENUE e CHICAGO 37The Associate Editor Visits PhiladelphiaThree years after receiving hermaster's degree at Chicago LauraGrant, AM '96, was married toOtto Folin, PhD '98, SD '16, a biological chemist on the Harvard medical staff. Mr. Folin died in 1934and in 1940 Mrs. Folin moved to Philadelphia where she has since madeher home. She has a son, Grant, whois president of the Ace Drill Company in Detroit and a daughter,Teresa, who is married to a physician. Teresa was formerly at theBobs Roberts clinic but is now apediatrician at Johns Hopkins. Mrs.Folin, who received her AB degreefrom Vassar the year Chicago wasfounded, is now 73 years of age.Jacob Billikopf, '03, left the Midway in 1904 to begin a career of social service, starting at Cincinnati —as superintendent of the Jewish Settlement; on to Milwaukee and Kansas City, and finally to Philadelphiawhere he has been director of theLabor Standards Association since1938. His social interests and responsibilities have become nationwide and in 1942 this service wasrecognized by a citation from theAlumni Association. There are twochildren: Florence, at Oberlin; andDavid, who was attending Harvardwhen he was inducted into Service.R. B. Kuiper, '07, who has hismaster's from Indiana and his BDfrom Princeton, moved to Philadelphia in 1933 to become professor oftheology at Westminster Seminary.Previous to this he had been presidentof Calvin Seminary in Grand Rapids. He has two children: Marietta,whose husband is a chaplain; andClaudius, in the Service in England.On the thirty-sixth floor of thePhiladelphia Savings Fund Societybuilding, with an unobstructed viewof the city and its Schuylkill andDelaware Rivers,is the office ofJames T. Haviland, '12, vice-president of Lum-bermans MutualCasualty Company. From theMidway Mr.Haviland crossedthe city to take his LLB from Northwestern in 1914. After practicinglaw in Chicago he moved to Philadelphia in 1919, where he has entered into the civic activities of thecity and state which include: vice-chairman and public relations committee chairman of the Committeefor Economic Development; a member of the board of governors of theSafety Council; and chairman of the Safety Committee of the Pennsylvania Motor Federation. There arethree children in the Haviland family: Marjorie, on the staff of herfather's insurance company; NancyJean; and James T., Jr.Assistant editor of the Magazinein 1915-16 (under Editor JamesWeber Linn) was William Reid, '17.That was the year Saxon (whosepresident was the late ?£)§,£?Harry W. Ford '04) Vannounced in fullpage, illustrated adds,the production of a"closed luxury carwith detachable all-season top and linoleum-covered Tuning boards." William Reid is now aresident of his home town — Philadelphia — and is in charge of productioncontrol with the Brown InstrumentCompany. His son, Tom, is a freshman at Pennsylvania State.During his residence on the Quadrangles Morton S. Howard, '19, frequently played the piano for theReynolds Club dances. His interestin music took him to Europe forstudy. Succumbing to a more practical philosophy, however, he openedhis own music and record shop indowntown Philadelphia eight yearsago, where more than seventy percent of his business is in symphonyrecordings. His musical interests outside the shop include membership onthe Metropolitan Opera board. Overin Bucks County, Howard has a fiftyacre farm feathered with some sixtythousand chickens. Morton, 10, andHarrison, 7, make the family four.With his collection of degrees fromChicago Harry V. Hume, '21, SM'22, PhD '24, went directly from theMidway to Sweetbriar College wherehe taught chemistry for three years.Since then he has been a resident ofPhiladelphia and he is now refiningsuperintendent for the Atlantic Refining Company. When we were inPhiladelphia he had just finished cutting up a huge oak tree that hadbeen blown down in a park near hishome; the score: lost, 16 pounds;gained, four cords of fireplace wood.The three children in the Hume family are: Barbara, a sophomore atCornell; Harry, in the Navy V-12program at Purdue; John, attendingEpiscopal Academy.A consistent Chicago supporter isJeannette H. Foster, AM '22, PhD'35, who went from her doctorate examination to the library of HollinsCollege in Virginia. In 1937 shejoined the staff of the School of Library Science at Drexel Institute of Technology. She keeps her Chicagocontacts by reviewing books for ourLibrary Quarterly. Before Christmasshe included in her extracurricularactivities talks before women's clubs.on "Suggestions for Christmas Buy-ing."Thousands of our fifty thousandChicago alumni doubtless remember,if they are not now using, the Uniform Lessons in their Sunday schools.The editor is our Earl F. Zeigler,AM '26, who has other editorialduties with the Board of ChristianEducation including Today, amonthly magazine. After receivinghis BD from McCormick Seminary,Mr. Zeigler accumulated years ofpractical experience in the ministrybefore taking on these responsibilities.He was a pastor for four years atRochelle, Illinois, and for seven yearsat Berea, Kentucky. He has heldhis present position for the past eightyears. His four children are makingtheir war contributions: Earl, Jr., asa captain in the Marines; James asan ensign; Mary as a surgeon in theMedical Corps; and Ruth is the wifeof a- ferry pilot captain.We dropped in at the office ofHarold S. Laden, '27, who proved tobe president of W. A. Haller Company, distillers and rectifiers. Wefell to reminiscing about Chicagowhen suddently Laden said: "By theway, my neighbor is a Chicago PhD.Our youngsters are always togetherand we have a fine time. I don't suppose you knew James A. Harrison(PhD '35) when he was in school?""Dark red hair?" we asked. "Yes.""Plays a hot clarinet?" "Well, that's anew one on me. Let'sfind out." So we calledthe doctor — who is onthe staff of bacteriology at Temple University — and sure enough it was theone and only southern gentleman(who did his undergraduate work atTrinity in San Antonio) who woreout an E-flat clarinet in the Chicagoband when your associate editor wasblowing out the kinks of a tuba inthe bass section! And the youngsterswho play together every day: Stephenand Richard Laden (10 and 4);Mary Elinor, James (Pat), andHenry Harrison (11, 9, and 3). Harrison's brother, Wendell, is dean ofthe Division of Biological Sciences atChicago.Mrs. K. E. Anderson (Ruth Her-ron, '28) was a psychiatric socialworker with the American Red Crossin Washington, D. C, from 1935 to1940. She has since been living in22THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 23Philadelphia where she is a volunteerin the War Service Office of theAmerican Association of PsychiatricSocial Workers.Donald S. Bond, '29, SM '31, is aresearch physicist with R.C.A. Hisrecent book, Radio Direction Finders,published by McGraw-Hill, is alreadyin its second edition. He also teachesradio classes in an evening school.The third member of the family isJanet, who is eight years old.Out beyond where Edward G.Budd is streamlining railroad transportation units, on the ridge overlooking the Schuylkill River, standsthe five-story Woman's Medical College.This college, ninety- .five years old, was thefirst in the world forthe medical educationof women. Even today it is the only medical school inthe United States exclusively forwomen. A member of the physiologystaff is quick - witted, personableGrace E. Wertenberger, '29, SM '32,PhD '39, one of Chicago's most loyalPhiladelphians. In addition to herenthusiasm for W.M.C., Dr. Wertenberger finds time to act as local chairman for Chicago's Alumni Founda tion. Assisting her last year on herlocal committee, were five formerChicago students completing theirmedical work: Evelyn Berkowitz, '41;Eleanor G. Carson, '40; Sophy Hess,'40, SM '41, and Mrs. Frederick W.Cottrell (Miriam Johnson, '41), whoreceived their MD's in December;and Joan Roberts, '40, a junior atW.M.C.Occupying the fourteen-story Pennsylvania Athletic Club Buildingwhich faces on Rittenhouse Square isthe Securities and Exchange Commission. In the office of the generalcounsel on the twelfth floor is Theodore L. Thau, '32, JD '34, who hasbeen with the commission since June,1941. Previous to that date he practiced law in Chicago. There is onejunior member in the Thau family:Stephen, six years of age.While her husband serves as a captain in the Signal Corps, stationed inPhiladelphia, Mrs. Ernest A. Ewers(Dorothea Fogle, '35) jams her daysand nights with activities for homeand country. For Uncle Sam shecommutes daily to New York whereshe is (you'd better sit down, this isgoing to take time) head of the TestUnit of the Personnel Research Subsection of the Personnel Research Section of the Classification Replacement Branch of the Adjutant General's Office, Army Service Forces ofthe United States (and we have afeeling we left something out!). Ofcourse this occupies only thirteen ofthe twenty-four hours so, to fill inthe gaps, she is national secretary-treasurer of Psi Chi (psychologyhonor society) and edits its newsletter. The night we phoned her, Dorothea had just finished cleaning houseand was up to her elbows in the family washing.Robert T. Whittenberger, '36, whoreceived his AM from Northwesternin 1938 and his PhD from the University of Pennsylvania in 1943, is inthe Eastern Regional Research Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. Emily Jean, 4, makes thefamily a threesome.Lillias W. Lober, '40, is field director for a Red Cross unit. SinceJuly, 1943, she has been stationed atthe Valley Forge General Hospital.Philadelphia is her home town.Helene Sensenich, AM '41, who didher undergraduate work at Vassar, isa supervisor in the PennsylvaniaSchool of Social Work. A part of herspare time is taken up with a SpanishUniversity of Chicago PeopleAre ReadingFictionO THE TROUBLED MIDNIGHT by JohnGunther $2.50A serious theme of today played against anexotic background.? TRAGIC GROUND by Erskine Caldwell $2.50Anger and pity are combined to make a novelrich and human.? THE WINDS OF FEAR by HoddingCarter $2.50Here are drama, humor, poetry, and understanding with hope.D TIME MUST HAVE A STOP byAldous Huxley $2.75A novel of today, comic in tone, but seriousin implication. 2.50Non-Fiction? A PREFACE TO LOGIC by Morris R.Cohen iAn enjoyable and stimulating work by a penetrating and humorous mind.? THE ECONOMIC ORDER AND RE-LIGION by Frank Knight andThornton Merriam $3.00Deals with the practical dualism of our modern morals.D THE TIME FOR DECISION bySumner Welles $3.00A great statesman recreates the internationalcrisis for us.U CHINA TO ME by Emily Hahn $3.00The autobiography of a newspaper woman inChina from 193543.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO BOOKSTORE, 5802 Ellis Avenue, Chicago 37, IllinoisPlease send the books checked above.NameStreet AddressCity Zone State ? Check here if remittance is enclosed. We pay postage if cash accompanies order.24 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINENEWS OF THE CLASSES* IN THE SERVICE ?Red Cross Field Director HaroldJ. Fishbein, '18, has, in line of duty,been to New Zealand, Australia, NewCaledonia, the Solomons, and nowis somewhere in the Marianas. Hehas been to Oahu where he met aclassmate, Dr. Wah Kai Chang, '16,MD Rush '20, "who is one of theleading obstetricians in Honolulu anda credit to the University." Fishbeinreports: "Dr. Chang's old teammateswould have difficulty in recognizing aformer pitcher and center fielder. Ihave visited in private homes in allthose places and find that the smalltalk and large talk are the same as athome, the only difference is in thetype and quantity of food consumedand the dining hours. The samebridge table is dragged out. It is notonly one world — if the Hollywoodinfluence keeps up, it will be the sameworld. And the air stations along theroute of the ATC are beginning tobe like the bus and railroad stationsat home— even to the guys who waitfor the planes to come in. If anyof the alumni are worried about theirboys at APO 244, or about theirclassmates, drop me a line.""Am somewhere in Holland, impressed by the spirit, the native intelligence, and adaptability of ourG.I.'s in the front lines," writes Capt.Milton Steinberg, '22, MD Rush '25."Like them, I'm doing a job untilwe can all get back home, with victory won and peace to be won!"Col. Marion Barker, MD Rush '25,is on a most interesting assignmentof clinical investigation in Italy.After taking part in the invasionof southern France near St. Tropez,Capt. George A. Kappus, JD '29,has returned to the U.S. on rotation.Following a welcome leave at homehe is assigned to the technical training branch at Indiantown Gap, Pennsylvania, assisting in instruction oftrainees for stevedore work.Col. Holland Williamson, MD Rush'29, spent his third war Christmas inNew Guinea under a blistering sun.He is commanding officer of a general hospital.Capt. Charles A. Warner, '29, hasmoved from England to France,where he is "enjoying" mud and coldweather, together with a limitedquantity of "vin rouge."Following two years of duty in thiscountry at various post camps, Capt.Robert A. Snow, LLB '31, is embarked on a course of study with the CATS at Stanford University. Fromthe fact that he is studying Japanesewe can guess his ultimate destination.Permanently located in one of theMarianas, Lt. Wilton S. Clements,'31, AM '36, is recreation officer forthe newest and largest base in thoseislands. He writes: "Every man outhere hopes all the folks at home1 willhelp end this war. There is no gloryin it. We see the mud, blood, dirt,sweat, and many wonder if it is worthwhile. I still must be convinced whenI read of strikes, black markets, andsuch things back States-side. Weatheris always like summer here. Twotemperatures — hot and hotter. Wouldenjoy strolling down the Midway andseeing some snow. If any Chicagomen come this way they must stopin for something cool. Have metmany from Great Lakes, where I wasfor the first eighteen months of duty."Capt. George Perkins, '32, MD '37,has been too busy treating combat exhaustion among G.I.'s in Paris to seemuch of that city.Ensign Florence Sheils, '33, was detached from the Naval TrainingSchool at Cedar Falls, Iowa, last November and reported to the NavyYard in Washington. She is workingin the personnel office of the NavalOrdnance Laboratory.Lt. (j.g.) Ken Mulligan, '34, AM'37, is officer-in-charge of the Division of Shore Establishments andCivilian Personnel, Position Classification Field Office, at Newport,Rhode Island. He says he's lucky tohave been assigned to work which iswhat he was doing in civilian life forseveral years. The Mulligans havetwo little girls — Kathryn Lane, 3,and Martha Louise, 1, and they areU. of C. babies, as his wife, LouiseLane, attended the U. a couple ofyears in 1932-33.Sgt. Damon C. Fuller, '35, afterserving 31 months at an air basein Assam, India, spent his furloughin January at the home of his parents, Prof. George D. Fuller, SM '12,PhD '13, and Mrs. Fuller, of the University's botany department. Earlyin February Damon returned to hisduties as a supply sergeant.Major James Majarakis, '37, MD'40, sends a "cheerio" from Holland'sdoor to Germany. As chief of hisgeneral surgical team the major goesto field and evacuation hospitalswhere special surgery is needed."Seeing France from the outside,"reports Lt. (j.g.) Charles S. Wilson, Jr.,> '37. Being at sea 95 per cent ofthe time doesn't give him muchchance to see many former class-matesS/Sgt. Richard Seip, '35, JD '37,is with an engineering squadron inthe Pacific.After five pleasant months in London, T/5 Edyth Hollender, '37, wentto France with the first group ofWAC in that country (forty-nine ofthem). Tenting and other field conditions hardly measured up to the olddorm days at U. of C, she writes, butit was quite an experience. However,she has no objection to their luck inspending the past several months ina comfortable hotel in Paris.M/Sgt. Israel Rosenfield, '38, hasbeen in France several months with arailway operating battalion. Theirjob is to operate and maintain a railroad division — getting supplies to theArmy regardless of conditions and circumstances. They are rather proudof their outfit, he writes. The sergeant adds that being abroad forceson him a review of some of the Ian-WILLIAMS, BARKER &SEVERN CO.AUCTIONEERSAuctioneers and AppraisersPublic auctions on owner's premises or at oursalesroomsAccept on consignment the better quality offurniture, works of art, books, rugs, bnc-a-brac, etc.We sell on commission or buy outrightOur specialty liquidating estates, libraries, etc.229 S. Wabash Ave. Phone Harrison 3777FINE BONE CHINAAynsley, Royal Crown Derby, Spodeand Other Famous Makes inDistinctive DinnerwareExcellent Hand Decorated ServicePlates from $3.00 each.Hand cut and Cold encrusted TableCrystal and Accessories.Unusual Gifts from Near and Far.Dingo, Inc.Distinctive Tableware70 E. Jackson Blvd. Chicago, 111.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEguages he took "for reading knowledge only."Lt. Russell M. Baird, '38, is backin this country getting some specialized training after nineteen monthsout. He had command of a subchaser in the Southwest Pacific.Capt. Peter Beal, '38, MD '42, is inthe Philippines with a medical laboratory as bacteriologist. He writesthat it is really a parasitologist's paradise and a dermatologist's too. Hegets the chance to see quite a fewtropical skin diseases and the common-mine run of skin to keep hishand in dermatology, even thoughhe's slated to be a bacteriologist forthe duration.Lt. Comdr. Horace D. Warden,MD Rush '38, has been transferredoverseas, following a very pleasanttour of duty as officer-in-charge ofthe Hospital Corps School at Farra-gut, Idaho.Benjamin Draper, '39, went to Hawaii after the war began and servedas economist to the Military Government. When so-called "restoration"to civil rule went into effect, he became chief economist to the Office ofPrice Administration. In July, 1944,1 The feuding-famous Haffiefds andt McCoys buried the hatchet longf enough to team up and win a recenttennis tournament at the Big SpringBombardier School in Texas. Capt.- Rolland Hatfield, '35, AM '35, runner-i up in the singles and winner with Lt.McCoy in the doubles, receives his' trophies. Mrs. Hatfield was Myrtle- Lohner, '35, AM '36.he returned to the States after twohearty years in the "Paradise of thePacific" and became economist to theoverseas branch of the Office of WarInformation in San Francisco. Hejoined the Coast Guard Reserve andis taking increasing satisfaction therefrom, after having spent seven hoursin the Army (no uniforms or no thin'!). In spite of blackout and curfew in Hawaii, Chicago men couldand did get together under the palmtrees to toast the Alma Mater andother days from coconut shells. InSan Francisco, Sl/c Draper (withthe Volunteer Port Security Force ofthe Coast Guard) he writes that Chicagoans are finding from time to timethe Top of the Mark an adequatesubstitute for Hanleys.The Navy finally got Lt. (j.g.)Martin Bronfenbrenner, PhD '39,overseas, but only to Hawaii. He isstill strictly a desk officer thoughcloser to sea then he was at any pre vious station. His naval and civilianoccupations are miles apart but he isgetting a break by being permitted toteach an economics course at the University of Hawaii.Sgt. Ralph H. Goldner, '40, AM'41, arrived in France last July in timeto see some of the fireworks. Sincethen he has traveled through thecountry doing communications work.Many personal comforts are providednow by his knowledge of French,which he studied for six months inASTP at Michigan State College.In Ireland, Scotland, and Englandduring the summer of 1942, Capt.Paul B. Newman, '40, went on toOran at the beginning of the NorthAfrican campaign. He traveled allthrough North Africa with a heavybomb group, then went to Italy in1943, and Corsica in 1944, to help inphoto reconnaissance for the invasionof southern France. He returnedhome in November and is in weatherforecasting work at Patterson Field,Dayton, Ohio."The road to Berlin is cold, wet,and muddy, but we're giving outmuch more than we are taking, andthe Jerries don't seem to like it a bit,"reports Capt. Clinton B. Basler, '40.DEWEY & WHALEN INC.Plain & OrnamentalPLASTERINGAuthorized All-Bond Contractors4035 PhoneLawrence Ave. Pensacola 8040Since 1878HANNIBAL, INC.UpholstersFurniture Repairing1919 N. Sheffield AvenuePhone: Lincoln 7180A. J. F. Lowe & Son1217 East 55th StreetPlumbing — Refrigeration — RadioSales and ServiceDay Phones Mid. 0782-0783Night Phones Mid. 9295-Oalcland I 131Stimway*Chicago's OutstandingDRUG STORES26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEBLACKSTONEHALLAnExclusive Women's Hotelin theUniversity of Chicago DistrictOffering, Graceful Living to University and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748Blackstone Ave. TelephonePlaza 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorCapt. Russell J. Parsons, '40, JD'42, after two years of teaching schoolat Quantico, is spending his time withthe Marines on one of the numerousislands in the Central Pacific.As base chemical officer on one ofthe atolls in the mid-Pacific, Lt.Joseph R. Schwartz, '40, finds lifevery pleasant — barracks, showers,roads, no bugs, swimming, good fishing in the lagoon, and people verypleasant. The lieutenant has neverseen Davey, his young son, born lastOctober 17.Capt. John N. Shephard, JD '41,is presently stationed at the San Francisco Port of Embarkation in theIntelligence Division.Lt. Harold Tucker, AM '41, recentlylost a fine job at one of the few pleasant locations in New Guinea throughconsolidation of his former organization with another organization, toform a large general hospital. Hewrites he has been left pretty far behind the war in his present location.Pvt. Fielding Ogburn, '41, son ofProf. William F. Ogburn, is somewhere in Italy as an Infantry manafter seventeen weeks of basic atCamp Croft, South Carolina.Sgt. Gordon W. Ray, '41, withPatton's Army, has been awarded theBronze Star for meritorious serviceas leader of his unit.Lt. (j.g.) Charles Stoughton, AM'42, is at the Armed Guard School atCamp Shelton, Norfolk, Virginia.Lt. Vernon W. Stone, MBA '42,has been assigned to a QM unit aspersonnel officer, in addition to associative duties as orientation, information, and education officer, at CampPlauche, New Orleans. In Decemberhe visited Mr. Zoubek's Gregg reporting course, given at Hunter College in New York, and was amazedand pleasantly surprised to find hewas able to take jury charges at 210words per minute.Lt. Dominic Panarese, '42, recently A. T. STEWART LUMBER COMPANYEVERYTHING inLUMBER AND MILLWORK7855 Greenwood Ave. Vin 9000410 West I llth St. Pul 0034T. A. REHNQUIST CO. CONCRETEFLOORSSIDEWALKSMACHINE FOUNDATIONSEMERGENCY WORKALL PHONESbt.iw Wentworth 44226639 So. Vernon Av«.MEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall New Books Received as soon as published. Come in and browse.SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Congress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical CollegeThe Best Place to Eat on the South SidifAZfrvtm,COLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 Woodlawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324BEST BOILER REPAIR & WELDING CO.24-HOUR SERVICELICENSED - BONDEDINSUREDQUALIFIED WELDERSHAYmarket 79171404-08 S. Western Ave., ChicagoTimothy A. BarrettPLASTERERRepairing A Specialty5549 S. Cottage Grove Ave.Phone Hyde Park 0653MacCormac School ofCommerceBusiness Administration and Secretarial TrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Association ofAccredited Commercial Schools1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130 Albert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all kinds of teachingpositions. I^arge and alert College andState Teachers' College departments forDoctors and Masters; forty per cent of ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenumbers; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Administration, Music, and Art, secure finepositiens through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well prepared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special manager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.enjoyed a wonderful ten-day delay enroute in change of station from NewOrleans to Indiantown Gap, Penna.Ten months in England and a tripthrough France via Paris behind him,M/Sgt. Seymour Schriar, '42, is inBelgium with an outfit that haulssupplies for the Air Forces.Sgt. Morton Postelnek, '42, finallygot that third stripe last Decemberand along with it goes a new address.Alaska proper, with its trees, is prettynice after so many months in theAleutians."It's a big leap from Missouri tothe Marianas," writes Sgt. LloydHogan, '44. He expresses anxiety toget back to the University.Lt. George DeLaitsch, '44, has beenstationed in Corsica for the past sixmonths as a weather forecaster in theArmy Air Corps. His work is bothinteresting and important, he writes.Although work is foremost on theschedule, he's visited numerous placesin that theater, including Rome andMarseilles. He has met numerousU. of C.'ers, and, what doesn't happen to everyone, he and his ownbrother have been together ever sincethey left the States.CWO John M. House, '43, is witha medical training battalion stationedat Fort Lewis, Washington.Capt. Norman Klivans, meteorology graduate of '43, tells us there isa large number of former U. of C.Army instructors in meteorology nowin the forward area of the Pacific warzone— all doing a swell job.Ensign Helena L. Emerson, 43,finds her work in the neuro-psychi-atric section at the Naval Hospitalin Memphis extremely interesting.Her specific job is giving intelligence tests to men who have beenreturned to the United States aftersevere combat experiences or to menwho have had difficulties in adjustingto the service. "One learns a different point of view of life and gets aninside picture of the problems facedTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 27by many of our returning men,"Ensign Emerson says.Cpl. Frederic Berezin, '42, is inBelgium as a combat engineer.After school, school, and moreschool, Ensign Maryce Klaff, '44, isfinally out on the job in the districtcommunications office in San Francisco. She is living in her own apartment and finds life so "civilianish"that she is planning on enrolling forcourses at the University of California.THE CLASSES1896The many devoted friends of Joseph E. Raycroft, MD Rush '99, willbe delighted to know that at last heis taking a rest, but will be disturbedat the manner in which a period ofrelaxation has been forced upon him.Shortly after his 77th birthday theend of November, Dr. Raycroft wassuddenly stricken by illness. He wasin Trenton at the time, near medicalfacilities, so that he had immediateattention, and has been staying in aTrenton hospital since, recuperatingand undergoing a series of check-upexaminations. Dr. Raycroft retiredas director of Princeton's health andphysical education department in1936, but instead of tapering off hisactivities, he plunged with greatervigor than ever into his duties aspresident of the board of managers ofthe New Jersey State Hospital and asmedical consultant to the New Jerseydepartment of institutions and agencies — not to mention continuing hisdivers other interests. And since theburning of the gymnasium at Princeton last May, he has also been rebuilding his rare library of sports. Nowhis physicians are advocating longerperiods of leisure after he fully recovers from his present illness. A notefrom Mrs. Raycroft (Betty Butler,'98) asks us to extend Dr. Raycroft'sgreetings to all his old U. of C.friends, especially his 1896 classmates.Serving the Medical ProfessionSince 1895V. MUELLER & CO.SURGEONS' INSTRUMENTSHOSPITAL AND OFFICEFURNITUREORTHOPEDICAPPLIANCES•Phone Seeley 2180, all departmentsOgden Ave., Van Buren andHonore StreetsChicago 12 POST-WAROPPORTUNITIESFORTECHNICALLY TRAINEDGRADUATESIf you are a technically-trainedgraduate of the class of 1941, 1942,1943 or 1944 ... if you enteredmilitary service without previousindustrial connections . . . TheProcter & Gamble Co. has a message of interest for you.For many years, college men havemade careers for themselves withthis Company in the departmentsof Production Management, Chemical Research and Development,Plant Maintenance, and Mechanical Design and Development.As America's largest manufacturersand processors of soaps, glycerineproducts, and vegetable fats andoils, this Company operates 29factory and mill units in the UnitedStates and Canada. Each workingday these plants produce one million dollars worth of soap, shortening and oil.During the past 15 years an average of one factory each year — athome and abroad — has been added.Post-war plans are to continue thisgrowth and to expand Companyoperations into new factories withnew products and far-reachingtechnical developments.Procter & Gamble has been builtby men coming up through thebusiness. Factory Superintendentsgenerally are young men. The Company believes in developing itsmain group of executives insteadof hiring them from the outside.We do not wish to distract yourattention from your present veryimportant assignment. But whenyou are ready to return to civilianlife, we should like the opportunityto discuss with you the industrialopportunities this Company has tooffer.PROCTER & GAMBLEINDUSTRIAL RELATIONS DIVISIONCINCINNATI 17, OHIO 1902Sheldon F. Ball is principal of theOregon State Training School, nearPortland.1904Dr. Fred O. Tonney is an industrialphysician with the Frigidaire divisionof General Motors in Dayton, Ohio.1906During the illness of Judge AlanM. Prewitt of the Supreme Court ofthe State of Tennessee, Daniel ClaryWebb of Knoxville was appointed aspecial judge to sit during Judge Pre-witt's absence. As a result, Danheld forth in Nashville during threemonths of the autumn.Harry J. Corper, PhD '11, MD '11,research director of the National Jewish Hospital at Denver, was in Chicago in December, where he discussedwith local labor leaders the skin testand other late developments in tuberculosis detection and control. Dr.Corper, it will be remembered, wonan Alumni Citation in 1944.1907John Fryer Moulds and Mrs.Moulds are spending the winter inCalifornia. After several weeks inSan Diego, where they were guestsof honor at a dinner of local Chicagoalumni, they have gone to Claremontfor the month of February, living inClark Hall at Pomona College. Marchwill find them in Sacramento as guestsof John Jr. and his family.1909Mrs. E. S. Handy (WillowdeanChatterson) was one of three regentsof the University of Hawaii delegatedto greet and escort Admiral Nimitzwhen the Admiral was granted anhonorary degree of Doctor of Sciencelast summer. Mrs. Handy says thather own connection with the war, aresearch job, brings her in contactwith the Intelligence Service but notoften with combatants.Lee J. Levinger, leaving San LuisTREMONTAUTO SALES CORP.Authorized DealerCHRYSLER and PLYMOUTH6040 Cottage GroveMid. 4200Used Car DepartmentComplete Automobile RepairsBody Shop — Paint ShopSimonizing — WashingGreasing28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEHELPING THE CRIPPLEDCHICAGO alumni interested inthe work of the Illinois Association for the Crippled includeMrs. Ben Badenoch (Nena Wilson, '12); Thecla Doniat, '12,founder and director of the Association and 1944 Alumni Citation-ist; Edward L. Compere, SM '24,MD '27; and Howard L. Willett,'06. The Association sponsors a saleof gayly colored Easter seals eachyear, which helps to make possiblethe continuation of a program tohelp the crippled help themselves.The Association, with headquar ters in Chicago, helps to financespecial schoolrooms, provides constructive em-ploymen tservices, andmaintains amedical social workerto do carefulplace-ment workfor handicapped individuals.Obispo, California, has gone to NewYork City where he is associated withthe National Jewish Welfare Boardof the USO.1911Ned Earle continues with Fry,Lawson and Company in Chicago,management consultants. He hascharge of one of the services to itsclients — executive personnel recruitment. It may be a commercial plug,but he says members of his firm arereally specialists in assisting management on any business problems, having an unbiased and objective approach to them.1912Lt. (j.g.) B. E. Teichgraeber, son ofRichard F. Teichgraeber, commandsa "mother" ship of eight PT boatsin the Pacific. He took part in thelandings in North Africa and Sicily,and the Navy has cited him for "exceptional ability, determination, andoutstanding devotion to duty." Thelieutenant entered the service in 1941and previously was employed in thecommodity department of Thomsonand McKinnon of New York, hisdad's firm.1913Roger D. Long has been transferred from the Chicago office to theNew York office of the McCall Corporation.1915The warring competition for players between the National League andthe new leagues (American and others) will end in a big money free-for-all, prophesies Stan Baumgartner inan article, "Revolt on the Pro Gridiron," which appeared in the December issue of Esquire. However, noleague which challenges the Nationalcan hope to succeed without a bitterstruggle. There is room for anotherleague, possibly two more, but theolder circuit is not going to yieldwithout a battle, predicts Baumgartner.BEN SOHN & SONSManufacturers ofMATTRESSES ANDSTUDIO COUCHES1452 TelephoneW. Roosevelt Rd. Haymarket 3523MURPHY BUTTER and EGG CO.WHOLESALE2016 CALUMET AVE.CHURNERS OF FANCY CREAMERY BUTTERFINEST WISCONSIN EGGSPhone CALumet 5731 1917John Clark Thompson, MD Rush'18, and Mrs. Thompson announcethe marriage of their daughter, Phyllis Ann, to Lt. David HoughtonThompson of the Army's TransportCorps, on December 25, 1944, at Lincoln, Nebraska. The newlyweds areat home at 18 Bull Street, Charleston,South Carolina.1919Esther S. Nelson, MD Rush '22,is practicing in South Pasadena, Cali-piacfcaitotte Becoratmgg>erbicePhone Pullman 917010422 3&i)oties sabc, Chicago, 3U.BIENENFELDGLASS CORP. OF ILLINOISChicago's Most Complete Stock ofGLASS1525 PhoneW. 35th St. Lafayette 8400Alice Banner Englewood 3181COLORED HELPFACTORY HELPSTORESSHOPSMILLS FOUNDRIESEnglewood Emp. Agcy., 5534 S. State St.Ajax Waste Paper Co.2600-2634 W. Taylor St.Buyers of Any QuantityWaste PaperScrap Metal and IronFor Prompt Service CallMr. B. Shedroff, Van Buren 0230 fornia, and has her residence in SanMarino. She recently entertainedMildred McKie Keithahn, MD '32,who has returned from India whereshe and her husband, Ralph R.Keithahn, '23, have been medical missionaries for the last ten years working with Gandhi. The Keithahns'three children returned with themand the family is living in Fairmount,Minnesota."Log Cabin Lawyer" is the title ofan article about Norris C. Bakke,LLB, which appeared in a recentissue of the Christian Herald. JudgeBakke, an outstanding Christian layman, is a justice of the Colorado Supreme Court, heads up the SalvationArmy in Denver, and is president ofthat city's Council of Religious Education. The justice has been a leading speaker at many national religiousassemblies, but doesn't limit his testimony to such meetings. He may bededicating a new school building oraddressing a labor union convention,yet whenever and wherever he givesan address, Judge Bakke proclaimshis Christian faith and believes thatChristian citizenship requires an interest and active participation incommunity activities.Ashjian Bros., inc.ESTABLISHED 1021Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone Regent 6000ACMESHEET METAL WORKSANIMAL CAGESandLaboratory Equipment1121 East 55th StreetPhone Hyde Park 9500THE U N I VBIRCK-FELLINGER CORP.ExclusiveCleaners & Dyers200 E. Marquette RoadPhone: Went. 5380TINY TOTSTERILIZEDDIAPER SERVICEtwTsi PLAza84641920Margaret M. Brayton holds theposition of curator of the Children'sMuseum in Detroit, sponsored by theDivision of Instruction of the publicschools.1921Friends will be sorry to learn of thedeath of Mrs. A. F. Kuhlman, wifeof A. F. Kuhlman, AM, PhD '29,former associate director of the Libraries at the University. Mrs.Kuhlman died at Vanderbilt University Hospital after an extended illness on November 17, 1944. TheKuhlmans moved to Nashville in1936, where Mr. Kuhlman took upthe directorship of the Joint University • Libraries of Peabody College,Scarritt College, and Vanderbilt University. Mrs. Kuhlman had taken anactive part in local civic, social andreligious organizations of Nashville.She was born in Missouri and heldan AB and AM from the Universityof Missouri. Besides her husband sheis survived by two daughters — ClaraAnn and Clementia.Rev. W. Herbert Grant has been installed as minister of Christian education at the First Baptist Church inSeattle. Grant attended ColgateRochester Theological Seminary, wasan instructor in Romance languagesat the University of Michigan, director of Christian education at the FirstBaptist Church in Lansing, Michigan, associate minister of WoodwardAvenue Baptist Church of Detroit,director of Christian education at theFirst Baptist Church in Columbia,Missouri, and minister of Christianeducation at the First Baptist Churchin Los Angeles.1922Mattie M. Dykes, AM, is stillteaching English at the NorthwestMissouri State Teachers College inMaryville. As part of her work shehas been teaching men of the Navy RSITY OF CHICAGOAlbert K. Epstein, '12B. R. Harris, '21Epstein, Reynolds and HarrisConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-6Phones Oakland 0690—0691—0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKS•Galvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights, Gutters, Down SpoutsTile, Slate and Asbestos Roofing1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893BOYDSTON BROS.All phones OAK. 0WoperatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics, etc.CADILLAC EQUIPMENT EXCLUSIVELYV-12 program. Besides, she is faculty editor of the college newspaperwith a student editor and a smallstaff of students. They are puttingout the paper as a wartime miniature,and sending it to all former studentswho are in service. From the lettersreceived from those who get the paper she feels that she has some partin keeping up the morale of ourservice folk.Earle C. Fuller, soon after beinggraduated from the U., joined thetraffic department of the WesternElectric Company in Chicago. Aftera few years he was sent to New Jersey as the traffic agent of the company at the Kearny plant, where hespent some fifteen years. Now he hasbeen transferred to the branch of theWestern Electric at Emeryville, California. He and Mrs. Fuller (AndraForeman, '21) and the two children,Donald, 15, and Lois, 12, are makingtheir home at 45 Alvarado Road, Berkeley.1923Chester F. Lay, AM, PhD '31, onJanuary 1 became president of theSouthern Illinois Normal Universityat Carbondale. He had been professor of management and accounting A G A Z I N E 29La Touraine Coffee Co.IMPORTERS AND ROASTERS OFLA TOURAINECOFFEE AND TEA209-13 MILWAUKEE AVE., CHICAGOat Lake and Canal Sts.Phone State 1350Boston — New York — Philadelphia — SyracuseENGLEWOODELECTRICAL SUPPLY CO.Distributors, Manufacturers and Jobbers ofELECTRICAL MATERIALS ANDFIXTURE SUPPLIES5801 EnglewoodS. Halsted Street 7500in the School of Business Administration at the University of Texas andwas on the faculty there for fifteenyears. Mr. Lay is a native of southern Illinois, attended South IllinoisNormal, and received his AB fromIllinois State Normal. He has taughtat the U. of C. and spent a year atRobert College in Constantinople, ashead of the commerce department.Mr. Lay regards his new position asone offering "a great challenge anda great opportunity," since southernIllinois is launching an expansion program.1924Carl J. Rees, AM, of Newark,Delaware, is in China with the AirForces as a civilian consultant.1925Benjamin E. Mays, AM, PhD '35,dean of the School of Religion atHoward University from 1934 to1940, was elected vice-president ofthe Federal Council of Churches ofChrist in America at the biennialmeeting held in Pittsburgh. Mr.Mays left Howard University to become president of Morehouse Collegein Atlanta, Georgia. He is the author of The Negro's Church and TheNegro's God. Mrs. Mays is the former Sadie Gray, '24, AM '31.Irene M. Eastman, SM, is teachingat the Northland College in Ashland,Wisconsin.Leo S. Shapiro has left Chicago,where he was working with SearsRoebuck, to take up new work inLos Angeles. He is living in BeverlyHills.1926Mary Addams Hulbert is carryingon social welfare work in Oakland,California. She is living at the Women's Faculty Club in Berkeley.Appointment of Lincoln J. Kar-men as director of administration ofthe manufacturing division of theCrosley Corporation of Cincinnati30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPOND LETTER SERVICEEverything m LeMersMuMgraptilno AddressingAdAressosrapft &w&©© mumMigj&aestQuamySorvfeQ Minimum PricesAll Phones 4S8 So. Market St.Harris©!!! 8 BBS ChicagoCLARKE-McELROY614© Coffage Grove AveniaeMidway 3935"Good Priming of AM Description/9SUPER-COLD CORPORATIONMANDFACTORERS OF ISIIE1011EFRIGERJ4T10H1211 South Michigan Mw©mu@©mica©® mD BBJLBNQBShas been announced. During thepast nineteen years Karmen hasserved in various phases of industry.Before his appointment with Crosleyhe was for three and a half yearswith Booz, Allen and Hamilton, management engineers of Chicago andNew York, where he made surveys ofmany types of industrial companiesinvolving all phases of operations.Prior to that he was associated withMontgomery Ward for thirteen years,spending several years in each phaseof the company's operation in various branches as well as in Chicago.Karmen has also written and directedadvertising skits over radio stations.S927Mrs. Elof H. Anderson (IsabelCarlson) has left Chicago for Cucuta,Norte de Santander, Colombia, SouthAmerica.Robert Highfill, PhD, has been avisiting professor at the Murray StateTeachers College, Kentucky.1928For the current year Waiter S.Ryder, PhD, is president of theMichigan Education Association ofthe Central Michigan College of Education. The association's chief concern at the moment is the revampingof the Michigan teachers' retirementfund. Ryder is associate professor ofeconomics and political science at theCollege in Mount Pleasant.John B. Cade, AM, is dean ofSouthern University in Scotlandville,Louisiana.1929Mrs. William H. Rapp (Elizabeth HARRY EENI6ENBURG, JrQSTAMDAMBComplete Service10436 TelephoneSo Wabash Av®. Pullman 8500Phones Saginaw 32 §2FRANK CUSfitANK@®f Ing & insulationLeak® RepairedFree EstimatesFD3AMK OTRRAN R©©FHN1G (D@DS®19 S@ouM@ttt St0JOSEPH K BIGGSFine Catering In all Its branches50 East -Huron StreetTelo Sup, 0900—090!Retail Deliveries Daily and SundaysQuality and Service Since 1882Steiner) and her husband havemoved to Geelong, Victoria, Australia, where Mr. Rapp has beentransferred by the International Harvester Co.Martha Mae Hunter, SM, has leftKilldeer, North Dakota, to take aposition as psychiatric social workerat the Veterans Hospital in Cheyenne, Wyoming.John E. Cole, PhD, and Mrs. Cole(Constance Smith, SM '22 ) are atRichland, Washington, where he isa chemist for the government.1930Beginning in the spring quarterWilliam H. Cowley, PhB9 will be professor of education at Stanford University. Cowley has been presidentof Hamilton College in New Yorksince 1938 and has also served at theU. of C. and Ohio State University.He is an authority on vocationalplacement and guidance.David N. Howell has been promoted to associate area executive forthe Southern Area Council of the National Council of the YMCA, withheadquarters at Atlanta, Georgia.1931Gus B. Ulvin, SM, PhD '34, hasjust accepted a position as bacteriologist with the Foremost Dairies inJacksonville, Florida.1932Theodore L. Harris, AM '38, PhD'41, is associate professor of educationand director of the reading clinic atthe University of Oklahoma in Norman. 1933Velrna B„ Whipple has this to report about herself. She spent thetime from October, 1943, to July,1944, at the University of New Mex-ica in Albuquerque and in Octoberof 1944 received an MS in biologyand anthropology at U.N.M. LastSeptember she resigned from the Chicago public schools to rejoin the staffof the Chicago Natural History Museum (formerly Field Museum) asguide-lecturer in the education department. She is living at ParkRidge.Mrs. Edwin L. Ramsey, Jr. (SaraGwin) has been living in East Orange,New Jersey, for the past year. Herhusband, a major in the Army, hasbeen stationed at Port Newark. Shereports she is busy doing Red Crosspublicity. S934James Nobel has become regionaldirector of the Cleveland office of theNational Conference of Christiansand Jews.Walter R„ Goetsch, AM, has beendirecting and managing the veterans'special instruction program at theState University of Iowa in IowaCity.1935Hermann C. Bowersox, AM '36,PhD '43, is teaching at the Browneand Nichols School in Cambridge,Massachusetts.William Meredith Hugill, PhD,and Mrs. Hugill (Lyla Guest, AM'25) are living in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Mrs. Hugill recently wroteAMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGOA Bureau of Placement which limits liswcci to the university and college ieSd.It is affliated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allIhe educational fields. Both organisationsassist in the appointment of administratorsqs well as of teachers.- •:::;• ii:/:^:::i:ii"'"":::iiii::i:;ti; ; ;-; :r:;:;:;:r, ~RICHARD H, WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING133S TelephoneW. Jackson Blvd. Monroe 3192PEMDERCatch Basin and Sewer ServiceBack Water Valves, Sumps-Pumps662© COTTAGE GRO¥E AVENUE1545 E. 63RD STREETFAIRFAX 0330-0550-0880PE1DER CATCH BASli SEW ICE1545 EAST 63RD STREETTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 31that they had been hoarding copiesof the Magazine since 1925, but hadfinally yielded to the demand forscrap paper and sacrificed theirhoard. However, they have alsoyielded to sentiment to the extent ofclipping pictures of buildings, professors, and a few articles for an amazingly interesting scrapbook they arekeeping, which is almost a history ofthe University in pictures.1936Robert H. Webber is an accountantwith the RCA, Victor division, inCamden, New jersey. He and Mrs.Webber (Jeanne Benning, '37) maketheir home at 6400 North Park Avenue, Philadelphia.1937Mrs. John E. Mancill (ClarissaPaltzer) married a southerner andconsequently is living in Mobile, Alabama. She has two children — JohnElliott, Jr., 3 and Charles Walter, 6months, named for his maternalgrandfather, the late Charles W.Paltzer, '05, JD '09.1938Fritz Frauchiger, PhD, has movedfrom Alexandria, Virginia, to Norman, Oklahoma, where he is associated with the University of Oklahoma.Thaddeus Murroughs, SM '40, nowa full registered optometrist, has established himself in private practicein South Bend, Indiana.1939Blanche H. Breed, AM, was appointed elementary supervisor in thePeoria public schools last September.GEO. D. MILLIGANCOMPANYPAINTING CONTRACTORS2101-9 South Kedzie AvenuePhone: Rockwall 8060TELEPHONE HAYMARKET 4566O'CALLABHAN BROS., Inc.PLUMBING CONTRACTORS21 SOUTH GREEN ST.TEACHERSREGISTRY&EXCHANGE32 W. Randolph Street, Chicago ISuite 1508-10 Randolph 0739Administrators — Teacher* la oM Held.nUmber of N.A.T.A. SECRETARIALCourse leads quickly to executive rank andhigh pay — in business or government service.Choice of Gregg, or "Stenotypy" — machineshorthand.Visit, write or phone for details.Bryant^ StrattonC O LX)E G E18 S. Michigan Ave. Tel. Randolph 1575 CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency63rd YoarNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One Fee64 E. Jackson Blvd.. ChicagoMinneapolis- — Kansas City, Me.Spokane — New YorkAMERICANPHOTO ENGRAVING CO.Photo EngraversArtists — ElectrotypersMakers of Printing Plates429 TelephoneS. Ashland Blvd. Monroe 7515 r GEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finishing3123 PhoneLake Street Kedzie 3186HUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY25 E. JACKSON BLVD., Chicago, IllinoisTelephone Harrison T7MMember National Associationot Teachers AgenciesBmr.Hy reweeiiel e> on. of tho iMrfini TeutonAtenlat et tto Unite! states. Telephone Haymarket 3120E. A. AARON & BROS. Inc.Fresh Fruits and VegetablesDistributors ofCEDERGREEN FROZEN FRESH FRUITS ANDVEGETABLES46-48 South Water MarketTHREE LUCKHARDT ALUMNIWHEN Hilmar Luckhardt, '35,AM '36, arrived on the Quadrangles from University High hehad his silver flute under his armand never relinquished the firstchair in the University band andthe University Orchestra during hisresidence on the Midway. He wasone of the first majors in music inthe days when that departmentwas being developed by CarlBricken. After Mr. Bricken movedto Madison to head the music department of the University ofWisconsin he sent for Hilmar toteach theory and composition. Hilmar has remained at Madison butCarl Bricken moved on to Seattleto direct the city's symphony orchestra.At a recent concert of the Seattle symphony the second numberwas "Variations and Finale forOrchestra on the Polish Folk Song'Na polu wirzba' " by HilmarLuckhardt — the first performanceoff the Wisconsin campus. Seattlemusic critics were enthusiastic:The Post-Intelligence: "Picturefulmusic . . . comfortable to listen to. . . exquisitely poised style. . . .The audience accorded the conductor and orchestra enthusiasticacclaim, particularly after theLuckhardt work." The Times:"Orchestral ingenuity . . . variedand colorful." And the program HILMAR ARNO PAULnotes encourage us to expect morein the future: "As a composerLuckhardt is prolific and gifted."While Hilmar was being honoredon the Pacific coast his father,Arno B. Luckhardt, '07, SM '09,PhD '11, MD '12, was on the Atlantic coast participating in theHorace Wells Centenary Celebration of the discovery of generalanesthesia at Hartford, Connecticut. Dr. Luckhardt more recentlydiscovered the anesthetic, ethylenegas. Dr. Luckhardt was one ofthe speakers at the CentenaryCelebration.The third Luckhardt alumnus inthe picture is Paul, '39, SM '40,now serving as a sergeant with thearmed forces.32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE1940Robert S. Miner dropped in atAlumni House early in January. Bobwent directly from Kent laboratoryon the Quadrangles to the pharmaceutical house of Merck and Company in Rahway, New Jersey, wherehe has been a research chemist. Heis now making a shift to Tung-SolLamp Works in Newark, where hewill be chief chemist.Jack Carlson and Mrs. Carlson(Elise Young) and their twin daughters, Susan and Sharon, are now residents of Oakland, California, whereJack is associated with the iron andsteel division of the Henry KaiserCompany.Joseph Southern and Mrs. Southern (Eileen Jackson, AM '41) areboth teaching at Southern Universityin Scotlandville, Louisiana — he in thebusiness education division and shein music.1941Velma Parish is a social caseworker in Portland, Oregon.The State University of Iowa hasappointed David M. Pletcher, AM,an instructor.At the beginning of the year RalphE. Walton, AM, took up duties aschild guidance psychologist at theWayne; County Children's Center inDetroit.1942Erving E. Beauregard has beenawarded a scholarship in the field ofEnglish at Brown University's Graduate School for the current year. Hehas an MS from Massachusetts StateCollege.1943Since last June Allen Kellogg, PhD, Rose E. Cohen, '42, has been atLetterman Hospital in San Francisco ayear as a worker for the Red Cross.Before going west Rose was personnelmanager for a large manufacturingcompany and worked at the Army AirForces station hospital in Chicago aspsychiatric social aide.SPRAGUEIRON WORKS44 10 WEST ADDISON ST.TELEPHONEPALISADE - - 2210Platers, SilversmithsSpecialist. . . .GOLD, SILVER, RHODANIZESILVERWARERepaired, Reflaiebed, ftelacqueredSWARTZ & COMPANY10 8. Wabash Am>. CENtrel WM-00 ChltegiESTABLISHED 1908ROOFING and INSULATINGLEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Park 9100-1-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVER has been editing a dictionary of theEnglish language, published by theWorld Publishing Company of Cleveland.Since her graduation Betsy JaneDavison has been working as a ticketagent for American Airlines in Detroit. She says it is fascinating andhectically busy work in these times,but she enjoys every minute.1944Charles F. Brumfiel, SM, is an industrial engineer with the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company in Chicago.MARRIAGESFlorence V. Nyhan, '23, was married to John H. Gossau on May 6,1944. At home: 5416 WoodlawnAvenue, Chicago.On September 24, 1944, at theFourth Presbyterian Church in Washington, D. C, Janet Welty becamethe bride of Thomas Eadie, '37. Theyare at home in Elkton, Virginia.At the Lutheran Church in Bethesda, Maryland, on January 6 Lt.Eugene W. Gleason, '40, was marriedto Cpl. Virginia E. Coward, '45,both of the Marine Corps. Comdr.Leon P. Smith, AM '28, PhD '30,served as "loco parentis" and JuneChristie Kaveney, '42, USNR, wasmatron of honor. The Gleasons werein Chicago for a precious 48-hourhoneymoon. The corporal has returned to Edenton, North Carolina,where she is stationed, and the lieutenant expected to go overseas shortly.Miriam D. Rotman, '40, AM '44,on December 15, 1944, to L. B. Hol-den.Carolyn M. Vick, '42, was marriedto Pvt. Richard H. Merrifield, '43,MBA '43, on December 18, 1943, byPETERSONFIREPROOFWAREHOUSESTORAGEMOVINGeForeign— DomesticShipmentse55th & ELLIS AVENUEPHONEMIDway 9700Rev. Roy W. Merrifield, '03, DB '06.Pvt. Merrifield is overseas in Francewhile Mrs. Merrifield is living inMaywood, 111.Anna Marie Haight, '43, was married on October 28, 1944, to EnsignRobert H. Bean of Long Beach, California. Before her marriage Mrs.Bean was a staff dietitian at theMassachusetts General Hospital inBoston.Margaret Beatty Weirick, AM '44,was married on October 21, 1944, toArne Nybak, director and designerat the Startlet theater in BeverlyHills, California. At home: 503%South Westlake, Los Angeles.Marjorie A. Clemens, '44, MBA'44, was married on December 29,1944, to Joseph D. Hartwig. Theyare at home at 33-A Harvard Street,Cambridge, Massachusetts.BIRTHSSomewhere in India Lt. Col. JohnJ. McDonough, '28, has receivedword by cable of the birth of his son,John Michael, on December 30, 1944,in the Evanston Hospital. The babyand his mother (Anne ElizabethO'Brien, AM '34) and little sisterNancy are living with Mrs. McDon-ough's parents in Highland Parkwhile the colonel is overseas.Charles Edward, II, was born toArthur MichaudelDesigner and Maker ofDistinctive Stained Glass Windows542 North Paulina Street, ChicagoTelephone Monroe 2423NEILER, RICH & CO.(NOT INC.)ENGINEERSMechanical and ElectricalConsulting and Designing43 1 So. Dearborn StreetChicago 5, III.Telephone Harrison 7691OBERG'SFLOWER SHOPFlowers wired the world over1461 E. 57th StreetPhones: Fairfax 3670, 3671TuckerDecorating Service5559 S. Cottage Grove Ave.Phone MIDway 4404 Leland Bruce Kliever, at 4 months,son of Waldo H. Kliever, PhD '39, andMrs. Kliever. Father is chief physicistai the Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company in Minneapolis.Hazel Wiggers Olmsted, '30, andCharles E. Olmsted on September 7,1944. Dad is assistant professor ofbotany in the University.To Lt. (j.g.) John F. Dunkel, '40,and Mrs. Dunkel a son, William Carl,on September 20, 1944, at West Norwood, New Jersey.To Walter O. Haas, Jr., PhD '41,Mrs. Haas (Dorothy Hoskins, '42,SM '43) a son, Walter Oskar, III,on November 9, 1944, in Lying-inHospital. The Haas are living at1545 East 60th Street.DEATHSEdwin T. Black, MD Rush '81,of Huntsville, Illinois, on December10, 1944.HAIR REMOVED FOREVERBEFORE AFTER20 Years' ExperienceFREE CONSULTATIONLOTTIE A. METCALFEELECTROLYSIS EXPERTGraduate NurseMultiple SO platinum needle, can beused. Permanent removal of Hair fromFace, Eyebrow., Back -of Neck or anypart of Body; destroy. 200 to 600 HairRoot, per hour.Removal of Facial Vein., Hole, andWart..Mommas Amsrtcmn Assn. UeJteml Hydrology ana*PkgsUml Tkanpy, Abo Eloctraiotlsts Associationo/IUnots$1.75 per Treatment for HairTelephone FHA 4885Suite 1705. Stevens Bldg.17 No. State St.Perfect Loveliness Is Wealth in Beouty Edward P. Evans, MD Rush '94,of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, on January31, 1944.Herbert M. Weston, '01, suddenlyon November 25, 1944, in Lakeland,Florida. Mr. Weston was a graduate of Northwestern's Law Schooland was an attorney at the ChicagoTitle and Trust for seventeen yearsbefore moving to Florida. He is survived by his wife, Nora Iddings Weston, SM '25.Carl E. Eggert, PhD '01, of Evanston, Illinois, on July 21, 1944.Emil G. Bentall, '03, of New YorkCity on September 29, 1944.In Greenville, South Carolina, onDecember 18, 1944, Summer A. Ives,'09, SM '18, PhD, '22, head of thebiology department at Furman University.D. Earl Zook, AM '23, PhD '30,passed away on November 12 in St.Vincent's Hospital in Jacksonville,Florida. Since 1942 Mr. Zook hadbeen professor of naval science andtactics at the Bolles School in Jacksonville as well as instructor in advanced mathematics. He is survivedby his wife and two sons— Lt. EarleZook, USN, in the South Pacific, andJoe Zook, a chief petty officer inthe Navy.E. J. Chalifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph — Offset — Printing731 Plymouth CourtWabash 8182EASTMAN COAL CO.Established l°0?YARDS ALL OVER TOWNGENERAL OFFICES342 N. Oakley Blvd.Telephone Seeley 4488STANDARDBOILER and TANK CO.524 WEST 42nd STREETTelephone BOUIevard 5886MOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigan Blvd., Chicago State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERU. of C. ALUMNICvery branch of the Armed Services uses the telephone. No. 14 of amies, Field Artillery.Long Tom-blasting unseen targets-are directed by voices flashing through thisartilleryman's radio telephone "switchboard." Using its 10 channels, he connects thecommander with spotters up front and in planes; then with battery commanderswho focus tremendous firepower. He is helping soften up the long, hard road ahead.Western ElectricIN PEACE.. .SOURCE OF SUPPLY FOR THE BELL SYSTEM.IN WAR... ARSENAL OF COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT. Message for YOU!Every time • 1 33mm "Long Tom* isfired, it costs Uncle Sam $37.78. 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