[gahyMMmiwmwiIR.II 'ittllMllffli__THE UNIVERSITYOFCHICAGO MAGAZINER C H 19 4 1From every neirtt-erammed vomer of the ffloheTHE WORDS COME POURING IN!Twenty thousand words an hour the news pours in— from Berlinand beleaguered Britain — from Athens and Taranto and Benghazi—from Rio and Tokyo and Washington, D. C.It fills our newspapers with more words than any of us hastime to read. It brings us conflicting reports from every foreignnews capital. It comes so fast and changes direction so oftenthat today, more than ever, thoughtful Americans need Time-To save their time... to verify their facts... and to help themmake the news make sense. \TIME330 EAST 22 ST. . CIIICAGOVon ran start Time on its nay toyoit for 52 weeks to come by dropping a postcard in the mail today.THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEPUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI COUNCILREUBEN FRODIN, '33Associate EditorCHARLTON T. BECK, '04Editor arid Business ManagerHUGH M. COLE; DAVID DAICHES; BERNARD LUNDY, '37; DON MORRIS, '36; RALPH W. NICHOLSON, '36Contributing EditorsTHE COVER : A recent photograph of Dr. Fred L. Adair,Mary Campau Ryerson Professor and Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology ;Chief of Staff, Chicago Lying-inHospital. Dr. Adair and his associates are currently carrying on acomprehensive study of the problemof stillbirth.As the University this year celebrates its Fiftieth Anniversary, theLying-in Hospital celebrates the tenthanniversary of its affiliation with theUniversity. The hospital is indeed anotable one. Its death rate is thelowest for all hospitals of its typefor which records are available. Themortality rate for infants is lowerthan one-half the national rate, as isthe maternal mortality rate.The leading article this month byAlbert Lepawsky, '27, PhD '31, dealswith the very interesting problem ofthe utilization of the social sciencesin a period of national defense. Mr.Lepawsky is lecturer in Political Science and Director of the Federationof Tax Administrators.To get away from the nationaldefense and war problems, which isindeed difficult these days, yourattention is called to two "profiles."One is of an. energetic young alumna,Katherine Dunham, '36, who hasmade a name for herself dancing sinceshe left the University.The other "profile" is of an oldmember of the University's Economics faculty, since deceased. Youreditors had not heard ProfessorHoxie's name mentioned for a long THIS MONTHtime until the article of Alan Whitney, T 3, came into the office. Research (or curiosity, if you wish)revealed that Hoxie's books on"Trade Unionism" were truly pioneer documents. Indeed the studiesseem to have been of lasting value,for they are cited in recent publications of the National Labor RelationsBoard in connection with problemsof trade agreements.The poem which appears <on pageten of this issue was submitted tothe magazine in this Fiftieth Anniversary Year by Albert JudsonFisher of the class of 1876 of the oldUniversity. Mr. Fisher, who lives inChicago, is the only surviving member of this class.Professor Daiches continues hisdiscussion of the role of Britishwriters in the present war, revealing,we believe, some very interesting sideTABLE OF CONTENTSMarch, 1941PageLetters 2Books 3Social Science and Defense, AlbertLepawsky 5Dancing Anthropologist 8Teacher and Pioneer, Alan D. Whitney 9Notes for a Dilettante, David Daiches 11News of the Quadrangles, BernardLnndy 13Notes on Geology, Ralph W. Nicholson 16Democracy in Action, Charles P.Schwartz 18Return of a Dean 20The Armchair Strategist, Hugh M.Cole ../ 21Athletics, Don Morris 23News of the Classes 27 lights on the attitudes of individualsin England which do not appear inthe newspapers or in the general runof articles about the great conflict.News of the Quadrangles also getsinto the problems of national defense,likewise in a way that does not reachthe public prints so often. A Walgreen Lecture on Democratic Institutions was the occasion for a brilliantand forthright speech about the roleof ' the press in our society. Thespeaker was Herbert Agar, Louisvilleeditor and Pulitzer prize winninghistorian, whose remarks are reportedin News of the Quadrangles.A report, starting on page 16, tellsof the recent "Geology Day" on thecampus, an occasion when the Geology Department held an open housefor the Citizens Board of Sponsors.Charles P. Schwartz, '08, JD'09, for many years active in Chicago alumni affairs, is representedin the magazine by his article, "Democracy in Action." Mr. Schwartzis extremely active in civil libertiesproblems in Chicago and serves asVice President of the Chicago CivilLiberties Committee.Hugh Cole of the History Department continues his discussion of thepossibility of invasion of the BritishIsles by the German Armv.©Alumni living in Chicago arereminded of the announcement onpage 27 which presents the programsof four downtown luncheons duringthe month of April to be addressedby members of the Faculty.Published by the Alumni Council of the University of Chicago monthly, from October to June. Office of Publication, 403 Cobb Hall, 58th St. atEllis Avenue, Chicago. Annual subscription price $2.00. Single copies 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934, at the PostOffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The Graduate Group, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, is the official advertising agency of the University of Chicago Magazine.2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEIt's easy andinexpensive/.MOVIESWITHImagine how much more joy you'd get fromeach phase of your children's developmentif you knew you could relive each dear episodeat will, even years hence! That's the added joyFilmo movies can bring you.It's easy, because Filmos are built by liemakers of Hollywood's preferred studio equipment to give professional results with amateurease. Press a button, and "what you see, you get!It's inexpensive, for the palm-size Filmo 8,shown above, makes real movies at a cost ofonly a few cents for a full "newsreel-length"scene . . . makes full-color movies, too!See Filmos at better photographic dealers',or mail coupon. Bell & Howell Company,Chicago; New York; Hollywood; Washington, D. C; London. Established 1907.Only a FILMO 8 offer* all theie features i• A lifetime guarantee!• • 'Drop-in" threading... no sprockets.• Adaptability to growwith your skill. • Automatic sealed -inlubrication . . .nooiling.• Built-in mechanismfor slow motion ; animated cartoons.Makes Movies al SJIO50 Others loLowest CostFor those who prefer 16 mm. movies, there's thenew Filmo Auto Load magazine-loading camera,from S115, depending on lens choice.BELL Sc HOWELL COMPANY1839 Larchmont Ave., Chicago, III.Please send complete information about ( ) Filmo8 mm. Cameras and Projectors; ( ) Filmo AutoLoad 16 mm. Camera.Name . . ¦ Address » City State GO 3-41 LETTERSMR. HUTCHINS' SPEECHTo the Editor :Imagine my surprise to find thismonth President Hutchins' sane andfearless article on America and theWar. It will bring him many enemies,especially in high places, but it is verycheering to those of us — a very smallminority — who can only see our entrance into this war as madness.H. R. 1776 will pass, all right, but atleast our minority has found as spokesman one of the ablest thinkers in theUnited States. I hope he will continueto speak while there is time, for, as hehimself says, the four freedoms areabout to be abandoned.Helen Cramp McCrossen, '09.Claremont, Calif.To the Editor:I am exceedingly disappointed andembarrassed to see that PresidentHutchins has taken his stand with Lindbergh, Nye, Wheeler, Wood and others,against the program of the present administration for full aid to England inthis war against Nazi Germany. TheUniversity of Chicago has had a splendid tradition, since its inception, ofbeing in the forefront among institutions of higher learning as a fightingadvocate of liberalism, and a championof free thought.Now, if there is any movement onthis earth today that is organized forthe ruthless destruction of liberalism —for the utter extirpation cff free thought,free speech, free press, democratic control of society, and all the other baseson which the free liberal spirit ofhumanity feeds and grows — it is thefascist movement of Nazi Germanywhich has so far conquered Europe.One would think, therefore, that thehead of a great liberal university wouldsee the menace that threatens humanfreedom all over the world, if Germanywins this war against England, and thathe would come down from his loftytower of high philosophic contemplationof idealistic social morality and lend ahand in the grim business of smashingHitler and all he stands for. But no,apparently this is much too dirty abusiness for a true idealistic liberal likePresident Hutchins to get involved in,so he loftily stays in his cloisteredtower and in a holy manner issues thedictum that "we are morally and in tellectually unprepared" to enter thefight against Hitler, because we havenot yet solved our own social problems.As if the defects in our own democracy,which we all admit, are valid reasonsfor "not doing our utmost to help Britaindefeat the most powerful attempt toestablish a most vicious social order,that has been seen on this earth forhundreds of years.When the head of a famous liberalinstitution has reasoned himself intothe position of being willing to standon the side and run the risk of seeingEngland beaten down by the Nazi barbarism, rather than wade in and helpby force to beat off the enemy, then wehave before our eyes a prime exampleof the degenerative effects of Americanliberalism. It is Exhibit A of the "corruption of libralism" as Lewis Mumfordhas so forcefully stated.Liberalism that bears such fruit isindeed corrupt and paralyzing. It isclear that liberals of this type consideractive effort and necessary violenceagainst the enemies of liberalism muchworse than non-resistance and with-.drawing into a position of defeatistisolationism. Such a liberal is so proudof his kindly philosophic ideals of reason and rationality that he does notdare to let his emotions drive him intoactual combat against the dynamic irrational powers of the Nazi Revolutionthat has conquered Europe.As an alumnus of the University Ideeply regret the stand taken by thePresident and I protest against it.Yours truly,Arthur C. Kelley, AM'21,Professor of Commerce.San Jose State College,San Jose, Calif.To the Editor:"America and the War" is the bestspeech on the subject of these times.With half our population frothing inhysterics, it is a comfort to read thissane and courageous statement.Cyrus LeRoy Baldridge, '11.New York, N. Y.To the Editor:Your Magazine is worn out by muchreading. The last issue with Dr.Hutchins' address has been all over thecity. I think the articles splendid.Ina A. Block.Tacoma, Washington.TERMINOLOGYTo the Editor:This will acknowledge receipt of thFebruary issue of the Alumni Bulletiwith its usual informative presentatioof interesting things.However, it touches upon my p<peeve — educated people referring to thiTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcountry as a democracy. Unless I havebeen reliably misinformed, our countryis a Republic. The threadbare appearance of the word democracy and otherwords or phrases stemming from it, is aresult of their over-use and mis-use.There is a patent and blatant attemptto establish in people's minds the allegedfact of our being a democracy andconsequently, the existence of an identity of interest between us and otheralleged democracies. From this risesobligations of one kind or another todefend in various ways, which culminatein death, these other so-called democracies from whatever threatens them,both inside of them as well as outsideof them.It is time that our institutions oflearning should be turning the faces ofour people forward instead of backward.Why not teach and establish the thingsthat make us different from these otheralleged democracies ! Stop looking backward and having our feet follow thatlook in trying to find points of identitybetween us and them.As I understand it, there is a radicaldifference between the governmentalphilosophy of the Republic of the UnitedStates and the philosophy of old worldgovernments, both the alleged democracies as well as the "despised" and"condemned" totalitarian states. Werecognize that we are creatures of God,that the fundamental rights which wehave are gifts from Him, and that ourgovernment is formed to protect and toguarantee our enjoyment of those rights.Under our Constitution, no majoritymay take those rights from us, whichthey could do if we were a democracy,where a majority rules uncontrolled.In these other nations, there is norecognition that God makes right.Their philosophy, which is read not intheir printed statements but in theiracts and deeds, is that might makesright. The two philosophies are mutually exclusive.If we are told that any of the fighting groups over there is a democracy,then we must be certain that we arenot a democracy. And further, wemust make certain that in order to preserve the Republic which we have here,we must avoid making their quarrels,fights, contests, and wars, matters thatinvolve us. If we permit ourselves tobecome entangled, we then deny thephilosophy of our Republic and adopttheirs, and in so doing, throw away thepolitical and social advancement builtupon 1776.The University of Chicago mightfurther establish itself as a leader inanother field by advocating a "back tothe Republic" movement.William J. Grace, JD'14.Chicago. BOOKSThe Basic Works of Aristotle. ByRichard P. McKeon, Dean of theDivision of the Humanities. NewYork: Random House, 1941. $4.00.This volume, which is due off thepress at the end of the month, will bethe first comprehensive edi-tion of theworks of Aristotle that hasever been pub-1 i s h e d in asingle volume.It will containthe completetexts of thePoetics, thePhysics, theMetaphysics, the Ethics, the Politics,and the De Anima; abridged texts ofthe lesser works, and a long, scholarlyintroduction by Dean McKeon.This work is one of the series thatRandom House is publishing in orderto supply complete texts for the newclassical curriculum at St. John's College, Annapolis.The Development of Religious Toleration in England, Vol. 4 ByWilbur Kitchener Jordan, AssociateProfessor of History and Editor of theUniversity Press. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 1940. $5.00.This final volume of Professor Jordan's masterly series is particularly concerned with the development of laythought during the revolutionary eraand with the chastening effects of adversity upon the conservative religiouscommunions, Anglicanism and RomanCatholicism. The conclusion assessesthe changes in English thought duringthe period from the beginning of theReformation to the restoration of themonarchy in 1660.A History of Modern Philosophy.By William Kelley Wright, '99, PhD'06, Professor of Philosophy, Dartmouth College. New York: Macmillan Co., 1941. $3.00.This book outlines the developmentof modern philosophy from GiordanoBruno to John Dewey and Henri Berg-son. Emphasis is placed on the comparatively few outstanding philosophersin each period, with briefer mention ofminor figures. 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""NORTH WESTERN'S" modern air-conditioned trains provide thru service to all ofthese western vacationlands. The couponbrings you the complete story — simplyindicate the region or regions in whichyou are interested.TRAVEL ON THE INSTALLMENT PLAN—Go Now — Pay Later — No Money DownCHICAGO ¦»< NORTH WESTERN LINEr MAIL THIS COUPON | R. Thomson, Passenger Traffic Managerj Chicago and North Western LineDept. 1 3 5 — 400 W. Madison St., Chicago, III.Please send information about vacations toIII Name - J Street . . . J City . . State.L— ? Also all-expense toursw41mA 8'#?m\_VOLUME XXXIII THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINE NUMBER 6MARCH, 1941SOCIAL SCIENCE AND DEFENSE*• By ALBERT LEPAWSKY, "27, PhD '31EARLY IN 1935, there began to circulate a rumoron Campus that I had become a Nazi. Therumor got underway because I had returned fromalmost a year's work in Germany with the idea that theNazis were good social scientists.Actually I had, as a speaker at one of the monthlymeetings of the Society for Social Research in the Winter of 1935, ventured the thesis that the Nazis haddemonstrated a high degree of mastery over some ofthe elements of social science. I had in mind the effective, though cold-blooded separation of ends and means ;the readiness to attack a problem within the total framework of the actual society in which it was to be treated ;and the skillful techniques of manipulating the wholerange of data and of individuals which the leaders ofthat society had decided to manipulate. I did not assertthat it was desirable to do with society what the Nazileaders were doing, nor did I excuse the social scientistfor going to work for such a society, nor did I say thatultimately such a society could preserve a superior socialscience. But I did suggest that the techniques of socialresearch and the contents of a social science, if theywere to remain scientific, could not be tested merely bywhat was socially desirable or philosophically preferable ;that we would have to go elsewhere for our tests ofwhat is good and what is bad ; that we should be a bitmore modest and admit that we did not know muchmore than the Nazis about many of the aspects of anobjective social science; and that military planning andsocial science technique might under certain circumstances go hand in hand.For all my pains, the consensus of the meeting was*Adanted from a paoer read before the Societv for Social Researchat the last annual meeting at the University of Chicago.• RUINS OF THE "THRONE OF SOLOMON" IN IRAN• Once wrongly identified with Median Ecbatana, thefortress called Talcht-i-Sulaiman, built on a natural elevation, includes structures from the Parthian period, or earlier,to Mongol times. Its greatest splendor was in the time ofthe Sasanian empire. Legendary history narrates that theSasanian monarch would make a humble pilgrimage onfoot to the sacred spot of the fire temple (shown on photograph on the opposite page) when ascending the throneof the empire.• Photograph by the Aerial Survey of the Mary HelenWarden Foundation, Oriental Institute of the University,reproduced in Dr. Erich Schmidt's "Flight Over AncientCities of Iran," published by the University Press. that a nation could not be scientific if it burns its greattreatises, if it circulates pseudo-scientific dogma aboutracial superiority, and if it discharges from its universities its most renowned scientists — all of which I foundit hard to dispute. It was shortly thereafter that therumor got started that, chromosomes to the contrarynotwithstanding, Lepawsky had been converted into aNazi while working in the KommunalwissenschaftichesInstitut at the University of Berlin.To be true to the traditions of the true social scientist, I should elaborate on this thesis concerning the possibility of combining social science and societal destruction, by defining my terms and by breaking down withgreater precision the elements of social science. Whatare the distinguishing elements of scientific inquiry andanalysis ? What are the scope and limitations of the subject matter of social science, What are the tests thatwill adequately demonstrate the validity of scientific conclusions ? What are the prognostic requirements of atrue social science? In preparing this paper, I was justabout to enter into this very erudite realm, when Ithought of another event, one that happened last year,not six years ago.THE SETTING COULD BE ANYWHEREThe setting is a large Middlewestern university ofinternational reputation. It is the middle of January,1940, three and one half months after World War II hadofficially started. Twenty professors and staff membersare having dinner at what may, for want of a bettername, be called the Chaos Club on the university campus.The guest is another professor from an Eastern university who comes directly to the point of his delicate mission. He had recently accepted an assignment for anational society interested in educational matters to do apiece of research on the role of the universities of thecountry in case of war. He was pursuing his task bygathering widely comparative data, and was using all ofthe available and recognized techniques for fact-gathering, preliminary to his presentation of findings and conclusions including the listing of alternative recommendations for practical application. He pointed out thathis approach was comprehensive enough to call for awide variety of conferences and consultations, includinghis field trips to the universities and his already established liaison with the War Department.I am sure it was that one fact, more than any otherwhich got for him the reception from the social scientists which he little expected. What ! The War Depart-56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEment ! This is a plot! We'll sabotage him, we thought, —that is all save two of the twenty of us who tried to stickto the point of his inquiry. So, unbelievable as it mayseem, the evening was converted into a discussion ofhow the universities might be used to preserve peacenow, in what way they could help shape the postwarworld, and in the event we did get into war, how theycould protect their campuses and courses from the warhysteria.^ Try hard as they might, the two of the twentysocial scientists who wanted to help the visitor considerthe technical question he came to discuss could not switchthe group back on the track, and the luckless professorfrom the East very politely permitted the conference totake the irrelevant twist that it did.Now it may be desirable not to ask social scientiststo disturb their current research interests, or to reconsider their political and peaceful views for the sake of awar going on in Europe. But when a fellow professorcomes as a technician and asks you how to do a certainthing under certain circumstances, it isn't the best ofacademic custom to tell him how to do other things thathe didn't come to inquire about. To try and converthis war research into peace research because in our confusion about the meaning of social science we thoughthe was trying to propagandize for war, was manifestlyan unscientific venture. What unconscious resentmentthe social scientists must have suffered over the fact thatthe War Department was holding conferences or encouraging studies in peacetime on the subject of mobilizingthe nation's universities in time of war — which, by theway, had the Department failed to do, would offer goodgrounds for the court marshalling of the whole generalstaff, horse, foot and dragoon. 'In evaluating this case of academic irresponsibilityamong social scientists, it should be remembered that thewar was not only three and one half months old, buttwo months previously Congress had modified the Neutrality Laws in favor of the Allies, and although we werenot at war we were no longer out of it. Under the circumstances, if we didn't agree with this policy, it wouldhave been quite legal, though not entirely loyal, to haveshown our professor the door and to have said "We hatewar. We believe we should have nothing to do with thiswar, and we refuse to use our scientific knowledge toencourage preparation for war in the slightest degree."Instead we wasted his time to talk to him about peace,for which he prayed no less than we, but which he justhappened not to be studying at the time.I had a dream that night. I dreamt that Adolf Hitlerhimself was sitting on top of the samovar which standson the sideboard at the Chaos Club. Instead of hisnormally dignified and almost angelic appearance or hisgrowling oratorial expression, which I used to observewhen I saw him in Germany, the Fuehrer was in a rakish mood, armed with an ersatz rubber band, shootingpaper wads at us. We would get popped in the noseevery once in a while, then stoop under the table to openthe wad and read its contents, and then fling anotherquestion or another comment at our embarrassed visitorregarding the universities' role for peace and democracy.Meanwhile der Fuehrer would gurgle with glee and spithot tea at us from the top of the samovar. HOT TEA IS NOTHINGA scalding shower of hot tea is after all a minor punishment compared with the agonies that await socialsentimentalists masquerading as social scientists, whencomes Der Tag. For, to begin with, the scientific escapists who camouflage their confusions by refusing torecognize that their discipline doesn't know it all, canbe sentimental no longer about society. They will haveto take the new society straight, to work for it with astiff upper lip — and a stiff right arm. Moreover theyand their fellow citizens will no longer be assured the personal gratification of living in a democratic society wherethe conception of dignity and worth of the individual,equality of opportunity for the individual, and liberty ofconscience and expression for the individual are notsacrificed in accordance with the whims of some plug-uglies who have gotten control of the state. And finally,social science, technically perfect as it might be withinthe framework of the coerced society, will increasinglylose the genuine creativeness, the sensitive comprehension and the, flexibility of application which a free society in the long run is better able to offer its scientists.So, to preserve ourselves, our sentimentality, and ultimately our social science, and in order to defeat thosewho would substitute their way of life for one we likebetter, we must stand ready to use our research resourcesand our social science to the full thought that may meanthe ruthless application of our scientific techniques to theemergency of the day. I hear a murmur from my readers."This ruthless application of scientific technique whichyou advocate — isn't it a form of neo-militarism that willprove fatal to the essential free spirit which you sayproduces the more genuine social science." This criticism raises the fundamental question whether militarismand social science can live side by side. I think theycan, and though I do not universally advocate that formof symbiosis, I do think that an alliance between militaryand social science is defensible not only in waKime butalso in peacetime. Nay, I will go farther and committhe highest of heresies and ask you to bear with mewhile I try to demonstrate that some of our best military scientists have been among our best social scientists.WHAT WE HAVE MISSEDThe extent to which military scientists have shown agenius for social science, without the social scientist ofour day recognizing it, is one of those blind spots in ourthinking that helps to make us such a ready target forridicule by our friendly enemies, within the universityand without.We might for purposes of illustration study vonClausewitz, whose work, written over one hundred yearsago, is a definitive classic on the nature and theory, thestrategy and tactics of warfare; and whose theory oftotalitarian war, had we studied it carefully togetherwith the writings and the ideas of some of his disciples,including Gneisenau and Scharnherst, von Moltke andvon Seekt, Schlieffen and Ludendorf, Adolf Hitler andEwald Banse, would have given us most of the necessaryclues, not only to the expected plans of military attackupon Europe, but also to the probable sequence of historical events we are now living through. Banse alone,THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7available in English since 1934 under the title GermanyPrepares jor War, would have revealed enough aboutboth the military strategy and the social plans that arenow being executed for European society to have madepossible an adequate counterplan, could we only learnto read and to believe the threats that were openly published for years by Hitler and his crowd and that noware being written into history itself with the blood ofEuropean men, women and children.Stripped of all their Blood and Iron, of all their sentimentality and their lies, of all their insane ravingsagainst the foreigner without and the alien-bloodedwithin, many of these militarists have demonstrated asense of the use of military force for political ends, anunderstanding of how to use technical means for selectedsocial objectives, and an appreciation of how to manipulate people and symbols for some over-all purpose ofsociety, that offers a worthy challenge to the work ofour most objective social scientists.I would prefer to illustrate this point by means of anAmerican rather than a German military theorist. Mysubject is Alfred Thayer Mahan, who lived from 1840to 1914, and won his fame as a scholar and lecturer atthe U. S. Naval War College around the turn of thecentury. Captain Mahan is best known for his three historic volumes on the Influence oj Sea Power upon History; but his twenty other volumes, reprinting in parthis voluminous series of 131 articles, together with hismemoranda, correspondence and speeches, reveal evenmore completely Mahan's comprehension and understanding of society. Even Charles Beard, one of theseverest critics of Mahan's big navy policy, regardedhim as "the only thoroughgoing systematist on war produced in American life."Mahan's chief claim to fame is the fact that he guessedright about history, that is in prognosticating probableevents under alternative circumstances, which I supposeis the ultimate test of a successful social scientist. Theevidence from his own writings and in his own words isso stark, that I quote Mahan at length as he observedthe picture of emerging world events for twenty-fiveyears previous to the first World War.Mahan, between the years 1897 and 1911, describedthe role of violence in world affairs in these words :Communities which want and cannot have, except by force,will take by force, unless they are restrained by force.1And in prophesying who will use force against whom,and why, Mahan in the following extract from an essay-written in 1907, used precisely the terminology and concepts which we think were created during the presentcrisis.Again, look, which are today the most' aggressive nations, inthe sense of seeking external expansion I here use the word"aggressive'' in no invidious or condemnatory sense, but in thatneutral moral signification which inheres in its derivation, ofmotion towards an end to be attained, or a something needed —a phase of the world-wide struggle between the haves and thehave-nots. Are they not Germany, Japan, Russia? And why?Ambition? I scarcely think so, except as perception of nationalnecessities by a government, and desire to provide for them, maybe so called. The motive which impels them may be touched andinfluenced by moral considerations, good or bad ; but the primecharacteristic is material. Food, drink, clothing, are the simplestexpression of the bodily demands ; but to these the refinements ofcivilization have given a development beyond mere exigency toreasonable comfort. Provision for these requires space propor-xMahan, Interest of America in Sea Power (1897), p. 253. tioned to numbers, and it requires also opportunity. The numbersof Germany and Japan press for larger room, and for a wide extension of commercial opportunity; both which are wanted tofeed their millions, to- give them meat with their bread. Theyare have-nots; the former aggressive careers of the maritimestates, Great Britain and France, the as yet superabundant territory of the United States, place them in the class of the haves.2Speaking of Italy in the same year, 1890, that is a halfcentury ago, Mahan said :At the present day, looking only at the geographical positionof Italy, and not at the other conditions affecting her sea power,it would seem that with her extensive sea-coast and good portsshe is very well placed for exerting a decisive influence on thetrade route to the Levant and by the Isthmus of Suez. This istrue in a degree and would be much more so did Italy now holdall the islands naturally Italian; but with Malta in the hands ofEngland, and Corsica in those of France, the advantages of hergeographical position are largely neutralized. From race affinities and situation these two islands are as legitimately objects ofdesire to Italy as Gibraltar is to Spain.3In 1910 and 1911, Mahan was saying the followingthings about Germany and about Britain, about Japanand about the United States, which I shall quote atlength.The power to control Germany does not exist in Europe, except in the British navy; and if social and political conditions inGreat Britain develop as they now promise, the British navy willprobably decline in relative strength, so that it win not ventureto withstand the German on any broad lines of policy, but onlyin the narrowest sense of immediate British interests. Even thiscondition may disappear, for it seems as if the national life ofGreat Britain were waning at the same time that that of Germany is waxing. The truth is, Germany, by traditions of^ twocenturies inherits now a system of state control, not only highlydeveloped but with a people accustomed to it, — a great elementof force; and this at the time when control of the individual bythe community— that is, by the state — is increasingly the noteof the times. Germany has in this matter a large start. Japanhas much the same.4The important point to us here is the growing power of theGerman Empire, in which the efficiency of the State as anorganic body is so greatly superior to that of Great Britain,and may prove to be to that of the United States. The twoEnglish-speaking countries have wealth vastly superior, eachseparately, to that of Germany; much more if acting together.But in neither is the efficiency of the Government for handlingthe resources comparable to that of Germany; and there is no apparent chance or recognised inducement for them to work together as Germany and Austria now work in Europe. The consequence is that Germany may deal with each in succession muchmore effectively than either is now willing to consider?A German navy, supreme by the fall of Great Britain, with asupreme German army able to spare readily a large expeditionary force for over-sea operations, is one of the possibilities of thefuture.6I present in italics all these prophetic excerpts because of my great respect ,for Mahan's ability to comprehend accurately what the U. S. Navy now calls the"Big Picture." It is a nice question for the social scientist to answer as to whether Mahan was a brilliant observer of world social events by virtue of his intensivestudies of naval strategy, or whether he was simply abrilliant scholar, whatever the field to which he appliedhis intelligence.7It may be well to bear in mind this footnote for thosewho are worried about* the insidious influences which{Continued on Page 24)2Italics in Mahan quotations are added. "The Hague Conference andthe Practical Aspect o>f War," first published in the National Review,June 1907; Mahan, Some Neglected Aspects of War, pp. 69-70.3Mahan, Influence of Sea Power Upon History (1890), p. 32.^Mahan, Naval Strategy (1911), pp. 109-110.cMahan, Naval Strategy (1911), p. 109.°Mahan, Interest of America in International Conditions (1910), p. 162.7The most recent biography on Mahan is one by Captain Puleston, butthis and related scientific questions about Mahan's work are not discussed. A discussion by me of some of these excerpts from Mahan'swritings will be found in the U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings, Nov. 1940.DANCING ANTHROPOLOGISTA News Note from the New Yorker[Several times during the past few months the attention of the editors has been called to the superb dancingof Miss Katherine Dunham, '36. Collier's, Look andTime magazines have devoted space and pictures totelling Miss Dunham's story. The University of ChicagoAlumni Club of Nezv York decided to let our Manhattanfaithful in on it, and so on March 9 staged a big eveningat the 42nd Street Longchamps Restaurant. Will Geer,'25, who plays Jeeter Lester in "Tobacco Road," wasalso on the program.The following story is a free-hand rendition of theNew Yorker's recent interview with Miss Dunham. —Ed.]IF YOU WANT to know how an ambitious mulattogirl of Joliet, Illinois, gets to be a conspicuouslyfeatured player in a Broadway musical show, why,she begins by enrolling in the University of Chicago fora course in anthropology. In her academic work shenaturally takes up the study of folk dances, which are ofprime significance anthropologically, and she's right onthe highroad. Very simple, or anyhow it sounds so inthe case of Katherine Dunham, '36, who plays the roleof Georgia Brown, the dusky and disastrous vamp inthe current "Cabin in the Sky." The New Yorker sreporter talked to Miss Dunham in her dressing roomat the Martin Beck theater while she simultaneouslysucked a black-and-white peppermint stick and tried totalk the company press agent out of five seats for a futureperformance for some friends of hers, a couple of anthropologists and their womenfolk. Miss Dunham sees muchof anthropologists, having got her Bachelor's degree anddone graduate work in anthropology at Chicago and goneon as an active student of the science. At the University she was awarded two scholarships by the JuliusRosenwald Foundation, and these enabled her to spendthe period between March, 1935, and June, 1936, inJamaica, Martinique, Trinidad, and Haiti, studyingnative dances.The New Yorker was deeply impressed by Miss Dunham's practicality. Her approach to her fieldwork waspractical. She discovered that you can't just drop intothe West Indies and expect the natives to perform theirauthentic dances. Too much civilization around. InJamaica, for instance, the Negroes, manifesting theirwell-known instinct to do as the British white folks do,firmly insisted upon showing her staid English squaredances. Miss Dunham attacked their resistance by livingau naturel with them, getting on familiar terms, andsupplying them at propitious times with large quantitiesof rum, which they drank straight and steadily. This gotthem into the necessary uninhibited state of mind. Theydanced naturally, Miss Dunham told us, and nevershowed the slightest sign of becoming tipsy.Miss Dunham's father owned a cleaning-and-dyeingbusiness while she grew up in Joliet. He recently retired from that. He is a Negro of Madagascar descent andher mother is a French Canadian. Katherine is twenty-eight now. Her father helped her through the first yearsof college and then (as we said, she's practical) shesupported herself by organizing and managing a troupethat performed ballets for the Chicago Civic Opera.Later she took the group on a trailer tour through theMiddle West. The troupe is with Miss Dunham todayin "Cabin in the Sky;" she has managed them ever sincetheir trailer trip, and for the present engagement shesigned them and herself up as a unit. Among the members are one Arabian and six West Indian dancers, andfive musicians. She rehearses the whole outfit daily.At the time of the New Yorker s visit she was drillingthem in a study of Haitian puberty rites for an appearance before the faculty and students of the AnthropologyDepartment of New York University. Georgia Brownin "Cabin in the Sky" is her first speaking part. Sheisn't entirely easy in the role because she has to portraysuch a tough character, and during rehearsals she threatened to quit when told to hit Ethel Waters over the headwith a beer bottle. This bit of business was removed.Miss Dunham thinks that American dancing is littlemore than a stilted and inhibited exertion, engaged inpurely for social prestige. She thinks Americans havewandered far from the original purpose of dancing, orthe original effect of it, which she believes was to makeman instinctively feel a part of his community. HerWest Indian dances are attempts to capture the truefeeling of the natives, come what way. Miss Dunhamsays the only time she ever sees Americans thoroughlyrelaxed is when they're doing the Lindy Hop, whicSspeaking anthropologically, she considers a true American dance. Or when she watches the Holy Rollers."When their shoulders roll and their eyes wiggle," shesays, "you've got something."Other MeetingsDes Moines— March 25, 6:00 P. M. Younker's TeaRoom. Gordon Jennings Laing, Dean of Alumni.Philadelphia— March 29, 1:30 P. M. Whitman's Restaurant. William S. Gray, Professor of Education.Oak Park— April 16, 8:00 P. M. Home of Dr. and Mrs.E. W. Westland. James L. Cate, Professor of History.Pittsburgh— May 2, 6:00 P. M. College Club.Anton J. Carlson, Professor Emeritus of Physiology.Portland, Ore.— May 23, 6:30 P. M. To be announced.Walter C. Giersbach, PhD '33, President, PacificUniversity.8TEACHER AND PIONEERA Profile of Robert F. Hoxie^ __• By ALAN D.WHITNEY, ' 13THE man to whose memory the following reminis-ences are dedicated was hardly famous or notorious, but he was certainly outstanding andprobably a pioneer in his field. However, to introducehim properly, there ensues a short account of the accidental way in which I came to know him. One 'day inthe fall quarter of 1910, during my sophomore year atthe University, I was in a gym suit on the floor of Bartlett when Junius C. (June) gcofield, '13, engaged mein conversation about courses for the next quarter. Hesuggested: "Why don't you take Pol. Econ.? I thinkyou'd like that." If it had actually been spelled "PahliKhan" as it was parodied in the title of one of the Blackfriar performances, I could not have known less at thatmoment about Political Economy. However, the subjectwas among my requirements, and with the encouragement thus received I decided to register for it.At that time there were two introductory courses,Pol. Econ. I and II, given in succeeding quarters byany one of several members of the department. Frequently assistants, or associates led this beginning group,but occasionally an associate or a full professor relinquished senior college or graduate school work to teachthe fundamentals. Thus it was my good fortune tosit before Robert F. Hoxie.Hoxie was probably no more than forty at the time,but he was well known on the campus and elsewhere forhis studies in Trade Unionism, and was leading seminarsin his special field. However, no one ever tackled a"survey" courses with more enthusiasm and dynamicmanner than did he in those two I had with him. Ihave never seen his photograph, and since he has beendead a long time, the latest I saw him was about twenty-five years ago, but I remember him vividly. He was asmall man and inclined to be stout, with dark hair andshort, bristling mustache, brown eyes flashing behindglasses which magnified them, and a florid complexionwhich any girl could well envy. He had a genial mannerand seemed to enjoy his class of beginners, and no matterhow hard an assignment might be there was an elementof fun in the lecture room. Whether that was his intention I do not know, but I have often observed on campusand elsewhere that one imbibes better when a congenialair pervades the class room.Hoxie did not expound, but led his class in discussions.My memory fails as to whether he ever called upon usto recite, but I do remember that from time to time hewould make some challenging statement that wouldshortly bring one or more of us to our feet in response,so that soon an impromptu debate was in full tilt, theclass dividing according to the reactions of the individualmembers. Then Hoxie would sit back and smile, puttingin a word only when necessary to accelerate or retardthe tempo of the discussion, more frequently the latterthan the former. Such procedure may be commonplace today, but thirty years ago it was quite unusual andcertainly most successful and enjoyable.Thus it came about that Hoxie made a pronouncementone day, with which I took issue. It had reference tocommercial banking law and custom then in force, andwas more or less to the effect that a bank could lendso-and-so many times its cash resources. Now my fatherhad been a banker for many years, and much conversation at home on serious matters pertained to banking,so that when I heard in a class room that a bank couldlend several times its cash on hand, something seemedwrong. I had been taught that bank loans were limitedto 75 per cent of deposits, the balance of 25 per centto be held as reserve. (The law and practice are differentnow.) I had learned nothing of the theory of credit andcredit expansion from my father, he being a practicalbanker who cared only about what must be on hand tomeet depositors' potential claims. Hoxie probably sawthrough my incomplete understanding of the matter, buthe allowed me (with every apparent respect for myviewpoint) to stand up and argue against his statementfor two full class periods. Even then he could haveexplained things after a lengthy debate and thus havebrought the matter to a close, but he was much too fun-loving and fair to do that. So, after letting me and someothers who joined in the prolonged discussion have oursay, he then did the magnanimous thing by announcingthat we should jointly choose an umpire to settle theissue. At that time August Blum was a vice-presidentof the First National Bank of Chicago and a well knownauthority on banking and related subjects, so we decidedto ask him to render judgment, and when Hoxie and Icalled at his office, we. were unexpected. After listeningto our respective points of view, he tactfully said we wereboth right, and then proceeded (with Hoxie politelysilent) to explain the theory of credit expansion to me.At this late date, I still do not believe one professor ina thousand would have taken the trouble about the wholething that Hoxie did, and to cap the climax he gave mean "A" in Pol. Econ. II, a subject I hardly knew thename of when I registered for course I. So far as canbe determined from my subsequent economics grades,that "A" must have been more for the fun he had withmy discussion of the banking question, than for all myother work in the class.I had developed such high regard for Hoxie duringthe two introductory courses that I could not resistcontinuing with the one he had made noteworthy: his"Trade Unionism." There were mostly graduatestudents and upper class-men in it, but I felt confidentthat with his generous spirit and friendliness he wouldgive me a helping hand, should I seem to falter by thewayside. Early in the course a student asked Hoxiehow he came to take such an interest in that subject,and he told the following story.910 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINESome years previous there had been a street-car strikein St. Louis, an incident of which he had witnessedinadvertently. He was standing on a curbing watchinga car being driven by scabs along the street, whenanother bystander near him was viciously slugged bysomeone who had probably been walking along the sidewalk, keeping pace with the slow-moving car. When thevictim of this assault gained his equilibrium, he askedhis attacker (who was apparently not molested by thepolice) why he had been beaten. Whereupon the laborsympathizer said : "You were going to get on that car.""I had no such intention," rejoined the other, "I wasonly watching the goings on." "Well," concluded theslugger, "you looked as if you'd like to get on the car,"and proceeded on his way, doubtless on the alert forother possible opponents of his cause. At the end ofthis tale Hoxie first said how lucky he was not to havebeen slugged himself, and then stated that his reactionto the experience was that any movement which stirredmen up to a point where they did violence to others whoonly seemed to be their adversaries, and who in realitywere disinterested witnesses, must be one worth lookinginto and studying.Much of our assignment work was in the field, andHoxie and the class attended numerous labor meetingsin a day when rough-and-tumble tactics were not uncommon at these affairs. Most of the meetings were heldin Musicians' Hall, 175 W. Washington St., but thebuilding was a predecessor to the one at that addresswhere James C. Petrillo now rules supreme. When weheard John Fitzpatrick and Edward Nockels hold forthin stentorian tones (not unlike how I imagine John L.Lewis sounds today), and I often remarked the similarity between the word "knuckles" and the name"Nockels" when the gentleman of that cognomen broughthis big fist down hard on the platform table. The fewwomen who spoke were generally screechers, and mostof what was said was delivered with more force thanreason. It probably was acceptable to a labor audience,but college students might have been inclined to snicker,had there not been a good chance of being thrown outor worse ; and then, too, we were guests.By this time my father began to worry lest I becomea socialist, and join an organization then feared by theconservatives the same as communists are today. Littledid he realize that I was as much amused as impressedby my experiences, for he knew only that I was seeingand hearing things that could very well influence ayouthful mind. Of course, I became thoroughly awareof the labor movement and the things it stood and foughtfor, I learned something of the other fellow's problemsand point of view, but felt then— and still do — that themethods employed by unions both to gain adherents totheir cause and victories against their adversaries, arechildish, brutal and far less effective than would beadroit diplomacy and skillful bargaining. Be that as itmay, we did our field work, took notes, avoided physicalencounters and finished the course with a better understanding of the theory and practice of Trade Unionism.It was because of these contacts and my father's reactionto them, that I wrote the little verse, "Tempus Fugit,"which appeared in the Midsummer, 1935, issue of theUniversity of Chicago Magazine. What brought it to mind then was the "witch hunt" for subversive influences that raged on the campus that year.The last two paragraphs have drifted away frorrHoxie because my memories of the labor meetings aremore vivid than whatever class work we did that quarterHe told us where and when to go, and most always waswith us, except when we attended meetings of our owrvolition. Aside from the novelty and excitement, I thinkthat the thing which impressed me most was the discovery of the almost hopelessness of the rank and fileever to be benefited by others to any great proportionate extent. (I don't want that thought confusecwith increased standards of living which come fromtechnological and similar improvements in productionand distribution methods.) But the multitude is alwaysshouted at, ordered about, cajoled and flattered, cheateda little more or less, handed large promises and smallresults whether it be a labor union, a political rally, astockholders' meeting or an army of soldiers. No leaderever helped his own people except at the expense oianother. Only by individually bettering themselves canpersons in groups, improve their lot, but regardless oitheir own fortune they almost always do improve thatof their leaders.Hoxie told us that once he asked a union official justwhat he wanted for Labor. His answer was: "More,more and still more." I have often wondered since thetragic end which Hoxie inflicted on himself, if he wasdriven to that extremity by the realization that he wasa helpless idealist in a world of chicanery, bluff andruthlessness.The MasterpieceONCE in a century, perchance, the Master-handTurns out a man who towers above his fellows,As some great mountain lifts its stately head,Snow-capped, majestic, o'er the level plain;A. man of intellect sublime, of purpose grand,Whose love of human kind his greatness mellows;Who sweeps his mighty course, divinely led,With Liberty and Justice in his train.Once in a century, perchance, a palsied world,Like storm-swept bark adrift, without her bearing,Or nation, smarting under tyrant's rod,Her spirit broken and her hope gone out,Despairing waits, with arms reversed and banners furled ;Yet watching, praying still for his appearingWho, coming as ambassador of God,Shall crush the foeman in relentless rout.The Fates forever spin their web of death and life,The evil prophets sound their words of warning,While threatening clouds envelop like a pall.But storms have gathered since the world began ;The pure white flag of Peace forever follows strife ;No night was e'er so dark but brought its morning;The steadfast Star of Hope is over all;He who permits the need provides the man.Albert Judson Fisher, 76.NOTES FOR A DILETTANTE• By DAVID DAICHESVI. BRITISH WRITERS AND THE WAR (Cont.)"A ball moved by enemy action may be replaced as nearas possible where it lay, or if lost or destroyed a ball may bedropped not nearer the hole without penalty."New golf rule reported in the British press.THE determination to keep literature in productionand to keep it available that emerged as the firstcoherent reaction of British writers to the war ismost clearly illustrated in the periodical literature of theperiod. Literary periodicals are of particular importancein wartime, for the artist's heed to adjust and discusshis reactions from day to day becomes very pressing atsuch a time, and amid a welter of conflicting ideals andpurposes a medium for the running expression of criticalopinion as well as of creative work will do a great deal toprevent art from going under at the first impact. It isa sign of calm, a steadying influence, an antidote to hysteria; thus Stephen Spender was able to pour out thebewildered thoughts of his journal in the first few issuesof Horizon and then sobered up, his subsequent contributions showing a new calm and balance.Horizon is the most interesting and probably the mostimportant of the literary periodicals founded since thebeginning of the war. The first number appeared inJanuary, 1940, when the war was still in the comparatively inactive phase which made unimaginative observerscall it "phoney." The editorial policy at the beginningwas simply to concentrate on the arts and try to push thewar out of mind as a distressing, if unfortunately necessary, irrelevance. The first edtiorial began with a statement of this aim :A magazine should be a reflection of its time, and one thatceases to reflect this should come to an end. The moment welive in is archaistic, conservative and irresponsible, for the waris separating culture from life and driving it back on itself,the impetus given by Left Wing politics is for the time exhausted,and however much we should like to have a paper that wasrevolutionary in opinions or original in technique, it is impossible to do so when there is a certain suspension of judgmentand creative activity. The aim of Horizon is to give writers aplace to express themselves, and to readers the best writing wecan obtain. Our standards are aesthetic, and our politicsare in abeyance. This will not always be the case, because asevents take shape the policy of artists and intellectuals will become clearer, the policy that leads them to economic security,to the atmosphere in which they can create, and to the audienceby whom they can be appreciated. At the moment civilizationis on the operating table and we sit in the waiting room. . .It will be seen that there is a certain confusion ofthought here. The artist is seen as an integral part ofthe civilization of his time, and yet he is expected towait in the ante-room until the fate of civilization is settled. There are echoes of the leftist position of thethirties — that it is the duty of the artist to work for theconstruction of a society in which art will be availablefor all the people — and there is also a hint of a repudiation of that position, a suggestion that the artist hasmeddled enough with the material forces that make andwin wars and he'd better leave the whole mess alone and stick to writing. The confusion is not surprising. Thosewho followed leftist criticism in the 1930's — whether byprofessed marxists or others — will be aware how superficial and mechanical it tended to be ; the problem of therelation of art to the social structure may have beensolved theoretically, but in practice, in criticism of particular works, there was nothing but facile confusionbetween art and politics. Further, the leftists had, afterall, failed. The Popular Front was destroyed, Spain hadbeen delivered to the fascists, Munich had come and gone,and war — the often foretold doom — had arrived at last.What should the artist do — the artist, with his sensitivesocial conscience, his basic humanitarianism, and his desire for a just and peaceful order in which he could function adequately? As politician, the artist had tried andfailed in the 1930's. What should he do now? Well,at least he could try to keep his artistic integrity andproduce what he could in a shaking and shouting world.For the rest, the relation of his art to the war and topolitics generally would be bound to emerge in time, theissues would clear themselves eventually. Meanwhile letthe artist keep his tools from rusting and have a mediumfor publishing his current wrork constantly available.This was in general the position of the editors ofHorizon (of wrnom Cyril Connolly was the chief) at thebeginning of 1940. It was a confused but understandable position. And it was a position which in fact couldnot be maintained. For while Cyril Connolly mightwrite, "At the moment civilization is on the operatingtable and we sit in the waiting room," the fact soonbecame quite clear that the writer could not be contentto sit in the waiting room. He could not be content tosurrender the fate of civilization— his civilization as muchas anybody else's — to soldiers and civil servants. Indeed,a more positive attitude to the struggle with Nazi Germany was expressed in the very issue of Horizon inwhich Connolly wrote that editorial. Priestley, in anarticle entitled "The War — And After", argued that thefight was necessary:_ People still write to me to say that we are at war because welike war. This is not true. Apart from some young Nazi hotheads and officers hoping for quick promotion, nobody now likesand wants war. . . The Nazis did not want war but the spoilsof it. . . Other people, who applauded Leftish writers like myselfwhen we said that Britain should make a stand against theNazis, now revile us as warmongers because we believe in thestand that Britain is now making. Why ? Can you disintegratethe Gestapo by passing a few resolutions in Hampstead? Wepassed thousands of resolutions, spoke eloquently of peace andgoodwill, but the dark stain spread over the map of Europe,the Gestapo moved in, and the refugees came thick and fast. . .Then we have those people who say that we have no right todefy the employers of the Gestapo and the owners of the concentration camps because the British Empire is not an earthlyparadise. Look at the Kaffirs in Johannesburg ! What aboutIndia? I have long been in favor of transforming the BritishEmpire into something nearer what it pretends to be, but Ibelieve we shall have a better chance of doing that when theNazis are no longer screaming menaces and cracking whips atour heels. In fact, we shall have a better chance of doing any-n12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthing worth doing. On the other hand, if they stay at our heels,we shall be lucky to get off' with our lives.And in the same issue Herbert Read, in an articleentitled "At the Moment of Writing," concluded asfollows :To stop the war, besides being a futile gesture, would leavethe crisis unresolved. It would postpone the necessity of asolution. Therefore, in a spirit of fatalism (which my opponents are welcome to call a spirit of sadism) I say : Let thewar go on. It is the shortest and therefore the best way toreplace the capitalist system by a democratic system, and whichwill at the same time rescind those partial and tyrannical solutions represented by the Soviet Union no less than by Germanyand Italy.It soon emerged that the majority of the contributorsto Horizon supported the war as a necessary evil,remaining at the same time highly critical of the government. They did not, after all, wait in the ante-roomwhile the operation was being performed, but they didnot, on the other hand, take the word of the doctors asgospel. They endeavored to preserve their freedom ofattitude as men and the integrity of their vision as artists.And always there was the continual attack on thephilistine — who has such a splendid opportunity in wartime^ — and the constant attempt to keep creation andcriticism in the arts proceeding on a high level. Theconclusion of Horizon s editorial in the May issue reflectsa characteristic trend :Meanwhile the almond blossom is * out, the sun shines, thestreets look shabbier and the shops emptier, and the war slowlypermeates into our ways of living. It is a war which seemsarchaic and unreal, a war in which eighty million people aretrying to kill us, a war of which we are all ashamed — and yeta war which has to be won, and can only be won by energeticmilitant extroverted leaders who are immune from the virus ofindecision. And the intellectuals recoil from the war as if itwere a best-seller They are enough ahead of their time todespise it, and y-et they must realize that they represent theculture that is being defended. Abyssinian intellectuals, Albanianintellectuals, Chinese intellectuals, Basque intellectuals, they arehunted like the sea-otter, they are despoiled like the egret. Ourown are the last to survive. Granted the whole cumulus oferror in the last twenty years, the greedy interlocking directorship" of democratic weakness and cabinet stupidity, then the waris inevitable. It is a war which dissipates energy and dispersesfriends, which lowers the standard of thinking and feeling, andwhich sends all those who walk near emotional, mental, orfinancial precipices toppling over ; it is a war which is as obsolete as drawing and quartering; which negatives every reasonable conception of what life is for, every ambition of the mind ordelight of the senses ; and which inaugurates an era of death,privation, danger and boredom, guaranteeing the insecurity ofprojects and the impermanence of personal relations. But thereit is. We are in it : for as long as Hitler exists we must staythere.But the editor also said in the same issue, "War isthe enemy of creative activity and writers and paintersare right and wise to ignore it." This was an ambiguousstatement, and it was challenged in the July issue byGoronwy Rees, Welsh poet, novelist, journalist (a youngman: he was born in 1909) and now soldier. In his"Letter from a Soldier" he made a series of provocativepoints. "Firstly," he suggested, "may I suggest thatyou yourself find it difficult to practice what you preach.Your monthly Comment is chiefly remarkable for this :that each month, while urging writers to ignore the war,you cannot avoid the subject yourself. The war, indeed,in its relation to the artist, is the one subject you discuss,at the same time insisting that the writer should not allow the war to obtrude upon his consciousness or hiswork." He goes on to point out that while he is farfrom desiring that the writer should lay down his penand take up arms (Rees himself had taken up amiswithout laying down his pen), yetthe soldier has the right, in return for his blood and his lifeand his despair, for the crimes he must take on himself, to askthat those most qualified, by their sensibility, by their more.Jucidperception of values, by their release from belligerence, shouldcomprehend, analyze, illuminate, commemorate, his sacrifice andhis suffering and the horror to which he is condemned, to understand and reveal that even in war he is a human beiing and nota brute too ignoble for the artist's notice; most of all he hasthe right to. ask this because the values which he, poor devil,dimly feels that he is called upon to defend are those withoutwhich the artist cannot live, and because the soldier now willfight for his dim comprehension as no man ever fought before.A million men, and more, will die, and the artist will live andcreate; and apparently he is to accept the fruit of this sacrificeas a free gift and acknowledge no responsibility to the giver.I believe that the soldier has the right to ask that responsibilityshould be acknowledged.Thus the fundamental issue of the relation betweenthe artist and the war was raised, and the editor tookup the argument. (I quote it at such length becausethis discussion sums up a great deal of argument thatwas taking place all over the country, privately andpublicly.) Connolly began by conceding many of Rees'spoints :This much is conceded to Goronwy Rees ; that Horizon hasboth failed to take the war sufficiently seriously, having lived,along with a great many others, in that state of euphoria towhich the defensive situation gave rise, and that its commentson the war have exhibited the predicament of many pacifist-minded people who yet see no way out except by violence.Moreover, while the conduct of the war was in the hands ofthose whose unimagineable blunders had led up to it, Horizoncould not be wholeheartedly behind them. Having admitted thejustice of Rees's criticism in the light of recent events. . . Horizon yet disagrees with the nature of Rees's argument. "Thesoldier fights and dies for the artist," he says, "the artist byrepudiating the war repudiates the soldier and his sufferings,therefore he has betrayed the soldier and can expect no helpor make no claim on society, which is made up of soldiers. . .The point which Horizon has made is that though this war isbeing fought for culture, the fighting of it will not create thatculture. . . Instead of creating an opposition between soldierand artist, based only on the meaning attached to "ignoring thewar," it would be better if soldiers and those who will becomesoldiers demanded that their leaders should inspire them, andthat none but the politically educated and intellectually adultshould be entrusted with the conduct of it. . . It is not a question of parties, but of enabling all the progressive forces ofEngland to take control, and the born leaders to lead, and ofrelegating- to obscurity those who have prepared Hitler, Mussoliniand Franco, and not prepared anything else. Each country getsthe Fifth Column it deserves ; had we interned in time ourElder Statesmen, we would not be locking up our Fasciststoday.This argument, which combines support of the warwith strong criticism of the government, was typical ofthe kind of thing the younger writers were saying atthe time.But the writers of Britain were not devoting all theirtime to argument about their function. Debate of thekind I have quoted occupied comparatively small spacein the pages of Horizon, the bulk of whose contents consisted of poetry, short stories, sketches, and aestheticdiscussion. The nature of the creative work producedin the first year of the war I shall discuss in a laterarticle, but first I want to continue my account of theliterary periodicals, which I shall do next month.NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES• By BERNARD LUNDY, "37I AM HERE to criticize the press." So sayingHerbert Agar, editor of the Louisville Courier-Journal, began his lecture in Mandel Hall lastmonth on "The Press and National Unity," sponsoredby the Charles R. Walgreen Foundation for the Studyof American Institutions. The speech, it seems to thewriter, is worth reporting prominently here because itwas one of the most stimulating utterances heard on theQuadrangles during this academic year. We have socome to expect good lectures at the University that itis only rarely that the "local inhabitants" are broughtto the edges of those well-worn seats in Mandel.Mr. Agar, who, incidentally, is a Pulitzer prize-winning historian as well as a journalist, stated his basicargument in these terms :"The tragic failure of the American press today is thatit does not give the public the truth, and to continue todo this is to continue to destroy national unity, sincethe press is the only agent which can build up nationalunity."WHAT THE JOB IS"There is nothing the American public likes betterthan dirt," Mr. Agar said, "so long as it is not relatedto what ought to be in place of the dirt. Theminute you equate what is and what ought to be, thepublic says, 'Let us out here.' Dirt alone is O. K.Fourth of July orations are O. K. The American peopleread about them separately and remain as happy as larks.But the minute they are brought together, the minuteyou say here is what is happening in our own back yard,the people say 'Please don't."'"Yet the performance of this job is the only excusefor a free press. The only reason our ancestors set asidea special freedom for the press was so that the presscould do the awkward job of reminding us that what ishappening is not always what should be. This job ofbringing what is and what ought to be together is atremendous task in adult education which might savethe people. It might help America to see the dangersaround it and to take steps to keep from being destroyed."Mr. Agar's voice carried overtones. His words suggested the need for immediate, decisive action."We have been breeding despair," he said, "becausewe have refused to accept responsibility toward the restof the world and because we have wasted our nationalresources. Because we have failed to have a socialconscience, we have helped build the revolution ofnihilism which, before it is over, may destroy our world."If we betray the American idea, we may find ourselves without a country. There will still be a France,but we can find ourselves without an America before theend of this year, unless we can somehow prove that weare better than we are. To serve this American idea,we will have to start doing different things from whatwe are now doing. We will have to force ourselves to rub our noses in the truth — we will have to know whatis happening in the world around us, and what ouglitto be happening. But this is the thing above all othersthat the American public shuns."Turning to more specific indictments, Agar declared :"There is, of course, nothing that is more fun for ajournalist than to point out what is and what ought tobe in a community far away. Newspapers in the Southenjoy telling of the idiocy of the Irish Catholic censorshipover life, including the press, in Boston. And nothingis more fun for Boston newspapers than to talk of thesinful way the South treats the Negroes. If a Southernjournalist wants to live up to the tradition under whichthe free press was established, he must tell his Southernreaders of the extent and intensity of the problem ofhis own locality."The problem of the press, like the problem of theNegro, is soluble, but it is serious. And the Bostonjournalist also has a serious problem. And, though Imay be prejudiced, I think the Boston situation is worse,especially since Boston is at what is supposed to be theheart of the traditional American intellectual life."If the press is just a money making venture ; if thepress is to treat news as a butter salesman treats butter,then why should there be an amendment to the Constitution giving special protection to the press which isaccorded to no other business? If we of the press aresimply playing the game as every other form of business,why should our rights be specially protected ? Any otherform of business can be taxed and discriminated againstin any session of congress ; the journalist's protectionis unique."The only justification for the rights of the press isthat the press treat its commodity as a definite trust,giving to the public the truth which makes men free,even if the public doesn't want it. If the press is goingto doctor the truth, to suit its own pleasure or to conformto the public taste, it is betraying American unity."Unless the press does fulfil its proper function," Agardeclared in concluding his grim polemic, "there is noreason under creation why it should be allowed specialprivileges."In an interview after his lecture, Mr. Agar commentedupon the position taken by President Hutchins in hisFloyd W. Reeves, Professor of Education, now in Washington with theAmerican Youth Commission of the ^> .Federal Government was a recentconvocation speaker at Temple Uni-versity in Philadelphia. ProfessorReeves was awarded an honorary de- Hk - \_qree for his work. ^^.REEVES1314 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINErecent radio address, "America and the War," publishedlast month in the Magazine. He said :"I don't know if I am more perturbed by my friendslike Hutchins who feel that we should be concerned onlywith democracy at home, or with those of my friendswho say all we have to do is beat Hitler and then everything will be all right. Of course we must do both ofthese things. The task facing America today is to seethat the Hitler revolution is stopped, and at the sametime to attempt to build a true democracy. One isimpossible without the other."THE PRESS AND PHILOLOGYThe press, incidentally, indicated last month how itcan be useful in bringing to light new data about words.During the past ten years considerable publicity has beengiven in the press to the University's monumentalAmerican English Dictionary. The reason for this isthe broad and genuine interest that people in the UnitedStates have for words, particularly words of Americanorigin or usage. Since the word detectives of the Dictionary staff cannot hope to read every word publishedin America to find first usages— but have to rely on bestsources — there is always a chance that some one of130,000,000 Americans will find an earlier usage of aword than the lexicographers have put in the Dictionary.(The lexicographers, incidentally, are never chagrinedwhen confronted with such a find, but are delighted thatnew light has been thrown on their tremendous search-job.)Here's how this came about last month.On February 12, Lincoln's birthday, the Chicago Timescarried a story stating that Abraham Lincoln's famoussoubriquet, "Honest Abe," was printed only after hisdeath. Although Lincoln's friends used the term in conversation, the story said, he died before anyone had donehim the honor of putting in print the epithet which wassoon to become an integral part of the Lincoln legend.These facts were based upon Part X of the Dictionaryoj American English. The section (which began with"Gold Reserve" and ended with "Honk") stated thatthe first printed reference to Abraham Lincoln as "Honest Abe" appeared in a work by Albert D. Richardson,The Secret Service, the Field, the Dungeon, and theEscape, published in 1865, just after Lincoln's assassination.Shortly after the newspaper story appeared, the Timesreceived word that a Chicago collector of old politicalposters had in his possession a campaign poster used bythe Republican Party in 1860 on which the phrase"Honest Abe" was printed in large letters. The posterwas procured and the Times ran a photograph — visibleproof of an 1860 use of the epithet.But that was not all. Several days later the Universitywas informed by Transradio Press Service (which hadcarried the original story on all of the radio stationswhich it services) of a notice they had received of threesongs used in the 1860 campaign. The titles were OldHonest Abe for Me, Honest Old Abe, and Honest OldAbe Quickstep.The editorial board of the Dictionary was dulyimpressed. In regard to the song titles, however, Professor James R. Hulbert, co-editor, had the last word. Kenneth C. Sears, JD'15, Professor ' aW*"^of Law, has just completed a pains-taking job of statutory revision ofthe Illinois law relating to munici- J "a^^^palities. The new bill, now before ^Lthe state Senate, is 552 pages long Iand "codifies" existing laws. ^^J >SS^_ _.vSEARSHe pointed out that the titles did not contain the epithet"Honest Abe," but "Honest Old Abe" and "Old Honest Abe.""The difference, of course, is slight," Dr. Hulbert said,"but enough to affect the arrangement of words in adictionary. As it happens we have in proof, under"Old," where we have brought together such expressionsas "Old Commoner," "Old Rough and Ready," etc., anentry for "Old Abe." Included in it is a quotation of1860, and in the past month others of the same year havebeen brought to our attention for "Honest Old Abe."Obviously a cross-reference from "Honest Abe Lincoln"to "Old Abe" would have prevented considerable misunderstanding, and it is regrettable that such a cross-reference was not made. Such references are difficultto make with accuracy and completeness in a work likethis dictionary, published part by part over an extendedperiod of time."STERILIZATION OF AIREffective sterilization of air by germicidal mist wasreported last month in Science by Doctors O. H. Robertson, Edward Bigg, Benjamin F. Miller and Zelma Bakerof the University's Medical School. Dr. Arthur CBachmeyer, Director of the University Clinics and Associate Dean of the Division of the Biological Sciences,said that the method promises to achieve sterile air insick rooms, crowded meeting and housing places, as wellas in industrial fields, and to reduce markedly the spreadof such infections of the upper respiratory tract as pneumonia and common colds.Its possible applications in war conditions are widespread, according to Dr. Bachmeyer, particularly inregard to the problem of germ-laden air in such placesas air raid shelters and barracks. Two medical groupsin England are already working in this field though theirresults in war experiences have not been reported.The germicidal mists, or aerosols, found effective bythe investigators, consist of minute droplets of propyleneglycol. The effectiveness comes from the fact that eachdroplet of the aerosol contains the same concentration ofthe effective chemical substance as does the parent solution, and therefore the anti-bacterial agent is enabled toact in high concentration on bacteria suspended in the air.Because of the maintained concentration, the dropletsresemble a tiny bullet in attacking the germ. Propyleneglycol, in the quantities employed, appears to have nopoisonous effect on humans. While sprays of largerparticles tend to settle out quickly, the aerosols tested bythese investigators maintained effectiveness for an hourand a half or more, they reported. The actual amountsTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 15of the compound in the atmosphere are only one part byweight of aerosol to several million volumes of air.The scientists tested both the spraying of the mist onbacteria and the spraying of bacteria into the mist whichwould be tantamount to a cough or sneeze. They foundthe mist effective in destroying the bacteria in eitherfashion. Hitherto, sterilization has been effected byapplication of germicides to germ-laden objects such asfloors, furniture or instruments, by fumigation, or byultra violet rays. In the first method the air is notaffected. In the second the fumigating compound ispoisonous to humans as well as germs and cannot be usedto kill the bacteria in the presence of humans. Dr. Bachmeyer suggested that the aerosol method is likely to bemore effective and less costly than the ultra-violet rayequipment.The germicidal mist is so fine and odorless as not tobe noticeable to humans, and it does not appear to stainor cause a noticeable film. While the effectiveness ofthe germicidal spray in reduction of upper respiratorydiseases cannot be gauged accurately without extensiveclinical studies, he said, the approach is in keeping withbasic efforts of medical scientists to prevent as well ascure disease.THURSTONE DEVISES ARMY I. Q. TESTNew and more scientific ipethods of testing the intelligence of army recruits are being developed at the University to replace the old "Army Alpha" intelligencetests used in the World War I. This work is under thedirection of Dr. Louis L. Thurstone, Professor ofPsychology at the University, who explained the workto leading Chicago citizens at a luncheon meeting onFebruary 15 of the Citizens' Board of Sponsors of theUniversity's fiftieth anniversary celebration."During the World War the recruits were givenpsychological examinations which were prepared hurriedly along the lines of objective test methods," Dr.Thurstone reported. "These methods had just beeninvented, and there was little experience with them. Thebest known of the examinations used at that time wascalled the Army Alpha. That examination was subjectedto a good deal of criticism at the time and in the yearsimmediately following the war. Some of the criticismwas justified, and some of it was not. Its purpose wasto gain a rough index by which to identify quickly themost able young men and similarly to identify those whomight not profit quickly by instruction in various linesof work that required what might be called quick intelligence. The examination served those emergency purposes quite well. It was involved in various more orless irrelevant controversies about the absurdities of theI. Q. and other issues that did not bear directly on thepractical problem of finding quickly the brightest menamong the recruits under conditions where it was notfeasible to base these judgments on extended acquaintance with each man."A great deal of work has been done on the problemsof constructing psychological examinations since thattime, and we can do a better job of it now."During the World War the psychological examiningwas under the Surgeon General," he noted. "In thepresent defense program the psychological examination Louis L. Thurstone, Charles F. GreyDistinguished Service Professor ofPsychology, whose work on army intelligence tests is reported on thispage, got to be a psychologist aftertaking an engineering degree. Heis noted for his work seeking to "isolate" factors of intelligence.THURSTONEmethods have been assigned to the Adjutant General.A committee of five men was appointed last year whichis called the Committee on Classification of MilitaryPersonnel, and it is advisory to the Adjutant General.Mr. W. V. Bingham is chairman of the Committee, andthe other members are Professor Brigham, of Princeton,Professor Garrett, of Columbia, Mr. Shartle, of theSocial Security Board, and myself."One of the first assignments was to prepare a simplepsychological examination for the general purpose ofrough classification of the draft army. This examinationcorresponds to the former Army Alpha. This examination is now in use."But it is supplemented by special examinations thatare being given to those men who indicate by previouseducation or experience that they may have special aptitudes. Special clerical examinations are used for thesepurposes, and a new test of mechanical aptitude is nowbeing prepared for identifying those men who might haveenough mechanical experience and insight to profit byspecial instructions in the use of mechanical equipment."Provision is being made for more extensive appraisalof the men after the first rough classification so thaterrors in the initial appraisal can be corrected whenthere is more opportunity to observe each man. In thepreparation of these examinations we have placed at thedisposal of the committee the results of our work at theUniversity, and it has been drawn upon heavily for theseservices."I have been asked by the War Department and by-other departments in Washington whether we have anymore men as competent as those we have already sentdown on special assignments."It looks as if our principal contributions will be tomake available for immediate practical purposes theresults of our investigations and also to supply men whoare technically trained to these jobs for the War andNavy Departments. The fact that we have been working on methods for describing individuals by means of aprofile of their several abilities instead of by a singlerough over-all index of intelligence seems to be usefulto the War Department as well as in the schools."Appointment of George A. Ranney, chairman of theBoard of the Chicago Gas, Light and Coke company, aschairman of the Citizens Board, a group of three hundredof the city's business and civic leaders, was announced atthe meeting. Thomas E. Donnelley, president of R. R.Donnelley and Son, and Bernard E. Sunny, formerchairman of the Board of the Illinois Bell Telephonecompany, were appointed honorary co-chairmen of theCitizens Board.NOTES QN GEOLOGY• By RALPH W. NICHOLSON, '36THERE is a homeric ring in the pronouncementsof geology. In the gaze of a geologist a continentis a temporary manifestation, a century is a negligible unit of time, a million years is common calendarcurrency, and all the volcanoes of the world are lumpedwith the winds and the waves as gentle manipulators ofthe face of the earth. To understand the titanic, geologicprocesses of the earth is the goal of geologists. Recognizing this, a friend of mine, a newspaper writer, askedme why a group of Chicago's leading citizens, eminentlypractical men, made the trip to the Midway last month toinspect the laboratories of the University's Departmentof Geology and Paleontology and hear the work described. What does the business man care about weathering in the paleozoic age ?The Chicagoans who came to the Midway, membersof the Citizens Board of Sponsors of the Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration, were, however, interested in geology. They also were interested in its by-products, suchas the discovery of oil — such, particularly, as the discovery of millions of barrels of oil in Illinois. Throughgeological research, directed at understanding the basicgeological facts about Illinois, a three-year oil boom hascatapulted the state into the top flight production areasof the world. The southern Illinois field — near, but unfortunately not under the University's bird refuge atOlney in large quantities — was opened partially as a result of work of alumni of the University.The role of petroleum in the present-day world picture was described to the Sponsor's group by AssistantProfessor William C. Krumbein. His story was this:"If another Illinois basin were found in Europe thecomplexion of the war might change completely, becauseat present Illinois produces more oil than all the countries of Europe combined, except Russia."For years practical oil men looked unfavorably on Illinois despite suggestions from geologists > that the stateoffered interesting prospects. Geological work in thestate was largely basic research, directed primarily nottoward finding oil but rather toward a better understanding of geology of the state. Through its graduates theUniversity's Department of Geology played an important role in this work. Many of them have entered theservice of the Illinois State Geological Survey and ofvarious oil companies. They laid the foundation for thegreat oil boom which opened in Illinois a few years agoand which is still going on."In 1937 Illinois produced seven million barrels of oil,which is 0.3 per cent of world production, and approximately equal to Central Europe's production in the sameyear."In 1940 Illinois produced 146 million barrels of oil,representing 6.9 per cent of the world's production."In the same three-year period, Dr. Krumbein explained,total world oil production did not change materially.Rumanian production dropped from 2.6 per cent to 2 percent of the world total, and the November earthquakesmay have had further effect in decreasing production in that nation. He added that Russian production increasedfrom 9.7 per cent to 10.5 per cent, presumably in response to war demands."German and Rumanian supplies of oil, in 1940, wereabout 2.6 per cent of world production," he said."By absorbing Rumania's production the totalitarianpowers increased the supply within their immediate control nearly seven-fold. Even so they have less than one-thirtieth of the world's supply. Russia, in general, usesmost of its own production internally."In 1940 Iran and Iraq together produced 4.9 per centof the world's oil. The addition of Iran and Iraq to thetotalitarian supply, if that should occur, would more thandouble the amount and would place those nations in avery powerful position, with approximately 7.9 per centof the world supply."By far the greatest part of the world's petroleum reserves are concentrated in the western hemisphere. In1937 the two Americas produced 77.9 per cent of theworld's supply. Europe produced 12.7 per cent, and theother continents produced 9.4 per cent."Within Europe, Russia produced 9.7 per cent of theworld supply, Rumania produced 2.6 per cent, and thetotal combined production of Germany, France, Austria,Czechoslovakia, Italy, and Albania was only 0.4 per cent."The recent conquests of the totalitarian powers gavethem only a very small fraction of world petroleum production."The importance to the oil industry of the University'swork in geology was also noted by E. S. Bastin, Chairman of the Department of Geology and Paleontology,who cited the fact that former graduate students of theUniversity outnumber former graduate students of anyother institution in the ranks of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists by 60 per cent. The University's representation is 147. No other institution hasmore than 92.Forty per cent of the University's geology graduatesare employed in private petroleum production, and 10 percent are in mining, he reported, with the rest in teaching,government service and allied fields.In explaining the University's research in paleontology,Carey Croneis, Associate Professor of paleontologic geology* suggested that, in the long run, there is solace for awar-torn world in the study of the ancient geological records of the world. "The bigger the megalomaniac," Dr.Croneis said, "the quicker and harder his fall. All previous attempts by organisms, of whatever type and including the dinosaurs, have succeeded only temporarily." Dr.Croneis explained, however, that some of the "temporary" regimes, such as the dinosaurs, have lasted manyhundreds of thousands of years.Dr. Norman L. Bowen, who is Charles L. HutchinsonDistinguished Service Professor of Petrology, emphasized the importance of studies of minerals in industrialprocesses including the manufacture of cement, glass, andporcelain. Other speakers were Professors D. JeromeFisher, Everett C. Olson and Francis Petti John.16THE UNI VERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 17At the "Geology Day" exhibits Associate are Trustee Arthur Hall, Nathaniel Leverone, Citizen Sponsor Homer Guck arid ProfessorProfessor Carey Croneis recreates some mil- Storm Bull, Tom Peete Cross, William Bach- Rollin T. Chamberlin interrupt, their geologicallion-year old history. The interested onlookers rach, and Andrew W. Fischer. At the right: explorations to recall early Phi Gam days.THE BACKGROUNDThe story of the Geology Day, however, serves only toepitomize — in a very limited sense — the work being conducted in the department. To understand more fullythe tradition of the department, it is necessary to lookback fifty years to the University's beginning. As in thecase of so many of the departments assembled (or nurtured) by William Rainey Harper in those days, it iseasiest to speak in terms of the leaders, or the "greatmen," despite the fact that there were many others whocomprised the able supporting cast.The first thirty years of the Department of Geology atChicago were unquestionably dominated by the geniusof a great geologic leader — Dr. Thomas C. Chamberlin. Dr. Chamberlin left the presidency of the University of Wisconsin to join the original Chicago faculty in1892. He vitalized the teaching of geology through aseries of textbooks written in collaboration with RollinD. Salisbury. He recognized the work to be done ingeography and expanded it into a separate department:Dr. Chamberlin initiated, in 1893, the Journal of Geology, the authoritative organ in the field for the pastforty-eight years. And he constantly sought new truththrough research, as when he helped to block out a newfield of investigation with the first systematic and comprehensive study of glaciers, glacial action, and glacierdeposits.Professor Chamberlin's keen interest in the nature ofthe world he lived in led to the supreme accomplishmentof his own life and that of the department which he directed — his planetesimal hypothesis of the origin of the solar system. Forest Ray Moulton was his astronomical collaborator.Because the Laplace nebular hypothesis which it replaces is so fascinatingly simple, the Chamberlin-Moultontheory has been accepted only slowly. But experts today agree that it best explains and harmonizes the complex factors of the problem. Thus another step is takentoward understanding the mysteries of our universe.THE EARLY STAFFOther early members of the geology faculty who didimportant work were :Rollin D. Salisbury, also from the University of Wisconsin, and one of the most gifted teachers of geologythat America has produced. After the retirement ofProfessor Chamberlin, Professor Salisbury became chairman of the department of geology as well as geography.Joseph P. Iddings, recruited from the U. S. GeologicalSurvey, applied microscopic and chemical methods to thestudy of rocks and opened new approaches to an understanding of vulcanism. With three of his colleagues, hedeveloped the first comprehensive quantitative classification of igneous rocks.Albert Johannsen, successor of Iddings, continued thework in vulcanism. His studies included not only thephenomena of active volcanic centers but also those phasesoperating deep below the surface whose results are revealed only by the slow erosion of overlying rock. Hismonumental 5-volume treatise on igneous rocks is thebible of modern petrography.Samuel W. Williston conducted a series of brilliantstudies on the vertebrates of the Permian period. Believing that the Permian was the critical period in the18 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEevolutionary process that led to man, Williston directedexpedition after expedition to the fertile collecting fieldsof the Southwest. Today the Department has collectionsof unsurpassed value consisting of more than 1,000,000specimens.Stuart Weller, outstanding scholar of invertebratepaleontology, for 30 years pursued researches in the-paleontology of the Mississippi Valley. He demonstratedthat nowhere in the world are fossiliferous rocks of theMississippi's period better displayed. His scholarship,energy, and persistence have made the Mississippi Valleythe world standard of comparison.STARRED MEN OF SCIENCEOf the present department, four men, by the vote ofAmerican geologists, have been designated as StarredMen of Science. They are:Edson S. Bastin, PhD '09, Chairman of the Department, starred for his explanations of occurrence andorigin of copper in Chile and silver in Mexico, the UnitedStates, and Canada. In addition to his academic workhe has served as president of the Society for EconomicGeologists, vice president of the American Associationfor the Advancement of Science and of the Geological Society of America, chairman of the Division of Geologyand Geography of the National Research Council, andLIBERTY is synonymous with life itself. Any restraint of the individual is a violation of his liberty. Our democracy, however, is based on restraint of certain of our individual freedoms to secure forourselves the residue. This power of government torestrain individual freedom is itself subject to certainrestraints. These limitations of. power prevent government from interfering with certain individual rightswhich we regard as indispensable for our well being. Theyare incorporated in the Federal and state constitutionsand are commonly referred to as the Bill of Rights.Under these governmental powers, and the restraintsupon their use, the people grew and this country developed. The democracy which they established was wellsuited to their needs in the early days of this republic.We needed and got political freedom to exploit the resources of the new world. With the settlement of thecountry all the free land was disposed of, and with it theopportunity to exploit it. An increasing number of people found it impossible, for one reason or another to livewhere they were. In attempting to improve their lot theunderprivileged invoked government aid to change conditions thought to be responsible. On the other hand, thosewho profited from the status quo invoked the aid 'of theconstitutional limitations to prevent such changes.Slavery was abolished, the constitution was amended,*An address delivered at the Mid- West Conference on Adult Educationand Our National Defense, held in Chicago on February 7, 1941. mineral specialist with the War Trade Board.Rollin T. Chamberlin, '03, PhD '07, the son of ThomasC. Chamberlin, in field trips and explorations that haveled him to every continent but Antarctica has : exploredlarge iron ore deposits in Brazil, conducted studies on themuch debated coral-reef problem, developed instrumentalmethods of investigating the nature and mechanics ofglaciers, studied and experimented to determine the causeof deformation of the earth, evolved a method of preventing coal-dust explosions in mines. He is a member ofthe National Academy of Sciences.J Harlen Bretz, PhD T3, several years ago issued theexplanation for the origin of the "scablands" — a tract inWashington as large as the state of Maryland — andcleared up a mystery that had geologists guessing for acentury. His present research is largely on the originof lime stone caves, an interest that has taken him intoalmost every cave in this area.Norman L. Bowen is a world authority on the natureand origin of rocks. With a high-temperature electricfurnace he reproduces in the laboratory the temperaturesthat theoretically must have existed during formativeperiods of the earth. His immediate aim is to discover theconditions which formed igneous rocks, but he is incidentally bringing to light facts which may be of greatvalue to industries using or treating silicate materials. Heis a member of the National Academy of Sciences.•By CHARLES P. SCHWARTZ, '08, JD "09and all men, regardless of race, color or previous condition of servitude were guaranteed economic freedom. Thedue process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, how-ver, entrenched the propertied classes and continued thepractices that brought about the depressed living conditions that drove the white people west and kept theirblack brothers slaves. Remedial legislation enacted topromote the general welfare and secure the blessings ofliberty were attacked in the courts and invalidated in thename of freedom of contract and property. Depressionfollowed depression until in 1929 the general collapse ofbusiness, industry and agriculture, finally demonstratedthe fact that our definition of liberty had to be enlarged toinclude freedom from want and fear. Without it the general welfare and security which the Constitution wasadopted to secure could not be attained. It is impossibleto have a democracy with a third of the nation ill-clad,ill-fed and ill-housed, and more than half of the familyheads earning less than subsistence wages.Just as men cannot live by bread alone, neither canthey live without it. Freedom of speech, press, assemblyand religion must be accompanied with the wherewithalto enjoy it. Without, a decent standard of living, political freedom and freedom from governmental restraintsenumerated in the Bill of Rights are empty words. Ourunderprivileged suffer not from lack of democracy ortyranny of government, they suffer from an inability tofind proper employment, they suffer from the oppressionDEMOCRACY IN ACTIONTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 19of private agencies, they suffer from undemocratic thinking and way of life. Our churches and charities andcivic, business and social organizations too often act contrary to their preachment and the principles of democracywhich give them life. While they enjoy the fruits ofdemocracy they sow seeds of discord, intolerance anddisunity.Many of our private schools, colleges and universitiesadmit students more on the status of their parents thanupon the student's intellectual attainments. The sameis true in businesses which advertise for help by exceptingthose of one religion or specifying one color. Labor andprofessional organizations who unfurl the flag on all holidays, and their members who freeze their spines at thevery suggestion of the national anthem, call on the fundamental law to protect them in excluding laborers and professional men and women by reason of color and religion.The fall of France illustrates what can happen to ademocracy when it neglects economic freedom. TheFrench people fought a revolution for "liberte, equaliteand fraternite," abolished the feudal state and establishedthe French Republic. They abolished the monarchy andthe State Church. But they left economic freedom tothe tender mercies of individual initiative. Like ourfounding fathers, the 18th century Frenchman was alaissez faire economist who believed he was governedbest who was governed least. . The new freedom wasused to build up the fortunes of the two hundred families,who, in the name of political freedom, corrupted the lifeof the nation. Russia, to my mind, illustrates what canhappen to a country when it neglects political freedom.Like the French, the Russians deposed the Czar but replaced the monarch with a government owned economy.Private enterprise and individual freedom were both subordinated to the new order. The Soviets took over theland, production, distribution, and all cultural activities. Itmade work compulsory. It undertook to secure economicfreedom with little or no individual rights such as wehave in this country.Our democracy rests on both political and economicfreedom. Its existence depends upon its ability to provide both. If it is true that history repeats itself our society will not long survive without freedom from want.The failure of private enterprise or government to democratize our economy as we have our government threatens the loss of both. The fact that our democracy hasbeen able to withstand the radical changes which havetaken place and are taking place in the world today shouldnot lull us into a false sense of security that it will continue to do so. Just as we have the tyranny and oppression of Europe to thank for the founding of our democracy, we must thank the 38,000,000 immigrants whofollowed the founding fathers in the next century for themaintenance of its ideals. Immigration refreshed ourpool of freedom and kept it from stagnation. The immigrants were largely responsible for bringing about thesocial changes by ballots rather than by bullets and byevolution instead of revolution. Their support tipped thescales in favor of the American and against the Europeanway of life.Government has already done much, and perhaps hasgone as far as it should, in enacting legislation and creating public agencies to provide food, clothing and shelter for the needy, work for the jobless and security for theaged and infirm. Fair business standards have been safeguarded and unfair business practices outlawed. Commodity markets have been stabilized and monopolisticpractices stricken. Minimum wages and hours and theright of labor to organize have been incorporated into oureconomy. Private enterprise, however, has in the pastresented government effort to feed, clothe and house thejobless without assuming responsibility for the result ofits activities. The large number who are ill-clad, ill-fedand ill-housed and unable, through no fault of theirs, tomake a decent living will not support our democracy unless the economy of which they are a part assures theirsecurity from want. Without their support our defenseprogram is useless and private enterprise will be subjected to the same insecurity of the underprivileged. Thediscontented and underprivileged are the first to succumb to the blandishments and false promises of thefifth-columnist and subversive influence.The preservation of liberty is indispensable to the security and well-being of both private enterprise and thosewho live by it. It is the duty of every American, andcalls for individual sacrifice. He must support government action calculated to raise the standard of living ofthe underprivileged and assume responsibility therefor.Many businessmen and industrialists are already doingthis and find that it works. The others should be persuaded to do likewise through the chambers of commerceand other business associations. The "hold-outs" mustbe made to realize that their failure to meet the need isboth unfair and threatens the security of the entire business structure. The professions too must outlaw undemocratic practices. They must open the door of opportunity to the rising generation, and those interested inserving the public, on a merit basis. Religious and racialdiscrimination not only tend to defeat the very reason fortheir existence, but infringe upon the liberty of thosediscriminated against.A bar association that draws the color line compromises the Bill of Rights and cannot, without embarass-ment, call on its members to defend the Constitution. Alabor union which excludes Negroes cannot justify itsdemand for justice. The church that practices intolerancecannot expect its members to heed the preacher's appealfor tolerance. The school or college that admits studentson the basis of parentage cannot appeal for academicfreedom. The citizen who seeks and pays for specialprivilege cannot complain of corruption and graft.The Bill of Rights should impose on private, social,business and political organizations the same restraintagainst intolerant and undemocratic action as it imposesupon government and its officers. Private institutionswhich depend upon democratic government for protection should not be allowed to act undemocratically. Oureducators, as molders of public opinion, have a specialduty in this respect. They must ask themselves the question, what can we do to bring about a better understanding and general acceptance of the importance and need ofthe broader application of our Constitutional guarantees.The forty million people in our democracy with an education below the fourth grade level should receive thenecessary instruction to bring them up at least to theeighth grade level. The five million foreign born adults20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEshould be encouraged to become naturalized and the millions of illiterates in our midst should be given an opportunity to rid themselves of the disability.Over and above these education reforms, however, oureducational institutions should include in their programeducation for democratic living, not only for youngstersbut for oldsters as well. This country is aging fasterthan we think. The average age of our population according to the 1940 census is thirty years, and shows thatthe oldsters are fast outnumbering the growing generation to the point where we can look less and less to theyouth of the country for its salvation and the proper solution of its problems. Adult education involves not only aknowledge of English and the eternal verities with whichour schools and colleges are chiefly concerned. Progressive education and tool subjects that have "crashed thegates" are still struggling for scholastic recognition, andadult education is all but neglected by our scholars. Ourschool system and its thinking is still under the influenceof European culture, and its masters. Many educators[On March 14, James Rowland Angell, LLD'21,President Emeritus of Yale University and former Deanof the Senior College and of the Faculties at the University of Chicago, returned to the Quadrangles to deliverthe Spring Convocation Address. Dr. Angell is nozveducational counsellor of the National BroadcastingCompany. A brief extract of his address follozvs. — Pd.\"In our own recent history we have seen an unprecedented development of the idea of universal free education, extending from the kindergarten through to thegraduate and professional school. During the. last halfcentury there has been all over the country a phenomenalmultiplication of high schools with a correspondingincrease in their student population. To absorb the output of these schools "there has been a correlative expansion of all our higher institutions, but especially in ourtax-supported universities, junior colleges and normalcolleges — and this despite the fact that only a moderatepercentage of high school students go on into theseadvanced institutions."The pressure to do all these things has doubtless beensomewhat stimulated by educational leaders, but nothingwould have come of it if American citizens were notoverwhelmingly eager that their children should haveevery possible educational advantage and were thereforeprepared to support the measures which they supposeto be necessary to secure these results. That as aby-product the development has been far too rapid topermit the preparation of an adequate, well-trained teaching force, that the objectives have been confused, vacillating and uncertain and that the scholastic standardshave often been lamentably low and the educationalproduct correspondingly unsatisfactory — these things arefairly well recognized and understood. Despite all this,the country as a whole is very proud of what has beenaccomplished, even though it has not too accurate an and degree-holders regard themselves as members of theprivileged class with the same vested interest in theirstatus as the owners of private enterprises have in theirs.The preservation of freedom requires the same sacrificefrom schoolmen that we have the right to expect frombusiness men.Our schools should open their doors to the rank andfile of citizenry to learn the democratic process and thedemocratic way of living. Adults' classes should be organized and conducted by teachers specially trained forthe job. Techniques and material calculated to instill thelove of freedom and respect for our democracy shouldbe prepared and used in these classes. The progressiveand classical educators should be made to see that theacademic freedom of each is threatened by an attack uponeither, and that the freedom of both is secured only bythrowing open wide the door of our schools, casting thelight of freedom on the road of life for the one hundredand thirty million liberty loving peoples of this land.apprehension of what really has occurred. The wholemovement is, however, a most dramatic example of theway in which the currents of life in a nation invariablyand inevitably determine the true character of its educational processes."Some institutions, of which this is one, have takentheir stand on the doctrine that education of genuinelyuniversity grade should only be offered to those ofdemonstrated ability who really desire to profit by it.Why should money be spent, whether supplied by thestate or by generous donors, to offer education to playboys who have neither capacity nor intention to profitby it? One might suppose that there could only be asingle attitude on this issue. But I learned differentlysome twenty-five years ago when, as Dean of the Faculties of this institution, I hopefully propounded to ameeting of the North Central Association of Schools andColleges the doctrine that a more courageous selectivesystem should be used by our colleges whereby theincapable or the unwilling and uninterested should beexcluded from our higher educational opportunities, thussaving large amounts of money and a vast store of wastedteaching power, leaving our advanced institutions freeto do well the job for which they are best fitted."Was I received with loud acclaim? I was not! Iftar and feathers had been available in the hotel whereI was speaking, I should doubtless have acquired a liberalshare to take home. I was accused of favoring aristocratic education, of being undemocratic, of wishing torob our youth of equal opportunity — and a lot of otherlarcenous purposes which I do not remember."Mass education has its tough defenders andif the emphasis is on 'mass' rather than on 'education,'you cannot do much about it. Here again, then, weobserve an instance in which our universities and collegesare carried along on the current of contemporaryprejudice."RETURN OF A DEANTHE ARMCHAIR STRATEGISTIT SEEMS, for the moment at least, that the attention of the. German armies has been turned fromthe west to the east, from the British Channel tothe Balkans. It is quite possible that the present activities of the Nazi forces in Bulgaria, are simply intendedto solidify the German position in the Near East andmake it possible for Berlin to turn its face to the westwith some certainty of continued security at the Germanback door. To the present writer it seems that the reasonsfor a German invasion of England given in the lastnumber of the Magazine are still valid and that we maycontinue to expect some kind of an attempt by Germanyto deliver the final knockout blow against the valiantdefenders of the British Isles. If such an invasionattempt should be made, either before or after theinevitable day of reckoning in the Balkans, what formwould the military venture assume?All military experiences up to the present have shownthat it is impossible for any army to gain control ofenemy territory without at least a limited control of theair at the spot where the ground attack is to be delivered. Control of the air in a limited manner should notbe confused with general superiority as understood bypossession of a larger air force than that of the enemy.The British, for example, at a time when their air forcewas substantially smaller than that of Germany, wereable for a few hours to control the air over Dunkirkand make possible the heroic activities attendant uponthe evacuation of the B. E. F.However, the Royal Air Force was able to exercisethis control over Dunkirk only for the length of time thatit would have taken the Germans to amass a substantialportion of their superior air armada in the same area;apparently this time was about 16 to 18 hours. Nowthere seems no reason to believe that Germany shouldnot be able to reverse the experience at Dunkirk andhold for 12 or 24 hours the control of the British air oversome selected coastal zones on the Channel or the NorthSea. There has been much guess work attached to allestimates of the relative strengths of the Royal Air Forceand the German Luftwaffe.Obviously such estimates can only be the result ofguess work, since the figures involved are militarysecrets. In spite of the optimistic suggestions of someAmerican observers in London, there seems to be noreason to believe that the British airplane factories havestepped up their production to the point where theiroutput of fighter and bomber planes equals that of theGerman production of the same items. The wholeprocess of tooling up the British factories has been aslow and involved business. The time element still ison the side of the Germans, who started the mass production of planes on a war time basis anywhere fromfive to seven years ago. American plane production,in spite of all the propaganda releases by Washingtonexperts, has still a long way to go before it can substan- • By HUGH M. COLEtially add to the British production of fighter and bomberplanes.To these factors must be added the damage whichGerman bombing raids have inflicted upon British industrial areas where the chief aircraft producing centers arelocated. While it is true that the R. A. F. has been ableduring the last six months to penetrate far into theRhineland producing areas and inflict some damage uponGerman industrial centers, there is no reason to supposethat German production of planes has been so curtailedas is probably true in the case of British production.The law of averages, if nothing more, indicates veryclearly that England must have seen many of its production facilities damaged, if not completely destroyed byGerman raids. On the whole, therefore, the most optimistic estimate that one can make of comparative German-British air strengths in March, 1941, would indicatethat day to day production is no more than on a par inthe two countries and that .Germany still has, by reasonof her earlier plane building activity, a superiority inplanes available, probably two to one. The more pessimistic view and the one which seems, at the moment, tohave the greatest support in fact would indicate thatGerman production is still ahead of the combined production of Britain and America, and here we must refer tofighter and bomber planes, not planes of the trainingvariety, with the result that Germany can expect to havethat local superiority in the air over five or six isolatedsegments of the British coastal defenses, which will beabsolutely necessary if an invasion is to be attempted.The second item which must enter into the consideration of German experts planning the invasion of Englandis the initial scouting foray or the reconnaissance in forcewhich will precede any large scale mass attacks. It istrue that the daylight raids carried out by the Luftwaffeover the English coast probably make it possible for theGerman High Command to maintain the collection ofaccurate information over such essential items as troopmovements, the building of new roads, the constructionof new fortifications, the concentration of new air patrols,and the building of new airdromes. Scouting parties,therefore, sent by way of the Channel or the North Sea,will have little value except as a means of throwing theBritish off the scent and concentrating British attentionat those points on the coast where German patrols havebeen seen or where small landing parties may have triedto operate. In other words, the first attempts againstthe British coastal defenses will be feints on a small ora large scale as conditions demand. The present Germanpositions flanking the English coasts from Norway clearto the south Irish headlands make such feints very dangerous indeed to the English defenders. The Germantheory of infiltration worked out by Ludendorff and hisaides in 1918, and then polished up and refined by theGerman High Command during the thirties, has constantly given attention to the necessity of numerous feints2122 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEas a means of widening gaps or softening up and weakening the enemy's defenses at those carefully chosen partswhere the main attack in force is to come.The third item is obviously the landing of troops foreither a brief reconnaissance operation as a feint or theconcentration of troops on English soil at the point wherethe mass attack is to be delivered. A great deal whichhas recently been written in the American press asregards this particular phase of the invasion problem isof a highly colored and imaginative character, with noparticular basis in fact. For example, the picture ofGerman trimotor transports pulling a regular freighttrain of six or seven gliders filled with troops or warmaterials is fantastic in the extreme. There are in theneighborhood of the so-called invasion coast no> realfacilities for the kind of airdromes which are necessaryto get gliders off the. ground and into the air, and evenif there were, the capacity of the very largest Germanglider is so limited as to give the glider very little military significance except when used against a single smallposition like the Belgian fortress of Eben Emael. However, the German transport planes as used in the Netherlands and in Norway have a very important significancein any invasion plans. Given control of the air at certaindesignated points, the Nazis should be able to landseveral hundred troops by means of such transports ina very few hours.If one will examine the defense of Narvik by sucha German suicide battalion and reinforce this exampleby the countless other instances in Holland and Belgiumwhere a few determined, well-trained and well-armedNazis held strategic points until larger forces arrived torelieve them, it becomes apparent that even a few hundred German soldiers transported across the Channelmay possibly have a very decisive role to play. Oncesoldiers are put down anywhere on the English coastthey can be protected for a few hours by German divebombers acting as artillery support to lay down abarrage, a real curtain of steel, around them. It is truethat this barrage may be maintained only during the fewhours' time that it takes the British to win back the control of the air at that point, but during even such a shortperiod the bridge of ships moving from the invasionports to this German bridgehead on British soil may beswung into position.This leads to a fourth item in possible German plans,and one which has always been most significant inBritain's past history, that is the control of the watersaround the British Isles. There is little question thatGermany can obtain sufficient shipping for the movementof a large expeditionary force across the Channel or theNorth Sea. Practically all the Rhine River barges comprising some hundreds of thousands of tonnage, are probably now in German hands. At the same time, we knowthat Germany was able to retain control of much of thecoastal shipping facilities of Norway, Holland, andFrance when the main armored craft of these countriespassed into neutral ports or British hands. The averagelarge steel Rhine River barge is capable of carrying fiftyor sixty light tanks and although it would be difficultto land heavy artillery or heavy tanks where adequatedockage facilities are not available on the English coast,the German military engineers can solve this problem by improvised means if the problem can be solved. Lighttanks and light guns can be landed.What of the British and German fleets and theirpossible activities during the attempted Channel crossing ? While it is true that the German navy is relativelymuch weaker than that of the British, there is still apossibility that it may be sacrificed by a kind of suicideconcentration to give the defenseless barges and transports time for crossing. More important, however, isthe fact that Germany is especially strong in those navalweapons which in modern times have proven so effectivein narrow land-locked waters — that is, the submarineand the small torpedo craft. The moment the hugecapital ships of the main British fleet move down intothe narrow waters they expose themselves to effectiveattack by small craft which the Germans probably possessin large numbers.What if the Germans could actually seize a portionof the British coast by "vertical encirclement from theair" ? What if this occupation could be strengthened bydive bombing support until it could be used as a bridgehead? And what if large numbers of German troopscould be ferried across in the face of the British coastaland naval defenses? At this point, the German HighCommand must still continue to improvise, for as yetthe highly successful blitzkrieg tactics of high speedpenetration by armored columns have never been resistedby an organized defense in depth behind the main military forces of the enemy. In Poland, in Norway, inthe Low Countries, and in France, once the main military forces of the enemy had been left behind by penetration the blitzkrieg was easy. The English, however,have now organized their civilian population and armedthem against just such penetration inland by Germanarmored streams operating from the coast. It is, therefore, entirely possible that German tanks, motorcycles,and armored cars might be successfully landed in England and go racing into the countryside only to beentrapped and destroyed by the British people's army.There is, however, one factor which under such circumstances would work to the German advantage, as inearlier cases of such armored penetration. Recent testsundertaken by the British army seem to have shownthat the civilian population, when evacuating from amenaced area, was as great a problem to the Britishmilitary authorities as the series of migrations whichjammed the roads of Holland, Belgium, and France andmade a counter-attack against the Germans difficult.Perhaps the invasion of England may be attemptedtomorrow. Perhaps it may not come until next summer.Perhaps it may never come at all. Certainly, however,there are very good reasons why it should be consideredby the German High Command for use in the not toodistant future and certainly no army in the world isbetter fitted to undertake a military problem which combines both the features of efficient time-table organizationand reckless daring. Yet, on the basis of past historythe defensive, under conditions like those existing in theBritish Isles, still has a superiority over the offensive,no matter how brilliantly the plans of the offensive areconceived and no matter how well they are executed.The burden of military proof still devolves upon theGerman army and Adolf Hitler.ATHLETICSTHE MAROON SCOREBOARDBasketballChicago 36 — 58 Iowa ChicagoChicago .36 — 48 Purdue ChicagoChicago 29 — 55 Illinois ChicagoChicago 36 — 41 Northwestern ChicagoChicago 29 — 42. Michigan ChicagoChicago 25 — 65 WisconsinChicago 24 — 56 Minnesota ChicagoChicago 33 — 52 Illinois ChicagoChicago 33 — 49 Indiana ChicagoFencing ChicagoChicago 19 — 8 NorthwesternChicago 9 — 18 Wisconsin ChicagoChicago 10— 7 Ohio StateChicago 14^ — 12J4 Illinois ChicagoGymnasticsChicago 436 — 476 Minnesota ChicagoChicago 497J4 — 441J4 Nebraska ChicagoChicago 572J4 — 402 Iowa ChicagoChicago isyi—2&yi Penn StateChicago 540 — 54154 Illinois Swimming26 — 48 Purdue40 — 44 Northwestern47—28 Notre Dame28—56 Illinois51 — 33 WisconsinTrack53 — >51 Iowa72—23 North Central29—75 Illinois55 — 49 NorthwesternWater Polo6 — 10 NorthwesternWrestling3—21 Iowa StateTeachers17 — 13 Wisconsin3 — 25 Iowa26 — 8 NorthwesternJOE STAMPF barged through to add the 1941 BigTen scoring title to his all-time Conference recordin free throws. He also set a new record for scoring by a University of Chicago athlete, passing not onlyBill Haarlow's record of 156, but also the 160 mark setby Bob Birkhoff in the old days when one player waspermitted to take all the free throws.Back as far as the Wisconsin game, Cap'n Joe tossedfree throw No. 63 of the season to break the record of62, set by Joe Reiff, of Northwestern, in 1933. By theend of the schedule he had built the free throw markto 82, a margin great enough to be free of serious threatsin years to come. The mark is a new record under the1924 rule, but as a matter of fact, it is respectably closeto many of the totals set under the old rule. In settingthe mark, Joe's average of free throws per attemptswas .689.In the Indiana game which rang the bell on the season,Stampf had nine points to make to pass Gene Englund'stotal and win the scoring title. In the first half of thegame he made exactly three points, Nos. 154, 155, and156 for the year. Englund had 162. In the second halfJoe hammered home a basket, a free throw and anotherbasket to tie Englund's total, then went on, with eightminutes to play, to make another basket giving himthe championship. He scored one more point, a freethrow. Total : 165 points for the season, scored on 42baskets and 81 free throws.Stampf's 165 put him ahead of Haarlow's 1935accumulation by exactly nine points, though Joe's three-year accumulation, 332 points, is a long way short ofHaarlow's three-year mark of 416, which led the Conference until Jewel Young, of Purdue, made 465 in theyears ending in 1938. Haarlow is still the all-timerunner up.Stampf's one-year total ranks him fourth under thepresent rules, and sixth among the Big Ten high scorersof all time. Joe now will continue his study of history,his presidency of the Midway chapter of Sigma Chi; a • By DON MORRIS, '36schedule of work, which basketball has already made aserious dent in, probably will prevent him from appearingas a member of the Maroon baseball team, on which hehas the potentiality of scoring again, as one of the leadingMaroon pitchers of all time.The two "B's" of the Maroon swimming contingent,Art Bethke and Bill Baugher, having acquitted themselves well in the series of dual meets, are picked by thisdepartment as the most likely to score in the Conferencemeet at Iowa City. Because at least a couple of sterlingsophomore lochinvars come every year to the meet outof Ann Arbor and Columbus, it is risky to predict exactplaces, but Bethke might take third in the breast stroke ;Baugher, a versatile free style swimmer, might be thirdor fourth in the 220 or quarter mile.Bethke, brother of Kathryn Bethke, who set a coupleof women's marks in competition in Ida Noyes hall andelsewhere before her graduation last June, sprangunheralded into competition this year, though he competed in most of last year's meets. Last year he wasCapt. Jim Anderson's understudy, however, and Anderson, it will be recalled, was fourth in the Conference,with a mark of 2 :33.2 or thereabout. Bethke this yearhas been a consistent winner; he equaled Anderson'sbest to beat Hakomaki in the Minnesota meet, and thenpared almost four seconds off it to finish in 2:29.6against Walsh, of Northwestern. Higgins, of OhioState, won the event last year with a smart 2 :24.4.ART BETHKE, MAROON STAR SWIMMER2324 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEHiggins does not compete this year, but John Sharamet,of Michigan, who was second last year, does. John is thebrother of Gus Sharamet, national collegiate and defend-.ing Big Ten 100 yards free style champion.This brings us round to Baugher, a Hyde Park sophomore, who started the year as a sprinter, graduallyamplified his sphere of activity to include sprints anddistance events, and in the final dual meet, the victoryover Wisconsin, devoted his time to the distance eventsexclusively. With Sharamet and Chuck Barker, ofMichigan, Dick Fahrbach, of Northwestern, the firstthree 100 yards place winners back, it is hardly likelythat Baugher will swim that event ; his best time, madein practice, is under 0 :53, though Fahrbach beat himin 0:54.6, and Sharamet broke the Conference recordlast year in 0:52.1.In the 220, the 1940 champion, Hutchens, of Michigan,have now twisted our minds and made us go in for atwo-ocean Navy in order to avert the disaster whichMahan warned us against: Mahan had nothing whatever to do with the Finance-Internationalistic- Jewish-Warmonger-Capitalists of the United States. He didspend a weekend once with the Albert Schiffs of London.And he did," in 1888, offer J. P. Morgan all of the earnings from the Influence of Sea Power on History, if onlythe banker would underwrite its publication. This Morgan refused to do. Mahan finally obtained a publisher,and if his early works were not popular at home, theyfound wide vogue abroad. He was dined and toastedby British statesmen. And after World War I the filesof the German Foreign Office produced a telegram, fromthe German Ambassador at Washington announcingMahan's appointment as an American representative tothe First Hague International Conference on Peace,which had a marginal note in the Kaiser's own handwriting in the following words : "Our greatest and mostdangerous foe."Mahan is more than an outstanding systematic thinkerabout war and its relationship to society. What an ablescholar of society as a whole he is, may be judged fromsuch documents as the prospectus he prepared just before his death in 1914, in which as a Research Associatein the Department of Historical Research of the CarnegieInstitution, he outlined an ambitious history of theUnited States that was to center around the concept ofexpansion; his brilliant essay on the difference betweentheory and practice; his discussion of some of the principles of public administration which have been recognized only in the last few years by my fellow politicalscientists; his challenging analysis of the art of biography; and finally the address he delivered before theAmerican Historical Association, when he was itsPresident in 1902, on the subject of "Subordination inHistorical Treatment" — a classic of historiography andan essay which, strangely enough, is now a chapter inhis book on Naval Administration and Warfare.If the military scientist can make a contribution to will not defend but other point winners will be back,in addition to Arne Elchlepp, Minnesota sophomore, whoswam 2:19.4, and Fahrbach, who swam 2:18.9, bothbeating Baugher. Baugher also would be forced to cut0:19.3 from, his best 440 time to beat Stanhope's markset last year for Ohio State, but could win points inthat event.Yancey T. Blade, tireless pursuant of Maroon sportventures, says to keep an eye out for Ray Randall,sophomore Maroon half miler, in the Conference meet.Hugh Rendleman, who is generally counted on for pointsbecause of his shot put third place two years ago, fourthspot last year, and new University mark of 48'11", willbe up against a tough field, and may have difficulties.Capt. Jim Ray faces the biggest field of 6'2" highjumpers in years "and also may get left in the cold. ButRandall is Blade's dark horse. He hardly can beatCampbell Kane, but he might be in there somewhere.social science, as did Admiral Mahan, what can the socialscientist of today do for national defense?True to the principles of an objective social science,we must remember first of all that we are functioningwithin the context of a diplomatic and military situationwhich has already been made for us. We are not in thewar, but neither are we out of it. Professor QuincyWright's studies have clearly demonstrated that you canbe at war while at peace, because the strict line whichonce separated war from peace, is an archaic one. Theaggressive leaders of the Herrenvolk have shown us thefutility of legal declarations of war and the military benefits of truculent speeches, threats, press warnings, callsto the colors, troop movements, and other belligerentacts under the dignified title of non-belligerency. Americans well understand this game in which periods of outright warfare are merely interludes between periods ofviolent peace. If the umpire gets batted in the head weare perfectly willing to apply the new rules of the game.As a consequence, in our own policy today, we are actually and sentimentally at war with Germany, and weare on the side of Britain — and we are that not merelypolitically and diplomatically but legally and officially.It should not be necessary now to cite chapter andverse of the Neutrality Acts in their various stages ofmodification, or of the military appropriation and authorization acts running into billions of dollars, of thelend-lease bill lovingly called the Dictator Bill, and ofthe executive orders which have extended the long armof national defense to outlying bases from Alaska toNewfoundland and from Samoa to the. Bahamas. Ifthere are any other legalisms in the bag of tricks of ourpolitical scientists and of Uncle Sam's internationallawyers which can be used we may expect them to becoming out.These techniques are, of course, legal and administrative, not necessarily elements of a social science. Butthey are not unrelated to the scientific tradition, becausethey are unique and effective means of utilizing socialinstruments and institutions to do what we have as aSocial Science and Defense {Continued from Page 7)THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 25matter of policy decided to do. They are similar to theelements of applied science. It is reported that a Britishleader upon being presented with the hypothetical choiceof limitless money or limitless men from America,answered, "Neither — Give me 50 of your best M. I. T.graduates." For the big task in the Battle of Britain isto use all of the skills science can create to counteractthe air attack. It is probable that America's greatest contribution will be in speeding up its productive machineto supply the Fortress of Britain, with all of the deviceswe can muster in the field of economics, public administration and social psychology.The test is going to be terribly practical, perhaps pettywhen judged against the larger values of finding andteaching the truth and of administering university research. "Can you make tanks?" asked Defense Commissioner William Knudsen in his charming Scandinavian accent, of an inquiring reporter. "No," answeredthe newspaperman, taken off his guard. "Veil," announced Knudsen, "I tank I von't be seeing you nomore."We can't, of course, create overnight the militaryequipment, the military personnel, the military plannersand producers, the researchers and trouble shooters.When we got into World War I in 1917, we were stillusing our old Civil War Code. The Germans had, ofcourse* gotten hold of it and they knew all about ourmessages and our shipments between New York andBrest. So we decided to install a new army code, forwhich we permitted only one week of training. Consternation reigned. The story goes that one day Bostonarmy headquarters got a message from Army Intelligence at Washington. After a long delay, Boston wiredback : "Can't decode. Please send message straight." Camethe answer from Washington : "You don't have to decode. Message is straight."This was a different experience than that of a fellowmember of the Society for Social Research, John Lan-desco now a member of the State Board of Pardons andParoles, when he first got into the Navy in 1917. GreatLakes Naval Training Station was choked with recruits,with lots of 'flu and no blankets. "I went to Chicago,telephoned friends and piled up 6,000 blankets," Lan-desco reported to me recently. "Did you pay for them?"I asked. No answer from John Landesco, member ofthe Board of Pardons and Paroles. I went on to complain : "That's a form of pillage. Didn't you even leavegovernment receipts?" "Receipts?' scoffed John theCriminologist. "Was I keeping books or was I saving-democracy ?"Many of those at the University who are specializingin the field of the social sciences are applying their skillin the military totalitarianism of the moment. So far asI know, Viner was one of the first to be drafted, whenhe resumed his consulting job in the Treasury afterwar broke out a year and a half ago. Yntema is an expert in defense production economics and Emmerichhas recently become Executive Secretary of the Officeof Production Management under Knudsen and Hillman.Merriam, on national resources, has long been availableand is constantly on tap during the emergency, and so isBrownlow. Millis in labor relations, Thurstone in testing, White on personnel administration, Leland on public finance, Reeves on vocational education, Platt in Latin-American geography, Benton on public relations andBane and Hoehler on administrative jobs of ranking importance are all playing their role in the presentemergency.Whether the nation will be utilizing not only trainedeconomists and political scientists, but newer types ofpsychologists and sociologists, remains to be seen. It ispossible that the military services and the emergencyservices of economic warfare will call for trained intelligence officers of rew and unique kinds, including expertsin hieroglyphics, cryptography and linguistics which together with statistical economics has been held by someto exhaust the two disciplines in the social sciences thatare strictly scientific.However we may define science, we will not waste ourscientific personnel. This is already indicated by thefact that there is now being prepared a National Rosterof Scientific Personnel by the Civil Service Commissionin cooperation with the National Resources PlanningBoard. President Leonard Carmichael of Tufts Collegeis Chairman of the supervising committee which contains representatives of the Social Science ResearchCouncil, the National Research Council, the AmericanCouncil on Education and the American Council ofLearned Societies.What effects these social scientists and their newerassignments in handling mass collections of data willhave on social science itself is something to speculate onif one can be sauguine enough to think of refining scientific techniques amidst death and destruction. The lastwar gave impetus to the whole field of mass testing ofintelligence and psychological investigation. What stimulus will the present emergency give to social scienceskills and social science techniques of all kinds?What insights will we develop into human personalitytraits through testing techniques that may be as revolutionary as the I Q was in its day ?The universities of the country can also play a role bycontinuing long range research especially where it is insome way relevant to defense questions and by preserving and developing our knowledge and skills and that ofour students so that we may provide the creative andimaginative thinking that will be needed for the building up of a durable peace. In this category may certainly be included the continuation of Wright's studieson the causes of war, and those of his students on international controls, armaments and diplomacy, naval inventions, international air transit. In such fields, asurbanism research and urban planning, we have alreadybegun to reconsider our studies in the light of theemerging technological and military implications of thepresent state of world affairs.8Social science is but one of several technical means,and still an imperfect one, of understanding people andevents. If, in the present struggle, we have the fortitudeto accept vigorous direction in the full use of our knowledge and our skills in the social sciences, we may thenhave a chance to use social science for the further purpose of mitigating the anguish and agony of a terriblytroubled world.8See ' City Plan: Metro Style," Journal of Land and Public UtilityEconomics, May, 1940.26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWe Had the ImaginationHave You tne Courage •Only an individualist would have created this shoe — and onlyanother individualist would have the courage to wear it.But that's how styles are made ... so here's an opportunityfor you to become a Duke of Windsor, for whoever wearsthis model is sure to be remarked, sure to have imitators.You know Frank Brothers are famous for wing tips. Weknow a lot about them. But just recently we got bored withmodest wing tips ... sat down, let ourselves go, and finishedup with double the amount of tip and punching and perforation found in the average wing. It turned out to be abeauty. Look at it up there!We built it, of course, with all the famous Frank Brothersattention to detail . . . lavished hand workmanship on it . . .selected the very finest tan Russia calf for the upper. We alsoworked out a modified spade sole, and were careful to put iton the Carlton last, one that means snug fit, yet with adequate room in all parts of the shoe, and complete comfort.One more word . . . about the price, which is $18.50. That'snot hay, of course, but remember this about Frank Brothersshoes . . . plenty of our customers say, "You can't wear the .' shoes out!"jfranfe Prober*MEN'S SHOPFIFTH AVENUE— 47th-48th Streets— NEW YORK641 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE— CHICAGOIf you can't come in, write for date of Frank Brothers Exhibition in your city BOOKS{Continued from Page 3)be left upon the memory of the reader.Particular attention is directed to theconstructive elements in his thought.Difficult points are explained at length,with concrete illustrations and applications. The special terminology of eachphilosopher is carefully defined. Thusthe student is assisted in every way toread the philosophers themselves intelligently, and to follow the progressivesteps in the structure of modern philosophy.Biography of the Gods. By A. Eustace Haydon, Professor of Comparative Religion. New York : MacmillanCo., 1941. $2.50.This is the compelling picture of theWorld's great living religions, includingthe Hindu,Buddhist, Mohammedan,Jewish andChristian.Each standsrevealed inthis personalhistory of thegods who areworshipped today. The workshows religionto be more than a philosophy ; it is astriking realization of experience. AsAllah, Buddha and the other gods moveacross* these scintillating pages, each isshown to be rooted in the social needsand aspirations of men. The development of the different religions is summarized in such a readable way as togive a symmetrical sketch of each, andthus arouses in the reader a sense ofthe spiritual experience of millions.NEWS OF THE CLASSES1897Charles J. Chamberlain, PhD,Professor Emeritus of Botany, firstcandidate to whom the Department ofBotany presented the Doctor's Degree,is spending the winter in Puerto Ricoas a Visiting Professor at the University of Puerto' Rico, where Frances M.Pagan, '27, is head of the Departmentof Botany.Professor Chamberlain has underway two books that have involved fieldstudies in Mexico, Cuba, Fiji Islands,Australia and Africa. He will haveopportunity for added field studies during his stay in Puerto Rico.1900George F. Zerzan, MD, lives, inHoly rood, Kansas, where he is doingwork in electro-therapy. Dr. Zerzan hasserved as president of the Central Kansas Medical Society and president of theKansas Public Health Association.1901Richard R. Wright, Jr., DB, AM'04, has returned from Capetown, SouthAfrica, where he served as Bishop ofthe African Methodist Episcopal Churchor four years. Bishop Wright now presides over the Thirteenth EpiscopalDistrict (Kentucky and Tennessee)with his headquarters in Wilberforce,Ohio.Joseph C. Ewing, JD '03, has servedas city attorney, county attorney, district attorney and attorney for manyirrigation enterprises in San Diego,California.F. F. Tucker, MD, who is connectedwith the International Red Cross organization, has left Kweichow, China,and is living in Chicago at the presenttime,1904Maxwell K. Moorhead, retiredAmerican Consul, has purchased a newhome near Warrentown, Virginia onthe Alexander Pike.1905Alva J. Brasted retired last Julyfrom his position as chaplain in theUnited States Army. Since last OctoberMr. Brasted has been serving as editorof The Army and Navy Chaplain.Mary M. Steagael, SM '23, PhD'26, is professor emerita of zoology andnow heads the Biological Trail committee for Giant City Park. Miss Stae-gael lives in Carbondale, 111.1906In January Frederick R. Baird, JD'08, was appointed general attorney forArmour & Company.Robert J. Rizer, MD, writes that hehas become the grandfather of two little girls and that his son, Dean, has cometo Minneapolis to join him in the practice of medicine.1907George E. Cadman is now located inFort Payne, Alabama where he is superintendent of a CCC camp engaged inconstruction work in a State Park onLookout Mountain.1908Ernest G. Ham retired last July fromeducational work after 46 years asprincipal, superintendent and instructorin latin. During the last fifteen yearsMr. Ham was superintendent of schoolsin Springfield, Vermont, and he plans tomake his future home in Vermont.A. Beth Hostetter is vice presidentand registrar of the Frances ShimerJunior College, located in Mount Carroll, Illinois.Frank M. Dwyzer, AM, lives inWashington, D. C, where he is anexaminer in the United States Patentoffice.1911Mary R. Parkman has retired fromteaching at the Wilson Teachers Col lege in Washington. Miss Parkman isdie author of five books of biographyfor young people and two of these bookshave been published in braille.1913E. C. Jackson manages the Consolidated Water Power and Paper Companymill in Wisconsin Rapids, Wis. Mr.Jackson has recently written a bookentitled You Too, Mr. Employer.The War Department has conferredan important post upon Col. LawrenceH. Whiting. As Chief Consultant onclassification of personnel, the Colonelworks directly with the Adjutant General in an attempt to find the best manfor every place in the Army. Col.Whiting has had wide experience inthis work, having served as personnelofficer of the A. E. F., on the G. H. Q.staff under Gen. Pershing, as personnelofficer of the 86th Div. and as ChiefPersonnel Officer of the War Department.1914J. F. Delleweyer, AM, of KansasCity, Kansas has been principal of theWyandotte high school for many years.A FIFTIETH ANNIVERSARY FEATUREFor Alumni and AlumnaeLUNCHEON-LECTURES IN THE CHICAGO LOOPThe University Administration and the Alumni Council join insponsoring a series of informal and inexpensive luncheons to beheld at 12:15 P. M. on the four Mondays in April in the Auditorium of the Association Building, 19 South La Salle Street.The Cost of each luncheon will be 67 cents.The speaking schedule is as follows:April 7 New Light on Sex Hormones (Illustrated)Carl R. Moore, Professor and Chairman of the Department of Zoology.April 14 Experiences of an AldermanPaul H. Douglas, Professor of Economics and Alderman from the 5th Ward.April 21 The Weather and the WarHorace R. Byers, Secretary of the Institute of Meteorology.April 28 By Caravan Across Persia (Illustrated)Erich F. Schmidt, Field Director of the Persepolis Expedition.Reservations will be appreciated. Telephone, or writeThe Alumni Council.2728 THE UNIVERSITY OL CHICAGO MAGAZINEIn addition to his above responsibilities,Mr. Delleweyer is principal of the DeanJunior College. He also served as president of the Kansas Association ofJunior Colleges for three years.John A. Greene now resides inShaker Heights, Ohio.Derwent S. Whittlesey, AM '16,PhD '20, is located at the GeologicalMuseum in Cambridge, Massachusetts.Dr. Whittlesey saw the mobilization ofFrance, Belgium and the Netherlands.Jerome Cross, AM, lives in SantaRosa, California where he is City Superintendent of Schools and presidentof the Rotary Club. Last summer Mr.Cross taught state school administrationat the San Francisco State College.Willard P. Dickerson farms a 70acre farm in Oregon, Illinois in addition to working for the Ohio Bell Telephone Company in Cleveland. Mr.Dickerson is the former president of theHumane Society in Cleveland.1915Luther C. Snider, PhD, past president of the Association of PetroleumGeologists, has accepted a professorshipof geology at the University of Texas.1916Arthur W. Haupt, PhD '19, of theUniversity of California at Los Angeleshas recently returned from a trip toCosta Rica and Guatemala, where hewas collecting bryophytes and pterido-phytes for research purposes.1918Samuel Pasach Gurman, JD '20,has been appointed special assistantcorporation counsel of the City of Chicago by the City Council to representthe City before the Federal Government.Mrs. L. M. Myers (Marjorie Ma-hurin) is still a "professional woman,"broadcasting one half -hour every morning on the program, The Home on theAir, over WSAI in Cincinnati, Ohio.Mrs. Myers' radio name is MarshaWheeler.Nama Lathe has headed the Art Department at Cornell College in MountVernon, Iowa, for eighteen years..1919J. E. Hartzler, AM, lectures in philosophy and ethics at the HartfordSeminary Foundation in Hartford, Connecticut. Formerly Professor Hartzlergave lecture and study tours in Europeand the Near East. During the summermonths he resides at 1024 South SeventhStreet in Goshen, Ind.1920Walter Loehwing, SM '21, PhD'25, has been appointed head of theDepartment of Botany at the State University of Iowa.Lewis I. Kaffesider, MD '22, livesin Los Angeles, California, where hehas been a practicing physician formany years.Benjamin H. Willier, PhD, hasmoved from Rochester, New York toBaltimore, Maryland, where he is con nected with the Department of Biologyat Johns Hopkins University.1921Taylor Gurney, PhD ''35, has recently returned from Teheran, Iran, andis on the College faculty at the University of Chicago.Jose K. Santos, SM '22, heads theDepartment of Botany at the Universityof the Philippines at Manila.George B. Cressey, SM, PhD '24, isnow in his eleventh year of teachinggeology and geography in SyracuseUniversity. Mr. Cressey is preparing ahook on The Lands and Peoples ofAsia.1922Mrs. John Milton Guy, Jr. (Beatrice Marks) of Western Springs, Illinois, is president of the WesternSprings and Hinsdale League ofWomen Voters.Paul H. Hanson, JD '24, of Sarasota, Florida, has recently become thetrust officer for the Palmer NationalBank of the same city. Mr. Hansonwas formerly with the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Companyin Chicago.Robert C. Watlock lives in Owens-boro, Kentucky, where he is chief chemist of the Ken-Rad Tub and LampCorporation.1923J. H. George, AM '25, heads the Department of Astronomy and Geology atthe Bay City Junior College in Bay City,Michigan.Edward D. McDougal, Jr., JD, waselected president of the Chicago UnitedCharities recently. Mr. McDougal hasbeen chairman of the Legal Aid Committee for five years.1924Alexander N. Jerrems, Jr., whovisited Chicago in January, is associatedwith the Lockheed Aircraft Corporationin Burbank, California with the production control department.Olga Adams, AM '32, has been president of the Association for ChildhoodEducation, which is a professional organization of teachers of young children,for several years.. Miss Adams is^ akindergarten teacher in the UniversityLaboratory Schools at Chicago.Margaret S. Rainier of Danville,Illinois does illustrations for the "FarmYouth Magazine" and book covers andjackets for the Interstate Printing Company. Mrs. Rainier is president of theDanville League of Women Voters andalso director on the State Board of theIllinois League of Women Voters.James Oliver Buswell, AM, is professor of systematic theology and apologetics at Faith Theology Seminary inWilmington, Delaware.1925Fremont P. Wirth, PhD, has taughthistory at the George Peabody Collegein Nashville, Tennessee, since 1925.Professor Wirth is president of theNational Council for Social Studies thisyear. 1926Mabel May Whitney, AM '28,teaches English in Parker High Schoolin Chicago. Miss Whitney tells us thatwhen life seems a little dull, she writesa song and with some success, for several have been published. Her latestpublished song was entitled "God KeepOur Country Safe."Arlee Nuser, AM, assistant professor of chemistry at Fresno State College in Fresno, California, buys oldhouses and remodels them as her avocation. She comments that her side interest, old houses, is profitable.1927Ernest L. Mackie, PhD, co-authorof Elementary College Mathematicspublished by Ginn and Company lastyear, is professor of mathematics at theUniversity of North Carolina in ChapelHill, N. C.Mrs. Mabelle S. Ehlers, AM, ofEast Lansing, Michigan, has beenteaching at Michigan State College fortwelve years. She is associate professor and head of the institution administration department. Mrs. Ehlers collectschina, pottery, wood and glass.Lemuel C. McGee, PhD, MD '30, ismedical director of the Hercules Powder Company in Wilmington, Delaware.Dr. McGee has been busy of late making home movies.1928Dorothy G. Downie, PhD, was aprofessor at the University of Aberdeen,Scotland before she joined the ranksof ambulance drivers in England.Rob Roy MacGregor volunteered inthe draft army last fall and was in thefirst contingent of volunteers anddraftees from New York City.John Van Prohaska, MD '34,former chief resident and instructor inthe Department of Surgery at the University of Chicago has opened an officeat 25 East Washington Street for thepractice of general surgery.1929Wilbur Wallace White, AM,PhD '35, will take up his new dutiesas Dean of the Graduate School atWestern Reserve University this coming fall. Mr. White will also becomefull professor of political science atthat time.Evelyn Oppenheimer, formerly ofthe defunct Chicago' Journal and Chicago Post, lectures extensively throughout the southwestern territory of Texas,New Mexico, Oklahoma, Arkansas,Louisiana and California with a totalannual audience per season of 150,000men and women.1930Bennett F. Avery became clean ofBoston University's 92 year-old Schoolof Medicine last December. Dr. Avery,at 39, is one of the youngest medicalmen ever to become dean of a UnitedStates school of medicine.Raymond B. Sawyer, PhD, professorof physics at Centre College in Danville, Kentucky, presided over theTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 29BUSINESSDIRECTORYHIGHEST RATED IN UNITED STATESENGRAVERS -SINCE 1906 + WORK DONE BY ALL PROCESSES «»+ ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED -»+ ANY PUBLISHER OUR REFERENCE s^RAYNER=^ DA LH El Mix CO.2054 W. LAKE ST., CHICAGO.AMBULANCE SERVICEBOYDSTON BROS.All phones OAK. 0492operatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics, etc.PACKARD AND LASALLE EQUIPMENTAUTO LIVERYLarge Limousines5 Passenger Sedans $3 Per Hour$2 Per HourSpecial rates for out of townEMERY-DREXEL LIVERY INC.5547 S. HARPER AVE.FAirfax 6400AWNINGSPhones Oakland 0690—0691—0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awnins Co.,INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueVENETIAN BLINDSQUEENS VENETIAN BLINDPHONE CENTRAL 4516Flexible steel slats orseasoned basswoodtwo-tone tapes or solidcolors. Any size blinds.Per square foot After 5 P. M. Plaza 369828' Kentucky Chapter of the AmericanAssociation of Physics Teachers lastyear.Paul F. Cressey is teaching sociology for his tenth year in Wheaton College, Norton, Massachusetts. ProfessorCressey has been making extensiveinvestigations in the Appalachianregions with a view to publishing abook.Emma C. W. Gray, AM '34, is deanof women at Paine College in Augusta,Georgia.Dr. Roy Kegerreis, MD, and hiswife, the former Pauline Hahn, haverecently purchased a new home in Elmhurst, Illinois.Margaret Waters terms herself anadjustment teacher in Oak Park, Illinois. Miss Waters collects butterfliesfrom all sections of the United States.1931John C. Jensen is in business forhimself at 39 S. La Salle, Chicago. Mr.Jensen's firm is titled Latin AmericanField Service, a service to Americanexporters to develop business in latin-America.1933Cornie A. DeBruin is now a missionary in India, . sent there by theThird Reformed Church of Pella, Iowa.Rev. DeBruin has served in Indiaabout seven years, although he livedin the states for a short period threeyears ago.James Porter, of Topeka, Kan., recently elected to the state legislature,has been drafted for the army.Phila Humphreys, AM., is president of the Wisconsin Association ofCity Supervisors for the year 1940-41.Miss Humphreys lives in Manitowoc,Wisconsin.1934Nelson J. Anderson, PhD, nowholds a Captaincy in the Chemical Warfare Service at Fort Francis Warren,Wyoming.Leon T, Dickinson, AM, beganteaching English at Wright Junior College in Chicago last month.Meyer Bodansky, MD '35, is coauthor with his brother, Dr. OscarBodansky of the book, "The Biochemistry of Disease," which is being translated into Spanish in order to serve theneeds of our latin- American neighborswith the idea of contributing to thescientific cooperation of the two Americas.1936Emmett E. Bratcher, PhD, superintendent of city schools in HotSprings, x\rkansas, was appointed stateco-ordinator of Phi Delta Kappa forArkansas last fall.Henrietta Feingold, known professionally as Henrietta Chase, is a member of the Chicago Opera Company.Miss Chase is also the regular soloistat Sinai Temple on Chicago's SouthSide.Next fall David B. Truman, AM '36,PhD '39, will *go to Cornell Universitywhere he will be an instructor in government. BOILER REPAIRINGBEST BOILER REPAIRand WELDING CORP.DAY AND NIGHT PHONE CAN. 6071-0324 HOUR SERVICEQUALIFIED LICENSED CONTRACTOR1404-08 S. Western Ave., ChicagoCAMPGlen Eyrie FarmFOR CHILDREN "DELAVAN LAKE, WISCONSINBOYS and GIRLS 7—12Farm experience besides camp activities including swimming and boating.June 25 to September 3Send for story of tne Farm.VIRGINIA HINKINS BUZZELL, '13Glen Eyrie Farm, Delavan Lake, Wis.BOOK BINDERSBOOKSMEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall New Books Received as soon as published. Come in and browse. 'SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Congress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical CollegeBUTTER & EGGSMURPHY BUTTER and EGG GO.2016 CALUMET AVE.CHURNERS OF FANCY CREAMERY BUTTERFINEST WISCONSIN EGGSAlways UniformChurned Fresh DailyPhone CALumet 5731CATERERJOSEPH H. BIGGSFine Catering in all its branches50 East Huron StreetTel. Sup. 0900—090 1Retail Deliveries Daily and Sun'daysQuality and Service Since 188230 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINECEMENT CONTRACTORST. A. REHNQUIST CO.V i — 7 CONCRETEFLOORS\V-V/\r\r SIDEWALKS\\ V MACHINE FOUNDATIONSw MASTIC FLOORSv ALL PHONESEST. 1929 Wentworth 44226639 So. Vernon Ave.CHEMICAL ENGINEERSAlbert K. Epstein, '12B. R. Harris, '21Epstein, Reynolds and HarrisConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-6COALEASTMAN COAL CO.Established 1902YARDS ALL OVER TOWNGENERAL OFFICES342 N. Oakley Blvd.Telephone Seeley 4488Wasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phones: Wentworth 8620-1-2-3-4Wesson's Coal Makes Good — or —Wasson DoesCOFFEE-TEALa Touraine Coffee Co.IMPORTERS AND ROASTERS OFLA TOURAINECOFFEE AND TEA209-13 MILWAUKEE AVE., CHICAGOat Lake and Canal Sts.Phone State 1350Boston— New York— Philadelphia— SyracuseELECTRICAL CONTRACTORSWM. FECHT ELECTRIC CO.CONTRACTORS - ENGINEERSLIGHT & POWER CONSTRUCTION600W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneSeeley 2788EMPLOYMENTCOLOREDDOMESTIC HELPFurnishedDay or NightReferences investigated.Englewood Employment Agency5530 S. State Phone-Englewood 3 1 8 1 -3 1 82Street Night-Englewood 3181Established 20 years 1937Nathan H. Koenig is connectedwith the Northern Regional ResearchLaboratory in Peoria, 111.H. L. Minton, PhD, heads the Department of Geography at the Arkansas state Teachers College in Conway,Arkansas.Edwin J. Crockin, who until recently was a member of the Bureau ofAdministration at the University ofVirginia, has become a member of thestaff of the Division of the Budget inthe Governor's Office at Richmond, Virginia.On the first of this year LincolnH. Clark assumed the post of AssistantProfessor of Economics at the University of Maryland.1938Lois E. Leavitt, AM, of Lincoln,Nebraska, was to receive her privatelicense for flying in January. MissLeavitt is housemother of WesleyanGirls' dormitory and assistant professorof education at the Nebraska WesleyanUniversity.Herbert G. Lahr, AM, principal ofthe Roosevelt High School in East Chicago, Indiana, has been a member forthe last ten years of the East ChicagoMale Chorus. Mr. Lahr is now chairman of the local Selective ServiceBoard Number 6 for Lake County.1939Robert E. Kronemyer received anappointment as Junior Civil ServiceExaminer in the Civil Service Commission in Washington, D. C, and writesthat he has already met five gradautesof the Class of 1939 in Washington.Jerome Lerner is working for E. H.Sargent and Company in Chicago.James A. Cocutt, SM '40, becameassistant research chemist for theAmerican Meat Institute last June. Dr.Cocutt has been doing research onsausage casings and smoke penetration.Ida Mary Ingle, AM, is now teaching at the American Academy for Girlsin Uskudar, Istanbul, Turkey. MissIngle was formerly at the AnatoliaGirls' School in Thessaloniki, Greece.Mitchell S. Bielawski has recentlyaccepted a position with the CentralProcess Corporation in Chicago.Katherine MacIntyre, former manager of the Quadrangle Club, is nowliving in Boulder, Colorado, and writesus that she will be there until June of1942. Miss MacIntyre manages theAlpha Omicron Pi organization inBoulder.1940Elizabeth Austin is associatedwith the Starch and Dextrose Divisionof the Northern Regional ResearchLaboratory, U. S. D. A., in Peoria,111.Leon D. Cook, Jr., is working forthe Reilly Tar and Chemical Corporation in Chicago.Lester Perlman is with the EdwalLaboratories in Chicago.-John Punderson has gone to Bar-berton, Ohio, to work for the PittsburghPlate Glass Company. GRAPHIC ARTSTHE SCRIPTORIUMScribes • Illuminators • BindersC L RICKETTS JASPER S KINGIf it is said to last a lifetime or longer, sayit sincerely with well-chosen words in beautiful, imperishable designMESSAGES OF APPRECIATION, RESOLUTIONS, ILLUMINATED INSCRIPTIONS,MEMORIALS; BIRTHDAY, CHRISTMASAND GUEST BOOKS; CRESTS, COATSOF ARMS, TITLE PAGES•DIPLOMAS, CITATIONS,HONORARY DEGREES, CHARTERSValued papers and letters restoredand bound38 SOUTH DEARBORN STREETDEARBORN 0001 CHICAGOFLOWERSA*.~*r**ifc ? CHICAGO<cfflr Established 1865fcj/j^ FLOWERSPhones: Plaza 6444, 64451645 E. 55th StreetGROCERIESLEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1 327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Park 9I00-I-2DAWN FRESH FROSTED FOODSCENTRELLAFRUITS AND VEGETABLESWE DELIVERLAUNDRIESSUNSHINE LAUNDRYCOMPANYAll ServicesDry Cleaning29 1 5 Cottage Grove Ave.Telephone Victory 5 1 10LETTER SERVICEPOND LETTER SERVICEEverything in LettersHooven TypewritingMultigraphingAddressograph Service MimeographingAddressingMailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones 4I8 So. Market St.Harrison 8 1 1 8 ChicagoLITHOGRAPHERL C. Mead '2 1. E. J. Chalifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph — Offset — Printing73! Plymouth CourtWabash 8 1 82THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 31OFFICE FURNITURE5TEELCA5EJBzzsin&ss Ecjizipm &n ir\FILING CABINETSDESKS — LOCKERSCUPBOARDS — SHELVINGMetal Office Furniture Co. Grand Rapids. Michigan OPTICIANSNELSON OPTICAL CO.1138 East.63 rd StreetHyde Park5352Dr. Nels R. Nelson, OptometristPAINTERSGEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finishing3123 PhoneLake Street Kedzie 3 1 86E. STEWART FEIGHINC.PAINTING — DECORATING5559 TelephoneCottage Grove Ave. Midway 4404RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneMonroe 3192PHOTOGRAPHERMOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigan Blvd., Chfcaqo . . State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERU. oi C. ALUMNIPLASTERINGHOWARD F. NOLANPLASTERING, BRICKCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone Dorchester 1579 SOCIAL SERVICEThe American Association of Schoolsof Social Work held its Annual Meeting in Chicago, January 29th to February 1st. Arlien Johnson, PhD '30,Dean of the Graduate School of SocialWork, University of Southern California, is President of the Associationand presided at these meetings. OnFriday night, January 31, the Facultyof the School held a reception at IdaNoyes Hall for the delegates to thismeeting and for the members of theChicago Chapter of the American Association of Social Workers. This reception was held in honor of Miss Johnson and Mr. McMillen, who isPresident of the American Associationof Social Workers.Harrison Dobbs, Associate Professorof Social Service Administration, hasrecently been appointed by GovernorGreen to the Illinois Board of PublicWelfare Commissioners.R. Clyde White, Professor of SocialService Administration, is the author ofrecent articles in the December Mid-monthly Survey and in the RevistaMexicana de Sociologia.Jeanette Hanford formerly a member of our Field Work SupervisoryStaff and now a Lecturer at the School,has been appointed the Assistant General Superintendent of the UnitedCharities of Chicago.Edith Vecker, AM '32, has left herposition in the Social Service Department of the University of ChicagoClinics to accept work with the FamilyWelfare Association of Milwaukee,Wis,Clyde Getz, AM '37, has been madethe Acting Director of the Child Welfare Services in the State Public Welfare Commission of Oregon.Kenneth Mulligan, AM '37, accepted a position as Area Supervisorof Personnel of the N. Y. A., in Chicago..Whitney Jansen, AM '37 , has lefthis position with the Indiana State Department of Public Welfare to join thestaff of the Public Assistance Divisionof the Social Security Board.Bernice Roseburg Brower, AM '37 ,has left the Jewish Children's Bureauof Chicago to accept a position with theInstitute for Juvenile Research.Ruth Schuler, AM '39, has accepteda position helping to select the tenantsfor Ramona Gardens, a city housingproject of Los Angeles.Mrs. Nellie Reid, AM '40, has accepted a position as Case Worker withthe Crane Fund of Chicago.Victor Carlson, AM '40, has beenmade Administrative Assistant in theState Public Welfare Commission ofOregon.Robert Wymer, AM '40, has beenappointed Field Representative for theAmerican Red Cross working out ofIndianapolis.James Griffith, AM '40, has accepted a position as Case Worker withthe Pacific Lodge Home for Boys inLos Angeles. PRINTERSCLARKE-McELROYPUBLISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3935"Good Printing of All Descriptions9*RESTAURANTSThe Best Place to Eat on the South SideUHu(MCOLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 Woodlawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324RUGSAshjian Bros., inc.ESTABLISHED 1921Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone Regent 6000COMMERCIAL SCHOOLSINTENSIVE¦ STENOGRAPHIC COURSEfor College People OnlySuperior training for practical, personal use or profitable employment. Course gives you dictation speed of100 words a minute in 100 days. Classes beginJanuary, April, July and October. Enroll Now.Write or phone fox bulletin.BRYANT & STRATTON College18 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago Tel: RAN. 1575MacCormac School ofCommerceBusiness Administration and SecretarialTrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Association of Accredited Commercial Schools.1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130SCHOOL— SHORTHANDYour whole life throughShorthand will be useful to you.For more particulars call, write,or telephone.THE GREGG COLLEGE6 North Michigan Avenue, ChicagoState 1881ROOFERSESTABLISHED 1908MI; FAirfax5206ROOFINGGilliland6644 COTTAGE GROVE Av7"ROOFING and INSULATING32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINESHEET METAL WORKSECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKSGalvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights, Gutters, Down SpoutsTile, Slate and Asbestos Roofing•1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893STOCKS— BONDS— COMMODITIESP. H. Davis, 'II. H. 1. Markham, 'Ex. '06R. W Davis, '16 F. B. Evans, 'IIPaul H. Davis & CoMembersNew York Stock ExchangeChicago Stock ExchangeChicago Board of Trade10 So. La Salle St. Franklin B622TEACHERS' AGENCIESAMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGOA Bureau of Placement which limits itswork to the university and college fieldIt is affliated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allthe educational fields. Botti organizationsassist in the appointment of administratorsas well as of teachers.Albert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all kinds of teachingpositions. Large and alert College andState Teachers' College departments forDoctors and Masters; forty per cent of ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenunibers; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Administration, Music, and Art, secure finepositions through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well prepared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special manager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency¦ 57th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One FeeCHICAGO, MINNEAPOLISKANSAS CITY, MO. SPOKANENEW YORKHUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY25 E. JACKSON BLVD.Telephone Harrison 7793Chicago, III.Member National Associationof Teachers AgenciesGenerally recognized as one of the leading TeachersAgencies of the United States. BORNTo Dr. and Mrs. Frank H. Westhei-mer (Jeanne Friedmann, AM '40),on January 9, a daughter, Ruth Susan,Chicago.To Dr. and Mrs. Dwight E. Clark(Eleanor Melander, '38) a daughter,Judith Lynn, on January 21, Chicago.ENGAGEDBernice Greengard, '35, to Dr.Francis F. Rosenbaum of Ann Arbor,Mich.Claire Virginia Lichtenberg of NewYork City to Robert L, Sampson, '39.The wedding will take place on June21.Starr Llollister, of Chicago to RobertStevenson Wheeler, '39, of Woodstock, 111.Elise Young, 40, to Jack Jay Carlson, '40. The marriage is planned forJuly.MARRIEDMargaret Black, AM '39, to FrankJ. Kockritz, on February 7, 1941.Lita Dickerson, '34, daughter ofMrs. James Dwight Dickerson, '11, toBion B. Howard, '33, on December24, 1940, in New York City. Mr. andMrs. Howard are living at 2560 PrairieAve., Evanston, 111. Mr. Howard isan instructor in the School of Commerce at Northwestern University.Mary Elizabeth Gunn, '38, toJudge Paul Loyal Myrick on January31, 1941. Judge and Mrs. Myrick areliving at 514 Pine St., Stillwater, Okla.Suzanne Kern, '30, to George LaneEldred, on February 15, 1941, in BondChapel on the campus. Mr. and Mrs.Eldred will live in Evanston, Hi.Robert B. Lewy, '30, MD '35, toEvelyn Phyllis Bluestone, of Pittsburgh,January 25, 1941, Chicago. Captainand Mrs. Lewy are living at 7150 CyrilAve., Chicago.Jean Russell, '38, to Louis RiceMiller, '36, JD '37, at Hilton Chapelon February 1, 1941. They are at homeat the Plaisance Hotel, Chicago.Loyd Sherwood, '37, to HeleneJeanne Marshall, on February 14, 1941.Mr. and Mrs. Sherwood are living at3200 Bagley Ave, Palms, Calif.Charity Tinker, AM '36, to Clarence G. Merritt, on February 7, 1941.Louise Shuttles Smith, '27, toMark Fred, '33, SM '34, PhD '37. onJanuary 2, 1941. At home, 5549 Kimbark Ave., Chicago.DIEDE. D. Abraham, '16, MD '18, in LosAngeles, California, on December 17,1940.Edward M. Burwash, PhD '15, Canadian geologist and explorer of thesubpolar north of Canada, on December 21, 1940.Thomas F. Desmond, MD '95, onFebruary 1, 1941, Webster, City, Iowa.Paul N. Leech, SM '12, PhD '13,on January 14, 1941, Chicago.Leonard F. Nelson, '24, executiveof the Oklahoma Gas and Electric Co,at Oklahoma City, of a heart attack,on January 25, 1941. Bertha K. Whipple, SM, on December 17, 1940, in Columbia, Mo.UNDERTAKERSBOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.All Phones OAKIand 0492VENTILATINGThe Haines CompanyVentilating and Air ConditioningContractors1929-1937 West Lake St.Phones Seeley 2765-2766-2767BLACKSTONEHALLanExclusive Women's Hotelin theUniversity of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to University and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748 TelephoneBlackstone Ave. Plaza 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorTHE ALUMNI COUNCILOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOChairman, JOHN NUVEEN, JR., '18 Executive Secretary, CHARLTON T. BECK, '04The Council for 1940-41 is composed of the following delegates:From the College Association: Josephine T. Allin, '99; Arthur C. Cody, '24; Charles C.Greene, '19, JD'21; Olive Greensfelder, '16; Huntington Henry, '06; Frances HendersonHiggins, '20; J. Kenneth Laird. '25; Frank J. Madden, '20, JD'22; Herbert I. Markham,'05; Robert T. McKinlay, '29, JD'32; Frank McNair, '03; Helen Norris, '07; John Nuveen,Jr., '18; Keith I. Parsons, '33; JD'37; Elizabeth Sayler, '35 ; Katharine Slaught, '09; Clifton Utley, '26; Helen Wells. '2kFrom the Doctors of Philosophy Association: Leon P. Smith, AM'28, PhD'30; Eleanor Conway, PhD'36; Paul R. Cannon, PhD'24.From the Divinity Association: Charles L. Calkins, AM'22; Laird T. Hites, AM'16, DJi'17,PhD'25; Sylvester Jones, DB'07.From the Law School Association: Charles F. McElroy, AM'06, JD'15; Charles P. Schwartz,'08, JD'09; Sidney S. Gorham, Jr., '28, JD'30.From the Education Association: Harold A. Anderson, '24, AM'26; Paul M. Cook, AM'27;Robert C. Woellner, AM'24.From the School of Business Association: George W. Benjamin, '35; Louise Forsyth, '30;Neil F. Sammons, '17.From the School of Social Service Administration: Anna Sexton Mitchell, AM'30; MarionSchaffner, '11; Richard Eddy, AM'34.From the Rush Medical College Association: C. J. Lundv, '24, MD'27; William A. Thomas,'12, MD'16; R. W. Watkins, MD'25.From the Graduate Library School: Jeanette Foster, AM'22, PhD'35; Gladys Spencer, AM'31 ;Miriam D. Tompkins.From the Association of the School of Medicine in the Division of the BiologicalSciences: Alf T. Haerem, MD'37; John Van Prohaska, '28, MD'34; B. G. Sarnat, '33,MD'37.From the Chicago Alumnae Club: Mrs. Jasper S. King, '18; Mrs. George Simpson, '18;Mrs. Bernadotte E. Schmitt '22.From the Chicago Alumni Club: John J. Schommer. '09; Wrisley B. Oleson, '18; John William Chapman, '15, JD'17.Fkom the University: John F. Moulds, '07.Alumni Associations Represented in the Alumni CouncilThe College Alumni Association: President, John Nuveen, Jr., '18; Secretary, Charlton T.Beck, '04, University of Chicago.Doctors of Philosophy Association: President, Fred J. Rippy; Secretary, Eleanor Conway,PhD'36, Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago.Divinity School Association: President, William T. Seitz, '33; Secretary, Charles T. Holman,DBT6, University of Chicago.Law School Association: President, George M. Morris, JD'15; Secretary, Charles F. McElroy, AM'06, JD'15, 29 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago.School of Education Association: President, Aaron J. Brumbaugh, PhD'29 ; Secretary, Le-nore John, AM'27, 6009 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago.School of Business Association: President, John Cornyn. AM'36; Secretary, Sarah Hicks, '36,6656 Stewart Ave., Chicago.Graduate Library School Association: President, Leon Carnovsky, PhD'32; Secretary, Robert Miller, PhD'36, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.Rush Medical College Association: President, Frederick B. Moorehead, MD'06; Secretary, CarlO. Rinder, '11, MD'13, 122 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago.School of Social Service Administration Association: President, Mrs. E. J. Lewis, '25,AM'37; Secretary, Alice Voiland, AM'36, 5654 Kenwood Avenue, Chicago,Association of the Medical School of the Division of Biological Sciences: President,Ormand Julian, '34, MD'37; Secretary, Gail Dack. PhD'27, MD'33.All communications should be sent to the Secretary of the proper Association or to the Alumni Council,Faculty Exchange, University of Chicago. The dues* for membership in any one of the Associations namedabove, including subscription to The University of Chicago Magazine, are $2.00 per year. A holderof more than one Degree from the University of Chicago may be a member of more than one Association;in such instances the dues are divided and snared equally by the Association involved."Dad, why do they put itunder the street?""Because, Son, in a big city like this thereisn't room in the streets for enough poles tocarry all the telephone lines needed."Cable is one of the many items of telephoneapparatus which Western Electric produces.Were it not for cable, millions who now havetelephones could not have them. Well aheadof public need, Western Electric has for yearspioneered in improving the art of cable manufacture, packing more wires into limited space, insulating them from each other moreperfectly, and making the outer lead covering more resistant to destructive forces.Telephones, switchboards, vacuum tubes—to name but a few others — all embody thesame manufacturing skill.Thus this Company, source of supply forBell telephone companies, helps make theservice they give the most reliable, mosteconomical in the world.Western Electric ... is back of yourBell Telephone service