w 1 '( ¦<'ttttrrrr*k **.****»» «v.* i _THEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGO MAGAZINEFEBRUARY 19 4 1Your Voice Is You..Do you realize the value of a smilewhen telephoning? It helps a lot.Of course, the other person can't seeyou but the smile is there just thesame. It's in your voice. And it reflects a friendly, cordial personality. In times like these, "The Voice witha Smile" is especially important andworth while. It is a characteristicof the American people. And oneof the fine traditions of the Belltelephone business. BELLTELEP HONESYSTEMTHE BELL SYSTEM IS DOING ITS PART IN THE COUNTRY'S PROGRAM OF NATIONAL DEFENSETHE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEPUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI COUNCILREUBEN FRODIN, '33Associate Editor •CHARLTON T. BECK, '04Editor and Business ManagerHUGH M. COLE; DAVID DAICHES; BERNARD LUNDY, '37; DON MORRIS, '36; RALPH W. NICHOLSON, '36Contributing EditorsTHIS MONTHTHE CO VER : A recent photo- ating today. Alumni who would like Speaking of things military, andgraph of President Hutchins, to have reprints of the three lectures we can't avoid it — President Hutch-by John Sanderson, for Pulse. in one 16-page pamphlet (either for ins addressed the Chicago AssocTa-Mr. Hutchins' recent radio speech on themselves or to give to a friend in- tion of Commerce (at a large meet-" America and the War," heard by terested in better enforcement of the ing) on "Higher Education andthousands of alumni, is reprinted in criminal law) are asked to write to National Defense" during January.this issue of the Magazine so that the Dean of the Law School at the "The University and National De-all interested may read it in its en- University. fense" will be the theme of the Citi-tirety. Comment on the President's • zens' Board luncheon on Februaryposition was sharply divided (see David Daiches, the young British 15, as Mr. Hudson points out in hisNews of the Quadrangles). Coinci- instructor of English who writes a report on Fiftieth Anniversary Cele-dentally, and without knowledge of monthly column for the Magazine, bration affairs.the President's speech, a faculty pe- this month looks at the effect of thetition to Congress urging passage of war on the British literary landscape. *the Lease-Lend Bill was circulated, In another corner, Hugh Cole, of the n 9^ AAnr v vrand received a large number of sig- History Department, takes up the all- J£ P,gC mj Ti Senatures. This statement and the important question of the invasion of Alumni Foundation, reports on thenames signed thereto are printed on Britain. r • -, ', ,o- q a g __^______ financial progress of the campaign' for the Fiftieth Anniversary Alumni* TABLE OF CONTENTS Gift He notes that 9fiQ7 alumniLast month the Magazine an- ' February ,94'Page (fi2ure(* t0 be 18'4 Per cent of thenounced that Dallas B. Phemister, Letters 2 t(*al alumm body) have madeMD'04, Chairman of the Depart- Books 3 Podges thus far amounting to $348,-ment of Surgery, had been appointed America and the War, Robert M. °JPn ThlS 5?"^** a glm °f '^'to the newly-created Thomas D. Hutchins 5 ^ smce Jul^ l • The eff orts of a11Jones Distinguished Service Prof es- H. R. 1776 8 °f th^ committees are continuing, andsorship. This month it is our pleas- Education in Clinical Medicine, *'.]? J0***1 **] *e. ^\oi f00.'000ure to print Dr. Phemister's recent Dallas B. Phemister 10 Wl11 b* }'™chtd be±0^e the Anniver-speech at the annual Trustee's din- Criminal Law, Ernst W. Puttkammer 13 ^^Celebration m September. Thener. In this address he traced the NoTES FoR A DlLETTANTE, DaM ¦ number of aWi who have not madehistory of the South Side Medical miches 15 pledgeS ls 6^J'School of the University and related The Armchair Strategist, Hugh M. *some of the problems faced in devel- Cole 17oping a unique kind of medical News of the Quadrangles, Bernard A large number of Chicagoans willschool in which the staff divided its Lundy 19 gather at the Drake Hotel on Feb-time between teaching and research. The Two Colonels 21 ruary 27 to honor two alumni of the^ Celebration Plans, Howard Hudson. 22 University. The two are Harry Del-For the Next 50, William V. M or gen- mont Abells, '97, and Haydn EvanProfessor E. W. Puttkammer, stem 23 Jones, PhD'98, of Morgan Park Mil-JD'17, concludes his three-installment Athletics, Don Morris 24 itary Academy. A brief sketch aboutsurvey of how criminal law is oper- News of the Classes 29 tne two colonels appears on page 21.Published by the Alumni Council of the University of Chicago monthly, from October to June. Office of Publication, 403 Cobb Hall, 58th St. atEllis Avenue, Chicago. Annual subscription price $2.00. Single copies 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934, at the PostOffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The Graduate Group, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, is the official advertising agency of the University of Chicago Magazine.2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINELETTERSDOUBLE-CROSSEDTo the Editor:In this day and age when hemispheresolidarity against a formidable commonthreat to the independent life of thecountries of the Western Hemisphereseems to be rather a matter of necessitythan of choice for this country, IrvingPnaum's reporting on Latin Americanevents is decidedly mischievous (seeSouth American Double-Cross, in theJanuary Magazine.)Mr. Pflaum went to Latin Americalooking for "spooks" and he foundthem. Spooks are to be found anywhere in the world, if you just look forthem long enough. He went to LatinAmerica looking for dictators and Na-zified Latin American countries. Hehas come back with the news that hefound them.Mr. Pflaum is an eminent newspaperman. He writes well, and gives hisreaders exciting news. That is, afterall, what makes a good reporter.However, as foreign editor of theChicago Times, Mr. Pnaum's readersassume that his reporting is based on atleast some acquaintance with the political, economic, and social history of thecountries he writes about. But withregard to Latin America, he seems tofeel that there is a greater advantageto go there with a tabula rasa, becausethe news, the first-hand impressionsgathered in those countries are then soexciting and seem so quaint that theyare worth cabling to the home office.If the information obtained in LatinAmerica were but items of the nationallife of the countries comprising it, byno means items of the "national life" ofwhich Mr. Pflaum became cognizant inschool, the news would have no zip.It would be part and parcel of the usualpattern of Latin American national life.HIGHEST RATED IN UNITED STATESENGRAVERS SINCE 1906 + WORK DONE BY ALL PROCESSES ?-?¦ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED +? ANY PUBLISHER OUR REFERENCE +iRAYNER^' DALHEIM &CO.2 OS-* W. LAKE ST., CHICAGO. There seems to be a widespread misunderstanding in this country concerning the form of government in theLatin American countries. From themost exalted to the lowliest commentators on Latin American affairs, all haveconsidered it "fashionable" to dub theChief Executives of Latin Americangovernments dictators.It may be pointed out: (1) that asfar back as one hundred and twentyyears ago the Chief Executives of LatinAmerican governments were Presidentsas provided for by the Constitutions ofthe Latin American countries; (2) thatthe form of government adopted byLatin American countries when theybecame independent of Spain has notvaried in these one hundred and twentyyears; (3) that the heads of these governments were Presidents, until recentlycalled otherwise by American writers ;and (4) that it is not until now thatthey have been called dictators in thiscountry.Whatever whims writers may havein labeling persons and things accordingto their own fancy, it should be bornein mind by them, in writing about LatinAmerican countries, that the politicalcharters of these countries, their Constitutions — many of which date onehundred and twenty years back — grantthe Executive branch of Government agreat deal more power than the Constitution of the United States grantedto the President of this country.This is not the place to make ananalysis of why the drafters of theConstitutions of the Latin Americancountries saw fit to entrust the Executive with more power than the Executive possesses in this country. Whatshould be noted, however, is that thepowrers given to the Executives of LatinAmerican governments have been precisely what they are for the last onehundred and twenty years.When Germany is defeated and thedictators of Europe are gone, the LatinAmerican countries will still have theirPresidents. I wonder what they willbe called then by writers here.The matter which rightly concernsMr. Pflaum is the Nazi organization inLatin American countries. But to anyone with a smattering of human psychology, the belief that Latin Americans would relish slavery under theNazi yoke, particularly since Germanyhas demonstrated its tyranny towardssubjugated countries, is utter nonsense.The title of Mr. Pflaum's article inthis magazine is therefore misleading,to say the least. His report statesthat the Nazis are very well organizedin Latin America, that they are constantly abusing the hospitality of nonbelligerent countries, and that Latin American governments should takedrastic steps to break up Nazi organization in Latin America. I would saythat in this respect Latin Americansare in complete agreement with Mr.Pflaum, and the sooner the countriesin the Western Hemisphere becomebelligerents in the World struggle, thebetter they will be able to cope with themenace which up to now is thriving inall countries of the Western Hemisphere under the protection of diplomaticprerogatives.I, for one, believe that in view of thegigantic struggle for the preservationof its liberties which the WesternHemisphere faces, little is to be gainedfrom the depiction of a disunity of purpose nonexistent among the peoples ofthis hemisphere. . . No matter how sensational reporting ought to be !Antonio Goubaud-Carrera.Department of AnthropologyIT'S A TOUGH WORDTo the Editor:Can anything be done about thislong-suffering word? [Pasted on theletter was the word "DILLETANTE"from the heading of Mr. Daiches' column.] It was spelled wrong one month,right the next month, and now has gonewrong again. [The writer then marksup the heading so as to read"DILETANTTE."]Elisabeth Shaw, '23.Cambridge, Mass.[The word was spelled correctly inOctober, but has been wrong since!How, zve don't know, since the type forthe heading is supposed to stay set.Incidentally, the word is spelled"DIEETTANTEr We hope it willstay correct. — Ed.]FROM CHINATo the Editor :[Excerpts from a longer letter.]In spite of the dire predictions thatwe would never be able to reachHsichow, here we are. I had entertained some gruesome fears about ourreception in Japan, especially as wearrived there just as the little brotherswere arresting people right and left.We were told we could not land, but absolutely nothing else happened.At Shanghai, we enjoyed a goodday's visit with CF's family, and hada glimpse of familiar places. The cityis terribly crowded and a bit disorderly.The evacuation of Hongkong by theBritish and American women was thegreat topic in the papers while we werethere. Every one is rather apprehensive -for the future of the colony, butTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 3that is a chronic state of mind there!When we sailed for Haiphong, it waswith the reassuring news that theJapanese battle fleet was headed forthat port too.However, we saw no sign of troublein Haiphong and proceeded with allspeed to Hanoi. Hanoi in the Augustafter the fall of France was not a niceplace. There was a felling of uncertainty in the air; the Anamite peopleseemed sullen and unfriendly, eager totake advantage, and generally unpleasant to deal with. A flood, we learned,was three hours up the line fromHanoi, and we were told it would takeover an hour to cross it in sampans.Our hunch was, though, that therewould be more trouble if we waitedthan if we went. When we arrived atthe flood, the two of us leaped from thetrain and slithered down a slimy embankment, clutching the typewriter, thelunch bag, and the umbrellas, andcrawled into a sampan made chiefly ofbasketry and buffalo skins. In ten minutes we were safely ashore and onboard the waiting train.Due to the difficulty of getting petrol,bus travel from Kunming to Hsiakwanis somewhat spasmodic. But we gota bus two days after our arrival, whichwas really a truck with a lid on it. Tnspite of the extreme discomfort of thetrip, the passengers were good naturedas only Chinese can be in the face ofhardship. The great Burma-YunnanRoad is tremendously improved sincewe came over it last year, and whileit is still slightly more hair raising thanthe trio up Pike's Peak, it is now considerably safer. Hsiakwan has growntremendously in the last year, and manyevidences are to be seen that the closing of the Burma Road is not affectinglife very seriously. Considering all thecensors between thee and me, I willlet it go at that.Riding a "hua-kan," a rope and bamboo sedan chair, after riding a truckis a soothing experience, though ordinarily it is rather sickening. I positively enjoyed it, while swinging alongto Tali, experiencing again the thrillingpresence of the T'ien Chang mountain.It was exciting as we drew near toHsichow, and I could recognize thelittle water mill, the temples, the "Virtuous Widow" arches, and finally thebig tree by the Dog Market wherefriends were waiting to welcome us.Our extraordinary luck the whole trip,and our joyous return, more than convinced us that we are in our right place.Sincerely yours,Ruth Earnshaw Lo, '31.Hua Chung College,Hsichow, Yunnan, China. BOOKSWhat's Past Is Prologue. By MaryBarnett Gilson, Assistant Professorof Economics. New York : Harper& Bros., 1940. $3.00.If there is a better all-round book forthose interested in management and, atthe same time, one more easily read, Ido not know of it. There are scoresof books by management techniciansbut they rarely have interest except forthe specialist. Then we have the re-portorial type of books coming out ofthe academic world which generally lacksomething born only of intimate dailyassociation with work processes. Essentially Miss Gilson has told us inintimate and lively fashion the storyof her day to day experiences and impressions gained through varied andresponsible contacts with industry —principally, of course, during the dozenyears spent in the Clothcraft Shops inCleveland, large-scale makers of men'sclothing, and a plant in which scientificmanagement after Taylor's own heartwas developed in the production department but, alas, not elsewhere. Thissituation with valuable lessons for all iscanvassed in masterly style.Miss Gilson helps us to see the mentalprocess by which starting with a conservative, little-interested, normal Pittsburgh point of view as to labor andlabor relations, she developed into anemployment manager possessing notonly a keen sympathy with the attitudesand problems of labor but able to speculate wisely about the conduct of theemployer-employe relationship as it isdeveloping under our American democracy.It is a grand thing to see any humanbeing able to be serious as to a givensituation and yet handle with a lighttouch her own relationship to it. Onegathers as much light and leading fromincidents in which the author admitspersonal error as from those whereconfident in the strength of her ownposition she gave no quarter to theopposition. This book certainly demonstrates that to have labor relationsright, somebody has to take infinitepains. Such an atmosphere as pervadedthis shop — an atmosphere which attracted people from all over the world— was born not only of a respect forevery individual in the plant but awillingness 'to take the trouble to giveexpression to this respect.* After reading this book one wonders why laborrelations are as good as they are with so little attention normally paid to thesubj ect.Especially interesting are the pagesin which Miss Gilson tells how shecame to realize the weakness of the(COur Shop" idea — a plant unrelated tothe rest of industry and to the rest ofthe world. Present day readers willpossibly not appreciate what advancedthinking this was for the time. Only asthe workers come to realize these widerrelationships can we get away from thedanger of labor as a pressure group.A good many individuals of manydifferent kinds walk through thesepages and on the whole, they have beenfairly and discriminately dealt with. Itis a fine thing to have on the recordsuch an intimate picture of RichardFeiss, a man the value of whose contribution to scientific management hasnever been fully appreciated. As istrue of all good managers, he was whathe was largely because of the crewabout him.A book on management is about thelast place one would expect to findhumor. But there was a good deal offun floating about where this ladymoved and had her being. And it ispleasantly reflected in these pages.Morris L. Cooke.Philadelphia.[From Advanced Management']Lincoln: Living Legend. By T. V.Smith, PhD '22. Chicago : Universityof Chicago Press, 1940. $1.00.February being the month of Abraham Lincoln's birth, it seems appropriate to call attention to a little volumewhich the University Press has recentlypublished containing the Lincoln Dayaddress which Professor Smith delivered last February at Cooper Union inNew York. Cooper Union, it will beremembered, was the site of Lincoln'sfamous speech in which he enunciatedso clearly the importance of national —as opposed the sectional or state — unityin American life.SCULPTURES shown on this page are amongthose to be seen in the new Iranian Hall ofthe Oriental Institute, which was opened onFebruary 2. They were found by a joint expedition of the University's Oriental Institute, Universityof Pennsylvania and Boston Museum of Fine Artson the site of a fortified palace compound atPersepolis — in Iran — built by Darius, Xerxes andArtaxerxes I and III. The I I -ton bull's head (above)of 500 B. C. was restored by Sculptor DonatoBastiani. Shown below is a restored "man-bull" —part of a capital on a column of the "Tripylon,"thought to be the first audience hall at Persepolis. Museum Secretary Boyes and Sculptor Bastiani, during therestoration process. (Below) The excavation at Persepolis.Model of Persian Lion's head of 2,500 years ago, based onfragment at its foot; original black luster was matched.RANANHALLVOLUME XXXIII THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINE NUMBER 5FEBRUARY, 1941AMERICA AND THE WARThe Recent Radio Address of the President, Speaking es-d Citizen[The following address of Mr. Hutchins' was deliveredover a coast-to-coast network of the National Broadcasting Company on January 23, at 9:30 p. m. His speech,which was not sponsored by any group, was his first ineight years on a subject not related to education. — Ed.]I SPEAK tonight because I believe that the American people are about to commit suicide. We arenot planning to. We have no plan. We are drifting into suicide. Deafened by martial music, fine language, and large appropriations, we are drifting intowrar.I address you simply as an American citizen. I donot represent the University of Chicago. I do not represent any organization or committee. Lam not a militaryexpert. It is true that from the age of eighteen to theage of twenty I was a private in the American army. Imust have somewhere the very fine medal given me bythe Italian government of that day in token of my cooperation on the Italian front. But this experience wouldnot justify me in discussing tactics, strategy, or thestrength to which our armed forces should now attain.I wish to dissociate myself from all Nazis, Fascists,Communists, and appeasers. I regard the doctrine of alltotalitarian regimes as wrong in theory, evil in execution, and incompatible with the rights of man.I wish to dissociate myself from those who want usto stay out of war to save our own skins or our ownproperty. I believe that the people of this country areand should be prepared to make sacrifices for humanity.National selfishness should not determine national policy.It is impossible to listen to Mr. Roosevelt's recentspeeches, to study the lease-lend bill, and to read thetestimony of cabinet officers upon it without coming tothe conclusion that the President now requires us to underwrite a British victory, and apparently a Chinese anda Greek victory, too. We are going to try to produce thevictory by supplying our friends with the materials ofwar. But what if this is not enough? We have abandoned all pretense of neutrality. We are to turn ourports into British naval bases. But what if this is notenough? Then we must send the navy, the air force,and, if Mr. Churchill wants it, the army. We mustguarantee the victory.We used to hear of "all aid short of war." The words"short of war" are ominously missing from the President's recent speeches. The lease-lend bill contains provisions that we should have regarded as acts of war up • By ROBERT M. HUTCHINSto last week. The conclusion is inescapable that thePresident is reconciled to active military intervention ifsuch intervention is needed to defeat the Axis in thiswar.I have supported Mr. Roosevelt since he first went tothe White House. I have never questioned his integrityor his good will. But under the pressure of great responsibilities, in the heat of controversy, in the international game of bluff, the President's speeches and recommendations are committing us to obligations abroadwhich we cannot perform. The effort to perform themwill prevent the achievement of the aims for which thePresident stands at home.If we go to war, what are we going to war for? Thisis to be a crusade, a holy war. Its object is moral. Weare seeking, the President tells us, "a world founded onfreedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom fromwant, and freedom from fear." We are to intervene tosupport the moral order. We are to fight for "the supremacy of human rights everywhere."With the President's desire to see freedom of speech,freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedomfrom fear flourish everywhere we must all agree. Millions of Americans have supported the President becausethey felt that he wanted to achieve these four freedomsfor America. Others, who now long to carry theseblessings to the rest of the world, were not conspicuouson the firing line when Mr. Roosevelt called them, eightyears ago, to do battle for the four freedoms at home.But let us agree now that we want the four freedoms;we want justice, the moral order, democracy, and thesupremacy of human rights, not here alone, but everywhere. The question is whether entrance into this waris likely to bring us closer to this goal.How can the United States better serve sufferinghumanity everywhere: by going into this war, or bystaying out? I hold that the United States can betterserve suffering humanity everywhere by staying out.But can we stay out? We are told it is too late. Thehouse is on fire. When the house is on fire, you do notstraighten the furniture, and clean out the cellar, or askyourself whether the house is as good a house as youwould like. You put out the fire if you can.The answer is that the house is not on fire. The housenext door is on fire. When the house next door is onfire you do not set fire to your own house, throw the babyon the floor, and rush off to join the fun. And when56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEyou do go to quench the fire next door, you make surethat your bucket is full of water and not oil.But, we are told, we are going to have to fight theAxis sometime. Why not fight it now, when we haveBritain to help us ? Why wait until we have to face thewhole world alone?Think of the mass of assumptions upon which thisprogram rests. First, we must assume that in spite ofits heroic resistance and in spite of' the enormous supplies of munitions which it is yet to receive from Americathe British Empire must fall.Second, we must assume that the present rulers oftotalitarian states will survive the conflict.Third, we must assume that if these regimes survivethey will want to attack us.Fourth, we must assume that they will be in a positionto attack us. This involves the assumptions that theywill have the resources to do so, that their people willconsent to new and hazardous ventures, that their taskof holding down conquered nations will be easily completed, and that the ambiguous attitude of Russia willcause them little concern.Next, if Britain falls, if the totalitarian regimes survive, if they want to attack us, if they are in a position todo so, we must further assume that they will find itpossible to do so. The flying time between Africa andBrazil, or Europe and America, does not decide thisquestion. The issue is what will be at the western end ofthe line ? This will depend on our moral and militarypreparedness. A lone squadron of bombers might conquer a continent peopled with inhabitants careless ofsafety or bent on slavery. We cannot assume that anycombination of powers can successfully invade this hemisphere if we are prepared to defend ourselves and determined to be free.NO INEVITABILITY ABOUT WAROn a pyramid of assumptions, hypotheses, and guessestherefore, rests a decision to go to war now because itis too late to stay out. There is no such inevitabilityabout war with the Axis as to prevent us from askingourselves whether we shall serve suffering humanity better everywhere by going into this war or by staying out.The chances of accomplishing the high moral purposeswhich the President has stated for America, even if westay out of war, are not bright. The world is in chaos.We must give our thought and energy to building ourdefenses. What we have of high moral purpose is likelyto suffer dilution at home and a cold reception abroad.But we have a chance to help humanity if we do not gointo this war. If we do go into it, we have no chanceat all.The reason why we have no chance to help humanityif we go into this war is that we are not prepared. I donot mean, primarily, that we are unprepared in a militarysense. I mean that we are morally and intellectually unprepared to execute the moral mission to which thePresident calls us.A missionary, even a missionary to the cannibals, musthave clear and defensible convictions. And if his planis to eat some of the cannibals in order to persuade theothers to espouse the true faith, his convictions must bevery clear and very defensible indeed. It is surely not too much to ask of such a missionary that his own lifeand works reflect the virtues which he seeks to compelothers to adopt. If we stay out of war, we may perhapssome day understand and practice freedom of speech,freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedomfrom fear. We may even be able to comprehend andsupport justice, democracy, the moral order, and the supremacy of human rights. Today we have barely begunto grasp the meaning of the words.Those beginnings are important. They place us aheadof where we were at the end of the last century. Theyraise us, in accomplishment as well as in ideals, farabove the accomplishment and ideals of totalitarian powers. They leave us, however, a good deal short of thatlevel of excellence which entitles us to convert the worldby force of arms.Have we freedom of speech and freedom of worshipin this country ? We do have freedom to say what everybody else is saying and freedom of worship if we do nottake our religion too seriously. But teachers who donot conform to the established canons of social thoughtlose their jobs. People who are called "radicals" havemysterious difficulties in renting halls. Labor organizerssometimes get beaten up and ridden out of town on arail. Norman Thomas had some troubles in Jersey City.And the Daughters of the American Revolution refusedto let Marian Anderson sing in the national capital in abuilding called Constitution Hall.If we regard these exceptions as minor, reflecting theattitude of the more backward and illiterate parts of thecountry, what are we to say of freedom from want andfreedom from fear? What of the moral order and justice and the supremacy of human rights ? What of democracy in the United States?Words like these have no meaning unless we believein human dignity. Human dignity means that every manis an end in himself. No man can be exploited by another. Think of these things and then think of thesharecroppers, the Okies, the Negroes, the slum-dwellers,downtrodden and oppressed for gain. They have neitherfreedom from want nor freedom from fear. They hardlyknow they are living in a moral order or in a democracywhere justice and human rights are supreme.We have it on the highest authority that one-third ofthe nation is ill-fed, ill-clothed, and ill-housed. The latest figures of the National Resources Board show thatalmost precisely 55 per cent of our people are living onfamily incomes of less than $1,250 a year. This sum,says Fortune Magazine, will not support a family offour. On this basis more than half our people are living below the minimum level of subsistence. More thanhalf the army which will defend democracy will be drawnfrom those who have had this experience of the economicbenefits of "the American way of life."We know that we have had till lately nine million unemployed and that we should have them still if it werenot for our military preparations. When our militarypreparations cease, we shall, for all we know, have ninemillion unemployed again. In his speech on December29 Mr. Roosevelt said, "After the present needs of ourdefense are past, a proper handling of the country'speacetime needs will require all of the new productiveTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7capacity— if not still more." For ten years we have notknown how to use the productive capacity we had. Nowsuddenly we are to believe that by some miracle, after thewar is over, we shall know what to do with our old productive capacity and what to do in addition with thetremendous increases which are now being made. Wehave want and fear today. We shall have want and fear"when the present needs of our defense are past."As for democracy, we know that millions of men andwomen are disfranchised in this country because of theirrace, color, or condition of economic servitude. Weknow that many municipal governments are models ofcorruption. Some state governments are merely theshadows of big-city machines. Our national governmentis a government by pressure groups. Almost the lastquestion an American is expected to ask about a proposalis whether it is just. The question is how much pressureis there behind it or how strong are the interests againstit. On this basis are settled such great issues as monopoly, the organization of agriculture, the relation of laborand capital, whether bonuses should be paid to veterans,and whether a tariff policy based on greed should bemodified by reciprocal trade agreements.COMMON. PRINCIPLES AND PURPOSESTo have a community men must work together. Theymust have common principles and purposes. If somemen are tearing down a house while others are buildingit, we do not say they are working together. If somemen are robbing, cheating, and oppressing others, weshould not say they are a community. The aims of ademocratic community are moral. United by devotion tolaw, equality, and justice, the democratic communityworks together for the happiness of all the citizens. Ileave to you the decision whether we have yet achieveda democratic community in the United States.In the speech in which Mr. Roosevelt told us, in effect,that we are headed for war, he said, "Certainly this is notime to stop thinking about the social and economic problems which are the root cause of the social revolutionwhich is today a supreme factor in the world." But inthe same speech he said, "The need of the moment is thatour actions and our policy should be devoted primarily —almost exclusively — to meeting this foreign peril. Forall our domestic problems are now a part of the greatemergency.'"' This means — and it is perfectly obvious —that if any social objective interferes with the conduct ofthe war, it will be, it must be instantly abandoned. Warcan mean only the loss of "social gains" and the destruction of the livelihood of millions in modest circumstances, while pirates and profiteers, in spite of Mr.Roosevelt's efforts to stop them, emerge stronger thanever. -The four freedoms must be abandoned if they interfere with winning a war. In the ordinary course of warmost of them do interfere. All of them may. In calmerdays, in 1929, the New York Times said, "War bringsmany collateral disasters. Freedom of speech, freedomof the press suffer. We think we shall be wiser andcooler the next time, if. there is one ; but we shan't." Theurge to victory annihilates tolerance. In April, 1939,Alfred Duff-Cooper said that "hatred of any race was asign of mental deficiency and of lack of a broad concep tion of the facts of the world." In April, 1940, Mr.Duff-Cooper said that the crimes of the German militarists were the crimes of the whole people and that thisshould be kept in mind when the peace treaty waswritten.We cannot suppose, because civil liberties were restricted in the last war and expanded after it, that wecan rely on their revival after the next one. We Americans have only the faintest glimmering of what war islike. This war, if we enter it, will make the last onelook like a stroll in the park. If we go into this one, wego in against powers dominating Europe and most ofAsia to aid an ally who, we are told, is already in mortaldanger. When we remember what a short war did tothe four freedoms, we must recognize that they face extermination in the total war to come.We Americans have hardly begun to understand andpractice the ideals that we are urged to force on others.What we have, in this country, is hope. We and wealone have the hope that we can actually achieve theseideals. The framework of our government was designedto help us achieve them.. We have a tremendous continent, with vast resources, in a relatively impregnableposition. We have energy, imagination, and brains. Wehave made some notable advances in the long marchtoward justice, freedom, and democracy.If we go to war, we cast away our opportunity andcancel our gains. For a generation, perhaps for a hundred years, we shall not be able to struggle back to wherewe were. In fact the changes that total war will bringmay mean that we shall never be able to struggle back.Education will cease. Its place will be taken by vocational and military training. The effort to establish ademocratic community will stop. We shall think no- moreof justice, the moral order, and the supremacy of humanrights. We shall have hope no longer.What, then, should our policy be? Instead of doingeverything we can to get into the war, we should doeverything we can to stay at peace. Our policy shouldbe peace. Aid to Britain, China, and Greece should beextended on the basis most likely to keep us at peace,and least likely to involve us in war.At the same time we should prepare to defend ourselves. We should prepare to defend ourselves againstmilitary or political penetration. We should bend everyenergy to the construction of an adequate navy and airforce and the training of an adequate army. By adequate I mean adequate for defense against any power orcombination of powers.In the meantime, we should begin to make this country a refuge for those who will not live without liberty.For less than the cost of two battleships we could accommodate half a million refugees from totalitarian countries for a year. The net cost would not approach thecost of two battleships, for these victims, unlike battleships, would contribute to our industry and our cultural life, and help us make democracy work.But most important of all, we should take up withnew vigor the long struggle for moral, intellectual, andspiritual preparedness. If we would change the face ofthe earth, we must first change our own hearts. The principal end that we have hitherto set before ourselves is the8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEunlimited acquisition of material goods. The business ofAmerica, said Calvin Coolidge, is business. We must nowlearn that material goods are a means and not an end. Wewant them to sustain life, but they are not the aim oflife. The aim of life is the fullest development of thehighest powers of men. This means art, religion, education, moral and intellectual growth. These things wehave regarded as mere decorations or relaxations in theserious business of life, which was making money. TheAmerican people, in their own interest, require a moralregeneration. If they are to be missionaries to the world,this regeneration must be profound and complete.We must try to build a new moral order for America.We need moral conviction, intellectual clarity, and moralaction : moral conviction about the dignity of man, intellectual clarity about ends and means, moral action toconstruct institutions to bring to pass the ends we havechosen.A new moral order for America means a new conception of security. Today we do not permit men to dieof starvation, but neither do we give them an incentiveto live. Every citizen must have a respected place inthe achievement of the national purpose.A new moral order for America means a new conception of sacrifice, sacrifice for the moral purposes of thecommunity. In the interest of human dignity we need arising standard of health, character, and intelligence.These positive goals demand the devotion and sacrificeof every American. We should rebuild one-third of thenation's homes. We must provide adequate medicalcare in every corner of the land. We must develop aneducation aimed at moral and intellectual growth insteadof at making money.A new moral order for America means a new conception of mastery. We must learn how to reconcile themachine with human dignity. We have allowed it to runwild in prosperity and war and to rust idly in periodiccollapse. We have hitherto evaded the issue by seekingnew markets. In an unstable world this has meant bio-[The following statement urging Congress to enactHouse Resolution ij j6 was circulated among the facultyon the Quadrangles in the week beginning January 20.There were 259 signatures on the petition when theMagazine went to press. — Ed.]THE effort of the American people to build a happier and more humane society has been profoundlyaffected by the European war. The totalitarianconquests have forced us to take steps to safeguard oursecurity. Without that security we can neither maintain nor extend the economic and cultural achievementswhich distinguish the American way of life.Many Americans have not yet fully realized howgravely a Hitler victory would affect our destiny. Theyfaif to see that one of the strongest weapons of the Nazis ger and bigger collapses, more and more catastrophicwar. In Europe and Russia the efforts to master themachine are carried out by methods we despise. America can master the machine within the framework of abalanced democracy, outdistance the totalitarian despotisms, and bring light and hope to the world. It is ourhighest function and greatest opportunity to learn tomake democracy work. We must bring justice and themoral order to life, here and now.If we have strong defenses and understand and believein what we are defending, we need fear nobody in theworld. If we do not understand and believe in what weare defending, we may still win, but the victory will beas fruitless as the last. What did we do with the lastone ? What shall we do with this one ? The governmentof Great Britain has repeatedly refused to state its waraims. The President in his foreign policy is pledged toback up Great Britain, and beyond that, to the pursuit ofthe unattainable. If we go to war, we shall not knowwhat we are fighting for. If we stay out of war until wedo, we may have the stamina to win and the knowledgeto use the victory for the welfare of mankind.The path to war is a false path to freedom. A newmoral order for America is the true path to freedom. Anew moral order for America means new strength forAmerica, and new hope for the moral reconstruction ofmankind. We are turning aside from the true path tofreedom because it is easier to blame Hitler for ourtroubles than to fight for democracy at home. As Hitlermade the Jews his scapegoat, so we are making Hitlerours. But Hitler did not spring full-armed from thebrow of Satan. He sprang from the materialism andpaganism of our times. In the long run we can beat whatHitler stands for only by beating the materialism andpaganism that produced him. We must show the worlda nation clear in purpose, united in action, and sacrificialin spirit. The influence of that example upon sufferinghumanity everywhere will be more powerful than thecombined armies of the Axis.has always been to lull their respective victims into afalse sense of security. They refuse to realize thatshould we permit Britain to perish, the Nazi tyrannywould threaten our world too. The Nazis know that thetriumph of Fascism remains incomplete as long as theexistence of a free America can give the lie to Hitler'sboast that democracy is dead.At present the singlehanded but valiant effort of GreatBritain is all that stands between us and the Nazi avalanche. If we allow this British bulwark to fall, Americawill face the terrible prospect of being forced to fightalone against the totalitarian onslaught which will drawits strength from the harnessed resources of the rest ofthe world.The tragic consequences of appeasement are evidentH. R. 1776Statement by Members of the University FacultyTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEto us from the collapse of country after country in Europe. Still there are Americans who, though payinglip service to national defense, in fact practice a policyof appeasement by telling us that the war is no concernof ours, and that we are not threatened by anything thathappens beyond our shores. But with Britain beaten, awar for self-preservation will be forced on an isolatedAmerica at a moment best suited to the destructive willof the enemy armed with treason and technology. Weshall then bitterly regret our failure to have done everything possible to prevent such a national disaster endangering all we have and all we live for.But even if war is not brought to us immediately byNazi aggression, the threat of war will still hang constantly over our heads. This incessant menace wouldnecessitate total militarization of our country, and greatlyreduce our standard of living. If we are forced to turnour hands and minds from constructive effort to production for destruction, the realm of the spirit would notremain untouched. It would be foolish to presume that. American democracy, however firmly rooted, would bearsuch shocks lightly. The disappearance of the last of themajor free countries beyond our shores, Great Britain,would for many doom the idea of democracy itself. Therewould be panic among some, once the sudden recognitionwould dawn upon us that we were terribly alone in aworld ruled by gangsters.America today still has a choice. A relatively briefperiod of concentrated effort will spare us endless andperhaps futile agony. It will be immeasurably less costlyin the long run. In order to keep war from our shores,to insure the survival of America as a free nation, andto keep the road open in the world at large for the realization of the democratic ideal, we must by all meansin our power prevent a Nazi victory.Therefore, we urge the immediate enactment of HouseBill 1776, which will empower our democratically electedchief executive to take all necessary measures to preventthe national disaster which threatens us as long as Hitlerremains undefeated.Wright AdamsMortimer J. AdlerAdrian AlbertManual J. AndradeBRaymond BarnardHarlan H. BarrowsGeorge M. BartelmezGeorge Estes Barton, Jr.Edson L. BastinJohn M. BealC. H. BeesonA. C. BenjaminR. R. BensleyG. E. BentleyJohn L. BergstresserB. BettelheimCaleb BevansHarry A. BigelowWalter BlairRobert Bloch .William BloomHerbert BlumerG. V. BobrinskoyGeorge G. BogertEva Ruth BolkenR. J. BonnerG. A. BorgeseLouis BothmanNorman L. BowenGeorge BoydBlanche B. BoyerRobert J. BraidwoodGlenn W. BrierHenry B rosinAndrew W. BrownHerbert C. BrownJames BrownWilden G. BrownAlex BrunschwigRalph BuchsbaumPaul C. BucyPierce ButlerWilliam BurrowsHugh T. CarmichaelLeon CarnovskyJames Lee CateErnest J. ChaveErnest Cadman ColwellR. S. CraneHerrlee G. CreelCarey CroneisTom Peete CrossWm. Winslow Crosskey DHenri DavidWilliam DavidsonPhillip De LacyNeil son C. DebevoiseH. A. DpbbsElizabeth S. DixonLeland C. DevinneyParker DooleyPaul H. DouglasHarold B. DunkelEScott V. EatonCarl EckartWilliam F. EdgertonNewton EdwardsFred EgganLillian EichelbergerAlfred EmersonEdw. B. Espenshade, Tr.H. S. EverettEdith FarrarSamuel I. FeiginMichael FerenceD. Jerome FisherJoan FlemingSimon FreedMartin J. FreemanArthur FriedmanHelena M. GamerI. J. GelbRalph W. GerardF. B. GordonDavid GreneMary B. GilsonG. W. E. GlattfeldFrances E. GillespieMaure GoldschmidtCarl H. GraboC. O. GregoryS. Stewart GordonHarold F. GosnellLouis GottschalkL. M. GravesHarold GulliksenHEvalyn G. HallidayRichard T. HallockS. William HalperinFrederick H. HarbisonWilliam D. HarkinsHarry H. HarmanCharles HartshorneB. C. H. Harvey G. E. HawkinsNelson HenryWalker H. HillWinifred Franz HinmanC. V. HodgesT. R. HognessCharles T. HolmanFrank C. HoytC. HouleClay G. HuffCharles HugginsEverett C. HughesG. H. HuntleyWm. T. HutchinsonJPaul JacobsonMarcus W. JerneganC. B. JoeckelEarl S. JohnsonFranklin P. JohnsonWarren C. JohnsonW. K. JordanKWilliam R. KeastHarold B. KentonRobert E. KeobaneJerome G. KerwinSamuel C. KincheloeHarry W. KinghamJoseph B. KirsnerAlfred J. KleinNathaniel KleitmanFrank H. KnightJohn KnoxArthur KornhauserW. M. KrogmanHazel KyrkLGordon J. LaingJacob A. O. LarsenWalter H. C. LavesLouis LeiterH. G. LewisJ. R. LindsayMayme I. LoesdonJoseph B. LohmanJacob LoftBernard M. LoomerFrank R. LillieRalph S. LillieA. DeS. LinkGeorge K. K. LinkAlbert LepawskyH. M. LeppardArno B. LuckhardtMNorman F. MacLeanHarlev F. MacNair Donald E. McCownRichard P. McKeonA. C. McLaughlinFranklin C. McLeanJules H. MassermanM. M. MathewsRobert V. MerrillJere C. MickelU. MiddeldorfGeorge E. MillerH. A. MillisL. W. MintzSylvain S. MinualtCharles MorrisHenry C. MorrisonJacob L. MosakRobert S. MullikenE. J. MullinNEdna S. NewmanHenry W. NewsonNelson H. NorgrenHilda L. NormanHorace W. NortonORalph W. OganCharles E. OlmstedFrank O'HaraKarl A. OlssonMarie OrtmayerPThornton PageWalter L. PalmerEdith P. ParkerCharner M. PerryF. J. PettijohnBessie Louise PierceW. C. PierceRobert S. PlattErnest B. PriceC. Herman PritchettErnst W. PuttkammerLouise W. PutzkeRWilliam M. RandallM. Llewellyn RaneyW. C. ReavisMax RheinsteinDonald RiddleCharles A. Rovetta#SIrene SandifordRudolf SchindlerBernadotte E. SchmittArthur P. ScottW. E. Scott Kenneth C. SearsKeith C. SeeleM. ScheinJames K. SeniorHenry ShefferEdward A. ShilsRobt. W. SiebenschuhHenry C. SimonsM. B. SingerMaud SlyeGertrude SmithJohn H. SmithLeon P. SmithZens L. SmithArthur H. SnellWilliam H. SpencerMatthew SpinkaVictor P. StarrNorman E. SteenrodR. J. StephensonRichard E. StevensCatherine SturtevantC. H. SwiftTHilda TabaRussell Thomas•Charlotte TowleWilliam B. TuckerRalph TylerUB. L. UllmanVA. H. Van der VeerC. VermeulenJacob VinerWW. Lloyd WarnerLeslie C. WarrenTames T. WatkinsHarry WexlerLeonard D. WhiteR. Clyde WhiteGeorge WilliamsonLouis R. WilsonNapier WiltLouis WirthE. O. WollanHelen R. WrightOuincy WrightSewall WrightYKe Chi YangT. F. YoungTheodore O. YntemaZW. H. ZachariasenEDUCATION IN CLINICAL MEDICINEA Report on the University s Medical School*• By DALLAS B. PHEMISTER, MD '04IT is my aim to discuss the clinical division of theSouth Side Medical School, in an endeavor to evaluate its worth and to define its position and educational problems in relation to the University as a whole.It was the chief topic of discussion at the dinner of 1927shortly before the opening of the School, but since thenit has not received much consideration.The clinical school is of concern to trustees and facultyalike because of its relatively great size and expensewithin the University. Something like 16 per cent ofthe cubic area of the campus buildings and 25 per centof the unearned expenditures are now being devoted toits departments and hospitals. It is of general educational interest because this is the only medical school inexistence that is full-time, owned outright by the university and located on the campus where it may influence and be influenced by the other educational units.The objectives and organization of the South SideMedical School were defined in 1923 by the report of the"Committee of the Senate to Advise with the Presidenton Medical Development" which was adopted by theSenate and Board of Trustees. The chief aim was to bethe advancement of the medical sciences and not primarily to increase the number of practitioners. Theappointments to the teaching staff of the medical school(including the clinical years) were to be made "on thesame basis as other University appointments, namely, onthe understanding that the full working time of theappointee be devoted to teaching and research." Practicewas not mentioned. Fifty graduate students were to beadmitted to each class. There were to be research assistants and fellows and, while not separately stated inthe report, it was intended that research would be fostered among the medical students throughout both preclinical and clinical years just as it had been in the preclinical years which had long been conducted on thecampus.Soon the work on the clinical unit was started. Between 1925 and 1933 the hospitals and medical schoolbuildings were constructed and put into operation asclosely-integrated units. They provide the clinical departments with patients, class rooms, and laboratoriesfor both clinical research and research on experimentalanimals. The educational staff is appointed with fewexceptions on a straight salaried, full-time, four-quarterbasis, with six weeks annual vacation and an additionalleave of one quarter every three years. The interne,resident and assistant staffs are on .full time appointments with annual vacations ranging from two to fourweeks. This means that the faculty and assistants areprobably working or at least hired to work more nearlyfull-time in the clinical departments than in any otherdepartments of the University.^'Address at the dinner of the trustees for the faculty of the University,January S, 1941. The clinical unit, while not yet mature, has been inexistence long enough to permit of some judgment ofthe results of operation. The census of patients in thehospitals and out-patient departments has grown almostto the point of maximum accommodations. And thevariety of disease has been fairly representative of thatwhich is needed for the conduct of an undergraduatemedical school of 50 students per class, and for clinicalinvestigation.But despite the full-time appointment, the staff of theclinical departments have not been able to devote theirfull time to teaching and research in accord with theoriginal plans adopted in 1923. Nor will they ever beable to do so. This is for the obvious reason that theyhave had to devote a large amount of time to the practice of medicine. Now it is true that during practice agood deal of teaching and investigation are carried on.But some of the teaching and most of the investigationmust be done at other times. Also the practice of medicine is not altogther work in biological science. Muchof it is applied science and art and some is very ordinaryservice such as talking to relations, which takes -time andenergy that are available in other departments for educational work. The extent to which craftsmanship andart may dominate in some fields is illustrated in the caseof plastic surgery. The necessary science involved maybe learned in a comparatively short time, but the successful plastic surgeon must also be artistically giftedand have years of operative experience. It is a greatdeal more difficult to make a pretty face out of fleshthan out of marble and the restoration of a missingnose, chin or ear of a mutilated statute of a Greek goddess is pastime compared with the same task on herpresent-day human counterpart. Little wonder that educators have long questioned the place of the hand workof medicine on the campus of a university where onlythe higher intellectual faculties should be cultivated.UNDERGRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATIONThe program of undergraduate medical education hastaken a somewhat different course from that which wasmapped out originally. The plan to have the medicalstudents do a considerable amount of research in the clinical years as had always been done in the preclinicalyears has been almost a total failure. The reasonshave been mainly two, failure to provide remunerationfor them in the clinical departments while doing research, and failure to continue a thesis requirement forthe M.D. which was originally set up. The relativelylarge number of medical students who have done research in the preclinical departments leading to the M.A.or Ph.D. degree have nearly all received financial aidas assistants in teaching. Therein lies the big differencefrom the clinical departments in which the paid assist-10THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 11ants are of necessity practically all graduates in medicine and they have done the research instead of the undergraduates. A thesis for the M.D. degree was madea requirement when the new clinical departments opened.But since it was not a requirement at Rush, since scholarships and research grants were not used to remuneratestudents for doing research in the clinics, and since athesis calls for an intellectual discipline to which mostembryo medicos will not submit if there is an easy wayout — which there was — the thesis requirement was abandoned as one of the several deterrents to the admissionof students to the new clinical departments. The clinicalyears of the school have given unusual opportunity foreducation by the case method in which by the assignment to patients, the students learn by doing undersupervision. They have clinical facilities that are aboutas complete as could reasonably be demanded, permittingof continuous assignment to patients, throughout thejunior year in the hospital and the senior year in theout-patient department. If student research is to be incorporated in the clinical years, which could and shouldbe the case, some of the changes which might be madeare, to reduce the intensity of the existing clinical work.take students in as participants in research problems ofthe staffs that are always under way, restore the M.D.thesis requirement and add the fourth quarter to eachclinical year.The most outstanding accomplishment of the clinicaldepartments which can be largely attributed to full-timein the general university atmosphere has been in thefield of research. The results have varied with departments and divisions, and at the different educationallevels, the enterprise is still immature and it is difficultto generalize. But I believe that in no other clinical unitof a medical school of comparable size has such a largepercentage of the instructional and assistant staffs enjoyed such facilities and actually engaged so extensively in investigation.Research in clinical medicine may present aspects andlines of approach that differ from those in other divisions of biological science. It usually deals with or isinspired by problems encountered in the patient. Theseproblems may be practical and trivial or fundamentaland far-reaching in fields of pure or applied science.Their solution may be attempted by studies either inconnection with the patient or on experimental animals.When the studies are on the patient they should beconducted in such manner that his interests are safeguarded and at the same time every permissible opportunity is made use of for the solution of problems. Insome cases the scientific approach is as direct as itmight be in an experimental animal and in direct linewith the best treatment of the patient. In other casesresearch has to be completely abandoned and the diseasecured, whereas nonintervention and further study mightreveal important new knowledge. Very frequently knowledge has to be acquired by the most indirect and devious practices. Direct examination has to be replacedby X-ray, functional or therapeutic tests, or the patienthas to be followed for long years and if possible eventually to autopsy in order to obtain the information desired. In other words, research conducted on the patientmay be the most difficult, most opportunist and most DR. PHEMISTERtime-consuming of procedures and still be the only avenue by which scientific knowledge may advance.The difficult question arises as to how much of theresearch of the clinical departments should be in connection with patients and how much should be conducted on animals. A great deal depends on the problem and on the man. Provisions have been made forboth forms and both should be and are being carriedout. Since much information can be acquired best oronly from studies of the patient, it would be an extravagance if the clinical material which is maintained atsuch enormous expense were not extensively used. Ifthe more direct and fundamental approach is throughthe experimental animal, it should be the method ofchoice and the investigator whose problems lead intomore abstract fields of biological science should be encouraged to follow them as long as he is capable ofobtaining results. Otherwise they had better be entrusted to the proper department of biological science.INTERDEPARTMENTAL BENEFITSThis brings up the question of interdepartmental advantages which have arisen out of the presence of theclinics on the campus. The greatest benefits both to theclinical departments and to the rest of the Universityhave come not from actual cooperative work on problems but from the exchange of ideas and the intellectualstimulation resulting from casual, informal and formalassociations. Numerous organizations as the BiologyClub, the Chaos Club, the Neurology Club, the Innominate Club and the Cancer Committee have played theirpart and the seminars of the departments of the divisionof biological science including the clinical are frequentlyattended by and sometimes conducted by members ofother departments.Conferences and collaboration between the clinical unitand the other science departments have been too numerous to mention here. They have been very helpful, per-12 - THE UNIVERSITY OFhaps more so to the Clinics than the reverse, and thereis still room for further development.Outside of the science divisions there has been relatively more departmental cooperation with the clinicalunit than might have been predicted, for which reason,and because of their more general interest, some ofthe results will be mentioned. The School of SocialService Administration has collaborated and made useof the University Clinics more extensively than any otherdepartment. Social workers are trained there and a partof their instruction is received from the medical staff including a course in Psychiatry. Their graduate studentsalso use the Clinics as a laboratory for research. TheDepartment of Education supervises the teaching ofconvalescent children and cooperates with the Department of Pediatrics in studies in the Orthogenics School.In its work on child development, use has been madeof the new born in the Lying-in Hospital. Anthropologysporadically calls on the clinical unit for X-ray andpathological studies and diagnoses of their dried-out,centuries-old bones. The School of Business conducts acourse in the Clinics on Hospital Administration whichleads to a Master's degree. The Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry have worked together and therehave been overlapping appointments to their instructional staffs. The University College has called uponthe medical school faculty for numerous lectures andfor courses in Psychiatry. The College on the campushas had the collaboration of the clinical unit in teachingthe survey course in biological science, and the conjointcourse on the history of the sciences which ran over aperiod of years, was also participated in by members ofthe clinical faculty. The Department of Sociology madeuse of the Clinics in a study on the cost of medical careand again collaborated with the Department of Medicineon a study of the quality of medical care in the University Clinics.There are many other educational influences which theclinical unit has exerted on the rest of the Universitywhich may have been for its betterment and the opportunities are by no means exhausted.INFLUENCE ON OUTLOOKThere remains an aspect of the influence of the University which deserves mention, namely, the outlook ofthe clinical faculty on life as reflected in their generalinterests — cultural, political, economic, etc., and in particular, their views upon medicine. Observing the menand women who have grown up in this medical anduniversity atmosphere, there can be little doubt that anew type of educator in clinical medicine is being created.He differs from the one who is engaged in private practice in that his community interests are, for good orbad, less broad and more restricted to university affairs,although his contact with patients will always exert aninfluence for which there is no exact counterpart in otheruniversity fields. His general views and interests morenearly approximate those held by the rest of the faculty.In his own field he is convinced of the soundness ofgroup practice as a means of improving the excellenceof medical care and, above all, as the best machineryfor the conduct of medical education and research. Nor CHICAGO MAGAZINEis he any less of a physician because #of the method ofwork. He believes that it has survival values residinglargely in its utilization of modern business methods oforganization which will carry it into more general use.He would like to see that come about mainly as thisunit has come about, through private endeavor, and believes that the best policy for the organized medicalprofession is to foster rather than oppose the spreadof such medical organization which should lessen ratherthan increase the likelihood of eventual state controlof all aspects of medical affairs.The clinical faculty are not unaware of some of theweaknesses of their unit, of the tremendous financialobligation which it imposes on the University and ofthe financial crisis which it now faces. They are willingand anxious to put their shoulders to the wheel in aneffort to improve the situation. They are mindful ofthe courage shown by the trustees in their decision togo ahead with the development of the unit and of themagnificent support of our president, whose stand forexcellence in medicine has not been exceeded by that inany other field of education. With cooperation of faculty, administration and trustees, there is no doubt thatfull time medicine, which for the first time since theMiddle Ages has been restored and has justified itsplace in a university, will be maintained in this one andthat medicine will profit by this example, in other institutions possessing educational ideals similar to those ofthe University of Chicago.Nothing MoreGREED of gain makes nations war,Only that, and nothing more.When all is lost, and the last gunHas killed off every living one,Will then the Old Earth heave her breast,And take her million years of rest,Till other beings shall arise,More just — more wise?Or, may we have a vision now,Of how to gain more wisdom — how? —That we may live, and not be dead —Live, willing to share our crust of bread ? —Willing to share, and wipe out the old score :'Tis the golden rule, and nothing more.Then heavenly choirs shall sing with zest :"Glory to God: Nations are blest,For they are just and they are kind,Each other's needs they keep in mind."Can we achieve it? If every oneWill do his part, it can be done.Greed of gain makes nations war,Only that, and nothing more.Gertrude R. Colburn, ex '10.CRIMINAL LAWPunishment and Correction in Modern Society• By ERNST W. PUTTKAMMER, JD '17N my three lectures, this final one, on the punitiveand correctional phases of criminal procedure, iseasily the one which I approach with most diffidence and, I might almost say, apprehension. To anyone with the barest smattering of knowledge on thesubject, generalizations call with even more than usualvigor for so many qualifications that my hour's talkmight easily get nowhere at all. I shall therefore haveto make sweeping and often inadequate remarks whichmany of us (including myself) know to be full of holes.Another difficulty is that I am now dealing with a topicwhere I am the layman, and where the criminologist,not the lawyer, is the expert. I have so often observed.the sad performance put on by a layman when he straysinto a specialist's field, that it is not particularly heartening to play the part of layman myself.The first, and basic, question to ask ourselves is,why does the government, that is, organized society,punish wrongdoers? I very much dislike, at this point,to use the word "punish" since its very use suggests aparticular answer to our question. If it does not soundtoo vague I should greatly prefer to phrase my questionthis way : Why does government want to do somethingto wrongdoers and — merely to repeat the thing in different words — what does government hope to accomplishby its action? It is curious how frequently people failto realize that this question even exists, let alone realizethat what we ought to do to an offender depends directlyand entirely on what we. want to accomplish. In otherfields of action we first decide on our goal, and thenmodel our conduct accordingly, in the clear understanding that two or more inconsistent goals cannot all, simultaneously, be attained. Here alone we either have noawareness of the possible goals, or, realizing them moreor less dimly, we strive for each goal only long enoughto make it impossible to attain any of the others.But to get down to the question, why does governmentwant to do something to offenders ? Well, one very important answer is that collectively we want vengeance,retribution. Maybe we rationalize it and dress it in respectable clothes, by saying that if the government didnot take over the vengeance function, the victim or hisfamily would, and we should have the endless blood feudsof the Scotch highlands or of Breathitt County, Kentucky. Maybe there is a real basis to this rationalizing.But the bottom fact remains untouched. Historically,the vengeance motive is the main reason why we havepunished and it very probably is still the main reasonwith most of us. True we have refined the thing a little. We no longer punish inanimate objects or animals,when they have caused death, as we did in medievalEurope. We even feel some tremors of conscience thatdid not bother us a few centuries ago, and once the initial resentment is passed, we cool down more rapidly. But in the heat of the trial the prosecutor still bringsin the weeping widow and the forlorn children and asksthe jury how much mercy the defendant chose to show.In recent years there has even been some effort torehabilitate and "respectablize" (if I may coin a word)tHT^engeance goal. The psychoanalysts say — I feel agreat deal of timidity in acting as their spokesman because so much of what they say is beyond my power ofcomprehension — at any rate some psychoanalysts say thatwe all ardently wish to commit crimes — subconsciously,of course. He who has dared to commit one has had apleasure denied to us ; subconscious envy emerges assmug disapproval. We demand that he be made to suffer so that he will be reduced once more to equality withus; he had his fling, now he is paying for it. His suffering, and that alone, puts our world back in balance.However all this may be I think that we all (includingour often unpredictable friends, the psychoanalysts) willagree that the sooner civilization shakes off the vengeance object of punishment, the better. It looks onlyat the past, not at all at the future. There is nothing init that is constructive, either for society or for the offender. I think that I shall not lack your approval ifI spend no more time on it.There are, however two other great goals, besidesvengeance— deterrence and reformation. Totally unlikevengeance, these both look to the future. Their aim issocial security — so to treat the offender as to make thefuture happening of a similar act less likely. But theydiffer most deeply in their ways of accomplishing thisend. Deterrence has other, potential offenders in mind;how can they be stopped? By making an example ofthis one. By showing, by the suffering that he is enduring, that the choice of crime was a bad and unwiseone. Reformation thinks of social danger and of itsprevention in the terms of stopping this offender fromrepeating his anti-social acts. He should be made intoa better citizen by the treatment that the law gives him,and the value of any given form of treatment is to bejudged solely on the basis of the beneficial effect thatit has on him. Punishment, in the sense of suffering,is justified in the unusual event, but only in the unusualevent, that (like a child's spanking) it may help towardfuture better behavior.Besides deterrence and reformation there is one otherobjective of punishment which, like them, looks to thefuture, viz., that offenders are to be punished for eugenicreasons. To it the death penalty exists because it prevents procreation by_ those who have demonstrated them-selves criminals. Imprisonment serves the same purposebut less drastically. Fines are not a proper way of punishing. This view, of course, assumes as its basis theinheritance of criminal tendencies. Under it Virginiaand Australia should be among the most crime-ridden1314 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcommunities in the world, settled as they partly were bytransported offenders, and the England of Queen Elizabeth, fresh from some 72,000 death sentences during herfather's reign, should have been just about perfect. Ishall spend no more time on the notion of breedingcrime out of the race.So, getting back to deterrence and reformation, butbefore considering their pros and cons let me point outan obvious fact that is forgotten with surprising frequency. We generally cannot have both deterrence andreformation. One, deterrence, calls for cold, utterly impersonal severity. The individual difficulties of a particular offender must be given no weight, unless theyare so evident and so special that yielding to them willnot be misunderstood by others who do not have thesedifficulties. His resultant feeling of injustice, that heand society are enemies, is of no account. The other,reformation, seeks to understand him and what made himbehave as he did. It needs, and seeks to get, his cooperation. Plainly, thesejwo approaches almost entirelyexclude each other. We have all too often, by tryingto get both at the same time, merely succeeded in making sure of getting neither, and I have frequently felt,with some discouragement, that I did not care whichgoal we chose, deterrence or reformation, so long as weat least stuck to it and got somewhere:WHICH SHOULD IT BE?If then in any given case we cannot have both deterrence and reformation at the same time, which shouldit be? To begin with, our answer need not, and shouldnot, necessarily be the same for all crimes. Deterrencemay well be highly effective in all crimes, big or little,that are committed calmly and after an appraisal of allthe facts. We all can patiently wait for the green light,when a police car is at the corner. Deterrence meanslittle or nothing to the murderer who is acting undera passion so strong that it has broken down lifelonginhibitions incomparably stronger than mere fear ofpunishment. If then, in weighing the pros and cons, Imake some generalizations, please remember that thedegree of their validity varies from crime to crime.On the whole I believe, as do most experts in thefield, that we are inclined to__pjxL_altogether ^too^m-uchhope on the efficacy of deterrence. For two or threehundred years now we have been patiently trying toscare people into being good, to the tune, two hundredyears ago, of over 200 crimes that carried the death sentence. Picking pockets was one of them, and the publichangings at Tyburn were notorious for the frequencywith which enthralled spectators had their pockets neatlypicked. Conditions then were incomparably worse thannow, for all their death sentences, and hard-headed common sense pretty clearly suggests giving up main reliance on a method that has had 300 years of trial andhas shown 300 years of partial or complete failure. Someother method of dealing might do better and hardlycould do worse. I say this even though I am ready toadmit that it is very difficult to estimate just how effective deterrence is — we can easily point to the offenders and say "See, they were not deterred" ; we have no means of knowing how many are not offenders because they were deterred. But even with this admissionI still believe that we overrate the importance of fear ofpunishment.Logically, deterrence calls for the utmost severity andf rightfulness of punishment. We are to be scared intobeing good,, and the more scared we are, the better.(And logically, therefore, executions should, of course,be by torture and in public.) Now let us assume, atleast for the sake of argument, that the potential offender, in deciding whether to commit the crime or not,sits down and carefully calculates all the pros and cons.Granted that severity will figure in his calculation. Butcertainty — the chances of being punished at all — will, too,at least as much. If the chances are even, our cool, absurdly imaginary calculator may come to a very differentresult from what he would if they were ten to one, ora thousand to one, against punishment. Certainty is atleast as important as severity. And probably the certainty of a year in prison would pull more weight byfar than, say, one chance in twenty of a death sentence.Now all this would be of no importance, if we couldhave severity and certainty at the same time. In plain,actual fact we can't. Inescapably a part of the purchaseprice of severity consists in reduced certainty and (twinbrother of certainty) speed. More procedural safeguards are needed, against the chance of error. Withthem come delay and loopholes of escape. In New Yorka few years ago the notorious Baumes law made a lifesentence obligatory on any fourth felony conviction.How did it work? It meant that juries, faced by a prisoner with three felonies behind him, would almost alwayseither acquit outright or find him guilty only of someminor offense. In effect, his three convictions just aboutworked out as a license from then on to break the law.No, the excessive severity^ that deterrence^deiiiands oftenonly defeats itself.And, as I said before and want to repeat, all of thisargument, from its bottom up, rests on the assumptionthat danger deters. Does it? Is it so hard to find recruits for dangerous work? Many types of crime arefar safer than police work, but there are plenty of applicants for police jobs. Once a war breaks out, volunteers pour in by the thousands, many and many a onemerely for the excitement of it. Does danger really de-terjL^If the reply is that in these cases the daligerouscareer has public approbation to back it, then you havegot something. But that shows that it is the approbation, not the danger, that may be the key factor. Andthere were, and are, plenty of elements in the communitywho gave far more adulation to the gangsters than wasever needed to counterbalance any lingering deterrence.No, if we hope ever to deter, we shall have to cease pinning all our hopes on severity and danger as our onlydeterrence tools. We shall have to learn how to usethe deterrence of community disapprobation, too. Andwe shall certainly have to shake ourselves loose from astrange unimaginativeness that can realize only threekinds of punishment — death, prison, and fine.I turn now to the goal of reformation — of so treatingeach individual offender as to make him less likely in( Continued on Page 25 )NOTES FOR A DILETTANTE• By DAVID DAICHESV. BRITISH WRITERS AND THE PRESENT WARWhere are the war poets? the fools inquire.We were the prophets of a changeable morningWho hoped for much but saw the clouds forewarning:We were at war, while they still played with fireAnd rigged the market for the ruin of man:Spain was a death to us, Munich a mourning.No wonder then if, like the pelican,We have turned inward for our iron ration,Tapping the vein and sole reserve of passion,Drawing from poetry's capital what we can..Meanwhile, what touches the heart at all, engrosses.Through the Hushed springtime and the fading yearI lived on country matters. Now June was hereAgain, and brought the smell of flowering grassesTo me and death to many overseas:They lie in the flowering sunshine, flesh once dearTo some, now parchment for the heart's release.Soon enough each is called into the quarrel.Till then, taking a leaf from Virgil's laurel,¦ I sang in time of war the arts of peace.C. Day Lewis.I PROPOSE to turn my monthly column during thenext few issues into a commentary on the literaryscene in Britain. It is not easy for American readers to find out just what has been happening to the artsin Britain since the beginning of the war : the usual channels of cultural communication are not functioning asthey used to, and, besides, political and military newstends more and more to crowd out all other. My ownsources of information are not as complete as they mightbe, and I had better begin by stating exactly what theyare. First, I can boast of a pretty complete first-handknowledge of literary events in Britain up to the outbreak of the war, for I was living in Britain and workingin the literary field myself. I am using this knowledge asbackground and as a means of giving perspective to myremarks. Second, I have been in continuous and regularcorrespondence with those who are most familiar withthe immediately contemporary situation in Britain eversince the war broke out. Third, I receive and read regularly all the more important British literary reviews andmagazines, and quite a number of unimportant ones too.Thus my present remarks must be to some extent secondhand, but not altogether so.During the period immediately preceding the war themore important younger writers in Britain were on thewhole inclined, in varying degrees, to the Left. Havinggrown up in the period of exhaustion and confusion thatfollowed the first World War, their natural tendencyhad been to reject, or at least to suspect, the attitude thatwas reflected in the conventional platitudes with whichelder statesmen justified their position. They were lessagainst the European tradition than conscious of a breakin it, a break which could only be restored by the establishment of a new order that would combine the old andthe new — the old values rooted in a new society in whichthey could flourish and develop. Thus they were not inany real sense revolutionaries. They sought to combinewhat Cecil Day Lewis called the symbols of "heir" and "ancestor" — to plant their inheritance as Europeans in amore fruitful soil than that of the waste land. This general attitude is particularly clear in the work of thosepoets who first grew to maturity in the 1930's. Thisattitude determined their subject-matter, their symbols,their imagery, and to some extent their audience.These younger writers started off their careers in amood which combined criticism of the status quo withan enthusiastic optimism. They were not sure of theprecise remedies to be applied, but they were sure thatvigorous action of some kind would catch the popularimagination and bring about the desired changes in theirown time. They did not preach bloody revolution ; theytalked in terms of rolling up one's sleeves and gettingdown to things (precisely what things was left vague) :Publish each healer that in city livesOr country houses at the end of drives ;Harrow the horse of the dead; look shining atNew styles of architecture, a change of heart.They had certain difficulties of expression and communication resulting from their own hesitation concerning the nature of their audience. (For whom were theywriting — the leaders, the followers, those who disagreed,those who agreed, the converted or the unconverted?)But they reflected clearly a phase through which thearts were passing both in England and France. Theywere conscious of the political implications of their work.They were strongly in support of Loyalist Spain, andanti-fascist to a man. Employing techniques evolved bythe experimentalists of the previous decade, they triedto express through them a sense of the complicated disease from which modern civilization was suffering and —more important, for this is what distinguished them fromthe wastelanders of the 1920's — a confidence in the possibility of cure, the inevitablity of resurgence. In poetry,the trio of names, W. H. Auden, Stephen Spender andCecil Day Lewis, was found frequently in the mouths ofundergraduates and those who wanted to keep abreast of"new writing." In fiction, the new position was slowerin making itself felt (fiction being much less responsiveto external events, for it takes longer to produce, andthere is a time-lag) but it could be discerned in the workof such young men as Rex Warner (a poet who turnedto fiction), Edward Upward and Ralph Bates.The underlying vigor and optimism that could be discerned in the work of these writers in the early thirtiesof the century began to disappear very rapidly between1936 and 1939. Many of them, on the outbreak of theFranco rebellion in Spain, had made Spain the symbol oftheir hopes and the Loyalist cause the symbol of theircause. As a result, the attitude of the British and Frenchgovernments to the Spanish war and the gradual realization that "non-intervention" was a device that favoredthe fascists and deprived the Loyalists of arms broughtdisillusion and anger not only to those of the youngerwriters who were definitely committed to the Left, but1516 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEto many who hitherto had not declared any politicalallegiance. As the war in Spain dragged on the mood ofthe British intellectuals grew darker. The Popular Front(around which so many of them had rallied) was seenmore clearly doomed to failure as each month went by.Fascism seemed on the march everywhere, and fascismwas the worst and greatest enemy of literature and art,as of the intellectual virtues generally. An effort wasmade to use the Spanish Loyalists as a symbol of hopeand courage both in fiction and in poetry. M air aux' sMan's Elope was perhaps the most effective example ofthis kind of literature. But with the march of events itbecame impossible to sustain this attitude, and more andmore a note of frustration and bitterness crept into thework of the younger writers. Sometimes the note wasone of anger and indignation :Your politicians pray silenceFor the ribald trumpeter,The falsetto crook, the twitchingUnappeasable dictator.For anyone else you should be pleasedTo hold your tongue: but SatanHimself would disown his teachingAnd turn to spit on these.It looked as though literature was entering anotherperiod of waste land, not, as in the 1920's, a waste landof unbelief and scepticism, but one resulting from thestrangulation of hopes and ideals clearly conceived. Thismood reached its peak with the Munich settlement, whicharoused a sullen and impotent fury in the minds of thegreat majority of British intellectuals :But once againThe crisis is put off and things look betterAnd we feel negotiation is not vain —Save my skin and damn my conscience.And negotiation wins,If you can call it winning,And here we are — just as before — safe in our skins;Glory to God for Munich.And stocks go up and wrecksAre salved and politicians' reputationsGo up like Jack-on-the-Beanstalk ; only the CzechsGo down and without fighting.Such was the state of mind of the younger British writers when zero hour struck and the second world warbegan.The first reaction of these writers to the war was oneof shocked numbness. Stephen Spender, poet and novelist, wrote on September 3rd :I am going to keep a journal because I cannot accept thefact that I feel so shattered that I cannot write at all. TodayI read in the paper a story by Seymour Hicks of a requesthe gave to Wilde after his imprisonment, to write a play.Wilde said : "I will write a wonderful play with wonderfullines and wonderful dialogue.'' As^ he said this, Hicks realized that he would never write again.I feel as if I could not write again. Words seem to breakin my mind like sticks when I put them down on paper. Icannot see how to spell some of them. Sentences are covered with leaves, and I really cannot see the line of thebranch that carries the green meaning.This seems to have expressed the attitude of othersbesides Spender, but it was not an attitude that couldlast very long. When the numbness began to wear offthere emerged a confusion of attitudes and points of view,and gradually out of the confusion came several discernible states of mind.The - first and perhaps the clearest attitude that emerged as 1939 came to an end was reflected in theoften repeated determination to keep culture going whatever might happen. The younger writers in particularwere most emphatic about this. War or no war, literature must retain its vitality and its independence. Thewriter could best play his part not by producing directpropaganda but by taking on the job of keeping literature and the arts flourishing in a period when men'sminds would tend to turn to more "practical" activities.The writer could do this job in several ways. First, andmost important, he could continue writing. Second, onthe more practical side he could do what he could tokeep publishing and bookselling as near normal as possible. Third, he must not let the literary periodicals die,and if necessary he must found new ones. Fourth, hemust fight against any attempt to limit by regulation andtaxation the circulation of new literature.Something was done in each of those four categories.Writers did continue to produce. (What they producedI shall discuss later.) A campaign was inauguratedagainst the government proposal to extend the new salestax to books — a campaign in which J. B. Priestley (politically, a humanitarian liberal with leanings towards theLeft) distinguished himself, and, it might be added, acampaign which ended in complete victory. More important still, new literary periodicals were founded.January 1940 saw the foundation of at least four newreviews — one in "literature and art," one (in Scotland)in literature and politics, one in music, and one in education. And on the whole the Government co-operated byleaving the intellectuals alone, at least to a much greaterextent than it did in the last war. In fact, some complained that the Government left the writers too muchalone and refused their offers to help in the Ministry ofInformation, etc., on the ground that they were writersand not civil servants. As Priestley put it in an articlein the New Statesman and Nation of July 13, 1940:"Most of us imagined a year ago, in our innocence, that ifthere should be a war then it must be a war in whichpublic morale would be of immense importance, and thattherefore much use would be made of the services ofauthors, who understand something of the public mindand know how to use the various arts of persuasion. Weknow better now. We have been made to realise that forpurposes of propaganda one civil servant, after years ofbeing buried alive in the Circumlocution Office, is wortha score of mere scribblers. ... If the author asks for someform of national service suitable to his peculiar abilities,he is told to go away and write another of his jolly tales."But most of the younger writers felt that they wouldrather be left alone to write out of the integrity of theirpersonal attitudes than be dragooned into writing to agovernment-prescribed pattern, and the British government's stand on this particular point was regarded as awelcome contrast to that of certain other governments,even if it was short-sighted in some of its aspects.The older writers, being perhaps more respectable andmore docile, were more inclined to be called upon to doofficial propaganda at the beginning of the war than werethe younger' ones. It is doubtful whether they servedtheir cause as well as those who continued to write independently. Somerset Maugham's cheerful and enthu-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 17siastic accounts of France at war were hardly calculatedto prepare the public for the French collapse and, indeed,did a good deal to discredit that kind of writing. Thosewho devoted their efforts to keeping British culture productive were rendering a more lasting service, and onewhich did not have the possibility of becoming a boomerang.The most encouraging feature of the literary situationat the beginning of the war was the determined attemptsmade by writers and publishers to keep literature goingand to keep it available. Not only were new reviewsfounded- — of which perhaps Horizon is the most interesting — but new cheap publishing ventures were undertaken: new series of low-priced editions followed in quicksuccession throughout 1940. Faber and Faber begantheir two-and-sixpenny (50c) series of Sesame Bookswith some admirable selections of modern poetry, and theNew Hogarth Library, at the same price, publishedAT the beginning of February, the American pressis once more flooded with the kind of rumorswhich, in the summer of 1940, predicted theimminent invasion of the British Isles. It is quite probable that there is no immediate reason for such rumorsother than the fact that the Germans are for the momentunoccupied in any large scale maneuvers, and thereforeby their very inactivity place a premium upon predictionand surmise. It is not at all surprising that the projectof an invasion of England should be considered newsworthy by editors in the United States for after all, ourentire thinking on the question of defense and rearmament in this country is predicated directly or indirectlyupon the success or failure of an invasion. The two maindivisions in American controversy on the subject ofdefense policy find their membership reiterating stockarguments for and against all-out aid to Britain whichnearly always devolves from the assumption that Britaincan, or cannot, as the case may be, resist German invasion when it comes.Is an invasion of the British Isles probable? Is invasion of the British Isles possible? A definitive answerto these questions is obviously impossible, but there area number of factors which may throw light upon theproblem and partially answer these two important questions. It is a mistake to assume, as many do, that aninvasion of England has thus far failed and therefore, tocarry the analogy on to its popular conclusion, that aGerman invasion of the western hemisphere is impossible.The invasion of England in its first phase has alreadybegun and no one can say with certainty that the invasionhas failed while it is still in its initial and preparatorystage. Last summer no landings were attempted onBritish shores because the German army had as its chiefmilitary objective the destruction of the French armyand the ancillary collapse of the French state. All strategic planning by the High Command, all organization of poetry by William Plomer and Day Lewis for a start.John Lehmann's Folios of New Writing continued hisearlier anthologies of New Writing with an extremelygood five-shillings' worth ($1) ; Nelson's DiscussionBooks (a series begun before the war) continued to provide a stimulating series of discussions of controversialissues in politics, philosophy and the sciences at twoshillings a volume; and many new sixpenny seriesemerged as rivals to the ever-growing Penguin Library.In addition, many cheap reprints of the classics appearedin rapid succession. All this largely offset the increasein the price of new standard editions, though this increasewas slight and by no means universal and still left theregular price a new work of fiction or biography atunder $2.But more interesting are the literary periodicals, and Ishall discuss these together with other aspects of mysubject next month.• By HUGH M. COLEtransport and supply, all preparation in the form of tactical training, all specific preparations of such separatearms as tanks and planes, were directed toward the solution of this one military problem. When that problemwas solved and the French army removed from the calculations of the German General Staff it was possible toconsider the new strategic and tactical problems presented, by the position of the English enemy. Theseproblems, after all, were so very intricate that improvisation as to plans, arms, supply, and transport would notpossibly effect a satisfactory and decisive solution. Toput it more simply, it was impossible for the Nazis suddenly to slam down the brakes on their huge and speedywar machine, slew it around in an opposite direction, andcontinue with the same momentum towards the Channeland across the Channel.Quite probably, the English defenses in the summer of1940 were so weak as to lead to the belief in retrospectthat they would have been a pushover for the blitzkrieg.This idea, however, does not take into account the hugescale plans and preparations which such a venture asinvasion, even when directed against weak fortifications,would inevitably entail. It is probable that the Germanswere not afraid of the risks in an invasion but at themoment were unprepared to conduct any reasonably, wellorganized campaign against the British Isles. In onerespect, and in one alone, could the Nazis commence thenext phase of the blitzkrieg, that is by the softening upprocess which must continue for some time before anall-out attack on England could be successfully initiated.It was possible for Germany to carry on an aerial attackagainst Britain in the summer of 1940 after the defeatof France. It was hardly possible for an invasion by seato be immediately accomplished.There is some reason to believe that the very characterof the lightning-like victories over the French had leftthe methodical Nazi High Command gasping in astonish-THE ARMCHAIR STRATEGIST18 THE UNIVERSITY OFment and, for the moment, without any immediate plansfor continuation of the war. There is enongh evidencefrom German military sources to show that the overnight victory in Poland was a surprise even to the initiators of the blitzkrieg technique and the blitzkrieg machinery. If the decisive victory in Poland was surprising tothe Germans there is every likelihood that they were evenmore surprised by the ease with which they defeated theFrench armies and skirted the Maginot line. The NaziHigh Command, after all, was not commanded by supermen in 1940, and there is no reason to believe that theyhad the ability to plan the stages of their military operations so that they could follow a time-table which wouldallow them a certain number of days for the conquest ofFrance and subsequently a certain number of weeks ormonths for the conquest of England. Blueprints forsome phases of the blitzkrieg were certainly available inBerlin but they could hardly have been so preciselydrawn as to foretell the immediate collapse of France andthe turn of the blitzkrieg towards the Channel.The softening up process, mentioned above as the firstphase in any attack on Britain, could be commenced evenif there was no intention whatever of an infantry landingby Nazi forces. It is the sort of thing which would bedone regardless of whether Nazi plans called for a warof blockade and starvation directed against England ordirect military conquest on British soil. The originalDouhet theory of aerial warfare, used in part by theLuftwaffe, was based upon the assumption that thepublic morale of the enemy and his will to resist could bedestroyed by bombing attacks from the air, and that theactual occupation of enemy territory by land forceswould, therefore, take place after the war had been wonin the air. Perhaps the German High Command wascommitted to this theory for a brief period after the fallof France, but it is more likely that the theory of thedecisive character of aerial attack was only one of severalpossibilities considered in Berlin. Whether or not thecontinuous air raids since the French collapse have softened up English resistance or destroyed the mechanicalmeans of resistance is problematical, but certainly theNazis must now be turning more and more to the thoughtof actual invasion as a means of solving the problem ofEnglish resistance.PROBABILITY OF AN INVASIONThe present writer believes that a fulhdress invasionby infantry is a possibility, perhaps one may even say aprobability. There are a number of valid reasons forsuch a belief. In the first place, the character of Germanmilitary hegemony over the European continent postulates the necessity of defeating Germany on the continentand not in side-show theatres of war such as Albania andNorth Africa. Conversely, this requires that Germanymust strike her important blows at the most powerfulenemy close to the German base for military operationson the European continent, that is Germany proper.Therefore, German victories in North Africa, in theIberian Peninsula, or the Balkans cannot remove themenace of British armies operating from the British Islesrelatively close to the industrial areas of the Rhinelandand the political center of control at Berlin.In the second place, Germany is faced with the neces- CHICAGO MAGAZINEsity of destroying resistance to German domination hiEurope, as it now centers in the British Isles, beforeAmerican aid, definitely promised, can so strengthen theBritish as to make their defeat impossible and theirultimate victory on the European continent probable. Itis quite true that the Germans have not only expresseda public contempt for American armament efforts butprobably share, in part, the personal contempt of Nazileaders for the promises of real and substantial aid toBritain. It is part of the ideology of the Nazis that theUnited States as a decadent plutoclemocracy, weakenedby its melting-pot characteristics, cannot possibly produce arms and war supplies quickly enough to be asource of danger to Germany. And Nazi leadership maywell believe that German planes and submarines can cutthe lifeline between American and Britain if substantialaid should issue from American factories. However, ifthe United States does appear to be making good on itspromises to Britain and if the counter-blockade by Germany against the British Isles appears to be a failure,it would seem almost inevitable that Germany would beforced to fall back upon the direct invasion of Britain.Notice that contrary to popular opinion, Hitler and hisaides need not stake everything upon the twenty-oddmiles of the Channel. If an attempted invasion shouldfail, the Nazis would have lost a relatively small part oftheir manpower and war materials in the original expedition, but it is unlikely that such losses would be largeenough to weaken gravely the main German armies stillleft upon the European continent. The Germans canbegin an invasion and break it off at will, if the lossesinvolved appear to be too high and the ultimate chancesof success seem too small. On the other hand, an invasion would mean to England a real life and death struggle,where failure on the part of the British could only meancomplete and decisive defeat. The Germans, therefore,would have everything to gain by invasion and relativelylittle to lose.There is still one other reason for believing that theNazis might possibly take the risky venture of attemptinga Channel crossing. German military thinkers and leaders have, in the past, been not only the most carefulorganizers in professional military circles, but they havealso been exceedingly willing to take risks. This willingness to gamble, after careful preparation has reducedthe extent of risks involved, is particularly noticeable inthe new military leadership of Germany which has identified itself with the "dynamic" character of the ThirdReich. The invasion of England, risky as it might be,would be quite in keeping with the dynamic character ofwhich the Nazis so proudly boast. In any case, if invasion is finally decided upon, it will have to come sometime during 1941; for no matter how much delay isevinced in our present plans for aid to Britain, we shouldbe able to give aid of a decisive character, so far as thedefense of Britain is concerned, by the spring of 1942.Therefore, by a rather curious paradox, the extent ofAmerican support, which we intend to proffer the Britishas a means of defense against the Nazi armies, mayactually be the compelling reason for the final all-outGerman attack across the Channel.[In his next article the writer will consider the meansand manner by which invasion might take place.]NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLESWINDS over the campus were heavy laden duringJanuary with the pros and cons of "America andthe War." The chief issue was PresidentHutchins' radio address on January 23 (which theMagazine reprints this month). A few days beforeMr. Hutchins' speech, faculty members began circulatinga petition urging the adoption of H.R. 1776. News ofthis petition was released to newspapers at the same timeas the President's speech by coincidence.Mr. Hutchins, speaking as a private citizen, warned ¦the nation that even the imperfect democracy we nowhave will probably vanish completely if we do not stayout of war, and that "the United States can better servesuffering humanity everywhere by staying out." Anextra edition of the Daily Maroon carried the Hutchinstext in full, as well as comments by faculty members.Mortimer Adler found himself "in absolute agreementwith those principles of freedom and justice given in hisradio address," adding however : "I also find myself inabsolute disagreement with President Hutchins' conclusions."Less forensic was the agreement with Mr. Hutchinsexpressed by Anton J. Carlson: "President Hutchins'discussion is factual, reasonable, and fair, on the phasesof war hysteria actually dealt with, and of most significance to our way of life. From what I know of war,and of human nature, the 'arsenals of democracy' are notguns, bombs or battleships, but education, understanding, fair compromise, and conciliation. These will provemore effective towards a more just and a longer lastingpeace than has been accomplished by such wars as thatof 1914-18, and the current violence."Phone calls had flooded the University switchboardimmediately after Mr. Hutchins' address, with the telephone company keeping a corps of operators on handuntil after midnight. Operators estimated the first hour'stotal at over 1,000, approximately one out of six fromout of the city. Three hundred telegrams and 3,000letters began pouring in the next morning. Five communications expressed approval for every one which didnot. Typical of the letters received :"My most grateful thanks to you for your speech overthe air last evening. May God give you strength tocontinue to awaken the American people to the terribledisaster which lies ahead of them if this evil bill 1776 isallowed to pass unchallenged."Up until 1917 we fought for what was ours, and the1917 escapade was a big blunder. Please keep us frommaking another."Another letter, from a member of the faculty, said inpart:"As a citizen and as a member of the University ofChicago faculty I want to express my vigorous approvalof the method, spirit and logic of your radio address ofJanuary 23. . . . It is our hope that your excellent addresswill halt the epidemics of near-hysteria of recent days.A sane analysis of our problems will save the United • By BERNARD LUNDY, "37States many disappointments in the not too distantfuture."Four days after Mr. Hutchins' address, the Committeeto Defend America by Aiding the Allies held a rally inthe Fieldhouse. Quincy Wright, professor of international law; Edgar Ansel Mowrer, Chicago Daily Newsforeign correspondent; and former Senator Ernest W.Gibson of Vermont supported H.R. 1776. It was Senator Gibson's first public speech in the Middle West sincehe assumed the chairmanship of the "Aid the Allies"Committeee.On the same day Laura Bergquist, former chairmanof the Daily Maroon, organized the "Committee toStrengthen Democracy by Keeping America Out ofWar," with Professors A. Eustace Haydon, Wayne McMillen, Malcolm Sharp and Sophonisba P. Breckinridgeas faculty sponsors. The Committee's purpose, accordingto Miss Bergquist, is to "publicize the true campus feeling concerning Mr. Hutchins' recent address," since theCommittee felt that "a false picture was conveyed tomany people who feel the majority of students are againstPresident Hutchins."A student poll at the month's end revealed that 315students agreed with Mr. Hutchins' conclusions and 236did not. On H.R. 1776 the vote was : For passage, 201 ;against passage, 247.PUBLIC AFFAIRSTwo faculty members and two alumni were called tothe government service last month. The Professorswere: Simeon E. Leland, Professor of GovernmentFinance and Chairman of the Department of Economics,was inducted as director of the Seventh District FederalReserve Bank (covering Iowa, parts of Illinois, Michigan, Indiana and Wisconsin), to serve out the unexpiredterm of Gen. Robert E. Wood, chairman of the Boardof Sears, Roebuck & Co.Jacob Viner, Morton D. Hull Distinguished ServiceProfessor of Economics, was again called to Washingtonto serve as consultant to Secretary of the TreasuryHenry L. Morgenthau, along with alumnus RoswellMagill, JD'20, former Undersecretary of the Treasury.George B. McKibbin, JD'13, partner in law firm ofEssington & McKibbin, was appointed Director of theState Department of Finance by Governor Dwight H.Charles O. Gregory, Associate Professor of Law, went to Washingtonfor part of a week at the end ofJanuary to serve as a consumers' representative at the meetings of theindustry committee for the drugs;cosmetics and toilet goods industry.The industry committee fixed a 40cents per hour as the minimum hourlywage under the Wage and Hour Act.Earlier in January Professor Gregoryaddressed the Chicago law alumni on"Labor and the Sherman Act: theApex Case,"1920 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEGreen, '20, JD'22 John William Chapman, '15, JD'17,former president of the Chicago Alumni Club, is secretary to Governor Green.OGDEN ANNIVERSARYThreescore members of the Citizens Board of Sponsorsand the physical sciences faculty met in January to com-memmorate the fiftieth anniversary of the founding of theOgden Graduate School of Science.Sponsors and professors had lunch together at theQuadrangle Club, heard Frederic Woodward, Vice-president Emeritus and Director of the Fiftieth Anniversary celebration, and Arthur H. Compton, Chairmanof the Department of Physics and Dean of the Divisionof the Physical Sciences. After lunch the companymoved to Eckhart Hall where Harvey B. Lemon, '06,PhD' 12, Professor of Physics, gave a 20-minute lecture-demonstration of atomic structure and atomic disintegration. Sponsors squinted through diffraction gratings atfluorescent lights, identified the spectra of the constituentelements and watched a demonstration of an atom beingbombarded with deuterons.After this session the guests formed three smallergroups who left on tours of the working scale model ofMcDonald Observatory in Texas ; the "giant camera"for spectroscopy in the basement of Ryerson Laboratory ;and the cosmic ray excitation chamber and magnet, forcosmic ray research ; and the cyclotron, for research inatomic disintegration and artificial radioactivity, in theUniversity's Service Building. Impressed with the caliber of the University's physicists and their unified attackupon the mysteries of the atom, the guests reconvenedin Eckhart Hall Common Room for a discussion periodand tea following their "laboratory work."The Ogden Graduate School whose anniversary wasobserved (the School was expanded in 1931 into thedivisions of the physical and biological sciences) wasfounded at the University fifty years ago by the executorsand trustees under the will of William B. Ogden, a pioneer public servant, first mayor of Chicago (at age 32)and early railroad magnate. Mayor Ogden helped toorganize, and became first president of, the first railroadto enter Chicago, and the first president of the UnionPacific Railroad. He was also a partner of CyrusMcCormick, helped found the Chicago Board of Tradeand the Republican party. He served for 17 years aschairman of the Board of Trustees of the Old Universityof Chicago and was the first president of Rush MedicalCollege.The Ogden Graduate School of Science to which hisexecutors contributed $600,000 began its work October1, 1892, coincidentally with the first classes in otherbranches of the University. Within a few years thereafter more than 500 graduate students were enrolled eachyear for advanced work in the basic sciences. By 1900there were more graduate students in science on theQuadrangles than in any other American university. Thevision and generosity of an early "captain of industry"has thus been perhaps the nation's greatest single impetusto improvement of research and teaching in the physicaland biological sciences. (The physics department alonehas produced more Nobel prize-winners than any otherin the United States). Carl R. Moore, PhD '16, Professorand Chairman of the Department ofZoology was one of four scientistswho in January shared approximately$16,000 in awards made by theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sciences. The award was made for Professor Moore's work in identifyingand isolating testosterone, the malesex hormone.Others honored by the Academywere Dr. Joseph McCarthy, NewYork Polyclinic Medical School, Dr.Huqh H. Young, Johns Hopkins, anda European whose name was withheld.NOTESAn eleven-ton head was unveiled this month inOriental Institute. It was the sculptured head of a blackbull, which had been shipped half way around the worldto find its resting place as the main feature of the newIranian Hall in the Oriental Institute. See page 4.The Iranian Room is the first new hall to be openedsince the Oriental Institute moved into Breasted Hall tenyears ago. Shortly after work began in its new location,the government of Iran granted permission to excavateat the site of the ancient Persian city of Persepolis, whichaccording to Institute Director John A. Wilson was, withAthens, "one of the two most beautiful and vibrant citiesof antiquity." A center of trade-routes, Persepolis hasproved rich in archaeological treasures which will bepermanently on view hereafter.The five remaining speakers in the Democracy lectureseries whose first lecturer, Thomas Reed Powell, wasannounced in this department last month, have beenannounced. They are: Henry F. Pringle, ColumbiaUniversity Pulitzer prize-winner; Herbert Agar, editorof the Louisville Courier- Journal and Times; Chris L.Christenson, dean of the University of Wisconsin Schoolof Agriculture; Harold G. Moulton, president of theBrookings Institution ; and Matthew Woll, vice-presidentof the American Federation of Labor.Three hundred students were inoculated last monthwith a new type of influenza vaccine in the StudentHealth Service. The vaccine, apparently the first successful influenza preventative, was discovered by F. L.Horsfall and Edwin H. Lennette, M.D.'36, in the Rockefeller Foundation Laboratories.A double golden anniversary was marked last monthwhen the University of Chicago choir appeared in twoconcerts with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra, whichis also celebrating its fiftieth anniversary this year. MackEvans, director of the choir for 15 years, has developedthe group to 170 voices who join with the Orchestrato present Debussy's Sirens, the Magnificat, and the firstChicago performance of Psalmus Hungaricus by the well-known Hungarian composer, Zoltan Kodaly.The deaths of two persons close to the Universitywere reported as the Magazine went to press. GeorgeE. Vincent, PhD'96, LLD '11 former dean of the collegeat the University, President of the University of Minnesota, and President of the Rockefeller Foundation, diedin New York City on February 1. He was 76 yearsold. On February 2, in Chicago, Salmon O. Levinsondied in Chicago. Mr. Levinson, an attorney, gave theUniversity a large and valuable collection of documentsdealing with peace ; and was the recipient of the Rosen-berger Medal for his work in "outlawing war."THE TWO COLONELSAn Alumni ProfileTHE NAME Morgan Park means a great deal tothe University of Chicago. It was from the oldtheological seminary there that William RaineyHarper first attracted notice — notice that lead to hisselection as first President of the University (after Yalehad called him from Morgan Park). Then MorganPark became the secondary school department of theUniversity — and was called Morgan Park Academy. Butmore important today, perhaps, is the fact that at theAcademy two distinguished alumni of the Universityhave given 84 years of their lives to educational pursuitsof a fine kind. These men, who will be honored at a largebanquet at the Drake Hotel in Chicago on February 27,are Harry Delmont Abells, '97, Superintendent of theMorgan Park Military Academy and Colonel in the Illinois National Guard; and Haydn Evan Jones, PhD'98,Assistant Superintendent and Lieutenant Colonel.Harry Abells was born in Hatfield, Massachusetts, onOctober 18, 1872. His family moved to Northamptonand young Harry was sent to Mt. Herman Academy atNorthfield, where, after the usual school work (not tomention building wood fires in the cook stove at 4 a. m.and straining milk) he received his diploma in 1891.Then came his decision several years later to go west toChicago, where a new university was getting underway. Harry Abells majored in chemistry (a subject hewas later to teach for almost fortyyears), but he also found time to takepart in any number of extra curricularactivities including YMCA and theUniversity Weekly. In 1895 and 1896he was first baseman and captain ofthe baseball team ; and the catcher onthe team was one Haydn Jones, betterknown then as "Long" Jones.After a year of graduate work atthe University President Harper induced young Abells to go out to Morgan Park Academy as an instructorand laboratory assistant in chemistryand as head of a dormitory. Thusbegan 43 years of service at MorganPark. In 1914 the present school wasreorganized and chartered as MorganPark Military Academy (althoughmilitary training had been introducedearlier and its association with theUniversity had been terminated), andHarry Abells became principal.Haydn Jones was born near Potts-ville, Pennsylvania, and was graduatedfrom high school in Pottsville in 1884.After a year at the United States Military Academy, he attended Richmond(Va.) College, which awarded him a ological Seminary, where he was granted the Bachelor ofDivinity degree in 1893. In 1893 and '94 he was pastorof the Howard Avenue Baptist Church in New Haven,Conn. But the urge to study at the University of Chicago under President Harper in Assyrian and Hebrewresulted in giving up that post and taking up residenceon the Midway.In addition to completing exacting studies under Mr.Harper, "Long" Jones had no trouble making a namefor himself on the baseball team. And no wonder, for inthose days of "free competition," three years of ball witha Pottsville semi-pro team and three years at Richmondgave him more than the requisite experience. (Heonly played two years at the University.) Offers toplay professional baseball went unheeded, and in 1899he joined Harry Abells at Morgan Park. His teachingduties were varied, but most of his work was in history.Of the years since the turn of the century when thesetwo men went to Morgan Park from the Midway, muchcould be said, but little needs to be. They have given84 years to education (Abells 43 and Jones 41). Theyhave developed a fine preparatory school, which has sentits graduates to every good college and university in thecountry. They have developed a junior school, a gradeschool and a junior college. They have done their workwell. The University salutes them.bachelor's degree and the Crozer The- HAYDN JONES, PhD '98 AND HARRY ABELLS, '9721CELEBRATION PLANS• By HOWARD HUDSON, "35ON a recent train ride from New York, FredericWoodward, Director of the Fiftieth AnniversaryCelebration, met a man who displayed a livelyinterest in the University. When he learned of Mr.Woodward's work he mentioned enthusiastically that hehad attended the Commemorative Chapel October 8which officially opened the Anniversary Year. But hewas curious about Director Woodward's future activities."'What do you plan to do," he asked, 'now that the Celebration is over?"Perhaps this is the reason why the Director last monthoutlined to several hundred members of the Associationof Commerce the present schedule of events.. While the'¦'main show," or Academic Festival as it is called, willnot be until next September, there have been a numberof Anniversary events so far and there are more to come.At Christmas time every leading Social Sciencelearned society with the exception of the Economists metin Chicago. Although the several thousand savantscrowded into Loop hotels for their meetings, about fivehundred took one night off to attend a smoker in Hutchinson Commons. President Hutchins and ProfessorWilliam F. Ogburn participated in a discussion onnational defense.January 25 brought formal recognition of the anniversary of the founding of the Ogden School of Science.(See News of the Quadrangles.) The following weekGoodspeed Hall (Celebration headquarters) was thescene of the annual meeting of the College Art Association. Ulrich A. Middeldorf, Chairman of the Departmentof Art, has been serving also as President of the Association.The anniversary of William Rainey Harper's acceptance of the Presidency (February 16, 1891) is beingobserved in a Defense Day luncheon downtown on February 15 with the Citizens' Board of Sponsors participating.This month is a musical one on the Anniversary calendar. February 6 Mack Evans and the University Choirjoined with the Chicago Symphony Orchestra in a downtown concert recognizing the Fiftieth anniversaries ofboth institutions. On the ninth and tenth the Department of Music presented a comic opera "The Armourer"in Mandel Hall. And on the twenty-third the UniversityBand is holding its forty-third annual concert with aspecial program dedicated to the University Celebration.February also witnesses the mailing of the official invitations to colleges and universities to send delegates tothe Celebration in the fall. Except for Alumni Daywhich is being planned by an alumni committee, theCelebration events are practically set. The week ofSeptember 22 will be devoted to a series of conferencesand symposia led by world renowned scholars and scientists. The American Association for the Advancementof Science will hold meetings with the Science Divisions.Special sessions of the Alumni School will be held and will be addressed by some of the visiting scholars. September 26 there will be a large dinner downtown officiallyopening the Academic Festival. The next day, Saturday,will be Alumni Day. There will be a CommemorativeChapel Service on Sunday and a concert by the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra. And on Monday the Convocationwill be held at which the honorary degrees will beawarded. Candidates are now being recommended bythe faculty.OLDEST GRADUATESThirty-five men and women — the youngest memberof the group more than three-score-and-ten years old —celebrated an unusual golden anniversary on February 1.Among the most enthusiastic alumni as well as the oldestcelebrating the University's Fiftieth Anniversary thisyear, the thirty-five are the living representatives ofapproximately 312 who were rescued by the Universityof Chicago from a plight somewhat similar to that ofthe "man without a country."The 312 were graduates of the old University of Chicago which, beset by financial troubles, closed its doorsin June, 1886, after twenty-eight years of educationalservice. For the next five years these graduates werealumni of an extinct institution. Then, February 1, 1891,the trustees of the University of Chicago, in the processof being founded by John D. Rockefeller and the citizensof Chicago, passed a resolution taking the Old University's alumni into the fold. The resolution readas follows :"Resolved, that in view of the relation of the newUniversity of Chicago to the institution that formerlybore that name, we hereby confirm and reenact thedegrees of B.A. and B.S. conferred by the former University of Chicago and we invite the graduates to consider themselves alumni of this University and toco-operate with us in building it into greatness.'"'The action gave the University of Chicago an alumnibody of more than three hundred, eight months beforeit opened. The University even had alumni before ithad a president, since William Rainey Harper did notaccept the office until more than two weeks later.Living members of the old University's alumni bodyare :Class of 18/2Lewis Samuel Cole Glenview, 111.Class of i 8/4George Sutherland Grand Island, Neb.Class of 1875B. Boganau Bassein, BurmaClass of 1876Albert Judson Fisher 7206 Princeton Ave., ChicagoClass of 1877Marvin Bradley Harrison 94 Bayview Ave., Port Washington, N. Y.Mrs. Jessie Waite Wright Ashton, Maryland22James S. Forward ClassClassDavid Batchelder CheneyErnest Wilson ClementCharles Herbert ForwardWillis HawleyFinley McNaughton JohnstonWilliam Richardson ScottChase StewartEdgar Bronson TolmanDr. Lucy Waite RobinsonWilliam A. WalkerClassMrs. Ruth Edgerton GardnerWilliam Marshall EgeGeorge Warren HallWilliam Henry MorseOra Philander Seward of 1878Durand, Mich.of 188024 S. Main St., Rutland, Vt.162 Bellmore St., Floral Park,N. Y.263 Elmwood Ave., Oshkosh,Wis.112-19-68 Drive, Forest Hills,L. L. N. Y.McConnellsburg, Pa.1337 S. 31st St., Omaha, Neb.N. W. Cor. Main & LimestoneSts., Springfield, Ohio.5554 Woodlawn Ave., ChicagoFitzHugh Sanitarium, 1274Marion St., Denver, Colo.415 Lexington Ave., New Yorkof 18811109 E. 48th St., Chicago325 No. Pacific St., Muskogee,Okla.422 Woodstock, Kenilworth,111.3244 Clinton Ave., Minneapolis,Minn.Box 4234 Univ. of Tennessee,Knoxville, Tenn. Francis Humboldt ClarkRobert Charles Ray Class of I8823821 Ellis Ave., ChicagoEast Providence, R. I.Mrs. Ella Haigh GooginsDarius Robert LelandCharles Roger Sargent Class of 18835819 Blackstone Ave., Chicago608 Ashland Ave., River Forest,111.Class of 18842924 N. Stowell Ave.,Milwaukee, Wis.ClassElbridge Roberts AndersonElizabeth FaulknerMrs. Mary Springer IngallsClassLincoln Manchester CoyHenry Jewett FurberMrs. Isetta Gibson BuzzellGeorge Frederick HollowayFrank J. Walsh of 1885Room 501-209 Washington St.,Boston, Mass.4746 Dorchester Ave., Chicago8664 Elizabeth, South Gate,Calif.of 1886188 W. Randolph St., Chicago202 Bickwell Ave., SantaMonica, Calif.6152 Ellis Ave., ChicagoMaplewood Beach, Sawyer,Mich.Cedar Springs, Mich.FOR THE NEXT 50A Report on the Alumni FoundationTHE Anniversary Year has been focussing attentionon the University's achievements in a half century,but it has also been a background for efforts to insure the University's eminence in the next fifty years.The year of jubilation, as President Hutchins told theChicago Association of Commerce in a recent speech,has been tempered by fund raising. Fund raising hasbeen conducted on two fronts : the alumni and thegeneral public.The Alumni Foundation, backed by the efforts ofmembers of local committees, including an army of 1,250volunteers in Chicago, has been driving toward its goalof $500,000. As of February 1, the pledges of thealumni body amounted to $348,000. This amount represents the pledges of 9,007 individual alumni, 18.4 percent of the total alumni body. Remaining unpledged are39,784.Last July 1 the total of pledges was approximately$264,000, so that the renewal of the campaign in October has produced a total of $84,000. The important andencouraging fact about this total, Chairman JohnNuveen, Jr., '18, points out, is that almost $66,000 of theincrease has come from the general alumni body as adirect result of the campaign, the balance representingadditional amounts from the alumni trustees, alumni whocontinued pledges made in other years, and the Alumni-in-the-University."There is no question as to the Foundation's abilityto achieve the $500,000 goal if all our local committees dotheir part by carrying the canvass to completion," Mr.Nuveen says. "The alumni loyalty exists; the problemis simply one of giving the alumni the opportunity to • By WILLIAM V. MORGENSTERN, '20, JD '22make a pledge. The percentage of alumni seen whomake pledges, and the average of their pledges, provethat we can go over $500,000 if the committees makethe calls."A large proportion of the potential alumni gift lies inseveral of the larger cities, including New York, Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. Louis, Atlanta and Los Angeles, where committees are organized and are now atwork. The analysis of the pledges through February 1is as follows:IncreasesinceJuly 1,194013 (100%) of the alumni trustees pledged. $ 49,650.00 $ 5,775625 (77.3%) of the alumni on faculty and staffpledged 36,361.38 4,319604 alumni continued pledges made in other years.. 45,217.08 8,3257765 (16.2%) of the remaining 47,970 membersof the general alumni body pledged 216,738.74 65,7489007 pledges (representing 18.4% of the total alumni body)A total of i $347,967.20 $84,167The 9,007 alumni pledges were distributed as follows :2349 (15.8%) of 14,800 alumni in Chicago pledged $108,963.56907 (31.5%) of 2,872 alumni in Ciiicago suburbs pledged 22,362.814254 (21.1%) of 20,120 alumni in "organized" cities pledged 73,273.74255 ( 2.5%) of 10,178 alumni in "unorganized" areas pledged 12,138.63$216,738.74The General Campaign, among non-alumni donors,started with a goal of $11,500,000 (The Foundation's$500,000 bringing the total to $12,000,000). The giftsreceived so far have reduced the amount needed to lessthan $8,500,000, and the University's operating positionon this basis has been improved by better than $140,000a year.23ATHLETICS• By DON MORRIS, '36THE MAROON SCOREBOARDBasketball Wrestling-Chicago 38—67 Ohio State Chicago 13—19 Illinois NormalChicago 24—35 Minnesota Chicago 6—28 Franklin andChicago 37 — 44 Wisconsin MarshallChicago 32—37 DePaul Chicago 11-21 PennsylvaniaChicago 27—47 Loyola Chicago 22— 6 WheatonChicago 22 — 8 NorthwesternFencing TrackChicago 10—17 Notre Dame Chicago 49^—54^ PurdueChicago 17—10 Michigan State SwimmingChicago 20 — 64 IowaGymnastics Chicago 32—52 MinnesotaChicago 559^4— 507^4 Carbon- Water Polodale Teachers Chicago 8 — 1 IowaChicago 5 — 1 MinnesotaCHICAGO'S Maroon basketball team led Loyola,in the final non-Conference game of the season,for exactly seven minutes, when the Rambler'soffense began to click and Loyola went ahead to a twopoint lead at the half. Chicago, led by Capt. Joe Stampfand Edgar Nelson, a vastly improved sophomore 'forward, stepped up its own pace to hold the Ramblers tothe ten point margin until, with eight minutes to go,Loyola again quickened the pace and doubled the lead.Preparing to resume the Big Ten campaign in Iowa City,Coach Norgren's boys were not worried, were concentrating harder than ever on team co-ordination. Meanwhile the water polo team remained the only undefeatedorganization on the Midway.With the track team barely beginning to get up steamfor the Illinois Relays, and with the swimmers, fencers,and gymnasts only started on their schedules, the wrestling team appears to be the only group outside of basketball which has as yet much of. a record to discuss. And,since the wrestling record seems to show about the samemargins over the same teams met last year, even therecord doesn't tell much of a story.As a matter of fact the wrestlers are better than thescores show. There are fewer weak spots than last year,and the few are getting stronger. From the beginningnobody had many worries about the 165-pound bracket,which is held down capably by Captain Willis Littleford.Littleford was considered a bright hope as a sophomoreend on the 1938 football team, and his wrestling as asophomore earned him a major letter. In the 1939-40season he was plagued by ineligibility and a wanderlustwhich took him to the western wilds as a Park Serviceranger. He returned to the Midway last spring, however, and was elected to lead the team this fall, a task hehas fulfilled by turning in the only undefeated record onthe team. Whether or not this means he is Conferencechampionship material this department will be better ableto forecast after the next couple of dual meets, though asa matter of fact, since the dual meet card does not includethe top Big Ten teams even a 1.000 rating entering theConference meet still might not prove much.Two facts are pertinent. First, Littleford has a good head, lost no muscular dexterity pounding up and downthe mountains of the West, and he has built a bigger fireunder his team than has any captain of recent years.Second, the Conference meet tests team rather than individual strength, and Chicago's power this year is betterdistributed than in the last few seasons. The Maroonteam has lettermen in four of the weight divisions, unusually promising sophomores in three others, with acouple of veterans and a sophomore competing for theheavyweight assignment.Probably the strongest division is the 155-pound class,where Coach Spyros Vorres has Bernard Stone, a juniorletter winner, Andy Stehney, a 1939 varsity football halfback, and Frank Getz, a good yearling. UnderstudyingCaptain Littleford in making the 165 -pound departmentadequate is John Ivy, who wrestled at the weight lastseason. The heavies include Milt Weiss, a burly 205-pound former football guard who wrestled last year, BobBrown, who weighs 270 and also has had some experience, and Dick Parker, a green but aggressive 218-pounder.Carroll Pyle and Sam Zafros, both lettermen and juniors, lead their respective departments at 128 and 136pounds. Bob Mustain, a tough sophomore, is the 175-pound regular, and Martin Ondrus appears to havebeaten out the rest of the candidates at 145 pounds. Thetwo contenders for the bantam assignments are a pair of121-pounders, George Balla and Jerry Moro.In another field of endeavor, one Maroon sophomorestartled and upset a nationally-ranked veteran when thenovice, Bill Baugher, of Chicago's swimming team, presented Harold Henning, the ace, with his first collegiatedual meet trimming in three years of competition.Baugher, who passed Leo Luckhardt as Chicago's bestfree style sprinter in practice last fall, swims the 100-yards event in less than 0:53. He beat Henning, whoswam for North Central, in the 100, while Chicago overpowered the Illinois College Conference champions.Henning, it will be recalled, last year won fourth place at50 yards in the National Collegiate meet held at Yale.Art Bethke, another of Coach McGillivray's men, appears to be headed for a good position in the breast strokecompetition. Bethke took Chicago's only first place in•the Iowa meet, and since he is only a little more thanone-tenth of a second behind Jim Anderson's time lastyear, in the 200-yards event, he is expected to developinto fully as competent a swimmer as Anderson, 1940captain, who was third place man in the Big Ten.Probably the most remarkable event of the past monthwas the defeat of Chicago's Conference championshipfencers by Notre Dame. Undefeated in more than threeyears of dual meets, Chicago's sophomores, who predominate in the team, had not so early in the season roundedinto form, and they lost to a strong group of Notre Dameveterans. Only two of last year's regulars are on thisyear's team: Capt. Herb Ruben, foil fencer, and PaulSiever, sabre artist.24THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 25Criminal Law: Punishment and Correction (Continued from Page uythe future to repeat the same or a similar anti-social act.The great argument here is that it is hopeful, it aimsat a future that is genuinely better, not merely one thatis frightened into unstable conformity. It is oftendamned as visionary, and in its full sweep it is, of course.What dream of improvement is not? But just becausethe hope of recreating every rascal is pathetically farfrom possible of success, we are not justified in rejecting (as some of our reactionaries do) all considerationof this goal and of how far it may work, especially, if Imay again say what I said before, when we rememberhow complete a failure the other, misnamed "practical,"approach has been.The methods that reformation will have to use are innumerable and we are only at a bare beginning in exploring them. Probation is one of them, especially whereit is a substitute for a short sentence, which can servelittle or no purpose in rehabilitation but which may bequite enough to produce very effective moral contamination. Others are the new types of prison and prisonprogram exemplified by such beginnings' as the IllinoisReformatory for Women at Dwight and the new federal prison at Lewisburg, Pa. Perhaps the day willcome when even these will seem out-of-date. Far morethan one lecture would be needed just to outline theexperiments and developments along this line — many ofthem apparently highly successful — and it would call fora penologist to do it, not a professor of criminal law. Ishall, therefore, pass over them, except for some comments that I shall make concerning probation and parole.But before I go on to them I wish to point out threefactors that are operative now and that by their powerful interference with reformative efforts may cast a completely underserved discredit on these efforts. One ofthese is our familiar bugaboo, the inconsistency ofapproach toward the offender. While in prison he issubjected to a host of pressures and all have more orless effect on him. Even- if some of ' these are of a reformative nature, others as definitely are not. Anybody in the field knows of rules and practices that arethe very opposite of character building. Yet in this massof cross-purposes, if reformation is not achieved it isput down as a failure of reform effort. It might withequal justice be put down as a failure to try reform.A second cause of distorting our correct appraisal ofreformation possibilities lies in popular insistence onwhat is technically known as the "principle pi less eligibility." I think it was Jeremy Bentham who thoughtup this cryptic term. Anyway it means the view thatoffenders should in no respect get more favorable treatment than do law abiding members of the community.Their wrongdoings should make them less eligible, notmore, to the good things of life. We should not, sayits advocates, reward a man for wrongdoing and provide him with benefits that we do not provide for hislaw abiding brother. Perhaps so. I do not know whatthe answer should be from the standpoint of socialethics as a whole. All that I do know is that if yourealty aim to improve an offender, you may have to pro vide certain benefits and safeguards for him— for example, find him a job — and it is irrelevant for your purposewhether other people are or not having jobs found forthem. Maybe the principle of less eligibility is right,but at any rate let us not delude ourselves with the belief that we can have it and genuine reform effort atthe same time.The third factor that so often gives reformation ablack mark is far more serious. It lies in the fact thatin the great majority of cases we return our dischargedprisoner to essentially the same environment from whichhe came to us. Even assuming that reformation waswholly successful and that he has a will to go straight,• the factors that originally put him in the channel of lawbreaking are at least as effective as they were before.The patient cured of a contagious disease will not staycured for long if he leaves the hospital to go back tothe contagion center. And reformation will never meanvery much until we learn that vastly more importantis prevention — the attacking of those delinquency areasthat have bred the crime conditions in the first place.That, however, is another story. All that I want todo right here is to show that here again we have a situation where reformatory efforts may in fact be successfulbut where other circumstances then enter to destroy thatsuccess, to the resultant unjust discredit of those reformatory efforts. In making our own appraisal of the possibility and value of reformation let us, then, not overlook these three factors all tending to distort the issueand to obscure what may be the genuine possibilitiesof reformation.THE LAW AND THE INDIVIDUALHaving, I hope, disposed of these irrelevant factors(or that should be irrelevant anyway), I can get backto the law. As it stands, what scope does it give to theindividual needs of each individual case? For a ratherconsiderable period of time the law has been trying —more or less feebly, it is true — to adapt its treatmentto the supposed needs of the individual case, whetherthey be judged on the basis of deterrence or of ref-formation. Its principal tools in this effort to individualize have been probation and parole. Popularlythese two terms are often used interchangeably. Morecorrectly, probation means allowing a convicted personto remain at liberty under supervision and by continuedgood behavior to escape confinement, while parole meansallowing a prisoner who has served less than his maximum to serve all or a part of the remainder out of prisonbut under supervision.I have already commented on the demoralizing natureof a jail and a penitentiary. Probation is aimed at keeping most promising offenders, especially of course firstoffenders, from this demoralizing experience. One's reaction to it, therefore, is bound to depend very largelyon how one feels as to the issue of deterrence vs. reformation. On that issue I have already indicated where mysympathies lie. In England there is some pressur<etoward a middle course — enforced residence in an institution, but with considerable mingling with the local26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcommunity at the same time. The principal difficultiesagainst which effective probation has to struggle arearbitrary limitations on it and defective administration.As an example of the former witness the Illinois statute,under which until recently one convicted of manslaughter(say by negligent driving of his automobile) was ineligible for probation, even though such a person probablywas just about the most promising probationable type.As to administrative shortcomings, they have arisenmore frequently from local conditions than from statutory defects. Thus in the rural areas there is oftenlittle use of probation, and even hostility toward it, because it is cheaper to send offenders to the state-maintained institution than it is to hire a probation officer,who must be paid for locally. Hence many counties treatthe law as a dead letter. In the urban ones the dangercenters around incompetent and inadequate staffs, which 'may make a travesty out of supervision. The shortcomings of parole administration are so nearly the same,however, that I shall only go into more detail when Iget to that subject. But from what I have just saidit will not be a surprise that those states appear to behaving the biggest success with probation, which areadministering it on a state-wide, not a local, basis. Moreuniform policies can be put into effect. A higher gradeand more independent personnel can be secured andtheir time distributed as locally needed. There is morechance for interstate cooperation. And ' finally there ismuch more ease of tie-up with the closely related parolesupervision work, which is everywhere carried on onstate, not local, lines. A change, therefore, to state administration would almost surely mean great progress.But the great majority of states that have probation, havegone in for local administration, and there is no legislative job that is harder, as everyone knows, than pryinga local agency loose from a job, however ill it may do it.NO CASE AGAINST PAROLENow as to parole — a subject that has had more publicity, with a higher proportion of misleading statementsin it, than any two other criminal law subjects. Thecase for parole — -and there is no case against it — restssquarely on two inescapable facts. First, ninety-fiveper cent of all prisoners are ultimately discharged. Second, they are a dangerous group against whom societyneeds to be on its guard. The first proposition could ofcourse theoretically be changed. We could make everysentence a life sentence and thereby completely eliminate the problem of the repeating offender. But practically, with a scale of punishments that already makesus the severest of any nation in the world, we are notgoing to take any such step. Practically, we might aswell face the fact that the overwhelming majority ofthose locked up will some day come out and resumecontributing their part to the life of the community,whether that part be good or bad. Then my secondproposition can certainly not be quarreled with. It wouldbe arrant folly not to take every precaution for societywhen such dangerous members are turned loose. Thequestion simply is, what is the safest way to releasethem? Emphatically it is not by sentencing them todefinite terms fixed in advance and then turning themloose, without supervision and whether they are or are not then safe and fit for release. We do not ask of adoctor that when he sends a patient to the hospital, hemust then and there commit himself as to how long thepatient is to stay there, with no chance of reconsideration. Yet the doctor's problem is simple by comparison.He deals with diseases whose span is often well known.He thinks in terms of weeks, not of years. If it isabsurd to expect such foreknowledge of the doctor, it ismany times more absurd to expect it of the trial judgeor the jury. And where you cannot make an intelligentforecast, the only common sense thing to do is to putoff your decision until you can act intelligently. Inother words, the only sentence that will fit in as a partof social protection is the indeterminate sentence, thesentence that, within broad limits, leaves it for futuredecision to fix when it is safe for that man to go out.It is not fair to him to keep him in any longer. Itis not fair to society to let him out any sooner. Butwhen it is believed that that time has come and he islet out, it is always possible — obviously — that there maybe a mistake, the release may have been too soon. It isonly common prudence to watch him, to supervise him,during the crucial first months of liberty. Supervisionafter release is an integral part of the indeterminatesentence.But supervision also has a positive function. There ismore chance that the supervised man, refitting himselfinto the outside world, will go straight and keep straightthan that the unsupervised one will. But supervisiondoes not mean much unless it carries a punch — "Behaveor back you go to prison." That punch is provided onlyby the threat of the indeterminate sentence. And sothe indeterminate sentence is an integral part of realsupervision. There is no theorizing in this. It is justplain horse sense. What has all this to do with parole?It is parole. That, literally and exactly, is what parolemeans. Release when fit plus supervision after release.No, there can scarcely be any quarrel with the theoryof parole. It is only when it comes to its actual administration that there is understandable disagreement anddissatisfaction. The pity is that so many persons, onlypartly informed or even seriously misinformed, are adopting a position of hostility to the theory of parole itselfbecause they are dissatisfied with the way it is administered. I see plenty of administrative defects myself andT^shall have something to say about them in just a minute or two, but obviously that is no reason to rejectparole as such. It is a reason only to try to correctthose defects themselves. Before I go on to them, however, there are one or two things more that I want tosay about the idea of parole itself.From what I have just said it should be clear thatparole as such has nothing to do, one way or the other,with leniency. If the releasing board is disposed tolet offenders out after shorter time than the average fixedsentence, then locally it has made for leniency. If it isdisposed to hold them longer than had been customaryunder fixed sentences, then it has made for severity.Parole, as such, I repeat, does not commit us to one orthe other attitude. As a matter of fact, it has workedone way in some states, the other in others. Here inIllinois, contrary to general belief, the average timeactually served in prison is now longer than it was forTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe same offenses before our parole system was established. Readers of our Chicago papers may not knowthis. But our professional criminals do. FrequentlytheV will prefer at once to plead guilty to one of thefew crimes still drawing a fixed sentence, set by thejudge, rather than risk conviction on a charge carryingthe indeterminate.Another point on which, in my opinion, there is muchloose thinking is as to who should be released on parole.We usually assume without a second thought that itshould be mainly the first offender. In so far as paroleis a reformation device, that is wise and I am all for it.But we also assume that repeaters should not be paroled— in other words, that so far as parole means social protection, it should not be used where protection is mostneeded! As one writer has said, "The more times aman has been already released and gone back to crime,the surer he is to be released again without restraintto keep him from going back." The 1930 Census figuresshowed that for every 100 first offenders released onparole, under supervision, viz., only 40 were releasedwithout supervision. For every 100 second offendersreleased on parole, 83 were released outright. And soon up until in the case of fourth or more offenders, forevery 100 whom we watch after we turn them loose, weallow 250 to go their way with complete unconcernfrom us. The more dangerous the man, the less we protect ourselves against him ! Pennsylvania and New Jersey have recognized the absurdity of this, and have asettled policy of releasing repeaters only on parole. Onlymore promising prisoners may be released outright there.But if we are to release first offenders on parole (anddont misunderstand me, I am all for doing so), thenwe are usually, not everywhere, but usually, up againstanother absurdity. The law itself prevents us fromparoling most first offenders. How do I get that? Itis very simple. Parole generally applies only to penitentiary inmates, not to mere jail prisoners. Now inactual fact there are very few genuine first offendersin any penitentiary. Barring some who have committedcrimes of sudden passion (and who probably shouldhave been put on probation to begin with), there is verylikely close to no real first offender— merely a lot of firstconvictions, which is a very different thing. The placewhere you can find the first offender is in the jail, serving a minor sentence. There's your chance to reform,if there is any. But there is also where we normallymake no provision at all for parole. True, the sentencesare usually short, but they may range as high as twelveor eighteen months in some states and several consecutive sentences may be imposed, so by no means all jailsentences are so short. Even as to the short ones,while they may be too short to carry out rehabilitation,they are plenty long enough for contamination. Theflexibility of jail parole would be a valuable workingtool.So much for the general idea of parole. Now for someof its administrative defects and the extent to which theyprevent us' from getting the results that we should get.It is hard to generalize, as the administrative set-upvaries so widely, all the way from New York with oneof the few really excellent ones in the country downto a few which have such a caricature, such a travesty, of parole as merely serves to discredit the real thing.First as to the parole granting authority, usually a board.Normally it changes with each new governor. Appointment is, of course, based mainly on political expediency.Qualifications and training are the least of the considerations. Appointments are for too brief a time to tempta man to leave his usual work and career unless hissuccess in them has been so limited as to make himwilling to give them up even for a temporary job.Scarcely have these men learned something of theirwork, when their time ends and a new board comes in.This handicap of an unfit board is in my- opinion a farmore serious thing than the over-publicized danger ofa corrupt board. I don't pretend to know how corruptthe average board is — less, I'd guess though, than it isnow fashionable to think. But one thing is sure. Theaverage prisoner, who constitutes 99 per cent of ourproblem, has neither the financial nor the political meansto tempt even a corrupt board. He didn't have it whenhe came to prison. And he certainly didn't get it whilehe was there. So even if the board is corrupt, your^average prisoner would not benefit from it. Rather thecontrary, because any corrupt official, whether parole* board, prosecutor or police officer, who extends a favorwhere he should not, is under the compelling necessityto be extra severe in the mass of cases so as to build uphis record again.IMPORTANCE OF SUPERVISIONEven more important than the releasing machineryperhaps, is the supervising organization after a man hasbeen released. Is there a job awaiting him? Is therea sponsor to watch over him? And particularly, whoare the parole agents who are to keep tab on him ? Howwere they selected ? For reasons of fitness for the work ?Or to dole out political jobs? How many cases doeseach agent handle? Few enough so that he can actuallysupervise? Or so many that what started out as paroleends up as unsupervised release ? Far too many of thesequestions must be answered the wrong way in moststates. No wonder then that parole has not succeededup to our hopes, in so many places. We haven't eventried it in them — we have merely released without supervision and miscalled it "parole."Even at that, and with all these handicaps, parole hasbeen far more successful than the public generally realizes — an indication of how well it would work if we gaveit a real chance. It is of course the fashion to speakof the terrible menace of the parolee. Anybody whowill rant and roar on it can be sure of front page publicity. Well, what are the facts? Not so long ago, in1935, the Federal Bureau of Investigation stated that inthe first three months of that year 90,504 persons werearrested for various crimes. How many of them wereon parole? Five hundred and nine, or 5/9 of 1 per cent.Of 1,535 arrested for homicide none was on parole. Oragain: the United States Census of ten years ago (ofcourse I do not yet have the present census figures)showed 35,327 persons on parole during the year. Violations were reported for 2,496, or 7 per cent, and of. these almost 2/3 were of a non-criminal nature. Only980 of the 35,000 were found to have committed new28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcrimes.1 The menace of parole violation has been shockingly exaggerated. The wonder rather is that it is solow, considering the way parole is often administered,and considering also — and this is a point that is toooften forgotten — that we are dealing with a highly selected group of men who have already demonstrated theirdangerousness. To get a fair and genuine appraisal weshould compare them, not with the law-abiding majorityof the community, but with others like them but released by other means than parole. That, and only that,would give us a real comparison of release under supervision and the alternative method of no supervision.How, then, has it been possible to whip up such a distorted belief in the breakdown of parole? The answeris easy. The parole violator who commits a crime isnews — big news, sensational news.v It makes the frontpage and stays there, especially if the paper is editoriallyopposed to parole. Compare that to the cases of themen who make good. They are as dramatic as the trainsthat come in on time as compared to the wrecks withdozens dead. We have scores of sensational divorce casesand to the best of my knowledge no headlines at all for thecommon place of happy marriages — there are too manyof them ! Only the failures make good reading. Andstill another thing: Parole alone of human undertakingsdoes not and cannot publicize its successes. The manwho makes good is entitled to have his record remainunknown. Parole's failures may be shouted to highheaven. Its successes must be forgotten. Anything canbe made to look bad, if we only see the bad side of it.USE OF FINESWell, I have spent a good deal of time on probationand parole, both of them devices to keep, or get, offenders out of prison — a prison that, down in the bottom of our souls, we pretty well know does more harmthan good in most cases. Most of the remaining fewminutes I shall use in having a shot at a third deviceto avoid the use of prison — the punishment of a fine.It was only in the last century that fines really cameinto their modern wide use. We all know how important a punishing device they now are. But the finecreates one unique problem that we face in no otherpunishment. Every accused has a life that he can beforced to give up, if we decide to impose the death sentence. Practically every accused has liberty, of whichhe can be deprived, if we choose to imprison. But herewe have a punishment which in any given offender'scase it may be impossible to impose. What shall we doin the case of the penniless offender ? To say that thenhe shall be imprisoned is merely a confession of failure:We imposed a fine, presumably, because we believed itwould be wiser than confinement. Now we are compelledto do the very thing that we decided against. Varioussolutions — none of them wholly satisfactory — have beenproposed. Thus some of the German codes at one timeprovided that no poor persons were ever to be fined atall. As a solution this seems to me to be at the bottomof the scale. What punishment shall be provided forthem? Imprisonment? If so, then it merely makessure that we shall have for them, 100 per cent complete,iThe Chicago Tribune of January 1, 1941, reported that in the pasttwelve years 8,676 persons had been paroled in Illinois, and that 335 hadbeen returned for new crimes, or less than 4 per cent. the undesirable result which otherwise we might haveoccasionally. Another, and more promising, solution isthat of compulsory labor for the state for a named period,but without confinement during it. The difficulty hereis not so much as regards the offender, as in findingwork suitable for such an extremely diverse group, whosemembership has so rapid a turnover. This method isactually being used in a number of European countries.Finally, we have tried fines on the instalment plan — payas you are able. To a considerable extent this hasworked. It has the great merit of providing a continuing lesson to the offender, drawn out, perhaps, overseveral months. Its great disadvantage comes to lightin the petty professional crimes, picking pockets, prostitution, and so on, where the instalment fine easily becomes almost merged with the normal cost of carryingon business and at worst even becomes an incentiveto carrying on business more actively.Related to the difficulty of the uncollectible fine is thatof setting the proper amount for any given defendant.Obviously a fine of $100 does not mean the same thingto A and to B, if B is ten times as wealthy as A. Itis generally assumed that an adequate answer is thatthen B should have a fine ten times higher than A.In reality this is very far from an adequate answer. Iam not so much thinking of the difficulty of finding outhow A and B compare financially, although that maybe considerable, but of a more serious and fundamentalone. This consists in the fact that the punishing capacity of a fine is not single, but two-fold. It punishes bytaking valuable property from you. It also punishes byputting a social stigma on you. You have been fined,therefore you have been proclaimed to your neighbors asa more or less unworthy citizen. How unworthy ? Howgreat is the stigma? Inevitably it depends to a verylarge degree on the size of the fine. The greater thefine, the greater the stigma. IV s $1,000 fine is equalized 'with A's $100 one only on the money side. ( )n thestigma side it is much worse* and the sum total of IV spunishment is therefore heavier. Just where is thereany real equality of punishment? Just how are yougoing to figure it out? Sweden alone has really triedto solve the problem, by assigning to each offender anumber in a scale based on his financial position, andanother number in a scale based on the gravity of theoffense. The fine is arrived at by multiplying thesenumbers. How well the idea is working I do not know.And now, with my time about up, I must point outto you one huge area — the most important one of all —that I have not even touched on, the problem of crimeprevention. My excuse for this omission is two-fold,- lackof time, and the limitation inherent in my subject, "Administrative Policy in Criminal Law Enforcement,"which after all suggests that I am to regard the crimeas having been committed. But that does not hide fromme, nor, I am sure, from you, how small our curativeefforts loom, compared to the possibilities of prevention,which only recently for the first time have begun to getthe attention that they deserve. That is where the biggest work of the future really lies. As one chief ofpolice once put it to me, "It is time that we stop spending all our time swatting flies and get around to keeping them from breeding."NEWS OF THE CLASSES1885Lawrence H, Prince, Rush MD,who retired from active practice fiveyears ago, would like very much to hearfrom any of his Rush Class. Dr.Prince spends about ten hours daily inthe garden or some such work. His ad-address is Kiln, Miss.1896John Hulsart has been affiliatedwith the Manasquan National Bank inlyfanasquan, N. J. for thirty-two yearsand at the present time is president ofthis bank. Mr. Hulsart has served asdirector and vice-president of the Manasquan Chamber of Commerce.1897William H. Maley, MD, has servedas city councilman most of 39 years inGalesburg, Illinois. Dr. Maley was amajor overseas in the World War.1898On September 1, 1940, Robert VanMeigs, DB, resigned his pastorateof eleven years with the Logan SquareBaptist Chuiich, Chicago. After serving for a time as acting pastor he wasrecalled and has decided to continuehis work with that church.1899John W. Finch resigned from thedirectorship of the U. S. Bureau ofMines late in March. He now residesin New York City.William Kelley Wright, PhD '06,professor of philosophy at DartmouthCollege, is the author of A History ofModern Philosophy published in January by The Macmillan Company. Thebook is dedicated to the memory of hisbrother, John Stephen Wright, '05, JD'07, of whom an obituary notice appeared in the Magazine last October.Charles F. Yoder, DB '03, has beenengaged in missionary work in Argentina since 1909. Mr. Yoder now livesat 230 Centenario, Cordoba, Argentina.Parl L. Weber, AM '20, attended the20th Triennial meeting of the NationalCouncil of Phi Beta Kappa in SanFrancisco last August as official delegatefrom the University of Chicago chapter. Mrs. Weber is also secretary-treasurer of the Omaha Phi Beta KappaAssociation.1900Mary B. Harris, PhD, is warden ofthe Federal Reformatory for Womenin Alderson, West Virginia. WardenHarris collects cow-bells as a hobby.Walter F. McCaleb, PhD, author of"Life of Theodore Roosevelt," "Historyof the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen," and several other books, lives inCleveland, Ohio. 1901Eliot Blackwelder, PhD '14, Headof the Department of Geology at Stanford, is president of the Geological Society of America.1902A. Watson Brown has been pastorof the First Baptist Church in NationalCity, California since 1930.Claire Luther Waite, DB, closedhis pastorate with the First ChristianChurch of Riverside, California, onSeptember 30, 1940, to accept the pastorate of the First Christian Churchof Honolulu.Peter C. Wright, DB, retired onNovember 30, 1940, from his positionas executive secretary of the Ministersand Missionaries Benefit Board of theNorthern Baptist Convention. Dr.Wright was one of the incorporatorsand the first recording secretary of theBoard. During his twenty years withthe Board Dr. Wright has seen theestablishment of the retiring pensionfund and has had a major part in itsgrowth into one of the three outstanding Protestant pension funds in thecountry.1907Dr. William F. Rothenburger, DB,pastor of Third Christian Church, Indianapolis, Indiana, Honorary President of the Divinity School Alumni Association, spent part of his summertouring South America. He was amember of a seminar which visited andstudied in Brazil and Argentina andthen, as a representative of the UnitedChristian Missionary Society and chairman of its board of managers, flew toParaguay and inspected the educationalwork and leper colony maintained bythe Disciples of Christ, returning homeby way of Uruguay, Trinidad, Barbados, and Santo Domingo.Florence R. Scott has returned toher position in the English Departmentat the University of Southern California after spending a year in graduatestudy in New York.Clark C. Steinbeck, who has beenbusiness secretary of the PresbyterianMission in Peking, China, for twentyyears, is resigning and returning to theUnited States this spring. He plans tobe in Chicago during June and to attendthe Anniversary celebrations of AlumniWeek. After a year in New Englandand Florida, he and Mrs. Steinbeck expect to live in California. Their youngerson, Alden, graduated from the University last June.1909Eugene Neubauer, DB, was speakerat the centennial celebration of theBaptist Church at Marengo, Illinois.29 1912On September 29 the Boards of Deacons and Deaconesses of First BaptistChurch of Denver, Colorado, conductedan evening service observing the thirtieth anniversary of the ordination tothe ministry of their pastor, ClarenceW. Kemper, DB. Dr. Kemper recentlypublished a book entitled At Grips withLife.1914Emmett L. Arnold, formerly a consulting geologist and oil operator, wrotethe Geology Department from the wilclsof Colombia, South America, where hehas been engaged in gold placer mining.John T. Buchholz, AM, PhD, T7,professor and Head of the Departmentof Botany, University of Illinois, waselected as President of the BotanicalSociety of America at the annual meeting of the society, held in Philadelphia,Penna., in December, 1940.At the annual meeting of the IllinoisBaptist State Convention held in Mat-toon, Illinois, October 21-24, Rev.James Lively, AM, DB, '15, who fortwenty-five years has been pastor of theFirst Baptist Church in that city, waselected president of the convention.1915George C. Fetter, AM, pastor ofthe University Baptist Church, Minneapolis, Minnesota, is happy about thesuccess of his church, with the helpof some of the denominational societies,in clearing a mortgaged indebtedness offifty thousand dollars.L. C. Snider, PhD, president of theA.A.P.G., will assume new duties asProfessor of Geology at the Universityof Texas at the beginning of 1941.1916Rollo G. Speer, pastor of the FirstBaptist Church of Pocatello, Idaho, isbusy preparing a manuscript on "SomeContributions of the Speer Family tothe Ministry and Christian Service."Mr. Speer says that since GeorgeSpeer. a Baptist deacon, first came toAmerica in 1642, the men of the familyhave served in practically every churchin America, Protestant and Catholic.Hal E. Norton, pastor of theRoundy Memorial Baptist Church, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has added to hisduties the task of editing the WisconsinBaptist.1917Lloyd E. Blauch, AM, PhD '23,was appointed last October to the position of "Senior Specialist in HigherEducation" in the United States Officeof Education.Herbert D. Rugg, AM, is now editor^of Current Religious Thought. Hisaddress is Oberlin, Ohio.30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE1918Newton H. Carman, DB, has beenappointed to> the Public Relations Department of the Northwestern BaptistHospital Association of St. Paul, Minnesota. This organization operates theonly Baptist hospital west of New Yorkand the only Baptist school of nursingwest of Boston. Mr. Carman's addressthis year will be 40 West Long Street,Columbus, Ohio.Rev. Frederick H. Fahringer, AM,pastor of First Baptist Church, Janesville, Wisconsin, has been given a year'sleave of absence to serve as chaplain ofthe 120th Field Artillery of the Wisconsin National Guard at Camp Beauregard near Alexandria, Louisiana.Mobilization date was October 15. Mr.Fahringer has been chaplain of thisregiment for thirteen years, serving thefirst seven as chaplain with the rank offirst lieutenant, the last six years withthe rank of captain.1920Rev. Roger Winger, AM, has resigned his pastorate of the CentralChristian Church of Gering, Nebraska,effective January 1. He will becomepastor of the Compton Heights Churchof St. Louis. During Mr. Winger'sfour-year pastorate of the Geringchurch 200 members have been receivedinto the church and missionary givinghas reached an all-time peak, $600 being-raised in 1940 alone.1921Albert E. Oldham, SM, is geologistfor the Aloco Oil Company in Dallas,Texas.1922Cecil M. P. Cross, PhD, ol: theAmerican Consulate in Paris, whosewithdrawal was requested by the Nazigovernment is a graduate from the Department of History.William C. Deer, DB, has recentlybecome pastor of the CongregationalChurch of Mobridge, South Dakota.Bernard Eugene Meland, PhD, hassent us a copy of his A Litany ofThanksgiving for These Times.Carl A. Nissen, AM, assumed hisduties as assistant in the departmentof sociology of Ohio State Universitythis fall. During the summer he wasacting pastor of the Columbia BaptistChurch at Columbia Station, Ohio.C. D. Rockey, PhD, has been madeprincipal of the Bareilly TheologicalSeminary, Bareilly, U.P., India. Hewas a delegate from the North IndiaMethodist Conference to the GeneralConference of the Methodist Church inAtlantic City, May, 1940.George A. Singleton, AM, DB '30,has been re-elected by the General Conference of the A.M.E. Church to theeditorship of the Christian Recorder,oldest Negro paper. 1923James F. Findlay, AM, dean of menat the University of Oklahoma, was installed as president of Drury College,Springfield, Missouri, this year.L. Foster Wood, PhD, recently prepared a study course on Spiritual Values in Family Life for the General Federation of Women's Clubs Headquartersin Washington, D. C. The work waspublished in May.Marvin Wteller, PhD '27, organizedthe Devonian Symposium which waspresented as part of the scientific program marking the dedication of theNatural Resources Building in Urbana.Many of the papers were given by Chicago graduates or faculty, including E.B. Branson, M. Weller, C. Croneis, L.E. Workman, Louise B. Freeman, andA. H. Sutton.1924William S. Hockman, AM, recently completed his twelfth year as director of religious education in theLakewood (Ohio) Presbyterian Church.He has been appointed chairman of the(Department of Religious Education ofthe newly reorganized ClevelandChurch Federation.N. O. Kimbler is now located inFrankfort, Kentucky; and he is connected with the Teachers' RetirementSystem of the State of Kentucky asSecretary.Mary Ely Lyman, PhD, has beenappointed dean of Sweet Briar College, Sweet Briar, Virginia, and professor of religion there beginning September, 1940. Her husband, Dr. EugeneW. Lyman, became emeritus professorat Union Theological Seminary in Mayof this year.1925Frank L. Church, AM, is in hisfifth year as pastor of the CommunityChurch of Holly, Michigan. He saysthat over half of the church membership are young people of grade-schooland high-school age. Mr. Church waselected justice of the peace at the lastelection.1926J. T. Carl yon, PhD, professor ofChristian doctrine at the SouthernMethodist University, Dallas, Texas.The August 1, 1940, number of theUnited Church Observer of Torontocarries an article, "Why Are Our Colleges in a State of Decline?" by Principal W. C. Graham, PhD, formerlyprofessor of Old Testament languageand literature at the University of Chicago and now professor and principalat United College, Winnipeg.Ivan G. Grimshaw, AM, has beenappointed professor of Bible at theAmerican International College, Springfield, Mass.Milton Hruby has been in Murphys-boro, Illinois, in connection with hiswork for the Magnolia Petroleum Company. M. King Hubbert, SM '28, PhD '37,is no longer associated with ColumbiaUniversity. His present address is 35West 20th Street, New York City.Robert Landon, PhD '29, formerlyconsulting geologist, is now Associate'Mining Security Analyst with the Securities and Exchange Commission,Denver, Colorado.Raymond T. Stamm, PhD, has returned, after two years' absence, to theLutheran Theological Seminary, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as professor ofNew Testament language, literature,and theology. Mr. Stamm had beenforced to discontinue teaching for twoyears due to ill health, from which hehas entirely recovered.1927Lawrence E. Skinner, MD, of Tacoma, Washington collects Chinesestamps and specializes in color photography as his spare time achievements.The October 3, 1940, number of theUnited Presbyterian carries a brief biographical sketch of J. M. FindleyBrown, AM, pastor of the NorthUnited Presbyterian Church, Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania. Mr. Brown is active inweek-day religious education work andis secretary of the Perry High SchoolCouncil of Week-day Education.Frank Byrne, PhD '40, spent muchof last summer working in western Kansas on a co-operative geological mapping project shared by the State ofKansas and the U. S. Geological Survey.1928Florence N. Hanson, AM, has beenappointed church historian of the College Avenue Friends Church of Oska-loosa, Iowa. She was superintendentof the quarterly meeting of the Peaceand Service Committee and is countvchairman of international relations inthe W.C.T.U. for Mahaska County,Iowa.Frank B. Herzel, -AM, pastor ofthe United Lutheran Church, MulberrvIndiana, has accepted a call to a ruralchurch one mile south of Batesville,Indiana.Robert W. Kingdon, AM, has lefthis pastorate of the Pilgrim Church,Honolulu, to become minister of theFirst Congregational Church at Wisconsin Rapids, Wisconsin.Karl A. Mygdal of the Pure OilCompany has been transferred fromWichita Falls to Fort Worth, Texas.Captain Harry E. Parker, AM,DB 40, was called to the ChaplainryService of the Canadian Army and isnow serving with the forces in NovaScotia before going overseas.Harry C. Spencer was recently madeassistant executive secretary of theDivision of Education and Cultivation,Board of Missions and Church Extension of the Methodist Church. His address is 150 Fifth Avenue, New York.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 311929Edmund T. Benson is now with theTidewater Associated Oil Company inEvansville, Indiana. /Carl C. Branson, PhD, has leftBrown University and is now teachingat Northwestern University for a year,during the ahsence of Dr. Powers.F. M. Fryxei.i., PhD, has returnedto Augustana College after spendingmore than a year in geologic work intlie Philippine Islands. As an incidentul liis travel he climbed Mayon volcano.George IT. Hartwig is now professor at Midland College, Fremont, Nebraska.August E. Johansen, DB, who forthe past seven years has been personneldirector of the Kellogg Company, Battle Creek, Michigan, is now also editing the Kellogg News.William Lindsay Young, of ParkCollege, Parkville, Missouri, has beenmade moderator of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church inthe United States.Harvey C. Travis, AM, has recently been appointed pastor of theMethodist Church of Onawa, Iowa.1930Doris P. Dennison, AM, is assistantin the department of adult {vork, division of the local church, Board of Education of the Methodist Church. Her headquarters are 810 Broadway, Nashville, Tennessee.Victor H. Evjen, AM, was appointeda short time ago to the position of assistant chief of probation of the UnitedStates Probation System. He will bemanaging editor of the Federal Probation Quarterly.David Harvey Gili.iatt, AM, beganhis duties as professor of homileticsand practical theology at BonebrakeTheological Seminary in September ofthis year. He has been professor ofBible and religious education at Indiana Central College.Brandon H. Grove, PhD '34, hasbeen transferred from Hamburg, Germany, and New York to Madrid, Spain.He is still with the Socony- Vacuum OilCompany.John D. Ridge, SM '32, PhD '35,has returned to this country from hiswork at Cerro de Pasco, Peru.1931How to Pray: A Plan for PrivateDaily Devotions is a short tract pub-plished by H. Parr Armstrong, DB.Mr. Armstrong has been pastor of theCentral Christian Church in KansasCity, Missouri, since 1932.Phillip Johnson, AM, pastor ofFirst Baptist Church, Sioux Falls,South Dakota, was one of two representatives of South Dakota to visit Washington, D. C, on behalf of William Allen White's Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies.George H. Otto visited the Department twice this year. Last spring hepresented an interesting talk to K.E.P.on methods of sampling. He has justbeen transferred to Greenville, S. C,where he will continue his work forthe Soil Conservation Service.George W. Rust, PhD '35, and Mrs.Rust (Nancy Clarke), live in San Francisco, California, where Mr. Rust issupervising engineer of the mining section of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation. They recently returned fromthree years in South America.1932On the evening of November 22,1940, Robert A. Bentley, AM, wasinducted as pastor of the First Congregational Church of Clinton, Iowa.Charles D. Ebersoi.e, AM, resignedthe pastorate of the CongregationalChurch, Warrensburg, Illinois, to become pastor of the CongregationalChurch in Waverly, Illinois. Mr. Eber-sole began his new work December 18.Herman Keiter, PhD, has been appointed chairman of the Division ofReligion and Philosophy at HartwickCollege, Oneonta, New York. An article of his. "Even in Church," whichwas published in the North American$1,00090 ™£TEN PRIZES '25%.EACH FIFTY PRIZES $CooEACH • Clip the Recipe above; serve thisdelirious hoi PREM sandwich to yourfamily. Then just suggest a goodname for that sandwich. When you'vetasted it, names will come easily.And just look at the splendid prizes!In case of ties, full amount of prizewill be awarded each tying contestant.No labels to send in. To get intothis PREM contest, secure an OfficialEntry Blank from your dealer. Submit one to three names for the sandwich in spaces provided on theblank. Contest limited to three namesper person and all names must besent on an Official Entry Blank. Getyours from your dealer today. Contest closes Mar. 15, 1941.You'll like Prem. It has the extragoodness you expect from Swift.BY THEMAKERS OFSWIFT'SPREMIUM HAMRULES ANDENTRY BLANKS ATYOUR .DEALERS32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEReview, has been reprinted in Houghton-Mifflin's textbook, College ProseAnnual. The book presents currentprose of significant theme for collegeprose instruction, and authors represented include Pearl Buck, NicholasMurray Butler, and John Steinbeck.Herman G. McCoy, AM, has a newpastorate at the First PresbyterianChurch, Arlington Heights, Illinois.Jack L. Hough, SM '34, PhD '40,of the Soil Conservation Service, spentabout two weeks in Chicago duringNovember and in December passed hisfinal examination for the Doctorate.He is now engaged in flood controlwork at Amarillo, Texas.Franklin C. MacKnight, PhD '38,has returned to the University to workwith the Board of Examinations.Rabbi S. H. Markowitz, PhD, whowas for several years Rabbi of theAchduth Vesholom Congregation atFort Wayne, Indiana, has becomeRabbi of Temple B'nai Israel, Elmira,New York, and also Jewish chaplain atthe Elmira Reformatory. Rabbi Mark-owitz was recently elected one of thevice-presidents of the Alumni Association of the Divinity School.Gordon Rittenhouse, SM, of theSoil Conservation Service, was locatedat Winona, Minnesota, most of thesummer. He visited the Department onseveral occasions and is now in Greenville, S. C.Hakon Wadell, PhD, has returnedfrom his work in Colombia, SouthAmerica. His plans for the future areindefinite.Mr. and Mrs. V. Marlin Smith areliving at 30 Centennial Avenue, Dalton,Massachusetts. Mr. Smith is employedat the Byron Weston Paper Companyin Dalton.1933Walter C. Giersbach, PhD, has resigned his position as director of thesouthern 'area for the Congregationaland Christian Churches of Illinois tobecome president of Pacific University,Forest Grove, Oregon, which is a suburb of Portland. Pacific Universitywas founded nearly a century ago andis the oldest Congregational college onthe Coast. Dr. Giersbach is the youngest president to have been chosen since1853. Dr. Giersbach left Illinois during December to assume his new duties.Mrs. Ruth K. Hill, PhD, became relief administrator and case-work supervisor in the Winona, Minnesota, CityRelief Office March 1, 1940. Her official title is City Poor Commissioner.Ralph W. Rogers, AM, U. S. Armychaplain, is author of a pamphlet, Hawaiian Nuggets, written primarily forthe benefit of service men, but, according to the words of the author of theIntroduction, "most useful to any readerdesiring a broad, general picture of theHawaiian Islands."The circular letter for September 10published by the Office of the Chief ofChaplains of the War Department,Washington, reports that Ralph W. Rogers, AM, has been promoted to therank of lieutenant-colonel.1934Bliss Forbush has been appointedregent of Morgan State College, Baltimore, Maryland, which is the only institution of higher learning for Negroesin Maryland.James G. DeLaVergne has beenmade transport chaplain with station atFort Mason in San Francisco, Calif.Roger Hazelton, AM, dean of theShove Memorial Chapel at ColoradoCollege, had a paper in the July, 1940,issue of Ethics on "Law and Norm inEthics."Richard V. Hollingsworth has returned, on leave of absence from theShell Petroleum Corporation, to finishwork for the Ph.D.Don Holter, PhD, Dean of the Union Theological Seminary of Manila,the Philippines, visited the campus.With his family he is spending a year'sfurlough in the United States.Alexander Mackie Honeyman,PhD, of the University of St. Andrews,Scotland, is the author of several articles published recently in the Revue deVHistoire des Religions, the Journal ofEgyptian Archaeology, and the Journalof the Royal Asiatic Society.Claude M. Langton, PhD, is now inCorpus Christi, Texas, with the Lane-Wells Oil Company.Gilbert Kelly Robinson, PhD, hasbeen on the faculty of the HarrisTeachers College, St. Louis, Missouri,since September, 1939.Carolyn Royall Just has been employed since December, 1938, as a Research Attorney with the Departmentof Justice. She is active in the Federal Bar Association, the Women's BarAssociation for the District of Columbia, and the Kappa Beta Pi Legal Sorority.Eugene S. Tanner, PhD, teacher inthe department of religion and biblicalliterature at the University of Tulsa,gave two series of off-campus lecturesduring the fall. The lectures were on"The Background for Understandingthe New Testament," and on "AppliedChristianity.""Character Growth and the We-Psy-chology" is the title of an article writtenbv Chaplain Walter B. Zimmerman,AM, which was published in the October-November number of the Army andNavy Chaplain.1935Harold L. Geis is still in Cuba working for the Atlantic Refining Company.A long letter from Marvin H. Harper, PhD, of the Leonard TheologicalCollege, Jubbulpore, C.P., India, givesan account of the activities of the Christian groups in Jubbulpore. Mr. Harperis a member of a council which is developing plans for the union of theNorth India United Church (largelyPresbyterian), the English Baptists, theLondon Missionary Society, and theMethodist Church. He says that theproposed union in North India will produce a church of nearly a million ad herents about one-seventh of the Christian population of India.Benjamin E. Mays, PhD, took officethis fall as sixth president of Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia. Dr.Mays has been, since 1934, dean of theSchool of Religion at Howard University. It was during his deanship therethat the School of Religion was put onthe accredited list of theological schools.1936Willis W. Fisher, PhD, is now instructor in Bible and religious education at Berea College, Berea, Kentucky.William E. Gregory, DB, was appointed, to begin August, 1940, as firstlieutenant in the Chaplain's Reserve ofthe United States Army at Fort Knox,Kentucky.On May 16 Sherman ElbridgeJohnson, PhD, received the degree ofS.T.D. honoris causa at NashotahHouse, Nashotah, Wisconsin. On July1 Dr. Johnson assumed his duties asprofessor of the literature and interpretation of the New Testament at theEpiscopal Theological School, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Edward F. Ouellette, AM, pastorof the First Congregational Chuch, TheDalles, Oregon, helped with the administration of the World Conferenceof Christianity.Donald D. Parker, PhD, recentlyassumed his duties in a new positionas assistant state supervisor of the Historical Records Survey of Missouri.He has supervision over the forty-fourcounties north of the Missouri River.For the past three years Mr. Parkerhas been assistant professor of historyat Park College, Parkville, Mo. Hisnew address is 134 Bedford St., Moberly, Mo.Marie Joanna Regier, AM, is theauthor of a one-act play, But, Mother.Miss Regier has returned to China todo mission work with the MennoniteBoard after an absence of seven yearsfrom that country. Her address thereis Tamingfu, Hopei.Charles T. Thrift, Jr., PhD, hasbeen appointed professor of historicalstudies at the Florida School of Religion, Lakeland, Florida.Rochr R. Walterhouse, PhD,started teaching English at the JohnMarshall Law School in Chicago lastMargaret Hayward Hawn is nowworking for the Allied Oil ProductionCompany in Vandalia, Illinois.Paul O. McGrew is in the Department of Vertebrate Paleontology of theField Museum of Natural History inChicago. He spent the summer inSouth Dakota collecting for the Museum.Vic Peterson is with Magnolia Petroleum Co. at Mattoon, Illinois.Fred Tisdel, SM '38, of the U. S.Engineers is now in Portland, Oregon.1938Gertrude Cook, AM, formerly director of religious education of the FirstTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFederated Church, Peoria, Illinois, andnow connected with the Bethany UnionChurch, Chicago, was recently marriedto Mr. Carl Keith, Jr. The Keiths areliving at 10116 Southwest Street, Chicago.Dan J. Jones, PhD, and his wife,Alice Hamilton Jones, spent severalweeks in Chicago last spring. Theirson was born in the Chicago Lying-inHospital.George R. Schoonmaker is with theOhio Oil Company in Bloomington,Indiana.On October 4 Mr. and Mrs. AlvinHewitt Scaff (Mrs. Scaff, AM), werecommissioned as workers under theAmerican Board of Commissioners forForeign Missions of the CongregationalChurch. At the same time Mr. Scaffwas ordained to the ministry. The ceremony took place in Graham TaylorHall of the Chicago* Theological Seminary. Mr. and Mrs. Scaff will serveBUSINESSDIRECTORYAMBULANCE SERVICEBOYDSTON BROS.All phones OAK. 0492operatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics, etc.PACKARD AND LASALLE EQUIPMENTAWNINGSPhones Oakland 0690—0691-The Old Reliable -0692Hyde Park AwningINC. Co.,Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueVENETIAN BLINDSQUEENS VENETIAN BLINDPHONE CENTRAL 4516Flexible steel slats orseasoned basswoodtwo-tone tapes or solidcolors. Any size blinds.Per square foot After 5 P. M. Plaza 369828'BOILER REPAIRINGBEST BOILER REPAIRand WELDING CORP.DAY AND NIGHT PHONE CAN. 6071-0324 HOUR SERVICEQUALIFIED LICENSED CONTRACTOR1404-08 S. Western Ave., Chicago as rural missionaries in the Island ofMindanao, in the Philippines.Frank E. Tippie is with the IllinoisGeological Survey at Urbana.Sylvanus A. Tyler, SM, has goneto Tougaloo, Mississippi, to- teachmathematics at Tougaloo College thisyear.1939Hubert Bristol, SM, is with theOhio Oil Company at Harrisburg, Illinois.A. T. DeGroot, PhD, has been reelected secretary-treasurer of the Campbell Institute for the fourth year. Abook by Mr. DeGroot, entitled TheGrounds of Divisions Among thre Disciples of Christ, has recently been published by the University of ChicagoPress.Both David M. Grubbs, PhD, andRalph L. Gutke are in Caracas, Venezuela, working for Socony- Vacuum OilCompany.Wayne R. Lowell, SM, of the Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, has returned to Chicagoto continue his academic work.Arthur C. Lundahl served duringthe past summer as naturalist at Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky.W. Alvin Pitcher, DB, is now pastor of the Community Church, Snyder,New York.Robert Reynolds is working for theIllinois Geological Survey at Urbana.1940Leila Anderson, DB, director ofreligious education and young people'swork for the Congregational Conference of South Dakota, writes that sheis enjoying her new position. She ison tour most of the time with one- ortwo-night stands in a town.Purnell Benson went to Pontiac,Illinois in November to take up thework of assistant sociologist at the Illinois State. Penitentiary.Connor G. Cole, DB, was marriedon September 14, 1940, in the University Church of the Disciples of Christto Miss Jean Kincheloe, daughter ofDr. and Mrs. Samuel C. Kincheloe.Wilfrid R. Foster, PhD, is teachinggeology at Catholic University ofAmerica in Washington, D. C.William F. Read is now teachinggeology at the West Texas State Teachers College, Canyon, Texas.SOCIAL SERVICEMarion Hath way, PhD '33, Secretary of the American Association ofSchools of Social Work is in PuertoRico to report on the development of aschool of social work there. While shehas been away Mary Zahrobsky, AM?24; of the faculty of the School, is onleave to take over some of Miss Hath-way's work.Maude Barrett, "School of Civics,1915," has left the W. P. A. to acceptthe position of Director of the Bureauof Public Assistance and Child Welfare in Louisiana.Edna Buehler Spencer, AM '32, BOOK BINDERSBOOKSMEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall New Books Received as soon as published. Come in and browse.SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Congress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical CollegeBUTTER & EGGSMURPHY BUTTER and EGG CO.2016 CALUMET AVE.CHURNERS OF FANCY CREAMERY BUTTERFINEST WISCONSIN EGGSAlways UniformChurned Fresh DailyPhone CALumet 5731CATERERJOSEPH H. BIGGSFine Catering in all its branches50 East Huron StreetTel. Sup. 0900—0901Retail Deliveries Daily and SundaysQuality and Service Since 1882CEMENT CONTRACTORST. A. REHNQUIST CO. CONCRETEV-/7 FLOORS\rvr SIDEWALKS\\ V MACHINE FOUNDATIONS\\ MASTIC FLOORSV ALL PHONESEST. 1929 Wentworth 44226639 So. Vernon Ave.CHEMICAL ENGINEERSAibert K. Epstein, '12B. R. Harris, 71Epstein, Reynolds and HarrisConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-6COALEASTMAN COAL CO.Established 1902YARDS ALL OVER TOWNGENERAL OFFICES342 N. Oakley Blvd.Telephone Seeley 448834 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phones: Wentworth 8620-1-2-3-4Wesson's Coal Makes Good — or—Wasson DoesCOFFEE-TEALa Touraine Coffee Co.IMPORTERS AND ROASTERS OFLA TOURAINECOFFEE AND TEA209-13 MILWAUKEE AVE., CHICAGOat Lake and Canal Sts.Phone State 1350Boston — N ew York — Phi ladelphia — SyracuseELECTRICAL CONTRACTORSWM. FECHT ELECTRIC CO.CONTRACTORS - ENGINEERSLIGHT & POWER CONSTRUCTION600W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneSeeley 2788DENTISTDR. BERNARD R. LITZa graduate of the University of Illinois '39ANNOUNCESThe Opening of His Office forthe Practice of Dentistryat theGladstone Hotel, 6200 S. Kenwood Ave.Hyde Park 4100You are cordially invited to obtain dental service ona yearly budget system that is now available.EMPLOYMENTCOLOREDDOMESTIC HELPFurnishedDay or NightReferences investigated.Englewood Employment Agency5530 S. State Phone-Englewood 3 1 8 1 -3 1 82Street Night-Englewood 3181Established 20 yearsGRAPHIC ARTSTHE SCRIPTORIUMScribes • Illuminators • BindersC L RICKETTS JASPER S KINGIf it is said to last a lifetime or longer, sayit sincerely with well-chosen words in beautiful, imperishable designMESSAGES OF APPRECIATION, RESOLUTIONS, ILLUMINATED INSCRIPTIONS,MEMORIALS; BIRTHDAY, CHRISTMASAND GUEST BOOKS; CRESTS, COATSOF ARMS, TITLE PAGES•DIPLOMAS, CITATIONS,HONORARY DEGREES, CHARTERSValued papers and letters restoredand bound38 SOUTH DEARBORN STREETDEARBORN 0001 CHICAGO has accepted a position as Case Workerwith the Community Welfare Association in Jackson, Mississippi, and hasrecently been asked to teach a coursein Case Work at the State Universityof Mississippi.Bernice Scroggie, AM '34, has beenmade Supervisor of the Division forChildren in the State Department ofSocial Security in Washington.Maurice Decker, AM '36, has accepted a position as Consultant in ChildWelfare Services in the Department ofPublic Welfare in Illinois.Helen Wilson, AM '37, has left theUtah Department of Public Welfare tobecome Field Representative in theState Department of Public Welfare inIndiana.Iva Aukes, AM '39, has accepted aposition with the Illinois Children'sHome and Aid Society and is locatedin Chicago.Dorothea Hermann, AM '39, hasleft the Society for the Prevention ofCruelty to Children in Rochester, NewYork, to become Supervisor in theChild Welfare Services in the IllinoisState Department of Public Welfare.John Richardson, AM '39, recentlyof the Public Administration Service,is now working with the United StatesCommittee for Refugee Children inNew York City.Eleanor Swenson, AM '39, has leftthe Department of Public Welfare inIndiana to join the staff of the PublicAssistance Division of the Social Security Board. She has been assigned tothe Regional Office in Denver.Ruth Douglass, AM '39, is leavingthe Division for the Blind in the Washington Department of Social Securityto accept a position with the IllinoisSociety for the Prevention of Blindness.Alfred Wardley, AM '40 has leftthe Chicago Chapter of the AmericanRed Cross to become Assistant to theManager in the Midwestern Branch ofthe American Red Cross in St. Louis.Harold J. Wilson, AM '40, has accepted a position as Intake Workerwith the Juvenile Detention Home ofCook County, Illinois.Susan Bryan, AM '40, has accepteda position as Case Supervisor in theAssociated Catholic Charities of NewOrleans.BORNTo William Chilman, AM '38, andCatherine Street Chilman, AM '38,a daughter, on December 30, 1940.To Chester Wm. Laing, Jr., '32,and Mrs. Laing (Mary Louise Cotton, '33) on January 4, 1941, a son,Chester Wm. Laing III, in Kenilworth,111.To Donald A. Martinez, '23, andMrs. Martinez, a son, Robert Louis, onJune 30, 1940, Chicago.To James Lee Verity, AM '36, andMrs. Verity, a son, William Herbert, onJanuary 4, 1941.To Robert C. Lewy, '26, MD '29,and Mrs. Lewy on January 2, 1941, ason, Robert Lewis, Chicago, 111. FLOWERSm^ CHICAGOEstablished 186S^ FLOWERSPhones: Plaza 6444, 64451 645 E. 55th StreetGROCERIESLEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1 327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Park 9 1 00- 1 -2QUALITY FOODSTUFFSMODERATE PRICESWE DELIVERLAUNDRIESSUNSHINE LAUNDRYCOMPANYAll ServicesDry Cleaning29 1 5 Cottage Grove Ave.Telephone Victory 5 1 1 0LETTER SERVICE >POND LETTER SERVICEEverything in LettersHooven TypewritingMultigraphingAddressograph Service MimeographingAddressingMailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones 4I8 So. Market St.Harrison 8 1 1 8 ChicagoLITHOGRAPHERL. C. Mead '2 1. E. J. Chalifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INciPlanograph — Offset — Printing73 1 Plymouth CourtWabash 8 1 82OFFICE FURNITURE5TEELCA5EjBztslnGss Equipment \FILING CABINETSDESKS — LOCKERSCUPBOARDS — SHELVINGMetal Office Furniture Co. Grand Rapids, Michigan OPTICIANSNELSON OPTICAL CO.I55JJB ||38 Eas+llljjjiijjllllllll 63 rd Street|!!!!!!!!!!!||H' Hyde ParkmSSm 5352Dr. Nels R. Nelson, OptometristTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 35PAINTERSGEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc. (Painting — Decorating— Wood Finishing3 1 23 PhoneLake Street Kedzie 3 1 86E. STEWART FEIGHINC.PAINTING — DECORATING5559 TelephoneCottage Grove Ave. Midway 4404RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneMonroe 3192PHOTOGRAPHERMOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigan Blvd., Chicago . . State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERU. of C. ALUMNIPLASTERINGHOWARD F. NOLANPLASTERING, BRICKandCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone Dorchester 1579PRINTERSCLARKE-McELROYPUBLISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3935"Good Priming of All Descriptions"RESTAURANTSThe Best Place to Eat on the South SideCOLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 Woodlawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324 To Mr. and Mrs. William McCauleyHill (Ruth Lyman, '32) of Wichita,Kansas, on June 12, 1940, a daughter,Judith Louise. Mr. and Mrs. Hill liveat 621 S. Ash St., Wichita.To William A. Moore and JaneMullenback Moore, AM '31, a daughter, Virginia Foster, on December 14,1940.To John W. Reid and Nellie N.Reid, AM '40, a son, Thomas' Farrell,on December 7. 1940.ENGAGEDEleanor Goldman of North St.Louis to Abel Swirsky, '39 ; the wedding is planned for June.Marion Louis Roe, '35, to ChaunceyL. Griffith of Bellingham, Washington.Mr. Griffith teaches music at theFrancis W. Parker school in Chicago.The wedding will take place this spring.Corinne Zitenfield, '39, to ArthurB. Sachs, '36, JD '38, Chicago. Mr.Sachs is now engaged in the practice oflaw.MARRIEDLorraine Mildred Krueger, '40,daughter of Nathan L. Krueger, '07,to Frederick A. Wolf on December 29,Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Wolf are living at 1440 East 52nd Street, Chicago.Hobart Gunning, '34, to June E.Greenman on August 31, 1940, inPrincton, Illinois.Ruth Raney, '37, to Bryce L. Crawford, Jr., on December 21. Mr. andMrs. Crawford, Jr., are living at 101619th Ave., S. E., Minneapolis, Minn.David R. Hunter, AM '40, to Miriam Grossman on December 26, 1940.Norma Jane Eppens, '40, to ArthurAndrew Azlein. Mr. and Mrs. Azleinare living at 5238 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago.Harald N. Schreuder to KatherineA. Stanton, AM '40, on October 17,1940.Bernice -Vaitkus to Wade Allen, SM'40, on January 4, 1941, East Lansing,Michigan. Mr. Allen is an instructorin the Chemistry Department at Michigan State College.Saul Hoch, SM '40, to DorothyEdelson in Washington, D. C. Mr.Hoch is a statistician in the UnitedStates Department of Agriculture.Norman Hollingshead, Jr., '39, toJean Law on August 30, 1940, in NewYork City. Mr. and Mrs. Hollingsheadare living at 35-33 80th Street in Jackson Heights, Long Island, New York;Mr. Hollingshead is connected with theArmstrong CompanyLois Kelsay, '39, to Dr. RobertHunter, MD '39, on December 31,1940, Chicago. Dr. and Mrs. Hunterare living at 635 Dahlia St., N. W.,Washington, D. C.Jean Crandall Goldie to Rev. HomerD. Mitchell, '27, on January 28, 1941,Detroit, Michigan. Rev. and Mrs.Mitchell will be at home after the firstof March at 100 North Wenona Street1 in Bay City, Michigan. RUGSAshjian Bros., inc.ESTABLISHED 1921Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone Regent 6000COMMERCIAL SCHOOLSINTENSIVE¦ STENOGRAPHIC COURSEfor College People OnlySuperior training for practical, personal us« or profitable employment. Course gives you dictation speed of100 words a minute in 100 days. Classes beginJanuary, April, July and October. Enroll Now.Write or phone for bulletin.BRYANT & STRATTON College18 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago Tel: RAN. 1575MacCormac School ofCommerceBusiness Administration and SecretarialTrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Association of Accredited Commercial Schools.1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130SCHOOL— SHORTHANDYour whole life throughShorthand will be useful to you.For more particulars call, write,or telephone.THE GREGG COLLEGE6 North Michigan Avenue, ChicagoState 1881ROOFERSESTABLISHED 1908POVE^S¦taJROOFING^ROOFING and INSULATINGSHEET METAL WORKSECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKS•Galvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights, Gutters, Down SpoutsTile, Slate and Asbestos Roofing1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893STOCKS— BONDS— COMMODITIESP. H. Davis, 'II. H. 1. Markham, 'Ex. '06R. W. Davis, '16. F. B. Evans, 'IIPaul H. Davis & Co ¦MembersNew York Stock ExchangeChicago Stock ExchangeChicago Board of Trade10 So. La Salle St. Franklin 862236 THE UNITEACHERS' AGENCIESAMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGOA Bureau of Placement which limits itswork to the university and college field.It is a filiated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allthe educational fields. Both organizationsassist in the appointment of administratorsas well as of teachers.'Albert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all kinds of teachingpositions. Large and alert College andState Teachers' College departments forDoctors and Masters; forty per cent of ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenumbers; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Administration, Music, and Art, secure finepositions through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well prepared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special manager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency57th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One FeeCHICAGO, MINNEAPOLISKANSAS CITY, MO. SPOKANENEW YORKHUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY25 E. JACKSON BLVD.Telephone Harrison 7793Chicago, III.Member National Associationof Teachers AgenciesGenerally recognized as one of the leading TeachersAgencies of the United States.UNDERTAKERSBOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.All Phones OAKIand 0492VENTILATINGThe Haines CompanyVentilating and Air ConditioningContractors1929-1937 West Lake St.Phones Seeley 2765-2766-2767 ERSITY OF CHICAGOsNorman C. Plane, 40, to BessieHandley on October 26, 1940, Cincinnati, Ohio. Mr. and Mrs. Plane areliving at 3478 Autt View Ave., Cincinnati.John William Bennett, AM '40,to Kathryn Goldsmith on December 7,1940, Chicago.Mrs. Ruth Greeley Wells, PhD'14, to Dr. Ellsworth Faris, professoremeritus of sociology at the Universityof Chicago, on January 1, 1941. Dr.and Mrs. Faris will live in Lake Forestafter a two months' honeymoon toHonolulu.Jayne Rittenhouse, '40, to MaxEdward Freeman, '39, on January 4,1941, in Bond Chapel on the campus.Mr. and Mrs. Freeman will live at 2082nd Ave., Joliet, 111.Marion Dillenbeck, '33, to ArthurE. Heath, '35, at Hilton Chapel onJanuary 25, 1941. They will live at5214 Woodlawn, Chicago.DIEDJohn F. Crawford, PhD, '13. professor of philosophy at Beloit College,on September 5, 1940, in Beloit, Wisconsin.Charles Edward McClure, '13, retired teacher, on December 9, 1940, inHot Springs.William A. Heidel, PhD '95, research associate for the AmericanCouncil of Learned Societies, retiredprofessor of the Wesleyan University,on January 15, 1940, in Middletown,Conn.Ralph R. Henderson, '20, on December 28, 1940, in Chicago.Charles D. Hunter, MD '05, onAugust 5, 1940, in Tacoma, Washington.Arthur B. Johnson, '24, MD '28,of Toledo, Ohio, on October 3, 1940.Anna Harris McKinney, '12, highschool teacher in Camargo, Illinois, onApril 15, 1939.Howard L. Metcalf, MD '04, inSpringfield, 111.Oscar F. Rusch, PhB '14, on November 25, 1940, Fort Wayne, Indiana.Adda May Strain, '14, schoolteacher, on November 21, 1940, Chicago.Oscar D. Skelton, PhD, '08, Undersecretary of State for External Affairsin Canada, on January 28, 1941, inOttawa, Canada.George Taylor Nesmith, DB '02,; pastor of the Methodist Church at Barrington, 111., on October 19, 1940, atLake Geneva, 111.Isaac H. Taylor, MD '71, on September 27, 1940, in Springfield, 111.Ruth R. Watson, '14, teacher in theLaboratory Schools at the Universityof Chicago, on December 15, 1940.Mrs. Sada C. Willett, '20, Englishteacher, on September 16, 1940, in LosAngeles, California. MAGAZINEBLACKSTONEHALLanExclusive Women's Hotelin theUniversity of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to University and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748 TelephoneBlackstone Ave. Plaza 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorPETERSONFireproof WarehouseSTORAGE — MOVINGForeign — DomesticShipments55th & Ellis Phone, MID 9700HAIR REMOVED FOREVERFREE CONSULTATIONLOTTIE A. METCALFEGraduate NurseALSOELECTROLYSIS EXPERTMultiple 20 platinum needles can beused. Permanent removal of Hair fromFace, Eyebrows, Back of Neck or anypart of Body; destroys 200 to 600 HairRoots per hour.Removal of Facial Veins, Moles andWarts.Member American Assn. Medical Hydrology andPhysical Therapy$1.75 per Treatment for HairTelephone FRA 4885Suite 1705, Stevens Bldg.17 No. State St.Perfect Loveliness Is Wealth in BeautyEMPLOYERS HAVE PROBLEMSJOB SPECIFICATIONSMEASURING HUMAN TALENTSSOURCES OF LABOR SUPPLY^CREDENTIALS OF CANDIDATESKINDS OF TRAINING FOR JOBS* CREDENTIALS OF CANDIDATESIf you want to believe that all geese are swans, read"to-whom-it-may-concern" statements handed to you inunsealed envelopes by applicants. Why are these lettersof little value to employers? Any one who has been calledupon to make such a statement knows the answer. Competent placement offices deal only with strictly confidentialstatements and credentials— confidential material thatcontains not only the truth but the whole truth.Fourth in a series oj advertisements dealing with the workof the Board of Vocational Guidance and PlacementWHICH WE HELP SOLVETHE BOARD OF VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND PLACEMENTThe University of Chicago Midway 0800 • Local 391"Ma Says It Tastes of Coal Oil! //MA IS probably right. The clerk who had tofit shoes and horse collars, measure out nailsand putty, and draw kerosene couldn't alwaysstop to wash his hands before he handled thebutter and crackers. And every so often the potatoon the spout of the oil can would joggle off.Today, for most of us, the mixture of foodand kerosene odor has ceased to be a problem.More and more of our food, packed by electricmachines, comes to us in sanitary containers.Electricity does the work, too, of washboard andcarpet beater. Automobiles and good roads haveshortened distances to town and work. Andbecause so many of the routine, unpleasant jobs which occupied our parents' time are now onlymemories, we have more opportunities for enjoyinglife to the full.Practically every industry in America hashelped to bring about this progress. And everyindustry, in doing so, has made use of the economies and manufacturing improvements thatelectricity brings. General Electric scientists,engineers, and workmen have been, for more than60 years, finding ways for electricity to help raiseAmerican living standards to create More Goodsfor More People at Less Cost. Today their effortsare helping further to build and strengthen theAmerican way of life.G-E research and engineering have saved the public jrom ten to one hundred dollarsfor every dollar they have earned for General ElectricGENERAL • ELECTRICI Hill