T�t UNIVtRSITY O�(�I(AGO MAGAZINtTHE ALUMNI COUNCILOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOChairman, JOHN NUVEEN, JR., '18 Execu-rive Secretary, CHARLTON T. BECK, '04The Council for 19J,O-�_bl is composed of the fol lo wing delegates:FROM THE COLLEGE ASSOCIATION: Josephine T. Allin, '99; Arthur C. Cody, '24; Charles C.Greene, ' 19, JD'21; Olive Greensfelder, '16; Huntington Henry, '06; Frances HendersonHiggins" '20; J. Kenneth Laird, '25; Frank J. Madden, '20, JD'22; Herbert 1. Markham,'05; Robert T. Me Kin lay, '29, JD'3:2; Frank McNair, '03; Helen Norris, '07; John Nuveen,J r., '18; Keith 1. Parsons, '33; JD'37; Elizabeth Sayler, '35; Katharine Slaught, '09; Clif­ton Utley, '26; Helen Wells. '2-kFn.OlVI THE DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHY ASSOCIATION: Leon P. Smith, Al\.I'28, PhD'30; Eleanor Con­way, PhD'36; Paul R. Cannon, PhD'2-1.FROM THE DIVINITY ASSOCIATION: Charles L. Calkins, A�I'2:2; Laird T. Hites, AM'16, DB'17,PhD'25; Svlvester Jones. DB'07.FROM THE LAW"SCHOOL ASSOC/IATION: Charles F. }IcElroy, A�I'06, ..1D'1;3; Char'les P. Schwartz,'08, JD'09; Sidney S. Gorham, J r., '28, JD'30.FIWl\l THE EDUCATION ASSOCIATION: Harold A. Anderson, '2-1, A�1'26; Paul M. Cook, AM'27;Robert C. Woellner, AM'24.FROl\:! THE SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ASSOCIATION: George \V. Benj amin , '35; Louise Forsyth, '30;Neil F. Sammons, '17.Fnoxr THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATION: Anna Sexton Mit.che ll , A:\I'BO; :\larionSchaffner, '11; Richard Eddy, A�1'34.FIWM THE RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE ASSOCIATION: C. J. Lundy, '2-1, .MD'27; \Villiam A. Thomas,'12, MD'16; R. W. Watkins, MD'25.FROM THE GRADUATE LIBRARY SCHOOL: Jeanette Foster, A�I':2:2, PhD'35; Gladys Spencer, A�1'81;Miriam D. Tompkins.FnOl\I THE ASSOCIATION OF THE SCHOOL OF Nf EDICINE I� THE DIVISION OF THE BIOLOGICALSCIENCES: ALl" T. HAEREM, :\ID'37; J olm Van Prohaskn, '28, :\ID'3cl,; B. G. Sarnat, '33,�ID'37.FnOM THE CHICAGO ALUIVINAE CLUB: Mrs. Jasper S. King, '18; }Irs. George Simpson, '18;:\Irs. Bernadotte E. Schmitt '22.FRO�I THE CHICAGO ALUlVINI CLUB: John J. Schommer� '09; "Wrisley B. Oleson, ' 18; John \Vil­liam Chapman, '15, JD'17.FROM THE UNIVERSITY: John F. Moulds, '07.Alumni Associations Represented iti the Alumni CouncilTHE COLLEGE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION: President, John Nuveen, .I r., '18; Secr eiar u, Charlton T.Beck, '04�, University of Chicago,DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHY ASSOCIATION: President, Fred J. Rippy; Secr et ar u, Eleanor Conway,PhD'36, Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago.DIVINITY SCHOOL ASSOCIATION: President, Willi am T. Seitz, '33; Secretary, Charles T. Holman,DB�16, University of Chicago.LAW SCHOOL ASSOCIATION: President, George �I. Mo r r is, JD'15; Secretary, Charles F. Me­Elroy, AlVI'06, JD'15, 29 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago.SCHOOL OF EDUCATION ASSOCIATION: President, Aaron .J. Brumbaugh, PhD'29; Secretary, Le­nore John, AM'27, 6009 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago.SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ASSOCIATION: President, John Cornyn, A:M'36; Secretary, Sarah Hicks, '36:6656 Stewart Ave., Chicago.GRADUATE LIBRARY SCHOOL ASSOCIATION: President, Leon Carnovsky, PhD'32; Secretary, Rob­ert Miller, PhD'36, U niversitv of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE ASSOCIATI�N: President, Frederick B. Moorehead, MD'06; Secr et arq , CarlO. Rinder, '11, MD'13, 122 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago.SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SERVICE ADMINISTRATION ASSOqATIOX: President, Mrs. E. J. Lewis, '25,AJ\:I' 37 ; Secr et.aru , Alice Voiland, AM'36, 5654 Ken-wood Avenue, Chicago.ASSOCIATION OF THE l\:!EDICAL SCHOOL OF THE DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES: President,Ormand Julian, '8-11, MD'37; Secr etar u , Gail Dack, PhD'27, MD'33.All communica.ticns should be sent to the Secretary of the proper Association or to the Alumni Council,Faculty Exchange, University of Chicago. The dues for membership in anyone of the Associations namedabove, including subscription to THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO :�VlAGAZINE, are $2.00 per year. A holderof more than one Degree from the University of Chicago may be a member of more than one Association;in such instances the dues are divided and shared equally by the Association involved.THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICA"GO MAGAZINEPUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNICHARLTON T. BECK. '04Editor and Business Manager COUNCILREUBEN FRODIN, 133Associate EditorHUGH M. COLE� DAVID DAICHES; BERN LUNDY, '37; DON MORRIS, '36; RALPH W. NICHOLSON, .'36Contributing EditorsTHE COVER: Mothers andtheir children in the waitingroom of Bobs Roberts Hospitalon the Midway. In this PediatricDivision of the University Clinics 80per cent of the treatment providedlast year was given free. A brief de­scription of the work done by BobsRoberts and its needs is to be foundon page 11. The photograph is byStephan Deutsch.•Speaking of photographs, may wecall your a tten tion to the magnificentinterior of Rockefeller MemorialChapel, which is to be found on page4. Myron Davis, now on the staff ofLife Magazine, was the photographer.As readers of the MAGAZINE will re­member Mr. Davis has in the pastyears taken a number of fine photo­graphs for the MAGAZINE. This is thefirst picture of this kind that we haveseen of the interior of the Chapelwhich does justice to the fine detailof . the sculptured interior.•Dr. Robert A. Millikan, who hasbeen primarily responsible for thedevelopment .of . the great CaliforniaInstitute of Technology, is of course,the same Millikan who was formerlya member of the University's faculty,and one of the three University .mento win the Nobel Prize in Physics.He was a visitor on the Midway lastmonth for some of the scientific meet­ings held in connection with the Fif­tieth Anniversary Celebration, andwas the speaker at the Winter Con­vocation.•During the past few months theeditor has received at least two letters THIS MONTHrequesting that the MAGAZINE carrymore articles about what the studentsare doing and thinking about. Con­sidering the difficulty of reporting onthe diverse activities of more than6,000 students in the College, LawSchool, Business School, DivinitySchool, School of Social Service Ad­ministration; Medical School, etc.,we would like to reply with this sug­gestion: The writer remembers backas far as 1932 when he was writinga column for this MAGAZINE aboutundergraduate doings; and just as hewas uncertain then as to what thealumni were interested in, he still is.Therefore, he is shifting the burdenback to the readers and is askingthem for a few letters suggesting thephases of student life that they wouldbe interested in hearing more about.•In connection with our Departmentof Military Intelligence and LatinAmerican Affairs, we shamefullyreport we misspelled the w 0 r d"ostriches" last month, as waspointed out in a letter to the editor.TABLE OF CONTENTSPageLETTERS 2BOOKS 2THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY,Robert A. JJIillikan................. 5NOTES FOR A DILLETANTE, Douid Daiches 6NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES, BernardLund» SBOBS ROBERTS HOSPITAL.............. 11CRIMIN AL LAW: 2, Ernst T¥. Putt-kammer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 12THE ARMCHAIR STRATEGIST, Hugh M.Cole 17SOUTH AMERICAN DOUBLE-CROSS, I ru-inq Pflaum 19MEXICO AND THE FUTURE, Ralph W .Nicholson 21ATHLETICS ,. Don Morris.............. 24NEws OF THE CLASSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 ( We get all kinds of letters.) Thewriter hesitates to attribute this toany lack of spelling ability, butrather to the fact that he neverthought of that ratite bird of thegenus struthio in anything but thesingular, viz., "She wore an ostrichplume in her hat," or "Don't stickyour head 111 the sand as an ostrichdoes."•Ernst Puttkammer, JD'17, in thisissue continues his story about Crim­inal Law as it operates today. Weshould report, incidentally; that Pro­fessor Puttkammer has been namedto an advisory committee to reorgan­ize the Illinois highway police byGovernor Dwight Green, '20, ]D'22.In the concluding installment of thisseries next month, ·Professor Putt­kammer will discuss the problems ofimprisonment and parole.•In addition to other activities ofthe Univer sity undertaken in behalfof national defense, which has beenpreviously dealt with in columns ofthe MAGAZINE) an announcementshould be made here of three coursesin military matters being given onthe Quadrangles this quarter. Thecourses, which may be taken-withsome qualifications (and for a smallfee )-by all interested, are: CourseNo. 001, Intensive Basic MilitaryTraining (meeting in the FieldHouse); Course No. 002, MilitaryTheory, given by Hugh M. Cole andArthur L. H. Rubin; and CourseNo. 003, Military Law, given by Pro­fessors George Bogert, Max Rhein­stein, and Kenneth Sears of the LawSchool.Published by the Alumni Council of the University of Chicago monthly, from October to June. Office of Publication, 403 Cobb Hall. 58th St. atEllis Avenue, Chicago. Annual subscription price $2.00. Single copies 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934. at the PostOffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The Graduate Group, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza. New York City, is the official adver­tising agency of the University of Chicago Magazine.2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINELETTERSTHE UNIVERSITIES' TASKTo the Editor:I think you may want to' reproducethe following recent editorial from theWashington Post:"Robert M. Hutchins, president ofthe U niversi ty of Chicago, has indulgedin some plain speaking in connectionwith that' institution's fiftieth anniver­sary celebration."He was emphatic in his declarationthat the ideals for which the universitystands provide the surest protectionagainst any advance of totalitarianism.He agreed that we must concentrateattention on national preparedness andthat the universities must cooperate infurthering the defense program. ButPresident Hutchins is not among thatincreasingly' articulate group of Ameri­cans who profess to find spiritual upli ftin WClJr and warlike preparations. Thosewho take this view he dismisses as 'ex­tremely bored or extremely ignorant.'"That is perhaps an unduly sweepingand harsh indictment, since there is amodicum of truth in the view that warhas certain spiritual compensations,Nevertheless, it is heartening to haveleaders of public opinion 'take a. firmstand against articles of the totalitarianfaith that a democratic people wouldindignantly reject in calmer times."A nation' can prepare for defenseeffectively even while regarding war asan evil to. be avoided if possible. Intaking that attitude we are much lesslikely to forget the 'things for whichwe are prepared to' fight.' It is easybut also dangerous to lose sight offundamental objectives in the heat andrush of a national crisis. Our universi­ties can perform a great public serviceby keeping the never-ending strugglefor more knowledge within an atmos­phere free from the passions andprej udices that prevent clear thinking."D.M. AID TO BRITAINTo the Editor:I feel that the autumn session of theAlumni School has proved itself ofgreat value both to the individual alum­nus and to the University, and thatthose responsible for its managementmay well take pride in it. Many viewshave been expressed on a variety ofsubj ects.Therefore, it was both a surprise anda disappointment that but one side of"America and the War" was presentedat the last meeting. I consider "GreaterAid to' Britain" to be a highly contro­versial subject, and feel that two ap­posing views should have been statedfairly. Surely the alumni of our Uni­versity are thoughtful people who pre­fer to weigh the available informationand then form their own opinions onpublic questions.I trust that in future session� of oursplendid Alumni School it will be pos­sible to arrange that all sides may beheard.MARJORIE B. FORD) '30, AM '33.Flossmoor, Illinois.WITHOUT A CHANCETo the Editor:Perhaps you heard over the radio thatboth Eastern Saudi Arabia and theBahrain Islands [where the writer'shusband is a physician] were bombedby the Italians in October. So we havesuddenly experinced the war at ourvery doorsteps. Fortunately, no dam­age was done. But now we know what"blackout" means and we dread the fullmoon, What an indication of ourchanged world-when that bright body,once the subj ect of poetical romance,means now the launching of savage airattacks on defenseless civilians 1I hope to be in Chicago for the Fif­tieth Anniversary Celebration.ELIZABETH PURDIE DAME, '37.Casac, Bahrain Islands.[The letter accompanied a contribu­tion to the Alumni F oundaiion' s FiftiethAnniversary Gift Fun-d.-ED.]WE'RE GLADTo the Editor:And what do I enjoy most in theMagazine? In November it was cer­tainly Mr. Daiches' column. Usual1yit's such really Chicago material as -Mr.Lovett on Mr. Manly O'r a former stu­dent about Phil Allen.VIRGINIA EVERETT) AM '27, PhD '40.Westminster College,New Wilmington, Pa. BOOKSTHE PATTERN OF POLITICS. By 1. T.Salter. New York: Macmillan, 1940.$2.25.I am reviewing this book of Profes­sor Salter of Wisconsin for severalreasons. In the first place, it is an inter­esting book. Furthermore, when I re­cently asked Professor Salter to reviewa book for me, he countered with thequestion, was I going to' review hisbook? An editor's job is like that. Andto he perfectly homely about it, onecan say the same thing about politics,and the theme of The Pattern of Poli­tics. You do something for me and Iwill do something for you.In the second place, as a lawyersays-s-whether it's the second or fifthreason.e=Professor Salter is one of thegreater body of Chicago alumni, al­though he never received a degree. Hetook some work here in the Univer­sity's Department of Political Science,and we can say that he came under thepervasive atmosphere at the "ChicagoSchool" of political science. And what'smore important perhaps is that his bookhas any number of references to Chi­cago men and their work: Charles E.Merriam, Leonard D. White, and T.V. Smith, to name those that cometo mind.The Pattern of Politics is, ProfessorSalter says in his introduction, to serveas a mirror to give the voter an ideaof the "enormously important task [ofJjudging general results and voting forcandidates who are for the commongood." If I have any general criticismto make of this book, which has beenbedside reading for the past week, it isthat Professor Salter does not give onea very good idea of how we are toknow, first, who are the candidates forthe common good and", second, what the.common good is. We all have someideas, and I am sure Professor Salterhas a very good idea of these things.The trouble with a hook like this, itseems to me, is the reader gets an im­pression that politics is too much ofa game, and little can be done aboutit. Professor Salter perhaps recognizesthis when he says at one place "Goodgovernment, after all, may not have theappeal in a restless world that, say,Ann Sheridan's leg has." The point is,of course, that we want to know howto get good government, but I'm notsure that putting more "appeal" in it isgoing to be enough.Keeping in mind this line about AnnSheridan-and it is only one of a hun­dred good lines-let us see if we can'tprobe deeply into some of the under-'I'HE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINElying notions which Mr. Salter has im­bedded in his book. He says, for ex­ample, that "the average Americanreally believes that 'honesty is the bestpalicy.'" Now, I am not going to dis­pute that, because I don't want to becalled a cynic for trying to' find autwhat things are all about. A few pageslater Mr. Salter tells the story aboutJack Benny, who, although earning$250,000 a year, tried to smuggle goodspast the customs to' avoid the tax. Mr.Salter goes an to' say that he does natbelieve that Mr. Benny' is the sart ofperson who would try to' cheat a friendin some personal transaction. He saysthat cheating the gavernment is same­how different. "It is a lark-unlessyou are caught ... " It seems to' methere is something fishy about this,altha ugh bath the maxim about honestyand the analysis of Mr. Benny's integ­rity may bath be right. The largerquestion of evasion of law is notsquarely met.Daing something about law viola­tians-big and little-calls to' mind poli­ticians, and Mr. Salter's book providespage after page a f testimony an thepaint that politicians do things for theirconstituents about innumerable viola­tions of the law. One can argue in­terminably about rightness or wrong­ness in our political democracy, but thebigger issue which we constantly avoidis whether we can get good governmentwhile this pattern of politics persists.And after all, unless we have good gav­ernment, are we going to' have a statein which notions af the common goodare to prevail?That, in rather a dangling paragraph,was the aver-all thought I had in read­ing Mr. Salter's book, The rest of mycomments fall chiefly into two cate­gories. First, it seemed to me, thatthere was mare undigested material thanthere should be in a good book, Thechapter called "Talk versus Bullets"was not a particularly convincing de­fense of democratic principles, albeitthe premise and the conclusions are un­questionably correct. How Mr. Salterresisted drawing parallel references to'activities of M ussolini after he hadquoted at length fram Machiavelliescapes me. He does, to be sure, bringin Hitler, but Hitler's sidekick is muchmare of a disciple af Machiavelli.Then, why does Mr. Salter spendnearly twa pages giving the titles ofand participants in a number of TownMeeting of the Air broadcasts to makethe simple point that we have freedomof speech in the United States, andprofit thereby. and have public discus­sion of controversial issues? The au­thor quotes with approval the state­ment of U. S. Commissioner of Educa­tion John W. Studebaker: "Intelligentaction depends upon a program of in- telligent discussion." I agree but Ican't resist quoting a very recent state­ment of Mr. Studebaker's an educationqua education, viz., "How are we goingto speed up this moral and intellectualdevelopment, as compared with theeasygoing ways of academicians? Howare we going to' get these millions ofyoung people, and citizens backingthem, ready to defend our pricelessheritages in this country against via­lence ... ?" I cite this because it wasMr. Studebaker's contribution to a "pro­gram of intelligent discussion" on "TheEffect of the Next Ten Years on Edu­cation" over a coast-to-coast broadcastaf ,the University of Chicago RaundTable.My other category of remarks aboutMr. Salter's book must perforce beshort, I am sorry to' say that he hadnathing to' say about "the pattern ofpolitics" in Wisconsin which put Julius( "The Just") Heil into the office ofgovernor. The author has a number ofthings to' say about the LaF ollettes'political acumen, but nothing about Gov­ernor Phil's defeat two years ago. Per­haps at same future date we'll have thestory.In closing, I want to remind Profes­sor Salter of a gaod story about BigBill Thompson's campaign tricks inChicago. The author tells about '·BigBill's girl shows and cowboys to' getvotes, and he should have this one forhis collection, Chicago newspapers areviolently partisan about mayoralty can­didates (except when the Tribune getsEd Kelly, the New Deal in Chicago,and Republicanism mixed up) . Well,Big Bill littered the city with cam­paign literature showing candidate Atied bv a halter to the Tribune Tower,and c�ndidate B tied to' the Daily Netasbuilding, and an unretauched photo­graph of himself bearing the caption,"Big Bill wears no man's collar." Or,have I gat the line wrang? R. F.MIND THRaUGH THE AGES: A HISTaRYOF HUMAN INTELLIGENCE. By Mar­tin Steuers, '14. New York: Double­day, Doran, 1940. $3.i5.Martin Stevers has made of this his­tory of human intelligence a surpris­ingly optimistic account. Take a lookat the world in which we live and youwonder how Mr. Stevers found enoughmaterial to' fill even a small volume. Butif you can remove yourself from theshort run point of view under whichwe live, and adopt the perspective of theastronomer or geologist you will findhere a readable and well-grounded book.It ranges over Science, Art, Religion,Commerce and Philosophy from thedays of the first man until now. Itconsiders chronologically ancient times,the Greeks and Romans, medieval his­tory and modern times. 3As the author himself admits sucha book cannot be in any sense complete.It is nat nearly as detailed as H. G.Wells' Outline of H istory, but it doeswhat Wells did nat do, it emphasizesthe intellectual growth of man.The opening chapters deal at somelength with the origin of man based onthe latest findings of archeology andmodern psycholagy. Mr. Stevers sticksto' the facts but he treats them with theskill and imagination of the goad storyteller. In some ways these early chap­ters are the best. One wishes that thelater phases of history such as theFrench Revolution had been expandedand described in a like manner.The book is a popular account far thegeneral reader. Y et it does nat havethe faults of most popular books whichare based on the authors' early educa­tion to' the exclusion of the findings ofmodern scholarship. Mr. Stevers hasinvestigated the original sources andspeaks. with authority.The general reader, then, will findMind Through the Ages a worthy addi­tion to' his understanding of man. Heshould have no quarrel about the factsor presentation, He may, however,wish to' debate the thesis that we nowhave "the true key to better ways to useif we wil1." This thesis is founded inthe "belief that today science offers allof us a new and immensely illuminatingunderstanding of human nature." Withthe knowledge we now have "We canattack with clear understanding theforces which produce depressions, polit­ical maladministrations, Hitler's, M usso­linis, the futilities and the fumbling's o fthe world' s Chamberlains and kindredills .. "Even granted that Mr. Stevers makesa good case for the availability 0 f theknowledge, the actual ability of man to'put this equipment into use is at bestspeculation, But then, this reviewer isprobably discouraged by the radio newsbroadcasts.HOWARD P. HUDSON, '35.THE UNIVERSITYCHICAGOVOLUME XXXIII OFMAGAZINE NUMBER 4JANUARY. 1941THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNIVERSITY[The jol.lO'loing remarks of the head of the CaliforniaInstitute of T ech.noloqv were made at the meetinq of theCitieens' Board of SpO'JIlSOrS of the University's FiftiethAnniversary Celebration, on December 18.-ED.]I HAD the good fortune to be on the ground close. to the time that the University of Chicago wasfounded and I had unusual opportunities for watch­ing the amazing growth of its influence not only uponthis Chicago community, but upon the development ofhigher education throughout the United States.Here is a bit of my personal experience. Cominghere directly from Germany in 1896, though I had beenhere as a student in 1894, I was thrown into intimatecontact quite early with Edmund James who had alsostudied in Germany and found his wife there. He washead of the so-called extension division and had caughtthe crusading spirit in education of President Harperand the very able and active group of men whom thenew enterprise had drawn to Chicago. The need forsuch an enterprise as the University of Chicago in thatperiod of Chicago's development was enormous. A fewyears later James was called to N orthwestern and beganto inspire that institution with some of the ideals andideas he had absorbed at the University of Chicago.Two years later he went to the University of Illinoisas its president and the technique which he himselftold me repeatedly that he found most effective in stirringup that institution and the legislators upon whom. itdepended was to tell them what amazing things thi sgreat Rockefeller institution, as he called it, in Chicagowas doing and to upbraid them for letting the greatstate of Illinois be represented by such a woefullyinferior place as its state university then was. That washow he got the two-mill tax through, and the Universityof Illinois quickly began to become, as it is now, oneof the best financed and most influential of the stat�'universities of the country. This holding up by Jamesat Illinois of the great quality and accomplishment ofthe University of Chicago gave next the powerful stimu­lus to the states of Michigan and Wisconsin to do equallywell by their institutions and it was not long before• The striking photograph on the opposite page was +akenat the annual Epiphany Candle-lighting Service in Rocke­feller Memorial Chapel on January 5. The ceremonialcommemorates the visit of the Magi to Bethlehem· onTwelfth Night.• Photograph by Myro.n Davis for Life Magazine. • By ROBERT A. MILLIKANCalifornia and Minnesota and Iowa and Ohio .and Mis­souri and Nebraska and Kansas were forced to followsuit.So that the debt which higher education in the UnitedStates owes to the founders of the University of Chicagowould be hard to compute. But it was not only in thefinancing of the higher education of the country thatthe influence of the University of Chicago stretchedfrom the Alleghanies to the Pacific, for James was notthe only one of .that early group trained here who wentto the Presidency of a sister university. Vincent wentto Minnesota, Norlin to Colorado, Barrows to California,Sparks to Penn State, Angell to Yale, Atwood to Clark,Fellows to Maine, Johnson to Colby, to say nothing ofthe recruiting of the staffs of unnumbered universitiesby brains trained at Chicago. In a word, the University­of Chicago put the city of Chicago on the world's mapin a more telling way by far than any other event thathas ever happened in her history.The poet sings, "Oxford! Whose every stone shallbe the mother for a city far away." I myself thought. of that line as applied to Chicago when in 1921 I decidedto do something substantial for the state of Illinois andthe University of Chicago by leaving the state and thethe University and thus making way for younger andabler men and also by carrying Chicago's training andinfluence into the last and most westerly outpost of AngloSaxon civilization, namely into Southern Californiawhere the Pacific Ocean checks and rolls back the tideof western migration of the white race. The needs ofthat region in 1921 seemed to me extraordinarily likethe needs of Chicago in 1890. A greatpopulation active,pushing, ambitious, but with scarcely a start towardthat fundamental through scholarship and competenceeven in science and engineering which a rapidly develop­ing and expanding American community demanded.Let me take a concrete illustration to make my meaningclear. When the Guggenheim Foundation decided tomake Southern California' one of the centers for thedevelopment of commercial aviation in the United States,the President of . t he Foundation, Harry Guggenheim,came to Pasadena and met with the trustees of the Cali­f ornia Institute. He spoke to them as follows:The development of aviation thus far has been the workof thoroughly practical men like the Wright brothers.Millikan tells me that that type of engineer has now gotabout to the end of his rope and that the problems of aero­dynamics are now getting so intricate, so involved that the56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEprogress of the future has got to come largely from whatI am �oing to describe as "the longhaired fellow," the fellowwho IS more, fundamentally trained in theory, in analysisthan the aeronautical engineer of the past has ever dreamedof being. I don't know whether Millikan is right or notbut he has sold me his idea to this extent that I am goingto make one place in the country where the longhairedfellows can congregate.A few years later when Mr. Donald Douglas publiclyannounced, that the then new Douglas transport hadbeen given 'some 35 miles of additional cruising speedby the work done on it by the staff of the GuggenheimAeronautical Laboratory at Pasadena, I said to HarryGuggenheim, "Well, Harry, how about the longhairedfellow?" He replied, "I wish I had put every penny Ihad to spend into the longhaired fellows."Gentlemen, that is merely a parable. Our whole mod­ern civilization is becoming more and more complex,requiring more fundamentally, more broadly trained mento lead and direct it. I am not talking about difficultiesintroduced by the war. That, of course, makes some ofthem worse but they are here anyway. The great engi­neers of forty years ago, most of whom got their trainingas surveyors on the railroads, are lost when confronted by the modern problems of industrial engineering. Thatis true of your management problems, your labor rela­tions, your finance as well as your physics, your chem­istry and your 'engineering. Chicago needs the Univer­sity of Chicago more than it did in 1890, not only tokeep her on that world map on which her Universityhas put her during the past fifty years, but to steer herexpertly through the seas that are ahead, to give herpilots the thorough fundamental training that they musthave if vthere is to be no shipwreck. More than thatthe private university system in the United States whichhas led in and stimulated our progress as a nation thisfar is not only the finest illustration of the values ofthe free enterprise system, but it is the chief. bulwarkof that system in which you here all believe, "the Ameri­can way of life." Do not for one moment let theUniversity, the heart of Chicago's future leadership inthe nation, lose any of its effectiveness through lack ofresources or lack of interest on the part of the greatcommunity which it serves and for which it has beenso stupendous an asset during the past fifty years, forwhich, too,' it can be an even greater asset during thehalf century that lies ahead.NOTES FOR A DILLET ANTEIV. NEWS FROM BRITAINFor I heard the defaming of many) fear on every side.Report) say they) and we will report it. All my familiarswatched for my halting) saying) Peradventure he will beenticed) and we shall prevail against him) and we shall'take our revenge on him. But ... my persecutors shallstumble) and they shall not prevail: they shall be greatlyashamed; for they shall not prosper.JEREMIAH, THE SON OF HILKIAH.I AM w�iting this the day after Christmas, not verymuch 111 the mood for profound thought. I had in­tended to startle the world this month with an ar-ticle on style; but my notes for that are over in my of­fice, and I'd rather sit here comfortably at home, for it'sa miserable day and I drank rather a lot last night. Soinstead of thinking out something for myself I will lookthrough some of my British correspondence and see ifthere is anything I can quote.. I got quite a bunch this morning. My family sent meover a copy of the Edinburgh daily, The Scotsman)which brings tears of nostalgia to my eyes to look at, forit is exactly the same as ever in style and format, andeven the advertisements haven't changed. The frontpage is, of course, all advertising-announcements, thea­tres, personal column, etc.,-for no respectable Britishpaper would print news on the front page, even if itwasNoah reporting the flood with Leland Stowe. This 'is­sue�it is that of December 4th-carries all the old fa­miliar stuff. I recognize at once this one from the per­sonal COh1l11U. 'MATRIMONY-Buy your engagement • By DAVID DAICHESring from Brook and Son, Jewellers, 87 George Street.Mr. Wildman is still offering to buy old gold; theD'Oyly Carte Opera Company are doing Gilbert andSullivan; at the King's next week Howard and Wynd­ham are presenting their thirty-fourth annual pantomime,"Robinson Crusoe;" Robertson and Scott are offering tosublet pheasant and partridge shooting for the season;Jack Hulbert and Cicely Courtneidge are on at the Ly­ceum; and the North British Hotel is advertising DinnerDances every Wednesday and Saturday from 7 :30 p. 111.e price ten and sixpence: dress optional). Inside, thewar news is given with no spectacular headlines-thoughit includes Greek victories in Albania-and the Berlinand Rome communiques are also printed. 'Miss CatrionaLouise Maclean of Ardgour applied before the Court ofSession for recognition of her claim to the arms of herfather, the late Chieftain of Ardgour; William Logan,golf caddie at North Berwick, was presented with severalawards at a meeting of the North Berwick Town COUD­cil for what was referred to as one of the most-if not themost-outstanding rescues from drowning in EastLothian during the last forty years; Mrs. EuphemiaHay, a Musselburgh fishwife, failed in a claim for£ 1,250 is respect of shock and injury allegedly sus-tained as a result of an accident which occurred near thejunction of Colinton Road and Craiglockhard Road,Edinburgh, on October 11, 1938; and John Brett, anengine-driver, was sentenced by Sheriff-Principal Brownto three months imprisonment for bigamy. And, thoughthis isn't mentioned, I would, bet my boots that HarryBinnie is still cutting the thinnest sandwiches in ScotlandTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7,at the "Hole in the Wa' ", and the "Volunteer Arms" atMorningside is doing as good business as ever.But all this, perhaps, interests nobody except myself.(I find it fascinating.) Of more general interest is along letter I got the other day from my brother, who isserving with the British army. It is the fashion thesedays to quote letters received from British friends, so Iwill go ahead and quote part of mine:"And now for a word or two concerning general con­ditions here (bearing in mind that this must be a gen­eralization, as conditions vary greatly in diffetent partsof the country). I am now quite confident that Hitlerhas lost the war. I wish I could give you all my reasonsfor saying this: you will understand that I can't say any­thing of importance regarding the military and economicfacts that justify this view; but I now hold it strongly.In particular, no one can now invade this country withsuccess. Things were different in May-but today anychance of a successful invasion is out of the question. Ispeak from knowledge. Secondly, the air-bombings ofthis country have failed in their primary purpose, viz., tosmash our productive centres and morale by one over­whelming, annihilating blow. Don't think no damage hasbeen done; damage-severe damage-has been done. Butit is damage-not destruction, and the indiscriminate na­ture of the bombings has resulted in few vital centres be­ing hit in proportion to bombs dropped and civilians hurtor killed. I saw London a few weeks ago: London hasbeen scarred; many areas present a sorry sight. ButLondon is still very much on the map and has adjusteditself very quickly to the new conditions. Thus, trainsare late, buses diverted, certain theatres closed; but thereare trains, there are buses and there are theatres. Youcan hop out of a train at a London terminus, hail a taxiand drive to a suburb (as I did recently) without seeingany real damage at all. That doesn't mean to say thatthere is no damage. . Far from it; but theatres, pubs,flicks [movies to you, gentle reader], schools, universitysocieties and clubs all function, and look exactly as theydid before the war."As for the public morale; up to date the bombingshave not caused despair or defeatism. Indeed, it is reallyimpossible to describe how amazingly civilian people­A.R.P. wardens, train conductors; professional men, fac­tory workers, fat charwomen, and anyone you please­are behaving. Remember, in every bombing raid theordinary civilians are usually killed and maimed; therehave been very few military casualties and there havebeen numberless personal tragedies in which the civilianshave been women and children, and yet (and this is a big"yet") nothing really has changed. People still carryon with their ordinary occupations and war-duties in away you have to see to believe. A raid is not merely aseries of big bangs: it means all the nervous strain re­sulting from the noise plus the possibility of having toscrape up your wife and children with a shovel after­wards. And so far the net result of all this has been nilas far as Hitler is concerned--and as far as we are con­cerned a slight change in the routine of living and an in­candescent determination to see Hitler in Hell."Scotland has suffered comparatively little, and there you will have to travel far to see a bomb crater or collecta bit of shell-casing or machine-gun bullet."I suppose you want to know what it feels like to bebombed. I have had three very lucky escapes from bomb­ing attacks and one from a machine-gunning attack. Ananalysis of feeling under these conditions is interesting.In my own case the first thing I realized was that I hadno fear: you just don't getafraid-but terribly angry: youwant to pick up your rifle oranything that's handy and shootthe s to .What you feel is just plain,bloody-minded anger. The sightof dog-fights over your head isinteresting-like watching a foot­ball match; and when a parachutecomes floating down you hopelike Hell it's a Jerry. The rat-tat DAICHESof machine-gun fire doesn't rattleyour nerves, nor does the noise of an exploding bombshatter you as much as you imagine. Indeed, the noiseof falling bombs is curiously deceptive: sometimes whenthey are very near you they sound like a little 'plop'-like a cartload of flat-fish being dropped ori a wetpavement; at other times a bomb half a mile away maymake a terrific din and sound much closer. The biggestnoise comes from the Ack-Ack people; but it's good,comforting noise that heartens you when you realize thatit's Ack-Ack and not bombs .... I know you must feelsometimes that British reports minimize what's going onhere and that we're really living in a sort of hell that noone will admit: it's not true. Business is as usual andso far we have beaten the Luftwaffe."In particular, though we have many war-time re­strictions, we have not become state-controlled or dicta­torship-minded. Mr. Joseph Kennedy was speakingutter nonsense when he spoke 'off the record' the otherday. On the contrary, there is a new and hearteningfeeling of comradeship and brotherhood among classesthat did not exist before the war. Class distinctionshave suffered most from Hitler's bombs, and the Brit­ish press is more outspoken, more critical of the Gov­ernment when it feels like it, and more blunt in thosecriticisms, than it has been for a long time. The post­war era will hold terrible dangers; but it will also affordtremendous opportunity for a re-creation of social andinternational order. Democracy and love of liberty isstronger in Britain today than it was a year ago, andten times stronger than in the Munich days. In Britaintoday everyone is literally his brother's keeper. Bombsmake no distinctions, and air-raid shelters are poorplaces in which to flaunt the old school tie. Moreover,the army is the strongest democratizing force I have yetcome across. Here, for example, we have a peer, law­:yers, university men, four dock-laborers, a commercialtraveller, a novelist, a miner and a tramp all livingtogether, studying together, and helping each other­wearing the same uniform, eating the same food, anddrawing the same pay. The post-war future containsmany dangers, but there is great ground for hope. . . "Well, there it is. I thought you might be interested.NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLEST!IE charge of inelegance which some Britons havem the past leveled at our speech is not withoutjustice. Americans, in their speech as well astheir actions, have usually been in a hurry, and hastedoes not make for haut ton. Yet we of this continent inour hurry to get things done, or get them said, havegiven American English a quality which has slowly beendisappearing from the speech and writing of the menacross the' Atlantic since the exuberance of the Eliza­bethans gave ·way to the discipline and form of the"classical" movement in England.If Americans' vocabulary has lacked elegance, it hashad an abundance of color. From baggage smasher tobloody shirt, from flinty to gold region, American wordshave this quality. Yet the words cited are not chosenfor their color; they are, as it happens, simply the sec­tion-headings found in the Dictionary of AmericanEnglish now being published, section by section, at theLniversity Press.Organized research on the Dictionary dates back to1925 when Sir William Craigie, who had shortly beforebeen knighted for bringing the work on the monumentalOxford English Dictionary to completion, arrived onthe Quadrangles. Together with Professor James R.Hulbert, he supervised the corps of researchers whoread everything from Capt. John Smythe's True Reloy­tions to Lydia Pinkham advertisements to discoverwords which have originated or taken on new meaningsin America. The work was begun with the help of agrant from the General Education Board, and has con­tinued with grants from the American Council ofLearned Societies, gifts from individual donors, andfunds of the University.Last month Part XI of the dictionary, Honk to LandPirate, was off the press. Among its revelations:Hooch, meaning home-made liquor, is a contraction ofhoochinoo, a rum-and-molasses concoction which Alas­kan natives began making after Congress prohibitedthe sales of other spirituous liquors. The House offi­cially recognized the word when it passed a law decree­ing that "no whisky, beer or 'hoochinoo' shall be soldin Alaska."Five solid pages attest to the importance of the horseas a means of transportation in a vast country. Fromwords dealing directly with the animal, the Dictionarypasses also to combined forms which grew up to describefauna or flora which were larger than their Europeanrelatives. Among these are found horse grasshopper)horse chestnut) and horse-radish.Though the new nation dispensed with a monarch,it did not dispense with his title, and a number of wordscontaining "king" originated. Some of these are KingCotton and King Caucus" Cattle King) King of Riuers(the Mississippi) kingfisher) /?ing salmon, and evenking snake. • By BERNARD LUNDY, '37HOMO SAPIENS?This is popularly called the Age of Science, but theaverage citizen's spiritual and social life is as littletouched by the scientific spirit as was the cave man's. Sosaid Professor Anton J. Carlson in a speech on "Scienceversus Life" to a meeting of Sigma Xi in Philadelphialast month.Dr. Carlson said further: "The erroneous assumptionthat this is the Age of Science-or the very limitedsense in which this is true-has led people to chargeto science some of the follies and failures, some of theviolence, the brutalities, the suffering, the confusionthroughout the world in recent years. Some of thesepeople tell us that 'science has failed,' that we shoulddeclare a moratorium on science."'If our age is 'The Age of Science,' our rulers, ourlegislators, our business men, our educators, our farmers,our factory workers should give evidence of compre­hending, using and following the scientific methods."But fundamental discoveries in science are theachievement of but a few people; the practical inventionsbased upon these discoveries are also the work of arelatively few men. And the physical and chemical in­ventions are mostly gadgets that merely modify ourtempo and external mode of living. I contend that thegreat mass of people of our age, the rank and file ofmen and women of our day, even in the most enlightenedcountries, in their thinking and in their motivation, arenearly as untouched by the spirit of science as thePeking man of a million years ago. Slowly but surely,however, the method of science will help make life moreintelligent, toil more cheerful, fear and hatred, pain andtears less abundant for mankind."Another item of interest about Dr. Carlson:When he retired as Chairman of the Department ofPhysiology in October, he gave to the department hislibrary which contains his bound journals, books, morethan ten thousand reprints, and over three hundredmonographs. Dr. Carlson started his large privatelibrary over thirty years ago, by getting the first twenty­five volumes of the American Journal of Physiologyfrom the J 01111 Crerar Library. He then started hisregular subscription to this Journal, gradually addingmany other journals, such as Endocrinology, BiologicalBulletin, Biological Abstracts, Journal of BiologicalChemistry, etc., to this nucleus, and procuring back vol­tunes to make complete sets, whenever possible.His purpose in establishing this library in the Physiol­ogy Building was two-fold; to have it as a quick sourceof reference for himself, and for the use of other mem­hers of. the staff and the graduate students. F_D��hen hecame to the University in 1904, "There was 116t -a singlereprint available here in the Department."8THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETUBERCULOSIS HUNTIn 1912 tuberculosis killed 125 out of every 100,000persons who died in the United States. By- 1937, thetotal had fallen to 49. Yet, despite the apparent sub­sidence of the disease, the University Clinics have since1928 X-rayed patients for tuberculosis as a part ofClinic routine, occasionally found an unsuspected caseof clinically important tuberculosis.Suspecting that the incidence might be even higher ina group whose economic status was, on the average,inferior to that of Clinics patients, Dr. Robert G. Bloch,William B. Tucker, MD '34, and J. Edmond Bryant ofthe University'S Department of Medicine set out fifteenmonths ago, with the aid of a $3,000 grant from theJulius Rosenwald Fund, to X-ray 15,000 Negroes atthe Provident Hospital in Chicago. Boy Scouts, high­school pupils, volunteers, adult as well as juvenile, andhospital patients, were looked into. By the time thedoctors had finished 9,000 examinations they felt theyhad enough evidence to draw valid conclusions. Thesewere published last month in the A. M. A. Journal.Evidence: In the first 9,000 persons examined, therewere 385 pulmonary tuberculosis cases, 87 of them clin­ically unimportant. But the remaining 298, constituting.3.3 per cent. of the total, had the disease in seriousstages.Conclusions: The real reasons why fewer consump­-tives die nowadays are a higher degree of natural im­munity among the population, and better methods ofisolation. For further work in prevention, the scientistsmade a two-fold recommendation: 1) approach theproblem through the adult, since the open tuberculosisof the adult must be considered the main source of in­fection; and, 2) use X-ray examinations because manyof the symptoms are often absent in active tuberculosis(one survey of expectant mothers revealed a higherpercentage of consumption than of venereal diseases)."Case finding," the investigators said, "has become thewatchword in the fight against tuberculosis. . . . Weare trying to bring under medical observation and treat­ment the tuberculous people who are unaware andunsuspected of having the disease."Curative measures are hampered by the practice ofhospitalizing late-stage consumptives, who occupy forlong periods the beds which would be needed for only ashort time to cure the early stages, they said. The solu­tion to this difficulty is to reduce the number of late­stage patients by an early examination, thereby prevent­ing cases from ever becoming advanced.FACULTY NOTESThree faculty appointments were announced lastmonth by President Hutchins. They were:Dr. Dallas B. Phemister, Chairman of the Depart­ment of Surgery and originator of new techniques inbone surgery, to the newly created Thomas D. Jonesprofessorship. The post was established by the Board ofTrustees in honor of the late 'thomas Davies Jones,Chicago attorney and industrialist, Princeton graduateand trustee, and long-time benefactor of the Universityand its medical school. Dr. Phemister joined the Mid­way faculty in 1925 after 17 years on the staffs of 9DR. ROBERT G. BLOCHPresbyterian Hosptial and Rush Medical Colleae. Heis past president of the American Surgical Associationand the Society of Clinical Surgery of North America.Eugene V. Rostow, Assistant Professor of Law at YaleUniversity, to be visiting professor of law until June 15.Mr. Rostow will conduct the business reorganizationphase of the course on "Law and Economic Organiza­tion" for senior students, a continuation of work offeredby Professors Charles O. Gregory and David F. Cavers.Jacques Maritain, expatriate Frenchman, who is con­sidered the world's outstanding exponent of neo- Thomistdoctrines, as visiting lecturer for the month of January.Author of several books on Aquinas and his philosophyand formerly at the Paris Institute Catholique, M. Mari­tain has twice previously visited the Quadrangles forlecture series. His appointment brings the score in thephilosophy department to: Thomists, 2; Classicists, l ;pan-Psychic Monists, 1; Positivists, 6.Edwin Preston Dargan, Professor of French literature,and an authority on Balzac, died at his home December13 after a long illness. He is survived by his wife,Mrs, Esterelle Vere Dargan, three daughters, and hisbrother, Professor Henry McCune Dargan, of Dart­mouth College.Friends and admirers of John Dewey, early professor:�1 the School of Education, presented to the University,through the co-operation of Mr. Robert Heckert andthe generosity of Mr. Alexander Portnoff," the Alex­under Portnoff bust of John Dewey. The bust will beplaced in the Graduate Education Building.SAGA OF A SCIENCETen years of social science research-a record of whathas been done since the dedication in 1929 of the SocialScience Research Building-is related in Eleven Twen­ty-Six} edited by Professor Louis Wirth, '19, PhD '26,and published this month by the University Press. (The10 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPROFESSOR LOUIS WIRTHtitle, by the way, has reference to the Social ScienceBuilding's address, 1126 E. 59th Street.)A year ago last month social scientists from all partsof the country gathered on the Quadrangles to rededi­cate the building. Among the speakers then were Presi­dent Hutchins, Henry Bruere, '01, president of theBowery Savings Bank in New York City (whose ad­dress was printed in the MAGAZINE, January, 1940), andBeardsley Ruml, PhD '17, treasurer of R. H. Macy &Co. and formerly Dean of the Division of the SocialSciences, in addition to members of the faculty. (Mr.Ruml, incidentally, on January 1 became chairman of theFederal Reserve Bank of New York.) The book repro­duces the addresses and appends to them 188 pages ofbibliography of books, articles and research reports madeby members of the social science faculty or other divisionmembers working in cooperation with the Social ScienceResearch Committee.Eleven Twenty-Six is not only a report of work done,but an exposition of the method of the social sciences.It reveals what social scientists are interested in, andhow they go about investigating their subjects. It is agood picture of a young science now beginning to formal­ize its method and its content.POWELL ON DEMOCRACYThomas Reed Powell, Story Professor of Law atHarvard University, will speak on "Conscience and theConstitution" in Mandel Hall on January 29. Profes­sor Powell will be the first of six speakers from out­side the University who will present public lectureson Democracy under the auspices of the Charles R.Walgreen Foundation for the Study of American Insti­tutions. Two more lectures will be given in the Winterquarter, and the remaining three next Spring. Other"speakers will be announced later. NO FUNGUSIf you suffer from athlete's foot, you may be able tocure it by medical treatment. But if that fails, the besttreatment is to relax, according to Dr. S. WilliamBecker, Associate Professor of Dermatology. Dr.Becker's report indicates there are two types of athlete'sfoot-one which is caused by the growth of a fungus,the other chiefly by unrelieved nervous strain. Thislatter, apparently, is more common at least in the UnitedStates. Dr. Becker spoke on "nervous" athlete's footat the third annual meeting of the American Academy ofDermatology and Syphilology held in Chicago duringthe holidays.His report was based upon examinations of 30 pri­mary school children and 93 adults. Examination ofthe thirty children, who had been denied use of theschool swimming pool, showed only one case of athlete'sfoot due to fungus growth, while only a third of theadults' cases were due to this cause. In the cases ofactual fungus growth the patients had a normal senseof fatigue, and normal ability to rest. In the non-fungustype, they were the restless, high-strung type who "neverget tired." Dr. Becker concludes that there is some cor­relation between the non-fungus type and the patient'sinability to relax. Confirming his view, the disease dis­appears in many cases when the patient does manageto relax properly.At the same meeting, the same scientist presented evi-.dence that yellow patches on the hands and feet arefrequently developed by persons who follow fad dietsthat are rich in carrots or orange-juice. These, he said,are rich in carotene, a yellow dye which if absorbedin excessive quantities will enter the skin and discolorit. He also reported that drugs containing silver, gold,or mercury compounds often produce weird changes inthe skin when used indiscriminately or over a longperiod.Nose and throat sprays and eye washes (silver com­pounds) may turn the face and arms blue-gray; goldcompounds, used to treat arthritis and tuberculosis; andmercury compounds, found in certain face creams, maydo the same, he said.SYRIAN BOOTYA woman, her two children and a small gray satchelarrived on the Quadrangles last month after a 16,000mile return trip by plane, train and boat. The womanwas Mrs. Calvin McEwan, wife of the field director ofthe Marriner expedition to Ras el-Ain in northern Syria(see the MAGAZINE, March 1940); the moppets; theMcEwan children, Billy, aged 6, and John, aged 4,both seasoned travelers.The suitcase contained two ancient statues, a dozencuneiform clay tablets, several small carved ivory dec­orations, and two fragile glass beakers which Romansoldiers had brought to Syria more than fifteen cen­turies ago. Their total worth, not yet estimated, islikely to run to six figures.With children and suitcase Mrs. McEwan, who hasbeen aiding her husband in his Syrian work, left theexpedition site last September. Mr. McEwan accom­panied them as far as Baghdad via the new "Berlin-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEto-Baghdad" railway. Thence they flew to Rangoon.In Rangoon Mrs. Ewan learned that the Chineseplane on which she had reservations had been shotclown by Japanese the day before she arrived. After aweek's wait she was able to secure reservations aboarda British plane, which brought her to Singapore. Fromthere she embarked for San Francisco. All this timethe suitcase never left her side. Dr. McEwan will returnhome after he finishes his administrative work at theexpedition.WHAT PEOPLE SAIDDickinson H. Leavens, Cowles Commission (researchin economics) research associate and authority on sil- 11ver : Beer cans and ships' hulls would probably containsilver if the United States stops buying the metal at itsartificial price. The resultant lower price would makepossible the use of silver as a lining for beer cans, andas an alloy which would prevent the formation of barna­cles on ship's keels.Charles E. Merriam, Morton D. Hull distinguishedservice professor emeritus of political science: "Isola­tion is not a policy ; it is a declaration of. bankruptcyleading to national suicide-the kiss of death."Democracies must plan for a world organization ofhigher federalism, geared to a program of creative evo­lution, and not solely based on ethical hopes or gener­alized humanitarianism."BOBS ROBERTS HOSPITALA Factual Glance at the Universit/s Children's UnitGIFT of Colonel and Mrs. John Roberts in memoryof their son, Bobs Roberts Hospital is one of thefinest children's hospitals in the world. And be­cause of the research of the Medical Staff conductedthere, Bobs Roberts is one of the most important chil­dren's hospitals in the world.Like other Clinics units, the hospital benefits fromthe proximity of specialists in all related fields. It drawsknowledge f.rom Lying-in, from such departments in thepure sciences as physiology, embryology, anatomy andchemistry. In turn, it contributes its knowledge to otherunits, and also to the research program of the Commit­tee on Human Development, now engaged on a broadprogram of investigation into. the nature of the humanbeing.Since its opening in 1930, the Bobs Roberts Hospitalhas provided .164,035 patient-days of hospital care, andhas handled 141,958 outpatient visits. It has treatedevery conceivable disease which afflicts childhood. It hasexamined and studied thousands of children who werewell and normal, and has helped to keep them that way.The purpose of the hospital is to understand, and soto prevent, children's diseases. What it learns is usedby hospitals everywhere. Thus its 80 beds may help1,000,000 children.Children are subject to all of the diseases of adultsbut the degenerative diseases. Furthermore, they havediseases all their own, mainly contagious diseases andthose caused by faulty nutrition. This helps to explainwhy only 65 to 75 per cent of the 2,000,000 babies bornevery year in the United States grow up to' be normal,healthy boys and girls. No cure adds so many poten­tially happy and productive years as the cure of a child.Currently, twenty major threats to the well-being ofchildren are being investigated in Bobs Roberts labora­tories. These five suggest their range and importance:Immunity to Iniection: To what 'extent do "normal"children, chronic carriers, and children with renal in­flammation react differently to streptococcus? Why arethey different? What causes the difference? Dr. ParkerDooley is seeking the answers as part of his study of streptococcus, gonococcus, pneumococcus and shigella in­fections in children.Fever and Convulsions: Dr. Douglas N. Buchanan isstudying the brain waves of children in an effort todetermine the effects of fever on their nerve centers andthe part played by fever in convulsive seizures.Vitamin Rquiremenis : What is the best balance forVitamin B, in children? Elizabeth Knott is studyingdifferent types of children to find out.Liver Disease: Dr. H. P. G. Seckel is conducting anexperimental study with animals to determine the in­fluence of certain hormones on the normal liver and onthe liver when damaged by specific poisons.Hemorrha.gic Diseases: Dr. Katsuji Kato is develop­ing simplified methods of measuring blood-clotting timein infants so as to determine the tendency to spontaneousbleeding in the new born. The technique of determiningthis tendency is used in the search for effective preventa­tives. Vitamin K, given both to the mother before deliveryand to the new-born child, seems to be effective.No sick child in need of hospital care has ever beendenied admission to the Bobs Roberts. In 1938-39, 1,954children were admitted to the hospital. The parents of67.2 per cent of them could not pay the full cost ofhospital care. The parents of 31.1 per cent. of them couldpay none of it. The average cost per patient per day(exclusive of professional fees) was $6.62. The averagetotal income per patient per day was $1.24. The resultwas that the hospital's expenses exceeded its income by$87,738.The Bobs Roberts Hospital gives direct help to manysick children. It is one of the most effective centers forresearch which will help all sick children everywhere.It trains medical students in the best techniques for treat­ing sick children. I ts effectiveness is increased' by thecooperating specialists who are engaged in the Univer­sity's unique study in Human Development. In turn, itis a vital link in this study. But it will be faced by aserious deficit after 1941. It must have an endowmentof $2,000,000, which will maintain 30 free beds nowbeing supported by funds drawn from reserves.CRIMINAL LAWThe Trying Process ----Separating the Sheep from the Goats[This is the second of three lectures in which Pro­fessor Puttleammer consider s whether the criminal lawis tuorleinq "as well as it should and can.J'--ED._1AT THE CONCLuSION of my talk of last weekI emphasized the fact that we are too much givento the assumption that where something is wrongthe law needs changing-"pass a law against it" is oursovereign and universal remedy. In very many in­stances, as I tried to show, it is rather a question ofadministration-of the human factor behind the lawand of how that human factor performs its job. Thisis true to a high degree in the apprehending part ofcriminal law enforcement. I believe that we shall alsofind it to be true, although perhaps not to so high adegree, today when I shall concern myself mainly withthe trying pro.cess-a term that I am using in a broadsense to inc1 ude all the steps in the process of determin­ing whether the person before the court is or is notguilty of the offense he is charged with.I shall begin, then, with the preliminary examination.For the benefit of those who are entirely unacquaintedwith criminal procedure I should perhaps explain brieflyto what that term refers. A person is arrested. I t mayvery well be that even the most superficial look at thefacts would at once show that he could not possibly beguilty of the offense charged. It is nothing more thanobvious fairness to him, then, that he should be dis­charged at the soonest possible moment. Accordinglypromptly after an arrest the arrested person is entitledto be brought before a judge-in this phase of his workwe usually refer to him as a "magistrate"-so that thelatter may decide whether, if the state's evidence is true,it presents a strong enough case to warrant holding ourman' for further proceedings, or whether the showing isso weak that there is no chance of a conviction. If theformer is the case then it is the magistrate's duty toset the bail. If the latter, the accused is entitled to hisimmediate liberty and the case ends then and there.From this it will be plain that the preliminary examina­tion is a stage in the entire proceedings which is almostwholly to. the advantage of the accused, but even so itis also capable of serving a very real function as an aidto prosecution. The prompt questioning of the futurewitnesses for the state may prevent or show up all sortsof inconsistencies in their testimony later on, when therehas been a chance to tamper with them. Even the de­fendant, if he is willing to testify-of course he cannotbe compelled to do so-may, if he is under the pressureof guilt, furnish valuable information either voluntarilyfrom recent emotion or involuntarily from the need tolie extemporaneously. Such information may be mostuseful, though I recognize that we have for a long timehandicapped ourselves by a curious unwillingness tobenefit in any way from information received from a • By ERNST W. PUTTKAMMER. JD .·17defendant himself-an attitude perfectly proper if acrimin.al trial were a mere sporting event. I am simplyassummg that our social intelligence has advanced be­yond the point of looking at it in that way.There is another circumstance that makes the pre­liminary exan�ination much more important than peoplegenerally reahze-a circumstance that is ignored to asurprising degree. If. §t�1 attempt is going .to be madeto fix a case, its bcstchancc of success is at this staveband not at the trial. Now the case is in obscurity, thenit will be in the spotlight. Now it is one of a huse. bnumber flowmg through the hopper, then it will behandled with relative care and attention to detail and­most important of all-now it is before the lowest run 0"in the judicial ladder, the one closest to the politics ofward and precinct, most likely to be influenced by pres­sure. Anyone who was trying to fix a case would bean utter fool to wait till his best chance was all over.Yet we citizens adopt only an attitude of lofty -indif­ference to a proceeding so petty as this, and with equalportions of cynicism and foolishness concentrate ourattention on the trial, where we display tremendous 'in­dustry and concern in locking the well-known barn afterthe horse has been stolen.Finally,_ more people get their first, and in many casesq}}1Y-�_�_-ilT1-p+ession of American justice and Americancourts in the magistrate's court than in any other. Howimportant it is that this first impression should be onecreating respect for our government and institutions,instead of distrust of them, is something that neitheryou nor I can say, but surely it must be of very con­siderable importance, especially in the instance of alienresidents. And don't forget that the first offender, aboutwhose possible redemption we talk so much and do solittle, is almost surely one of those that made their courtroom debut before a magistrate. Again I say, what amistaken sense of value it is on our part to disregardthese run-of-the-mine but comparatively formative cases,so that we may devote all our civic notice to the im­portant, but much less important, trial stage. It ispossible to show this even statistically. In the IllinoisCrime Survey of some dozen years ago it was found thatin a given year 13,117 felony prosecutions were begunin Chicago. Only 498-less than one in twenty-six­ever came to trial.How then is this step handled typically in America,urban and rural? Pretty badly, by. all accounts. Per­haps the rural justice of the peace, for all his short­comings, may show up to somewhat better advantagehere, or, more accurately, not to such disadvantage. Butyour typical urban court is a rather sorry spectacle.Its primary characteristics are disorderliness and con­fusion. A crowding, wrangling mob surtouifcls--a---hldgewho is himself only the head wrangler. A small groilp"12THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEof officious and busy lawyers, often on . the shyster edge,is in constant attendance. They know all the ropes andare rich in the shyster's favorite hints of the influencethey claim to have with everyone from the judge ondown. The only bored and uninterested person in thewhole crowded, jostling roomful is the assistant state'sattorney. In theory he is there to marshal the testimonyagainst the accused, so that the magistrate may be con­vinced of the "probable cause" to warrant holding him:Actually he knows nothing about the case at its be­ginning and little more at its end. His questions areperfunctory and he leaves most of the questioning to thejudge. His presence or absence would seem to makeIi ttl_e_diff�__g;==-�'-V-few=:"'h@- appears to agree with.,r'�:---I-wish that I had the time to say something of theway in which the magistrate's court fulfills its othermain function-the setting of bail for those held-of theprofessional bondsman and his regulation, of how bailcosts are highest for the gullible and frightened innocentand for the first offender who represents an uncertainbusiness risk to the bondsman and lowest for the pro­fessional criminal who represents a known risk and,besides, gets wholesale rates, and finally, of how little pro­tection the public often gets, thanks to the utter worthless­ness of so high a majority of the bonds in some cities.But I not only lack the time-there is a more satisfac­tory reason for omitting this material. Most of you are,I presume, Chicagoans, and it is a satisfaction to findthat this at last is an area in which we have succeededalmost 1000/0 in cleaning up, thanks to the Bail Actwhich the Chicago Crime Commission succeeded in get­ting adopted in 1931. The mechanism which it set upincludes a supervisory bureau which is supposed toexamine and approve all bonds before they are acceptedby the court. I say "supposed to," because a judgecannot be compelled to give up his sovereign right to actwithout adequate information or protection to the public.A very few judges, for reasons best known to them­selves, have refused such cooperation. The great ma­jority are, however, cooperating, and the bail situationlocally is on the whole one of the bright spots of ourcriminal law enforcement field.THE CORONER: A MUSEUM PIECEContinuing to take up matters in the time sequencein which they normally occur, I should next give myattention to the grand jury, to whose action the policemagistrate has held our defendant. I am going to in­terrupt this sequence, however, as there is another wayby which an offender can be held to the grand jury.I refer, of course, to that museum piece, the coroner.As you doubtless know, he and his harem, the coroner'sjury, are supposed to investigate all deaths where thereis a possibility of criminality, and to report anythingthat they may discover to the grand jury, which thenbrings us back into our sequence of events. Since hisorigin the coroner has undergone a complete change offunction. When we first hear of the coroner, or"crowner" as he was also called, in Plantagenet .. times,he was a fiscal officer whose duty it was to see that alltaxes and other dues owed to the crown were properlypaid. One of the most profitable sources of royal rev- 13enue lay in the �t_j:hat--aU-·the· property - 01 convictedfelons V\T�s confiscated. As there was no regularlyestaETisIled prosecuting machinery and prosecution wasleft to the acti vi ty and vindictiveness of the victim, muchof the coroner's energy was used in 'seeing to it thatfelonies were actively followed up in court. Obviouslyhis watchfulness was most needed in homicide cases,whei�etl1.·e "defendant had most effectively protected him­self from trouble at his victim's hands. So in the courseof time the coroner was more and more linked to thesecases, which now form his only reason for survival, withall his fiscal duties and the confiscation of felons' prop­erty all gone long ago. Having stumbled, so to speak,into his present work it would be a surprise if he did itwell; and we are in for no surprise. In fact he does itjust about as poorly as it can be done. Not that it isthe coroner's fault. We have given him some unusabletools and can hardly blame him if his results are corre­sponding. We send him out to do his investigating, notquietly, but �blicity, with every move known tothose interested. It Illustbedone under the hamperingrestrictions of a sort of small scale trial, with formalquestions and answers and all the rest of the parapher­nalia. Noone need be a witness unless he cares to oranswer a ':ques-tio-n- tJiai'�h"�"�if��-�":�no.t·'-Tike.�··-Tr·ls easy tosee the almost entire worthlessness of any inquiry likethat. No wonder that we read in the .papers, withoutany surprise, what should dumbfound us, how, ono£..c.asioJJ, the police request th�_ coroner to delay hisinquest, so .. that they -iilaycol1�i)lete their investigation.The helpless bull in the china shop, whose best contribu­tion is to stand and do no harm! Even the ablest andbest intentioned official in the world couldn't make areal success out of a job like that. As a matter of facthow well intentioned is he likely to' be? If, incrediblyenough, he does develop some worthwhile leads, it isnot he but the prosecuting attorney who will reap thebenefit. If he gets nowhere, that too won't have anyeffect on him. With human nature what it is, whatgenuine zeal can you expect?A few states-Massachusetts, New Jersey and NewYork among them-have frankly recognized the factsand have abolished the coroner's office, and have createda "inedical €�is-stead. This official is chosenby, and is answerable to, the prosecuting attorney, theofficer for whom, as I said before, the work is after allbeing done. He is a trained investigator and does hiswork as quietly as the police themselves do. What isthe chance of our making a similar profitable changehere in Illinois? Not so good. Our constitution withadmirable forethought expressly provides that thecoroner is to stay with us. And our constitution, as weall know, is practically speaking unamendable.And now I arrive at the g£_and jury stagk.,..� As youprobably know, this venerable common law body hashad a particularly long and honorable past. No majorcriminal suit could or can, with certain exceptions, beinitiated without its permission. As it was made up oflocal residents this meant a strong brake on arbitraryexecutive power. I shall not spend very much time 011the grand jury, not so much because I am certain thatwe shall never again need protection .aga.itLS.L_ex�€t-l-tive14 TIlE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEpower, but rather because, at present at least, it seemsto have very little capacity left in that direction. Thereason for this is that with scarcely any exception thepresent-day grand jury will vote an indictment or notvote it according to the wishes of the prosecuting at­torney. Its usefulness as a brake on the latter is nowalmost entirely illusory. Accordingly in a number ofstates the grand jury .has been. abolished and the respon­sibility for--ffiIiiatlng" prosecutions is put openly on the"agent who now in any event makes the decision-to theresultant increase, rather than decrease, of protectionagainst arbitrary action. I might add that in these statesthere have been no dire consequences at all to individualliberty, while the simplification of procedure has broughtmany advantages with it that I shall not have time todetail.Whether or not we continue to carryon with the cum­bersome machinery of a grand jury, giving their rubber­stamp approval to' a decision reached by the state's at­torney and pointed out to' them for their action, in anycase a document-usually known gs an indictment-isinherently necessary, in which there are set forth thefacts constituting thg."�harge and which concludes bynaming the crime that,-'as-'�r'reslllt of these facts, thedefendant is asserted to have committed. There are three­main reasons why such a statement is a necessity. Fromit the defendant wi11learn what he·is being charged with,and so will be able to' prepare his defense. From it thetrial judge will get advance knowledge of what the case isall about, and so will be able to make proper rulings onthe evidence. From it it will be possible in the future tolearn just what transaction was disposed of once and forall on a prior occasion, and so to decide correctly anyclaim by a defendant that he is now being tried a secondtime on a charge that has already been finished. Plainlyfor each of these purposes it is absolutely necessary thatthis statement be accurate and complete. That in a wordis the common sense foundation on which an indictmentrests. And that is just about where the common senseends, too. Commencingata timewhenthe archaic scaleof punishment was felt to be inhumanly severe, courts,(and public opinion too) sought to find any possible loophole, convincing or not, by which convictions could beavoided or set aside, and one of the best ways turned outto be to find flaws in the indictment-to assert that itwas not detailed enough here, confusingly inconsistentthere-so that a conviction based on so faulty a founda­tion could hot possibly stand. Thereby was developeda critical attitude toward the indictment which has longoutlived the reasons that give it rise. The consequencehas been obvious: harassed draftsmen of indictmentshave tried to avoid leaving out any word ·or phrase thatcould by any chance be said by a court to be necessary,and so have piled sentence on sentence, finally creatingdocuments that are fearful and wonderful examples ofhow long a description even the simplest event may pro­duce. Simplicity and clarity have long gone by theboards and what was once meant to enlighten the defend­ant is now a pathless jungle that only the trained guidecan struggle through. Yet even so it is still possible tofind that indictments are. incomplete and so utterly de­fective. Here are a few examples: A Massachusetts defendant was charged with committing the offense "orthe fifteenth day of July, 1855." This was held toevague, as there was no way of telling whether 1855 A. Dor B. C. was meant. The Missouri constitution says tha.indictments shall end with the words "against the peacrand dignity of the state." An indictment was held to b(a nullity, which ended "against the peace and dignity 0:state." In another indictment they described how J ohr. Smith was killed, but the court found that they hadn':said that John Smith was a human being, and as tlucourt solemnly pointed out, it might have been a dOEnamed J 01111 Smith. Again in Missouri where the indictment said that the victim "then and there imrnediateljand instantly die," they said they just couldn't make hearor tail of it. Now if it had said he "died" or he "did die,'it would be clear enough. But when it said he "die,'they simply couldn't figure it out.This, of course, is legal traditionalism at its absoluteworst, and such decisions are rare nowadays. But thefact remains that some at least of my examples are ver)recent. And so long as they are possible, looking forimaginary flaws in indictments will remain the crimina:lawyer's favorite indoor sport. Legislative efforts "hav(been made to' correct the abuse, by various means. The)have proved successful only to a limited degree.While this grand jury activity is going on, our defend­ant is either waiting in jailor is free on bail-probablythe latter, and almost certainly the latter if. he is a vet­eran offender, as in that case he will have made 'all hisbail arrangements in advance as part of his business set­up. Being out on bail carries with it several advantagesbesidcs=trrarof having one's freedom. It leaves one atliberty to' carryon one's usual business, legal or illegal.In some cities being out on bail has in fact meant im­munity from prosecution at all. "How? Because it hasbeen __ jhe.ipractice, naturally enough," to-�try-· the--ilonhailcases first.· Where there was a great congestion thiswould often mean such long delay that by the time thecase was reached all the witnesses would be gone or haveforgotten all about it.If our defendant does not make bail, but has to awaittrial in j ail he is experiencing what is probably the mos1disgraceful feature in all our governmental machinery.Federal report after federal report has blazoned the facts,but little improvement has followed. The typical Amer­ican jail is a place where the innocent awaiting 'trial, oreven mere witnesses, and the guilty, the young and theold, the innocent and the hardened, the well and the sicklive, weeks on end; in complete intimacy and in completeidleness. No wonder that they have been called breed­ing places of sickness and crime. They are the one edu­cational institution that never fails.And now I seem to' have come, at long last, to the tria]stage of the proceedings, and I shall begin with the threemain figures on the stage, the prosecuting attorney, thedefense attorney, and the judge. Now, with a politicalcampaign so fresh in our memory, it is scarcely necessaryto say that the office of state's attorney, at least in a bigcity, is a powerful one, eagerly sought after. It is in themiddle of politics with a vengeance. The man who wantsit must play politics to get it and the one who has it mustplay politics to keep it. One of the most naive of re-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 15marks is to say that a candidate for reelection is a "poli - resort very often to the rather ridiculous expedient oftician"-of course he is. He wouldn't have been elected setting up a small special force of state's attorney's in-in the first place if he weren't. The problem is simply vestigators who are merely duplicating what existingthat of getting as able and honest politicians as we can. police forces should be doing.And that, may I say, is no simple problem. _<;_9.n4idates So much for the prosecutor and the quality of his workfor reelection who have secured a high percenta'-ge-- of output. N ow, what of thedefense counsel? I, shall notconvictions -a:i:e-"'Io,iid- -9£" parading their high fielding spend much time on him.' We know his reputation, andaverage; to use a figure of-speech from baseball. And I have no intention of trying to show that it is unde-similarly candidates who want the job like to' emphasize served. But just the same, why is it that in this partie-the number of unsuccessful prosecutions. Well, just how ular branch of our profession the standards should be somuch do these figures mean ? Very little. Anyone who low and should so often be se( by -fhelc)w'-e-f;-' 'not thehas played any baseball knows that you can have a pretty higner, members? It is not enough to' say that they dealnearly perfect fielding average if you take care to go after with peculiarly sordid litigation and.litigants-c-that is truethe easy ones only. And by the same token the top notch enough. There is, I think, a further reason. They areplayers that go after everything often have the 'poorest dealing with a.. peculiarly poor class?f litigant. I see noaverages. So even if success in g�!tjgg_c_o_uvic-titms-were-'--- reason to' doubt that Chicago is typical in this regard, andthe solecriterion-e-which it isn't-don't depend too much here no less than 62% of all the cases are handled by theon mere figures. Then too, success in convicting may be... ..p.ulili�_gefender because of inability to hire their owndue to other factors besides only going after the easy lawyers.-'�"1n:·ofher words only 38 out of every 100 canones. A plea of guilty looks just as good in the figures pay their way, and many of these only barely. Thatand there are ways and ways of inducing a plea of guilty amounts to" saying that crime is simply not good business.-so many that these pleas are often called ba..rgai11. p�,��s. The pay customers are few and the competition for themIn exchange for a plea of guilty the prosecutor agrees is severe. Give them the grade of service that theythat he will not object to .a suspended sentence, or he demand or you don't survive-unless you're very good.waives �h�_j_elQ-l1y.:_�art of.the �har�e for an easYCQt:iyic- After all let the other, economically more secure, mem-fion--on-a- misdemeanor merely: ---Tner'els-no doubt that bers of.the profession not be to"o smug about it. To somethis p6wer-----o,cl'eluny 'waiver is open to serious abuse. extent their higher standards may merely mean that theyDangerous offenders who should be, and very probably 'can afford a luxury that the criminal lawyer cannot.can be, convicted under a more serious charge, are glad Maybe what we really need is a federal subsidy for crim-to take the shorter rap. .Evertinnocentpersons, ,ca_ugl1! inals, so that they can pay better fees!in a.bad sijuationrmayjeelthat such __ a.compromise is the As to the tria'l judge, I have largely eliminated my ownbest thing_for_Jh�!!1'. The remedy _d_O'es , !!_91Ji�, .9:s, som�__ comment on him, by my" exclusion from this lecture ofpeople __ §��m_J.o_lhink,.in .depriving .the prosecutor of this anything not specifially confined to criminal law. Hepower-s-we-have -alt0'gether too rnuch of a tendency to raises problems for us, but most of them are applicabletry to' correct the abuseof administrative discretion-by- to all branches of the law. Then too we might as wellabolishing the discretion .. It lies in c�reful.and. intelligent .--- recognize that in America he has gradually let himself bewatchfulness to see that the needed discretion IS not used dwarfed in importance by the opposing counsel. Counselas a mere tool to' build up the prosecutor's average. obviously wish for publicity, the prosecution and defenseTHE PROSECUTOR AND HIS RECORD alike, and are well content to hold any public attentionthat there may be. And the judge? With. an eye to elec-tions and to the fact that making decisions means dis­appointed and hostile litigants, he is very well content tostay as much as possible in a descreet background. If hemore frequently asserted himself it probably would be agood thing. But he can hardly blame me if. I here andnow pass rather rapidly by him and his efforts.With our arrival at the trial stage I find myself ina dilemma. So many subjects for consideration suggestthemselves that they might easily fill all three of mylectures and' plenty to spare. Yet when I try to applyany rule of exclusion all or none might about equallywell be dropped. On the whole I think I shall leave outall those matters that are directly connected with some- constitutional guarantee or other, on the score thatthey are most likely to" have come to your attentionalready anyway, from some other source.I do want to spend a few minutes, however, on jurytrial and the issue. ofins(]'Ility _9,S __ .. a.idefense- because Ibelieve that lay opi;;i��--is - oftett worked up about somephases of it that are not worth worrying over, and is'not interested in certain other aspects that deserve somecareful thinking over. First as to' what does not worryThere is one more way by which an unscrupulousprosecutor, bent merely en building up a record, can padand distort the figures in his favor. By improper argu­ment, by slipping in hints of a long criminal career, andso on, he can so prejudice the jury against a .defendantas to make a sure thing of the conviction. Of course itwill be. reversed in. the uPP_9:-c.o.t:l-l4.-·--But what of that?The __ J�pn�_.,pu.frlieity·;,-the, r�y.�t:§�Li.? ,. 2:1::!_jh_�inside,-p'�-.ait�r. . .th��,.p:�_?{t sensation has taken overthe center of the stage. ..And so I think that you will agree with me that it isnone, too.easy.to.estimate accurately thereal effectivenessof aiprosecutor. A thing that makes the estimate__ �!g!harder .is thathe=depends for. .his -success to' �() .large adeg��� .. on .the. cQdpe�a.ti()n of an ag�ncy over whomIiehasabsolutely, no control, the municipal police forces in hiscounty. It is whatthey 'bring .iri, in the way of evidence,that will make or break his case. They are the mainpart in the machinery that he must use. So quite logic­ally in the federal set-up they, the F. B. I., are part andparcel of the Department of Justice. But in the stateeach organization is wholly independent of the other.No wonder that it has proved absolutely necessary to16 THE UNIVE�SITY OF CH,ICAGO MAGAZINEme-the alleged ease in getting an acquittal by shammadness. That simply isn't so. Contrary to popularbel��tj�rie.s, �re not too quick to find a verdict of in­sanity. Rather the contrary. They see before them adefendant who hour after hour behaves in a perfectlynatural and normal manner and who looks much as theylook, and the upshot is that. they are, too unready-c-nottoo ready-v-to believe in his abnormality. I am quitewilling to admit that we have all frequently heard ofacquittals "by reason of insanity," where we know per­fectly well that everybody knew that the defendantwas completely sane, and superficially that is hard tosquare with my statement that juries are slow to acceptan insanity defense. But only superficially. In fact, insuch cases, the jury has simply decided Jo acquit, foremotional reasons of its own. Having come to that de­cision it casts about for a .jace-saving reason, and "in­sanity" best fills the bill. 1he 'jury doesn't in actualfact believe in the insanity a bit more than anybodyelse does. No, acquittals on the actual-not merelyostensible-ground of insanity are not any too easy toget. And society would often he a good deal better pro­tected by more of them, because then it would be possi­l.le to substitute permanent or long time confinementin an insane hospital for a brief prison sentence.I am, therefore, genuinely concerned that where theissue of insanity is raised, future juries should get abetter and clearer picture of the situation than juriesup to now have been getting. Partly the inadequateand muddled way in which we let the information getto them is due to the hypothetical question-that legalmonstrosity to which an unfortunate expert must con­form his testim,?ny. I�d of permitting him to tellhis story without interfercnce.iwccramp anddistortwhat 'he has to say by shooting all sorts of hypothetical as­sumptions at him, ending each with the whiplash of "Inyour assumption would such a person be sane or insane?Please answer yes or no." One question is on recorelhere in Chicago which was so long- that it took overthree-quarters of an hour to read. And at the end "an­swer yes or no." How can really adequate, satisfactoryinformation be got by that sort of questioning? Theanswer of course is that it can't. And it never will begot until we get some rational way of getting at the in­formation. That in turn will be resisted by counselon both sides, who are both partisans, and, we mightas well admit it, do not necessarily by any means wanta clear picture to come out. That brings me to thesecond big fault in our present handling of the insanitydefense-the essentially partisan - position occupied byeverybody. Of course the lawyers are partisan, butthat isn't so bad, as everybody knows it. But the expertwitnesses are too. Those engaged by the defendant allsay he is insane, and those by the state all know he issane. Then the jury may as well flip a coin to settlewhich ones to believe. What they .needund 1119$t �er­tainly are not, getting is reHabIe-,--i��partial informati�-11':-They are getting it, at least in the important cases,jnone State, Massachusetts, under the provisions of theso-called Briggs Law. Under it all persons indictedon the more serious charges are given a mental examina­tion as a routine matter by the impartial state department of mental diseases. The trial judge may then call on thedepartment's experts to testify as to their opinion, Bothsides may cross-examine them, and both sides may intro­duce partisan experts of their own. The jury is free tobelieve whom it will.Unfortunately the problem of insanity does not standalone in setting up a-to, say the least-peculiar restric­tion on what may be shown in the court room. ThusI have often felt that there was, to' put it mildly, a ratherstrange, ostrich-with-his-head-in-the-sand sort of air tothe painstaking care which we exclude from the juryall sorts of hearsay and prejudicial matter, with enor­mously complex rules as to just what they may hearand what not, and then display almost no concern whenthese same jurors get all this same information in theevening newspaper, without even the safeguards of oathand cross-examination. Apparently jury trial seemsspecially to' lend itself to these curious, inconsistencies,and I cannot resist giving one more illustration. Weproclaim our deep faith in the jury, and we make sureof its continuance by constitutional guarantee. And then,in most of our courts, we forbid the judge to give themthe least hint of his feelings and beliefs, lest the spine­less body rush slavishly to adopt them for their own.I cannot, to my regret, go into this any further. Onlya few minutes remain to me, and I shall need all ofthem for even a very inadequate comment on the finalstage in the process of adjudication-I mean now, theappellate review, that is, the review by a higher court,of '-the- results' reached in the trial court. We are ex­tremely apt to over-emphasize the �E�Tleri�al .importanceof such revie�Barring 61(1ahonla aller-Texis, only avery small proportion of all convictions are appealed­off-hand I should say less than 5%. In the.overwhelm-ing majority the trial marks. the end Qf_,_the,Jjt!g�tion.The layman's frequent notion that just aboutreverycase goes on up for further long drawn out proceed­ings is entirely due to the fact that this is what haI?p_�nsin the important and highly publici?�d cases.': They arenot typical, Numerically and proporfionately, then, ap­pellate ,review is not important. By every other meas­sure, it is, however, highly important. By giving accessto a single, controlling tribunal it unifies ,the law, __ .whichmight otherwise be applied in as many different waysand interpretations as there are trial courts, And--moreimmediately-it not only creates a chance to correcterrors, but also, by holding before a trial judge thepossibility that his work will be passed on by a highercourt reduces the chances of erro�, at least so far asthese may be due to carelessness.Even today our appeal machinery is inadequate, inthat th� state.is given, almost .. nQ_ OPPO'RttrlifyTlOapf>€:al.Practically speaking only a convi����l.q�f�pc1_�_!� C�11.�Thus an unscruplous judge, with an eye on reelection,who wishes to' keep his record free from reversals, canmake himself just about bomb-proof by deciding-everyS19_S_�_PQil1t iufavor of the accused. He zoon't complainand the state can't: .Lcan only say, as my concluding re­mark, that it is high time for us to. ask ourselves whetherwe can indefinitely continue to hold the scales unevenly,and make a certain stage merely the opening for newproceedings for one side, while it is final for the other.THE ARMCHAIR STRATEGISTTHE YEAR 1940 was in many respects the mostastonishing twelve months in all military history,yet its sucessor, 1941, may well surpass it in sur­prises and important happenings' in the field of militaryactivity. What can be said of the constellation of bel­ligerents as the second World War enters upon 1941?The number of active belligerents is very slight if oneexcludes those armies in the field such as the Dutch,N orwegian, etc., which represent states in exile. Doubt­less the number of belligerents will be increased in 1941,but the four active combatants in the European sphereare. all that need engage one's attention, at the com­mencement of the new year. It is not necessary to pro­phesy as to the possible military events of 1941 forprophecies made at the moment of writing, December31, 1940, might well become futile vaporings by the timethe reader sees them in print. All the armchair strategistcan do in his status as a "non-belligerent" in the UnitedStates is to take an inventory of the armies engagedInW orld War II before the real campaigning of the newyear gets under way.GERMANYAdolph Hitler has the best army in the world, betterin several respects than the army of his Hohenzollernpredecessor, William II, at the beginning of ·the first.World War in 1914. This army enters 1941 as an armyof veterans for the units of the Nazi forces have beenshuttled about so as to give some actual combat expe­rience to an extremely large number of Hitler's troops.This army has never been beaten. In fact, it has neverbeen forced to breathe hard. I t has suffered very slightlyin losses on the battlefield and has not even been ex­posed to. the sight of large numbers of enemy dead, anexperience which has generally been unnerving to youngtroops. Perhaps even more than the Imperial Army of1914, this German army is flushed with victory. Itsmorale is extremely high, as befits an army which hasaccomplished the seemingly impossible, and it will bemuch harder to defeat at a future date because it piercedthe Maginot line with such extraordinary ease. TheGerman army is the only army in the whole world tohave solved successfully . the problems of large scalewarfare created by the production ·of new weapons andnew techniques in the period 1914-1918. No other armyhas yet successfully used the blitzkrieg machinery ortechniques in large scale military activity under actualcombat condition. The officers and men in the armyof the Third Reich can now have complete confidence inone another and in' their arms and political leadership.In these respects the German army of 1941 is strongerthan that which began the war against Poland in 1939.The army of the blitzkrieg still has a topheavy air fleetas compared with its enemies or potential enemies. Itpossesses -the largest number of combat tanks and haswhat' is probably the best technique of tank warfare inall modern. armies.' Its heavy arms are as yet unsur- • By HUGH M. COLEpassed and the best other armies can do is to copythe German gun howitzer and the German adaptationof the Bofors antiaircraft gun. To these advantagesmust be added the largest army, in terms of trained andsemi-trained personnel, outside of Russia. At least threeor four million men have had some military trainingand it should be remembered that the Nazis have asyet a huge reservoir of potential manpower which hasnot been tapped for military purposes.The two factors which were widely believed to ·becapable of bringing the Nazi army to its knees beforethe war commenced: starvation induced by the Britishblockade, and internal rebellion behind the Nazi lines,can now be ruled out as having any military significance.Perhaps at some future date these two items will 100msignificantly in the calculations of Germany and herenemies but certainly neither starvation nor internaldissension will hamper the German army during 1941.Perhaps the new year will see the continuation of guerillahostilities. and increased passive civilian resistance in. thenewly conquered territories, but so long as the mainNazi forces are undefeated and so long as they possessa superior number of arms, so that they can use tanks,planes, and light artillery for police duties while stillfighting enemy armies in the field, there is no reason topresume that the Nazi armies can be weakened in theslightest by internal revolt in the conquered areas.The strategic position which the German army nowpossesses on the European continent is extremely good,both for purposes of defense and offense. Barring thecomplete 'collapse of Italy, the old nightmare of a waron two main fronts need no longer possess the mindsof ·the German General Staff, for even if Russia shouldattack Germany, the Nazi armies are so well entrenchedin the west that they need fight only one main cam­paign and that against Russia in the east, with perhapsa side show going on at the same time in the Balkans. Of­fensively, the Nazi armies possess the advantage of theinitiative to an even greater degree than in 1939, givingthem the ability to force the enemy to conform to Naziwishes and fight on Nazi terms in that part of Europewhich is determined upon by the high command in Ber­lin. The rumors which fill American newspapers todaygive striking testimony to the German possession of"internal lines," whereby Germany can commence acampaign at anyone of three or more points; that is,invasion of England across the Channel; the invasionof the Iberian peninsula; a push through. the Balkans,etc. At the moment it is practically impossible for anypower hut Russia to constitute a serious menace to Ger­many's position on the European continent.In spite of the glowing prospects which Germanycan foresee in the new year, there are a number ofclouds on the Nazi horizon, clouds at the moment nobigger than a man's hand, yet which may expand intoreally formidable storms over the Nazi army and Nazi1718 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEENGLANDhegemony in Europe. Italy, the weak sister of theAxis, is to some degree a liability in German calcu­lations though not so much of a liability as Americancorrespondents would have liked the American publicto believe during the last days of 1940. Italy has notyet been knocked out of the war and is still divertinglarge numbers of British troops, planes, and guns fromthe German positiori in western Europe. Hitler hasalso given a hostage to fortune by promising the Ger­man people and its army that a full dress invasion ofthe British Isles will be forthcoming in the not toodistant future. It is true that such an invasion mightbe a dramatic success, yet certainly the chances of asuccessful invasion by infantry have been greatly les­sened for the ensuing year, when compared with theweeks of September, 1940. There is also a very realquestion as to whether Germany, with all its organiz­ing genius, can bring the production of arms in the con­quered territories into big scale manufacture before thepromised American aid to Britain is made really ef­fective by large scale military production in the UnitedStates. Time will now be an enemy of the Germanarmy, although it must be figured in terms of years.and not in the relatively limited scope of the twelvemonths in 1941. Russia still constitutes a potential threatto the German army but until such a time as the troopsof Adolph Hitler have experienced a full dress defeatin battle, the Nazi High Command need not give toomuch attention to the rather indifferent military powersunder the Hammer and Sickle. Notice also that thei�itial successes of the blitzkreig were based upon sur­prise and momentum such as usually accrues to the in­orator in warfare. The advantages which Germany as theinnovator possessed in 1939 and 1940 will be radicallycurtailed as her arms and techniques are copied and evenimproved upon by her enemies during 1941. Finally,time may prove that Hitler counted too heavily uponJapan as a pawn to checkmate America and divert its at­tention from the Atlantic theatre of war to the Pacific. IfJapan should fail to neutralize America, in its relationsto the Anglo-German conflict, then the leadership of theGerman army has probably made a fundamental error.Germany, however, still possesses an ace in the holewhich she may produce in 1941. That ace is the utiliza­tion by Germany's superior air force of gas warfare.The day when the entire Nazi airfleet, never yet usedagainst one military objective, is sent shuttling backand forth over the British Isles with liquid gas bombs,may find England on the verge of complete defeat.Hugh Cole was graduatedfrom Wheaton College in1931; received his AM andPhD at the University ofMinnesota. He has taughtat the University of Min­nesota, Macalester Col­lege, Neb r ask a StateTeachers College; and be­came a member of thefaculty of the University ofChicago in 1936. At theUniversity he has givencourses in. European andmilitary history. This yearMr. Cole is giving a coursein military theory as a partof the University's defenseprogram. England faces the new year with an inferiority bothas to the materials of war and trained manpower, ascompared with the Nazi enemy. There is no reason tobelieve that England will achieve a superiority here oreven parity during the coming year. In spite of Church­ill's brave speeches about a coming British offensive tobe launched against the German army on the con­tinent during the coming spring, there is little reasonto believe that such an offensive has any chance of suc­cess. Probably, as during the Napoleonic wars whenthe French armies held the continent, the British willhave to improvise theatres of war and simply wait forsuch an opportunity to strike a counter blow as mayfinally present itself. During 1941 there is an ex­tremely good chance that British victories in the Mediter­ranean area may be largely cancelled by a Nazi seizureof the Iberian peninsula and closure of the straits atGibraltar. However, the British fleet is still to bereckoned with, especially if Hitler extends the war acrossBritish controlled waterways into Asia Minor andAfrica. But until the threat of invasion is past, the mainBritish forces in the homeland can hardly be utilizedfor the offensive in the Mediterranean area. There is apossibility that political relations between Berlin andthe Vichy government may, during the next twelvemonths, see the French army in Africa and the NearEast, plus the remnants of the French fleet, taking uparms once again against Germany. However, theseFrench forces could not carry a great deal of weightand at best would only release British soldiers from theN ear Eastern area for use against Italy and Germany.Even if the French should add some manpower tothe British armies and even if the Empire abroad shouldshow more interest in aiding England than has thusfar been evinced, there is no possibility of England'sobtaining a superiority in manpower as compared withthe Axis. Such a superiority, contrary to popular opin­ion, is absolutely necessary before the offensive is takenon a grand scale. There is every reason, therefore, tosuppose that the British will ask the United States foran A.E.F. sometime during the next twelve months.Two problems must be solved in the first six monthsof the new year, indeed one may expect that a solutionis necessary in the next ninety days if England is to stayin the war. The first is the problem of night bomb­ing and the second the counter-blockade which GermanU-boats, planes, and surface raiders have imposed uponthe British' Isles. N either of these two problems is in­soluble and either or both can be solved with rapidityif counter-weapons are discovered which the Britishand the United States can produce in the mass.ITALYItaly presents somewhat of a problem to its boss in theAxis combination, but probably this problem can besolved by subordinating Italy to the position which Aus­tria occupied ois-a-ois imperial Germany in the last twoyears of the first World War. No matter how manyreverses Italy suffers in Africa and Albania she stillis of some value to Germany, simply by absorbing Eng­lish manpower and munitions and using up Italian sol­diery instead of German. Even if Italy is forced on toTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe defensive within the home peninsula and becomesnothing more than an insensate mass ruled from Berlin,she still, by her very lifeless bulk, guards the military ave­nues into South Germany. Georgraphically, Italy stillcuts the British fleet in the Mediterranean into two sepa­rate bodies which cannot combine to' strike a decisiveblow at one specific objective. It is possible that theAdriatic may pass into British hands during 1941, andit is true that Italy can be menaced from the Adriaticbecause of the paucity of harbors from which the Italianfleet could operate to' repel landing parties. An invasionof Italy, however, could hardly be carried out with theforces and material which Britain and her Greek allyhave available at the moment. However, British con­trol of the Adriatic would protect the exposed jointbetween the British forces operating in Greece and thoseoperating from Egypt in Italian Libya. So long as theGermans can give military advice to a rather thick­witted Italian General Staff and so long as Berlin canfurnish German planes to' buck up the rather antiquatedItalian air force, and German "corset-stave" battaliansto stiffen up the weak Italian army, Italy cannot becounted out In military calculations by the enemies ofthe Axis.GREECEThe little' Greek army should be nominated as the"Army of the Year" for 1940. But 1941 is likely to 19find the Greek army suffering reverses or leaving thewar, entirely, as a belligerent. Already it is evidentthat the Greek drive into Albania is slowing down, ,andItalian resistance is very likely to bring that drive to ahalt some time in the not too distant future. UnlessBritain can furnish supplies such as munitions, guns,medicine, and even food, the Greek army . can hardlybe maintained in the field. More than that the mobiliza­ble population of the Greek state has been pretty welldrained and her enemy, Italy, has not yet sent any reallylarge percentage of her reserves in manpower acrossinto Albania. The wastage of life in the Greek armywill become more and more a telling factor. as a stiffenedI talian resistance takes a greater toll from the personnelof the small Greek forces. Strategically, the Greek, posi­tion is extremely exposed so long as her Jines of com­munications are extended toward the Adriatic and herright flank, abutting on Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, is ex­posed. A German drive against this flank would doubt­less mean that Greece would be forced to make a sepa­rate peace, and such a peace is not at all unlike! y in 1941.Can Germany occupy the British Isles and knockEngland out of the war during the corning twelvemonths? It is a military possibility, although not a dis­tinct probability, Can England whip Germany in 1941?If there is such a thing as a military impossibility, avictory of England over German. can logically be said tofall in to that category.SOUTH AMERICAN DOUBLE-CROSS[Mr. Pflaum, foreign editor of the Chicago Times,recently returned from a first-hand stu,dy of Latin Amer-ica..-En.] .TWENTY-ONE republican countries south of theRio Grande are united with Canada and theUnited States in the defense of the Western Hem­isphere. These countries .have turned their backs tothe Old W orld and affectionately proclaim their alle­giance to the new. In theory, North, South, and CentralAmerica present a solid front against totalitarian ag­gression. But the unity of South America with theUnited States against a common enemy is like a housewith the windows and doors locked and barred-and atunnel wide open into the basement. This secret passageinto the democratic stronghold is the Nazi fifth column.Nazi penetration into. South America is a hush-hushsubject in Latin-American capitals. Government officerswho ferret out evidence of the active fifth column aretold to develop other hobbies. Police officials who makepublic their, discoveries of incriminating facts are de­moted or transferred. As a result, officials do not wantto talk. Too many people have choked on the words.Aiding Nazi agents are the South American politicianswho, through indifference or cowardice, refuse to recog­nize the treason going on right under their noses. Diplo­mats, like Dr. Melo of Argentina, who deny that thereis a fifth column in South America, are immediately • By IRVING PFLAUM. 128immortalized by the Nazi press, as well as by corruptor stupid countrymen who try to suppress the dangerby saying that it does not exist.An attorney-general of a small country south of theequator confessed to me that he had a list of 60 Ger­mans resident in his country whom he had evidencewere Nazi agents. His reasons for not arresting themare typical of the South American reaction' to the organ­ized campaign of intimidation which is Hitler's 'neatestweapon. He told me: "Most of the people listed herecan claim diplomatic immunity. They are either on thestaff of. the German legation or working for the Germangovernment. Secondly, if I made a. scandal, the Presi­dent and his friends would be placed in an embarrassingposition. The opposition party would accuse the gov­ernment of laxity and with being pro-Nazi."Finally, I would ruin myself politically and in everyother way. I might be allowed to remain in the Cabinetduring the scandal, but later I would be quietly shelvedfor being 'stupid.' My family would be punished eco­nomically-remember that the government and the .Ger­mans own a lot of big and powerful concerns in thiscountry. I may have relatives working for German com­panies. They would lose their jobs. The German bankswould close down credit to anyone connected with mepolitically. In a short time I would be without friends,and broken as a public figure."So tight is the Nazi grip on the throats Qf some South20 TH.E UNIVERSI·TY OF CHICAGO MAGAZI·NEAmerican countries that most officials believe that Ger­many will win the war. "Hitler will win the war andthen beat the United States," the foreign minister of animportant Latin American nation said. "If I expose theNazi fifth column now, what will become of me and mycountry then?" Nazi agents have convinced many aSouth American politician to string along with Hitlerby exerting economic pressure. An example of this typeof persuasion is the work of a second generation Ger­man-Brazilian named Mueller, the chief of police in Riode Janiero. In this capacity he has control of the cen­sorship of all news appearing in Brazilian newspapers.Several large key 'industries in Brazil have been underGerman control for years. Before the Nazis began tocall all Germans abroad under the Party wing, at whichtime all German-owned property was organized underfifth column or Gestapo leadership, these concerns wereno different from other foreign-controlled business en­terprises. But after Hitler decided to "protect" hispure-blooded countrymen and sent Nazi agents to "co­ordinate" them and their affairs, the situation has be­come vastly more complicated. Firms like Cia. SuIAmericana de Electricidade, and Brasileira de Electrici­dade Siemens Shuckert S. A., now select their employeeson a political basis.Chief of Police Mueller is subject to the same kindof pressure suffered by all Germans. As long as hedoesn't slip from the path of loyal "Germanism," hisfriends and relatives will be treated well by these andother influential public utilities. But the moment Muel­ler's feet stray into individualism, democratic thinking,or other territories which are not included on the pathmapped out for him, the fifth column would see thateveryone connected with him was speedily punishedfinancially. Knowing this, it is not hard to. understandwhy Mueller's censorship regulations are unusuallyfavorable to the Germans.Even the Brazilian foreign minister, Oswaldo Aranha,a loyal friend of the United States, must take ordersfrom Mueller. When Aaranha arranged for a privatetelephone wire on which news for his private inforrnationmight come direct to his office, Mueller immediatelypassed a regulation forbidding the receipt of news dis­patches until they had been approved by the censors forpublication in Brazilian newspapers. Aranha was unableto countermand the order.Consider, for example, the activities of Dr. Kurt J.Held, one of the Fuerher's personal representatives inSouth America. When- Dr. Held reached Argentina,he was greeted by members of the German embassystaff and escorted to the Plaza Hotel. Within a fewdays, he had converted his hotel room into a library ofinformation about every German resident in the district.Clerks, stenographers, Nazi agents, made files of thenames, families, business connections and financialstrength of prospective "clients" for the fifth column.Dr. Held interviewed prominent German, Danish, Nor­wegian, Dutch, and Belgian residents.Held and his colleagues are graduates of the mostdetailed course in anti-Semitism, blackmail, and extor­tion that a government ever sponsored. They are expertat getting "donations." If the victim objects to joiningup with the Nazis or protests that he cannot pay the heavy monthly "donation," Dr. Held calls for the filecontaining his record. The victim is then presented withthe list of his relatives living under the German flag."They were in good health the last we saw of them,but then, you know how unpredictable these things arein war time .... " That is all that is necessary to con­vince a hesitant man, and he pays whatever is asked.He not only pays, but he serves in the fifth column, andmay even smuggle arms or aid sabotage plots to keepin good standing with the Gestapo.At first there was deep indignation at Dr. Held'smethods. A few people with the courage of their con­victions went to' the Argentine police and told what theyknew. No one knows what became of their families, butin nearly every case the plaintiff returned later to policeheadquarters and withdrew the charges. Most victimsof the Gestapo bribery pay up and appease rather thanrisk a fight, but there are many South Americans whoare trying to get American visas. These people form anew kind of refugee-the refugee from Nazi oppression111 South America.A "BALANCED BUDGET'·Hitler's budget for South America is large and full.Espionage on British and American diplomats and busi-'ness men, the obtaining of shipping information, themaintenance of spies both in the interior and along thecoast, and a network of radio. stations linking fifth col­um headquarters throughout the Americas, are allfinanced by the Nazi checkbook. Secret radio transmit­ters broadcast coded instructions to Gestapo agents.Just how useful Nazi agents found this device was dis­covered when one of the transmitters was raided in theCompana district of Argentina, belonging to EdwardHellmut Lenk, a Gestapo agent.The fifth column does not confine itself to collectinginformation and funds. I t also runs an undergroundrecruiting office. Military agents go into the provincesto' organize and arm German residents. The presentstrength of these grq.ups is inestimable, but the purposesto which they may eventually be put are not so hard toimagine. At the time of the uncovering of the famousMissiones plot, the records gave a figure of 30,000 ina German military organization in southern Brazil,Uruguay, and Argentina. The object of the organizationwas to foster a "timely rebellion." Even such an out­right plot for the destruction of the country was muf­fled by trembling Argentine diplomats. Despite pressurefrom above intended to discourage them, it was uncov­ered by a few able and fear less police officials. Nowonly a fraction of the evidence is publicly known, therest suppressed by Argentine ministers afraid to risk aserious diplomatic break with the Reich. The Missionesplot was . merely a symptom of a widespread disease.The disease occasionally erupts through the smoothed­over surface of South American politics. For example,the Argentine Gendarmeria has noted the following out­breaks:1. In the report of a meeting of. the German Club ofRosario, State of Santa Fe, Argentina, a tactical plancalled "Revolutionaire Uebung" included the provoca­tion of fights, strikes and public disturbances, bombing,shooting ,and intimidating of anti-Nazi Germans. HowTHE- UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEwell these tactics worked is proved in many cases 111Argentine police files.2. A German preacher . named Fischer, called the"racing cura" because he covered his espionage beaton a motorcycle, was found with maps, photographs,and other vital information considered irrelevant to theconventional service of the Lord. Fischer's hobby wasthe sabotage of oil production. He was in on a schemeto seize, control of the wells and refineries, and he oftenconferred with other hobbyists, notably German pilotswho came on special charter flights from nearby SanLorenzo. .3. Papers on Fischer led the police to a German con­vent, where they found a tunnel running from the con­vent to the Parana River and a small floating dock.Here was organized one of the many means of gun­running that provide the Nazis with small arms.4. Rudolf Welch, an English resident of the Argen­tine for thirty-two years, was surprised one day to seea plane come down on his farm. In strangely gutturalSpanish, the pilot explained that he was carrying "mailexpress from Rio." Suspicious, Welch took the numbersof the trucks which appeared on the road to receiveparcels from the plane. The trucks were traced to aGerman farmer, but there was no trace of the parcels,5. Later two pilots of the German airline were ar­rested for making illegal flights and for gun-running.They were released on the protests of their embassy.These apparently isolated incidents are bound togetherin a flexible but definite pattern of Nazi aims. Thereare many unknowns in the South American political 21equation. Gestapo and other German agents are makingup answers for every ··one of them.If the war in Europe is prolonged into a knock-down­drag-out fight between sea and air power, blockade ver­sus blockade, the fifth column below the Rio Grandewould be used primarily to sabotage British and Amer­ican trade, to block the Pan-American union, to create. friction for any anti-Nazi government, and to developGerman trade and economic privileges. If the sea laneswere opened to European trade, the fifth column wouldbe busy consummating barter deals under pressure forAmerican raw m_aterials on a basis favorable to Germanyand unfavorable to Britain and the United States.If the United States entered the war against the Reich,the fifth column would concentrate on diverting Amer­ican armed forces to distant American scenes. Activesabotage, such as is employed against British vessels inArgentine harbors, would be part of the program. Recog­nizing the danger, President Roosevelt said in his speechof January 6: "The first phase of the invasion of thishemisphere would not be the landing of regular troops.The necessary strategic points would he occupied bysecret agents and their dupes-and great numbers ofthem are already here, and in Latin America .... "Should Hitler ever be in position to invade the UnitedStates from the south, the fifth column would seize andhold strategic bases for his use. He would be suppliedwith materials; such as the secret stores of. fuel oil dis­covered January 4, at Medellin, Colombia.South America is Hitler's garage, storehouse, factory,and recruiting office---c-it may even be his oyster.MEXICO AND THE FUTURELast in a Series of Informal Letters• By RALPH W. NICHOLSON. ·36Mexico CitYJJanuarry 1P ROBABL Y there is no better way to end thisshor.t series of letters fro�n Mexi�o than by a dis­CUSSIOn of the lana question-s-which may properlybe called our southern neighbor'S No.1 problem. I orig­inally planned something more extensive about the Revo­lution, but retreated. Less than a year's stay here hasfailed to turn me into a prophet about Mexico politics.A few weeks ago, only a few days after he took office,Camacho issued a statement indicating that the armywas no longer a part of the Party of the Mexican Revo­lution (PRM). The PRM had been formed by Carde­nas just after the expropriation of the oil companies ata time when national unity reached an all-time high.Theoretically it included in its membership everyonewho believed in the Revolution. By doing so it madethings rather hard for any political opponent to gathera following for himself. The PRM became the officialrepresentative of the revolutionary hopes' of the people:the government officials were the instruments wherebythe people, through their party, carried out their wishes. The people participated (and the officials were- selected)through four main sections of the PRM: the workers,the peasants, the army, and the popular section. Thislast inc1 uded everyone who failed to fall into one or theother categories, for instance, professional people, gov­ernment employees (who do not belong to the workers'unions), independent artisans, and others. Each sectionhas the right to select candidates for public office, andthe other sections are bound by party discipline to votefor them. Theoretically the number of candidates se­lected by each section is roughly in proportion to its size,but this has been distorted in the case of the workers atthe expense of the peasants.The inclusion of the army in the PRM was, so faras I can see, a masterly stroke. The army had neverLefore had political representation-it had always madeits desires felt by the force of its arms or at least bythe rattling of its sabers. Now by the new president'sorders, the army is once again without means for polit­ical representation. One must assume either that thearmy has reformed or that it will be tempted to returnto its earlier methods of making its feelings felt. In22 THE U N I V E R SIT Y 0 F CHI C A G·O MAG A Z I N Eany case the popular-front of the PRM seems to beweakened,Two other straws in the wind indicating Camacho'sdeviance from Cardenas policy will be mentioned later.How important they are I cannot guess, but they throwdoubt on my earlier belief (there was no great differencebetween the old president and the new.In order to understand the problems of land (and oir) ,they must be seen in relation to the Revolution as awhole. In my discussion of them I depend to a. largeextent on data given by Nathaniel and Sylvia Weyl intheir Reconquest of Mexico. These authors quote Car-denas as follows: .I f governments do not satisfy the needs of the people, turn­ing them over defenseless to domestic and foreign exploita­tion, the great proletarian masses will, put an end to thosegovernments, carrying out an act of strict revolutionaryjustice.On another occasion he described the function of theMexican state: �In Mexico we ate fighting to destroy, and are destroyingthrough revolutionary .action, the. regimen of individual ex­ploitation, not to' fall into the inadequate situation of ex­ploitation by the state .... The function of the Mexican statewithin this conception is to. regulate the great economicrelationships in our system of wealth production and wealthdistribution.His positive program he defined at Campeche:I consider the agrarian movement, the cooperative move­ment, and the educational movement as the strongest fulcraof a government which has a sense of deep responsibilitybefore the country and before history. The cooperativeswithout organization of the masses and the extension of ade­quate credit is nothing but a lie.As against the outmoded economy of the, hocienda, . we,must build the e [ido; a.s against the spiritual unity of fanat­icism, the modern school must be erected'; and as a.gainstcapitalist industry-surfeited with egoism and. bankrupt be­fore all the worid=-the cooperatives 0 f the workers must beesta.blished. 'THE LAND AND POPULATIONThe importance of the agrarian. problem cannot beunderestimated, Peasants, cattle hands, fishermen, andhunters make up 70. per cent of Mexico's population.Nearly 15 of Mexico's 2'0 million people live in 'small 'villages separated from reach 'other by mountain rangesor eroded desert-land. Only n per cent of the land isarable (as compared with 19 in the United States; 44in Germany and Italy). Population pressure in thearable regions, especially the central plateau, forces, thegrowing of crops on impossible mountain slopes where,even if machinery were available, the soil would haveto be worked by hand. 'Scarcity of land for the many,outmoded methods of agriculture, poverty of the soil,the habit of monoculture all contribute to an economyof scarcity in Mexico. "Back around, the turn of the century when MexicoCity was kept bright with gold obtained' from foreigninvestors while the rest of the country was dark withdespair, Profirio Diaz found a way to increase Mexico'sexports in spite of insufficient crops. In 1902 laws werepassed requiring the .Indians to make over titles oftheir lands (which in many cases were held communally)to nominees of the governor. These nominees were- sup- . posed to protect the Indians' interests. Instead the lands 'passed into government hands.' By this process and bythe Law of Idle Lands which, among its provisions,permitted. land companies to take one-third of the areas,they surveyed, the original owners were rapidly dis­possessed. Then, in order still further to increase agri­cultural exports, the Diaz government expropriated thelast of the village communal lands. In Cardenas' stateof Michoacan, 97 per cent of the population was leftlandless. Of something more than 1,'0'0'0,'0'0'0 inhabitants,4,50'0 owned small' farms. Five large haciendas con­trolled more' than 1,34'0,'0'0'0 acres. Diaz-created indus­tries (with foreign ownership) such as textiles, mining,railroads, and others, were able to absorb but a fractionof the uprooted peasant population, Even the most ruth­less suppression of peasant. revolts could not postponethe revolution for long. It broke out in 191'0.In the seven years of fighting before the Constitutionof 1917 was issued and in the 17 more years beforeCardenas became president, practically nothing was doneabout the land problem, Perhaps President Carrarizathought he solved it when he had the great agrarianleader, Emiliano Zapata, assassinated. President Callesslowed up the agrarian program by trying to put it ona pay-as-you-go basis in exchange for United Statesgood-will for his regime. He then . practically reversedthe program of giving- land to the landless masses bydecreeing that the land should be individually owned in�stead of communally owned in the form of ejidos. The'individual owners, poor for decades, had no capital forseed, machinery, or fertilizer. They could not feed them­selves until the crops, were harvested. They were forcedto seek credit and, with the first crop failure, theylost their land to their creditors. The e [idatarios wereno better off, but they got government credit and had110 land of their own they could lose.In 193'0 (the last census before Cardenas took office)Mexico had 13,444 hacendados, each owning more than2,5'0'0 acres of land. This represented 83.4' per cent ofall privately owned land, the other 16.6 per cent beingshared by 6'00,'00'0 small and middle peasants. At thesame time ejidos·aggregating one-tenth as much land asheld by. the hacendados were supporting 668,'0'0'0 ejida­tarios, while 2,332,'0'0'0 peasants were landless. This wasafter 2'0 years of revolution.In his first four years' in office Cardenas createdejidos totaling more than 38,'0'0'0,'0'0'0 acres and support­ing 813,'00'0 ejidatarrios-almost twice the accomplish­ment of all previous 'administrations. In 193'0 there. were 4,189 ejidos. Today there are more than 14,'0'0'0supporting 1,8'00,'0'00 peasants: on some 6'0,'0'0'0,'0'0'0 acres.But still the land problem is not solved. The ejidoseven now are but a minor part of the country's agricul­tural economy. Their '6'0,'0'0'0,'0'0'0 acres, together withanother 40,'0'0'0,'0'0'0 held by small and middle peasants,total but less than one-half of the 22'0,0'0'0,0'0'0 acres stillheld by hacendados. Even if the Cardenas rate of prog­ress 'is niaintained, the agrarian revolution will not becomplete for another 12 years.Meanwhile the ejido struggles with the twin problemsof . education and credit. Educational efforts are con­ducted on five fronts to offset: 1)- bad yields caused byuntimely. or deficient working of the soil, poor seeds,THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINElack of fertilizer, and monoculture; 2) scarcity of propercrops for a balanced diet and normal health; 3) scarcityof industrial, cash crops for use at home, and for export ;4) scarcity of fodder crops for the improvement of meat,dairy products, and work animals; and 5) lack of knowl­edge of advanced and mechanical techniques of pro­duction.The Department of Education, the Department ofIndian Affairs, and the credit institutions distributethousands of tons of seeds, seedlings, fertilizer, andpamphlets annually in an effort to improve the healthand economy of Mexico's 70 per cent."In 1935 Cardenas split the Agrarian Bank to formthe National Bank of Agricultural Credit (to loan moneyto small and middle peasants and to administer andfinance irrigation projects) and the National Bank ofEjidal Credit. The latter institution makes two kindsof loans to ejidos, crop loans and "capital" loans forsuch long-term activities as irrigation projects, purchaseof tractors and processing equipment, and so on. Withthe crop loans goes the right to determine the crop,and this is a vital part of the Bank's function. In thisway the Bank can to' some extent break the mono culturalhabits of the peasant and force ,him to grow crops whichwill have greater yields per acre, improve the worker'sdiet, furnish needed raw material for industry or export.Otherwise more than 65 per cent of crop land wouldbe in corn and practically all the rest in beans-for thepeasant knows he can always eat those crops and withthem he is independent of money markets, and thecities. Largely because the Bank exercised this functionof crop specification, collective agriculture is now pro­ducing over half of the country's wheat, cotton, rice,and henequen, and is making rapid progress in tropicalcrops. Production of a score of other crops IS alsoincreasing at the expense of corn.SLOWNESS OF IMPROVEMENTSMechanization of the ejidos is being effected butslowly. This, as is the entire function of the Bank, ishindered by the fact that by far the largest part of thegovernment's resources gO' to pay for, expropriatedhaciendas. Only 'with the greatest difficulty can cropson .the expropriated haciendas be financed by the newowners-s-there is practically' never any money left tobuy equipment, improve or install irrigation, buy seed.Thus the newly formed ejulos are frequently dependenton the recently dispossessed hacendado. (who accordingto law retains about 800 acres of semi-arid crop land or400 acres of irrigated land). From him they frequentlyrent their farming and processing equipment on histerms. Sometimes they must even sell their crop to him.Naturally the hacendado is not favorably disposed tothe expropriators, yet into his hands flows most of themoney the government spends on agriculture.Because of the lack of funds available, the agrarianmovement ha.s gone slowly. The new agriculture hasbeen disorganized by the existence of opposed and pow­erful hacendados. Because of lack of machinery theadvantages of collective, ·large-scale, industrialized agri­culture have not been enjoyed. Private owners, fearfulof expropriation, have let their lands lie idle or harm­fully over-cut crops so as to get a quick profit. As a 23result production has declined faster than the ejidoscould replace it, prices have risen In the cities and thuswiped out some of the unions' hard-won wage increases.In order, somewhat to control rising prices, and alsoto protect the peasants who have abandoned corn infavor of a cash crop, the government advertises pricesat which it will buy rice, beans, and meat. Sometimesit will buy the entire crop of. an ejido. Speculators canno longer find anyone who will sell for less than thegovernment price. The government then takes the cropsit has bought and sells them through 4000 pilot .retailoutlets at prices that will' bring a small profit to anyefficient merchant and in this way keeps the prices toconsumers down to reasonable levels. If city workersare suffering from high prices while ejidatarios areprospering with bumper crops, the government canlower its bid for crops and so lower prices. Or if theopposite is the case, it can do the opposite. In this waygovernment distributes the advantages and the burdensof the Revolution equitably.Discussing the agrarian program in these broad out­lines does not give' an accurate picture of the turmoil,discontent, and dishonesty (on the part of. all too manyof the administering officers) that is also part of theproblem. And these complications will not be eliminateduntil the whole program of lay, social education hassucceeded. Although illiteracy has been decreased from70 per cent in 1910 to 45 :per cent in 1940 andalthough the number of schools has' been increased byone-third under Cardenas, lay education is still farfrom ·succeeding.Pointing to the dissatisfaction of the ejulatarios Pres­ident Camacho last month reversed the Cardenas policyof communal ownership of land. The day after the an­nouncement of the new policy Camacho split up twoejidos and gave land titles to individual owners. Indoing so he stated that the maintenance of morale of thepeasants .and the consequent improvement of agricul­tural production were more important at this time thanfurther progress toward the revolutionary goal. Allof the present 1,800,000 ejulatarios are to receive titlesto sections of the ejido. The amount of work involvedin parceling out equitable sections of pasture, arid,wooded, and arable land; of. sub-dividing herds; of,settling complaints that arise as a result of all thesedivisions is staggering. Add to this the administrativecost, the opportunity for graft and special privilege.Cam.acho says that the communal advantages of theejido will not be sacrificed, but I don't think they canhelp but be sacrificed. Industrial agriculture is hardlyprofitable on the W acres handed out so far to eachnew owner. (And the land of one man is not alwaysall in one place.) A new system of credit, if any, willhave to be . worked out. Meanwhile control of the cropsplanted may be lost and the slight gains made in thedirection of national, instead of subsistence', agriculturemay disappear. Camacho said in his inaugural addressthat his administration would spend the greatest part ofits time on the agrarian problem. That may be so, butapparently it will all be spent' making out. papers de­scribing 15,000,000 handsfull -of land which' are to begiven to 1,800,000 present ejidatarios.ATHLETICSTHE MAROON SCOREBOARDBasketballChicago 31-38 GeorgiaChicago 27-22 Illinois TechChicago 45-36 North CentralChicago 48-59 Western StateChicago 34-28 MarquetteChicago 32-31 PrincetonChicago :38-67 Ohio State WrestlingChicago 26- 8 Amer. ColI. ofPhys. Ed.Chicago 13-19 Illinois NormalSwimmingChicago 52-23 North CentralFencingChicago 160-100 CaseCHICAGO'S basketball team, the Big Ten com­missioner's recapitulation reveals, tied with Mich­igan for seventh place among Conference teamsin meeting pre-Big-Ten-season opposition. The Maroonstanding was ahead of Ohio State, Chicago's first con­ference opponent-but that didn't bother the Buckeyes.It certainly was pleasant to the habitues of the fieldhouse to see the team breeze through Marquette, an or­ganization which in the last two years administered threeof the worst lickings Maroon teams took. A developingunity on the part of Coach Norgren's boys, responsiblein large part for the victory over the Milwaukeeans, wasdemonstrated in the performance of Cap'n Joe Stamp£.Stampf had scored twenty-three points as Chicago losta few days previous to a crew of fast break artists atKalamazoo, but in the Marquette game Cap'n Stampfhad his team better integrated; he fed the ball to otherplayers and himself scored only seven points. Jack Fonswas the leading scorer against the Milwaukee Hilltop­pers, with sixteen.But the glory that was greasing the skids under Mar­quette and the grandeur that was roaming about underthe Marquette basket paled before the Princeton game.Off to a nine-point lead at one time in the first period,Chicago was down by a single point at the half, butStampf's three baskets gave the Maroon team a five­point lead promptly after the second half began. DanCarmichael, Princeton's long and flexible captain, re­turned with a set of three straight field goals of his own,but Chicago- again came back to acquire a six-point lead.Nothing daunted, Princeton acquired two more baskets·and then registered a third exactly one minute beforethe final gun, tying the score at 29 apiece. The entirefield house crowd stood and screamed as the ball washarried about for a long sixty seconds without a score,and the game went into overtime. The crowd didn't sitdown or shut up. Chicago took the tipoff but lost theball. Princeton fumbled under the Chicago basket, theteams rushed the length of the floor, and Chicago muffeda chance under the Tigers' basket. After two minutesStampf looped a free throw, putting the Maroon fiveahead. Dick Mayo hooked a field goal for Princeton,giving the Tigers the lead. Then Mike McMahon, stockyMaroon sophomore, popped in a basket, returning thelead to Chicago with a minute and a half to go.Andy Stehney, who was a sophomore varsity halfbackin the 1939 football season, staged the peak performance • By DON MORRIS, 136of the opening wrestling meet, which the Chicago teamwon hanclily. Though the meet was in the bag by thetime the heavyweight bout, the evening finale, camearound, Coach Vorres decided to submit an entry any­how, though none of his regular heavy men happenedto be on deck. The entry was Stehney, who weighs 155,scarcely a heavyweight sum. Stehney didn't win, but heturned in a wonderful performance, standing off Mackie,of the American College of Physical Education, for sixsolid minutes, almost pinning Mackie once, though Steh­ney was outweighed by just thirty pounds. In theother matches Sam Zafros, Martin Ondrus, and BernStone threw their opponents, and Carroll Pyle and BobMustain won decisions. George Balla won by default.An extra curricular pre-service physical conditioningprogram for prospective soldiers, including self-defenseinstruction and practice in boxing, wrestling, judo, jiujitsu and combat games, was inaugurated at the Univer­sity January 13.The program, conducted evenings, is open to all stu­dents, alumni, faculty and staff members of the Univer­sity, and to residents of the University neighborhood,anticipating the draft within eighteen months.The program is in line with the recommendations ofthe Committee 011 Contribution of College Physical Edu­cation to National Preparedness drafted December 31 bythe College Physical Education Association. Directorof Athletics T. N. Metcalf, a member of the nationalc0111mi ttee, said: ."The War Department has indicated that college de­partments of physical education can perform valuableservice by emphasizing the importance of physical fit­ness and by offering prospective soldiers a conditioning'program designed to improve health and to developstrength, endurance and skill in use of the body."The man who is in excellent physical condition whenhe enters the army will get more immediate enjoymentout of army life, will stand a better chance of early pro­motion and will be of far greater usefulness than the manwho breaks into the strenuous physical grind while softand out of condition."The program, in addition to the self-defense instruc­tion and practice, will include swimming and life savingand safety and first aid work under Coach McGillivray,competition in basketball, handball, badminton, squashracquets and volley-ball; hiking, running, jumping andclimbing work, and tumbling and apparatus stunts. Thejudo, jui jitsu and other self-defense practice will beunder Coach V orres.The physical conditioning program for defense is inline with the University's program of developing all na­tional defense preparedness fields in which it can be ofunique service. The athletic department is likewise spon­soring expanded rifle instruction and practice in the re­cently-enlarged rifle range in the West Stand.24NEWS OF THE CLASSES1906Just a line came from R. E. McKAY,head of the modern language departmentof Daniel Baker College in Brownwood,Texas, which says that he enj oys all ofthe magazine.DR. ROBERT ROUTLEDGE, DB, has leftCristo, Oriente, Cuba, and is now livingin London, Ontario, Canada, at 266 St.J ames Street.1907FLORENCE R. SCOTT has returned toher position in the English Departmentat the University of Southern Californiaafter spending a. year in graduate studyin New York.1908H. HARLOW CHANDLER is a memberof the Highland Park Men's GardenClub.1910During the summer Professor CLAR­ENCE H. HAMILTON) PhD '14,of Ober­lin's Graduate School of Theology re­ceived word from the Executive Com­mittee of the American Council ofLearned Societies of his appointment asChairman of its Committee on ChineseStudies. This committee has as itsfunction the review and promotion ofbasic sinological studies in the UnitedStates.1911DONALD T. GREY, AM '13, DB '14,has for the past seven years been pastorof the Michigan Avenue Baptist Churchin Saginaw, Michigan. Last May Mr.Grey celebrated the 25th Anniversaryof his ordination. He has a collectionof religious pictures which numberedwhen last we heard 6600. Mr. Greyoccasionally gives exhibits and has lec­tured over the radio concerning thesepictures.1912HERMAN H. BENEKE, AM, receivedhis doctor 0 f philosophy at Ohio StateD niversity last month.1913HARRY L. HUBER SM '16, PhD '17,MD '18, specializes as a physician herein Chicago in allergic diseases. Dr.Huber collects Chinese snuff bottles. Hewas president of The American Societyfor the Study of Allergy in 1937 and isthe president-elect of the Society forthe Study of Asthma.1914. GEORGE D. PARKINSON, JD '16, hasb.lK game hunting as one of his avoca­!10ns but he doesn't tell us just where heIS doing his hunting. \DOROTHY WElL, AM' '23, directs thehumanities department at Woodrow Wilson Junior College. Miss Weil hasjust published two articles on the hu­manities course in the Chicago Juniorcolleges in the Funior C olle 9 e ] ournalfor September-October, 1940.1915MRS. BARNETT FOGEL has, for the pastten years, been employed in the SocialService department of the MunicipalCourt of Chicago. Mrs. Fogel's twochildren are students at the Universityof Chicago.FRANK G. MURPHY) MD, is a special­ist in orthopedic surgery here inChicago.1916GERTRUDE SMITH, AM '17, PhD '21,chairman of the Department of Greekat the University of Chicago, waselected president for the current yearof the Classical Association of the Mid­dle West and South. Professor Smithwas elected in 1939 to membership inthe Managing Committee of the Ameri­can School of Classical Studies atAthens.1917ELINOR PANCOAST, AM '22, PhD '27,professor of economics and chairmanof the department of economics and so­ciology at Goucher College in Balti­more, Maryland, is chairman of theCommittee of the Baltimore Council ofSocial Agencies. which recently pub­lished "Budgets for Low Income Fami­lies." Professor Pancoast is the pastchairman of the national committeewhich operates the summer school foroffice workers each July in Chicago.1918MARIE FARNSWORTH, PhD '22, re­cently has taken a position with theMetal and Thermit Corporation in J er­sey City, N. ].1919GEORGE W. JENNINGS of Omaha, Ne­braska, accepted last spring the positionof plant manager for Haskins Brothersand Company, which manufacturessoaps and glycerine.1920CYRUS c. MACDuFFEE) SM, PhD '21,who has, since 1935, been professor ofmathematics at the University of Wis­consin, is now professor of mathematicsat Hunter College in New York City.ALFRED LESLIE CRAIG is chief surgeonat the Shriners Hospital for CrippledChildren in Honolulu. Dr. Craig is amember of the Board of Directors forthe Y.M.C.A., secretary for the Terri­torial Medical Society, and on the at­tending staff for Queens Childrens, St.Francis Hospitals.BERTHA READ CRAIG heads the his-25 tory department in Keokuk Senior highschool in Keokuk, Iowa. Miss Craig is amember of A.A.U.W.CHARLES L. CRUMLY is general secre­tary of the Boise Y.M.C.A., Idaho. Mr.Crumly adds volleyball to his golfing andis a member of the American Legion,Rotary Club, Boise Social Workers,State Advisory Committee.WILLIAM A. DAWSON of Dalhart,Texas, has a tremendous hobby-theGreat Southwest. Dr. Dawson is con­nected with the Trans-Canadian Clinicin Dalhart.JOSEPH DEMMERY of Edmonds, Wash­ington' teaches Economics and businessat the University of Washington inSeattle.ETHEL FELDKIRCHNER, Mrs. A. T.Hudson, lives near Neenah, Wisconsin,and she supplements her household du­ties with work for the Red Cross andthe Y.W.C.A.HANS O. HOEPPNER manages the In­formation Office at the University ofChicago. Mr.' Hoeppner, commonlyknown as "Hep", can answer any andall questions concerning the Universityand the city of Chicago. He can alsosecure for you tickets to the Opera, Sym­phony Concert, Ballet or any currentplay. If you want to know, call "Hep."ROLAND F. HOLLOWAY, advertisingmanager of the A. E. Staley Manufac­turing Company of Decatur, Illinois,raises Cocker Spaniels and tends hisfarm as hobbies.A. GORDON HUMPHREY of HighlandPark, Illinois, is an attorney with thelaw firm of Vaughan, Tilley & Humph­rey. Mr. Humphrey is the author ofYour Estate and Its Administration inIllinois.BUEL' E. HUTCHINSON of Chicago isadvertising manager for Thomson andTaylor Company.OLIVE L. HUTCHINSON) now Mrs.Wm. F. Kries of Dixon, Illinois, teachesbiology at the Central State TeachersCollege in Mt. Pleasant, Mich. Mrs.Kries always finds time to take part inthe Girl Scout movement in Illinois andMichigan.ROBERT F. IMBT of Fort Worth,Texas, consulting geologist, lumps eco­nomics, geology and fishing together ashis personal interests.HERBERT H. INLOW of Shelbyville, In­diana, is connected with the Inlow Clinicas physician and anaesthetist. Dr. Inlowbowls and golfs when not on duty at. theClinic.SAMUEL D. ISALY of Youngstown,Ohio, is general manager of The IsalyDairy Company of Youngstown.HAMER H. JAMIESON of North Holly­wood, California, is now a patent lawyer.Lawyer Jamieson is quite interested inoil well tool patent litigation and oil welltool manufacturing.CARL G. JOHNSON is now a surgeon inLong Beach, California, operating underthe firm name of Drs. Wilcox & Johnson.26 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMARIAN JOHNSON, now Mrs. EdwardC. Castle, classifies hersel f as housewi feand writer. She won first prize in thefirst University of Chicago magazineessay contests and her articles have ap­peared in Harpers} Forum} and ReadersDigest. Mrs. Castle lives at 1675 St.Paul St., Denver, Colorado.SCOTT STONER JONES of Tacoma,Washington, is a major in the NationalGuard of Washington. Dr. Jones' hobbyis photography.JOHN E. JOSEPH directs advertisingand publicity for Universal PicturesCompany, Inc. Mr. Joseph, who lives inWest Los Angeles, California, has beenreading books avidly since 1920.LEWIS 1. KAFFESIEDER is a physicianand. surgeon, located in Los Angeles,Cali fornia.HENRY W. KENNEDY is secretary andtreasurer of McKey and Podgue, Inc.,1172 East 63rd Street, Chicago. Mr.Kennedy writes that keeping his twochildren in streamlined trains is a prob­lem that occupies much of his time.DELIA E. KIBBE of New Richmond,Wisconsin, is supervisor of schools inthe State Department of Public Instruc­tion.PERRY· KIMBALL, now Mrs. Henry C.Crowell of Winnetka, Illinois, has an un­usual interest "The Chinese in this coun­try-there are over 300 in Augusta,Georgia, where I spend my winters."PAULA M. KITTEL of Madison, Wis­consin, is assistant professor in the de­partment of German at the Universityof Wisconsin.WALTER E. KRAMER of Chicago ispresident of the Pullman Couch Com­pany. One of Mr. Kramer's two chil­dren is enrolled in the University highschool and the other in the UniversityElementary school.JULIA ADEB KRENGEL, Mrs. Walter J.Mellon, teaches mathematics at LaneTechnical high school in Chicago.FRANCES LANGWORTHY, now Mrs. D.B. Murray, heads the Graduate Teachersas Dean at the College of Winnetka.Mrs. Murray is waiting for warmerweather so that she can go trout fishing.ELEANOR LYNE, Mrs. Arthur C. King,lives in Buckeye, Arizona, on the JackRabbit TraiL Mrs. King has two boys,one of which is now attending Cali forniaTech.B. C. MACDoNALD is connected withthe B. C. MacDonald and Company ofSt. Louis, Mo. He has three childrenand he writes that is preoccupied with"Getting enough food for three Irish­men."LOUISE MAMMEN, Mrs. Milton Bowerof Wilmette, Illinois, declares that allher time is invested in her family.C. E. RED McKITTRICK of Scarsdale,New York, is connected with the Chi­cago 'Trib-une, and his chief interest isin politics.JAMES. R. McKNIGHT, who marriedADA BuTZ, '19, is a patent lawyer inChicago.KAY MEHLHOP is now Mrs. Robert L.Willitt of 833 Foxdale Ave., Winnetka,Illinois.WALTER J. G. MELLON is connected with the Evers Office Supplies, Chicago.Mr. Mellon. rides horseback duringmany 0 f his leisure hours.EARL A. MILLER works as public ac­countant for Seidman & Seidman ofRockford, Illinois.GEORGE D. MILLS practices law inChicago; his residence is 1717 E. 54thStreet.JOHN W. MOCHEL is a partner in theCharles Mochel & Son Hardware Storein Downers Grove, Ill.BERTHA L. MOORE, now Mrs. EdwardJ. Marum, writes to us of her particularinterest in the Martha WashingtonHome for Dependent Crippled Chil­dren. Mrs. Marum also collects stamps;she lives at 6830 Jeffrey Avenue, Chi­cago.GAIL F. MOULTON, geologist and petro­leum engineer lives in Mountain Lakes,New Jersey. Engineer Moulton is amember of the Board of Education andthe father of three children.LUCILE A. MOWER, now Mrs. Elmo C.Eby, lives at 3745 Victor Avenue in Oak­land, California.JAMES M. NICELY of 30 East 71stStreet, New York City, is a vice presi­dent of the Guaranty Trust Company ofNew York.. PHYLLIS PALMER,. now Mrs. HaroldWalker, raises Cocker Spaniels up inWauwatosa, Wis.JEAN PICKETT, now Mrs. StuartCochran of Oak Park, Illinois, is a mem­ber of the editorial staffs of Oak Leaues,a local publication. Mrs. Cochran alsohas done some professional lecturing be­fore Women's Clubs.RUTHVEN W. PIKE is connected withthe Standard Oil Company of New J er­sey, Geological Department. Mr. Pikehas done some globe trotting in connec­tion with foreign geological assign­ments.JOSEPH H. PLATT practices law in thecity of Chicago. Mr. Platt is a memberof many religious, national and charit­able organizations.HELEN B. RISLOW, now Dr. Helen R.Burns, is a staff physician in ComptonSanitarium in Compton, California. Dr.Burns has two sons, Richa.rd and Philip.O. CRANDALL ROGERS is a real estatebroker in Cleveland, Ohio, and is thefather of O. C. Rogers, III.ESME EUGENE ROSAIRE, SM, '21, PhD,'26, is connected with the SubterrexLaboratories as Geochemist in Houston,Texas. Mr. Rosaire has held the honor­ary positions of President of the Societyof Petroleum Geophysicists and Presi­dent of the Independent ExplorationCompany.EDITH RUFF, now Mrs. Edward \Tv.Higgins of Scarsdale, N. Y., is themother of four children. Mrs. Higginsis president of the P. T.A. and is activein the Woman's Auxiliary.P'REW SAVOY is an attorney in Wash­ington, D. C. Mr. Savoy is married andthe father of two children.CHESTER T. SCHRADER of Home­wood, Illinois, travels for the WesternUnion Telegraph Company as auditor.Mr. Schrader's private hobby as he saysis philately, but in the dictionary we found "stamp collecting" to mean thesame. He also collects antiques. iGEORGE J. SERCK of Great Neck, LongIsland, is in the wholesale furniturebusiness. When not golfing, Mr. Serckspends his leisure time with his family,which consists of a wife and two daugh­ters, Lenore, and Ellen.BLANCHE ETHYL SIMMONS teachessocial living in a high school in LosAngeles. Miss Simmons is a member ofthe Los Angeles branch of A.A.U.W., anactive worker with the Red Cross Auxil­iary, and a member of the executive com­mittee of the High School TeachersAssociation of L. A.ENID ELOISE SMITH, now Mrs. Mau­rice M. Carpenter of Aberdeen, SouthDakota, finds all her spare time takenby her many activities, such as, A.A.U.W., American Legion Auxiliary, aStudy Club, a Monday Musicale Club,Church Guild, Y.W.C.A., G.irl ScoutCouncil. Mrs. Carpenter has had pub­lished one song. She collects old glassas her hobby. ,MARJORIE STEVENS, now Mrs. War­ren F. Upham of Malden, Massa.chusetts,is general secretary of the Y.W.C.A. inMalden. She really enj oys gardeningbut finds some time for music too.GEORGE D. STOUT is now assistant pro-'fessor of English at Washington U ni­versity in St. Louis, Mo.HELEN SULZBERGER, now Mrs. RobertM. Eisendrath, lives at 2350 LincolnPark West, Chicago.ROSCOE E. TAYLOR of Iowa City, Iowa,sends "Regards to the Gang." R. E.Taylor is vice president and generalmanager of the Iowa City Light andPower Company whose general officesare in Chicago Bankers Building. Some­day Taylor expects to look up "some ofthe old gang" and says that he has onlyrun across a few since 1920. Mr. Tay­lor's chief vice today is golf but hewrites, "have a hard time breaking 80."He has served as president of the Cham­ber of Commerce Community Chest, Ro­tary Club, Country Club.JOSEPH R. THOMAS is occupied withsales personnel work and inventing inconnection with the Pullman CouchCompany of Chicago.HELEN G. THOMPSON does advertisingunder her own name at 598 MadisonAvenue, New York City. Miss Thomp­son is a member of the Woman's CityClub of New York and also the FashionGroup of New York.MAREE TREVOR, now Mrs. Clarence C.Cox of Marion, Illinois, is president ofthe Marion Branch of the A.A.U.W.Mrs. Cox coaches the girl's basket ballteam for Marion and also is president ofthe Marion Band Association.FRANK H. ULVELING teaches physicsat Amundsen high school in Chicago.Mr. Ulveling names his hobbies as golfand music.AMRY VANDENBOSCH heads the de­partment of political science at the Uni­versity of Kentucky in Lexington, Ken­tucky.MARIAN VOGDES, now Mrs. G. R.Windes, lives at 456 Drexel Avenue inGlencoe, Illinois.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 27ELIZABETH WALKER of Dowagiac,Michigan, free lances as a newspaperwriter.HAROLD C. WALKER of Wauwatosa,Wisconsin, is associated with Riter andCompany as an investment �alesman.Mr. Walker claims three hobbles: p�o­tography, cocker spaniels, and curling(whatever the last may be).'HELEN F. WALKER, now Mrs. Ed­ward B. Hayes of Downers Grove, Illi­nois, writes that she and her lawyer hus­band are interested in birds and flowers,and that they are located near the Mor­ton Arboretum, which they make gooduse of.NONA WALKER, now Mrs. George H.Daugherty, '21, teaches at Austin highschool in Chicago.WILLIAM w. WATSON heads the de­partment of physics at Yale University.Mr. Watson married Elizabeth P. Wells,'26.lONE WEBER, now Mrs. Hans H.Asmussen of New York City, teaches atBrooklyn College. , 'GERTRUDE WILSON of Momence, Illi­nois is associate professor and assistantclea� of the School' of Applied SocialSciences at the University of Pittsburgh.Miss Wilson is especially interested insocial group work.THERESA WILSON, now Mrs. WilliamH. -Rothermel of Winnetka, Illinois,claims that she is interested in "everyactivity that Winnetka affords."H. C. WITHERINGTON is associate pro­fessor of education at Bowling GreenState University in Bowling Green,Ohio.MARGARET D. YATES of Fort Worth,Texas, is executive secretary of theCouncil of Social Agencies.AGNES C. YUTZEY, now Mrs. JamesAtkinson, Jr., of Clearwater, Florida,does private tutoring as an avocationduring the school year.EDYTHE FLACK ZETTLER (Mrs. EmilR.) of Deerfield, Illinois, is the motherof three tiny tots, 5, 3 and one year, ofage. When she finds it possible to takeher eyes off these tots, Mrs. Zettler tendsher garden.1921ELIZABETH COCHRAN, AM, PhD '30,professor of history at Kansas StateTeachers College in Pittsburg, Kansas,is sponsoring the International Rela­tions Club of Kansas State Teachers forthe year '40-'41, which is backed by theCarnegie Foundation. Miss Cochran isa member of A.A.U.W. and pastvice president of the Pittsburg Chap­ter of American Association of Univers­ity Professors.1922JOHN P. WHITTAKER of Atlanta,Georgia is registrar of the Atlanta Uni­versity and Morehouse College. Dur­ing the summer, Mr. Whittaker directsthe Atlanta University summer school.For an' avocation he is president of aBuilding and Loan Association.'1923EUSTACE L. BENJAMIN, MD '27, is connected with the Evanston HospitalAssociation as pathologist. Dr, Ben­j amin also. teaches pathology at theMedical School of Northwestern Uni­versity, Chicago.FLORISE HUNSUCKER presides aschairman of the Social Studies Depart­ment of the Indiana State Teachers Col­lege in Terre Haute, Ind. Miss Hun­sucker is personally interested in in­terior decorating, which occupies manyhours of her leisure time.ARTI-IUR J. GOLDBERG is a certifiedpublic accountant of Chicago, and waselected to membership in the AmericanInstitute of Accountants in July of lastyear. He was also retained by theCounty Treasurer of Cook County asexternal auditor on Sharda Receiver­ship cases.JAMES R. JACKSON, AM '24, PhD '27,directs the department of finance in theSchool of Commerce and Finance of theSt. Louis University. Mr. Jackson op­erates a small farm 40 miles from St.Louis where he lives 8 months of theyear. His address is Wentzville, Mis­souri, RFD No.2.MRS. FRANCES A. MULLEN, AM '27,PhD '39, teaches courses in psychologyand education at Lewis Institute in ad­dition to her work in the Bureau ofChild Study in Chicago. Mr. and Mrs.'M ullen adopted three children in Octo-ber of 1939: Mary Ann, 7; William, 6;and Ethel Alice,S.1924For eight years JOHN LANDESCO hasbeen a member of the Board of Pardonsand Paroles here in the state of Illinois.1925,ROBERT S. CAMPBELL, SM '29, PhD'32, assistant chief of the Division ofRange Research in the United StatesForest Service located in Washington,and Mrs, Campbell (Imogene Foltz,SM '32) have purchased a new homein Arlington, Virginia, 4545 32ndRoad, N.FRED KARUSH, PhD '38, has gone tothe University of Pennsylvania to be aFellow of the j ohnson Foundation forMedical Physics,W. H. SHOREY of Davenport, Iowa ispresident and manager of the ScottCounty Title Company and secretary ofthe Davenport Bowl e r s, Inc. Mr.Shorey's golf ranges from 85 to 100.1926,CHARLES E. LANE JR., PhD '33, re­cently has accepted the associate pro­fessorship of physics at the MississippiState College in State College, Miss.1927EUGENE H. ADEI MAN, AM, hasmoved from Pittsburgh,' Pa. to Dallas,Texas, where he is living at the HotelErvington. 'VIRGINIA EVERETT, AM, PhD, '40,teaches freshman English, . Americanliterature and Chaucer; she, loves it!Miss Everett is an active member of theA.A.U.W. PEARL HOGREFE) PhD, associate pro­Iessor of. English at Iowa State Col­lege in Ames, Iowa, writes poetry forthe Prairie Pre$s. Miss Hogrefe isstate chairman of the Division of Poetryfor the Iowa Federation of Women's, Clubs and the past president of the lo­cal chapter of the American Associationof University Professors.ALFRED INGLE) SM, is teaching atElmhurst College in Elmhurst, Ill.1928JOHN H. SHROYER) AM, PhD- '32,n0'W heads the department of chemistryat Bradley Polytechnic Institute inPeoria, Ill.1929GEORGE J. BUCHY is the vice presi­dent of The Charles Buchy PackingCompany in Greenville, Ohio. Mr.Buchy is advertising promotion chair­man 0 f the Greenville Area for theAmerican Meat Institute of Chicago.He is also vice president of the Green­ville Board of Education.PAUL L. HOLLISTER, SM, Professorof Biology at Cumberland University inLebanon, Tenn., teaches biology at Pea­body College, during the summer schoolterm, in Nashville.Professor Hollister is secretary of thefaculty at Cumberland.DON R. KNIGHT, AM, coaches andteaches at Shortridge high school in In­dianapolis, Indiana. Mr. Knight namespinocchole as his leisure time pleasure.1930Mrs. D. F. Menard (MONTANA X.FABER) has published two compositions,which were given their premier lastmonth. - Mrs. Menard's organ prelude,"St. Andrew," was given on December1 in Pittsburgh, Pa. and "Jubilate," aChristmas carol was sung on December6 in Bellevue, Pa.1931MARY GRADDY BROCK, SM, biologyteacher, recently was transferred to anew school here in Chicago, SouthShore high school., GRACE· M. HENDERSON lives at 70The Byway, Forest Home in Ithaca,N. Y., where she is a member of thefaculty of Cornell University. She alsoteaches adult homemaking education tocommunity leaders in local communities.RICHARD- M. KAIN, AM, PhD, '34, re­cently became associate professor ofEnglish at the University of Louisville,Louisville, Ky.JOHN M. V. STEVENSON, instructorin creative writing at Lincoln Seniorhigh school in Manitowoc, Wisconsin,was married on August 4, 1940 to Ar­lene Lorfeld. Mr. Stevenson was ap­pointed head tennis coach for Manito­woc teams this fall. The tennis teamshave been excellent in the last ten yearswith two state and six-Fox River Valleytitles.S. ELOISE WEBSTER, SM '32, teachesbiology at Phillips high school inChicago.28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEJULIAN D. WEISS, JD '33, is a memberof the Trust Investment Division of theAmerican National Bank and TrustCompany of Chicago. He recently wrotean article entitled: "Common Stocks asTrust Investments," which was pub­lished in the Bond Account magazine,issue of October 28, 1940.1932LAWRENCE J. SCHMIDT has held theposition of deputy state administrator ofthe N ational Youth Administration forIllinois since 1935.1933GEORGE F. DALE'S new official- title issupervising chemist of the HerculesPowder Company in Parlin, N. J.JAMES W. PORTER of Topeka, Kansas,not only ran for representative to theKansas Legislature, as announced previ­ously, but was elected.1934FRANCES E. BAKER has been teachingmathematics at Mt. Holyoke College inSouth Hadley, Massachusetts since1935. Her official title, which was as­sumed this year, is assistant professor.WILLIAM CHARLES KORFMACHER,PhD, is associate professor and secre __tary of the Department of ClassicalLanguages at the St. Louis University.Professor Korfrnacher has been vicepresident for Missouri of the ClassicalAssociation of the Middle West andSouth since 1935 and secretary of theMissouri Conference of University Pro-.fessors since 1939.RUTH CAMP MOORE, SM '35, hasbeen employed at Abbott Laboratoriesin North Chicago since the first of lastyear.FRANK VAN ETTEN is associated withthe Sherwin-Williams Company ofChicago.1935JOHN BARDEN, JD '38, is a memberof Squadron A in the WIst CavalryRegiment of New York City, which wasto be federalized on January 2, 1941.After five years at the University ofRome and Zurich, HAROLD M. BARNES,JR. is back in the United States atPrinceton.NESTOR W. FLODIN, PhD '38, is nowconnected with the R. and H. Chem­icals Division, E. 1. du Pont de N e­mours and Company in Niagara Falls,New York. Previous to this positionMr. Flodin was associated with the Chi­cago Carton Company.HENRY D. LYTTON enlisted in Com­pany A, 9th Regiment, New YorkGuard, when it was mustered into thestate service on December 9, at the 14thStreet Armory in New York City.HOWARD W. RICH, JD '37, of 5469S. Hyde Park Blvd. is an attorney withoffices in the Field Building, Chicago.M. WESLEY ROPER PhD, heads thedepartment of sociology at the KansasState Teachers College in Emporia.Professor Roper was secretary of the Kansas Conference of Social Work for1939-40 and he is now president for1940-41.ELIZABETH SAYLOR recently accepteda position in the Sales Promotion De­partment of the University of ChicagoPress. Miss Saylor spent the summer of1937 abroad, and subsequently did dis­play promotion work for national adver­tisers and local stores in New YorkCity, San Francisco, and Chicago.1936Mrs. Daniel L. Hamilton (MARY N.MACKENZIE, MA '37) and her husband,LIEUTENANT HAMILTON, '38, have leftBloomington, Indiana, to live in Annap­olis, Maryland, at 217 Hanover Street.Lt. Hamilton is now on active duty atthe United States Naval Academy asprofessor of French and Portuguese.DUNCAN MACMILLAN, PhD, is an in­structor in physical and analyticalchemistry at Lewis Institute in Chicago.H. TODD STRADFORD, MD '38, is sta­tioned in the United States Naval Hos­pital in Brooklyn, New York.1937STEPHEN KANE) lives in Bartlesville,Oklahoma where he is employed by thePhilli ps Petroleum Corporation.WILLIAM KANINEN, who was em­ployed .by the College Inn Food Prod­ucts Company of Chicago, has receiveda new appointment as metallurgist withYoungstown Sheet and Tube Companyin Indiana Harbor, Ind.DOROTHY KINSLEY has taught for thepast two years at Bloom Township highschool in Chicago Heights. Miss Kins­ley occupies the long winter monthswith plans for her vacations.CALDER S. SHERWOOD, SM, teacheschemistry in the Norfolk Divisions ofthe College of William and Mary andthe Virginia Polytechnic Institute. Pro­fessor Sherwood has served as the act­ing head of the chemistry departmentsince January, 1940.A. EDSON SMITH, AM, principal ofAnn Jonesboro high school, has beentrans ferred to the Galesburg senior highschool for the year, 1940-41. PrincipalSmith's third daughter was born lastJuly 28, Mary Lynne.ELMER G. YOUMANS, AM '38, went toWashington last fall to fill the appoint­ment of administrative technician in theUnited States Department of Labor.1938TAYLOR R. ALEXANDER, SM, is com­pleting his work for the doctorate whilehandling all botany courses taught atthe University of Miami, Coral Gables,Fla.HENRY S. COHEN has joined theforces of the Allied Finishing Companylocated in Chicago.LELAND HORBERG) PhD, is a memberof the department of geology at the Uni­versity of Illinois in Urbana. ProfessorHorbcr sr did summer field work in theb .Jackson Hole country in Wyoming.HUGH E. IMPEY is working with his father in the James A. Impey Agency( insurance) .NICHOLAS J. LETANG has gone toWilmington, Delaware to work for E. I.du Pont de Nemours and Company.DALE NOBLE, MBA, former person­nel technician for the Michigan M u­nicipal League, is now technical advisorfor the Merit System Council for theState of West Virginia.ATHAN PANTSIOS) PhD, is associatedwith the Illinois Adhesives Company,located in Chicago.EDWARD SEGEL is a junior chemistwith the Quartermaster's Corps, 1819W. Pershing Road, Chicago.ELMO D. WOLFE, DB, lives in SouthPasadena, Cali fornia, where he is min­ister of education at the Oneonta Con­gregational Church.1939ERWIN F. BEYER) Senior, worked fora year for Sears Roebuck and Com­pany, main mail order plant in Chicago,but now has received an appointmentat the University of Chicago as assist­ant coach of gymnastics. Mr. Beyer'savocation and hobby is keeping hisfather, a Federal Regional Director ofthe Department of Agriculture, youngby doing dual acrobatic work with him.ARNOLD CROMPTON, AM, preaches atthe First Unitarian Church in Erie, Pa.Minister Crompton, under the pen-nameof Bruce Haddon, acts as literary criticfor the Erie Dispatch-Herald.STANLEY DODD is employed by theVerley Chemical Company of Chicago.\V ILBUR JERGER of Chicago is attend­ing St. Johns College in Annapolis, Md,Mr. Jerger declares his hobby is magic.EDWARD THEODORE JOHNSON,. AM,formerly principal of Willard School inDayton, Ohio, is now connected with t�1eTennessee Agricultural & IndustnalTeachers College in Nashville.VIRGINIA E. JOHNSON, who served assupervisor of Surgical Nursing at theAlbany Hospital ,in Albany, N ew York,is now instructor in surgical nursing atRussell Sage College, School of N urs­ing.DA VID JONES JR. has joined thedu Pont de Nemours and Company inCarney's Point, New Jersey.C. C. LINGARD, PhD, of Regina,Sask., Canada teaches history in theCentral Collegiate Institute. ProfessorLingard has published book review inthe Canadian Daily Press and articles inthe Canadian historical review. He ishonorary secretary-treasurer of the Re­gina Branch of the Canadian Instituteof International Affairs for 1940'-41 andthe past president of the Regina Branchof the League of Nations Society(1940) .KULLERVO LOUHI has an appointmentas instructor in accounting at the Schoolof Business at the University of Kansasin Lawrence for the year 1940-41.RICHARD B. METCALF, PhD, went toWestminster, Maryland this fall to ac­cept a position in the Western Mary­land College.'T-H E U N I V E R SIT Y u F CHICAGO 1\1 A G A Z I N EROBERT E. MEYER is learning the in­vestment business with the Illinois Com­pany of Chicago. On the side Mr.Meyer referees college and high schoolfootball and basketball games. Mr.Meyer married Marion P. Hanley onMay 25, 1940.WANDA ODELL joined the Oriental De­partment of the Art Institute of Chicagoin July of 1939. Miss Odell's specialfield is Chinese art and archaeology.RICHARD RASHMAN, graduate of theSchool 0 f Business, is associated withthe Equitable Li fe Assurance Society ofthe United States, located at 29 S.La Salle Street.PAUL ]. ROGERSON, AM, recentlyjoined the sales staff of the Universityof Chicago Press. Mr. Rogerson re­sio-ned as teacher of mathematics at theLinsley Military Institute, Wheeling, W.Va., to accept the position at the Press.HAROLD ROSENBLOOM is in Pittsburgh,•BUSINESSDIRECTORY•AMBULANCE SERVICEBOYDSTON BROS." All phones OAK. 0492operatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics. etc.PACKARD AND LASALLE EQUIPMENlAWNINGSPhones Oakland 0690-0691-0b92Th.e Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.,INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueVENETIAN BLINDSQUEENS VENETIAN BLINDPHONE CENTRAL ·4516Flexible steel slats orseasoned basswood 28two.- tone tapes or solid Ccolors. Any size blinds.Per square foot .After 5 P. M. Plaza 3698BOILER REPAIRINGBEST BOILER REPAIRand WELDING CORP.DAY AND NIGHT PHONE CAN. 6071-0324 HOUR SERVICEQUALIFIED LICENSED CONTRACTOR1404-08 S. W estern Ave., Chicago Pa., where he is connected with HallLaboratories Inc.ROBERT P. SAALBACH" AM, began toteach English Composition at Pennsyl­vania State College last fall.1940HUBERT ]. DYER, SM, has moved toColumbus, Ohio to study at Ohio StateUniversity and he expects to return tothe University next year to receive hisdoctorate.WILLIAM C. LARKIN lives in OrlandPark, Illinois where he is teaching atOrland Park high school.LOUIS KIMBALL MANN, PhD, is aninstructor in Botany at Ohio Universityin Athens, Ohio.WARD L. MINER, AM, has accepted aposition as English instructor in theSouth Dakota State College in Brook ..ings, S. D., which begins this month.FRANK M. MOODY is treasurer of Rog­ers Garage, Inc., in Hanover, NewHampshire. Mr. Moody is a member ofthe rotary club, school board and is alsoa bank director.HARVEY POSVIC is an assistant atCarlton College in Northfield, Minn.,beginning this year.JOHN STAMM is employed by Johnsonand Johnson of Chicago.JEROME STYRT is now employed byContinental Can Company, Inc., locatedin Chicago.GEORGE T ATZMANN is working forthe Verley Chemical Company of Chi­cago.CARL WILLIAMS) SM, is now withArmour Packing Comp.any in Chicago.SOCIAL SERVICESTUART K. JAFFARY, PhD '39, is onleave of absence from his position asDirector of the Department of SocialService of the University of Torontoin order to assist in setting up the newfederal scheme of unemployment insur­ance and assistance for Canada.ANNIDA S'LAVENS, AM '40, who hasbeen a Child W-elfare Field Work su­pervisor, has accepted a position asCase Work Director of the .Children'sService Bureau of Pittsburgh, Penn­sylvania.CHARLOTTE LAW FORD, AM '38, hasleft the Children's Service Associationin Milwaukee to accept a position withthe Service Bureau for Negro Childrenof the New York Children's Aid Societyin New York City.MARJORIE J. SMITH, AM '38, is oneof the authors of a recent volume "Lawsof the State of Washington Relatingto Children," published by the StateCollege at Pullman, Washington.DOROTHY ALDAG HOLLISTER, AM '36,has left the Department of Health andWelfare in Cleveland to accept a casework position in the Juvenile Court ofCuyahoga County, Division of Aid toDependent Children.HAROLD FELDMAN, AM '38, has leftthe Migration Division of the NationalRefugee Service in New York City toaccept a case work position with theDepartment of Public Welfare in Chel­sea, Massachusetts. 29BOOK BINDERSw. B. CONKEY COMPANYHAMMOND, INDIANA'1""IIIIllllllllllllllltll""II"II"IIII""""IIII1II111""""IIIII"IIIIIIIII""lIIlIIlIIllIIllIIllltIllllltlllllPRINTERS and BINDERSOF. __BOOKS and CATALOGS11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111'SALES OFFICES: CHICAGO AND NEW YORKBOOKSMEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall Nevo/ Books Received as soon as pub­lished. Come in and browse.SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Congress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical CollegeBUTTER & EGGSMURPHY BUTTER AND EGG co .2016 CALUMET AVE.CHURNERa OF FANCY CREAMERY BUTTERFINES,T WI'SCONSIN EGGSAlways UniformChurned Fresh DailyPhone' CALumet 5731CATERERJOSEPH H. BIGGSFine Catering in all its branches50 East Huron StreetTel. Sup. 0900�090 IRetail Deliveries Daily and SundaysQuality and Service Since 1882CEMENT CONTRACTORSCONCRETEFLOORSSIDEWALKSMACHINE FOUNDATIONSMASTIC FLOORSALL PHONESEST.19Z9 Wentworth 44226639 So. Vernon Ave.CHEMICAL "ENGINEERSAlbert K. Epstein. '12B. R. Harris, '21Epstein. Reynolds and HarrisConsulfinq Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-6COALEASTMAN COAL CO.Established 1902YARDS ALL OVER TOWNGENERAL OFFICES342 N. Oakley Blvd�Telephone Seeley 448830 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFLOWERSWasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phones: Wentworth 8620-1-2-3-4Wesson's Coel Makes Good-or­Wesson DoesCOFFEE-TEALa. Touraine Coffee Co.IMPORTERS AND ROASTERS OFLA TOURAINECOFFEE AND TEA209-13 MILWAUKEE AVE., CHICAGOat Lake and Canal Sh.Phone State 1350Bosto'n-N ew York-Pbi lade,lphia-Syracuse,ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORSWM. FECHT ELECTRIC CO.CONTRACTORS - ENGINEERSLIGHT & POWER CONSTRUCTION600W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneSeeley 2788DENTISTDR. BERNARD R. LlTZa graduate of the University of lllinois 139ANNOUNCESThe Openin g of His Office forthe Practice of Dentistryat theGladstone Hotel, 6200 S. Kenwood Ave.Hyde Park 4100YOlU are cordially invited to obtain dental serviee ona yearly budget system that is now available.EMPLOYMENTCOLOREDDOMESTIC HELPFurnishedDay or NightReferences investigated.Englewood Employment Agency5530 S. State Phone-Englewood 3181-3182Street Night-Englewood 3181Established 20 yearsGRAPHIC ARTSTHE SCRIPTORIUMScribes • Illuminators • BindersC L RICKETIS JASPER S KINGIf it is said to last a lifetime or longer, sayit sincerely with well-chosen words in beau-tiful, imperishable desitm.MESSAGES OF APPRECIATION. RESO­LUTIONS. ILLUMINATED INSCRIPTIONS.MEMORIALS; BIRTHDAY. CHRISTMASAND GUEST BOOKS; CRESTS. COATSOF ARMS. TITLE PAGES•DIPLOMAS, CITATIONS,HONORARY DEGREES, CHARTERSValued papers and letters restoredand bound38 SOUTH DEARBORN STREETDEARBORN 0001 CHICAGO Some of the students who received. the AM degree at the December, 1940,Convocation and their positions are:IRVING BASS and STANLEY GLICK­MAN, Case Workers, Chicago ReliefAdministration; CONSTANCE CORLETTEFALKNER, Case Worker, Family Wel­fare Society, Indianapolis; LEONARDGORDON, Case Supervisor, Departmentof Public Assistance in West Virginia;BARBARA HALL, Child Welfare Worker,Hillsdale County, Michigan; FRANCISI TZIN, Assistant Statistician, IndianaState Department of Public WeHare;PERETZ KATZ, Case Worker, Jewish So­cial Service Bureau, Chicago; CON­STANCE KENT, Case Worker, Commun­ity Service Society, New York City;GEORGE NAYLOR IV, Case Worker, TheFamily and Children's Center, Stam­ford, Connecticut; JULIA POPE, DistrictConsultant, Child Welfare Services,Georgia State Department of PublicVVelfare; HARRIET SALINGER, MedicalSocial Worker, Michael Reese Hospital,Chicago; Lucy SANBORN, Case Worker,United Charities, Chicago; GERALDSOROKER, Case Worker, Jewish FamilyWelfare Association, Boston; PHYLLISPEREL \VASSERMAN, Case Worker, Jew­ish Children's Bureau, Chicago; MA­RION WHITE, Medical Social Worker,N ew York Hospital; MARIE WILEY,Case Worker, Children's Service Asso­ciation, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.MISS ABBOTT and MISS WALKER at­tended the Annual Meeting of theAmerican Public Welfare Associationin Washington, D. c., on December 5�6, and 7. Many former students of theSchool were in attendance at this meet­ing.MISS BRECKINRIDGE attended themeetings of the Child Welfare AdvisoryCommittee at the U. S. Children's Bu­reau in Washington in December.MISS WRIGHT attended the meeting ofthe Study" Committee of the AmericanAssociation of Schools of Social Workin Washington, D. c., early in Decem­ber.BORNTo KENNETH H. ADAMS, '28" PhD'32, and Mrs. Adams a daughter, Patri­cia, on July 6, 1940, Fenton, Mo.Tn ROBERT VV. BECK, '32, SM '34,and Mrs. Beck, a son, Robert W. Beck,on December 29, 1940, in Mattoon, Illi­nois.To KENNETH FORESMAN, AM '37 andLouise Sonderreger Foresman, a daugh­ter, August, 1940, in Lincoln, Nebraska.To VICTOR LEVINE, '25, MD '29, andMrs. Levine (WILHELMENA WARNER,'27, AM '30'), a daughter, Frances War­ner, April 12, 1940, Chicago.To DONALD A. MARTINEX, '23, andMrs. Martinex, a son, Robert Louis, onJune 30, 1940', Chicago.To FRANK R. MAYO, '29, PhD '31,and Mrs. Mayo, a second daughter inSeptember, 1940, Chicago. Dr. Mayois a member of the staff of the depart­ment of chemistry at the University.To \i\TU_,LIAM V. MORGENSTERN, '20,JD '22, and Mrs. Morgenstern, a daugh­ter, Sheila, on December 16, 1940, Chi­cago. Mr. Morgenstern is the Directorof the Alumni Foundation. • CHICAGOEstablished 1865FLOWERSPhones: Plaza 6444, 64451645 E. 55th StreetGROCERIESLEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Park 9100-'-2QUALITY FOODSTUFFSMODERATE PRICESWE DELIVERLAUNDRIESSUNSHINE LAUNDRYCOMPANYAll ServicesDry Cleeninq2915 Cottage Grove Ave.r elephone Victory 5110LETTER SERVICEPOND LETTER SERVCEEverything in LettersMimeographingAddressingMailingMinimum PricesH coven TypewritingMultigraphingAddressograph ServiceHighest Quality ServiceAll PhonesHarrison 8118 418 So. Market St.ChicagoLITHOGRAPHERL. C. Meed 121. E. J. Chelifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph-Offset-Printing731 Plymouth CourtWabesh 8182OFFICE FURNITUREFILING CABINETSDESKS - LOCKERSCUPBOARDS - SHELVINGMetal Office Furniture Co.Grand Rapid •• Mlohl.anOPTICIANSNELSON OPTICAL CO •1138 Eas+63rd StreetHyde Park5352Dr. Nels R. Nelson. OptometristPAINTERSTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERUGSGEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting-Decorating-Wood Finishing3123Leke Street PhoneKedzie 3186E. STEWART FEIGHINC.PAINTING DECORATING5559 TelephoneCottage Grove Ave. Midway 4404RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331w. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneMonroe 3192PHOTOGRAPHERMOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigar. Blvd .• Chicago •• State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHER.u, of C. ALUMNIPLASTERINGHOWARD F. NOLANPLASTERING. BRICKandCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone Dorchester 1579PRINTERSCLARKE-McELROYPUB'LISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3935"Good Print ins of All Descriptions"RESTAURANTSThe Best Place to Eat on the South Side�'j. ill:l.iIl·X.)')COLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 Woodlawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324 To MARCUS OLSON, PhD '36, andMrs. Olson, a son, .Carl Erik, on July13, 1940, in Elmhurst, Del.To Mr. and Mrs. Ransom C. Orange(MARGARET WHITE, '25), a son, Rob­ert Clayton, on October 29, 1940, inChicago.To JOHN SCHNElD�RFI,"PhD '35, andMrs. Schneider, a son in September,1940, in El PasO', Texas.To A. E. SIDWELL, PhD '34, and Mrs.Sidwell, a son, David Albert, on June 3,1940, Chicago.To ALFRED WARDLEY, AM '40 andGladys Kerns Wardley,. a daughter,Gloria Anne, on October 14, 1940, Chi­cago.To ROBERT ZOLLA, '33, and Mrs. Zolla(BETTY MEYERS, '36), on June 12,194-0,a son, William Allen, Chicago.ENGAGEDCorinne Unger to HARRY ADELMAN,JSD '37, Chicago, Illinois. The wed­ding is planned for March 16, 1941.SARA ELIZABETH GWIN, '35, to ED­WIN LEE RAMSEY, JR., '35, Chicago.ERNEST M. MAY, PhD '38, to BettyDewey of La Grange, Ill. Dr. May isassociated with the May Chemical Cor­poration, 198 Niagara Street, Newark,N. J.MARRIEDKARL D. HESLEY, '21, to Mollie Gor­don on September 6, 1940, Albany, NewYork. Mr. Hesley is an N. Y. A. di­rector.'JEAN MISSELL, '27, to Marius O. Ma­thison, November 9, 1940, in GrandForks, North Dakota.Alice Schutt of Minnesota to HERMANKOGAN, '36, member of the editorial staffof the Tribwne, on December 28, 1940,Chicago.HELEN T. BURROWS, AM '37, to Dr.J oseph B. Furst in July, 1940, Daven­port, Iowa. They are living at 686 Mas­sachusetts Avenue, Boston, Mass.NANCY NIMMONS, '38, to BLAND B.BUTTON, JR. '38, on October 19, 1940,Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Button are athome at 5460 Woodlawn Avenue, Chi­cago.SHIRLEY NEWBERGER, '40, to Dr. Jo­seph B. Teton, Chicago. Dr. and Mrs.Teton are living at 5006 Blackstone Ave.,Chicago.MARY ALLEN THOMAS, '40, daughterof JOHN E. THOMAS, '12, and MRS.THOMAS, '15, of Fort Worth, to WalterO'Bannon, Jr., on December 28, 1940,in Fort Worth. Mr. and Mrs. WalterO'Bannon, Jr., will be at home after thefirst of February at 1903 RiversideDrive, Tulsa, Oklahoma.VINCENT A .. LACOVARA, MD '36, toFrances E. Navarra on August 4, 1940,at Chatham, N. Y.ADELINE ROSEBURG, '37, SM '38, toJack N. Weiland on June 23 at 'theCovenant Club. Mr. and Mrs. Weilandare living at 5303 ·S. Kimbark Avenue.Claire Golden to MERRILL BLAINEJOHNS, JR., '38, on December 26. Mr.and Mrs. Johns are at home at 2836 E.130th St., Cleveland, Ohio. 31ASHJ�AN BROS., Inc.ESTABLISHED 1921Orien tal 'and DomesticRUGSGLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone Regent' 6000COMMERCIAL SCHOOLSI �!O�R�H!!OYR�for College People OnlySuperior training for practical, personal use or profit­able employment. Course give,s you dictation. speed of100 words a minute in 100 days. C1asses. begin,January, April, July and October. Enroll' 'Now.Write or phone for bulletin. 'BRYANT Be STRATTON Colleg,18 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago Tel: RAN. 157�MacCormac School of,CommerceBusiness Administration and SecretarialTrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Assoetatton of Ac­credited Commercial Schools.1170 E. 63rd St. H. P.2130SCHOOL-SHORTHANDYour whole life throughShorthand will be useful to you.For more particulars call, write,or telephone.THE GREGG COLLEGt6 North Michigan. Avenue. ChicagoState 1881ROOFERSESTABLISHED 1908ROOFING and INSULATINGSHEET METAL WORKSECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKS•Galvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights. Gutters. Down SpoutsTile. Slate and Asbestos Roofing•1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893STOCKS-BONDS-COMMODITIESP. H. Davis. '11. H. I. Markham. lEx. 106'R. W. Davis. 116. F. B. Evans. IIIPaul H. Davis & Co.. MembersNew' York Stock'. ExchangeChicago Stock ExchangeChicago Board, of Trade10 So'. La Salle St. Franklin 8622TEACHERS' AGENCIESTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE32AMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGOA Bureau of Placement which limits itswork to the university and college field.It is affliated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allthe educational fields. Both organizationsassist in the appointment of administratorsas well as of teachers.Albert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all kinds of teachingpositions. Large and alert College andState Teachers' College departments forDoctors and Masters; forty per cent of ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenumbers ; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Ad­ministration, Music, and Art, secure finepositions through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well pre­pared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special man­ager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.CLARK·BREWERTeachers Agency57th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices-One FeeCHICAGO, MINNEAPOLISKANSAS CITY, MO. SPOKANENEW YORKHUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY25 E. JACKSON BLVD.Telephone Harrison 7793Chicago, III.Member National Associationof Teachers AgenciesGenerally recognized as one of the leading TeachersAge,neie,s o,f the United states.UNDERTAKERSBOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.All Phones OAKland 0492VENTILATI.NGThe Haines CompanyVentilating and Air ConditioningContractors1929-1937 West Lake St.Phones Seeley 2765-2766-2767 JAMES A. LYTTLE, JR., '39, to VivianAlexa of Highland Park, Illinois, onDecember 14, 1940.DOROTHY HANNAH PHILLIPS, '40, toROBERT W. STOKLEY, '40, on December18, 1940, Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Stok­ley are at home at 5847 Blackstone Ave.bisoMrs. ALIDA BERNAYS, '10, wife ofLewis Bernays, consul general of GreatBritain, on December 16, 1940, Chicago.SAMUEL S. BLACKLOCK, MD '01, onNovember 11, 1940, Hibbing, Minn.JOSEPH C. BORDEN, '11, former presi­dent of the Chicago Mercantile Ex­change, on December 24, 1940, in LaGrange, Ill.WILLIAM HENRY BRYAN, '04, of SanFrancisco on May 18, 1940. For manyyears he had been on the faculty of theHastings College of Law.CENEVIEVE COOK, '25, teacher emeri­tus of Chicago schools, in November of1940 in Los Angeles, California, at theage of 83.Mrs. HOWARD H. CLEMONS, AM '30,on November 3, 1940, in Milwaukee,Wisconsin.ANGELINA L. GRAVES, '98, who wasassistant editor of the Public for 15years, on December 12, 1940, in Chicago.STANLEY HAMBERG, '32, on December13, 1940, Chicago. Mr. Hamberg was aguard on the University of Chicagofootball teams of 30-31-32.JUNETTA CHRISTINE HEINONEN, PhD'29, on December 18, 1940. Miss Hei­nonen was connected with the Iowa StateTeachers College in Cedar Falls, Ia.SAMUEL M. HEITZ, '26, on August 21,1940, in Dayton, Ohio.NELLE G. HUDSON, '22, on October13, 1940, in Madison, Wisconsin.WILLIAM G. KIMMEL, AM '23, as�o­ciate editor in the John C. WinstonCompany of Philadelphia, on December13, 1940, in Iowa City, Iowa.DAVID MERRIAM, '12, on December 12,1940, in Minneapolis, Minn.ARTHUR C. MILLER, '14, a teacher ofbiology and botany in Austin high schoolfor more than 25 years, on December 5,1940, Chicago.JEROME M. MOYER, '23, of Chicago inMay, 1940.CHARLES B. PAVLICEK, JR., '17, JD '19,of Berwyn, Illinois, on July 29, 1940.Lucy PIERCE, '95, Mrs. Charles W.Ca.stle on December 5, Wilmette, Illi­nois,CLYDE E. STACKHOUSE, '10, physician,on December 26, 1940, in Bismarck,North Dakota.KARL L. THORSGAARD, MD '00, on De­cember 29, 1940, in Chicago. Dr.Thorsgaard was a member of the staffof Augustana hospital.T. RUSSELL V/ILKINS, PhD '21, pro­fessor of physics at the University ofRochester, on December 10 in Roches­ter, New York. Dr. Wilkins was an in­structor at the University of Chicago in1916-17. r---------------------------------.�BLACKSTONEf,HALLanExclusive Women's Hotelin theUniversity of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to Unl­versity and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748Blackstone Ave. TelephonePleze 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorPETERSONFireproof WarehouseSTORAGE -- MOVINGForeign - DomesticShipments55th & Ellis Phone, MID 9700HAIR REMOVED FOREVER?�BEFORE19 Years' ExperienceFREE CONSULTATIONLOTTIE A. METCALFEGraduate NurseALSOELECTROLYSIS EXPERTMultiple 20 platinum needles can beused. Permanent removal of Hair fromFace, Eyebrows, Back of Neck or anypart of Body; destroys 200 to 600 HairRoots per hour.Removal of Facial Veins, Moles andWarts.Member American Assn. 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Techniquesrecently devised for locating likely successful employeesare vastly better than many now used by some employers.A discriminating service can be rendered by a placementoffice which is operated by competent placement coun­selors who follow up-to-date procedures.Third in a series of advertisements dealing with the workof the Board of Vocational Guidance and PlacementSOLVEWE HELPWHICHT.HE BOARD OF VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND PLACEMENTMidway 0800 · Local 391The University of Chicago• • . little voice commands vast' systemMary picks up her Bell telephone.Her voice travels over miles of wireon poles or under streets. It travelson to the intricate equipment at thecentral office, attended hy alert, ex­perienced people. The response is in­stant, and Mary's important messagegoes through! Here is some of this mechanism in atypical city exchange - part of thecomplex network manufactured hyWestern Electric. It is all made to ex­acting standards of quality hy skilledmen and women, with the inner urgeto produce equipment worthy of agreat public se�vi,ce.���a�A�#I rtA���;C ... isbackofyourrr �� I: �,. ,. � D I � "", J # I Bell Telephone service�