*J°£C J0r'%THE UNIVERSITYOFCHICAGO MAGAZINEE C E M B E R 19 4 0THE ALUMNI COUNCILOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOChairman, JOHN NUVEEN, JR., '18 Executive Secretary, CHARLTON T. BECK, '04The Council for 1940-41 is composed of the following delegates:From the College Association: Josephine T. Allin, '99: Arthur C. Cody, '24; Charles C.Greene, '19, JD'21 ; Olive Creensfelder, '16; Huntington Henry, '06; Frances HendersonHiggins, '20; J. Kenneth Laird, '25; Frank J. Madden, '20, JD'22; Herbert I. Markham,'05; Robert T. McKinlay, '29, JD'32; Frank McNair, '03 ; Helen Norris, '07; John Nuveen,Jr., '18; Keith I. Parsons, '33; JD'37; Elizabeth Sayler, '35 ; Katharine Slaught, '09; Clifton Utley, '26; Helen Wells. '24.From the Doctors of Philosophy Association: Leon P. Smithy AM'28, PhD'30; Eleanor Conway, PhD'36; Paul R. Cannon, PhD'24.From the Divinity Association: Charles L. Calkins, AM'22; Laird T. Hites, AM'16, DB'17,PhD'25; Sylvester Jones, DB'07.From the Law School Association: Charles F. McElroy, AM'06, JD'15; Charles P. Schwartz,'08, JD'09; Sidney S. Gorham, Jr., '28, JD'30.From the Education Association: Harold A. Anderson, '24, AM'26; Paul M. Cook, AM'27;Robert C. Woellner, AM'24.From the School of Business Association: George W. Benjamin, '35; Louise Forsyth, '30;Neil F. Sammons, '17.From the School of Social Service Administration: Anna Sexton Mitchell, AM'30; MarionSchaffner, '11; Richard Eddy, AM'34.From the Rush Medical College Association: C. J. Lundy, '24, MD'27; William A. Thomas,'12, MD'16; R. W. Watkins, MD'25.From the Graduate Library School: Jeanette Foster, AM'22, PhD'35; Gladys Spencer, AM'31;Miriam D. Tompkins.From the Association of the School of Medicine in the Division of the BiologicalSciences: Alf T. Haerem, MD'37; John Van Prohaska, '28, MD'34; B. G. Sarnat, '33,MD'37.From the Chicago Alumnae Club: Mrs. Jasper S. King, '18; Mrs. George Simpson, '18;Damaris Ames Schmitt '22.From the Chicago Alumni Club: John J. Schommer, '09; Wrisley B. Oleson, '18; John William Chapman, '15, JD'17.From tiik University: John F. Moulds, '07.Alumni Associations Represented in the Alumni CouncilThe College Alumni Association: President, John Nuveen, Jr., '18; Secretary, Charlton T.Beck, '04, University of Chicago.Doctors of Philosophy Association: President. Fred J. Rippy; Secretary, Eleanor Conway,PhD'36, Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago.Divinity School Association: President, William T. Seitz, '33; Secretary, Charles T. Holman,DB 16, University of Chicago.Law School Association: President, George M. Morris, JD'15; Secretary, Charles F. McElroy, AM'06, JD'15, 29 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago.School of Education Association: President, Aaron J. Brumbaugh, PhD'29; Secretary, Le-nore John, AM'27, 6009 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago.School of Business Association: President, John Cornyn, AM'36; Secretary, Sarah Hicks, '36,6656 Stewart Ave., Chicago.Graduate Library School Association: President, Leon Carnovsky, PhD'32 ; Secretary, Robert Miller, PhD'36, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.Rush Medical College Association: President, Frederick B. Moorehead, MD'06; Secretary, CarlO. Rinder, '11, MD'13, 122 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago.School of Social Service Administration Association: President, Mrs. E. J. Lewis, '25,AM'37; Secretary, Alice Voiland, AM'36, 5654 Kenwood Avenue, Chicago.Association of the Medical School of the Division of Biological Sciences: President,Ormand Julian, '34, MD'37; Secretary, Gail Dack, PhD'27, MD'33.All communications should be sent to the Secretary of the proper Association or to the Alumni Council,Faculty Exchange, University of Chicago. The dues for membership in any one of the Associations namedabove, including subscription to The University of Chicago Magazine, are $2.00 per year. A holderof more than one Degree from the Universitv of Chicago may be a member of more than one Association;in such instances the dues are divided and shared equally by the Association involved.THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEPUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI COUNCILCHARLTON T. BECK, '04Editor and Business ManagerHUGH M. COLE; DAVID DAICHES; BERN LUNDY, '37; DON MORRIS, '36; RALPH W. NICHOLSON, '36Contributing Editor REUBEN FRODIN, '33Associate EditorTHIS MONTHTHE COVER: Harry Alvin and Professor Schmitt for their par- roof" does one get a "visual notion"Millis, PhD'00, Professor and ticipation.) of the amount of thinking. UniversityChairman emeritus of the De- Likewise, Hugh Cole's article on people have done about the city ofpartment of Economics, who late in the Greek campaign, and Ralph Nich- Chicago. And, at least it seems so toNovember was named by President olson's firsthand report on Mexico, us, it is interesting to compare Gen-Roosevelt (and confirmed by the are equally worthy of your attention, eral Wood's remark, quoted in theSenate) to be a member of the Na- Professor Cole's article, incidentally, caption to that display, with thetional Labor Relations Board. (See was written on November 30, and the words of John D. Rockefeller (inNews of the Quadrangles.) It is an- Greeks have been going strong since 1896), which appear quoted in Allanticipated that Professor Millis will be then. Nevins' article on the page oppositeselected chairman of the three-man # (page 5, column 1). Chicago owesboard, succeeding Joseph Warren much to the University, and the Uni-Madden, JD'14. Mr Madden, whose ^ ^^ [s ^ tQ ^ versity owes much to Chicago.term of office expired was appointed Qn + rf ^ booksby the President to be Judge in the ^ ^^ scholars and social •United States Court of Claims. As ^.^ w ^^ aW chicagoreaders of the Magazine may remem- Here for the «first_time_under-one- Speaking of Chicago, we must alsober, Mr. Madden and Lawyer Ernest ' point out and recommend the con-Ballard (Inland Steel) discussed la- tribution of Professor Ernst Putt-bor board procedure at a symposium — kammer, JD'17, discussing present-on the Quadrangles in June, 1939, day criminal law procedure. The ar-the remarks of each were printed in TABLE OF CONTENTS ^c^e^ we tmnk, presents food-for-the June issue of the Magazine. It DECEMBER 1940 thought for every alumnus living inseems appropriate to recall what Mr. 'PAGe Chicago and every other city in theBallard said about Mr. Madden at Letters 2 United States.that time. He remarked that if all Books 2those administering the Wagner Act In^^Rise of a University' AIlan5 •were like Mr. Madden, there would Cri^n^l^^have been many fewer complaints. From Harper to hutchins 13t The A umm Defn> Gf d°n J-Notes for a Dilletante, David Laing, takes up the cudgels for# Daiches 14 alumni reading courses. Dean Laing,America and the War, Nathaniel at the request of a number of former^. , , . . ',,7 Peffer, Hilmar Baukhage, Bernadotte cedent* has had nrenared readingThis month's issue is a fat one. We Schmitt ™ students, has liad prepared reactingexpress here some regret that war The Armchair Strategist, Hugh M. lists which will serve to guide re-and foreign affairs bulk so large in Cole "iT^r i' ™ tiref students \ ?? lelsljre-timeour contents ; but then, we cannot be Camacho Inaugural, Ralph W. Ntch- reading. More will follow in later is-ostrichs about it. Many readers ex- N^*OT 'THE' q^^s/ 'Bernard fS"es ,of ^Magazine (according topressed the hope that we would print Luldy • 28 the demand)' We also refer ouithe transcript of the proceedings at Financial Highlights, Harvey C. readers back to the list of more thanthe autumn alumni assembly, and so Dames ........... .^ • • • • • 30 one hundred classics which appearedwe are ( And mav we here exoress Athletics> Don Morru ..•••• 32 ag an appendix to Professor Adler'sZ Thanhs of CaTy alum" TZ ^7^°^ ""• ^.^ ^ ™ °" "The G™? B°°kS" * ^ *"'»Peffer, '11, Hilmar Baukhage, '11, News of the Classes 36 'ssues of the Magazine.'Published by the Alumni Council of the Univers.ty of Chicago monthly, man October to J«£- Office „° ^^D^bei M^rtS L"^celrChlk^fnois^ndei S?^*WSS fffifc. ^ <SR? <« iW &3BS tSSSS Y%"&. \ 'ffvAMStising agency of the University of Chicago Magazine.? THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINELETTERSFROM SAN FRANCISCOTo the Editor:For some months now I have received no appeals for funds fromthe University's Alumni Foundation —either from headquarters in Chicago orfrom my local committee. I don't knowexactly what this means. It may simplysignify that, having made my infinitesimal contribution to the fiftieth anniversary fund, I am off the list. Itmight mean that the fund is completeor nearing completion — and it mightmean that my assistant knows what mailto throw away. Anyhow, I feel morethan a little unhappy that the alumni'scontribution to the University's fiftiethanniversary observances seems to becalculated solely in terms of dollars andcents.Dollars and cents are excellent things.Everybody likes to get them, and mostpeople who can afford it are glad topart with some of theirs for the benefitof the schools from which they weregraduated. But that, it seems to me,is only a part of what the Universityought to expect from its alumni at itshalf -century mark.Every institution in the world exceptan undergraduate college has some ideaof what happens to its product after itleaves the processing plant. Manufacturers keep in touch with the market andmake changes accordingly. Professional training in every field is controlled by practical necessity: clinicalexperience determines medical education, the realities of legal practice shapeeducation in the law, and so on. Butno one knows what the general B.A. orPh.B. course does for those who take it,despite the fact that the general studentis vastly in the majority in every university in the United States.It seems to me that it would be. anexcellent idea for the alumni of theUniversity of Chicago to make an intellectual report to the powers that beon the occasion of this fiftieth anniversary. The Alumni Council might wellmake an effort, by means to be determined, to find out from each of its members which of their undergraduate experiences have proven valuable, whichof no significance. In the light of whathas happened to me in the years since Igot my degree I can see large mistakesI made on the campus, some throughmy own fault, some through the faultof my advisers and instructors. I cansee also that as my activities and interests change with the years, whole areasof my education that have lain latentrise, often quite unexpectedly, and come into play. It seems to me that all ourpatterns of educational experience, eachwith its personal variations and emphases, could and should be added up toa grand pattern, and that this grand pattern ought to be of the utmost importance to the University administration.I am also interested in this kind ofthing from another point of view. Ithas been my privilege to teach surveycourses in the history and literature ofmusic at the University of Chicago, theUniversity of California and Stanford,and I have seen several thousand students emerge from my classroom, having shown greater or less interest in thesubject matter presented them. I haveno way of knowing how many of thesestudents have ever thought about music again, no way of knowing what usethey may have made of the informationand suggestions for future explorationthrown out in the classroom. Everyother instructor of undergraduates inthis and every other field is in exactlythe same boat. As teachers we haven'tthe slightest notion how good we arebeyond the narrow and meaninglesstests we set up by way of academic examination ; we know nothing whateverabout the only real employment of ourmethods and materials.As students and teachers and as movers and doers in American society as awhole it is high time we inquired justwhat we have done, so that we mayknow more surely what we can andought to do.Alfred Frankenstein, '32.Music Critic, the ChronicleSan Francisco, Calif.FIRST IN 24 YEARSTo the Editor :This is my first communication to theUniversity in twenty- four years and ittook the appointment of Gordon Jennings Laing as Dean of the Alumni toinspire it. I was convinced that thephotograph of Dean Laing on the coverof the June issue of the Magazine presaged the announcement of his retirement. Only later did I muster sufficientcourage to open its pages and in placeof the dire news anticipated, I meet thecaptivating smile of the new AlumniDean.The creation of the post with DeanLaing as its first incumbent is a majorevent in the history of the University.His scholarship, sound judgment in appraisal of values, human, historical andliterary, no less than his geniality, witand charm, have endeared him to thehearts of generations of students ; hewill be welcomed with cheers as a liaison officer between the University andits alumni.Lorn a Lavery Stafford, '16.American Consulate,Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. BOOKSPoetry and the Modern World. ByDavid Daiches. Chicago: Universityof Chicago Press, 1940. $2.50."When the smoke screen of the future lies thickest is the time to clarifyand understand the past." This — inshort — is Mr. Daiches' reason for taking stock of the past forty years ofBritish poetry. These forty years begin with the last of the Victorian poetsand include the poets of the 1930's who,having just achieved a new commonsymbolism between poet and public, arefaced in 1940 with the end of a cyclein the history of English culture and aworld at war.Mr. Daiches' treatment of this studyof the poets is quite similar in plan andmethod of analysis to his study of thenovelists in The Novel and the ModemWorld (reviewed in the Magazine inJanuary, 1940). In each case he presents the writer against the backgroundof a changing world, a period withoutcommon values, unstable in the highestdegree, and attempts to show how eachsought his own solution, either singlyor in groups, to the question of what tosay, how to say it and why.The last of the Victorian poets, Arthur Symons, Ernest Dowson, LionelJohnson and other members of theRhymers' Club marked the first stepon the transitional path, important fromthe standpoint of attitude. They rejected life, turning instead to their ownsensations and emotions as the onlystable thing that remained. Rememberin contrast Browning's joyful acceptance of it.Mr. Daiches then considers an assorted group of poets embroiled in thewake of the receding Victorian wave.Hardy and Housnian were pessimistswho sensed the breaking up of the Victorian foundations. Others like Henley, Stevenson and Dobson cultivated avery small garden apart from the mainflood, and foreshadowed a characteristic quality of the later Georgian poets.An excellent study follows of GerardManly Hopkins, the individualist whosesolution of his personal problem pointedthe way to the solution of a more general problem for the poets of the 1930's.After Hopkins the group movementsbegin, almost as if the poets soughtstrength in numbers. The Georgians,the war poets, the Imagists and thepost-war satirists follow in close order.Here Mr. Daiches' analytical skill is ofparticular value, allocating and evaluating them with explanations of theirmotivation.The Georgians, Rupert Brooke, W. J.Turner, Walter de la Mare, to name aTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEfew of them, sought to avoid the issueof the upheaval of society by clinging toone small constant in a world of variables, namely the English countryside.But the resulting poetry was sterile andtheir retrenchment ended with the firstWorld War. The War produced warpoetry and poets of considerable promise, but its most characteristic effect wasto kill off most of the poets.The famous Imagist movement,whose chief exponents were T. E.Hulme, Ezra Pound, H. D., Amy Lowell, Richard Aldington and F. S. Flint,died of its own limitations. Techniqueand precision of imagery were notenough. "It is like approaching theshelves of an impressive and well-stocked library and finding that thebooks are dummies."Gradually the ground is prepared forT. S. Eliot, who attempted to expressthe mood of his generation, the "WasteLand" period, so-called after his well-known poem of that title. But in hissearch for stable values, Eliot boggeddown in his preoccupation with the tradition of the past, and his influence isnow spent.Mr. Daiches' quite lengthy evaluations of Eliot and of William ButleiYeats are extremely valuable as studiesof two outstanding poets seeking orderin a disintegrating world and of theirultimate failure. That they failed in ageneral, though not in a personal sense,is due to the fact that the systems oforder they evolved in the end conqueredthem and they lost touch with humanity.Of particular interest are the last twochapters devoted to Cecil Day Lewis,W. H. Audeh and Stephen Spender.They are our contemporaries who face"the smoke screen of the future." Because they have found a common symbolism with us they are the ones weshould watch in the dim days to come.Mr. Daiches' analysis illuminates adifficult and often obscure subject withthe same clear-cut literary style whichmade The Novel and the ModernWorld such delightful reading. If Imay judge others by myself, it should behelpful to many of us who have foundthe groping of modern poets too confused to be followed with much comprehension by minds already taxed withthe same confusion.Rebecca Hayward Frodin, '33.The American Party System, An Introduction to the Study of PoliticalParties in the United States. 3d ed.By Charles E. Merriam, and HaroldF. Gosnell, PhD '22. New York:Macmillan Co., 1940. $3.50.The Legislative Way of Life. ByT. V. Smith, PhD '22. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1940.$1.50.Seasons and Days. By Dan Blachly,PhD '19. Takoma Park, Md. : Washington College Press, 1940. 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EXTRA LONG FOR EXTRA FLAVORVOLUME XXXIII THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINE NUMBER 3DECEMBER, 1940IN THE RISE OF A UNIVERSITYFrom a Notable Biography of John D. Rockefeller• By ALLAN NEVINS[Allan Nevins, Pulitzer prize -winning historian, visited the University a year ago last spring to lectureunder the auspices oj the William Vaughn Moody foundation on John D. Rockefeller and the University. Muchof the material had been gathered for his new biographyof the University's Founder, which appeared last month(Scribner's, 2 vol. $7.50). There are two long chaptersdealing with Mr. Rockefeller's connections with theUniversity, and it is from the latter part of ChapterXXVI that the Magazine reprints a section. — Ed.]TWICE during the first ten years of the University,and only twice, Rockefeller visited the campus.He came first for the quinquennial celebration ofJuly, 1896. It was a gala occasion for the Universityand the city. He watched the laying of several cornerstones; heard Professor Bernard Moses of the University of California speak on "The Condition and Prospects of Democracy'' ; sat under sermons by DoctorGeorge A. Smith of Glasgow, and Doctor W. H. P.Faunce ; and heard the students sing :John D. Rockefeller, wonderful man is heGives all his spare change to the U. of C.At a convocation held in a large tent in the centralquadrangle he listened to four addresses of greeting byas many representatives of the Trustees, the DivinitySchool, the faculties, and the students. It was impossible for him not to respond, although he had previouslyexacted from President Harper a promise that he shouldnot be asked to speak. He praised the extraordinarygrowth of the University. "It is due to you of Chicago,to your enterprising businessmen, to your public-spiritedmen, to say that in no other city on this continent, inno other city in the round world, could there have beenaccomplished what you have accomplished." He thankedthe Trustees, the president, and all the others who hadgiven their aid to an enterprise in which he had been,as he said, a silent partner. "It is but a beginning," heremarked — and the huge audience broke into spontaneous applause. Fearing that some had drawn a mistakeninference from the statement, he instantly added, as soonas the applause died away, "and you are going on ; youhave the privilege to complete it." For a moment, saysone who was present, his hearers felt that the entirefinancial burden of the future of the University had beenrolled from the founder's shoulders to their own ! Buthe quickly reassured them. "I believe in the work," he went on. "It is the bestinvestment I ever made in my life. Why shouldn'tpeople give to the University of Chicago money, time,their best efforts? Why not? It is the grandest opportunity ever presented. Where were gathered, ever, abetter Board of Trustees, a better faculty? I am profoundly, profoundly thankful that I ever had anythingto do with this affair. The good Lord gave me themoney, and how could I withhold it from Chicago?"This episode illuminated certain of Rockefeller's characteristics. The officers, the students, and the city hadhoped and half expected that he would utilize the ceremonies to announce some great new gift, or at least tomake some new promise of a specific character. AndrewCarnegie in his place .would probably have responded tothe mass-emotion of the occasion by some new grant offunds. But Rockefeller, as we have repeatedly said,disliked and distrusted any display of emotion. He wasnot to be carried off his feet by a sea of faces, a crashof applause. Hence his instant effort to correct the impression that he intended to complete single-handed thework so well begun. But when he saw how crestfallenhis audience became, he was quick to speak an encour-ing word, and to indicate— albeit in general terms — thathe was still inclined to give generously.Rockefeller was present again at the decennial celebration in June, 1901 ; a still more imposing occasion,for the University had grown steadily, and the cornerstones of three new buildings were laid. Once more hewas the central figure at a convocation held on June 18in a great tent set up in the central quadrangle. Oncemore he praised the work done by the University officersand its friends in the city ; a work "greater by far thanour most sanguine expectations" of 1895 had envisaged.He gave the students some fatherly advice on the importance of service. Success did not necessarily meanreaching a conspicuous place, he told them ; it wasenough to fit into some useful niche, and to do the day'swork in the best possible way. The chances of successhad steadily increased in America. "Success is attainedby industry, perseverance, and pluck coupled with anyamount of hard work, and you need not expect toachieve it in any other way." And again he spoke ofthe unparalleled contribution made by the city of Chicago to the rapid growth of the institution, and of themagnificent promise which the University offered to the6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEIn 1901 the University had a bumper crop of cornerstones. At theUniversity Press (left to right): Press Director Miller, EconomistLaughlin, President Harper, Trustee Chairman Ryerson, FounderJohn D. Rockefeller, and Classicist Shorey.city, the country, and indeed the whole world. "The success of the University of Chicago is assured, and we arehere today rejoicing in that success. All praise to Chicago! Long may she live, to foster and develop thissturdy representative of her enterprise and public spirit !"It was inevitable that Rockefeller's motives in founding and supporting the University of Chicago should beimpugned. The International Socialist Review shortlypublished a pack of playing cards with Rockefeller asking of spades, and across his breast ran the spiritedverse :I love to oil the college wheelsAnd grease the pulpit stairsWhere workmen learn to scorn the strikeAnd trust to Heaven and prayers.He oiled the college wheels — so the theory ran — thathis ill-gotten wealth might take on an odor of sanctity ;and that eminent University men, from Doctor Harperdown, might preach economic doctrines which tendedto support Rockefeller's business practices. It is certainthat this malevolent theory for years received a widepopular acceptance. Doctor Richard T. Ely, invited toaccept a chair in the University of Chicago, refused because of his fear that some limitation might be placedupon his work of investigation, teaching, and publishing.Later he confessed that this was sheer folly, that theutmost freedom prevailed at Chicago, and that his refusal had been a serious error; but his apprehensionsand beliefs were the apprehensions and beliefs of manyothers. When almost immediately a Journal oj PoliticalEconomy was established at the University under Doctor J. Laurence Laughlin, it was thought by some observers that it paid inadequate attention to the problemsof industrial combinations and trusts when they were asubject of burning interest to Americans. The chargethat Laughlin ignored these problems is still sometimesrepeated.It would have been unfortunate had Laughlin failedto deal with the trust question, for it needed discussion ;but as a matter of fact, he by no means ignored it. TheJournal for 1899 contained two long articles on "The. Chicago Trust Conference" and "Trusts from an Economic Standpoint," as well as a note on "Trusts and theTariff." In 1901 it offered some pages on "Trusts inEurope." The volume for 1904 presents Veblen's amusing essay on "An Early Experiment in Trusts," with ajudicious article on "The Trust Problem." Three yearslater Laughlin turned a large part of his magazine overto the topic. Anna Youngman published two highly significant articles on "The Tendency of Modern Combination," offering the first frank and thorough treatmentof the Standard Oil investments yet printed. The samevolume published Gilbert H. Montague's "Transportation Phase of the Oil Industry," an objective appraisalof the Bureau of Corporations' report on that subject. Itis true that in the early nineties no articles on trustsappeared. But this was probably because Laughlin's economic opinions were paleolithic. To call him conservative would be a euphemism, for he was abysmally reactionary. For another reason, he may really have feltsomewhat constrained in the treatment of business bythe fact that the Trustees numbered important industrialleaders, and that the contributions of Chicago businessmen were indispensable. Robert Herrick in his novel,Chimes, has some pungent sentences upon the local leaders from whom Doctor Harper was gathering tributeto erect the "plant" for "higher things." They includedthe McCormicks, the Swifts, Mrs. George Pullman,Philip D. Armour, Samuel Insult, and various railroadheads. Thought of the Trustees and these donors aswell as of Rockefeller may to some extent have deterredLaughlin in the first years from raising embarrassingissues in The Journal.Years later Laughlin wrote Mr. John T. Flynn thathis articles "were chosen solely for their economic quality." He went on: "We could discuss trusts or anyeconomic subject. No one ever tried to use our columnsfor their private purposes." Unquestionably this wastrue ; nobody ever dreamed of dictating what Laughlinshould or should not discuss. If he felt any inhibitionsthey must be blamed upon his own conservatism, hissocial connections, and perhaps his timidity.The papers of Harper and Rockefeller contain evidence that Rockefeller and Gates leaned backwards intheir anxiety to have nothing to do with any part of theUniversity's secular work. Just after Cleveland's Venezuelan message, for example, von Hoist made a publicstatement criticizing it severely. Harper differed withhim, and came out in another public utterance saying so.This worried Gates as seeming to be an effort to reprimand a professor for his opinions, and he telegraphedHarper: "Von Hoist's views correspond with bestthought here does your virtual correction of same aspublished here lend color to recent criticism of University sensitiveness to utterances of professors?" A fewdays later von Hoist sent Gates a private expression ofhis views. The latter, instead of replying to him directly,enclosed his response to Harper. "I feel strongly," hewrote Harper, "on this colossal recklessness and follyof President Cleveland's, and I feel zvith von Hoist. Iwant to join hands with him, or perhaps better shakehands. If there is any impropriety or if it will not be apleasure to you be free to return me the letter. Answer."THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7Assuredly in all this Gates displayed a sensitive regardboth for academic freedom and the feelings of Harper.And assuredly in all this he spoke equally for Rockefeller. In May, 1893, Mr. and Mrs. Rockefeller declinedan invitation to attend a University convocation. One oftheir chief reasons was stated by Gates to Harper:"There are, as you know, advantages to the University. . . in the disinterested way in which Mr. Rockefellerhas given his money. These advantages will be in somedegree impaired, if he allows himself to be recipient ofthe honors which the city is of course willing to bestow."In the theological field Rockefeller did press certainpurely negative views upon the University. In 1896 itwas proposed to begin publication of an American Journal of Theology. Rockefeller had no objection to the issuance of such a journal by the Divinity School. Indeed,he pointed out that he had no right to object, for thatschool had its own Trustees and represented the denomination as a whole. But he did protest against issuance of The Journal by the University. This was becausethe University, Gates wrote Harper in Rockefeller'sbehalf, "is in a peculiar sense the creation of Mr. Rockefeller himself. He has given nearly all its permanentfunds, and he has received many letters from every partof the country complaining of the attitude which theUniversity has seemed to take regarding the Bible, holding him responsible for what is a real or fancied injuryto religion. He prefers that the denomination shall settleits own theological affairs. He founded in Chicago asecular institution of learning. He had no thought of theUniversity entering the theological arena. He would prefer that the great power and prestige, financial andmoral, of the University should not be thrown into thetheological scale on either side. The sphere of theologyshould be relegated to the Divinity School, and the denomination may hold the Divinity School responsible."This request was not improper, and Harper accededto it. The Journal appeared under the rubric, "Editedby the Divinity Faculty of the University of Chicago."This practically exhausts the list of Rockefeller's suggestions to — they cannot be called interferences with —the University officers. In 1894 he intimated to Harper,through Gates, that if a medical school were establishedhe wished it to embrace homeopathic as well as allopathic instruction. This reflected the influence of DoctorBiggar ; but a medical school was far in the future, andwhen Rockefeller gave money for it he did not repeat thisunhappy suggestion. A careful search has revealed noother requests but has instead disclosed a. consistent determination to leave the University to its own heads.When Doctor Edward W. Bemis was dropped fromthe faculty, unfriendly critics talked of an interferencewith teaching rights. Bemis had come from VanderbiltUniversity in 1891 to the University Extension facultyas associate professor of political economy. His viewswere radical compared with those of Doctor Laughlin.Personally he was bumptious, tactless, and offensive.Laughlin objected to his work, and he was transferredto the Department of Sociology under Doctor Albion W.Small. He had published an excellent article on theHomestead strike in The Journal of Political Economyfor June, 1894. Just after the Pullman strike that year he made a speech in the First Presbyterian Church inwhich he mildly criticized the railroads — which deservedvery severe criticism indeed. At that time feeling ranhigh on the subject in Chicago. The great majority ofpropertied citizens abhorred Debs and believed that thecity had been saved from a reign of terror by Cleveland's timely use of Federal troops. Bemis's speechcaused President Harper great annoyance. The head ofthe University could not put his head inside a Chicagoclub without being pounced upon by truculent citizens,demanding: "What kind of fools and agitators do youhave teaching sociology, anyhow?" Harper thereforesent Bemis a tart letter, with the admonition: "I propose that during the remainder of your connection withthe University you exercise great care in public utterances about questions that are agitating the minds ofthe people." This incident was soon closed. But Bemiscontinued to receive newspaper publicity, some of it undesirable in character. Eventually he was denied a reappointment — Doctor Harper having much earlier askedhim to look about for another position.Many leaped at the conclusion that he was droppedfrom the faculty because his views were obnoxious toRockefeller. This was absurd, for Rockefeller had probably never heard of him, and certainly neither knew norcared anything about his teaching. But even had Rockefeller been irritated by Bemis's ideas, he would neverhave spoken of the matter, for he made no suggestionswhatever regarding University management. The factwas that Bemis, while able, honest, and useful, washighly addicted to controversy and lacking in discretion.Laughlin later wrote that he had been dropped "becausehe was not of University caliber. He was an agitator,not a scholar." If Laughlin meant that Bemis was notof the cast of mind which best suits a university, he wasprobably correct in this statement. Bemis soon becamenoted as an expert on public utility problems, and wasemployed by Brand Whitlock and others in contests between municipalities and utility corporations. In thatfield he did valuable work for public regulation or ownership of rapid-transit facilities and electric-light plants.But he was known in the academic world as a troublemaker. Doctor Richard T. Ely, who investigated the(Continued on Page 22)Allan Nevins, Pulitzer Prize-Winning HistorianCRIMINAL LAWIs It Working As Well As It Should and Can?• By ERNST W. PUTTKAMMER, JD '17[Each year for the past three years the Law Schoolhas sponsored series of informal lectures in which members of the faculty could develop, for the benefit of largeraudiences, approaches to the law which, in part, hadcollectively shaped the School's new curriculum. Such"thinking out loud'1 has resulted in a wider appreciationof the practical problems involved in adjusting legalmechanisms — and legal training — to modern life. In thisseries of lectures, delivered in November, ProfessorPuttkammer looks at criminal law procedure with a"practical eye." — Ed.]IN THESE lectures I am assuming that my audienceas citizens and taxpayers is anxious to know whatkind of results we are getting from the legal machinery called the Criminal Law — why it works in someplaces and what, in my opinion at least, we should doabout it in some of the many places where it does notwork so well. To this end I have divided my generaltopic into three parts, (1) the apprehending procedure,in which I shall deal almost solely with matters of police ;(2) the trial of charges — a term which I shall use mostloosely to include such pre-trial stages as the preliminaryexamination, the coroner's office and grand jury actionand such post-trial ones as appellate review; and (3)the correctional procedures, a term which speaks foritself.And now to begin. The apprehend'ng procedure isnowadays largely synonymous with the police. Theaverage person, however, is not aware how new a thingin human society the organized police department is. Itis only a hundred-odd years since the first one was setup for London by Sir Robert Peel. In the eyes of thelaw these police officers — nicknamed "Bobbies" after SirRobert — were merely private citizens hired to do thethings that any citizen might do, if he chose. Theirofficial position merely gave them special responsibilities,but no special privileges with which to carry them out.A hundred years is a short time in the slow movementof the common law, and we are only barely beginning, inthe law of arrest, to assign a legally different position tothe police officer from that which you and I as citizenshold. Directly and indirectly not a few of our dissatisfactions with police performance are traceable to thislegal lag — to the gap between a public opinion, whichincreasingly demands professionalized police organization, and the law, which treats the police officer as littlebetter than a tolerated busy-body. One phase of this lagis becoming a matter of common knowledge — I meanour collective failure to use our intelligence in providingthe police with weapons, tangible and intangible, to keepup with the technical progress being made by criminals.The criminal law is also specially subject to ill-considered legislation — more so than any other field oflaw, for the simple reason that emotion plays so big a part in reaching any conclusion. As emotion is usuallyin inverse proportion to information, there is very littleof a tendency to leave any decision to experts, or evento consult them. Until the general public realizes, notso much what is necessary, as that there are in this field,as in every other, trained and experienced persons whoseviews are more significant than are the impulses of theman on the street, until then our progress will be slowedup by almost as many backward steps as forward ones.Not that I am by any means one of those pessimistswho sees no improvement. On the contrary I firmlybelieve that over a long period of time — not necessarilyover any short one — we are showing a slow but constantimprovement over the good old days that so often turnout to be "good" only because they are safely old. RobinHood, Captain Kidd, Jesse James, all belong in varyingdegrees to those good old days. Strip their fortuitousromance from them and very little of the "good" is leftwith the "old." Of course I am willing to agree thatthere are bound to be temporary recessions, as conditionsare upset by wars, depressions, or other calamities. I amspeaking only of long-term movements."CRIME WAVES"Even so far as the short term recessions go it is wiseto look with optimistic doubt on the so-called "crimewaves." The majority of them do not reflect any changein the crime rate at all, but simply a change in theamount of space that the local newspapers see fit to giveto crime news. The real significance of a "crime wave'is that it shows there is no other dramatic news. It isscarcely an accident that there has been no crime wavereported since the war broke out— there is no need ofone. Indeed such waves are perfectly consistent withan actual improvement in the situation — the rebirth ofthe police department right here in Chicago some tenyears ago under Commissioner Russell began by smoking out many crimes previously covered up and forgottenby district captains, so as to give their districts a goodshowing. The result was a great increase in crimes officially known to the police and a first class synthetic crimewave, coincident with a real diminution of crime locally.This reference to the Chicago situation brings mesquarely to my first big topic — the typical shortcomingsof the typical American metropolitan areas. I intendto speak only of those frequent faults that lie within therange of us laymen — not of the strictly professional problems facing a police executive, such as, for example, theproper distribution between foot and motorized patrol,the distribution of the detective force to the stations orits retention in a central bureau, etc. Problems of thatkind lie beyond our non-professional range of interest.There are plenty that lie within it.I may well begin with the head of the force himself.With the exception of three cities, Milwaukee, Wichita8THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 9and Berkeley — I can think of no others — we have beencontent, from one end of the country to the other, totolerate a constant change of chiefs and even to demandit on the old theory of the new broom. Scarcely has thenew chief learned the high spots of his job — so differentfrom the district command he probably held before —scarcely has he begun to do some effective work whenhe is forced to leave office in favor of a successor whowill last no longer than he did. Here in Chicago upto the present administration (which has been in officefor nine years — a Chicago record) our average tenurewas eighteen months. Detroit recently had four chiefsin one year. In many instances the ablest captains haveeven refused to accept office, with the certainty beforethem of early dismissal. As for the loyal cooperationof his subordinates, it is easy to see how much this willbe securecTby" so passing a figure, especially when toogreat loyalty will draw the probable resentment of therival soon to replace him. No business organizationcould succeed if it changed its head every few months.No more can a police department. Compare the Englishsystem of practically permanent tenure for a head constable, and his appointment to the office in larger andlarger cities as he makes good in the smaller ones. Thecontrast is not very flattering to our good sense ascitizens.Inside the department tlie-^txactjurejs often such thateverPunder the most favorable circumstances a chiefcould exercise no real control. Chicago prior to 1930was a good example. No less than twenty-five-oddbureau heads supposedly reported to the chief daily andreceived from him whatever coordination of effort mightbe achieved. As about half of the chief's time was consumed by nondepartmental contacts it left some fourhours a day to supervising all the details of the department. When Alcock became acting commissioner hisfirst so-called "reform" was to provide that every districtcaptain should report directly to him. This order-highly applauded as an example of vigorous leadership— brought absolute anarchy to our department. Withnearly fifty higher officers looking only to him for acoordination and supervision which he could not possiblygive, every district captain became in reality a little chiefin his own right, going his effective or ineffective waywith almost no regard to the efforts of his associates.In actual fact there simply was no directing headship tothe department. Fortunately that experience was enoughto -tea^k-us-th^-vitel-need of grouping the police functionsin their halLdoaett~or so natural groups, with only thehead^oi^a^lrgnjap-reporting directly to the chief. Thanksto that the present commissioner can really head anddirect his force.The administrative situation is likely to be made worse,too, bv the frgjrujmj^ajlure oL such bureau heads toreaitzlfthat their main jobls administration. Far moreoften their attitude is exemplified by a one-time chief ofdetectives here whom I prefer not to' name. He is anabsolutely fearless man, and when any particularly dangerous arrest had to be made, like creeping into a pitch-dark cellar after a trapped criminal or such other agreeable task, he insisted on doing it personally. He was sobusy being a super-detective himself that he had no timeleft to run his bureau. One of the most unfair criticisms PROFESSOR PUTTKAMMERpossible was that made of J. Edgar Hoover in Congressseveral years ago on the score that he stayed too muchat his desk in Washington and did not personally participate in raids made by his men. It would be a finegeneral who himself led every charge !SHORTCOMINGS BELOW THE TOPTurning from the top of the force to the rank and filewe find another crop of widespread shortcomings. Ishall commence with the recruitment of the personnel.Of course practically all our forces of any significanceare now on a civil service basis, and so I shall not usemy time in going over the advantages and disadvantagesinherent in that fact, beyond saying that a common errorcommitted by civil service examining boards has beenthe certifying of a far longer list of eligibles than neededeven for a long time in the future. These eligibles arethen called in as vacancies develop. It is obvious thatat the end of a waiting period of one, two, or even threeyears, all the men worth having will have probably secured other positions and only the culls will be left. Weshould insist on frequent examinations with shorteligible lists. In another, more fundamental, respect, alsodo we, through our civil service boards, show poor judgment. I refer to our practice of limiting eligibility to.local residents. The one thing that you can be sure ofwhen you look at a London Bobby is that he is not aLondoner. A Manchester man may be on the Birmingham force, and vice versa. But in England no youngman will ever be on his own home force. They wantno divided loyalties. We, on the contrary, insist on them.We will take no one unless he can assure us of the maximum chance of divided loyalty. Recently Gary, Indiana, announced, very mildly, that they would consideroutside applications along with local ones. This constructive first step met with such a universal howl of rage10 THE UNIVERSITY .OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthat it was hastily withdrawn ! Compare with this attitude the practice of the Federal Department of Justicein handling its G-Men. They not only can be, but are,frequently moyjedirom city to city, so that no local entanglements may grow up around them and also so thattheir faces may not become too well known. With amazing shortsightedness we heartily applaud this most practical procedure, while utterly refusing to tolerate itsnearest equivalent for our local forces.Having got our recruits, what kincjj^toinirigulo wegive them to build up a professional attitude and to provide them with the information needed in work rapidlygetting more and more exacting? The answer is easy.With a few exceptions, none, except in our biggest citiesand our state police. We equip the new man with arevolver, send him out for a short time with a veteran,then turn him loose and hope for the best. No wonderthat the hardest people to persuade that policing is aprofession are often the police themselves. How couldthey feel otherwise^ when that was all the training theygot? And what was good enough for them is goodenough for their successors! The big cities, as I havejust said, have partly outgrown this viewpoint, and haveset up more or less adequate schools. A few are verygood — New York, Detroit, Cincinnati, and the ChicagoPark District. The rest trail off down the hill. A giveaway on the adequacy and rigor of our Chicago school,I I am afraid, lies in the curious fact that, so far as I know,I it has never failed or flunkegLa^singie__sJaident-.-^ The realI leadership in~trairiing measures is being given us, notby city forces, but by the state police. And parenthetically let me add, the Pennsylvania State Police flunksout over 50 per cent of its recruits.To get back to municipal recruitment and training, ifthe situation is far from good so far as the rank andfile are concerned, it is worse as regards the higher ranks.No matter how specialized these may be becoming werecruit them solely from the patrolmen. The West Pointidea of an almost complete gap between the enlisted menand the officers would of course be most undesirable fora police organization, but the opposite extreme actuallyfollowed is nearly as undesirable. To quote from America's leading police administrator, August Vollmer,"Where is there a business concern that compels applicants for various vacancies in the organization to submitto the same physical and mental examination ; where thejanitor, clerk, salesman, engineer, department heads,superintendents, and managers are all compelled toanswer the same questions, measure up to the samephysical standards as to health, height, weight, age andsex, and all commencing their employment at the sameoccupational level and at the same pay ? Where is therea business concern that limitsjjie selection j3f_joiejrj_fcui~techijicaLpositronslo employees hoMinginfin the same establishment?" Yet that is precisely whatwe are doing in our police departments.Not only do we unwisely restrict our field of eligibles,we often unwisely make our individual selections forspecialized work within that field, and having made ourselection we supply them with no training to fit themfc^Jtheir jQe^-„work. Thus, for exai^leTrfel^ctive^lvor^is highly specialized, calling for many aptitudes verydifferent from those needed by, say, an able traffic officer. Yet suppose the latter distinguishes himself by some actof bravery. His reward very probably will take theform of promotion to plain clothes work, for which hemay be utterly unfit. Of course where the promotioninvolves higher rank it is usually civil service-controllednowadays. Having made our promotion and therebyconsigned our man to almost entirely different and henceunfamiliar work, as compared to all he has previouslydone, we provide him with no schooling whatsoever forthat new work. In time he will learn, but only by thecostly way of trial and error, with the community payingthe bill.With such a background of initial and subsequenttraining it is then scarcely a wonder that the police themselves, as I said before, are among the least willing toregard their work in any sort of a professional light.HOW THE MACHINE WORKSSo much for the material, human and physical, thatconstitutes the police machine. Now, how does thatmachine work ? Or rather, since my purpose is educational, what are its leading shortcomings? First of alllet us realize that by and large the police try to give uswhat they think we collectively want. And that isn't byany means uniform universal law enforcement. Many agangster's main defensive weapon in fact lies in a publicadulation that really ^does not at all wish to see himprosecuted. A big section of the public is getting whatit wants whether or not it happens to be what you andI want. But how does the machine work where thisdistracting influence does not come in? A factor of tremendous importance — far greater than is generally appreciated—lies in the degree of public cooperation thatcan be secured. Despite all the heroes of detectivefiction, the principal source of police information continues prosaically to be the word of mouth. This doesnot merely mean the stool pigeon (though he plays apart) but much that comes in wholly voluntarily. Agreat deal of the superiority in results obtained by theEnglish police is undoubtedly due to the far greateramount of volunteer information received by them. Whydo they get more than pur police do? Of course it iseasy to say— and no doubt true — that we are a youngnation, less sedate, less sympathetic to law enforcement,more inclined to look at it as a sporting event. All thatis true. But it only partly explains matters. Anotherfactor lies in the greater fluidity of our population.Neighborhood solidarity has no chance to arise — theneighbor who has been the victim of a crime is as mucha stranger to us as the perpetrator is. And even if therewere the best will in the world to cooperate there issimply less likelihood of there being any information tocontribute. The same fluidity means that people knowlesA. about, each^ nt^^ staticcivilization. There is just plain less to tell. But in another respect the police themselves — or rather, our wholelaw enforcement machinery— are responsible for a frequent down-right unwffiWho wants to be a witness in a criminal proceeding^5^specially if you belong to the submerged classes J-Police^bullying will be your rewardj3r--so^fFiS thought (whichfor present pu-rpose-s— colnes to exactly the same thing).You may be locked up as a material witnejs — cases are\THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 11by no means unknown where the accused person is freeon bail and so is not at all anxious to push his case toearly trial while the luckless witness was locked uptightly, only to have the charges ultimately dismissed.And if the case does come to trial your fate probably willbe to receive unmerciful abuse and perhaps the blastingof your- reputation by a cross-examining defense counsel,without the shadow of protection from a judge desperately afraid of a reversal by the upper court.As if all this were not enough to discourage plungingin with information, there is the belief — unhappily nearlyeverywhere a correct one — that the accused person wouldstand a fine chance of becoming the victim of the thirddegree. I wish I had the time to discuss the problemsraised by the third degree — collectively they are amongthe most difficult in the administration of criminal law.But I shall have to leave them aside, except to point outthat part of the price that we in escapably pay for tolerating it is the down-right refusal by a very large part ofthe community to do anything to help the police. Andthat—let's not fool ourselves — is a pretty high price.The matter of volunteer information is not the onlyrespect in which the English police are more favorablysituated than ours are. Another lies in the restraint ofthe English newspapers, as against the lack of it here.You have all probably read items describing how thepolice have learned of a secret address and are carefullywatching it for the suspect's appearance or that the keywitness who fears assassination, has moved to such-and-such an address. And you have probably wondered howon earth the police could be so foolish as to give awaysecrets like that. The answer is not hard to find. Thepolice, or rather the individual officers who give out theinformation, have precious little choice in the matter. Anewspaper can come pretty close to making or breakinga man. Civil service is very well and good. But justthe same, heaven help the police captain that a powerfulpaper has. it in for! And by the same token he is alucky man who has such a paper constantly singing hispraises ! Many a man is known to his associates in aperfectly matter-of-fact way as "the Gazette's man" oras "the Post's man." Is it any wonder that the secretsare divulged? It may harm the case, but the paper willsee that no blame is allowed to be whispered, Keep thesecret, run the clews to a solution, and see how yourname is kept out of any publicity. Not that it is thefault of the individual reporter, either. He is engagedin a cut-throat profession. He must get the news.Abstract scruples are all very well and good, but theywon't hold him his job against the other fellow's success.What is the solution? I don't know. But it seems tome to be one that only the newspapers can supply, ifthey can do it.One more point before I leave this matter of publicity.At times and in some departments it has led to definitelyharmful rivalry inside the police, to retain, or gain, caseslikely to have a high news value. In these forces thequestion whether the district police should call for thespecialized help of the detective bureau may not at alldepend on the needs of the case, but on the jealousiesand fears of the respective officers.It is easy, however, to exaggerate the importance ofthese cases involving jealousy and intra-departmental competition. After all they include only the cases ofhigh publicity value. By that token they do not touchthe great majority of offenses and hence the great bulkof the police department's work. It is these run-of-the-mine arrests that I want to speak of now. Historicallythe criminal law knows of only one way by which tosubject a person to its jurisdiction — the method of arrest,of bringing his body (to use the actual language of awarrant) into the presence of the court. It is an extremely crude, drastic, and unimaginative method. Sofar as it was ever used for civil suits it has disappearedlong ago. But for criminal law it remains substantiallythe only method. It does not even occur to us to lookfor any other method. Yet not only are all of thesearrested persons presumed to be innocent, but apparently the overwhelming majority actually are so— atleast the arrests do not result in convictions. In thelight of all this we may fairly ask of our police whetheror not it is within their capacity to devise and use someless drastic method on suitable occasions, as a substitutefor arrest, to bring citizens into court to answer charges.As a matter of fact such a parallel method does exist.I refer to the procedure known as the summons and itsfirst cousin, the so-called "ticket." In effect these arenothing other than making a binding appointment withthe accused to appear in court at a designated time,under the threat that if he does not keep the appointmenthe will be arrested. Needless to say I am not urgingthe indiscriminate use of the summons. I am speakingonly of those instances where it is obviously unnecessaryto use drastic measures. Where, for instance, theoffender is well known locally and where the utmostpunishment which could be imposed on a possible findingof guilty would be far less serious than the consequencesof flight, there would seem to be no valid argumentagainst using a summons. And the argument for it doesnot rest merely on its theoretical justice. There areother, very practical reasons for it. The great majorityof present-day arrests, and the ones that I am now thinking of, are for violations of minor nature — misdemeanorsor violations of city ordinances — which have only becomeoffenses because of our present-day complex social life.Often the violator may not even be aware of the fact thatthere is a law which he is breaking or is suspected ofbreaking. To treat him exactly like a criminal caughtred-handed in an atrocious crime is not only "unfair; itcreates an- attitude on the offender's part which is almostcertain to stimulate, rather than to repress, any tendencytoward lawlessness. If, as is often the case, it is theoffender's first personal contact with the criminal law,it is easy to see the seriousness of using that first contactto make a worse citizen of him. Join that to the factthat for a respectable citizen the humiliation of arrestmay in many cases be a more serious ordeal than eventhe maximum punishment that can be imposed, and itseems to me that the actual injustice of arrest must inmany cases be apparent. There are other arguments aswell. By the use of notification a most desirable obstacleis put in the way of the bloodsuckers, whether bail bondsmen or shyster lawyers, for whom a flock of arresteesmeans a rich harvest. That alone is big consideration.Then too there is the saving in man-power. An arrestmeans an officer off his beat. It means a patrol wagon12 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEand its crew. It means larger provision, both in men andequipment, for jail expense. The effect of a wider useof the summons on police budgets would be considerable,in the aggregate. Finally it actually makes for stricterand more uniform law enforcement. If the only way fora police officer to enforce the law is by the cumbersomeone of arrest and a long trip to his station, he may wellshow his good judgment by looking the other way. If aticket will do the trick the law stands a chance of gettingitself enforced. From every viewpoint the intelligentuse of summonses would be a signal step forward. Thisis not mere theory. It can be checked against actualpractice and experience. In England in a recent yearsome 610,000 persons were charged with crimes, and ofthese about 502,000, or over 82 per cent, were merelynotified. Of 79,000 charged with indictable offenses 31per cent were summoned. Of course conditions are notthe same in England and here, and I recognize that wecould not possibly go so far with safety, but even inCanada, where conditions are considerably more nearlylike ours, 54 per cent of the cases are begun on summons.Compare that with American practice. Chicago is typical.In a recent year over 173,000 persons were charged withoffenses, exclusive of traffic violations. Of these lessthan 700 were notified — about 0.4 per cent against England's over 82 per cent.Very possibly you will have noticed that I have almostentirely considered the police set-up from the viewpointof the municipal force. This is not because I fail toappreciate the importance of the state force. It is partlybecause the prevailingly better organized state police donot tend to exhibit the shortcomings that I have beentalking about, or not to so high a degree. It is evenmore because the problem of policing will continue for along, long time to be primarily a municipal function. Ido not pretend to know whether it would be desirable tohave the state take it over entirely — even a state withan excellent and established state force. It might merelymean the deterioration of the state force. But whetherdesirable or not, we are not, any of us, going to see theday when our municipalities are willing to give up thismost important function — not even the very small ones.Perhaps the state police will gradually enlarge their areaof operation, by the persuasive force of the excellent jobthey are generally doing, but for a long time yet theywill be almost solely a rural factor.THE OLD PROBLEM OF ADMINISTRATIONThis very generalized survey of the problems connected with setting up the machinery to apprehendoffenders, shows, it seems to me, that in this part of mysubject at least we do not greatly need new or changedor improved laws — what we need is an abler and moreintelligent administration of the laws that we alreadyhave in abundance. And as citizens we should betterrecognize and insist on such administrative improvement. Our collective lack of judgment — perhapsstupidity would be a more accurate term — is effectivelyillustrated in connection with a matter of which I spokesome minutes ago — the use of summonses, in place ofarrests. I stated that they were extensively used onlyin traffic cases. -Even here their use largely goes byslow cycles. Traffic accidents, let us suppose, go up. Public opinion is aroused. There is a demand that"something be done about it." A new chief of police,anxious to please, announces that from now on trafficviolators are going to be treated like the law breakersand criminals that they are, that the day of the mereticket and license to do it all over again is over, thathereafter they are going to be arrested, and so on andso on, to the sound of general applause. Some months,maybe even a year, go by. Citizens that regard themselves as entirely law-abiding — in other words you andI — are frequently arrested, to their rising wrath (unless,that is, these good citizens can use the safety valve offixing their cases) . Finally public opinion boils over.By this time there is a new chief, as anxious to please ashis predecessor was. Amid public acclaim he announcesthat from now on mere technical offenders are not goingto be treated as if they were actual criminals, dragged offunder arrest, and so on and so on. They will merely begiven tickets. And so the cycle is complete. Doesn'tit sound pretty familiar? And doesn't our collectivecivic intelligence cut a pretty poor figure? We mustfinally learn to recognize good administration and insiston its retention once we get it.I do not mean to say that there are no laws that needchanging. Of course there are, and as I am coming tothe end of my time for today I want to speak of oneexample, partly because it is rather typical and partlybecause it is closely connected with the police problemthat I have spent all my time on up to now. I refer tothe rjrx)liLLiitioji^of. carrying concealed weapons. The enforcement of this law is one of the major police headaches. If the weapon isn't concealed the law isn't beingviolated. And if it is concealed, how are they going toget the evidence in such a way that it will not be thrownout when the case conies into court ? Even if the dilemmalooks rather comical, it is definitely a serious thing. Thenarrow scope allowed to police search is a striking survival of what I mentioned early in the hour^dJie refusalto accord any special privilege to the police beyond whatevery citizen has. The law took shape when there wereno police and, for that matter, no very dangerousweapons capable of being concealed, and it remains justas it was. The problem is made worse by the tendencyof courts to apply even what discretion a slightly flexible —rule of law may give them, in favor of the accused per^__son, even though that person may in fact be guilty.Yes, beyond question there are some, perhaps even ^^a good many, legal rules that need overhauling and modernizing, and I myself spoke, at the beginning of my lecture, of the lag in the law between what we demand ofthe police and what we legally let them do to get results.There are most certainly many other examples of rulesthat have become archaic. But nonetheless I am convinced that I should be making a mistake if I left withyou as your closing impression of this lecture that ourgreat, our main, job lies in changing the law, makingnew laws, more laws. It does not. Our main job isone of administration — of working the machinery thatwe have efficiently, rather than of building ourselvesnewer and more elaborate machinery.[In next month's Magazine Mr. Puttkammer ¦will discuss the trial of charges. — Ed.]FROM HARPER TO HUTCHINSAn Editorial in the Leading Protestant Weekly, The Christian CenturyTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO, which began its corporate existence in 1891, opened itssemi-centennial year with a commemorative chapelservice the central feature of which was an address byPresident Hutchins. Every university ought to pauseoccasionally to consider its central purpose, to reflectcritically upon the means by which it is trying to carrythat purpose into effect, and to inquire whether what itis trying to do needs to be done and can be done by theprocesses and means available to it. This is especiallytrue when the institution is at one of those milestoneswhich invite self-examination, and more especially stillwhen it is asking its thousands of alumni and the community at large to add several million dollars to itsresources as recognition of its importance to the community.The world has changed in these fifty years. Thosewho can remember the nineties remember them as anage of security. There was, to be sure, both agrarianand labor unrest. Social justice, even as a remote ideal,had been discovered by only a few prophetic spirits. Beneath prosperity there was a stratum of deep poverty, butfew thought much about it except those who were in it,and even the very poor had, for the most part, a certainblind confidence in the ultimate beneficence of the cosmicprocesses and the social order. No one doubted thatthe human world was a going concern headed forbrighter and better days. Victorian optimism did notassert the inevitability of progress, except in a very general and timeless sense, but it predisposed men to believethat honest effort would be rewarded, that the faults ofsociety could be corrected, and that all men everywheremight enjoy fullness of life in proportion to their deserts.There were local disturbances of peace and justice, butno serious threats to the stability of society. An occasional massacre of Armenians might occur in Turkey ora Jewish pogrom in Russia, eliciting sympathy but creating no general alarm. These things happened so faraway that we could do nothing about them, and they didnot threaten our safety. Spanish misgovernment in Cubawas close enough to call for action, but that could easilybe fixed by a little war which, while just as tragic asany war for those who died of fever in the camps, nevergave the country a moment of serious anxiety. Takingit by and large, the world was a safe and friendly place,so far as the people who were interested in universitiescould tell. There was good reason for affluent citizensto devote part of their surplus to the support of thehigher learning, and equally good reason for young mento increase their earning capacity and to improve theirsocial standing by getting an education.In those halcyon days President Harper projected auniversity in which research and teaching would go handin hand. That idea was not original with him, but suchwas the vividness and energy of his personality, so fertilewas his mind in the invention of new administrative tech niques, so zealous was he in the promotion of purescholarship and in guarding the freedom of the men engaged in its pursuit, that it had all the effect of a newidea. At least it produced a new kind of university.Such an institution was obviously keyed to the temperand the needs of that time. Is it, or any university,relevant to the needs of the present time?To that question President Hutchins addressed himselfat the opening of the university's fiftieth year. At othertimes and in other connections he has made drastic criticism upon current procedure in higher education, thegist of his indictment being that universities have tendedto become aggregations of specialists each cultivatingintensively a narrow field of knowledge and losing sightof the meaning and ends of knowledge. His criticismexpresses an insight which was quite unrecognized inthe scholarly ideal of President Harper's university.President Hutchins' prescription of metaphysics as theunifying discipline by which the bewildering multiplicityof facts is to be integrated into a body of truth andwisdom could hardly have been offered in any universityin the land where its expression would provoke moreresistance. It was in the University of Chicago that thesciences attained what was probably their most conspicuous development, largely as the result of the emphasislaid upon research and the special encouragement of thegraduate school. But it was here that what used to becalled metaphysics met its first challenge in the verydepartment devoted to its exposition.Among the many great scholars called in by PresidentHarper at the founding of the university was JohnDewey, who organized the department of philosophywith a body of instructors, some of whom had been hisstudents, and all of whom shared his point of view. Professor James of Harvard once referred to this group ofphilosophers as the "Chicago School," implying by thisappellation that they were developing a totally new approach to the problems of philosophy, including, ofcourse, metaphysics. The essential distinction of this"school" which characterized its departure from orthodox metaphysics was its adoption of the scientific methodas the true method for the discovery not only of "scientific" truth but of "metaphysical" truth as well.The scientific method which had won such glitteringsuccesses in the fields of physics and biology, and was, inHarper's day, just beginning to enter the field of socialphenomena, was thus extended to the whole curriculum,including pedagogy, psychology, logic and metaphysics.The effect was virtually to relegate orthodox metaphysicsand even theology to a place of disesteem.When President Hutchins came upon the scene thefirst phase of this development had run its course. Thisphase had been characterized by what is "now generallyregarded as a too narrow conception of scientific method.Especially in the philosophical discipline, it has come tobe recognized that its procedure, copying too closely the1314 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEprocedure of the physical scientists, has left on one sidelarge portions of reality — and the most important portions — which now clamor for attention. The new president voiced this insistent demand. He spoke not forhimself alone but for a wide body of disillusionment withregard to the sufficiency of science as a method of education.President Hutchins' demand for the reinstatement ofmetaphysics, not merely in a special department, but asthe foundation and capstone of a true education, may ormay not be phrased in the most effective and persuasiveterms. But it directs attention to the most clamant needin modern education. The answer to this demand mayconsist in the admission that scientific method is not theonly method of understanding reality, or it may consistin a re-examination and broadening of scientific methoditself. We think the latter is the more likely reply whichreflective scholarship will make. But however it worksout, it seems clear that education and scholarship arecoming to recognize the insufficiency of a fragmentedsearch for truth which characterized the scientific methodof the past half-century.We are at the threshold of a new era of knowledge.President Hutchins' provocative thrusts at the tragicresults of the narrower application of scientific study maynot evoke reform in just the terms which he conceives meaning, not divest it of meaning. And this we believea reconsideration of the true process of education willbring to pass.Meanwhile, the remarks of President Hutchins at thefiftieth anniversary have direct bearing upon this largethe reform should take, but that is not important. Whatis important is that an education shall clothe life withissue and upon the danger to that freedom with whichevery university in the land is threatened today. Thebusiness of a university, he declares, is "to uphold thestandard of freedom, truth and justice." American universities are "the last resource of a world plunging todestruction."From such words it appears that the spiritual continuity from Harper to Hutchins is unbroken. Harperlived in a world where safety could be taken for granted,where there was little questioning of the value of education both for those who had it and for society as a whole,and where there was little temptation to turn the campusinto a Campus Martius. Hutchins lives in a world wherethese things need to be said. In saying them, with hisaccustomed brevity and crispness, he has not only raiseda standard for his own university at a time when someare already hauling down the flag of freedom, but hasgiven a vivid expression of the true function of institutions of higher learning in times of either peace or war.NOTES FOR A DILLETANTEBy DAVID DAICHESc BALLAD OF A POSITIVISTWhat is this that roareth thus?Can it be a Motor Bus?A. D. GodleylOME, take this chair professor,And pour yourself a drink,Take down your hair and let's prepareTo talk and even think.With earth's foundations cracking,With liquor prices high,The time's come round to get profound —Let's argue, you and I.If you and I should reasonConcerning A or BAnd you repeat with force and heatWhat sounds like tripe to me,Should I be right to call youFifth Columnist or SpyAnd startle or appal youWith mud flung in your eye?Though you are great and famousAnd I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,No reason to be shy.If you should point to heavenAnd say "The sun up there Is daily twirled about our world"Why then, should I prepareTo go around the countryAnd interview the pressAnd cry out "I have found the guyBehind all Europe's mess :He's ignorant and stupid,He doesn't know the truth,He's scum and dirt, a Silver Shirt,Corrupter of our youth"?Though you are great and famousAnd I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,We're all concerned with truth.Or would it not be betterIf I should say, "Look here,You must explain to this poor brainAn argument so queer.Just what are you asserting?And why must it be said ?And just how can it help a manTo stand upon his head ?I like my fellow-creatures,I like the truth as well,I like to find another's mindThat makes me think like hell.So do not shout, but reason,THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAssuming my good-will ;Uncover, please, the verities,I shall not take it ill."Though you are great and famous,And I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,Free speech is with us still.We're all of us but human,Our reason is but weak,We poke and pry at earth and sky,We stumble when we speak.We do not like dictators,And pain we would avoid,And hate and spite disguised as rightMake both of us annoyed.We're trying to find a methodTo heal the world's diseaseAnd you say X and I say Y —It's up to us to figure whyOur audience disagrees.Though you are great and famousAnd I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,Discussions always please.There have been many thinkers,There have been many thoughts,And many odd highroads to GodOf many different sorts.Each thinks he has the message,Each thinks he hears the Word,But Jones's choice was not the voiceThat Smith was sure he heard.We cannot trust in "reason"Abstracting in the airFor what to you is "proved" and trueTo me just isn't there.Can we be sure of dogmaWhen each may have his ownAnd patterns which to you are richTo me just can't be known ?Though you are great and famousAnd I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,For here we sit alone.But we can base discussionOn what we all agreeTo be the case in any placeFor him, for you, for me.If you were seized by HitlerAnd I were seized as well,We'd both define your lot and mineAs pretty close to Hell.If you had kids that hungeredAnd got pellagra tooThe evil here would be quite clearTo them and me and you.Though you are great and famous And I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,Let's think the matter through.But man, you say, can reason :Oh yes, professor, yes,_ But is not thought a drawing forthFrom one's initial guess ?Your guess is your beginning,Your reason spins a chain,Quite rational and sound and all,Clear working of the brain.Reason alone is uselessUnless your guess is rightAnd so the less there is of guessThe less you need to fight.Though you are great and famousAnd I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,It's truth we want, not spite.If we would but be honestAnd say what we desired —Life that will be both full and free,A life that won't be miredBy want or hate or "total" stateBut gives to all the chanceTo eat and drink and work and thinkAnd talk and lounge and dance —Then truth would not elude usAnd patterns in the brainWould take with grace their proper placeAnd reason work again.Though you are great and famousAnd I am much the lesser,Come, answer me, professor,There's no one here will blame us,And I can stand the strain.Let's take what we are sure of,The things we know are good,Build our ideal on what is real,As thoughtful persons should:The laughing play of children,The strollers in the sun,The will that must not lie and rust,The struggle and the fun,The joy of free endeavorTo wipe our living clean— rThese may not last foreverBut men know what they mean.You are in love with concepts,I am in love with life;Don't you prefer, philosopher,The purely verbal strife?Ah, words and things, professor,And shall we let them meet?No wise man stands upon his hands —Come, stand upon your feet.AMERICA AND THE WARA Symposium at the Autumn Alumni Assembly[A capacity alumni audience in Mandel Hall on November Q heard Hilmar Baukhage, 'n, Nathaniel Peffer, 'ii, and Professor Bernadotte Schmitt discuss''America and the War" at the Autumn Alumni Assembly. From a long stenographic report of an interestingafternoon's discussion, the editors have made this digestof the three experts' remarks.]MR. PEFFER: You can't talk about the FarEast without talking about Europe, and without talking about America's place in the worldyou cannot separate Europe, America, and Asia, andfurthermore, you never could do so. Two foreign problems may determine whether our kids will live theirlives out or die in the next year. Those two are inEurope and Asia. In point of geography, those twoareas are different; they are not different in any otherrespect; they can in no other respect be separated. Theproblems and the war dangers they raise for Americaare inseparable and indistinguishable: you don't knowwhere one ends and the other begins. Any doubt aboutthat should have been removed by the recent treatybetween the Axis powers and Japan.Now, the importance of that treaty should not be exaggerated. For one thing, it changed nothing; it onlyformally registered that which had been. It took notreaty to show that if America got mixed up in Europe,Japan would take advantage in the Pacific; if Americagot mixed up in the Pacific, Germany and the Axispowers would take advantage in the Atlantic.The second thing is : treaties very seldom make anydifference whatever. In our time at least, and perhapsall through history, treaties either have registered theobvious or have been made between or among parties,all of whom were liars.With respect to the Japanese and German treaty, theJapanese will not take any action .against America, nomatter what Germany wants, unless it serves their interest. Germany will take no action against America,no matter what Japan wants, unless it serves Germany'sinterest. There are probably few countries which eitherparty to that treaty trusts less than its partner in thattreaty, and with perfectly good reason.It is true, even if it seems paradoxical, that the FarEastern war, which began in 1937 was really caused bythe European war which began in 1939.It is not a play of words. The Far Eastern war beganwhen Europe was already engaged in the preliminariesof the war that began in 1939. Japan, took advantageof the fact that England and France and Russia, themajor European powers, were engaged in their ownprivate feud. All Americans know, no matter how muchthey proclaim their isolationism, so called, that whenEurope goes to war, America's attention is engaged.For generations there has been a struggle in the FarEast for the privileges and power and pomp and pres tige and profits — mainly profits— of the conquest ofChina.Until recent years there has been no conquest of Chinabecause all her would-be conquerors distrusted each othertoo much. They all slit each other's throats so no onecould get away with China by itself. That is oversimplified, but essentially true.Now the great powers are engaged in war, or afraidthat they will soon be engaged in war in the West, soJapan has had a free hand. Therefore, Japan invadedChina. That war came to a stalemate. I happened to bein Manchuria when it began. I met a Japanese militarygentleman on the way to Peking. I said, "I have toget back before three months, and the war will not beover for three years at least," and he thought I was beingcute. It is three and a half years since then, and I tellyou now that that war will not be over for three moreyears, unless it is ended by the intervention of somegreat power from the West.In the last three months, that war has been complicated by the intrusion of all the things that have comeabout by the breakdown of Holland, the breakdown ofFrance, and what both the Japanese and Germans passionately hoped would be the immediate breakdown ofEngland. Presumably, because of the breakdown ofHolland and France, and what is still hoped will be thebreakdown of England, the Japanese are going to takeCanton and Singapore, Java, Borneo, Sumatra, theStraits Settlements, and the Malay States, including theplaces from which this country buys nearly all of itsrubber and tin. If the Japanese do not do so, the principal reason will be the United States Navy, becauseJapan doesn't know what the United States Navy willdo. And you and nearly all of the other hundred andthirty million who make up this country, notwithstanding that fact, confidently believe that you are isolationists.That is one of the charming legends of American history.In a moderately rational world, of course, it wouldn'tmake any difference what happened on the Asiatic continent, studded with names that you cannot pronounce,inhabited by people of whom you haven't the slightestconception. But I think at this time, as in all transitional times in history, that rational considerations mattervery little.THE JAPANESE PROBLEMI, myself, think, fantastic as it may be for the lives,future, welfare, safety, and fortunes of the people in theMississippi Valley, that there isn't any safety for America; that there is no security, no assurance of peace, noimmunity from having to maintain huge permanent military establishments, unless Japan fails in establishingcontrol over China, the Dutch Indies, Indo-China, andthe British Malay Peninsula and Straits. Whatever youmay think about Europe, however you may be able topersuade yourself that what happens now in the Atlantic16THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 17HILMAR BAUKHAGE, 'II, NATHANIEL PEFFER, 'II, PROF. BERNADOTTE SCHMITT.does not matter to you, I do not think that there is anychance for a normal social and economic life in this continent if Japan succeeds.Why? You understand what is under way. If Japansucceeds in China it becomes an empire stretching fromthe Siberian plateau to the equator and to the Indianborders. Great empires are never so dangerous as whenthey are on the make. Long-established success in anything breeds no particular appetite for success ; new success breeds appetite for more success. If Japan succeeds,it becomes one of the greatest empires in history.Now, that being so, it disposes much too much powereither for Americans to be safe, or to feel that they aresafe. Forgive me now, if I appear to knock off absolutetruths : no nation in history, great, rich, and powerfuland conscious of its greatness, its wealth, and its powerhas ever long endured or ever will long endure whatrightly or wrongly it conceives a menace nearby.The Japanese are on the march; they will stay on themarch if they can. That being so, America will not feelsecure. It, of course, will not be invaded.It is utter nonsense to say that we shall go to waronly when we are invaded. Small countries get into warbecause they are invaded ; big countries don't go- to warbecause they are invaded, they are invaded because theygo to war. Big countries get into war because of theirlong-standing controversies, disputes, grievances, fears,hostilities, suspicions, jealousies, and lies. Nearly always that combination of sentiments turns on fear of security and fear of the loss of trade. That combinationof strains breeds episodes and incidents, naval buildingand more naval building until something flares up, andthen there is war.This country will get into plenty of wars before eitherthe Japanese or the Germans or Hindus come over inrow boats. The fear of invasion, not an invasion, willproduce that which produces a psychology which produces a relation with the Japanese which will producethose things which lead to war.I don't think the Japanese know what they are takingover; they take over all things which are new, if theyare also successful, and of course, totalitarianism is bothnew and successful. If they win there will be an Asiaticfascism — an economic totalitarian empire — and the firstthing they may do is squeeze out economic competitors.By that I mean there will be no more American trade —no more American investments — in the Far East.About Japan's relation with Germany, one needn't befanciful or hysterical. Given omnipotent Germany inEurope and Japan in Asia and given Latin America asan arena in which the two omnipotent units may play,you have to be an awful fool to believe that America thenhas any choice except to become and to remain an armedcamp. - And do not deceive yourself about one thing :a country which becomes an armed camp is no longerthe country it was before, politically, socially, or psychologically. This country changes in 1940 and after, ifit must become an armed camp, and I see no escape from18 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthat if the Fascist powers on both sides of us arevictorious.Is America really concerned ? If it is concerned, whatshould it do about it? Of those two, forget the first.Logically, I suppose America is not concerned. I knowall that has been said about the fact that our trade withthe East is very little ; our investments are even less.So what about it?In the first place, it is the only part of the world inwhich there is any certainty of growing trade. If theAmerican people hold, as they have for almost a hundredyears that they will not allow any other great power toclose off the Far East to America economically, it isaltogether immaterial whether that position is sound ornot. If a fallacy is acted on, it has just as profoundconsequences as a truth that is acted on.On the whole, you can forget whether the Americanposition in the East is logical. Great powers alwaysback up their positions once a momentum has been built.I can see no real prospect for peace or security in thiscountry, if Japan wins.If I wanted peace for my children and grandchildren,I'd see that the Japanese didn't succeed, and I would dothat this way: I'd forget the Japanese and the Pacific,partly because the Japanese and the Germans, both ofwhom are powerful, are also stupid. The all-powerfulnearly always have an alexia of stupidity. Both theJapanese and the Germans, being people who are professional militarists, therefore have certain sensitivitiesdulled. If this were not true they would not have arousedAmerica out of isolationism. Germany made a deal withJapan, the one country which arouses a kind of emotionalhatred in this country.PROSPECTS OF SECURITYThe two amenities are thus combined. I'd forget thePacific for the moment ; I'd say, "The prospect of security and freedom from the necessity of an overwhelmingnavy and army and air corps for America rests not inthe Pacific, but in the air over London." If Great Britain comes through, we need not worry again about Japanfor at least a generation. Combined Anglo-Americanpressure will take care of the Japanese, especially considering how much they have stretched themselves outin Asia. If China and then England come through, acombination of economic pressure and military and navalthreat can deal with the Japanese once and for all.That being done, give them a fair deal. Make themevacuate China — they have no choice; make them evacuate Indo-China — they have no choice; and make themevacuate Singapore, if they have taken it, which I doubt.Then we can proceed to the business of some settlementin the Pacific which eliminates the great fear of a perfectly senseless war in Asia. Putting Japan in a placefrom which it will not extricate itself in two or threegenerations could be done How. This is probably thefirst chance that that could be dealt with without war,but it is dealt with on the condition that England comesthrough. If England does not come through, of course,there is nothing to be done about it, because Americawill not for ten years have enough naval strength todeal with two oceans.It seems to be primitive common sense to see that England does not fail, and here I talk no nonsense aboutthe British empire being beautiful. I have lived in itand I know it is not beautiful. I do not say that England's cause is pure and the other impure.The fact is this: that you can live with a successfulEngland — perhaps because it is old and mellow andsatiated and has learned tolerance from habituation withsuccess. You need not have a huge navy; you neednot have a huge army, or a huge air corp; you knowthat all is well. Having regard only for our own future,I would say help England. I mean that if I had powerof authority for this country, I would send every singledestroyer, bomber, combat plane, every single gun, everysingle object of military use that this country has. Iwould do it legally if I could and illegally if I could not.I think if we can save England we can remove analmost chronic fear of war in the Pacific. Most of all,if Japan has been frustrated, China is left strong, andif China is strong, there is practically nothing else left inthe East to fight about. If China is strong any countrywhich tries to conquer China will have its head knockedoff. That is probably the surest guarantee of socialbehavior in the East — collective security not excepted.So I would face the danger of the two hemispheres,realize they are associated, and with regard to the Pacific,that it is really a peril. To alleviate that peril, I wouldstop the Japanese from winning, and I would stop themfrom winning by assisting the British to win in Europe.REMARKS OF HILMAR BAUKHAGEMr. Baukhage : I was very much impressed the otherday when I read of an incident that followed those wearysessions of the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia. When the delegates were going out onto the cobblestreets of Philadelphia, prepared to celebrate on "caponand wine," as the record reads, Ben Franklin walkedahead. A window opened and a lady put her head outand said, "Dr. Franklin, what is it — a monarchy or arepublic?" He stopped and said, "A republic, Madam,if you can keep it."I never realized how little we have considered the importance of keeping this republic until about a year agowhen I talked to a gentleman in Washington — a manwho had no government of his own, although he was thedirect descendent of a powerful dynasty which was goingstrong in Franklin's day. I mean the young ArchdukeOtto of Hapsburg. He was a very interesting youngfellow, who said he came to America to see the practicaloutworking of democracy. He said, "The thing thatimpresses me most in America is the way you take yourliberty for granted. . . . You do not realize that someday it may be taken away from you."Perhaps it is not strange that we have taken our libertylightly, because in none of our great crises was the fundamental philosophy of the country actually threatened.When the Revolution of 1848 swept Europe, topplingcrowns and changing philosophies there, we were enjoying one of those permanent plateaux of prosperity, andwe did not think much about it.However, times have changed, and today we are actually facing a world revolution. This splendid isolationism is gone, as Peffer showed you. There are peoplein this country who refuse to believe this; who fail toTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 19realize how far we have gone; what steps we have already taken to fight this counter-revolution, and whatsteps we may have to take. Whether we accept it ornot, we have already begun to fight the world revolution— not yet with guns or ships or men, but with otherforces equally powerful, devastating, and dangerous intheir handling.Now, the reason this counter-revolution is dangerous,is because in those countries the revolution does not end¦at their own borders; their philosophies must go outand conquer. Our fleets and our anti-aircraft guns arepowerless against the weapons they are using. Ideasdescend upon us like invisible parachutists, fifth columnists who get aid and comfort not from secret agenciesor traitors within our country, but from the very faultsof democracy itself, which breed discontent and disloyalty.Under normal conditions, of course, when you havetraitors, you can take them out and shoot them, but youcannot shoot an idea. Jefferson said that the cure forthe faults of democracy was more democracy. The heareryou get to a state of war, the more difficult it is to provide for more democracy; the cure must be postponed.We are already being forced to fight fire with fire — totake over some of the totalitarian weapons in order toincrease our own efficiency. We are sacrificing some ofour democratic principles in order in the end to keepthem. That is what makes our problem so difficult.When we consider whether our next step will be waror short of war, we face the danger that these totalitarianweapons we are forced, against our will, to use, may turnin our own hand. That is why I believe Franklin wouldbe quite as concerned today as he was that day in Philadelphia when he said, "It is a republic if we can keep it."Perhaps the best way to present what I have to saywill be to recall some of the incidents that stand out inmy mind as milestones on this road we have followedfrom the days of our splendid isolationism.My mind goes back to 1914 when the majority of thepeople in the United States had never seen a uniform.I was standing in West Constitution Avenue down fromPennsylvania Avenue, where it separates the old State,War and Navy Building from the White House. Withme was a man wearing glasses. He had a handkerchiefin his hand, and I can remember up over his head onthe iron fence was a cluster of honeysuckle. I can almostsmell it now when I think of that. The man was crying.Pointing up, he said, "It is just as if they had burned yourWhite House/' He was the Belgian Minister, and theGermans had just invaded his country and burned thelibrary of Louvain.Well, it touched me, but it seemed pretty far away.He might have been talking about the Taj Mahal. Icertainly never dreamed, and few Americans dreamedthen, that in four years that war would be over with thehelp of America. When it was over, the one thing thatI felt sure of was that America would never again marchin a foreign war; that the wise men gathered in Pariswould evolve some kind of a League of Nations toprevent a war.I will never forget that I gave voice to those naivesentiments in the Associated Press office. I was covering the peace conference for the Stars and Stripes, the army newspaper. When I got through saying what Ihave just said now, one hard-boiled newspaper veteranbegan to laugh and said, "Listen. You will live to seeanother war. Another generation will march off, cheering, and they will have forgotten everything that yousay." Well, I didn't believe him ; I thought he was justa cynic. I went back to my typewriter and knocked outa powerful piece on the League of Nations.I recall an incident in Berlin about a year ago. I wassitting in the press gallery of the Reichstag. On the platform was Goering, looking more like a genial beer partycompanion than assistant dictator. Down in front wasHess, long, lanky and rather dumb looking, in his brownuniform; and Ribbentrop, the fop, with his monocle,lounging back on the seat; and standing very stiffly,looking straight ahead of him, was Herr Goebbels, a manwrho to me had more electric personality than anyone elsein the room. He knew that everybody in that audienceknew that he was out of favor. There was a bitter internal fight in the Party then, and he stood there as ifto say, "Well, what about it? I still rule their minds."Suddenly our attention was turned to the entrance atthe side of the hall. Every hand went out in the Nazisalute. The door opened, and in came a little man in aplain field gray tunic, looking very pale and tired, eventroubled. Of course, it was Hitler.JUST HITLERIt was a little shock to me, because he seemed so inconsequential. He marched straight toward me in thecross-aisle, with his hand up and his eyes down, andcame up to his place on the platform.That whole meeting and his whole speech was exceedingly interesting to me. He had the air of a man whowas beaten, of a man making an apology, there to makehis will and say his prayer. Afterward, in the street,that same feeling seemed to be reflected.After the meeting I thought I would like to go intosome non-German place to have a cup of coffee. I saidbrightly to the waiter, "Well, what did you think of theFuehrer's speech ?" He looked at me out of the cornerof his eye and mumbled something, rubbing off the table.I looked up at the proprietor behind the bar; he wasscrewing down at me. The waiter said, "Well, the Fuehrer must know what is best for us," and walked off.I was kind of sore at this reception. I drank the coffee,called for the check, and just as I did, another mancalled for his; I had not noticed him before. I lookedup. It was a Nazi in brown uniform. The waiter hurried over and showed him out the door with a deep bow.Then he turned around, came over to me all smiles.The proprietor was smiling too. They were trying tosay : "My God, we would like to tell you what we thoughtof the Fuehrer's speech."I mention this because I think it is worthwhile toknow how the people feel toward Hitler. When wafwas actually declared, I tell you I never saw such dejection on human countenances. The one thing the peoplefeared most, war, had come. They remembered the lastwar. The first question they asked me was, "What willAmerica do?"Well, I couldn't say; I had no idea; but I did recall20 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEanother meeting I had attended just a year before inCongress. Representative Ludlow was discussing theplebiscite on war. The bill did not pass, and he wassurprised at the pressure against it, because he knewthat people all over the country were demanding thatthe bill should go through. The people were responsive ;they had a strong will to peace. But, what happened?Very soon, those weak bulwarks against war were razed ;the Neutrality Law was pushed aside, evaded, or amended until nothing was left; neutrality was just a word.I do not think we are exactly at war, but we are awarethat the counter-revolution has begun. But I do notthink we realize the difference between the state we arein now, and that of war, because while we have alreadymade a great many sacrifices of our democratic principles and methods, when war comes there will not be ashred of it left; we will be as totalitarian as the mosttotalitarian — probably more so.The regimentation that is necessary for total war goesso much deeper than people realize. The theory of totalwar is that every stratum of society, every single economic effort, and every other factor must be regimentedwith exactly the same degree of discipline as the soldier,toward the defeat of the enemy. It means that the professional man, the farmer, and the writer must do hisdaily task exactly as a soldier does his, or along a plandrawn up by the High Command. Today there is ablueprint that you can see in Washington — it will be sentto you by the Government Printing Office — which showsexactly how our thinking is going to be regimented.They do not call it censorship ; they call it "information."It has all been planned out, and if you think we can stepinto war with no sacrifices of our form of government,you will be greatly surprised.I will not go into the various things that we have already done. Just think of some of those powers wevoted to the President and the things that he has done.Destroyers were exchanged for bases. I am not quarrelling with the objective, but think of the method. ThePresident, in his private car, met with the Premier ofCanada. A very generous statement came out, and anactive defense commission immediately began to operatewith Canada. Does anybody know what the text of thatagreement is? I have never seen it. The same thingis going to happen with the other countries. Those arethings we have to do, I have no doubt, because of theemergency, but they all have the earmark of totalitarianism on them. We should remember this : Do not getused to that idea. Be ready when the emergency is overto wipe them off the books, or there will not be anyrepublic left.I covered the peace conference at Versailles, and I amfrank to say I had no idea it was the hollow farce itwas. However, Mennin Kings did. Before the ink wasdry, he wrote in a book : "The terms of this treaty willnot only defeat themselves, but they will defeat the veryinstitutions of the people who made the terms."Now, as well as thinking about whether or not weare going to war and what it is going to cost, we mustthink about the peace that follows, and what kind of aworld we want. England has that problem before ittoday. It will come into the open soon, and I wouldnot be surprised if those who demand to know what the objectives of this war are, and what the peace willbe like, will win. Those things will be stated very"clearly. It may be that in their statement will come asolution of this whole question, because I believe thatthey will bring out these purposes if they are geared tothe same idealism which we, as members of a democracy,claim we believe in. They may show the way to a mergerbetween the English-speaking peoples of the country.The idea of that merger has gone much farther thanmany people think. The point is that it cannot come asan invitation from Great Britain. It will come ratherfrom America offering to share a world citizenship, orat least a citizenship of all English-speaking countries,with the British. I do not know whether that is tooidealistic to hope for, but I believe if it came, it mightwin the war without our having to fight.THE HISTORIAN COMMENTSMr. Schmitt: In my opinion, the United States facesat the present time the greatest crisis in its history.Nothing comparable has happened since the War of Independence in 1776. The next few years, perhaps thenext few months, will determine whether we can remainan independent nation. Now, if we are in this desperatestate, it is in no small degree our own fault.From 1919 to 1939, in my opinion, the American people followed false gods — misinformed leaders who havebrought us to our present pass. Twenty-two years agotoday — November 9, 1918— the German empire crackedand William II fled to Holland. In 1919 and 1920, theAmerican people threw away the fruits of the victorythey won in the first Great War. We rejected the principle of international cooperation which Woodrow Wilson had advocated and the aims for which we had foughtand won the war. In a moment of madness we threwaway the fruits of victory by refusing to join the Leagueof Nations, thereby destroying the fundamental basis ofthe peace settlements of 1919 and 1920.Those settlements were not all crooked; they werefar better than most people have been willing to recognize, and they contained the germs of the possibility ofimprovement and change. Deliberately, the people of theUnited States restored a kind of international anarchyto the world. Since I have said that for twenty yearsI am not speaking with the wisdom of hindsight.What might have happened to the world if the UnitedStates had joined the League and played the part whichwt earned by our success on the battlefields of Europeis an academic question. I feel very certain, for instance,that had we sat at Geneva and been on the ReparationsCommission, the Ruhr would not have been invaded in1923. I mention that because it was the invasion ofthe Ruhr in 1923 which first destroyed the German economy and paved the way for Adolf Hitler. It should notbe forgotten that Mein Kampf was written in 1923, during the invasion of the Ruhr.In the next place, if we were foolish enough, as Ithink, to reiect the League and withdraw into our ownshell, with the fatuous idea that we could live alone inthe world, we should have drawn the logical conclusionand built up a military and naval force so powerful thatwe could defend our interests against all oncomers. Instead of that, we disarmed ; we went further than anyTHE UNIVERSITY OFEuropean or Asiatic power in disarmament. Would toGod we had today the battleships, cruisers, and aircraftcarriers that we scrapped in 1922 !Not content with that, we embarked upon an economicpolicy which was denounced by the most competent economists in the United States and which is in no smalldegree responsible for our present confusion. On theone hand, we tried to collect debts our European associates had contracted in order to win the war, and atthe same time we raised our tariffs to such a point thatit was impossible for those debtors to pay. I fancythat fifty or a hundred years from today, historians willhardly find words scornful enough to describe the economic policy pursued by the United States from 1920to 1929. You know what has been happening to ussince 1929. In my opinion, a large responsibility forthe crisis through which we have been passing for thelast ten years rests upon our mistaken economic policyof trying to collect war debts, and collaring most of thegold in the world, and at the same time raising tariffs toincredible heights.From 1933 to 1939, the Democratic Administrationtried its best to overcome some of those mistakes. Mr.Roosevelt tried to restore some measure of internationalcooperation. He tried with greater success to build upthe navy, and through Secretary Hull, he tried to restore international trade to its normal channels throughthe Reciprocal Trade Act. However, a historian hasto recognize that much of what he tried to do between1933 and 1939 met with great resistance from the American people. To complete the account of fatuity, Congresspassed the Neutrality Act, which had the effect of hamstringing us as a great power in the politics of the world.Therefore, I say, with all the responsibility of a historian, that if the United States is today facing the mostdesperate crisis of its existence, it is in large measurethe fault of the American people.What are we going to do about it ? One of my deepest convictions is that w7ar broke out in Europe in 1939because the German government, personified in AdolfHitler, had come to the conclusion that the Americanpeople had become so soft, so sunk in sloth and materialism, that they would never again dare to rise to theheights of 1917, and that Germany, with her highly-perfected and organized machine, could reap her vengeance upon the nations of Europe and in her own goodtime revenge herself upon us for having participated inthe Great War."KEEPING OUT OF WAR"Today, after more than a year of war, numerousAmericans consider that our only relation to the waris to try to keep out of it. Personally, I do not subscribeto that view. I do not wish to be classed as a militarist.I must make this personal statement : I served in thearmy of the United States in the last war ; I was abovedraft age, but I enlisted when I could pass the physicalexamination. Therefore, if I seem to take what mayseem to some of you to be a belligerent attitude today,I can truthfully say that I am not advocating anythingthat I was not willing, myself, to experience twenty-fiveyears ago when I wTas of military age. My own beliefis that the foreign policy of the United States cannot be CHICAGO MAGAZINE 21conducted on any such abstruse hypothesis that we muststay out of war. Any nation can stay out of war, theoretically, if it is craven enough to submit to any termswhich a would-be conquerer may try to impose upon it.In my opinion, we must pursue a foreign policy whichwill protect the interests of the United States by peace,if we can, but if necessary, by war.Mr. Baukhage referred to the fact that the ArchdukeOtto of Hapsburg was much impressed by the freedomof speech, reading, and writing which we enjoy — andthat we took it for granted. Why can we take it forgranted? Not because it is innate in human experience. We enjoy those blessings in the United Statestoday, because some three hundred years ago, Englishmen fought a civil war, deposed King Charles I andcut off his head, and later deposed King James II andsent him into exile. Did they accomplish that by actof Parliament? No, they accomplished it by appealto the sword. In 1776, or rather in 1783, we achievedour independence from Great Britain. Did Great Britainwillingly grant that independence? No, she was forcedto grant it because she was faced by the superior militaryforce of France and the thirteen states.In 1865, we achieved national unity. Did the Southwillingly submit to that? No, it submitted because ofthe superior force of the Northern army. Twenty-twoyears ago today, William II of Germany fled to Holland,and the German empire collapsed. Did he do so of hisown volition? No, he did so because of the superiorforce of the Allied and Associated armies. So it has beenfrom the beginning of time, and I am either historianor cynic enough to believe that so it will continue to be.If 'we value our democratic institutions, our social andeconomic system, and all that makes up American life,we shall not preserve it in the world in which we livetoday by wishful thinking, but only if we are willingto fight for it, if necessary. We have to persuade thosewho would destroy our political and social and economicway of life that we are not as soft as we seemed to bein 1939, but that we have become as hard-boiled as ourancestors were in 1776 and 1861 and 1917.There are a great many appeasers about — men andwomen of entire sincerity — who urge us to show concernfor Japan, or to recognize that the Nazi conceptions ofworld order are irresistible; who argue that if we donot humor the dictators and make concessions, we maybe dragged into war. Surely the futility of any suchpolicy is demonstrated by the events of the last ten years.To my mind, the great merit of the recent election isthat the people of the United States have demonstratedthat they do not believe in appeasement. They havesaid to A. Hitler and B. Mussolini and Prince F. Konoyethat wre are not for appeasement; that we are not to bebluffed; that we will, if necessary, defend to the uttermost the things that we hold dear. In my humble opinion, the firmer attitude we take, the stronger we showourselves, the tougher we are, the less likely we are tobecome involved in war.What are the legitimate interests of the United Stateswhich we must be prepared to defend, if necessary, byforce? In the first place, the territorial integrity of theUnited States, which I may remind you includes, untilJuly 4, 1946, the Philippine Islands; secondly, our po-22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINElitical independence, by which I mean the right to determine our own government and our own institutionswithout the interference of fifth columnists; third, economic security, which, to over-simplify, involves the revival of international trade, and access to natural resources; and lastly, the maintenance of our cultural andnon-material interests throughout the world. To me itis fairly obvious — only too obvious — that an Axis victory would greatly jeopardize these vital interests ofthe United States.If Germany wins this war, a large number of Germanswill look forward to the day when they will have theirrevenge upon the United States for the last war andfor what we have done in the last year to make Germany's task of winning this war more difficult. IfGermany wins we must be prepared to face the consequences of having aided England unsuccessfully, whichis all the more reason why we should aid England to thelimit so that we should not have to face German revenge.I agree with Mr. Peffer that we cannot regard theFar Eastern problem solely from a materialistic pointof view: the point of view of trade. The United Stateshas vast cultural interests in the Far East, and we havethe Philippines to defend until 1946. I agree that thebest way of dealing with the Japanese problem is to aidEngland to the limit, and that if England is victorious,we can deal easily with Japan. If, unhappily, Englandgoes under, we shall have to face Japan. There is onematter which I think he did not mention, and that is thatwe shall probably have to face Japan on the immigrationissue, which has been a sore point with them for a greatmany years. Therefore, from my point of view, it isessential for the United States to show a stiff upper liptoward both the Japanese and the Germans, and to girdits loins as rapidly as possible for a possible war; inany case, to move with as great speed as possible towardthe building up of a great military and naval machine.We must, in our own interest, postpone the day ofreckoning; we must give all possible support to GreatBritain and all possible support to China. Just whatproportion of our output of planes and ships and tanksshall be given to Great Britain and China and how muchmust be kept on this continent is a matter for experts,and I express no opinion.In the Far East wre face the very delicate problem ofholding our own against the Japanese without provokingsome sudden action which may force us to act before weare ready. To be specific, it is of vital interest to theUnited States to maintain the International Settlementin Shanghai ; to keep the Japanese out of the Dutch EastIndies, from which we get most of our rubber; it is ofvital interest to the United States to keep the Japanesefrom attacking the Philippines.Then again, there is the question of Russia. Thereis great divergence of opinion in the United States asto what we should do about Russia. Some think weshould try to make an alliance with Russia againstJapan; others say no, because Russia is a broken reedand would be the source of weakness, rather than ofstrength. Again, there is the problem of Latin America,toward which we have been pursuing a good neighborpolicy for some years, apparently with considerable success. However, I suspect that our relations with Latin America are in the nature of a marriage of convenience,rather than of the heart. I believe their whole contactand tie-up is with Europe, rather than with the UnitedStates, and if, for the time being, they have joined withus, it is because they are afraid of Europe and not because of any love for us. There again is a very delicateand difficult problem for American diplomacy, which I,for one, am content to leave to the State Department.I am afraid I have raised more questions than I havesolved, but I do not know the answer to any of them.However, I am clear on two or three points. In the firstplace, however much we may lament the suffering whichwill undoubtedly be the lot of European nations underthe heel of Germany this winter, we must resolutely refuse to exert any pressure on Great Britain to lift theblockade. We have to fight the Nazis and the dictatorsby every weapon in our power.In the second place, as I have already remarked, thestiffer we are, the less likely Germany and Japan willbe to try conclusions with us. Nothing could be moredangerous than to back down before the Japanese andthe Germans and Italians, and we refused to be terrorized by the new Triple Alliance signed last September.The government in Washington can be tough only ifthe people of the United States stand behind it to thelast man and are willing, if necessary, to accept the consequences. The more evident we make that, and themore help we send to Great Britain, the less likely weare, in my opinion, to be forced from our present statusof non-belligerency to belligerency. Let us not think weare neutral ; we are not. We are non-belligerent.In the Rise of a University(Continued from Page 7)matter, has pooh-poohed the idea that any issue of academic freedom was involved, and said that the Universityacted entirely within its rights.In any event, Rockefeller cared nothing about theUniversity publications or the utterances of the University faculty. He asked less and expected less from theUniversity of Chicago than any other great benefactorof a similar institution had ever asked or expected. Herefused to let it take his name. He refused to assume theslightest voice in its management. He declined to visit itexcept on two great occasions when a refusal would havebeen construed as ungracious; and then his visits werebrief and his role in the proceedings was as inconspicuous as he could make it. Not until after his death waseven a building on the campus named for him — thechapel then becoming Rockefeller Memorial Chapel. Heasked, in fact, for nothing, though he was deeply appreciative of wrhat gratitude was shown him, and said so.He was one of the best friends of academic freedom inthe country, for by giving the institution tens of millionswithout the slightest interjection of his own personality,he set a valuable example to all other wealthy men. WhenEdwin E. Slosson published his series of articles on"Twelve Great American Universities" in 1912, he categorically declared that — as the whole intellectual worldthen knew — the university which Rockefeller foundedwas one of the freest centers of research, publishing, andteaching on the globe.THE ARMCHAIR STRATEGIST• By HUGH M. COLEIT is a real pleasure for the armchair strategist topeer over the shoulder of the European mapmakersand notice, for the first time, that the good fight hasbeen carried back into the Axis camp by one of theleast of its enemies. At the date of writing, November30, 1940, the forces of II Duce are apparently still inretreat and the fighting Greeks are still prodding theBlackshirt legions towards the coast of the Adriatic withbayonets applied where they wall do the most good. Itis quite true that by the time these ruminations appearin print the picture may have been completely changedand the Greek fighters may be on the wrong ends of thebayonets. Even if this does happen, one cannot underestimate the importance of the Greek victories, the firstvictories, in the real sense of the word, which have beenwon at the expense of a member of the generally victorious Axis combination.The most amazing feature of the heroic and successfuldefense of the little Greek state was the universal underestimation of the Greek army. Just as an exercise inhistorical post mortem, why were the Greeks generallydelivered hand and foot by English and American observers over to the Axis before the first blow had beenstruck?In the first place, it should be noticed that those whoenvisaged Greece as a pushover for Italo-German expansion in the Balkans, were generally thinking in terms ofthe allegedly pro-Nazi leadership in the Greek state.General John Metaxas, dictator and power behind thethrone of George II, was almost universally regarded asbeing greatly inclined in his sympathies towards Berlin.He was a graduate of German military training in theold war academy at Potsdam. He bore the sobriquet ofa great German military hero and was called by his associates "Little Moltke." Metaxas had been flattered andpraised by both Hitler and Mussolini, had been given theGrand Cross of the Order of the Black Eagle, Germany'shighest military decoration, and had, on numerous occasions, worked out favorable trade agreements withBerlin. Then, too, the little general had come to powerin Athens in a manner reminiscent of the Nazi andFascist revolutions. In 1935 he had helped engineer therestoration of George II and in the following year hadassumed control, in a dictatorial form, under the guiseof stamping out communistic strikes and riots in theleading seaports of Greece. In the months which followed, Metaxas appeared to copy the totalitarian practices of Hitler and Mussolini. He converted his politicalopponents by liberal doses of castor oil and constantlyhad himself photographed a-la-Mussolini working as anagrarian laborer amongst the peasants. He attemptedto stamp out party politics, the constant curse of allGreek history, by regimentation and the destruction ofthe parliamentary system. Civil liberties were generallycurbed; Greek youth was uniformed and educated in theprinciples of unity and nationalism and obedience to theMetaxas regime. Finally, General Metaxas seemed to show his closeaffiliation with the totalitarian states by the fact that hehad not immediately thrown himself and his people intothe arms of England at the outset of war in 1939, buthad tried for a long while to maintain an even balancebetween the Axis and the Allies, only turning to Englandunder the immediate looming of the Axis peril. On allthese grounds, therefore, it appeared to the observer in1940 that the Greek dictatorship was congeni tally toomuch akin to the dictatorships of the Axis to permit anyreal opposition by the Greeks to Axis domination.Looking back over the recent weeks of 1940 one mustcome to the conclusion that the term "Nazi" or "totalitarian" may be used at times too indiscriminately andthat names of this sort do not always adequately meanwhat they seem to mean. In the spring of 1940 the"democracies" fell with hardly a gesture of defense before the Axis. While the allegedly "totalitarian" state,in the case of the Greek experience thus far, has put upa very real resistance against its enemies, supposedlyakin to the Greeks in ideology. At the moment it wouldseem that there were very definite advantages to theGreeks in the acceptance of Metaxas' regime and thatthe present Greek victories, in a very considerably degree, have to be credited to General Metaxas' reorganization of the Greek state and the Greek army after hiscoup d'etat in 1936. One of Metaxas' most commonlyused slogans was the appeal to the "Spartan" past ofthe Greeks. Certainly there was much in Spartan ideology which European liberals of 1940 might disparage,yet, when that Spartan thought was put into practicein the passes of the Pindus by Greek soldiery, the sameliberals who attacked Metaxas in 1936 now hastened tolaud him in 1940. Metaxas had also curbed within therank and file of the Greek army the internecine politicalstrife which made possible, in part, the easy destructionof the French army on the western front. Thinkingalways in terms of Greek needs and purely Greek politics,General Metaxas had successfully taught the Greek people to stand on their own two feet and think in terms oftheir own defense. Such an attitude certainly was lackingin the case of the Dutch, the Norwegians, and perhapsthe Belgians as well.Not only did English and American critics mistakethe work and character of Metaxas, but they also hadgreatly underestimated the bravery and the abilities ofthe Greeks as fighting men. In part this underestimation was a carry-over from the experience of the firstWorld War. In that struggle, it will be remembered,the Greek state had been torn to pieces by internal strifebetween the pro-Allied and pro-German elements and asa result an independent Greek army never took the fieldduring the whole period from 1914 to 1918. It wasgenerally believed, therefore, that the Greeks were notgood soldiers since their names were not connected withany of the victories won by the Allied armies in theBalkans during 1917 and 1918. It is rather curious,2324 THE UNIVERSITY OFhowever, that military experts should have forgotten thevictories won by the Greek armies in 1912 at the expenseof the Turks. Here the Greek soldier had shown himselfbrave, almost to the point of foolhardiness, and extremelypersevering and cheerful under conditions of great hardship. The British soldiers who in 1918 fought side byside with Greek auxiliaries against the Germans andBulgars were impressed with the tough character of theindividual Greek. The same judgment was passed onhim then as had earlier been expressed in the first Balkanwar. It was said that he was a good marcher, that hecould live on (or so it seemed to the English Tommy)practically nothing. He disregarded the extremes oftemperature found in the Balkans and he paid very littleattention to the kind of shelter that was provided for him.He was primarily devoted, as a soldier, to attack withthe bayonet, and in 1918, just as in 1940, the philosophyof the Greek soldier was that of attack. It is interestingto recall that the present Greek army is largely a product of French instruction by officers of the "offensive"(1914) rather than the "defensive" (1939) school ofFrench military theory. The Greeks, in their thinking,never went through the swing back to the "Maginot"and defensive psychology which led the French army intothe debacle of 1940. The leadership of the Greek armyproved extremely good in 1912 and has proven itselfextraordinarily good in 1940. Here is would seem thatthe role of General Metaxas has been of particularsignificance.General Metaxas was a member of the Greek GeneralStaff when it was first organized, just before the firstBalkan war. He served with distinction as a young staffofficer there and some of his more laudatory critics havegiven him the credit for the Greek victories, at that time,over the Turks. Actually his role was less importantthan such students believe, but he was important enoughto be one of the two Greek officers to receive the capitulation of the Turkish army in the field.With the advantage of historical hindsight, it wouldseem today that Metaxas' professional training and judgment were better than that of the French and Englishgenerals who worked out the Gallipoli campaign of 1915and who advised the Greeks to undertake the Anatoliancampaign four years later. We know, today, thatMetaxas remains the brains of the Greek army, althoughGeneral Papagos is nominally Chief of the Greek GeneralStaff, and it is probably true that Metaxas' own studiesof mountain warfare in the Spanish Civil War of 1936have been translated by this German trained militarymind into a scheme of defense applicable to the mountainfrontiers between Greece and Albania. It must be concluded, therefore, that the Greek soldier and the leadership of the Greek armies have been exceedingly goodand to a considerably degree explain the surprising victories of 1940.There are two other items on the Greek side of thefrontier which help round out the picture as it is presented to the armchair strategist. In the first place, theGreek people and their army had a very high morale,already created years in advance, for any conflict withItaly. The Greeks had long feared Italian aspirations inthe Balkans and always regarded Italian pretensionsacross the Adriatic with a great deal of suspicion. A CHICAGO MAGAZINEFrench general who commanded the Allied armies inthe Balkans in 1918 records in his journal that his greatest triumph of the entire war was in getting the Italianarmy to give some rations to the Greeks, who were nominally their allies. This mutual distrust was turned intohatred, on the part of the Greeks, by the Italian attemptat the seizure of Corfu in 1922. The Greeks in 1940certainly fought better because they hated the Italianarmy as individuals and were not fighting for abstractideologies which could not be personalized. The secondof the subsidiary factors explaining Greek victories isthe organization of transport on the Greek side as compared with that on the Italian side. In Greece when warbroke out, the Greek troops were generally in positionon the frontier or close enough to the frontier to maketheir movement towards the front relatively a simplematter. Since their needs were limited, and since theyhad little in the way of heavy arms such as tanks, heavyfield guns, etc., the Greeks proved more mobile and lessdependent upon their supply lines. The Italians on theother hand had to keep open lines of communicationwhich were difficult to traverse in peace time and whichproved almost impassable when harrassed by an enemyor cut off by a combination of heavy vehicular traffic andbad weather.No one will wish to belittle the efforts of the Greeksin their own defense, yet it is apparent, as in the caseof the Finnish resistance in the first six weeks of theFinno-Russian war, that the weaknesses of the Goliathin the combination made the task of David much easier.The Italian soldier has seldom, in the last 100 years,proved himself to be anything but a very mediocre fighting man. The troops who ran away at Guadalajara, tothe accompaniment of the jeers of the whole world, couldhardly be expected to prove themselves tops when theyran into stiff Greek resistance. However, the poor character of Italian morale and soldier material might wellhave been outweighed, in the first phases of the Greekwar, by an initial Italian superiority in manpower, planes,and material. Probably the Italian army in Albania didnot greatly outnumber the Greek army, since our bestinformation indicates that Italy started her campaignwith between twelve and eighteen divisions. Certainlythe Italians had more in the way of guns, tanks, etc.,and theoretically, at least, the Fascist army should havehad complete control of the air.Although future revelations may cause some changesin our present judgment on the Italian invasion ofGreece, it would appear that the Italian General Staffand Mussolini made some very serious miscalculations.The first and probably the most important mistake wasthe subordination of a purely military problem, that isthe problem of pushing through the Greek held mountain passes, to a political and party ideology — the belief,that is, that the Greeks could be scared into submissionby all the machinations of pressure from Berlin andRome and, therefore, that the military problem itselfwould never have to be solved. So, for example, theItalians discarded point number one in Germany's blitzkrieg technique by failing to bomb Greek mobilizationcenters and lines of transport in the first hours of thewar, but instead, on November 3, concentrated onbombing civilians and urban centers like Athens andTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 25Patras which were of dubious military significance. Atthe same time the Rome radio blared out the messagethat Athens was in revolt. Obviously this was an example of purely wishful thinking. Greece was to collapse by reason of the terror and demoralization of thecivilian population. Revolution was to take place andthe Greek army was to retire meekly from the Greekfrontier.It may be too early to draw any lessons from thisinitial miscalculation by one of the Axis partners but itseems to the present writer that there will be a tendency,a tendency constantly increasing in the future, for theparty leadership in both Rome and Berlin to force uponthe military authorities a subordination of military realism to party ideology. This might possibly eventuate inacceptance by the Nazi leaders of a war with the UnitedStates on the basis of the ideological statement that theUnited States is a corrupt, weak, and effeminate pluto-democracy, and a subsequent overruling of any objective estimate of the military strength of the United Statesmade by the realists in the German General Staff.It is impossible to pick up any written work on themilitary geography of the Balkans without reading somereference to the importance of climatic conditions inBalkan campaigning. The Pindus Mountains, where thecenter of the Italian attack was to fall, occupies one ofthe most tricky positions, in regard to climate, in theentire Balkan peninsula. Here the winds and stormsfrom the Mediterranean meet the winds and storms fromthe Black Sea area and, therefore, it is almost impossible to determine far in advance what the climatic conditions will be in the Pindus passes at a given moment inthe future. Fourth, it wrould appear, for some reasonnot yet clearly seen, that the Italians believed that airpower need not be exercised on a large scale in thisparticular campaign. Here, there is a big mystery whichwe cannot yet solve. Perhaps the Italians had concentrated too many planes in northern Italy in order toprotect their industrial settlements against British bombing. Perhaps there had been too large a drain by theextensive use of planes in Africa. Perhaps Italian aircraft had been rendered so obsolete by rapid advancesin plane manufacture that Mussolini lacked fightingplanes for use in Greece. Perhaps Italy was conservingher gasoline and lubricants for a more important venturesome place else. In any event, Italian aircraft wouldhave found that the job of bombing the Greeks off highmountain peaks and out of narrow mountain passes wasan extremely difficult job, more difficult, that is, thandestroying Ethiopian troop concentrations on the opendesert.It is one of the prerogatives of an armchair strategistto make guesses ; indeed, that is his distinguishing characteristic. What of the future of this surprising Graeco-Italian war? Italy has promised to fight it out withoutaid from Germany. German aid obviously would completely reverse any guesses which could be made on thebasis of circumstances as they exist today. ExcludingGerman intervention, the following factors can be considered as favoring Greek resistance in the future. Greekmorale has been greatly heightened and certainly will besuperior to that of new Italian troops brought into action in Albania. Second, Greece has been able to mobilizeher manpower and occupy the best strategic points onher frontiers. Notice, too, that English aid has beengiven ample time to make itself felt, which was certainlynot true in the case of Norway, Belgium and Holland.The climate in the next few months will be favorable tothe defender and unfavorable to the attacker, so long asthe attacker depends upon the movement of heavy military machinery. The main Greek defenses of the MetaxasLine have not yet been touched. If one draws a line onthe map from Philiates, on the Greek mainland just opposite Corfu, and extends this line past Yanina andMetsova, thence north by way of Kastoria and Fiorina,it can readily be seen how much ground the Italiansmust recover before they can directly attack the Metaxasfortifications. It should be noticed also that with therecent English successes in the Mediterranean, one ofthe three Italian routes for invasion has been closed.That is the southern route by way of the coast line fromPort Edda through the northern Epirus. In the futurethe. best bet for an Italian advance is through some agreement by which Yugoslavia allows a violation of her neutrality and the passage of Italian armies around LakeOchrida and Lake Presba via the pass at Bitolj andthence across the Monastir battle ground of 1918 intothe valley of the Vardar.The picture, however, is not all bright. If Italianforces are greatly augmented and the Greeks are pushedback on to their own soil, will they be able to fight forlong on the defensive? Historically, the Greek soldieris not a great fighter on the defense, as is the Turk.He is very volatile and goes from the peak of braveryand personal daring down to the lowest depths of despair.Secondly, there is a grave question as to how muchBritish aid can possibly be given the Greek army. Britain, it must be noticed, has both of her flanks dangerously exposed if the Greek theatre of war be consideredthe center and spearhead of the deployment of Britishforces in the Near East. In spite of the fact that Britainnow controls the eastern Mediterranean, the Italianscould pin down and destroy British contingents in Greeceitself, particularly with German aid. Planes and heavyartillery are an absolute necessity if the Greeks are tohold out for long. For example, the Italians were ableto hold up a Greek advance in the Biklishta area by aconcentration of heavy artillery fire on the Greek rearwhere reserves were being gathered to push the attackfurther. Once Italy regains the offensive, the Greekswill need heavy artillery to reverse this process andprevent the movement and deployment of Italian reserves. Of course, it will be very difficult for such heavyartillery to be moved on the frontier. In the Macedonian campaign of 1918 it took the French three weeksto move one battery of heavy guns into a commandingposition on a mountain peak and a superiority of artillery will mean less in the mountains than on the plains.Theoretically, however, in the long run the advantagein mountain warfare always lies with the attacker. Thishas been laid down as a principle of strategy by every^writer on the subiect from Bourcet in the 18th centuryto the editors of the English General Staff history of theMacedonian campaign in the post World War period.CAMACHO INAUGURALAnother Letter from Mexico• By RALPH W. NICHOLSON, '36Mexico City,December 2.NOW that seemingly the last possible chance forrevolution has been safely passed, now that General Manuel Avila Camacho has been inductedinto the office of president of Mexico, the only majorproblem confronting the country is what kind of a president will he be ? Will he continue the policies of LazaroCardenas and the Mexican Revolution, and if so to whatdegree ?You may think it a little funny that concern about thenew president and his possible program should not befelt until so late in the game. Clearly this is the onlyessential concern, one that should get a major — and notresidual — share of attention and energy. Perhaps theexplanation is that Mexicans have seen all too many administrations come and go so distracted by party or opposition politics, revolutions, and personal intrigues thatthey never get around to the examination of domesticor foreign problems. That the administration of AvilaCamacho is going to get around to these problems, andis going to get around to them starting today, the dayafter it takes office, is a fact to be admired. The concernabout the man and program, then, is not late. It is early.In bringing about this desirable state of affairs, theUnited States played rather a brilliant part. The appointment of Henry Wallace as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to attend the inaugurationyesterday was, in the first place, received here with realenthusiasm. Never had a Mexican president been honored by the attendance of such a high-ranking representative from the United States. The move definitelyincreased the prestige of the present Mexican government among the people who did and did not vote for it,and a government with prestige can be a better government. But more important, the announcement of thecoming of Wallace gave conclusive evidence (on top ofa number of hints) that the officially designated presidentof Mexico had recognition from the north, and put toa sudden end the carefully nourished and frequently repeated rumor that General Juan Andreu Almazan wouldform a revolution with help from either or both theUnited States government and the oil companies. Bythe time Wallace arrived here, Almazanismo had beenliquidated. The relatively insignificant demonstration infront of the American Embassy at the time of Wallace'sarrival indicated both that the anti-Camacho groups werewoefully weak and that the United States, in their opinion, had helped to thwart their plans to gain power.The people are particularly touched by the fact thatWallace has learned Spanish and is able to talk to themin their own language. Perhaps this in their mindspartly makes up for the fact that the American Ambassador to Mexico for the last seven years, Josephus Daniels,can not yet (according to their testimony) pronounce the word "senor" correctly, much less speak or understandSpanish. But then perhaps they are a little bitter aboutDaniels — enough so to overlook some of his better qualities — because they remember that he was the Secretaryof Navy who, in 1914, put into effect his government'sdesire to take the port of Vera Cruz. This was done atthe cost of 200 lives, most of them 17- and 18-year-oldstudents in the Mexican Naval Academy there, the onlydefenders of the city. You might guess that our Ambassador is not generally popular. The pride taken in thevisit of Wallace indicates how well a "good neighbor"policy could work in Mexico, and how willing the Mexicans are to forget the whole history of our conquestand penetration of their country, our president-making,our meddling in Mexican affairs throughout the periodbeginning with the Mexican war and running down tothe time of the oil expropriations — how willing theywould be if we would give them something on the otherside of the ledger to think about a little more frequently.But this has been a digression. Now that I must return to the original question as to what kind of apresident Camacho will be, I am forced to admit I can'tanswer it. Nor so far as I know can anyone else. Thelast issue of Time Magazine to come to my eyes has itthat the Revolution is over and that Mexico will get aconservative administration. That seems to overlook thefact that the Revolution was not Cardenas's nor any oneman's but the possession of the whole people now quiteexperienced at making its will felt through revolution.Time also refers to the Cardenas Six Year Plan, whichpresumably is also over. Actually the Six Year Planwas the outgrowth of a proposal by then Ex-presidentCalles and drawn up under President Rodriguez. Cardenas had no hand in its making. As the governmentcandidate later, he did pledge himself to the fulfillmentof the Plan insofar as he was able.The new president is said to be more conservativethan Cardenas and that he can be expected to break withhis predecessor on many points. This is the basis forassuming that the drive for the fulfillment of Revolutionary principles will be slowed down. Camacho saidlittle in his inaugural message to dispel this notion. Hedid indicate, however, that the agrarian problem wouldbe given the major part of his administration's attentionand that it would not be abandoned until it was solved.This sounds like Cardenas. But for the rest it is truethe tone seemed to indicate a consolidation of gains ratherthan new advances. It is also true that all but one member of the Camacho cabinet are new— only EduardoSuarez, Minister of Finance, carries over from the Cardenas cabinet. This might indicate a shift in policy andit might not. It shows for one thing that Camacho willhave a free hand in running his own administration.This is further borne out by Cardenas's announcementthat he is retiring to the Pacific coast and will have no26THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 27further public voice. The absence of generals in thecabinet (there are only three : Secretary of National Defense, Secretary of Communications and Public Works,and the head of the Department of Marine) shows thatCamacho is not paying off political debts this season.And in Mexico a change of personnel from generals tolawyers, doctors, and plain citizens can't be taken as acondemnation of a predecessor's program. Rather it isa reflection of progress made.When I ask the question, "What kind of a presidentwill Camacho be, I am forced to admit I cannot answerit. So far as I know, no one else can. The presidentelect is known to be steady and honest. He is said tobe more conservative than Cardenas and that he willbreak with his predecessors on many points. However,Camacho is the choice of Cardenas and of Cardenas'party. They are not likely to have chosen a man whowould deviate very much from the program of the lastsix years. The caudillo tradition has always been strongin Mexico. Loyalty to leaders is more natural thanloyalty to institutions. Thus the peon is bound to hislandlord, who, in a sense, is the final law. The armyfollows its general regardless of the general's loyalty ordisloyalty to the country. Voters and politicians alikealign themselves with candidates instead of parties, calling themselves Almazanistas and Camachistas ratherthan (as we do) Republicans or Democrats. Andthroughout the whole caudillo system there is the drivingforce of the profit motive: you associate yourself witha leader and, if he is successful, you get your reward inthe form of political job, military command, or outrightmoney gift.Cardenas's association with his predecessor — Calles —goes back to Revolutionary times. Perhaps something ofthis background will be interesting in itself. With theslogan of "Suffrage and No Reelection," FranciscoMadero in 1911 led a successful revolution against Pro-firio Diaz, thus ending a 34-year personal dictatorship.This was the start of ihe Revolution that lasted until1917, at which time the Constitution was written.Madero, after the overthrow of Diaz, was electedpresident with the almost complete backing of the country. Almost immediately, however, he deserted theprinciples that his peasant armies had fought Diaz for,so that two years later Victoriano Huerta brought abouthis downfall. Madero had entrusted the defenses ofMexico City to Huerta, but instead of using his powerto protect his president, Huerta treacherously used itagainst him. Almost at once, three forces aligned themselves against Huerta : the followers of Madero and thoseshocked into opposition against the killer of the president,the sincere believers in the original revolution againstDiaz who as yet had not won what they fought for, andthe opportunists who saw in another revolution a chancefor profit and personal power. The main forces opposingHuerta were those of Obregon in the northwest, Villain the north, Zapata in the south and southwest, andCarranza in the east.Cardenas originally held a very modest rank in thearmy of Obregon, but, during a campaign in Sonora,became associated with Calles, who was an Obregon manand whose favor he almost immediately won. By thetime he was 20 he had moved up under Calles until he held a rank only one step lower than a full general.Huerta was soon crushed by the alliance of powersagainst him (including the United States, which openedthe border to arms for the rebels), but the fighting wenton between the separate armies of the victors. Obregon,with the moral help at least of Pershing's unsuccessfulcampaign, finished Villa's army in the north, and thensubsequently defeated Zapata in the south. Cardenasparticipated in this battle against Zapata, who was oneof Mexico's great agrarian leaders and fierce fighter forsocial justice. Carranza meanwhile proclaimed himself"First Power" and assumed the presidency. Underpressure from Obregon and from the masses willing tofight the Revolution over once again if necessary, Carranza gave out the famous Constitution of 1917.Carranza, however, seemed no more devoted to theRevolution than Madero or Huerta had been. He paid50,000 pesos and a generalship to have the agrarian reformer Zapata assassinated. He denied laborers theright to strike although that right was included in hisconstitution. He awarded favorites with political positions and expropriated haciendas, supposedly meant forthe peasants. No one was benefiting except Carranzaand his followers.In 1920 Obregon and Calles bolted, and Cardenasjoined them. The immediate reason for the revolt wasCarranza's maneuver to have himself succeeded by apresident he could control, for Madero's "No Reelection" had become a constitutional reality, and Carranzahimself could not remain in office. Obregon ultimatelybecame president after Carranza had been shot. He verynicely had the Constitution amended to read that a president could not be reelected for consecutive terms andthen began to plan for Calles to succeed him. He figuredthat since the middle class and the Church despisedCalles, the time would be ripe for his own return tooffice after a few years.The opposition to the move to make Calles presidentwas strong. By 1923, revolution seemed imminent. Thiswas probably the reason for the Bucareli discussions,which are still regarded by many Mexicans as theircountry's most shameful sacrifice of national sovereignty.In exchange for United States recognition and supportof the Obregon-Calles machine, the United States wasgiven a settlement of claims of American landownersand a verbal understanding that the Constitution of 1917(which among other things reiterated the traditionalSpanish principle that all subsoil wealth belonged to thepeople as a whole) would not be applied retroactively.As a result Calles did become president, but not untilsome twenty bombers from the United States had crossedthe border to wipe out rebel concentrations in the stateof Jalisco.Calles was able to stay in power and even to someextent free himself from Obregon. When the time fornew elections came, two unexpected candidates who appeared on the scene were assassinated (by Obregon itis charged), so that Obregon, by default as the onlyexisting candidate, was again elected president. Beforehe could assume office, however, he in turn was assassinated. Calles then succeeded in maneuvering into thepresidency three puppets in turn, Gil, Rubio andRodriguez, whose strings were all in his hands. Those28 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEwho say that Cardenas was Calles 's man would have itthat Cardenas was intended to be a fourth puppet.All this time Cardenas, who ended this regime, wasrising to national prominence by supporting it. But notentirely. In 1928 he became governor of his home state ofMichoacan. As such he bitterly fought the Calles policyof slowing up the land reform program to fit a "pay-as-you-go" plan. He similarly continued to set up thecommunal ejidos in his state in spite of a Calles decreeto the effect that expropriated land should be assignedto individual, small owners. He persisted in these policies even after he had been summoned to the capital forpersonal attention.During the presidency of the Calles-made Rubio(1929-1932), Cardenas and Juan Andreu Almazan weretwo of four generals to resign from the Rubio cabinetas a protest against Calles domination. After resigning,Cardenas returned to his position as governor ofMichoacan. Now, along with two other states, he hadlaws enacted empowering the state to take over anyindustrial plant that violated the labor laws. Theseplants would be turned over to the workers. Pressurefrom Rubio, Calles, and foreign companies resulted inthe repeal of these laws, but Cardenas's part in them losthim the backing of Calles. The cleanest evidence of thispact is that Cardenas was not allowed to name his successor to the governorship of Michoacan as is generallythe case. He was left without any office for some time,but finally was given the zone command of Puebla andthen, under Rodriguez, the portfolio as Secretary of War.When the term of Rodriguez expired, Cardenas wassuddenly recognized as an exceptionally fine choice forpresident. He had more than a usually satisfactory Revolutionary record. He was well known in 12 of the27 states by virtue of campaigns he had conducted orA MAJOR example of the unified attack upon medical problems is the University's Committee onCancer, headed by Dr. Alexander Brunschwig,associate professor of surgery and roentgenology, andcomprising no less than fifteen scientists whose fieldsrange from gynecology (Adair) to physical chemistry(Franck). The committee has shown how departmentaland divisional lines can be crossed and vital problemsattacked — in this case without special funds for the purpose — unifying the hitherto autonomous efforts of various researchers.Statistics show the concern about cancer to be morethan justified; today it ranks second only to heart disease among the diseases responsible for death. Becauseit is essentially a malady of middle and later life, it islikely if unchecked to become an even greater menacesince the average age of the country's population is increasing, and the birth rate slowing down.One important phase of the cancer investigation, beingconducted by Drs. Fred C. Koch and Paul E. Steiner, offices he had held in them. He had, while governor ofMichoacan, proved his belief in the Revolutionary principles in a more tangible way than any of the nine Revolutionary presidents Mexico had had up to that time.It is true that his candidacy was announced by the sonof Calles, but there is nothing to indicate that the sonacted with either the knowledge or approval of his father,the president-maker. There was nothing Calles coulddo against such a candidate. (It does seem more likelythat a man with a record for making puppet presidentswould be inclined to do something against rather thanfor Cardenas.) Calles, who had risen to power by revolutionary action, must have appreciated the power of themasses to get what they want. The election soon provedhe was right in withholding his opposition. After Cardenas had toured each of the Mexican states — a featnever before attempted by a candidate and one then notso easy as it is now that Cardenas-constructed roads havejoined much of the country — the vote indicated thatCardenas was the most popular presidential choice sinceMadero had overthrown Diaz.Even from this simplified outline of political eventsleading up to Cardenas's election, it is clear that previouspresidents did not have much time or inclination toworry about domestic reform, foreign relations, or thestatus of foreign businesses. The Revolution had beenneglected. Cardenas was the first to pay it any realattention, and now Camacho will be able to give it hisfull attention. Only by a severe stretch of the imagination could Cardenas have been expected to continueCalles's policies. However there is no reason to suppose that such great differences exist between Cardenasand Camacho. Consequently an examination of Cardenas's policies and accomplishments can be taken as afairly valid preview of the administration of Camacho.• By BERNARD LUNDY, '37is the study of cancer agents in sterols, chemical compounds known to be essential constituents of living cellsbut about whose real function and metabolism little isknown. The reasoning behind the investigation : If identifiable chemical substances are found responsible forstimulating the growth of cancer, it may be possible toprevent their formation or render them harmless.Last month Dr. Steiner reported the result of an investigation which shed a little more light on the trail ofthe sterols. Reporting his work in Science, he told howhe had taken the extract of more than 9,000 grams ofhealthy livers from persons who had died of cancer. Heinjected the extract — a flaky brown substance with adisagreeable odor — into mice which he knew to be freefrom "spontaneous spindle cell sarcoma," although notfree from other diseases. At the end of 16 months, 13tumors appeared. (Thirty-six other mice died of theiroriginal diseases, leaving 7 alive at the end of the experiment.) Then, as a control, Dr. Steiner also injectedmice with the residue from the livers of persons who hadNEWS OF THE QUADRANGLESTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 29died of diseases other than cancer ; no tumors developed.As a further test he made the same kind of extract fromabout 7,000 grams of cancerous tissue, injected it; notumors appeared.Having proved that "an extract could be preparedfrom the livers of persons who died of cancer which onsubcutaneous injection produced sarcomas at the siteof injection," Dr. Steiner is now confronted with anothermajor problem: Finding out precisely what it is in theextract that produces the tumors.STARRING P. KNOWLESIAlso in the news last month was a motion picturewhich, although it played to no packed houses, won no"Oscars," may well prove more significant than all theHurricanes that ever blew out of Hollywood. Star of themovie was one Plasmodium Knowlesi. Plasmodium isnot a refugee actor, but the parasite which causes malaria. Director and producer of the show — as well ascameraman — was Melvin H. Knisely, mentioned in thesecolumns last month as a contributor of important newinformation on the circulatory system through his workwith motion pictures. (His results further demonstratethe effectiveness of inter-university cooperation; he iscurrently on loan to the University of Tennessee.)Dr.^ Knisely's movie, shown at the meeting of theSouthern Medical Association last month, was made incooperation with the Tennessee university's departmentof Preventive Medicine and malariologists of the Tennessee Valley Authority. It showed that malaria kills itsvictims by jelling the blood until the heart stops fromthe overwork of trying to push a semi-solid mass throughthe blood vessels. To take the movie Dr. Knisely usedthe special quartz lighting-rod (which conducts light asa tube pipes water) to illuminate the scene of action. Hethen focused his camera, through a microscope, on thebloodstreams of five monkeys who had been infected withmalaria.The film showed that the malaria parasites attack andenter the red blood corpuscles, whereupon a jelly-likesubstance is precipitated upon the corpuscles. Althoughthese do not stick to the linings of the vessels, they dostick together to form clumps. These clumps stick tothe white corpuscles whose job is to remove them fromthe blood stream. But if the clumps get too big or toonumerous the white corpuscles become less well able toengulf them. Then the clumps amalgamate to form evenbigger masses that dam the blood vessel. Though thesubject may weather this crucial phase of the disease,he usually dies from the oxygen starvation which resultsfrom the parasites, attacking so* many red corpuscles.Formation of the sludge may be prevented by injection of heparin, a newly purified drug, the scientists revealed. Only difficulty with this is that the parasitesthen multiply and kill the animal by consuming itshemoglobin.Dr. Knisely's discovery actually dates back to an investigation of clotting which he made with Dr. LeslieStauber in 1932 when they were both graduate studentsin biology. At that time they were studying canariesinfected with malaria, and discovered clumps of corpus cles in the birds' bloodstreams which they (the investigators) were unable to explain.PHYSICISTS MEETMore information about the bloodstream came duringNovember from the (237th) meeting of the AmericanPhysical Society, the fourth of 36 such gatherings oflearned societies to be held on campus between now andnext September. Two hundred physicists from all partsof the country attended the meeting. Among them wereDrs. F. A. Maxfield and O. A. Mortensen, respectivelyan electrical engineer and an anatomist, who told oftheir method of tracing phagocytosis. This is the process by which special blood cells purge the bloodstream offoreign matter, such as bacteria, thus keeping the bodyfree from disease. The two University of Wisconsinscientists used naturally radioactive thorium as a tracer,injecting it into the circulatory system, then studyingblood samples taken at regular intervals to determinethe rate at which the amount of thorium was diminishing.(Since the thorium is radioactive, its quantity can bedetermined by examination under x-rays.) Other substances, such as radio-phosphorus and radio-sodium,which are artificially radioactive, have been used, theyexplained, but these enter the bloodstream with difficulty,lose their radioactivity quickly, and are likely to injurethe tissues. Thorium has none of these disadvantages.Injecting thorium dioxide (a colloidal form) into rabbits,Drs. Maxfield and Mortensen were able to chart thecurve of elimination of the material, reported that it tookthe rabbits an average of SJ/2 hours to get rid of a cubiccentimeter of it:MILLIS TO NLRBArbitration of employer-employe disputes requires athird person whose position as well as personality promises bias in favor of neither disputant. For this reason,University faculty men have not infrequently been requisitioned as arbiters and mediators in labor disputes.Most prominent among such public servants have beenPaul Douglas, William H. Spencer, Raleigh W. Stone,William F. Ogburn and Harry A. Millis.Last month President Roosevelt appointed to thethree-man National Labor Relations Board ProfessorEmeritus Harry Millis, PhD '00. He is expected to become chairman of the board, succeeding J. WarrenMadden, JD '14, whose term of appointment has expired.Professor Millis, who is given main credit for clearingup labor problems in Chicago's clothing industry, servedmore recently as permanent referee for General MotorsCorporation and the United Auto Workers Union. Inconnection with his being hired for this job the NewYork newspaper PM's (and the University's) MiltonMayer told the following anecdote :"We are prepared, Dr. Millis, to pay you $20,000 ayear," General Motors' board chairman Alfred W. Sloanis reported to have said." 'Tain't worth it," replied Mr. Millis."Well — er— we can go as high as $25,000."" 'Tain't worth it. 'Tain't worth it to you people topay me any such money. I'm worth about $10,000, andthat's what I'll take.""And (Mayer concluded) Millis compelled the negotiators to come down to $10,000."30 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEEXPANDING DEMOCRACYAn alLstar series of. lectures on democracy has begunon the Quadrangles under the auspices of the CharlesR. Walgreen Foundation for the Study of AmericanInstitutions.Already William T. Hutchinson, shy, slow-spokenWorld War I veteran (Croix de Guerre) who is secretary of the Walgreen Foundation, has given the firsthalf of his series of twenty thoughtful, fact-packed reading conferences on "Basic Documents of Our Republic,"while affable Charles E. Merriam has finished his seriesof five lectures on "Democracy," some of which, in addition to making excellent sense, came very close to makingexcellent poetry. Still to come are a series of eightlectures by John U. Nef, professor of economic history,on "The United States and Civilization," five by AveryO. Craven, professor of American History and expert[In the January, 1040, issue of the Magazine Mr.Daines summaried the University's financial position asof June 30, 1939, discussing in some detail the fundholdings and current operations. Figures and chartsshowed sources of support and expenditure. In the following article Mr. Daines supplements his "picture" oflast year zvith some details of the fiftieth fiscal year of theUniversity, 1030-40. Unreflected in the analysis of giftsare the unpaid balances as at June 30, 1040, of pledgesmade by alumni to the Alumni Foundation's FiftiethAnniversary Gift, which will be presented to the University in the autumn. — Ed.]AT THE close of the fiftieth fiscal year, whichended on June 30, 1940, the assets of the University totaled $128,536,026, of which $72,502,-176 was in the form of endowment, $44,468,790 wasinvested in campus, buildings and equipment, and thebalance of $11,565,060 was distributed under the categories of general, loan, annuity, and plant replacementfunds. During the fiscal year just closed the University's assets were increased by $3,099,172.Since the financial affairs of the University date fromits incorporation in 1890, the fiscal year ended on June30, 1940, was the fiftieth fiscal year of the University.The doors of the University, however, did not open untilthe Autumn of 1892, but during this early period theBoard of Trustees and President Harper were engagedin the raising of funds and the organization of the University. At present the endowment funds of Chicago areexceeded only by Harvard and Yale, the former being300 years old and the latter more than 200 years. Inthe history of educational institutions, this rapid growthof the University of Chicago has never been surpassed.Despite this impressive growth in assets, the University's operating position has been greatly imperiled in on the South, and five by Newton Edwards, professorof education. Single lectures will be given by a groupof eight distinguished speakers from outside the University, the full list of names to be announced later by DeanCarl F. Huth's public lectures office.BACK TO OUR TOWNGood news emanated from the President's Office lastmonth in the form of a report by President Hutchinsthat Thornton Wilder, winner of the Pulitzer prize intwo fields (Our Town, play, 1938; Bridge of San LuisRey, novel, 1928), will return to the Midway next July.Mr. Wilder, who in his recent Moody lecture argued thatmodern drama is sacrificing content to form, will teachadvanced composition and literature two quarters a year.He held the Frederick Ives Carpenter visiting professorship of English from 1930 to 1936.• By HARVEY C. DAINES, AM '26, Comptrollerrecent years through the reduction in the rate of returnon endowment, which has declined from 6.2 per cent in1929-30 to 4.17 per cent in 1939-40. Since endowmentis of value only for the income produced, this reductionin capital productivity is equivalent to a loss of 32.7 percent in endowment principal. Stated in another way, ifthe University were able to earn at the present time thesame annual rate of return which it received in 1929-30,the present endowment income would be increased byapproximately $1,500,000. This additional income wouldmore than take up the spread between recurring incomeand expenditures in the regular budget of the University.The rate of return of 4.17 per cent in 1939-40 represented an improvement over the fiscal year 1938-39,when the rate was 4 per cent. Charts appearing on theadjoining page indicate graphically how the Universityhas invested its endowment and other funds. Real estatetaxes paid by the University directly or indirectlythrough lessees on investment properties owned by theUniversity amounted to $833,387 for the year.During the year 1939-40 the gross operating incomeaggregated $10,760,171 against gross expenditures of$10,749,609, leaving an excess of income of $10,562. Thegross income included consumable gifts of $1,731,517,or 16.1 per cent, of which $1,066,029 consisted of specialgifts received in prior years which were applied to thesupport of the 1939-40 operations. It is for the purposeof providing current funds to fill this gap between recurring income and expenditures that the Fiftieth Anniversary campaign is now being conducted.During the year, gifts paid in for all purposesamounted to $5,110,987, of which $2,626,624 was forendowment and the balance was for restricted capitalpurposes, restricted current purposes, or unrestrictedpurposes. These gifts came from the following sources :FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTSA Report on the Fiftieth Fiscal YearTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 31Bequests (including $33,911.53 from alumni) $ 673,864Foundations and charitable institutions 3,011,708Alumni 180,888Other donors , . . 1,244,527$5,110,987Of the total of $5,110,987 collected during the year,52,429,737 has been credited to the Fiftieth Anniversarycampaign. The remainder, $2,681,250, represents payments on pledges made or bequests effective prior to thecampaign. Pledges outstanding on June 30, 1940,amounted to $979,311.The student fee income was $2,522,409, or $83,083more than for the previous year. The total number ofdifferent students enrolled was 11,674, a decrease of 6.7per cent from the prior year. The gain in income isaccounted for by an increase in special fee rates, effectiveduring the year just concluded. The student fee incomefor 1939-40 was the highest in the history of the University with the single exception of the peak year, 1930-31. Student fees provided 23.4 per cent of the totalincome of the University. From income on endowment,special gifts, and other sources, the University provided$503,895 for student aid in 1939-40, an increase of$17,455 over the previous year. In addition, the University made loans to students exceeding $150,000.The total market value (appraisals for real estate) ofall investments owned by the University at the close ofthe year was $6,254,208, or 8.2 per cent, less than thebook value of $76,698,740; a year ago the shrinkagewas $4,349,622, or 5.6 per cent. For stocks and bondsalone the market was $4,944,301, or 10.0 per cent, lessthan book value, whereas at the close of the previousyear the decline was $2,581,869, or 5.1 per cent.The full-time instructional and research staff with therank of instructor or higher numbered 594. If the part-time staff and those with the rank lower than that ofinstructor are included, there were 781 engaged in in struction and research during the year. The Universityconferred 1,636 degrees of which 748 were bachelors,486 masters, 241 professional, and 161 doctors ofphilosophy.Financial and other data cannot in the very natureof the case reflect the contribution to human progresswhich has been made possible through the gifts of donorsand the devotion of those who have served the Universityas members of its staff and its Board of Trustees. Theoutput of the University in the instruction of youth, thepioneering of educational methods, and the discovery ofknowledge does not readily lend itself to precise measurement. To secure a rough evaluation, one must look-rather to the attitude of the public toward its work andaccomplishments. If the acquisition of property and theexpansion of service are indicative of such an attitude,there is convincing proof of the acceptance of the University of Chicago during its first-half century of existence.Moreover, the underlying financial condition of theUniversity is most inadequately reflected in its balancesheet. While its assets may seem large, its financialposition must be determined by placing these resourcesside by side with its needs, obligations, and opportunitiesfor the betterment of society and the enrichment of life.On this basis its liabilities greatly exceeds its assets.It is the belief of the administration that a furtherreduction in expenditures of any significant amount willgreatly jeoardize the quality of its work. If the University's position in the educational world is to be maintained, it must raise substantial sums of unrestrictedgifts to bridge the gap between recurring income andexpenditures ; if it is to go forward in its contribution tohuman progress, still larger amounts will be required.(Alumni interested in making a more detailed examination are urged to request a copy of the completefinancial report from the Comptroller. A limited supplyis available for distribution.)BOOK VALUE OF INVESTMENTS OWNED BY THE UNIVERSITYAS OF JUNE 30, l940-$76,698,740BY CLASS OF INVESTMENT BY TYPE OF ENTERPRISEPreferred Stocks7.3% Government 6.2% ¦Finance 3.6%Real Estate Loans 5.0%Sundry 0.5% Sundry 0.5%ATHLETICS• By DON MORRIS, '36AFTER a season-openerishly, sluggish first half,Chicago's basketball team went down fighting before Georgia's Bulldogs 38 to 31, in a brisksecond-period duel, to start the 1940-41 schedule. Captain Joe Stampf's boys proved they are better than theywere expected to be. Maybe they aren't enough betterto burn up the Intercollegiate Conference this year.Maybe they are. When the apparently innumerablesophomores stop kicking the ball around — and I thinkthey will — Chicago might (the subjunctive is mine)even be very good. The opener revealed a new whitehope in Chuck Wagenberg, a slight . guard, who, afterplaying only a so-so game last year, recorded an excellent performance including three baskets and a coupleof free throws against Georgia. In so doing he wasbettered only by Cap'n Stampf, among the Maroon players ; Stampf had four and six. The old-home-week aspect of the game, incidentally, was supplied by ElmerLampe, '26, a Maroon athlete of proportions, whocoached the Georgia delegation.ALL IS NOT DROSS THAT DOESN'T GLITTEROn the face of things, Coach Norgren didn't havemuch in the way of tested material to work with whenthings started this fall. What there was was all right,but there wasn't much of it. Sixteen of his two dozencandidates had never before played in a college basketball game, let alone in the rarefied atmosphere of BigTen competition. There were only two major lettermen,Captain Joe and the effervescent Wagenberg, and asingle minor letterman, Fons. Further, last year therewere six regulars whose height, averaged up, was sixCAPTAIN JOE STAMPF feet, three and one-half inches. This winter there areexactly four boys taller than six feet flat (and let's haveno transpositions there), and only two of these are regulars : Stampf, six, four ; and Fons, six, three. The othersare Frank Siska, six, four, and George Krakowka,six, two.All this might well have made Marse Norgren sad,but he is not that kind of a gent. The team's lack ofheight made the zone defensive tactics, which have beena Chicago exclusive in the last couple of years, impracticable. Zone defense was dropped. In addition to returning to the de rigeur man-to-man defense, Norg inpre-season practice instituted a one-man chanting chorus,on the old Aeschylus pattern, with the purpose of implanting the rationale of the fast breaking offense intothe very germ plasm of the players. These measures donot prevent the team's future from being unpredictable,but they do make it likely that Chicago will throw atleast a few surprises.THE MELTING POTThe team is, as has been hinted, a motley outfit. Theveterans are known quantities, but the sophomores,transfers, and several other boys are not. Bob Hixson,for example, is a guard who migrated to the Midwayfrom Old Dartmouth, where he was regarded as a highlypromising football player. Another transfer, Fred Kret-schmar, hails from Old Amherst. Dave Taylor transferred from Old Purdue. Art Fradkin moved over fromhis middle distance running with Ned Merriam's tracksquad. Similarly, Cal Sawyier, captain-elect of the tennisteam, and Bob Lifton, one of his tennis henchmen, haveentered the lists for basketball. (In this connection, let itnot be forgot that two years ago Bill and Chet Murphy,likewise emanating from the tennis camp, burned up thefloor as basketball guards.) As for the sophomores, theyare, as has been suggested, numerous. Ed Nelson,Dewey Norris, Fred Shaver are a few of the forwardprospects. Krakowka, Jim Cutshaw, and Mike McMahon are a few of those out for guard. In the bulletinnext month there will doubtless be news of how theyand the others are faring.DEPARTMENT OF LEARNED SPORTS WRITERSI should like at this time to dispel the impressioncreated a week or two ago by Arch Ward, sports editorof the Chicago Tribune, that utor, fruor, potior, andvescor are the only Latin verbs which take the ablativecase."Professors," Ward wrote, in his syndicated column,"unlike coaches, have no time set aside when their pupilsare obliged to display what, if anything, they have learnedof the true significance of the Italian Renaissance or thecontributions of Hellenic culture to modern civilizationor the underlying causes for the smashup of the Romanrepublic. . . . They never are asked to send their boysinto a stadium jammed with 50,000 to 100,000 spectatorsand there bid them to recite the differences between32THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 33Doric, Ionic and Corinthian architecture, or to answerright off that utor, fruor, potior, and vescor take theablative."A faithful reader of "In the Wake of the News," Ihave the greatest respect for Arch as a fellow scholar,and to his credit be it said that he has never written afootball story without telling which team won the tossand elected to defend which goal. But the listing ofutor, fruor, potior, and vescor can not be regarded asanything less than serious when from the series the verbfungor is omitted. I would be the last to say that fungoris more important than the others, but it has its place.Further, I am reliably informed by a couple of our halfbacks that potior, in addition to taking the ablative case,may also take the genitive. I should like to add, in concluding, that I am sure they are in error who hold Wardwas ignorant of the rule governing verbs which take theablative. Moments of forgetfulness steal upon us all. Ifpressed, I myself might admit occasionally slipping up onthese irregular forms. But not without a struggle.HOOSIERS OUT-MUD THE FIELDDavid Rockefeller, speaking of Cal Sawyier (tennis,basketball), is now working steady in New York, helping a chap, name of LaGuardia, plant trees. Rockefellergot a Ph. D. at Chicago, but nary a "C," since he wasa graduate student, and therefore ineligible. The onlyreason for mentioning liim here at all, outside of theA Message from the Alumni DeanTo Alumni and Ex-students:PERHAPS "reading courses" is too pretentious adesignation for the program which, in answer tomany requests, I am presenting to you, the alumniand ex-students of the University of Chicago. For thesecourses are without recitations, without quizzes and without fees. You must, I think, admit at the outset thatthey have some advantages over regular college courses.They consist of reading lists on whatever subjectwithin the range of the University's activities you personally may select for your own study. They will beprepared by members of the faculty of the departmentto which the subject belongs, and will be forwarded toyou by my office on request. They will be carefully compiled, will be up to date and will not be long. They willbe free. You will observe that I am using every deviceknown to professor or dean to induce you to ask forone, and thus embark on a course of "continuing" education. The next move is yours. Will you write to meand tell me in what subject you would like a readinglist? As soon as I receive your letter I will have thelist prepared.I hope that I shall hear from large numbers of you.I believe in these reading courses. When I describedthem above, I mentioned a good many "withouts," butas a matter of fact these self -conducted courses, far from famous Sawyier episode, is that the subject of his doctoral dissertation was "a theory of unused capital resources." This brings us around to the Big Ten crosscountry meet, where the resources were used but notcapital. The Washington Park course was very muddyindeed the day of the meet ; the only available stretch ofhigh ground was utilized as starting and finish line, andthe boys were carrying around a fair load of mud bythe time they finished the final lap. Wayne Tolliver, ofcourse, proved the best mudder as his Indiana teammates proved better in the aggregate than the other entrants. Theoretically Chicago beat out Illinois for thefifth of six places, since more runners of the incompleteMaroon team finished than of the even scantier Illinoisteam.Notes on the back of a Georgia game program : TheYacht Club is still meeting even though its two dinghycraft, the Alpha and Beta, are up on blocks. . . . Theman behind the "mike" at the basketball games is KyleAnderson, coach of baseball and freshman basketball. ...Free admission for students, faculty, and University employees puts the game within financial reach of evenYancey T. Blade, who no longer must shiver outsidegetting bulletins from the small boys of the neighborhood. . . . Blade, by the way, says the rumors about aweaker fencing squad are not worth the wind they'rewritten on.being inferior to regular college work, are the very idealfor which the classroom routine was merely preliminarypreparation. You have had your college training, nowyou can read by yourself.As I have already intimated, these lists are primarilyfor individual reading, but they can also be used foralumni study groups wherever these develop.As I see it (although I am entirely open to suggestionsfrom any of you on this point), such reading lists wouldfall into two classes : ( 1 ) those on general cultural subjects, not in any way connected with your business orprofession; and (2) those offering further reading inyour own special field.Both are excellent forms of "continuing" education.Among those of you who ask for lists of the culturaltype, there will be many who, perhaps many years aftergraduation, recall some subject which attracted you incollege but which, under the pressure of the requirementsof a highly specialized course, you never had a chance topursue. You may be a scientist of repute and yet havean interest you would like to renew in literature or musicor art, or something equally far removed from yourspecialty. Everyone needs some escape from routine,and an avocation of this kind is the finest kind of recreation. It is, indeed, more than recreation. It helps tofill up any gaps there may be in one's general education.READING COURSES FOR ALUMNI34 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFor my own part; I never realized the vast importanceof general education until after the curriculum of ourfreshman and sophomore years, with the four surveycourses, was organized in 1931. We still call it the NewPlan, although it is now ten years old. And I neverdrop into a lecture in one of these survey courses without wishing that I could have had courses of this kindwhen I was in college. On the other hand those of youwho wish to confine yourselves to your specialty forthe present and have not yet reached the point where youhave time for other subjects, will naturally prefer listsalong lines of your professional interests. You may evenbe planning to return to the University for a higherdegree. Preliminary reading that you do before youcome will greatly facilitate the work of your quarters inresidence. The fact that you will get no formal creditfor it is a matter of no significance. It is not credit butknowledge of the subject that is the essential thing.The lists in general will follow the lines of study indicated by the courses offered in the University today.Of these there are, as you will remember, hundreds.Some of them seem especially well adapted to privatereading. Would you be interested in a reading list onany of the following: Modern ArtArt of the Italian RenaissanceGothic ArtGreek ArtInterior DecorationEvolution of the English NovelHistory of American LiteratureFrench Classical LiteratureGerman LiteratureCulture of the Middle AgesMedieval LatinLiterature of the New TestamentOrigin of the GospelsLife of JesusHistory of PhilosophyLabor ProblemsMoney and BankingTrade UnionsIntroduction to Political Science International RelationsContemporary RussiaElementary SchoolSecondary SchoolTeaching of ReadingMental TestsTeaching of ArtTeaching of Science in High SchoolTeaching of Latin in SecondarySchoolAdult EducationAbnormal PsychologyPsychological TestsChild Development and GuidanceEvolution of ManPublic HealthConservation of Natural ResourcesCosmic RaysBut these are only suggestions. It may be that none ofthem appeals to you. In that case send me the name ofthe subject on which you would like a list prepared.As to the books, some of them will be available in yourlocal library: university, college or public. Others youmay borrow from the University of Chicago Library, byapplying for it through your local library. This is theinter-library loan arrangement and is in wide use. Thecost to you is only the postage on the book. Practicallyall libraries use the inter-library loan.In order to give you some idea of the character of thelists I add a few specimens.Gordon J. Laing,Alumni Dean.MODERN FICTIONBy David DaichesInstructor in EnglishList I: TextsJoyce, James. Ulysses. New York:Modern Library, Inc. No. G52. .$1.25Portrait of the Artist as a YoungMan. New York : Modern Library, Inc., No. 145 95Woolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway.New York: Modern Library,Inc., No.96 95To the Lighthouse. New York:Modern Library, Inc., No. 217. . .95Huxley, Aldous. Point CounterPoint. New York: Modern Library, Inc., No. 180 95Douglas, Norman. South Wind.New York: Modern Library,Inc., No. 5 95Lawrence, D. H. Sons and Lovers.New York: Modern Library,Inc., No. 109 95Hemingway, Ernest. A Farwell toArms. New York: Modern Library, Inc., No. 19 95For Whom the Bell Tolls. NewYork: Charles Scribner's Sons. 2.75Wolfe, Thomas. Look Homeward,Angel. New York: Modern Library, Inc., No. G16 1.25Dos Passos, John. U. S. A. NewYork : Modern Library, Inc., No.G44 1.25Steinbeck, John. The Grapes ofWrath. New York: Viking Press 1.69List II : Critical WorksMillett, Fred B. ContemporaryAmerican Authors. New York: Harcourt Brace & Co., 1940. pp.xiii, 716. Text ed....V 2.85An extremely valuable handbook and bibliography. Contains biographical sketches andbibliographies of contemporaryAmerican writers, with anintroductory critical survey, ageneral bibliography of contemporary social, political, literaryhistory, and a list of recommended books by contemporaryAmerican authors.Manly, J. M., and Rickert, Edith.Contemporary British Literature, a critical survey and 232author-bibliographies by Fred B.Millett. New York: Harcourt. Brace & Co.,. 1935. pp. xi, 556. . 2.50Does the same thing for modern British Literature.Muir, Edwin. The Present Age,from, 1914. (Introduction toEnglish Literature, vol. v, ed. byBonamy Dobree). New York:Robert M. McBride & Co., 1939.pp. 309. Text ed. 1.95A bibliography of modernBritish writers, with an excellent, if brief, introductory general survey.Van Doren, Carl. The AmericanNovel, 1789-1939. New York:Macmillan Co., 1940. pp. vii, 406.College ed 2.50An informative though somewhat elementary survey, withbibliographies at the end of eachchapter.Daiches, David. The Novel and theModern World. Chicago : University of Chicago Press, 1939. pp. 228 2.50Critical studies of John Galsworthy, Joseph Conrad, Katherine Mansfield, Virginia Woolf,James Joyce, Aldous Huxley.Joyce treated at especial length.Beach, Joseph. The TwentiethCentury Novel. New York: Cen-, tury Co., 1932. pp. viii, 567 3.50A suggestive critical study.Anderson, G. K., and Walton, E.L., editors. This Generation.Chicago: Scott, Foresman andCo., 1939. pp. xiv, 975 3.00A selection of British andAmerican Literature from 1914to 1939 with historical and critical essays. Very useful forthose who want to get a generalimpression of the literature ofthe period.CONTEMPORARY DRAMABy Frank H. O'HaraAssociate Prof essor of EnglishBlack, Anita. The changing Worldin Plays and Theatre. Boston:Little, Brown and Company,1939. pp. xiii, 449 $2.75Contemporary life as reflectedin European and Americandrama.Brown, John Mason. Broadway inReview. New York: W. W.Norton & Co., 1940. pp. 295... 2.75A reviewer with style andideas uses both upon plays andplayers of the current stage.Clark, Barret H. A Study of theModern Drama; A Handbookfor the Study and AppreciationTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 35of Typical Plays, European,English, and American, of theLast Three-Quarters of a Century. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company, revised edition, 1938. pp. xv, 534. ....... 3.50Many playwrights and theirplays are considered, with suggestive questions; a handy reference book, by a Chicago alumnus.Eaton, Walter Prichard. TheDrama in English. CharlesScribner's Sons, 1930: pp. xiv, >365 2.00One of the older books, whichstill holds its place for easily-read background information.Flexner, Eleanor. American Playwrights: 1918-1938: The Theatre Retreats from Reality.With a Preface by John Gass-ner. New York: Simon andSchuster, 1938. pp. xx, 332.... 2.50The playwrights and theirplays estimated from a stimulat-ingly left-wing angle.Krutch, Joseph Wood. The American Drama Since 1918: An Informal History. New York:Random House, 1939. pp. x, 325. 2.50The reviewer for The Nationthoughtfully evaluates a decadein our theater.Mantle, Burns. ContemporaryAmerican Playwrights. NewYork: Dodd, Mead & Company,1938. pp. viii, 357............ 2.50Biographical sketches, datesof productions, etc.; probablythe most complete quick-reference book for such material.Maugham, W. Somerset. TheSumming Up. New York: Doubleday, Doran & Co., 1938. pp.310 : 2.50Included in this list because itis one of the really good (andfew) discussions of the creativeprocess — "not an autobiography. . . but the . . . provocativesumming-up of an author's viewson life and art."O'Hara, Frank Hurburt. Today inAmerican Drama. Chicago : The• University of Chicago Press, revised edition, 1940. pp. ix, 278. ........ 2.50It might be an affectation toomit this title; a worse to saymore.CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL PROBLEMSBy Quincy WrightProfessor of International LawSchuman, Frederick L. International Politics, An Introductionto the Western State System.New York: McGraw-Hill, 1937.pp. xxii, 789 : $4.00This is the most comprehensive general introduction to the subject. It has many maps andbibliographic notes.Brown, Frances; Hodges, Charles;and Roucek, Joseph S. Contemporary World Politics, An Introduction to the Problems ofInternational Relations. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons, 1940.pp. xvi, 780.... ...^ 5.00This is similar in scope toSchuman's book, but each chapter is by a separate authority andthey are of varying value.Rappard, William E. The Questfor Peace Since the World War.Cambridge: Harvard UniversitvPress, 19401. pp. xx, 516 ". 4.00This is the best study of theactivities of the League of Nations and other international institutions during the 1920's and1930's by a Swiss who participated actively in this work. subject with documentary appendices and extensive bibliographic references.Bailey, Thomas A. A DiplomaticHistory of the American People.New York: F. S. Crofts Co.,1940. pp. xxiv, 806. 6.00The most up-to-date treatiseon the subject, interestinglywritten and emphasizing the influence of public opinion.Morse, Hosea Ballou, and MacNair, Harley Farnsworth. FarEastern International Relations.Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1931.pp. xvii, 846 6.00The best background materialfor this important phase of international relations.MODERN ARTFor Those Who Would Begin toUnderstandBrierly, J. L. The Law of Nations. An Introduction to theInternational Law of Peace.Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936.pp. vi, 271 1.75This is the best non-technicalbrief book on international lawby a professor of that subject atOxford UniversityColby, Charles C, editor. Geographic Aspects of InternationalRelations. Chicago' : Universityof Chicago Press, 1938. pp. xii,295 3.00Excellent articles by variousauthors dealing with phases ofinternational relations from thegeographic point of view.Staley, Eugene. World Economyin Transition. Council on Foreign Relations, New York,1939 3.00A well balanced statement ofworld problems from the economic point of view with interesting maps.Merriam, Charles E. The NewDemocracy and the New Despotism. New York: WhittleseyHouse, McGraw-Hill, 1939. pp.viii, 278 ^ 3.00A discussion of the basic political differences lying behindcontemporary international troubles.Friedrich, Carl J. Foreign Policyin the Making. New York : Norton, 1938 3.00A discussion of the politicalorganization of national governments for conducting foreignpolicy and the difficulties met bydemocratic governments in ajungle world.Potter, Pitman B. An Introductionto the Study of InternationalOrganization. New York: D.Appleton- Century, 1935. pp.xviii, 645 4.00A standard textbook on the By Ulrich A. MiddeldorfChairman of the Department of ArtPevsner, Nikolaus. Pioneers ofthe Modern Movement. London:Faber and Faber, 1936. pp. 240,83 illus . .... 3.50Well written introduction tothe ideas and origins of modern architecture and the alliedarts.Behrendt, W. C. Modern Building. New York: HarcourtBrace, 1937. pp. 241, 57 illus. . 3.00An exposition of the aims anddevelopment of modern architecture.Hitchcock, Henry Russell, Jr.The Architecture of H. H. Richardson and His Times. NewYork: Museum of Modern Art,1936. pp. 311, 145 illus 6.00A readable critical biographyof the great American precursor of modern architecture.Scott, Geoffrey. The Architectureof Humanism. New York:Houghton, 1914. pp. 272 2.00An antidote to the overstatement and over enthusiasm of recent architectural theories.The Art Institute of Chicago.Half a Century of American ArtCatalogue of an exhibition heldin 1939. Preface by D. C. Rich.78 pp 50An interesting, well illustratedsurvey of recent Americanpainting and sculpture, with quotations from contemporary newspaper criticism.Catalogues of the Museum ofModern Art, New York City.Cubism and Abstract Art, 1936,pp. 249, 223 illus 3.00Fantastic Art, Dada, Surrealism,1936, pp. 294, 235 illus 3.00Well illustrated and logicallyarranged exposition of the development of important phasesof modern art.NEWS OF THE CLASSES1897Bernard H. Schmidt, MD, of Davenport, Iowa, who retired in 1934,writes us that his most enjoyable recreation is auto riding. Dr. Schmidthas served on numerous medical organization boards.1901Henry Bruere, president of theBowery Savings Bank of New York,which is the largest savings bank in theworld, was elected president of the Savings Bank Association of the State ofNew York at its forty-seventh annualconvention in Lake Placid last month.Elliot R. Downing, PhD, associateprofessor emeritus of science of the University of Chicago, and Vena McAfeeare the co-authors of a book, LivingThings and Yon, which was publishedlate last summer by Lyons and Carnahan, Chicago. This is the twelfth bookthat bears Dr. Downing's name asauthor.Florence M. Foster of St. Cloud,Minnesota, retired professor of English,has been busy during the last few yearsin helping young colleges to secure highacademic rating. Miss Foster has acollection of over two hundred cactiand other succulents.Merritt L. Hobl'it, AM '21, who retired from teaching fourteen years ago,writes that he is seventy-four years old"but not old." Professor Hoblit ofLos Angeles is now doing a translationfrom Russian to English of the volume, Who Can Be Happy and Free inRussia.John C. Petrovitsky, Rush MD, retired from active practice in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, on April 1, 1940, where hehad practiced since 1902, Dr. Petro-vitzy would be delighted to hear fromany of his Rush classmates.1906Albie N. Fletcher has been teaching for several years in the history department of the Long Beach JuniorCollege in California.1907Paul O'Donnell, JD '09, specializesin tax and administrative law as an attorney here in Chicago.1910Helen Sard Hughes, PhD T7, professor of English literature at Wellesley College has written and published abook entitled, The Gentle Hertford, amemoir of the social and literary worldof eighteenth century England. MissHughes has dedicated her book to MyraReynolds, former professor of Englishand head of Foster Hall.1911Winfred M. Atwood, SM, PhD T3,was chairman of the Western Divisionof the American Association of Plant Physiologist last summer at the meetingheld in Seattle. Mr. Atwood lives inCorvallis, Oregon.1912Albert K. Epstein, a consulting research chemist and manufacturer ofchemicals here in Chicago, is affiliatedwith various philanthropic and educational institutions.Carl Albert Gieseler, pastor of theSaint John's Lutheran Church, is attending Denver University and IliffSchool of Theology taking graduatework.1913Lawrence G. Dunlap, Rush MD'15, has been with the Anaconda Copper Mining Company in western Montana for over 20 years as eye and earsurgeon. We are glad to hear that Dr.Dunlap enjoys our articles on "What IGot Out of College."Herbert J. Movius, MD, of LosAngeles, was president of the International Medical Club of Southern California in 1939 and this year is presidentof the Hollywood Academy of Medicineand Surgery.J. R. Watson is connected with theUniversity of Florida as entomologistof the experiment station there. Hehas done taxonomic and life-historywork on the Thysanoptera. As hisavocation, Mr. Watson tends a gardenand a citrus nursery and grove. In addition to these so-called hobbies, he iswriting a natural history of Floridaplants and insects. Moreover, for 24*years he has been editor of the FloridaEntomologist.1914Jay B. Allen, vice president of theMcKinney and Allen firm, established inNovember, 1880, presided at the dinnerwhich marked the 60th milestone of theorganization. J. J. Allen, the father ofJ. B. Allen, entered the firm in 1885.William C. Morse, professor andhead of the department of geology inthe University of Mississippi, stategeologist and director of the MississippiState Geological Survey, has publishedover thirty-five articles. ProfessorMorse has taught at Ohio State University, Washington University and theUniversity of North Carolina in addition to his present position. He hasalso done considerable field work ingeology.Martin D. Stevers of Chicago hascompleted the writing of his book,History of Intelligence, published byDoubleday-Doran.1915Mrs. James D. Brown (Hilda MacClintock) writes that she is the wifeof "Lt. Colonel J. D. Brown, CoastArtillery Corps, United States Army."Sounds like a large order ! She has been moving about from post to postand has finally settled in Bloomington,Indiana for the winter, while her husband is encamped in California.1916G. J. Degenkolb, AM, is the pastorof the Hollenbeck Heights EvangelicalChurch in Los Angeles, California.Alice E. Treat, resident director ofHaydn Hall, the Women's activitiesbuilding of Western Reserve University, since 1936 has been a lecturer inthe home economics department.1918Mrs. Edward A. Wicher (Ida LucyOverbeck) has divided her time between the duties of housewife, offices invarious church groups and attendingschool for several years. Mrs. Wicherhas thus managed her AM degree fromSan Francisco Theological Seminary.1919Clarence Dan Blachly, PhD, ofTakoma Park, Maryland, is with theUnited States Tariff Commission aseconomist. For the last three years hehas been preparing an encyclopedia oninternational economics and he has recently published the book, Seasons andDays.Miriam Fox Withrow heads thepiano department of the Fresno StateCollege in Fresno, California.1920[Twentieth Anniversary Report']Joseph A. Allen of Downers Groveis associated with the Webber, Darchand Company, investment securities, asstatistician. Mr. Allen is also a member of the Investment Analyst Club ofChicago.Eleanor Atkins, now Mrs. SamuelH. Williston, of Oswego, Oregon, takesan active interest in the music and childstudy groups of the Portland Branchof the A. A. U. W. Mrs. Williston isa member of the University Club,Portland Hunt Club and spends considerable time gardening.Elmore R. Bailey, MD, practicesmedicine in Lakewood, Ohio.Lillian D. Bargquist makes ahobby of the treatment and preventionof crime and serves officially on theCook County Bureau of Public Welfareas supervisor.Roland F. Barker of Sandwich, Illinois, is connected with the WilliamWrigley, Junior, Company. Mr. Barkerlives at Boulder Terrace Farms anddivides his time there between gardening and fishing.Emmet B. Bay was formerly Deanof Rush Medical College and nowserves as professor of medicine in theUniversity of Chicago Clinics. Dr.Bay has been most interested in theCommunity Fund of Chicago.36THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 37Henry N. Beets owns and operatesthe company, Electro-Medical Suppliesand Equipment. Mr. Beets and hisfamily live in Beverly Hills, California.Carroll Y. Belknap of Riverside,Connecticut, has been vice president ofTradeways, Inc., of New York Cityfor years.Edgard Bernhard, who marriedClaire Lippman, '21, is connected withthe Roth, Schenker & Bernhard, Inc.,an advertising agency. Mr. Bernhardis a member of the Chicago Bar Association, Chicago Civil Liberties Committee, City Club of Chicago and theCitizens' Commitee on Industrial Relations.Samuel Fletcher Bibb is golf coachat the Illinois Institute of Technologyin addition to being professor of mathematics. Professor Bibb is secretary ofthe Men's Math. Club of Chicago andthe Metropolitan Area.Genevieve Blanchard, formerly ofOak Park, Illinois, is now living at 80Annandale Road in Pasadena, California, with her family. Miss Blanchardis a member of the YWCA and is alsointerested in War Relief Work. •Gale Blocki, Jr., of Chicago holdsdown the position of sales manager ofJohn Blair and Company.Walter A. Bowers of Chevy Chase,Maryland, lecturer and writer on UnitedStates Government financial and accounting matters, has been executiveassistant to the Commissioner of Accounts and Deposits of the United StatesTreasury for many years. Mr. Bowersannounced gayly in his letter to us thathe is "past forty — and refuses to admitit!"Gladys Bowlin (Mrs. H. H. Her-ron) is principal of the Laurel Schoolin Wilmette and also teaches the secondgrade at Laurel.Blanche B. Boyer, although herclass is 1920, is here at the University,not as a student but as assistant professor of Latin on the Universityfaculty.Merle E. Brake, Professor of Lawat the University of Detroit, has beenworking for several years compiling alegal text, which he hopes to publishsoon.Eleanor M. Burgess, who teaches atHarrison High School in Chicago,spends much of her time taking movies,which she declares is but amateur work.Caroline Isabeila Buttrick, physician of Scarsdale, New York, specializesin internal medicine. Dr. Buttrick hasbeen campaigning for better care forthe poor for a number of years.W. Arthur Cable heads the Department of Speech of the University ofArizona. Professor Cable has been interested in numerous organizationssince his graduation, some of whichare : Tucson League for Good Government, National Association of Teachers of Speech, Pacific Forensic League,etc.Ray Thornton Caldwell presidesas clergyman of the First Congregational Church in DeKalb, Illinois. Leo K. Campbell, associate clinicalprofessor of medicine at Rush MedicalCollege, raises English Setter dogs ashis hobby.Lyssa Desha Chalkley, now Mrs.Ernest Harper, lives in East Lansing,Michigan, where she works with theCivic Theatre, the League of WomenVoters and the A. A. U. W., in addition to managing a family.Edna Clark, now Mrs. Chester K.Wentworth, finished her requirementsfor a PhD degree at Washington University in St. Louis. Mrs. Wentworthlives in Honolulu, where she works withthe League of Women Voters and collects pottery.Eleanor Cloutier, now Mrs. Kenneth W. Clark, of Lindenwood, Illinois,has a daughter who entered the ChicagoArt Institute last September. Mrs.Clark is chairman of the Red Cross forLynville township.John F. Combs is connected with theThomas Moulding Floor ManufacturingCompany of Chicago.Robert Emmet Connolley lives inNew York Citv, where he practices lawat 36 West 44th Street.F. R. Conroy, MD, of Ogden, Utah,is the Commanding Officer of CompanyG of the 115th Medical Regiment ofthe Utah National Guard.Florence Edler, now Mrs. Raymondde Roover, heads the history department of MacMurray College in Jacksonville, Illinois. Mrs. de Roover presides at all Jacksonville Alumni Clubmeetings.Chancellor Dougall terms himselfthe "forgotten man" and a "member ofthe Chicago Stock Exchange." We'renot sure whether the two terms can berun together safely or not. At anyrate, Mr. Dougall lives in Libertyville,Illinois, sets aside exactly no time tohobbies — or so he claims.Lena Logan Dulaney, now Mrs.George W. Barbour of ClevelandHeights, Ohio, teaches a Sunday Schoolclass, works at the polls, works in thegarden and attends the meetings of theLiterary Club, in addition to managingtwo children.Walter H. Eller, professor of physics at Western Illinois State TeachersCollege in Macomb, Illinois, possessesan amateur radio station, W9YS. Professor Eller is a member of the American Legion.Ralph W. Elston, MD, of FortWayne, Indiana, is building and landscaping a northern lake log lodge. Dr.Elston also manages a thoroughbredstock farm.Frances Reinma-nn Fischer, wholives on Route 5, Peoria, Illinois, isquite active in the Rural School Mothers' Club.Although Noah Fox has his handsfull with his duties as physician andsurgeon in the city of Chicago, he putssome time aside for gardening. And the time tostart making moviesis NOW"OT tomorrow —not a week fromsome Tuesday nextsummer — but NOW is the time to get thatFilmo Movie Camera you promised yourself.For today is the time to enjoy today. Eachscene you fail to capture is lost forever. Todaywill never return.You can get good movies with the palm-sizeFilmo 8 from the very first reel! Loading iseasy. Press the button — and what you see, youget — in black-and-white or full, natural color. . . even in slow motion. Newsreel-lengthscenes cost no more than snapshots!Precision-built by the makers of Hollywood'sprofessional movie equipment and with provision for adding accessories as your skillgrows, Filmo is a. Basic camera that meets yourpresent and future needs. See it at your cameradealer's. Bell & Howell Company, Chicago;New York; Hollywood; Washington, D. C;London. Established 1907.Only a FILMO 8 offers all these features:• A lifetime guarantee! • Automatic sealed• "Drop-in" thread- lubrication ... noing ... no sprockets. oiling.• Built-in mechanism • Adaptability tofor slow motion; grow with youranimated cartoons. skill.Mallet Movies at $/|O50 Others toSnapshot Cost $140For those who prefer 16 mm. film, the new FilmoAuto Load magazine-loading motion picture camera, from $115 depending on lens choice.BELL & HOWELL COMPANY1839 Larchmont Ave., Chicago, III.Send free, 16-page booklet telling all about ? Filmo8 mm. Cameras and Projectors; ? informationabout Filmo Auto Load 16 mm. Camera.Name Address City State qq 12.4038 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEH. Marie Friant owns and operatesThe Gift Shop, with her partner, inCape Girardeau, Missouri.William B. Gemmill, attorney-at-law, is associated with the firm,Murphy, Lilliander and Gemmill ofChicago.Harriet Xavier Gillis, who teachesSpanish at John Marshall High Schoolin Chicago, is a member of the NurseryBoard • and Scholarship Committee ofthe Big Sisters Club. She devotes allher hobby time to her summer home atMundelein, Illinois.I. Goodman lives in Jacksonville, Illinois, where he is dormitory-supervisorat the Illinois School for the Deaf.N. W. Gouwens of South Holland,Illinois, owns the Calumet Herb Company.Rex E. Graber is practicing as^ aphysician and surgeon in Stanley, Wisconsin, these days.Down in Kankakee, Illinois, DonaldGray practices law.Bradley Hall is still interested inthe retail furniture business and operates the Bradley Hall Furniture Company in Shelbyville, Indiana.Robert G. Happ has concentrated onreal estate, property management andmortgage loans for some time and hisofficial title is vice president of the William Happ & Sons, Inc. Mr. Happrischairman of the Aviation Committee ofthe Association of Commerce and amember of various other civic organizations in South Bend, Indiana.Beulah Harvey, now Mrs. AlbertE. Woodruff of Oak Park, Illinois, declares that her sole responsibility is thatof housewife.Pauline Elizabeth Haven, nowMrs. O. J. Bott of Greenfield, Illinois,raises chickens as a hobby while shealso serves on the Red Cross and thePTA.Frances Henderson, now Mrs.Charles G. Higgins of Oak Park, Illinois, claims her husband and son tobe her special interests. Mrs. Higginshas done some serious work in connection with the Family Service Bureauof the United Charities of Chicago.Bernice Tucker, now Mrs. VictorE. Cory of Chicago, does editorial workfor the Scripture Press. In addition,Mrs. Cory teaches a bible class, attends all Sunday School Conventions,and is interested in all Christian education.1921P. Arthur Delaney, PhD '25, MD28, is a pathologist and laboratory director at the Evangelical Hospital in Chicago. Previous to 1934 Dr. Delaneywas connected with the EnglewoodHospital, Chicago.Edwin A. Dygert, director of athletics at Calumet High School in Chicago, is president of the Physical Education Club of Chicago. R. H. Gasch is the mayor of Ten-affy, New Jersey, which is a suburb ofNew York City with a population of7,500.Harold E. Nicely of Rochester,New York, is pastor of the Brich Presbyterian Church and was elected trustee of the Princeton Theological Seminary.Norman C. Meir, AM '22, who isassociate professor of psychology at theUniversity of Iowa, was visiting professor at the University of Californiaat Berkeley this past summer. Professor Meier boasts of having climbedthree mountain peaks in the Cascadesand Sierras.Howard R. Moore, SM '22, PhD '24,has, since 1938, been paint technologistat the Philadelphia Navy Yard incharge of the formulation of Navy superstructure paints.Mrs. Falba Whitney (Falba Foote,SM) has been appointed professor ofhome economics at Salem College inSalem, West Virginia.1922Jeannette H. Foster, AM, PhD '35,associate professor at Drexel InstituteLibrary School, served as summer professor at Columbia University Schoolof Library Service last summer. During the summer of 1937, Miss Fosterwas librarian to the President's Advisory Committee on Education in Washington, D. C.Urban G. Willis has been principalof the Pullman Tech High School forthe past twenty-one years. Mr. Willishas served as the secretary of the Illinois Industrial Education Associationand treasurer of the Illinois VocationalAssociation.1923La Verne Argabright, professor ofnatural science at the Western StateTeachers College, is the freshman counselor there.Paul L. Whitely, AM, PhD '27,who has for the past ten years beenprofessor of psychology at Franklin andMarshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, is president of the local chapter of American Association of University Professors and served as vice-president of the executive committee of theChild Guidance Clinic in Lancaster.Verne O. Graham, PhD, Principalof Norwood School in Chicago, is alsoSecretary of the Board of Trustees ofthe Chicago Academy of Science.Rev. Elmer E. Flack, AM, nativeof Mendon, 111., became dean of HammaDivinity School on the Wittenberg College campus last month. In 1937 Rev.Flack was sent as a delegate representing the United Lutheran Church inAmerica at the Edinburgh (Scotland)conference.Chester R: Powers, AM '26, hasbeen appointed registrar of EnglewoodEvening Junior College. Mr. Powersalso will teach physics at Gage Park high school in Chicago this comingschool year.Trustee for the Village of Riverside,Illinois, Adolph J. Radosta, Jr., JD'25 is associated with the law firm ofKnapp, Allen and Cushing, located at208 S. La Salle St., Chicago.. Mr. Ra-dosta links aviation and travel as hisleisure time achievements.R. B. Robins, SM, MD '25, who isconnected with the Robins Clinic inCamden, Arkansas, has been electedChairman of the Council of the Arkansas Medical Society and Governorof District 7B International LionsClubs.1924Philip George Yyorcester, PhD,professor of geology, has been head ofthe geology department since 1934 atthe University of Colorado. Mr. Yyor-cester is a member of Sigma Xi andof the Geology Society of America.Olga Adams, AM '32, kindergartenteacher at the University ElementarySchool at the University of Chicago, ispresident of the Association for Childhood Education, a professional organization in the field of early childhoodeducation, which was established in1892.Joseph B. Duggan, JD '26, has recently moved to New York City, wherehe is associated with the law firm ofTownley, Updike and Cartes, 220 E.42nd Street, New York.1925E. Ellsworth Enoch is back inChicago this fall after four years inCincinnati, Ohio. Mr. Enoch is on themanagement staff of the ConnecticutGeneral Life Insurance Company.Harold V. Lucas, AM, who is located in Hilo, Hawaii, has establisheda new Y. M. C. A. field in Hawaii; hehas been there since 1932. The Y. M.C. A. setup included 1504 members ofthe association in 1939 and the Y hasestablished three camping centersaround the island.Watt Steward, AM, PhD '28, resigned his position at the Agriculturaland Mechanical College at Stillwater,Okla., last year and accepted a professorship at New York State College forTeachers in Albany.1926Harold Glassner was loaned to theEquador government, in his officialcapacity as connected with the UnitedStates Treasury Department, for a year.Franklin K. Gowdy, MD '36, hasbeen practicing medicine in HubbardWoods, Illinois, since January of 1939.Erma A. Smith, PhD, MD '33, hasbeen associate professor of physiology atIowa State College in Ames, Iowa, formany years.1927Frederick W. Meier, teacher ofphilosophy, started the Department ofPhilosophy at the Louisiana State University in 1934. Mr. Meier, who livesTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 39at 2338 Kleinert Avenue, in BatonRouge, Louisiana, was president of theSouthwestern Philosophical Conferenceduring the year 1939.1928A. Arthur O'Keeffe's play, "Ringing in the Groom," published by TheDramatic Publishing Company, Chicago, was first produced at the Goodman Theatre this year.Frank M. Setzler is head curatorof the Department of Anthropology ofthe United States National Museum inthe Smithsonian Institute in Washington D. C. Mr Setzler has been since1936 secretary of the American Anthropological Association and he is president of the Anthropological Associationof Washington this year.1929Joseph L. Duflot, AM, president ofthe newly organized Amarillo AlumniClub, teaches sociology and philosophyat the West Texas State College inCanyon, Texas. Professor Duflot ismanager of the Country Club in Canyon, Texas, and plays golf — around the80's.M. Dousse Howe, PhD, professor ofbiology at Queens College in Charlotte,North Carolina, since 1934, sings in thechurch choir and attends most of thelocal musical performances.Samuel A. Kirk, AM '31, Directorof the Division of Education for Excep tional Children, at Milwaukee StateTeachers College, is the author ofTeaching Reading to Slow LearningChildren, which book was published lastspring. Mr. Kirk is vice president ofthe International Council for Exceptional Children and also president of theWisconsin Association for AppliedPsychology.Ortha L. Wilner, PhD, heads thedepartment of Foreign Language at theState Teachers College in Milwaukee,Wisconsin. Professor Wilner has beenexperimenting with reading methods inelementary Latin and French. For thenext two years Professor Wilner willhead the foreign language section of theTeachers Association of WisconsinTeachers Colleges.Joseph C. Swidler, JD '30, is a solicitor for the TVA and he lives in Norris, Tennessee."I read the Magazine and the Readers' Digest completely every month,"writes Edith Adams of Hammond, Ind.and we thank Miss Adams for her comment. She is employed as a nurse inthe Hammond Public Schools andserves as president of the HammondWelfare Council.Kenneth L. Reaton, PhD, directsthe Workshop of the Advisory Serviceof the American Council on Educationat Northwestern University in Evanston, 111.Corinne Statler, AM, has been inNew Hampshire since last September teaching home economics in the KeeneTeachers College in Keene.Samuel Lubkin, AM, is now connected with the War Department "inBrooklyn as an assistant engineer.1930LeRoy W. Dahlberg, JD, attorney,has done most of his work in corporation law. This past year he servedas chairman of the Public RelationsCommittee of the State Bar of Michigan. Attorney Dahlberg's address is3362 Penobscot Building, Detroit,Michigan.Charles E. Montgomery, PhD, iscompleting 20 years of service as Professor and Head of the Department ofBiology of the Northern Illinois StateTeachers College, at DeKalb, Illinois.1931Michael B. Dunn, '31, who as apsychologist has been particularly interested in adolescent delinquency, has,for the past three and one-half years,been doing research with the Committee for Study of Suicide, ColumbiaUniversity, New York City.Mr. Dunn is also executive secretaryof the Society for Psychoanalytic Psychology.Lewis M. Turner, PhD, who wasformerly in the United States ForestService in New Orleans, has gone toWashington, D. C, continuing in thesame department.America votesSWIFT'S PREMIUMthe best ham of all!For easy cooking(Blue Label)Ready loeat(RedLabel) • In tlie homes of America, what brand of hamis preferred? To find out, an independent research agency made a nation-wide poll. It interviewed thousands and thousands of women;asked simply "What brand of ham do you thinkis best?"SWIFTS PREMIUM Ham won decisively! Itactually got more votes than the next three mentioned brands combined.No other ham has such rich mildness, whichcomes from Swift's secret Brown Sugar Cure.No other has its mellow tang, from specialsmoking in Ovens. Ask for SWIFT'S PREMIUM.REMEMBER, THE MEAT MAKES THE MEAL!40 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEJohn B. Wooseley, PhD, professorof economics of the University of NorthCarolina, is president of the SouthernEconomic Association during the current year.1932Margaret E. Hill has been with thepersonnel department of MontgomeryWard and Company as social workersince 1939.1933Earl F. Simmons, JD '35, and William Ray Forrester, JD '35, are twoalumni to join the new law firm ofDe frees, Buckingham, Fiske andO'Brien located at 105 South La SalleSt., Chicago.Erik Wahlgren. PhD '38, spentlast summer in Vancouver as exchangeinstructor in the University of BritishColumbia. Mr. Wahlgren is back atthe University of California in LosAngeles. He was elected president ofthe Southern California Chapter of theAmerican Association of Teachers ofGerman not so long ago.Velma D. Whipple, science consultant for the Chicago Public Schools,spent last summer in the Jemes Mountains of New Mexico horseback riding.Miss Whipple also explored modern andancient pueblos, while she was there.1934Andrew C. Smith, PhD, is not onlyDean of Spring Hill College in Mobile,Alabama, but is professor of Englishand Chairman of the English Department. Professor Smith was electedpresident of the Association of AlabamaColleges for 1940-41. He is also southern Regional Director of Jesuit Education.Madelaine Strong is with the Vocational Guidance and Placement Service of the City College of New YorkCity.1935Joseph Goonwitch, MD, has heldthe appointive position of resident physician at Olive View Sanatorium, a LosAngeles County tuberculosis sanatorium,since 1936. When he can get away,Dr. Goonwitch either, according to theseason, goes fishing or ice skating.Robert E. Gregg began his instructorship in zoology on December 2 atBUSINESSDIRECTOR YAMBULANCE SERVICEBOYDSTON BROS.All phones OAK. 0492operatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics, etc..oapvaad AND LASALLE EQUIPMENT the Duluth State Teachers College inDuluth, Minn.James Russell McDonald heads theMathematics department of the SeniorHigh School in Decatur, Illinois, thisyear.Myron F. Sesit, MD, resigned lastyear from the United States Department of Interior and is now in privatepractice in New York City.E. Virginia Van Dyne, SM, hasbeen at the Merrill-Palmer School inDetroit since 1936. Miss Van Dyne hasbeen working with Dr. K. Roberts since1937 on personality research. She isengaged to Austin Fleming, a practicing attorney in Detroit, and expectsto be married in March.Courtlandt C. Van Vechten, PhD,is on leave of absence from WayneUniversity in Detroit and has gone toWashington to serve in the CriminalStatistics Section of the Division ofVital Statistics in the Census Bureau.1936Clinton Lee Compere, MD' 37, isnow stationed at Fort Sam Houston asLieutenant of the Medical Corps Reserve, United States Army.Adelaide David Glassner, socialworker at a psychopathic hospital inChicago, spends most of her spare timeout at the Dunes.Tom Phelps Glassford, who formerly was stationed in Cheyenne,Wyoming, is located in San Diego asdistrict traffic manager of the UnitedAir Lines.Benjamin Libet, PhD '39, is nowengaged in biochemical and physiological research in brain metabolism at theInstitute of the Pennsylvania Hospitalin Philadelphia.1937Helen Burch took up new work thisfall, as associate professor of educationat the Flora Macdonald College in RedSprings, North Carolina.Philip R. Clarke, Jr., of LaGrange, Illinois, is in investment banking. Mr. Clarke is specializing in aviation and public utilities securities in hisstatistical and advisory work.Thomas Eadie, who spends his extratime taking pictures, is a chemist forthe Celanese Corporation of Americain Cumberland, Maryland.Michael G. Savoyias is now teaching at the Wright Junior College inChicago.John A. Vieg, PhD, associate professor of government at Iowa State College in Ames, Iowa, served as vicechairman of the City Plan Commissionin Ames.1938Donald B. Anderson of Homewood,Illinois, has, for the last year, beendoing development work in the Furniture Finishes Laboratory at the Sherwin-Williams Company, Chicago. Mr.Anderson fills his spare time with hunting, fishing, photography and choralwork, all of which sounds like a heavyschedule.Jack M. Fetman spent two summers as a ranger in the Yosemite NationalPark, but for this last summer he wastransferred to Sequoia as ranger.William B. Hardy has gone withthe American Cyanamide Company inNew York City.Mary Frances Hedges, AM, has returned to her position as teacher in theelementary schools of Kansas City,Missouri, after a three-year leave ofabsence.Robert J. Janda, JD, '40, is nowwith the firm of Mighell, Allen,Matthews and Jordan of Aurora, Illinois.Henry Mick, AM, clergyman of theUnited Church of Canada in Windsor,Ontario, has been elected president forthe second successive year of TheWindsor Council of Church (Interdenominational).1939Anita Baker travels with uniquebaggage. She is connected with a NewYork firm which imports art goodsfrom India and the Dutch East Indiesand in this capacity Miss Baker willbe found giving informal talks concerning such things as Balinese woodcarvings and Javanese batik sarongsin gift shops and such from coast tocoast. Last spring she spoke in theBalinese room of the Blackstone Hoteland at Carson Pirie's downtown. Thispast summer found Miss Baker in Dallas, Texas, and then she traveled onthrough the Carolinas preaching thegood word about Balinese art. She hasbeen active in stage and radio and appeared at the Studebaker Theatre twoyears ago in "When Chicago WasYoung."Arthur I. Blomfield is now research assistant in economics of theNational Bureau of Economic Researchin New York City.John F. Gall, PhD, has been connected with the Pennsylvania Salt Manufacturing Company of Philadelphiasince December of 1938 doing physicalchemical research. Dr. Gall lives inUpper Darby, Pennsylvania.David Jones, Jr., is now connectedwith the D. W. Haering Company at3408 West Monroe Street in Chicago.Rich R. Ranney is working for amaster's degree at the University; histhesis is based on a comparative analysis of Public Welfare positions in counties throughout the country.Marion June Salisbury is a secretary in the Title Clearance Division ofthe Guarantee Department of the Chicago Title and Trust Company.Robert T. Sanderson, PhD, has secured a position with the Texas Com-panv, which is located in Beacon, NewYork.Clementine Vander Schaegh isnow a personnel trainee at Sears Roebuck & Company. Miss Vander Schaeghis the treasurer of the Chicago Alumnae Club.Ralph E. Walton has accepted theassistantship to the Director of Law-son Trade School in Chicago.Blanche McAvoy, PhD, is authorof a study-guide for biology, publishedTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 41AWNINGSPhones Oakland 0690—0691—0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.,INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4506 Cottage Grove AvenueVENETIAN BLINDSQUEENS VENETIAN BLINDPHONE CENTRAL 4516Flexible steel slats orseasoned basswoodtwo-tone tapes or solidcolors. Any size blinds.Per square foot After 5 P. M. Plaza 369828'BOILER REPAIRINGBEST BOILER REPAIRand WELDING CORP.DAY AND NIGHT PHONE CAN. 6071-0324 HOUR SERVICEQUALIFIED LICENSED CONTRACTOR1404-08 S. Western Ave., ChicagoBOOK BINDERSBOOKSMEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall New Books Received as soon as published. Come in and browse.SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Congress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical CollegeBUTTER & EGGSMURPHY BUTTER and EGG GO.2016 CALUMET AVE.CHURNERS OF FANCY CREAMERY BUTTERFINEST WISCONSIN EGGSAlways UniformChurned Fresh DailyPhone CALumet 5731CATERERJOSEPH H. BIGGSFine Catering in all its branches50 East Huron StreetTel. Sup. 0900—0901Retail Deliveries Daily and SundaysQuality and Service Since 1882 by the Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis, Minnesota. Miss McAvoyteaches at the Illinois State NormalUniversity, Normal, Illinois.Herbert S. Wolfe, PhD, who isnow Head of the Department of Horticulture at the University of Florida,Gainesville, Florida, says that his workthere is still new enough to keep himvery busy, but that he is thoroughlyenjoying it.Ernest T. Smith, AM, is presidentof the Central State Teachers Collegein Stevens Point, Wisconsin.1940Roland O. Bartlett's official position is Inspector of Schools in Quebec,Canada;Edmund G. Berry, PhD, lectures onclassics at the University of Manitobain Winnipeg, Canada.Carrie B. Cozort teaches the secondgrade down in Elkhart, Indiana.Robert Snow is located in Houston,Texas, where he is working as geologistfor the Barnsdall Oil Company. Mr.Snow writes that he finds many otherChicago graduates working as geologists there. Although the hunting andfishing is good in this part of the country, his official hobby is flying.social serviceJeanne Jewett, AM '40, and SarahNichols, AM '40, who left the University early in August to work with refugee children who came to Canada, havereturned to the United States. MissJewett has taken a position with theOregon Public Welfare Commissionand Miss Nichols has accepted workwith the Hillside Children's Center inRochester, New York. She is to be assigned to the Eastman Kodak Companyto supervise the English children whomthe company is sponsoring in the homesof its employees.Dwight H. Ferguson, graduate student 1929-33, is leaving the U. S. Children's Bureau to accept the position ofexecutive of a newly formed child andfamily welfare agency in Honolulu.Erwin Johnston, AM '31, Supervisor in the Illinois Children's Homeand Aid Society has been elected Chairman of the Chicago Chapter of theAmerican Association of Social Workers for the coming year.James Lee Verity, AM '36, has recently accepted a position with the Bureau of Prisons of the U. S. Department of Justice. He has been assignedto the Federal- Reformatory at Chilli-cothe, Ohio.Mrs. Willye Coleman, AM '38 hasleft the Cook County Bureau of PublicWelfare to accept a case work positionwith the Illinois Children's Home andAid Society.Helen Hardy Wright, AM '39, hasbeen appointed Medical Social Workerin the Crippled Children's Bureau ofthe Virginia State Department ofHealth.Marcia Dancey, AM '39, has recently gone to work with the ClevelandHumane Society. CEMENT CONTRACTORST. A. REHNOUIST CO. CONCRETEVJ/ FLOORS\r\V SIDEWALKS\\ V MACHINE FOUNDATIONS\\ MASTIC FLOORSv ALL PHONESEST. 1929 Wentworth 44226639 So. Vernon Ave.CHEMICAL ENGINEERSAlbert K. Epstein, '12B. R. Harris, '21Epstein, Reynolds and HarrisConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-6COALEASTMAN COAL CO.Established 1902YARDS ALL OVER TOWNGENERAL OFFICES342 N. Oakley Blvd.Telephone Seeley 4488Wasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phones: Wentworth 8620-1-2-3-4Wesson's Coal Makes Good — or —Wesson DoesCOFFEE-TEALa Touraine Coffee Co.IMPORTERS AND ROASTERS OFLA TOURAINECOFFEE AND TEA209-13 MILWAUKEE AVE., CHICAGOat Lake and Canal Sts.Phone State 1350Boston — New York— Philadelphia— SyracuseDENTISTDR. BERNARD R. LITZa graduate of the University of Illinois '39ANNOUNCESThe Opening of His Office forthe Practice of Dentistryat theGladstone Hotel, 6200 S. Kenwood Ave.Hyde Park 4100You are cordially invited to obtain dental service ona yearly budget system that is now available.EMPLOYMENTCOLOREDDOMESTIC HELPFurnishedDay or NightReferences investigated.Englewood Employment Agency5530 S. State Phone-Englewood 3 1 8 1 -3 1 82Street Night-Englewood 3181Established 20 years42 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFLOWERSCHICAGOEstablished 186SFLOWERSPhones: Plaza 6444, 64451 645 E. 55th StreetGRAPHIC ARTSTHE SCRIPTORIUMScribes * Illuminators • BindersC L RICKETTS JASPER S KINGIf it is said to last a lifetime or longer, sayit sincerely with well-chosen words in beautiful, imperishable designMESSAGES OF APPRECIATION, RESOLUTIONS, ILLUMINATED INSCRIPTIONS,MEMORIALS; BIRTHDAY, CHRISTMASAND GUEST BOOKS; CRESTS, COATSOF ARMS, TITLE PAGES•DIPLOMAS, CITATIONS,HONORARY DEGREES, CHARTERSValued papers and letters restoredand bound38 SOUTH DEARBORN STREETDEARBORN 000I CHICAGOGROCERIESLEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1 327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Park 9 1 00- 1 -2QUALITY FOODSTUFFSMODERATE PRICESWE DELIVERLAUNDRIESSUNSHINE LAUNDRYCOMPANYAll ServicesDry Cleaning29 1 5 Cottage Grove Ave.Telephone Victory 5110LETTER SERVICEPOND LETTER SERVCEEverything in LettersHooven TypewritingMultigraphingAddressograph Service MimeographingAddressingMailing •Highest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones 418 So. Market St.Harrison 8118 ChicagoLITHOGRAPHERL C. Mead '21. E. J. Chalifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph — Offset — Printing731 Plymouth CourtWabash 8182 Ruth Perrine, AM '40, has accepteda position as Case Worker with theFaith DePelchin Home at Houston,Texas.Edward Stanwood III, AM '40, hasaccepted a position as Child WelfareWorker at Sandpoint, Idaho.Dean Abbott is serving" this year asthe Chairman of the Special AdvisoryCommittee on Training and Personnelfor the U. S. Children's Bureau andthe Social Security Board. A meeting of this Committee was held recentlyin Washington.Helen Wright has been appointedto the Committee of the Wage andHours Division of the Department ofLabor on the Portable Lamp and ShadeIndustry. She has recently attended ameeting of this Committee in Washington.James Brown, PhD '39, has been appointed Assistant Dean of Pre-Profes-sional Students.Kathryn Welch, AM '35, is theauthor of a recently published U. S. Children's Bureau report on "The Meaningof State Supervision in the Social Protection of Children."Joseph Shelly, AM '38, is co-authorof "The Handbook of American Institutions and Delinquent Juveniles" whichhas recently been published by the Osborne Association, Inc.Joan Simeon Clarke of London,graduate student 1938-39, is the authorof several chapters in the recently published book on "Evacuation."Adele Meriam Thomson, AM '40,is the author of a recent Social ServiceMonograph "The Step-Father in theFamily."BORNTo Aaron M. Altschul, '34, PhD'37, and Mrs. Altschul (Ruth Braude,'39) a daughter, Sandra Betty, on October 23, 1940, Chicago.To Quirinus Breen, PhD '31, andMrs. Breen, on August 30, 1940, a son,Quentin Lee. Dr. Breen is assistantprofessor of history of the Universityof Oregon in Eugene, Oregon.To John Coltman II, '33, and Mrs.Coltman (Jane F. Sowers, '34) adaughter, Barbara Jane, on July 11,1940, in Springfield, Illinois.To Walter A. Eggert, PhD '39, andMrs. Eggert, a son, Walter Bruce, onJune 29, 1940, Chicago. Dr. Eggert isprofessor of elementary education at DePaul University, Graduate School.To Robert McKinlay, '29, JD '32,and Mrs. McKinlay, a daughter, Bonnie McKinlay, on October 21, 1940,Chicago.To Harold I. Meyer, MD '23, andMrs. Meyer, a son, Robert Beeson, onNovember 3, 1940, Chicago.To Demetrias Parry and Mrs.Parry (Katherine E. Miller, '28) adaughter, Eugenia Margo, on July 28,1940, Chicago.To Charles B. Stephens and Mrs.Stephens (Cordelia Crout, '32) a second son, Allan Durand, on June 2, 1940,in Springfield, Illinois. Mrs. Stephenswas recently elected president of theSpringfield branch of the American Association of University Women. OFFICE FURNITURE5TEELCA5EjBzzsin&ssr Ecfizipm&nt \FILING CABINETSDESKS — LOCKERSCUPBOARDS — SHELVINGMetal Office Furniture Co. Grand Rapids, MichiganOPTICIANSNELSON OPTICAL CO.1138 East63 rd StreetHyde Park5352Dr. Nels R. Nelson, OptometristPAINTERSGEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finishing3123 PhoneLake Street Kedz e 3186E. STEWART FEIGHINC.PAINTING — DECORATING5559 TelephoneCottage Grove Ave. Midway 4404RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneMonroe 3192PHOTOGRAPHERMOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigar. Blvd., Chicago . . State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERU. of C. ALUMNIPLASTERINGHOWARD F. NOLANPLASTERING, BRICKCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone Dorchester 1579THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 43PRINTERSCLARKE-McELROYPUBLISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3935"Good Printing of All Descriptions"MUSIC PRINTERSHIGHEST RATED IN UNITED STATESy ENGRAVERS "M SINCE 1906 . WORK DONE BY ALL PROCESSES ++ ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED ?? ANY PUBLISHER OUR REFERENCE ?JRAYNERiDALHEIM &CO.2054 W. LAKE ST., CHICAGO.PUBLISHERSRESTAURANTSThe Best Place to Eat on the South Sidefj'/ufalifJBfrW<*Jiq l(H p»l!HiaW«MCOLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 Woodlawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324RUGSAshjian Bros., inc.ESTABLISHED 1921Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone Regent 6000 ENGAGEDHenry M. Lemon, '38, who is serving his interneship in medicine in theUniversity of Chicago Clinics, is engaged to Miss Harriet T. Qua, daughterof Judge Stanley E. Qua of Lowell,Mass.MARRIEDHelen T. Burrows, AM '37, to Dr.Joseph B. Furst in July, 1940, at Davenport, Iowa. They are living at 686Massachusetts Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts.Pearl Bortin to Irving Muskat, MD'20, on August 1, 1940, Chicago.Lenore C. Danz of Detroit to Vincent K. Libby, 729, on October 12,1940* Mr. Libby is employed by theTernstedt Manufacturing Company, aunit of Fisher Body.Adelaide McLin, '31, to Edwin Forest Holtaman, Jr., on August 3, 1940,Detroit, Michigan.Faye T. Block to Harold Press, '32,on September 22, 1940, Chicago.Pauline M. Sommer, '36, AM '37, toBurke Smith, Jr., '33, AM '39, onJune 8, 1940. Mr. and Mrs. Smith areat home at 5425 Woodlawn Avenue,Chicago.Barbara Stemm, '34, to Harry I.Coy, Jr., '31, in Bond Chapel on September 14, Chicago.Dorothy Lucile Mullarky to GeorgeDasbach, '35, on November 29, 1939,in Kansas City, Missouri. They areliving in Topeka, Kansas.Bernice Wolfe to Isadore Richlin,'35, on October 27. Chicago. They areat home at 3722l/2 Pine Grove Avenue,Chicago.Joyce Dessen of Hazleton, Pennsylvania, to Harold Saffir, '35, on June25, 1940, Chicago. They are living at5220 Kenmore Avenue, Chicago.Evelyn Wainwright of New York toWaldeman A. Solf, '35, JD '37, onSeptember 7, 1940, Chicago. Mr. andMrs. Solf are now living at 5125 Kenwood Avenue.Marion G, Pitner, '37, to ClarenceM. Anderson on October 15, 1940, inNew Orleans, La. They are living at3628 Dumaine St., New Orleans.Janet C. Rosenthal, '37, AM '38,to Philip J. Hecht on July 25, 1940,Chicago. They are living at 5143 Kenwood Avenue, Chicago.Charles W. Bruner, MD '38, toLorraine Nelson of Aberdeen, SouthDakota, on September 26, 1940. Dr.and Mrs. Bruner are living in Arlington, California.Doris Gentzler, '39, to Arthur M.Dean, '38, on May 30, 1940, at MissGentzler's home in Chicago.Ernestine Heilman, AM '38, toJohn MacPhail on November 9, 1940,Chicago.Barbara Boyd, '39, to Russell E. Q.Johnson, JD '38, MBA '40, on September 3, 1940, in Belleville, Illinois.Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are at home at2249 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, Illinois.Carolyn Plimpton to Yale Brozen,'39, on September 21, 1940, Chicago.Mr. and Mrs. Brozen are living at 5445Kimbark Avenue, Chicago. COMMERCIAL SCHOOLSINTENSIVE¦ STENOGRAPHIC COURSEfor College People OnlySuperior training for practical, personal use or profitable employment. Course gives you dictation speed of100 words a minute in 100 days. Classes begin.January, April, July and October. Enroll Now.Write or phone for bulletin.BRYANT & STRATTON College18 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago Tel: RAN. 1575MacCormac School ofCommerceBusiness Administration and SecretarialTrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Association of Accredited Commercial Schools.1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130SCHOOL—SHORTHANDYour whole life throughShorthand will be useful to you.For more particulars call, write,or telephone.THE GREGG COLLEGE6 North Michigan Avenue, ChicagoState 1881ROOFERSESTABLISHED 1908[GROVE^iIL. ROOFING^IBttw co.ROOFING and INSULATINGSHEET METAL WORKSECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKS•Galvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights, Gutters, Down SpoutsTile, Slate and Asbestos Roofing1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893STOCKS— BONDS-COMMODITIESP. H. Davis, "II. H. 1. Markham, 'Ex. '06R. W Davis, '16. F. B. Evans, 'IIPaul H. Davis & CoMembersNew York StockChicago StockChicago Board ExchangeExchangeof Trade10 So. La Salle St. Franklin 8622TEACHERS' AGENCIESAMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. JACKSON BOULEVARDCHICAGOA Bureau of Placement which limits itswork to the university and college field.It is affliated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allthe educational fields. Both organizationsassist in the appointment of administratorsas well as of teachers.44 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAlbert Teachers1 Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all kinds of teachingpositions. Large and alert College andState Teachers' College departments forDoctors and Masters ; forty per cent of ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenumbers; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Administration, Music, and Art, secure finepositions through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well prepared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special manager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency57th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One FeeCHICAGO, MINNEAPOLISKANSAS CITY, MO. SPOKANENEW YORKHUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY25 E. JACKSON BLVD.Telephone Harrison 7793Chicago, III.Member National Associationof Teachers AgenciesGenerally recognized as one of the leading TeachersAgencies of the United. States.TEACHER'S SERVICEBUREAU4522 N. Knox Ave.Chicago, III.UNDERTAKERSBOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.All Phones OAKIand 0492VENTILATINGThe Haines CompanyVentilating and Air ConditioningContractors1929-1937 West Lake St.Phones Seeley 2765-2766-2767 Geraldine Elizabeth Logue to Marshall Grant Dazey, '39, on October3, 1940, Chicago, Illinois. Mr. andMrs. Dazey are at home at 10537 HaleAvenue, Chicago.Patricia Hanley to Robert E. Meyer,'39, on May 25, 1940. Mr. Meyer isconnected with the Illinois Company ofChicago, and varsity basketball coachat the Illinois Institute of Technology,formerly Armour Tech.Elinor May Taylor, '39, to Theodore George Engelmann, SM '40, onOctober 26th in Bond Chapel. Mr. andMrs. Engelmann are living at 7918Rhodes Avenue, Chicago.Frances Louise Allen to EdwardWilliam Hazleton, AM '40, on November 16, 1940, in the Morgan ParkMethodist Chapel, Chicago. Mr. andMrs. Hazleton are living at the SaranacHotel, Chicago.DIEDIt is with great sadness that we hearof the death of Natalia Greensfelder,AM '31 and Ethel J. Hart, AM '40.Both Miss Greensfelder and Miss Hartwere outstanding social workers andmade well-known contributions to public welfare. Miss Hart worked for sometime with the Social Security Board andMiss Greensfelder was best known forher work with the Children's Divisionof the Illinois State Department of Public Welfare and most recently with theAmerican Association of Social Workers in Chicago.Arthur G. Beall, MD, on September 2, 1940, in Hutchinson, Kansas.Samltel T. Bratton, PhD, '25, onOctober 18, 1940, Chicago.Clyde Barnes Cooper, PhD '14, onNovember 12, Chicago.Chalice M. Kelly, AM '24 (MrsDavid C. Coyle), on October 3, 1940,Washington, D. C.J. Bradford Craig, '06, on March2, 1940, in Bellevue, Pa.Jesse Philip Gibbs, AM '25, on June30, 1940, Berwyn, Illinois.Ethel Jacoway Hart, AM '40, October 20, 1940, in Denver, Colo.Roscoe Myrl Ihrig, '09, PhD, '14,member of the faculty of Carnegie Institute of Technology since 1915, November 22, 1940.Milton Ross Keeley, MD '83, ofLos Angeles, April, 1940.Charlotte Lavietes, '34, on October 5, 1940, in Shelbon, Conn.William E. Own, MD '39, of CedarRapids, Iowa, on November 1, 1940.Dean L. Rider, '20, MD '22, of Riverside, November 14, 1940, Chicago.Dr. Rider was a member of the surgicalstaffs of both Presbyterian and BerwynCommunity hospitals.Charles William Schwede, '19,teacher, on October 1, 1940, Chicago,Illinois.Mrs. Ralph Soule, '99, in August,1940, Berwyn, Illinois.Lyman A. Steffen, MD '12, of An-tigo, Wisconsin, on April 10, 1940. BLACKSTONEHALLanExclusive Women's Hotelin theUniversity of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to University and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748Blackstone Ave. TelephonePlaza 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorPETERSONFireproof WarehouseSTORAGE — MOVINGForeign — DomesticShipments55th & Ellis Phone, MID 9700HAIR REMOVED FOREVERBEFORE AFTER19 Years' ExperienceFREE CONSULTATIONLOTTIE A. METCALFEGraduate NurseALSOELECTROLYSIS EXPERTMultiple 20 platinum needles can beused. Permanent removal of Hair fromFace, Eyebrows, Back of Neck or anypart of Body; destroys 200 to 600 HairRoots per hour.Removal of Facial Veins, Moles andWarts.Member American Assn. Medical Hydrology andPhysical Therapy$1.75 per Treatment for HairTelephone FRA 4885Suite 1705, Stevens Bldg.17 No. State St.Perfect Loveliness Is Wealth in BeautyEMPLOYERS HAVE PROBLEMSJOB SPECIFICATIONSj: MEASURING HUMAN TALENTSSOURCES OF LABOR SUPPLYCREDENTIALS OF CANDIDATESKINDS OF TRAINING FOR JOBSMEASURING HUMAN TALENTSExperts can judge cattle on the hoof. However, it takesmore than a look to evaluate human beings. Smart employers never fool themselves by reading ability in faces.Comprehensive examinations, standardized intelligencetests, performance tests, physical case histories, extra-curriculum records, result in more competent measures oflikely success than any system for measuring abilitybased upon personal impressions. Up-to-date employersinsist upon factual data concerning candidates for positions.Second in a series of advertisements dealing with the workof the Board of Vocational Guidance and PlacementWHICH WE HELP SOLVETHE BOARD OF VOCATIONAL GUIDANCE AND PLACEMENTThe University of Chicago Midway 0800 • Local 391"Best Wishes forYour Happiness"from your friends and neighbors in the telephone company. May the friendly spirit ofthe holidays carry through all of 1941.BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM