APR 18 1240 _THE UNIVERSITYOFCHICAGO MAGAZINEenough for the jobWe live in a big country and it takes a big telephone company to givegood service to millions of people. The Bell System is doing its part inproviding for the nation's telephone needs, whatever they may be.But the Bell System aims to be big in more ways than mere size.It aims to be big in the conduct of its business, in its relations withemployees and its plans for the future. All of this helps to give thenation quick, dependable, courteous telephone service at low cost.BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEMTHE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEPUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI COUNCILCHARLTON T. BECK, '04 REUBEN FRODIN, '33Editor and Business Manager Associate EditorBERN LUNDY, '37; WILLIAM V. MORGENSTERN, '20, JD '22; DON MORRIS, '36; RALPH W. NICHOLSON, '36Contributing EditorsIN THIS ISSUETHE COVER: First sign of East Base Line, Claremont, Calif. Department of Sociology, contributesspring. A camera study across Stephen C. Tornay, PhD'34, Uni- a thought-provoking article on prob-the Circle looking toward the versity of Utah, Salt Lake City, lems which face this generation, andHarper-Law Quadrangle, taken for Utah. President Hutchins' convocation ser-the Magazine by Joseph Schwab. Dorothy Livingston Ulrich, '36, mon puts sharply into focus the nor-On pages 10 and 11 are a new port- 711 Farmington Ave., Hartford, mal and spiritual issues involved.folio of pictures taken by DeWitt Conn. Although it is always a pleasure toKelley during the winter. S. S. Visher, '09, PhD'14, 817 E. present President Hutchins' articles• 2nd Street, Bloomington, Ind. to the alumni, the editors take spe-The 1940 manuscript contest was Alan D. Whitney, '13, 5451 East cial interest in seeing that this speechbrought to a successful close with the View Park, Chicago. is given wide circulation because ofjudging of some sixty manuscripts The editors of the Magazine ex- the guttersnipe attack which wasby Messrs. Howard Hudson (Fif- press to each and every alumni who made upon it in the daily press.tieth Anniversary Office), Frank contributed to the contest their hearty •O'Hara (English), and William thanks. As must be said of all prize It is a special privilege for theMorgenstern (Press Relations). The contests, it is too bad prizes cannot Magazine to print this month a four-judges, in their final session, decided : be given to every contestant. page supplement in color of repro-Prize Winners • ductions of the art work of MaudeFirst Prize ($50) : D. Lee Hamil- Of tne fading articles this month, Phelps Hutchins, wife of the Presi-ton, 523 South Park Avenue, Bloom- attention should be called to that of dent.ino-ton, Ind. William H. Spencer, '14, JD'14, on <*^Second Prize ($30) : Gladis Marie "Labor and Business Activity." Mr. The regular features of the Maga-Castle '31 327 West 21st Street Spencer is Dean of the University's zine this month includes News ofNew York' City. ' School of Business and a frequent the Quadrangles and Athletics col-Third Prize ($20) : Gertrude G. participant on the Round Table, umn, and in addition reports on theStutz, '20, 2219 New Hampshire, William F. Ogburn, Chairman of the progress of the Alumni FoundationLawrence Kan '; ¦ work and steps that have been takenFourth' Prize ($15): Merle E> TABLE OF CONTENTS on the large job of preparation of theIrwin, '20, AM'29, 5541 Everett APRIL, 1940 Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration mAve Chicago ' Pag"e 1941. The News of the Classes con-Fifth Prize' ($10) : Harald G. O. b™" 3 tains a special column of news of theHoick, '21, PhD'28, University of The Labor Front; William H. Spencer 5 Sch°o1 of Busmess alumm.Nebraska Lincoln Neb March 10, 1940, Robert M. Hutchins. .8 •.'' The University and American Life, MEMORANDUM. Put down onHonorable Mention ™*J¥ ?™%™i "r V * 'ni: ™ y°ur calendar now that the annualt • -^ ^ nc -r. ii- ^ n Why 1 Came; What I Got, Gladis A i • t-. • -nLewis Dexter, 6b, Rollins College, m. Castle 15 Alumni Reunion will start June 3,Winter Park, Fla. Only 529 Days, Howard P. Hudson.. 16 coming to a climax with the AlumniAlice DeMauriac Hammond, '30, p^7 The Ides of March, Ralph W. Assembly the afternoon of June 8 andSM'32, Trout Creek Ranch, Cody, Fou£ {*™^ ' 'a^eId^ william' F^Og- ^ the Interfraternity Sing in Hutchin-Wyo. burn ¦ is son Court in the evening. The pro-Mary A. Heghin, '32, AM'35, News of the Quadrangles, Bern gram 0f the Alumni School, whichcamdenton, Mo. a™«;^; m^:'.::::::::::::: tl wil1 ™n f™m the 3rd to the 7th, wmHelen Cramp McCrossen, '09, 154 news of the Classes 25 be printed in the May Magazine.Published by the Alumni Council of the University of Chicago monthly, from October to June. Office of Publication, 403 Cobb Hall, 58th St. atEllis Avenue, Chicago. Annual subscription price $2.00. Single copies 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934, at the PostOffice at Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The Graduate Group, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, is the official advertising agency of the University of Chicago Magazine.2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE£6o9&st,Qt*c4ert Route. -5AN FRANCISCWORLD'S Ffli• Here's your best vacationopportunity for 1940 — visit the SanFrancisco World's Fair and see the scenicwonderlands of the West on one trip.Chicago and North Western offers you theluxurious comfort of its famous trains —the Streamliners for speed, the Challengersfor economy, the Pacific Limited for a thrill-ingly scenicride. You have a wide choice ofroutes, including the short direct OverlandRoute (C&N.W.-U.P.-S.P.). Stopoversanywhere. Rail fares are low. Read thislist of bargain trips.SAN FRANCISCO and NEW YORKWorld's Fairs on one glorious circle trip,from any point in the United States, by anyroute you choose — round trip ».v|» -nrail fare in coaches, only . . . *9U.UUIn Pullmans (berth extra) .... $135.00For routing in one direction via the CanadianRockies, additional charge of $5.00 will apply.PACIFIC COAST- San Francisco, LosrHUiriU bUHOI Angeles pacific Northwest. All the high spots of the West Coaston one grand circle tour. Round „-_ - -trip in coaches, from Chicago . *bt).UURfllll 11FR flANI — Lake Mead. En route toDUULUCIl UHITI orfrom California. Toursfrom Las Vegas, Nevada, at a nominal charge.Pill DRAnn — Sublime mountain vacation-bULUnHUV land overnight from t_, ,_Chicago, as low as *oi.lUYELLOWSTONE- MaBic lancl of geysers," " waterfalls, canyons.Round trip in Pullmans (berth ».- _-extra), from Chicago *49.3UZION, BRYCE, GRAND CANYON NAT'LPARKS — See all three awe-inspiring wonder-lands on one tour. Round trip toCedar City in Pullmans (berth »_ft fiftextra), from Chicago *bU.OUBLACK HILLS, SO. DAK.-™-east of the Rockies. Picturesque. Romantic.Site of Mt. Rushmore Memorial, »-- ._from Chicago, as low as . . . *Zb.'rDSUN VALLEY, IDAHO ^^ ~the edge of America's "Last Wilderness."Round trip in coaches, from ~_. __Chicago $54.90CANADIAN ROCKIES y^cVuvt^Tnroute to or from the Pacific Coast.Round trip in coaches, from -„_ __Chicago *65.00ALASKA SXaS $95.00NORTH WOODS ^S^iSi£55S— Forest playground of the Middle j- __West, from Chicago, as low as . . *y.OJr- — — -MAIL THIS COUPON- — — -|R. THOMSON, Passenger Traffic ManagerChicago & North Western Ry.Dept. 10 1—400 W. Madison St., Chicago, 111.Please send information about a trip to | - IName |Address |D Also all-expense toursIf student, state grade Chicago and North Western LETTERSWE'RE NOT SURPRISEDTo the Editor:No offense taken at all, but think thatMisses Berger and Goodman shouldknow that their article [on Universityalumni in Washington which ran in theMarch issue of the Magazine] did notrecognize the existence of the UnitedStates Public Health Service, as wellas a number of other scientific branchesof the government service. They arefilled with University of Chicago alumniand many have done outstanding work.However, nobody realizes more keenlythan a scientist how difficult it is to geta complete list of anything.Sincerely,Sara E. Beanham, PhD '23, MD '34Director National Institute of PublicHealth, Washington, D. C.[As we pointed out in our introductory remarks last month, we knewour Washington correspondents had notcaught eveybody in their survey of thecapitol scene. Proud are we to acknowledge the work of every alumnus of theUniversity in the government service,scientist, social scientist, lawyer orclerk. They or Republicans, Democrats, political appointees, careerists,and elected representatives of the people.It is one of the more reassuring signsabout the political life of the nation thatgraduates of Chicago, Harvard, Yaleand Columbia, to mention only a fewuniversities, are engaged in the difficultwork of providing a government of130,000,000 persons.We call our readers' attention on Page14 to the fact that two graduates of theUniversity are opposing each other forthe governorship of Illinois. We wishthem both luck in November and sincethe Editor of the Magazine and theAssociate Editor each have a vote,there's a chance that both candidateswill be able to have support on electionday. — Ed.]HOW ABOUT POETRY?To the Editor:Would it be feasible sometime to offerprizes in the field of poetry? Some ofthe alumni besides those who are regularly publishing are probably writingsome pretty good poetry.Yours truly,Mattie M. Dykes, AM '22.Maryville, Mo.[This note has been around the officefor several months, because the editorshave not been sure what to do about it.We don't seem to want to set ourselvesup as judges of poetry, and it's notalways easy to get judges. However, to anticipate something we hope willcome, to pass next year, the Magazineand the directors of the Fiftieth Anniversary Celebration are planning on aspecial, deluxe Literary Number of theMagazine. — Ed.]WORD DOCTORTo the Editor:Since the intellectual circles in thissection of the country are in a "tizzy"(a good New England word) oversemantics and the meaning of meaning,forgive me for questioning your use of"obtuse" in the editorial section of theMarch issue of the Magazine. "Wepoint out here what Mr. Freeman moreobtusely says, etc." I am sure that youdo not mean that he says this in a"stupid" or "dull" fashion, yet this wasmy immediate impression !Excuse the quibbling!Charles Morris, '26.Milton, Mass.[No Stuart Chases, Count Korzybskis,Ogdens or Richards are we, but pureWebsterians and Oxfordians. We wereusing "obtuse" in its primary meaning,at least as we read the dictionaries,namely — "less pointedly." Dr. Johnsonmay have meant "dull" in what has become its usual connotation, but it hasthe other meaning. Our sentence wasn'tso bad: "We point out here what Mr.Freeman says more obtusely, i.e., lesspointedly, etc." — Ed.]HIGHEST RATED IN UNITED STATES• ENGRAVERS '* SINCE 1906 + WORK DONE BY ALL PROCESSES +I + ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED +! + ANY PUBLISHER OUR REFERENCE ?m !7a\i:i a mDALHEIM &CO.2054 W. LAKE ST., CHICAGO.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 3BOOKSNews and the Human InterestStory. Helen Mac Gill Hughes,PhD. University of Chicago Press,$3.00.News was once defined by an editoras anything that makes the reader say,"Gee whiz !" Human interest is only oneelement of the news. Daddy Browning was human interest; so, too, is a"scientific" piece about bat-men inhabiting the moon. The New York Timesmay present human interest in one form,and Mr. Hearst and the tabloids in another, but the elements of human interest, and even some particular humaninterest stories, are constant."Big" news becomes part of the record of the times. The most that can besaid of human interest is that it givesthe reader a vicarious sense of participation in adventures less humdrumthan his own.In tracing the development of theAmerican newspaper through the last100 years, Mrs. Hughes demonstratesthat human interest has always beenthe great circulation puller among borderline literates. The fantastic resultsdue to a too enthusiastic pursuit ofsensationalism are illustrated throughthe uproarious memoirs of Emile Gauv-reau. The former editor of McFad-den's New York Graphic fed his readersso much of it that they were finallysatiated. "Like opium eaters," Gauvreauremarked, "they needed an ever-increasing dosage to whip up their nerves."Newspapermen are notorious non-readers of books, even of books tellinghow to read the books they don't read.This fact is advanced to condition theobservation that Mrs. Hughes' bookcould be of service to the profession.It might assist editors in clarifyingtheir notions of the contents and balance of a modern newspaper, and itcould stimulate news writers to seekfreshness and variety occasionally.Some of the human interest stories Mrs.Hughes found in the back files are admirable examples of these qualities, andany newspaperman who reads TheodoreDreiser's "Nigger Jeff," the story ofa reporter covering a lynching, willbe reminded that his emotions as wellas his perception are concerned in almost any story he covers.It is to be doubted, however, whetherrewriters adept at whacking out human interest will greatly appreciate theassociation between their efforts and theMexican corrido (doggerel ballad).Nor will circulation managers be enlightened when informed that demos isa fancier word for straphangers.G. M. s omething New Underfoot!If you can't tome in, writefor date of Frank BrothersExhibition in your city.$15.75A happy combination of Cordovan leather upper, in a rich deepshade . . . and a resilient crepe rubber sole. It's one for the book—giving you the double benefits of style and ease. This is justone of the new things underfoot in Frank Brothers Men's Shoes. . . see this and twenty-three more models in the newly revisedFrank Brothers booklet which will be sent you on request.FIFTH AVENUE • 47th-48th Streets • NEW YORK225 OLIVER AVENUE— PITTSBURGH, PA. • 112 WEST ADAMS STREET, FIELD BUILDING— CHICAGO, ILL.m *«•» 9oU:D"^ISTANCE gained ina relay race meansnothing unless it is held. Andmaterial gains made in the gameof life . . . home, furnishings, automobile, business . . . should beheld, too. But they can be takenfrom you at any moment of any day... by fire, windstorm, explosion,accident, theft, etc. Fortunately^ EfflHHsIDGEEproperty insurance is so flexible thatyou can protect what you haveagainst practically every conceivable hazard. The North AmericaAgent in your section will be gladto analyze your insurance requirements and tell you just whichpolicies you should have. Consulthim as you would your doctoror lawyer.Insurance Company ofNorth AmericaPHILADELPHIAFOUNDED 1792and its affiliated companies write practically every form of insurance except liftTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETHE Magazine's photographer visits the School ot Business' Wednesday faculty meetinq. Left to right: FrankMancina (statistics), William Vatter (accounting), Ann Brew- ington (education), Eva Sutherland (assistant to the Dean),Dean Spencer (law), Arthur Kornhauser (psychology), William Mitchell (production control); those turned are below.BUSINESS SCHOOL FACULTYLEFT to right: Charles Rovetta (accounting), Robert Dickson (accounting), Orme Phelps (labor), Robert Cooney(accounting), Theodore Yntema (statistics), Samuel Nerlove(economics), Willard Graham (accounting), Neil Jacoby (finance), George Brown (marketing), Edward Duddy (marketing), Mancina, Vatters. Absent: Garfield Cox (finance),James Palmer (marketing), Lewis Sorrell (transportation)and Raleigh Stone (industrial and labor relations).VOLUME XXXII THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINE NUMBER 7APRIL, 1940THE LABOR FRONTAnd Business ActivityTHE situation with respect to labor at any givenmoment has a most important relationship to therate of business activity. Labor is a large part ofthe cost of running any business. Approximately 48per cent of the total gross revenues of Class I Railwaysis required for the payment of salaries and wages.Approximately 21 per cent of the total gross revenuesof all manufacturing establishments is required for thispurpose. It follows that if labor costs get out of linewith general business conditions, whether by the collective action of workers or by virtue of political pressure,they inevitably tend to slow up business activity.It is equally clear that widespread labor strife tendsto retard business activity. It creates great uncertainty,undermining business confidence. It curtails the production of wealth, tends to dry up business profits, andreduces wage payments. It also entails greater or lesspublic inconvenience and loss. Decreased business profits and unpaid wages naturally reduce the funds available for capital investment as well as the purchasingpower for consumer goods. It is highly important,therefore, that labor strife should be reduced to thelowest minimum consistent with the maintenance of reasonable freedom between men and management in thenegotiation of work contracts.Do what we will, however, a greater or less degree oflabor strife is inevitable in a truly competitive businessregime. Within limits — not always tteasonble — employersseek labor at the lowest rate consistent with efficiency.Within limits — not always reasonable — labor, through organized efforts and through political pressure, seeks thehighest possible rate of wage. This struggle betweenmen and management with respect to the division ofthe income of industry necessarily and inevitably results in strife and controversy. In unorganized industrial areas, labor unrest is present in some degree, butfor obvious reasons it does not frequently break into theopen. In semi-organized areas, labor controversies arerelatively numerous and tend to be severe. In highlyorganized areas, labor controversies, although relativelyinfrequent, typically are severe when they occur.In 1916, a period of rising prices, approximately 3800labor controversies occurred, involving about a million,six hundred thousand workers. In 1919, the year ofthe big Steel strike, approximately 3600 controversies • By WILLIAM H. SPENCER, '14, JD '14occurred, involving more than four million workers. In1932, the trough of the depression, there were only some800 controversies, involving about two hundred fiftythousand employees and causing a loss of seven millionman-days of work. In 1937, a year of relatively substantial business recovery, nearly 5,000 labor controversiesarose, involving nearly two ifiillion workers and causinga loss of about twenty-eight million man-days of work.In 1938, a year of declining business activity, the number of workers involved in labor controversies droppedsharply, but it rose just as sharply in 1939, a year inwhich business again showed signs of revival.Labor strife tends to follow business activity. As.business activity rises, labor strife tends to increase;as business activity falls, labor strife tends to decrease.In periods of declining business, labor merely tries tohang on to what it has. In periods of rising businessactivity, labor feels that it is compelled to take the initiative in getting wages adjusted to rising prices.Contrary to statements frequently appearing in thepress and elsewhere, the statistics just cited clearly indicate that not all of the labor strife which industry hasexperienced since 1935 can be attributed to the laborpolicies of the present national administration. In largemeasure the explanation of this popular impression isthe fact that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935has given form and direction to a very large percentageof the labor controversies which have arisen since its enactment. It cannot be denied that a percentage of them —what percentage, no one knows — would have arisen eventhough the Labor Act had not been enacted. On theother hand, it cannot be denied that a percentage of thelabor controversies which have arisen during the pastsix years — what percentage, no one knows — must beascribed to the labor policies of the present national administration. In other words, many of the labor controversies of recent years have arisen directly and solely outof the efforts of workers to take advantage of the rightof self-organization which the National Labor RelationsAct guarantees to them ; these controversies would nothave arisen but for the Labor Act and the sympatheticlabor policies of the national administration. To someextent, recent labor strife must be attributed to inexperienced labor leaders in a period of feverish organizational activity; to a large extent it has been due to the56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEstubborn refusal of many employers to accept and adjust themselves to the requirements of the Labor Act.Indeed, to some extent, but certainly not to the extentclaimed by the press, labor controversies which otherwise would not have arisen have resulted from the activities of the staff of the Labor Board itself.Whatever may be the facts with respect to responsibility for the large amount of labor strife which hasoccurred in the past six years, it cannot be denied thatlabor strife in greater or less degree is inevitable in acompetitive business regime. While labor strife may besubstantially reduced by more enlightened personnelmanagement on the part of employers, by better leadership on the part of labor, and by orderly and impartialmethods and machinery for the settlement of labor disputes, it is not humanly possible to eliminate it entirelyin a competitive business regime.TYPES OF LABOR DISPUTESSome understanding of the nature of different types oflabor disputes throws light upon their relationship tobusiness activity. A major class of labor disputes maybe described as organizational disputes. These involvequestions relating to the rights of workers to organize,free from any interference by employers, and to be represented by persons or organizations of their own choosing in the process of bargaining collectively with employers concerning wages, hours, and basic working conditions. Controversies of this type are likely to bebitter and uncompromising, even bloody. Illustrativeof organizational disputes are the Homestead strike of1892, the Pullman strike of 1894, the Steel strike of1919, the strike in the Herrin coal fields of 1922, andthe General Motors strike of 1937.Organizational disputes do not lend themselves toeasy settlement by compromise, mediation, or arbitration.In the past it has been our practice, with some efforts atmediation, to allow the parties to fight these controversies out under the general supervision of law-enforcingagencies, armed guards, deputies, and the militia, andall too frequently these agencies have sided with theemployers in the controversies.There has been a substantial increase of organizationaldisputes since the enactment of the National IndustrialRecovery Act of 1933, containing the famous Section 7(a), and particularly since the enactment of the NationalLabor Relations Act of 1935. This increase is natural,however, since the Labor Act was enacted by Congressto protect workers in their right to organize, to assistthem in the selection of representatives for collectivebargaining, and to protect and promote the practice ofcollective bargaining between men and management.A second class of labor disputes is concerned withwages, hours, and basic working conditions. Controversies of this type are major in character and typicallyarise between management on the one hand and organized labor on the other. Generally they involve fairlylarge numbers of workers. Fortunately, however, theydo not occur frequently, and they usually lend themselvesto settlement by arbitration or mediation. The National Labor Relations Board has no jurisdiction oversuch controversies except in so far as it has the power to protect workers in their right to organize and engage incollective bargaining.A third class of labor controversies are those aptly ^scribed as jurisdictional disputes. Traditionally, "fam~ily" disputes have arisen within the American Federation of Labor in which two or more craft unions, claiming the right to do given work, tie up an employer'splant or work for longer or shorter periods of time.More recently, major disputes between the Committeefor Industrial Organization and the American Federation of Labor have presented serious and critical situations. While jurisdictional disputes within AFL areprimarily concerned with the division of work, disputesbetween CIO and AFL are a part of a life-and-deathstruggle for supremacy between two fundamentally different types of labor organizations.From the point of view of the public, jurisdictionaldisputes are the most irritating and seem the most useless. The employer is usually an innocent by-stander insuch controversies, although he stands to suffer heavylosses while the rival labor organizations fight their difficulties out. So far no very effective machinery hasbeen devised for the settlement of jurisdictional disputes. Under the National Labor Relations Act theLabor Board has no authority to intervene in familyscraps arising between recognized craft unions withinthe American Federation of Labor. Primary responsibility for preventing or settling controversies of thiskind rests, or should rest, with Federation leaders. Sofar, however, these leaders have ribt met this responsibility courageously. The Labor Board has been drawninto the major dispute between CIO and AFL in thatfrequently it has been called upon under the Labor Actto define the appropriate unit for collective bargaining,and to administer elections in which CIO and AFL arestruggling for control in a given plant or industry. Inthe performance of these difficult and delicate tasks theLabor Board has gained the ill-will of both factions,particuarly of the American Federation of Labor.The final class of labor disputes are those which ariseout of the interpretation and application of collectiveagreements between men and management. Individually,disputes of this character are of relatively minor importance; in the aggregate, however, they may be productive of serious industrial strife unless impartial methods and machinery exist for their prompt settlement.Disputes of this character can be handled effectively byshop-committees, by mediation, or by arbitration. Insome industries the parties have set up their own boardsof arbitration for handling individual grievances anddisputes arising out of the interpretation and applicationof collective agreements. The National Railroad Adjustment Board, created by Congress in 1934 in an amendment to the Railway Labor Act of 1926, has been verysuccessful in the settlement of such disputes arising inthe railroad industry.THE LABOR OUTLOOKIt is hazardous to predict how the labor front, eitherin the short or in the long run, will affect business activity since it is only one of many factors which condition business activity. It would seem, however, thatTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7PROFESSORS PHELPS, COONEY AND YNTEMA DEAN SPENCER PRESIDINGboth in the immediate and in the more distant futurethere should be a gradual decline in labor strife. Onemight expect less activity on the labor front duringthis, an election year, than in non-election years. Certainly employers, in their efforts to avoid embarrassingpresidential candidates, are not so likely to give seriousprovocation to workers and labor leaders this year.In the immediate future, and perhaps for some timeto come, there should be a decreasing number of disputes with respect to wages and hours of work. Inview of the action which many employers have takenvoluntarily in shortening the work-week and in viewof the fact that the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938will automatically establish a forty-hour work week in1941, it seems unlikely that serious disputes will arisewith respect to the work-week in the near future. Itwould also seem that by the establishment of the presentminimum rate of pay of 30 cents an hour for employeesincluded under the Act and the promise of a minimumrate of 40 cents an hour by October, 1945, this enactment has removed the possibility of serious labor difficulties with respect to wages at the lower levels. Norshould there be serious labor strife within the near future with respect to wages at the higher levels. Economists are generally agreed that wages in 1937 movedup more rapidly than busines conditions justified, andthat there is nothing in the picture at present whichwould justify labor generally in demanding increasesof wages at the higher levels. Indeed, it is entirely possible that labor may have difficulty in maintaining existing wage schedules in the higher brackets.There should also be a decrease of organization disputes. It would seem that the peak of organization activity has passed. Labor organizers, representing both theAmerican Federation of Labor and the Committee forIndustrial Organization, have canvassed with considerable thoroughness most industrial areas susceptible toorganization of workers. Moreover, it is not likely thatthe present administration will again give as much activeand sympathetic support to organized labor as it has donein the past. Nor is it likely that any administration whichsucceeds the present will be as active or as sympathetic in its support of organized labor as the present has been.Organizational activity, both by CIO and AFL, will continue, but it will probably continue at a much slowerrate than that of the past five years. While there issome statistical evidence tending to show that labor strifedeclined in 1938 as a result of the decisions of theSupreme Court of the United States sustaining the constitutionality of the National Labor Relations Act, theevidence is by no means conclusive. The bitter andstubborn fight which employers waged to prevent theadoption of the legislation in 1935 and their later insistence that the law was unconstitutional have now beensucceeded by their demand that the National LaborRelations Act be amended in fundamental respects, thatthe personnel of the Labor Board and its staff bechanged, and that procedures of the Board be thoroughly revised. In view of recent developments, it nowseems more than likely that some changes in all theserespects will take place within the near future. If so,employers will gradually become reconciled to the requirements of the law and make their adjustments to it.In this event, the law should become an effective instrumentality of industrial peace, particularly in the elimination of causes which lead to organizational disputes.It would certainly seem that jurisdictional disputesshould decrease. Such disputes within the AmericanFederation of Labor are so irritating to employers andto the public that Federation leaders cannot afford toregard them with a semi-tolerant attitude much longer.There is evidence at present that the American Federation of Labor is seriously studying this question with aview of establishing methods for the prevention orprompt settlement of jurisdictional disputes. The majorconflict between the American Federation of Laborand the Committee for Industrial Organization isnow beginning to wane in scope and intensity. Sooner orlater some sort of peace or working arrangement will beeffected between these two factions of organized labor,thus removing the basis of much labor strife.In conclusion, there can be little doubt that better personnel policies on the part of employers may be relied(Continued on Page 22)MARCH 10, 1940The Convocation Sermon• By ROBERT M. HUTCHINSYOU see the world in which you will have to livegoing to pieces before your eyes. Europe as wehave known it seems fated to disappear. Whetheror not the United States enters the war, the repercussionsof it upon our political and economic life are bound tobe severe and may even go so far as drastically to alterthe political and economic structure in which we havebeen brought up. We are under a duty to inquire intothe first causes of the catastrophe, into the methods ofaverting its most serious consequences, and into the foundations of the new order which the survivors should seekto lay.It will not be enough to examine these questions interms of the relocation of boundaries and the redistribution of power. We cannot be content with a rearrangement of things in the material order. At the root of thepresent troubles of the world we must find a pervasivematerialism, a devastating desire for material goods,which sweeps everything before it, up to, and perhapsover, the verge of the abyss. Since the desire for material goods is unlimited, it cannot possibly be satisfied.Everybody cannot possibly have everything he wants.Some nations must be denied some things they want andmust inevitably try to wrest them from other nations. Aslong as this spirit prevails rearrangements of things in thematerial order must be temporary. They will last onlyso long as it takes the defeated nations to recuperate andenter upon a new trial of strength.We know now that mechanical and technical progressis not identical with civilization. We must conclude, infact, that our faith that technology will take the placeof justice has been naive. Technology supplies the goodswe want, for material goods are indubitably goods. Technology can give us bigger, brighter, faster, and cheaperautomobiles. It cannot tell us who ought to have them,or how many, or where they should go. The notion thata just and equitable distribution of goods will be achievedby the advance of technology or that by its aid we shallput material goods in their proper relation to all othersis reduced to absurdity by the coincidence of the zenithof technology and the nadir of moral and political life.The doctrine by which we live is that material goodsare an end in themselves. Hence all activity is judgedby the profits it brings. The principle is that of the largest returns at the lowest costs. The criterion is purelyeconomic. All extra-economic or non-economic standards, since they impede the struggle toward the goal,must be obliterated. Thus slavery was justified becauseit lowered costs and attacked because it was unfair competition. The exploitation of women and children wasdefended because it paid. The family could not beallowed to block the path of "progress." The state isvaluable if it helps to maximize profits, but is apparentlyto have little part in economic life beyond this and beyond fulfilling functions which are too big or too unprofitablefor private enterprise. Even patriotism and the love ofcountry fall before the onslaught, as in the case of theinternational money-maker in Ancient Greece who wasasked what country he belonged to and who replied,"I am one of the rich."This is the process of economic rationalization, theprocess of looking at everything in economic terms andtesting everything by economic criteria. Even the institution of property, often mistaken for the sign of a materialistic civilization, may disappear before the advanceof economic rationalization. As an Italian economisthas pointed out, the most technically perfect economicrealization of materialism "is the Soviet system, in whichall private and public efforts have only one end: theeconomic rationalization of the whole of life, to the pointof abolishing private property and the family, and ofattempting the destruction of all religious ideals thatmight threaten such materialistic rationalization." Communism does not reject the mechanization of life; it completes it. It does not deny that economic activity is theprincipal basis of civilization ; it asserts that it is the solebasis. It does not oppose huge concentrations of economic power ; on the contrary, in order to facilitate andcontrol the work of concentration, it accumulates allcapital and concentrates all economic life in the hands ofthe state. Russian communism is simply the logicalprolongation of capitalistic materialism.Materialism has captured our culture. It has capturedthe state. It has captured education; for no one willdeny that the test of education is whether the graduatessucceed in life, and even those who argue for intellectualdevelopment as the aim of education are constrained toadd that the man with a developed intellect will makemore money than the man with an undeveloped one.Consumer education and vocational education are merelythe most obvious evidence that we regard education asdirected toward economic ends.As materialism has taken over education, so it hastaken over morals. It has retained the names of theChristian virtues and changed their meaning to suit itspurposes. Mr. Kimpton, the jeweler in the town whereI wras brought up, had a sign in his window saying,"Honesty is the best policy because it pays." Courageis the nerve it takes to run business risks. Temperancemeans saving your money and staying in good working'condition. Prudence is just another name for shrewdness. These translations show that moral criteria havedeparted, to have their places taken by economic criteria.Yet now that the triumph of materialism is complete,now that we are all agreed that religion is good for thepeople, and relief is needed to keep them quiet, and education to teach them to consume and produce, and thefamily to attach them to their work, and the state to act8THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 9as the guarantor of an independent, autonomous eco-nornic machine, the world this spirit has made is collapsing about us, and this spirit offers us nothing butgold, with which we cannot buy salvation.Now it would be laughable to try to build a new orderwith the old ideals. As Maritain has put it, if we wouldchange the face of the earth, we must first change ourown hearts. We are concerned, not with a rearrangement of material things, but with a moral and spiritualreformation. This reformation must be intellectual, too ;for it requires the substitution of rational views of man,the state, and the order of goods for irrational or sub-rational ones. Without pretending to any special revelation, let us see whether we can make some tentativeand hesitant approaches to the lines which a moral, intellectual, and spiritual revolution might follow.Man is a moral, rational, and spiritual being. Heneeds material goods; unless he has them he cannotsurvive. But he does not need them without limit. Preoccupation with material goods will hinder and not assisthis progress toward his real goal, which is the fullestdevelopment of his specific powers. Nature will notforgive those who fail to fulfill the law of their being.The law of human beings is wisdom and goodness, notunlimited acquisition. The economic rationalization oflife proceeds in the face of the basic law of human nature.That law would suggest to us the idea of sufficiencyrather than the idea of unbounded possessions.The economic rationalization of life, moreover, proceeds in the face of the basic law of human society. Menare banded together in society for mutual aid toward theobjectives of their personal lives, which are, as we haveseen, the development of their highest powers. As JohnStuart Mill has put it, "The most important point of excellence which any form of government can possess is topromote the virtue and intelligence of the people." Thestate is not an end in itself, but a means to the virtue andintelligence, that is : the happiness, of the citizens. It isheld together by justice, through which it cares for thecommon good. The common good, in fact, is little butjustice most broadly conceived: Peace, order, and anequitable distribution of economic goods. Since the stateis charged with responsibility for the common good, andsince the production and distribution of material goodsare one aspect of the common good; the economic ordermust be subordinate to the political order.The economic rationalization of life makes the political order subordinate to the economic order or confusesthe two. We can see this in any campaign, when eachcandidate tells the citizens of the financial rewards theywill reap by voting for him. We are accustomed to saying in the same breath that the government must leteconomic activity alone and that it must see to it thatthe particular economic activity in which, we are engagedprospers. So we look upon our neighbor either as acustomer or a competitor or an instrument of production. The eminent dignity of human beings forbids us,even if the two great commandments did not, to lookupon our neighbor in any of these ways, and particularlyto regard him as a means of enriching ourselves.In this setting we may understand the institution, ofproperty. Since man is an artist, an animal that makes things, the individual man is entitled to a sense of participation in the ownership of the instruments of production and in the goods produced. But since the earth wasgiven to man and not to individual men, since man isa social and political animal with social responsibilities,one who acquires property beyond the needs of himselfand his family must dedicate it to social purposes. Thisis the rule of reason, which is nothing but the idea ofsufficiency. It is the opposite of the idea of unlimitedgain. A violation of the rule of reason is one that naturewill not forgive.In this view every act of every man is a moral act, tobe tested by moral and not by economic criteria. Immoral means of acquiring goods are excluded. Theenjoyment of the goods acquired is limited. The exclusion and the limitation are imposed by the nature of manand the nature of organized society. Personal and political rationalization subordinates economic rationalizationby relating the material well-being of the individual firstto the material well-being of his neighbor, and secondto the highest good of the individual and of the wholesociety. The principle of the good of the person and thegood of society is substituted for the principle of thelargest returns at the lowest costs. Faith in asceticismand sacrifice is substituted for faith in technology. Anorder based on charity is substituted for an order basedon avarice.The moral, intellectual, and spiritual reformation forwhich the world waits depends, then, upon true anddeeply held convictions about the nature of man, the endsof life, the purposes of the state, and the order of goods.One cannot take part in this revolution if one believesthat men are no different from the brutes, that moralsare another name for the mores, that freedom is doingwhat you please, that everything is a matter of opinion,and that the test of truth is immediate practical success.Precisely these notions lie at the bottom of the materialism that afflicts us; precisely these notions are used inthe attempt to justify man's inhumanity to man. Therevolution to which we are called must end in the destruction of these notions and their power over individual andpolitical action.Those who are called most clearly to this revolutionare the people of this country, who may yet have time.We must, by reconstructing our own lives, begin thereconstruction of economic, social, and political life. Thismeans that we must reconstruct education, directing it tovirtue and intelligence. It means that we must lookupon economic activity, not as the end of life, but as ameans of sustaining life, a life directed to virtue andintelligence. It means, too, that economic activity mustbe ordered to the common good, the good of the politicalsociety, the aim of which is virtue and intelligence. Itmeans in short, the personal, rather than the economic,rationalization of life.The task is long, slow, and hard. Its achievement willdemand no ordinary effort ; for it is no ordinary task. Iwould not be guilty of that false prudence which wouldshrink from holding before you ideals difficult of attainment. These ideals are difficult, but not impossible, ofattainment. Upon their attainment the future of ourcountry and the future of civilization depend.IN FRONT OFHARPERHUTCHINSONCOURT THEQUADRANGLESIN WINTER*Photographs- byDeWitt Kelley10ROCKEFELLER MEMORIAL CHAPELCOFFEESHOP CORNER TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR11THE UNIVERSITY AND AMERICAN LIFEFirst Prize in the Manuscript ContestT HE University of Chicago has punctuated its fiftieth anniversary with an exclamation point : intercollegiate football is dead at the University of Chicago ! The nation has taken sides : this is a sign of decay,say some, and dark days are ahead for the University ;others say this is a sign of progress, and the Universityonce more has proved its right to theleadership of the American academicprocession. Even if we grant thatfootball pageantry is not actually injurious to higher education, it is obvious, although it has apparently notbeen observed, that the University ofChicago has by its abolition of football paid a subtle compliment to theAmerican public on which, in thelong run, it must depend for its existence. For it is gambling that themost influential part of the public willappreciate its deeper motives and approve its action. It may be a sadcommentary on this belief that someformer students of the University ofChicago have deplored its abolition of football. For this indicatesthat the University has failed to helpsome of its students to educatethemselves.Perhaps this introduction, like thenewspapers, has placed more emphasis on the question of football than itdeserves, even as a symbol of theUniversity's courage in inauguratingneeded reforms. Let us leave theovercrowded field of physical education to consider the contribution ofthe University in the intellectualsphere to life in the United States.In spite of much trite talk concerning the integration of knowledge, the University of Chicago seems tobe the only major institution of higher learning whichis making more than a casual effort to lead its studentsto see the interdependence of all branches of knowledgeas phases of one world. It attempts to accomplishthis by the use of survey courses, by encouragingstudents in each department to supplement their studieswith work in other departments, by organizing curricular bridges between departments, by arranging newprograms of study for students to whose interests andneeds the existing programs are not adapted, etc. Butthose are, after all, external measures and might possibly exist without much effect. Most of the members oftlie faculty, however, have caught at least some of thisunifying spirit and diffuse it in their classes.The efforts of the faculty to integrate knowledge leadD. LEE HAMILTONBom in Brazil in 1910, Lee Hamilton receivedhis AB from Baylor in 1931, his AM fromNorthwestern in 1932. He has finished hisresidence work at Chicago for a PhD inFrench and is now writing his thesis whileteaching at Indiana. He is married to MaryMaeKeniie, '36, AM '37. • By D. LEE HAMILTONto a similarity of thinking in the different fields and tothe acquisition by the student of some sort of personalphilosophy. For those reasons the formal and informalstudy of philosophy, discussions of philosophical problems and general interest in philosophical questions areprobably keener at Chicago than at any other Americanuniversity. In the study of other subjects, as a result of this interest, thereis more emphasis on searching inquiryinto the bases of the most importantconcepts. Law, for example, tendsto become something more than adesert of shifting decisions and statutes, and the study of literature something more than the skimming of avast number of pages. Education ischanged from a routine of pouring information into leaky jugs into aprocess of active investigation andsubsequent integration of knowledge. Those are the reasons whyclasses and indeed the entire campusatmosphere at Chicago are unlikethose of other universities. The attitude is different, the training is different, the students are different. The simplest test, as well asone of the truest, is to listen to the"bull sessions" of both graduates andundergraduates. They are shrewder,more logical, and concern subjects ona higher intellectual plane than thoseone hears on other campuses. Suchconversations show that the efforts tofocus on each learning mind the diffused light of "education" tend to instill a trained method of thinking anda coherent philosophy of living.I do not mean that all the changes have been madeat the University of Chicago which would be requiredto produce a university of the greatest possible valueto the country, nor that the changes mentioned havebeen perfected. The point is that all these revisions pointin the direction of what a university should do. I shalltry to show that all these alterations are based mainlyon one proposition and that that proposition is the mostimportant educational tenet of modern times. It is:The place of the sciences in a university has been misjudged and "scientific" training must be reappraised andreallocated.We are all familiar with the narrow education offeredby our early American colleges, and we are equallycognizant of the great changes made by the introductionof modern languages, the sciences and extra-curricularactivities. But the nearer to us the history of American12THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 13higher education lies, the less knowledge and perspectivewe have of it. In the last several decades there has beenmore and more emphasis on the study of "useful" subjects. The criterion of utility has been the directnesswith which university training prepared students to earna living, or the directness with which the university is"useful" to the community, state and nation. The important thing is that the kind of utility which has beenmade the yardstick of educational value requires that university service express itself materially and be immediately visible.The results of this trend are apparent. Various publicservices — such as conferences with business men, chemical advice for industry, clinical treatment for stutteringchildren — have become an integral part of many universities, especially of state universities. Professional training, even for vocations which are not usually consideredprofessions, has grown to be increasingly important inthe average university. Our universities have come notonly to consider it almost their sole function to preparestudents to earn a living, but they have assumed the responsibility of finding them jobs after graduation.All of those activities are valuable. The only objection to them is that they have so absorbed and obscureddie primary function of the university, education, thatthe public, by and large, has lost sight of it. Consequently, while business techniques, the chemical industryand stutterers may be benefited, education in its highestsense, except in the case of a few hardy individualists,might eventually disappear from the United States. Weare in danger of finding that a system of services, througha confusion of values and aims, may destroy the chiefreason for existence of institutions of higher education.If we ask what has been the philosophical basis of thistrend, we meet again the misunderstanding of the valueof the sciences in education. The main lines of the development are easy to see : the beginnings of the modernphysical sciences, the slow but irresistible influence ofthe Industrial Revolution, the accelerated progress intechnical processes — all these things stem from a turning-outward of man's interest. A few centuries ago westerncivilization began to shift its emphasis from speculationconcerning man and his place in the universe to speculation and action upon the external world. It has beenacting more and more strenuously ever since. Moreand more attention was given to the sciences ; they wereincluded in the curriculum of universities, and they attracted more and more students into their laboratories.The public attitude toward them became almost the religion of positivism preached by Comte. The man in alaboratory apron became the symbol of those learnedhumanitarians who by their patient efforts would transform man's environment and even man himself, whowould indeed make this the best of possible worlds. Itis true that ever since the turn of this century there haveheen those who proclaimed the bankruptcy of science.Their prophecy was false because the public attitudetoward science — and not science — was at fault.THE USEFULNESS OF SCIENCEIn the new advantages and comforts science broughtto men it was, above all, useful, directly and visibly use- iul. It was inevitable that the sciences should enter theuniversity curriculum and it is not surprising, in tnelight of the public attitude, that they gained the lion'ssnare of it. Almost immediately after the sciences,partly as the result of a new attitude toward education,had been incorporated into tlie university curriculum,tiiey in turn accelerated the change in that attitude; forpeople erroneously translated the material benefits ofthe sciences into the aims of education and formed a newpoint of view on educational utility. Students flockedand still flock to those courses which they believe willnelp them make a good salary shortly after graduation.In their short-sightedness, sired by the short-sightednessof their elders, they demand that a university educationbring them first of all immediate and tangible benefits.The pendulum has swung too far. The public hasconfused the potential utility of the sciences to societywith their utility in the education of the individual. People have come to feel a vague awe of queer, isolated scientific "facts." It is not the way of a man with a maid,an eagle in the air and a serpent on a rock which symbolize to the average man the mystery of life; it is ratherthe speed of the latest bomber, the miraculous substitution of soy beans for metal, the shooting of artilleryshells for seventy-five miles.I shall mention only a few of the many valid objectionsto the place of the sciences in modern thought and inthe modern university. The sciences have been pushedfar down in the curriculum and are required in almostany course of study. The introductory courses in sciences have been the same for all, regardless of whetherthe student intended to be a business man or an industrial chemist. The public belief in the utility of scienceshas been such that it was thought valuable for a lawyerto know the boiling point of sulphuric acid and for aninsurance agent to know the formulae of the Wheatstonebridge.The truth is that the average university student needstwo things from his study of the sciences: an understanding of the "scientific attitude" and a knowledge ofwhat the sciences have meant to civilization in general.They are, by the way, precisely the things which aregained from the survey courses in science at the University of Chicago. We need not dwell upon the absurduselessness for the average student of the perfunctoryroutines in the ordinary laboratory sections of introductory courses in the sciences. Certainly the student derives from such gestures no understanding of experi-mentalism as a philosophical concept. For an appreciation of the "scientific attitude" he would profit a hundredtimes more from a painstaking analysis of Locke's EssayConcerning the Human Understanding.As for an appraisal of what science has meant to modern civilization, that can best be gained not from a massof more or less unrelated particulars, as most of us knowfrom disappointing experience, but from a course of studywith less emphasis on isolated "facts" and more emphasison important generalities. The traditional introductorycourses in science have tended to produce dilettantes ofscience, admirers of links in a disjointed chain. The suggested treatment of science, which corresponds on thewhole with the courses of the University of Chicago, ismuch more likely to produce students in whose minds14 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe important elements of the sciences have been forgedinto a meaningful chain.Emphasis has been placed upon immediate and visible"utility" without careful analysis of genuine long-rangeutility in terms of human happiness. This has led to acurious anomaly : the modern world, endowed by technology with more mastery over its environment than anypreceding civilization, is accused of being about to destroy itself by that very mastery. We cannot believethat destruction is imminent. It is nevertheless truethat science cannot claim the credit for averting it. Forthe sciences of external nature have produced techniqueswhich may be good or evil, but they cannot teach us touse techniques to the greatest advantage of mankind. Wemay revise Bacon's maxim and say with equal truth thattechnical knowledge is a dangerous thing.In our age when scientific knowledge has had itsgreatest dissemination and in our country where, withone or two possible exceptions, it has been most popular,there has been little if any reduction in public susceptibility to demagoguery, even among educated people. Oureducation has offered us an infinite variety of data, butit has made little effort to teach us how to read andthink. Our universities have aimed at producing peoplewho could make a "success" in the eyes of the public.They have scarcely attempted to help their students determine what constitutes a happy life, nor have they triedprimarily to form leaders of the people rather than followers of fallacies.We have too generally forgotten that although knowledge and control of external nature are valuable, to besure, they can never be as important as understandingand control of man himself. The misplaced emphasison scientific training, which resulted when man shiftedhis interest from speculation concerning himself to thestudy of things has fostered a tendency to consider onlythose studies useful which treat of external nature. Atlong last, after an orgy of extraversion, the thoughtfulpart of the western world seems to be attempting to balance its attitude between extroversion and introversion.It is lime to remove our chief attention from things andTHE next governor of the State of Illinois can hardlybe anything but a University alumnus. Dwight H.Green, '20, JD'22, and Harry B. Hershey, JD'll, em-^^^^^^ erged from the April primaries astheir parties' choices for the highestAlumnus Green, a Republican,was the vigorous federal district attorney who helped prosecute Al|H Capone. Born in Ligonier, Ind., in1897, Green entered Wabash College, but left in his second year tojoin the army. Later he spent afew months at Stanford University,but finished" his undergraduate work at Chicago andthen stayed on in the Law School. He is a member ofKappa Sigma fraternity. After being admitted to thebar, Green first went to Washington as a special internal processes in order to direct it upon purposes and fundamental values. At least in universities, whose primereason for existence is that they are society's main agencyfor the discipline of the intellect, there should be aneffort to train leaders who can analyze a question realistically in terms of basic values. And basic values arenot so much dependent on environmental nature as onthe elements of human nature.The most useful purpose a university can adopt is todevelop its students' faculties of reasoning, of seeing theconsequences of a given condition or analyzing the causesof a situation. Handling the reality of nature cannotgive such training, for it is quite different from thereality of man, which is infinitely harder to ascertain.Without disparaging the sciences, the greatest contribution of a university to the life of its country that can bemade is a general education in the humanities: philosophy, languages and literatures, and history.We have passed the eve of a humanistic revival andare now witnessing its dawn. So far only one universityin the United States has had the vision to see the potentialities of this renascence and the courage to give itintelligent leadership. It is the University of Chicago.There students are learning to read intelligently the masterpieces of western art and philosophy. They are learning to pick out of masses of details the trends which haveformed our civilization. They are learning to think logically and in terms of fundamental values.The University has not yet made as radical alterationsas would be required to be of the greatest possible serviceto American life, but that is pardonable. Such sweepingchanges must be carried out slowly, for a university isa living thing and not a lump of clay to be molded at will.But the University of Chicago is the only American university which has made sincere efforts to achieve thehighest aims of a university. It is by its reappraisal ofmodern education and by its efforts to build a universityof the deepest and most permanent utility to our societythat the University of Chicago is rendering greaterservice to the nation than any other university. That iswhy I am proud I attended the University of Chicago.revenue attorney, but in 1927 went into the districtattorney's office in Chicago. He was acting district attorney from 1933 to 1935. ^^^^^^^^^Alumnus Hershey, a Democrat,took his bachelor's degree from theLlniversity of Illinois in 1909 before ¦ _ fflflcoming to the University's LawSchool. He is a member of Alpha ¦ — ,Delta Phi fraternity. At present ^Lhe is the head of the liquidating di- AMvision of the state insurance de- t AMpartment. f jMHe has lived in Taylorville, since ^^^^^^^^1893 when he was eight. His first political appointmentcame in 1911 after being admitted to the bar when hewas named city attorney for Taylorville. In 1912 hewas elected state's attorney of Christian County andwas re-elected in 1916. In 1925 he was elected mayorin Taylorville.Harry Hershey, JD '11, and Dwight Green, '20, JD '22, Nominees for GovernorWHY I CAME; WHAT I GOTSecond Prize in the Manuscript Contest• By GLADIS MARIE CASTLE, '31THE answer to the first part of the title is easilygiven. I came to the University of Chicago because an ancient enemy of mine attended here,and came out a friend. The change impressed me.Also, I read there was a lake near the university. One-fourth of my time at the University of Chicago was spentalong that lake front fighting things out. ~ I never knewthe name of the lake. But that lake, as well as the university, never failed me.The second part of the title demands my answer. Myanswer will be both naive and unfinished. Unfinishedbecause I am still living. Naive because everyone has aright to tell about himself in his own way, and deep sincerity is usually that way.Mind you, not that my learning at the University ofChicago increased my earning capacity one red cent. Butthen, the place never promised anything of the sort andneither did I expect it. I walked into the universityaccompanied by the wolf at the door and at present, nineyears later, he is still my close companion in New YorkCity. So if I am to be judged by what monetary returnsI got from the University of Chicago, read no farther.In justice, I must add that on numerous occasions Ihave won prize contests, the money for which rightlybelongs to an English teacher there.It is a good thing this typewriter doesn't stutter witheagerness. I always stutter when I speak of the University of Chicago, for in my earnestness my tongue failsme. Why shouldn't I stutter ? I walked in there an alieneven to myself, an unacknowledged misfit and possessinga brain stagnant for some twenty-odd years. For sometime I saw only the mud on the Midway, for my headwas never raised sufficiently high to catch a glimpseof the chapel tower which I passed a dozen times eachday. Slowly I became aware that stars and night windwere preferable to mud, that the sound of inspired voicescould drown the croaking of self, thaf>the human spiritis often clothed in drabness but shining inside fiercelyand with a purpose : these things I say I began to dimlyunderstand at the University of Chicago. To say thatthe university pointed out to me that I was a livingsoul is no exaggeration. It did exactly that.I know that not one of the faculty would rememberme. The fact speaks well for them. I was not worthyof remembrance. But if only I could let them knowhow signal was their victory, how triumphantly theirblue-prints worked ! There was my philosophy teacher,now a member of Congress, how eagerly and earnestlyhe spoke of the coming of a reasoning Golden Age ! Andin the hearts of men, is that time not a bit closer? Inspite of wars and wrecking of human hopes, I hear hiswords repeated and re-echoed in thousands of placeswhere are gathered the people. And their faces shineeven as his did in class. And then there was that world-renowned geologistwho exhausted me more than once on field trips aroundChicago. I hung on his every word as he stood there indesolate marshes explaining the miraculous workings ofnature and the great imponderables of the scientificworld. Never do I see Orion striding across the heavens, sweeping everything before him with the majestyof his splendor but what I think of that professor, whocombined astronomy with geology free of charge, andwho swept the little and insignificant out of my life forever. I do thank him.I approached the forest of the gods through JamesWeber Linn. He would hunch over that desk (alwaystoo small for him), rivet one with the gaze of the Ancient Mariner and hold us spellbound with his glitteringeye. His unearthly bits of floating imagery used to makemy world swim in a radiance comparable to the pleasurepalace of Kubla Khan as dreamed by Coleridge. Withhis round apple face topped by snowy hair he looked afar-fetched Beatrice. But Professor Linn guided me inand out of as strange a country as ever Dante trod. Andever since I have never felt resigned to living on this commonplace earth. Like Rossetti's Blessed Damozel, Professor Linn did not bother bringing heaven down toearth; he shoved our earth up to heaven and the classwas left high and dry with that celestial touch dimmingthe light of day. If you are still teaching, Professor Linn(and even if you are not), God bless you. As part of theUniversity of Chicago you gave me an introduction tothose who have never left me lonely.And you, Doctor Sapir, I cannot make my "thankyou" heard over in that country where you have gone.But I daresay you understand with that remarkableclarity of vision possessed by the spiritually discerning.You took me back to the dawn of time and languagesbecame milestones as the great epic of civilization unfolded. As you spoke of the origin of tongues, youalso gave me an aching longing to be friendly with allmy fellow-men. I have tried to be, all these years sincebeing in your class, Edward Sapir. I think you willbe glad to know.What did I get from the University of Chicago? Itry to explain but it is like trying to make the infinitefinite. The campus itself intrudes into my thoughts.No nightingales warbled there as the cold, piercing windsswept me half -blinded with snow from one building toanother. But voices full of the wisdom of the ageswhispered joyfully of their dreams of. a lost paradise,of their glimpses into infinity and how it all can affectthe soul of man.I received a little green felt book once from the University of Chicago. It was given me by its author, Professor Millett. Wherever I have gone since, the little(Continued on Page 22)15ONLY 529 DAYSTo the Quinquagenary• By HOWARD P. HUDSON, '35ACCORDING to the Unknown Spokesman,1 theonly person in the country who is worried aboutwhat he's going to have for lunch on Saturday,September 27, 1941, is Frederic Woodward. That dateis Alumni Day in the schedule of Fiftieth Anniversaryevents. As Director of the Celebration, Mr. Woodwardhas the task of anticipating and solving problems thatwill arise a year and a half hence.Some of the problems, aside from the menus for thevarious dinners and luncheons are : The housing and entertainment of delegates and visitors; a program of exhibitions; a suitable auditorium; the awarding of honorary degrees ; a series of scholarly symposia ; a sessionof the Alumni School ; arrangements with the WeatherBureau for fair skies.Not all of the activities of the Celebration Office callfor crystal gazing, however. The official announcement(reproduced on the cover of the February Magazine)has been sent to universities and colleges all over thewrorld. Despite the blockade some acknowledgments fromforeign countries have been received already. The catalogues of the University have been dressed up : they willcarry a new type of cover, the announcement of the Anniversary, and a short historical sketch. Research hasbeen done on historical events which should be observed,and a calendar of these events is in the making.The first of these dates is July 9, the fiftieth anniversary of the first meeting of the Board of Trustees.It is expected that the Board will meet on that day andread the original minutes of the 1890 meeting which washeld in the old Grand Pacific Hotel. September 10 ischarter day and the beginning of the fall quarter will seethe opening of the Anniversary Year. From then, untilthe Academic Festival on September 26-29, the University will be "on view." A guide service will be availableto escort visitors about the campus. To supplement thisservice Frank Hurburt O'Hara's book An Official Guide(1930) is being revised and brought up to date.All during the Anniversary Year there will be specialexhibitions designed to interest both scholarly and laygroups. The Committee in charge is composed of Fay-Cooper Cole, Professor and Chairman of the Departmentof Anthropology, chairman; Arthur C. Bachmeyer, Director of the Clinics; Harvey B. Lemon, Professor ofPhysics ; Ulrich A. Middledorf, Chairman of the Department of Art ; M. Llewellyn Raney, Director of Libraries,and John A. Wilson, Director of the Oriental Institute.All have had considerable experience in preparing exhibits. Professor Cole was in charge of anthropologicalexhibits at A Century- of Progress Exposition. In addition to the exhibitions on the quadrangles, there will bedisplays by the Art Institute, Field Museum, MuseumiProbably Yancey T. Blade. of Natural Flistory, and the Rosenwald Museum of Science and Industry.A number of learned and scientific societies are planning to meet in Chicago next year in honor of the Anniversary. The final list will be completed this spring. Thelargest group to date is that of the Allied Social Scienceswhich includes the American Sociological Society and theAmerican Political Science Association, representing several thousand scholars. Whenever feasible, the societieswill meet on the quadrangles or nearby.The meetings of the societies and the added attractionsof the Anniversary events should result in an enlargedsummer session, Dean Carl F. Huth believes. Summerquarter registrants will be here when the actual FiftiethAnniversary, July 1, 1941, is observed. Undoubtedlythere will be special institutes and lectures.The interval between the Summer and Fall Quarters,usually the one time when the campus is deserted, isdestined, in 1941, to be one of the busiest in the University's history. Preceding the Academic Festival therewill be a series of scholarly symposia. Some of the participants will be recipients of honorary degrees. But theconservative policy of the University in this respect willnot be altered. Chicago has granted less than 100 suchdegrees. While no number has been settled upon for theAnniversary, it will be considerably fewer than the sixty-two granted by Harvard at its Tercentenary.Arthur H. Compton, Charles H. Swift DistinguishedService Professor of Physics, heads the Committee onSymposia and Honorary Degrees. The members are:Edith Abbott, Dean of the School of Social Service Administration; Norman L. Bowen, Professor of Geology;Ernest C. Colwell, Dean of the Divinity School ; RonaldS. Crane, Chairman of the Department of English;Lester R. Dragstedt, Professor of Surgery; WilberG. Katz, Dean of the Law School ; Richard P. McKeon,Dean of the Division of Humanities ; William F. Ogburn,Chairman of the Department of Sociology ; Wilber E.Post, Dean of the Rush Graduate School of Medicine;Robert Redfield, Dean of the Division of Social Sciences;W. H. Spencer, Dean of the School of Business; William H. Taliaferro, Dean of the Division of BiologicalSciences, and Louis R. Wilson, Dean of the GraduateLibrary School.One of the knottiest problems faced by Director Woodward is a suitable auditorium. The largest on campus isthe Rockefeller Memorial Chapel with a capacity ofnearly 2,000. Studies indicate that the Field House canbe converted into an auditorium seating 5,500. Underthis plan the seats would radiate from a high platformagainst the center of the north wall. This would be thesolution to the oversubscribed Alumni School, as wellas meetings of the alumni, official delegates and visitors.(Continued on Page 22)16PORTFOLIO by /W (fy. J+J^sGIRL WITHVIOLIN MPMHEFFIERMH ONSHIPBOARD MfHKRPMH FRANJAJi.*f f?H(nlnai- (fMfI Mitt*^^jai^U«- |uP,liC\THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMAUDE PHELPS HUTCHINS was born in New York and receivedher training in art at the Yale School of Fine Arts, where she wasawarded the degree of Bachelor of Fine Arts. Maude PhelpsMcVeigh (the Phelps' name in America dates to 1632) and Robert MaynardHutchins were married — this is for the record — on September 10, 1921.They have two children, Frances Ratcliffe (the Ratcliffe name dates to1609 in Mrs. Hutchins' family) — always called Franja —, and Joanna Blessing.eJ**c Lujxu^kajLcf j (<U 'fRlqltoJuLt AuoAiic<JL^¦KjSCULPTURE first. Then pen and ink. Water colors and finallyoils, keeping at the sculpture. This is the story, and the onewhich is presented in part here. The studies in oil (Girl withViolin, Still Life, Portrait) are brilliantly colored in the original. Thesketches are pen and ink drawings — and are sort of family album(but should not be called such). The sculpture is of recent creation.Mrs. Hutchins' work has been exhibited at the Cosmopolitan Club(New York), New Haven Paint and Clay Club, the Brooklyn Museum,Quest Galleries (Chicago), St. Louis Museum, Wildenstein Galleries(New York), Grand Central Art Galleries (New York), both theChicago and New York world's fairs, and recently in San Francisco.To **nAPRIL 1940fl c 1^ ~"^Lyl^Z*s- 1 w.^j"' Amki A&W m\w ' jfi>." A j^r^ ~*^ktt m^sUm flV^ 1 r ^L\m\" '"'"^SwAmWm^L Jmm I^B^^fl^HA^kE d x^H^BCRUCIFIXIONIn the Collection ol Mrs. Byron S. Harvey, Sr.PAST THE IDES OF MARCHKeeping Up on Foundation Affairs• By RALPH W. NICHOLSON, '36NEARLY one-third of the former students of theUniversity now live in Chicago and its suburbs. The tremendous task of reaching eachof these alumni with the story of the Alumni Foundation has been undertaken by a growing organizationunder the direction of Harold J. Gordon, '17, Vice-Chairman of the Alumni Foundation.Already close to 1,000 workers in Chicago are activein interviewing their fellow alumni and securing theirparticipation in the Fiftieth Anniversary Fund. Theactivities of these workers fall into either of two divisions — the Special Chicago Committee directed byGeorge A. Bates, '27, or the General Chicago Committee directed by Benjamin F. Bills, '12, JD '14, andMrs. Jasper S. King, '18. Fifty-four districts in Chicago and 34 districts in the suburbs have been "created,"and each district has its own chairman — or, in manycases, co-chairmen — and local committees. Each district in turn arranges for its own workers and holds itsown organization meetings.In a sense the organization in the Chicago regionduplicates on a slightly smaller scale the organization inall the rest of the country where a total of 345 communities have their own Alumni Foundation organizations. The organization outside of Chicago is directedby Clifton M. Utley, '26. Other cities such as NewYork, Washington, Cleveland and Los Angeles wherealumni are concentrated have relatively elaborate organizations and programs for reaching all former students. But, none is so complete as Chicago's.THE NORTH SHORE MEETINGSAlumni in North Shore Chicago suburbs, coordinatedby Howell Murray, '14, staged a series of three meetings,each of which was addressed by President Hutchins. Thefirst two meetings, for alumni of Evanston, Wilmette,Kenilworth, Hubbard Woods, Glerfeoe, Highland Park,and Deerfield were mentioned in these columns lastmonth. The third of the series — for alumni of LakeForest and vicinity — was held at the Playhouse of MillRoad Farm, the estate recently given to the Universityby Trustee Albert D. Lasker. Frank A. Priebe, '20,chairman for the Lake Forest area, with PresidentHutchins, received the 90 alumni who attended andlater presided at the dinner meeting. John Nuveen, Jr.,'18, Chairman of the Alumni Foundation, opened theprogram by presenting the general purposes of the organization. President Hutchins made no formal speech,but instead conducted a vigorous question and answerperiod.Two similar suburban meetings planned for earlyApril will be held before these words are printed. C. V.Baker, '30, AM '36, and Forrest Froberg, '30, will present Howard Mort, editor of Tower Topics, in a chalk talk on the University to Arlington alumni. Mrs. FredHubenthal, '18, and Virgil C. Catlin, '23, co-chairmanfor Maywood, have arranged for their district a meetingfeaturing Waldo H. Dubberstein, AM '31, PhD '34,Instructor in the Oriental Institute.Nearly all the 54 metropolitan Chicago districts havealready held their own organization meetings. The climax of the period of organization came March 30 whenall district chairmen met at the Central YMCA for theexchange of information and to hear from ChairmanNuveen and Vice-Chairman Gordon an outline of theprogram for active solicitation.THE HUTCHINS* AT HOMEEarlier in the month, alumnae in the area were entertained by President and Mrs. Hutchins at a Sunday teaat the President's House. The President and Mrs.Hutchins, together with Mrs. Jasper King, who is President of the Chicago Alumnae Club as well as active inthe Alumni Foundation, greeted some 1,200 guests.Each of four Saturdays in the month was marked bya luncheon meeting at the Harding Restaurant in theFair Store in Chicago. The luncheons, although primarily intended for district leaders and workers, were opento all alumni. Faculty speakers supplemented the programs of informal question-and-answer sessions. Thespeakers were as follows :March 9— Leon P. Smith, AM '28, PhD '30, Deanof Students in the College, who talked on "Individualizing Education." March 16 — Alfred E. Emerson, Professor of Zoology, who talked on "Insect Society."March 23— Waldo H. Dubberstein, AM '31, PhD '34,Instructor in the Oriental Institute, who talked on"Business Practices in Ancient Babylon." March 30 —Harold A. Swenson, PhD '31, Assistant Professor ofPsychology, who talked on hypnotism.Meanwhile — outside Chicago as well as in — theAlumni Foundation was active in bringing its story andthe theme, "something from everybody," before alumni.The recording of the discussion between PresidentHutchins and Clifton Utley, on records that can beplayed on regular phonographs, has rapidly become thedefinitive statement of needs and aims. The reminiscentmovie, "Midway Memories," similarly has becomeincreasingly popular, having been shown in 45 cities.Of the 33 alumni meetings held outside Chicago inMarch, the farthest removed were those in Honoluluand Manila. Trustee Frank McNair, '03, was the guestof honor at a dinner meeting attended by 20 Honolulualumni. Arrangements there were made by FoundationChairman Riley H. Allen, '04, editor of the HonoluluStar-Bulletin.The meeting in Manila, conducted by Foundation(Continued on Page 24)17FOUR ISSUES AHEADTHE expectancy of life for college graduates in 1940is about forty-five years. You will have then, onthe average, nearly a half a century ahead of you.What will these years bring you? That is difficult tosay. But I can present to you with assurance four questions that I am sure will be before you more or less continuously during the next half century, questions thatare profoundly significant for civilization, and for you as individuals.The first problem is that ofchange versus conservatism. Proposals by the hundreds will appearin the future in rapid succession.What will be your attitude? Willyou be like Liebig who opposedPasteur's discovery of the bacterial basis of disease so bitterlythat he refused even to look intoa microscope ? The introduction ofthe four-wheeled coach was resisted in the 16th century. Indeed, a law was passed in Hungary in 1523 making it illegal toride in a coach with four wheels.The steel plow was opposed in the18th century on the grounds thatit would poison the soil. Therehas hardly been a proposal whichhas benefited mankind that wasnot opposed. It required thirtyyears to adopt a mail delivery tofarmers, and a half century wasneeded to obtain the vote forwomen in the United States.Not all innovations, though, areworthy. The prohibition of thesale of liquor was imposed uponall the states with unfortunate consequences. The proposal to pay all old persons over 65years in age $200 a month, when the average familyincome is only about half that much, received a huge votein California. Many other unworkable programs thathad popular appeal could be cited.As future changes come, you will not, of course, wantto go on record as opposing those that will benefit mankind. On the other hand, you will not wish to supportharmful and impractical proposals. Yet, decisions of thisnature will often be before you. I cannot give you a.pass key that will unlock all these questions, but I cangive you a formula which will help you analyze manysuch issues, even if it will not provide the solution.It is this. Look to see if the proposed change is beingforced by a prior change somewhere else in the socialsystem. Thus, inventions using steam power tookwomen's work away from the home. This flight fromthe home wasn't the result of any one person's proposal.PROFESSOR OGBURN • By WILLIAM F. OGBURNRather, a change in machines forced the change inwomen's work and developed opportunities and obligations outside the home. Hence, woman suffrage andrecognition of women's property rights were necessitatedbecause of changes in technology. The way to havekept women at home would have been to abandon steam.But that wasn't feasible, so a change in women's statusfollowed. There was no greatpoint in resisting this change,then.This formula, when applied frequently to the changes of the pastfew generations, as has been done,has shown that most problems areprecipitated by technologicalchanges and scientific discoveries,and since these cannot be reversed,it follows that changes must ensue.Thus, religious forms of beliefmust adjust to changes in science.Our foreign policy must be adjusted to the airplane, steamboat,and radio. The family law* whichdeveloped in the agricultural eramust adjust to the changes broughtby the industrial revolution. Nodoubt there will be many morechanges precipitated in the futureby invention, and adaptations mustbe made to them, just as surely asthe railroad had to adjust to theautomobile and will have to adjustto the airplane.Such an analysis, whether itpoints to technology as a cause ornot, will help in thinking aboutalmost all cases of social change,though it will not always yield asolution. You may of course findbetter rules of guidance. But I do not doubt that theproblem of change will be ever before you. You willbe forced to make known your attitudes about them, andin your personal life you will have to make decisions onchanges that will be of consequence to you.A second problem of our culture that will be with us,not only during your lifetime but always, is that of original nature versus adjustment. By original nature ismeant the inherited nature of man and by adjustment ismeant the bending of this nature to fit civilization. Fora hundred thousand years and longer, our ancestors livedas primitive hunters, combating the snow and ice andfighting the woolly rhinocerous or the sabre-toothed tiger.We have lived for only a century in cities, an environment which does not very much resemble the tree topswhere arboreal man once roamed. Since our biologicalnature has not changed in thousands of years, thereoccurs the problem of adjustment of the old savage to18THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 19the new civilization. This is not only a personal andindividual problem for you, but is also a problem ofstatesmanship for those who would influence the courseof civilization. Problems of crime and of disease are ofthis nature, — evidences of the failure of man's biologicalnature to adjust to culture. The courts daily try to copewith the aggressive selfishness of man, a quality whichwas so useful in the early struggle for existence, butwhich is only partially suited to a world of accumulatedproperty. In the future, will ethical codes be built upona better appreciation of man's biological heritage, or willman's inborn tendencies be made to conform more andmore to some ideal good, conceived irrespective of thebiological basis of human nature? Man's nature is remarkably adaptive, but there is a mode of best adaptation and there are limits to which adaptation may becarried, as is shown by the vast amount of insanity andneurosis in modern society. Much is to be said for trying to adjust our ethical codes to man's physiology andto direct our institutions to the end of a better adjustment. Certainly the solution of this conflict calls for allthe wisdom you may possess.The third great issue of the near future is on a somewhat different plane. I refer to the problem of thinkingversus propaganda. Propaganda may be defined, in theterms of the very civilized Chinese, as "thought control,"an apt description. Will you think for yourself afteryou leave the university, or will you have your thinkingdone for you, without your knowing it, by high-salariedadvertisers, pamphleteers, public relations men, news-writers, radio commentators, politicians and luncheonspeakers. When ideas are fed into us, when our mindsare molded, when we are forced to act by subtle suggestion, we are not thinking for ourselves. It is a sort ofCharlie McCarthy-Edgar Bergen relationship. We arebeing manipulated by others, who are out to get something for themselves, rather than to help us.THINKING VS. PROPAGANDAThe new communication inventions make propagandafar more widespread and much more effective. Radiobrings us fireside visitors and television opens the hometo all sorts of intruding propagandists. Photography,offset printing, and facsimile transmission are more newtools for the same end. Good propagandists, given anadequate budget, can make us either love or hate Russiawithin six months.It is difficult today even to find a place where we canbe safe from those who attack us with propaganda andwould control our thoughts. Propagandists are alreadyfound at dinner parties. They may take charge of theschools. In Russia the school curricula are propagandafor communism, in Germany for the Aryan race. Publicutility interests and radicals both have already tried toget their propaganda into the school system of the UnitedStates. Youth are the particular animals that the propagandists love to hunt. The Nazis and the Communistswant the youth more than any other group in society.The Pope and Mussolini fought long and bitterly for control over them in Italy.You have learned to think in the pure air of the university, but that is different from thinking in a murky atmosphere laden with propaganda. What we need tolearn is to detect all the many tricks of the propagandist,to resist their influence and to think for ourseves. Forwhat is more valuable than to be able to think? Thereis no more precious heritage. How can a democracybe run unless we do think ? A government for the people and by the people may be changed to a governmentfor the propagandists and by the propagandists, working through the people and controlling their thoughts.It is my guess that the years ahead will need good thinking as never before.A final issue that you will want to make up yourminds about is the problem of freedom versus organization. We want liberty, but we want also the good thingsthat come from effective organization. Can we haveboth? It is very difficult to have a smoothly workingorganization and at the same time freedom to do whatwe wish to do. The army, one of our most effectiveorganizations, very definitely restricts the liberty ofsoldiers. A football team may be an excellent organization as it marches the ball down the field. But it couldnot do this with each player taking the liberty to dowhat he pleased.We must have organization, because it is so effective.If one individual can achieve x, then 100 individualscan, by mathematics, do lOO^r. But by social science,100 individuals may do many times lOO^r, if they arewell organized.The Nazis sneer at the democracies, claiming theirorganization functions ineffectively. Democratic France,before the war, was split and torn assunder with schisms.England was unprepared. But, to Nazis, Germany'sclock-like organization was beautiful with its smooth-working machinery. When France became organized,dissension and correlative liberties disappeared. England showed that her democracy could organize too, butwith loss of liberty. The totalitarian states have sacrificed liberty for organization.The problem of democracy is how can we preserveliberties at the same time we develop the effective organizations needed to avoid the disasters ahead, and tobuild the kind of civilization we want and that is possible. Democratic action is built upon discussion andconsensus. The continuance of this practice, so successfully pursued in the past, is challenged, however, bythe increased tempo of the times. For if movement isfast there isn't time for discussion. Changes are becoming faster and more numerous. Crises are morefrequent. There is great need that democracies remedythe injustices in their domain more quickly. How longcan we endure the vast amount of unemployment withits devastating effect upon morale? We need to dosomething quickly about our youth who are idle so manyyears during the time when their fine young enthusiasmand ambition should be leading them on to a constructive life. When the United States goes to war, democratic processes are always suspended. We become atotalitarian state. Peace time in modern society hassomething of the urgency of war, though not to so greatan extent.So we shall have better and more organization in the(Continued on Page 24)NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES• By BERN LUNDY, '37A LAW degree "thirty years after" — psoriasis, diabetes, and caffeine headaches — sleuthing amongtree-rings — Mark Twain in the depths — thesewere news on the quadrangles last month.THE MARCH CONVOCATIONFour convocations each year turn up at least four interesting persons each year; mother-and-daughter teams;the girl who got her Master's degree before her Bachelor's; the Beverly Hills housewife who worked morethan a decade for her University College degree.No exception, this Spring's convocation — the 199th —saw the award of degrees to Ai Chi Sai, who came fromFormosa, Japan, to earn his Master's in Divinity; PiaraSingh Gill, from Punjab, India, a PhD in physics; andBundit Kantabutra, a native of Bangkok, Siam, whoreceived his MBA.From next-door Indiana, however, came the most unusual; Frank N. Richman, who in 1908 finished all butabout three-quarters of one course in the law school.Leaving in youth's hurry, he went back to Indiana andstarted practicing law. He was eminently successful, hishonors including the presidency of the Indiana StateBar Association. He recently took that one course atIndiana University, and Chicago accepted the credit.Frank Richman returned last March 19. With himreturned his wife, son, and three daughters to lunch withDean Wilber G. Katz and Mrs. Katz before convocation. (Mr. Richman's son and two sons-in-law are likewise lawyers.) That afternoon the family watched Mr.Richman receive his JD degree from President Hutchins.SCIENCE-OF-THE-MONTHThe story of science comprises many paragraphs, eachof them carefully documented with months of research.These data were contributed to the story of science byUniversity men last month at the meeting of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.5f Dr. Dwight E. Clark, assistant resident in surgery,Dr. John V. Prohaska, instructor in surgery, Dr.Ormand C. Julian, research assistant in surgerySmith fund, Dr. EdmundWalsh, assistant in dermatology,and Dr. Lester R. Dragstedt,professor of surgery, have beenworking for more than fouryears on lipocaic, a new pancreatic hormone which they discovered in 1936. In 1938 theybegan administering the hormoneto patients suffering from psoriasis, a skin infection which for. years has baffled doctors seekingDR. DRAGSTEDT cures for it.under the Douglas Of twelve patients who were placed under treatmentfor from five to fourteen months, the doctors reported,six showed almost complete disappearance of the psoriasis lesions. Half as many improved somewhat withthe hormone, and cleared up more rapidly than usualwhen the customary local treatment was added. Onlythree failed to show improvement."We can conclude from this," Dr. Dragstedt slated,'that lipocaic is a valuable aid in the treatment of psoriasis."^\ Fat is a poison, potentially ; only our highly developeddigestive tract makes it a useful food. This was announced in New Orleans by Dr. Victor Johnson, assistant professor of physiology, and L. Willard Freeman,graduate student. Fat molecules are broken down inthe intestine to create glycerol and fatty acid, the molecules of the latter highly destructive to red blood cells.But in absorbing the molecules of fatty acid and glycerol the intestinal wall recombines them to eliminatethe danger. As a further precaution, the Jarge fat molecules do not pass directly into the blood stream from theintestine, but go into the lymph. There, they are dilutedbefore passing into the blood stream.5f Back the next day came Dr. Johnson, this time withD. H. Cahoon, to tell about their discovery that the circulation of the blood, hitherto believed a cardiac monopoly, is actually a partnership between the heart and thelungs.Any child knows that inspiration (breathing in) takesair into the lungs. But it took two University researchers several months to prove that breathing in also"inhales" blood into the heart from the veins. The heartthen pumps the blood from the left ventricle on throughthe arteries."Our observations," concluded the scientists, "showthat, just as the lungs expand with air in inspiration,so also the thin-walled right auricle of the heart expandsgreatly with blood. Then during exhalation, air is forcedout of the lungs and the extra aspired blood is pushedinto the ventricles, which exert the main pumping actionof the heart."f AVOID THAT A. M. HEADACHE! DRINKDOUBLE-DUNK COFFEE AND FEEL FIT AS AFIDDLE! Some months hence the advertising pagesof the nation's magazines may burgeon with the scientific truth, disclosed at New Orleans by Dr. Carl C.Pfeiffer and Robert H. Dreisbach, that depriving a regular coffee drinker of his morning cup will produce aheadache. In fact, the researchers said, they used thisdevice to obtain "synthetic" headaches on which theycould experiment."Subjects abstained from caffeine-containing beveragesfor a week," Mr. Dreisbach reported, "and were thengiven a daily dose of caffeine equivalent to the amountcontained in five to ten cups of coffee."Then the capsules were withdrawn entirely. In al-20THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 21most all subjects, a moderate to severe headache ensued,accompanied by mental depression, drowsiness and yawning, and a disinclination to work."Some of the subjects in the experiment, who were subject to migraine, showed all of the migraine symptoms,when their caffeine was withdrawn, the men said. Thismay be a clue to the cause or cure of migraine.HOTHOUSE NEWSThe combination of Spring Vacation and Easter Weeklast month produced Chicago's customary blusteryweather, with Ay2 inches of snow in three days. Undismayed, Amorphophallus Rivieri, an import from subtropical Cochin China, stuck out its three-foot Devil'sTongue at the weather from the safety of the botanygreenhouse. The Devil's Tongue is almost literally ashif'less skonk; its roots bring it food which it storesin the corm, a bulb the size of a basketball. Later theroots die off, and the corm sends up a stalk three to fourinches in diameter and almost five feet high. At thestalk's end the flower unfurls, a livid red chalice fromwhich emerges a yard-long red tongue. Both are odoriferous. There's a reason : the smell attracts carrion-eating insects who never learn, but return to other Amor-phophalli, thus pollinating them.BEHIND THE FACTSMore than two-thirds of the University's students,said the recent Alumni Foundation pamphlet, FactsAbout Undergraduates, "work to pay part or all of thecost of their education." The pamphlet did not haveroom to comment on some of the more unusual ways ourresourceful undergraduates find to earn money.Among the earn-while-you-learn students is blondeVirginia May Clark, of Chicago, who is majoring inSpanish. She does character and Spanish dancing, andhas performed in several circus ballets.Two S.S.A. students (no pun) likewise are earners.Vivian Goodman does fashion modeling and photographicmodeling ; Barbara Connelly manages to fill engagements— and eyes — as a dancer with revue choruses. Both ofthe girls will do social work following their graduation.Likewise Patricia Minar, a graduate student who recently served as a secret operative for a private detectiveagency; Ruth Tupes, who before she received her Bachelor's last year was a professional whistler ; and a number of women who serve as subjects for Professor GuyT. Buswell's eye-motion recording apparatus.Men students also help pay their way: Eugene Folksis a tennis professional at a Virginia summer-resorthotel; Richard Berlin, a medical student, is a photographer's model; Jack Vertuno, also in the medical school,is a talented legerdemain artist.ADVENTURE FOR CHICAGOThe Human Adventure, the University of Chicago-CBS cooperative feature dramatizing research in thegreat universities of the world, is now being rebroadcastin the Chicago area by WBBM at 10:30 a. m. on Sundays. The program is a transcript of the Saturday show. RE-DISCOVERING AMERICAPresident Hutchins was host to a group of Chicagobusiness men and University rep- ^^^^^^^^^^^_resentatives last month. Subject jof the discussion was dendro-chronology (tree-ring dating).Under the guidance of Professor IFay-Cooper Cole, the department Ihas been compiling a "master- Ichart" for the Middle Mississippiregion to enable diggers to assign Idates to the timbers they find in wr^^LWUIndian huts which burned centuries ago. The luncheon was PROFESSOR COLEfollowed by a showing of themovie, "Bottoms Up," which showed the progress of theLlniversity anthropologists at their excavation on theKincaid site near Metropolis, 111., where they have excavated and classified more than 100,000 objects. Anumber of the luncheon guests had previously accompanied the scientists on their trips to the site.DE VOTO ON TWAINA sense of failure resulting from great financial andpersonal tragedies which came at the height of his popularity drove Mark Twain to the brink of mental unbalance and for years muddied the fountain of his art beforehe resolved his difficulty and found peace through writing, according to Bernard De Voto, author of MarkTivain's America, in a Moody foundation lecture lastmonth.Twain was at the height of his popularity when A Connecticut Yankee was published, De Voto said, but aseries of tragedies left him well-nigh broken — his wifean invalid, his favorite daughter dead, another daughterepileptic, and Twain in ill health and almost pennilessthrough bad investments.Twain took refuge in writing from this sea of troubles,the critic said, and it was through writing that he at laststemmed the tide."Out of this came a book," he said, "which is a minormasterpiece, with its clear, subdued colors, its autumnalpity and compassion, its fine, silvery echo of mortalityand hope destroyed and of man's pettiness somehow giventhe nobility of suffering, the thread of pain binding allliving things together."In this book Twain is enabled at last to live at peacewith himself — to end forever his contention with a vengeful God and put away remorse forever by reducing allcontention, degradation, and sin to a lonely dream."That was the price he paid for peace. It seems ahigh price. But art is the terms of an armistice withfate — and one makes what terms he can."DEATH "OF MANLYDr. John M. Manly, Sewell L. Avery DistinguishedService Professor Emeritus of English, died after a longillness on April 2 at his home at San Clemente, nearTucson, Arizona. He was 74 years old. Recognized asthe world's leading authority on Geoffrey Chaucer, thefirst great English poet, Dr. Manly last January com-22 THE UNIVERSITY OFpleted a monumental definitive work, The Text of theCanterbury Tales, on which he had worked for fifteenyears in collaboration with the late Edith Rickert. A profound scholar in all branches of English literature, Dr.Manly had collected photostats of every availableChaucer manuscript in the world in the preparation ofthe work, a total of 85.Born in Sumter County, Alabama, in 1865, he received the Master's degree and PhD degree at Harvardin 1889 and 1890, after his graduation from Furman in1883. He taught at Brown from 1891 until 1898, whenhe came to Chicago. He retired in 1933.During the World War years, Dr. Manly was granteda leave of absence from the University to become chiefof the section of the Military Intelligence section of theU. S. army in charge of decoding enemy messages. Hewas president of the Modern Language Association in1920, the Modern Humanities Research Association in1922-23, and the Medieval Academy of America in1929-30.Only 529 Days(Continued from Page 16)The decision to hold the sessions inside was made because of the ineffective co-operation of the weather man.According to that estimable gentleman, the average rainfall during the last week in September is 0.72 inches.Normally this amount would occur on two or three daysduring the period, with the average rain lasting 3.3hours. Within the last ten years, however, the precipitation has exceeded this average; in 1936 it was 8.97.Furthermore, the experience of Harvard, which heldall meetings outside, indicates the hazards. On the finalday of the ceremonies, the honorary degrees wereawarded in a drizzling rain which shortly afterward developed into a hurricane. Despite the statement of theHarvard chronicler that "there were not a few presentwho felt that the lowering clouds and the rain that fellenhanced the impressive solemnity of the occasion, andthat in the contest between Harvard and the hurricaneit was Harvard that won," Mr. Woodward is not sosanguine regarding Chicago's chances.The Labor Front(Continued from Page 7)upon both in the short and in the long run to removemany sources of friction which have produced seriouslabor strife. At present as never before industry isgiving attention to> better employer-employee relations.In part, management has taken these steps voluntarilyand with the best of motives ; in part it has been forcedby political pressure to take them ; and in part it has takenthe steps as a means of discouraging organization ofemployees. By the development of better relations withemployees, either on an individual basis or on a collectivebasis, management can do much to reduce the industrialstrife which we have experienced during the past sixyears. CHICAGO MAGAZINEWhy I Came; What I Got(Continued from Page 15)green book has gone along in one of my pockets. Hegave everyone in his class one, but I'll bet I was the onlyone too overcome and shy to thank him. Why do Imention it? Because its small pages can distract mymind from the loud beat of strange voices about me,shouting of still stranger doctrines. After almost adecade, I thank you, Fred Millett.I got from the University of Chicago almost too highan appreciation of acting ability. Since receiving thebenefit of the acting art of. Frank O'Hara in a class ofthe Drama, and that of Thornton Wilder in a class ofGreek Tragedy, I have always left a Broadway playexceedingly disappointed. Anyone who sat in thesetwo classes know what I mean. Both men were excellent teachers, but they were unexcelled actors. I wrotea play for the two men, with two equally good parts,and I still think it is a good play, and that it wouldhave made money for the three of us. I wish I had thecourage to mention it to them, I know Thornton Wilderis a famous playwright but he is still better as an actor.What happiness they gave me in their classes ; and happiness is a great gift for any university to grant.And so as the days passed, new meaning, new hopeand renewed courage came into my life as 1 passed fromone room to another, from one grand teacher to anotherjust as good. Once I found myself in a class of medievalliterature and wondered what I could possibly learnfrom a page taken from the dark middle ages. I wasconfronted with a slight boy, shy but determined, whonot only made the middle ages leap to life before oureyes, but made us wish we had been born a few hundred years ago. Lennox Grey, you are no longer a, boybut I'll bet you are still just as determined. The beautyand magic of a by-gone day you handed us on a silverplatter and I am often accompanied by a plumed knightand his lady fair while scooting across Times Square inthe midst of a traffic jam!Night is falling here in the East, and New York isclothing herself within the star-spangled folds of millions of lights. The noise of ceaseless traffic beats inat my window and a few stray wisps of fog from theHudson curl around my neck. I feel singularly light-hearted and gay as I haven't felt for many weeks.And why ? Because for a few hours I have been backat the University of Chicago, have felt the Midway under my feet, have looked up at the chapel spires andfelt the cold wind from the lake sweep about me. Ihave talked about people who gave me great gifts andbequeathed me an unfailing light. I have thought ofthose grey buildings, staunch and sheltering rooms oflearning where mankind's greatest triumphs are told withinspired tongues. I have walked rapidly under thestars and the voices from the campus have whisperedagain granting me the laughter of those who know thesethings.ATHLETICSWINTER STANDINGSFencing No. 1Water Polo No. 2Gymnastics No. 3Swimming No. 6Indoor Track No. 9Wrestling Tied 9Basketball No. 10ALTHOUGH it seemed scarcely possible in thedark moment when Bill and Chet Murphy graduated in 1939, the University of Chicago's tennisplayers will have a good season between now and May25. Chicago can still throw a scare into Northwesternany time and can beat the Evanston boys in one out ofthree chances. And, if it comes to that, Chicago canwin the Big Ten championship if that .333 victory quotamaterializes on the days of the Conference meet. TheMaroon team with Charlie Shostrom, Art Jorgensen,Cal Sawyier, and Jim Atkins (not respectively) heading the roster will not accomplish the string of nine-to-zero sweeps which the team headed by Murphy andMurphy rang up. But, though scores will be closer,they probably will (with the exception noted) still showChicago on top.DILIGENT DIMEKEEPERSawyier, whose intercollegiate competition begins thisseason, became famous last year, when a freshman, fordiligence in the pursuit of his duties as a Universitycourt attendant. Diligence led him to demand a tuitionreceipt from one wishing to play tennis and claiming tobe a student; since the receipt had been left at homeSawyier demanded the fifteen-cent fee, and it also wasnot at hand. It was after Sawyier lent the alleged student the amount of the fee that he learned he had lent adime and a half to David Rockefeller, bonafide graduatestudent in economics. Although he may well be defeatedby Jorgensen and Shostrom, Sawyier probably is theteam's best bet to defeat Northwestern's highly toutedGreenberg; he finished second to Greenberg in the citytournament two years ago and although either of thetwo other Maroon leaders might defeat the Purplepressure player, Sawyier's style and familiarity maymake him the logical No. 1 man by the time the Conference meet at Evanston rolls around.The No. 1 position, as a matter of fact, will not bedetermined for a f ew* weeks anyway until a round robinamong the top four is played. In spite of this department's hunch about Sawyier's chances against Greenberg, Shostrom probably will beat out Jorgensen for theNo. 1 position ; Sawyier will take the No. 3, Atkins theNo. 4, and Benum Fox, of Oak Park, and Bob LiftonNo's. 5 and 6.The Murphy twins, incidentally, are coaching in theUniversity High School, Chet coaching baseball as wellas pairing with his brother as tennis coach. • By DON MORRIS, '36FOUR SPRINTERSChicago's track team seems slated to do better underconditions of sunshine and cinders than it did in thefield house, partly because of the addition to the rosterof Raphael Marrow, a sophomore sprinter who was outof competition during the indoor season because of aleg injury. After the middle of his sophomore year atCarl Schurz high school, Marrow was never defeated incity competition, winning the 100 and 220 in 1936, andthe indoor 60, and the 100 and 220 in both 1937 and1938. Probably no world beater, at least this year, Marrow does furnish a worthy heir to Captain John Davenport's scutcheon. He also furnishes Chicago with themakings of good quarter-mile and half-mile relay teamsfor the Drake Relays at Des Moines; the personnel ofthe quartets including Captain Davenport and a pair ofadditional sophomores, Walcott Beatty, who got as faras the semis in the recent Conference meet, and BillPlumley, of Oak Park.BETTER BATTERIn a situation not dissimilar to that of track this springis the status of baseball; a crew of enterprising andcapable sophomores may prove to be only sophomores,in which case Chicago will do well to repeat last year'stie for ninth position in the Big Ten. If the neophytesdo live up to their potentialities, a first division rankingfor the Maroon team is a cinch, the championship a possibility. Weather conditions, possibly the result of Dr.Struve's recent alleged manipulations of sun spots, haveprevented the Greenwood field crowd from getting muchof an idea about how capable at first base, second base,shortstop and third base are Si Hirschberg, Harry Burk,John Hurney, and George Sotos, respectively. Additionally, Jack Fons, recently a basketball forward, isslated for a regular outfield assignment.Baseball enthusiasts may be puzzled this year to seeBob Reynolds' name on the roster after it appeared onthe Convocation program last year. The catch is, it's adifferent Bob Reynolds, not related. The graduatedReynolds was a right-handed pitcher from Gravity, Iowa,and the only member of Coach Kyle Anderson's moundstaff to win games last year. The new Bob Reynolds(not to be confused with a third Bob Reynolds who isnow head of the Student Social committee) won hisnumerals last year as an outfielder and hails from Lake-wTood, Ohio, on the shores of Lake Erie, hard by Cleveland. Reynolds, who takes up the torch for Maroonbaseball, is the second sophomore who will hold a regular outfield berth. The veteran Jerry Abelson will fillthe third spot. The pitching burden will be borne byArt Lopatka, the junior southpaw, who fortunately hassteadied remarkably since last season, when he was byturns brilliant and wild. Co-captain Marty Levit willagain handle the catching problems this year, and Co-captain Sparky Calogeratos will play second base.2324 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPast the Ides of March(Continued from Page 17)Chairman Conrado Benitez, '10, AM '11, was arrangedlargely through the courtesy of amateur radio stations.From Manila, P. I., through station W6LUJ (SanDiego) to station W9QIL (Chicago) came this : "Pleasedo not forget this farthest outpost of Chicago influenceand send recording discs, sound picture bulletins andpledge cards. . . . Philippine committee organized foraction last month. Conrado Benitez." The records andthe film were relayed on from Honolulu, where they hadbeen sent by clipper plane.Of the faculty speakers, Anton J. Carlson, Chairmanof the Department of Physiology, was most active duringMarch. At Lincoln, Neb., 80 alumni and friends stayedlate into the evening at the meeting arranged by Foundation Chairman Grover K. Baumgartner, '11. Thenext afternoon at Omaha, 60 alumni responded to theinvitation of Foundation Chairman Leonard Nathan, '36,to meet and hear Dr. Carlson.A snowstorm greeted Dr. Carlson the next night whenhe arrived in Sioux City for a meeting planned by Foundation Chairman Herbert W. Brackney, JD '06, but thesnow did not prevent the turnout of 54 alumni. At themeeting, C. R. Watkin, '12, MD '14, was elected president of the local Chicago Alumni Club, and Mrs. Charles C. Yancy, '19, secretary. Des Moines alumni were hoststo the busy Dr. Carlson on the following evening.J. A. Hinkley, Jr., '33, Chairman for Baton Rouge,and 30 alumni found Dr. Carlson sufficiently stimulatingto want to bombard him with questions all evening.Four Issues Ahead(Continued jrom Page 19)future. But can we have this organization without sacrificing freedom, with which our pioneer ancestors wereso blessed, and which has meant so much for our national character. Here is a problem that will tax thebest minds of our university graduates. If we cannothave in full measure both (liberty and organization,where shall we draw the line? This problem will notbe solved easily. But certainly we shall not preserveour traditional liberty unless we fight for it.I do not present solutions. You will observe that Ihave framed the subject of my remarks to you as problems. I did not promise the answers. The problemsof change versus conservatism, of original nature versusadjustment, of thinking versus propaganda, of freedomversus organization have baffled us elders. It is comforting to know that these problems may be handledmore successfully by the better trained youth who succeed us.• It's true— you can prepare a satisfyingSpring supper, made up of Swift's PremiumTable-Ready Meats, "from scratch" in 10^minutes! Delicious . . . effortless . . . just"get a tempting assortment of Swift'sPremium Table-Ready Meats— they're thefinest you've ever tasted, made only ofbest selected ingredients combined in realhome-type recipes. Serve a wholesome supper of Swift's PremiumTable-Ready Meats tonight!Switts PremiumSwift'sPremiumPot Roast ol Beef Swift's Swift'sPiemium Ham PremiumDelicatessen Style CervelatAND 11 OTHER VARIETIESNEWS OF THE CLASSES1898For the past three years ReubenStowell of Hackensack, New Jersey,has been engaged in preparing a BaseMap of Bergen County, New York, under the sponsorship of the BergenCounty Planning Board. Mr. Stowell isconnected with McClave and McClave,Civil and Consulting Engineers, Cliff-side Park, New Jersey.1901Eliot Blackwelder, Professor ofgeology at Stanford University andhead of the department since 1922, waselected president of the Geological Society of America for 1940 last December.1904From Palestine we have receivedword of Sophia Berger (Mrs. E. N.Mohl), and at the present time Mrs.Mohl is doing canteen work for theBritish Troops in Palestine. Since 1932she has been Chairman of the Committee on International Relations of thePalestine Association of UniversityWomen.1907John C. Pryor, JD '10, of Burlington, la., is associated with the law firmof Clark, Pryor, Hale and Plock andis assistant general counsel for theFarm Credit Administration of Omaha.Attorney Pryor was formerly presidentof the Iowa State Bar Association.1908Paul A. White heads the surgicaldepartment of the Central Clinic inDavenport, Iowa. Dr. White was formerly president of St. Luke's Hospitalstaff for three years and has workedwith the Davenport Chamber of Commerce and the Health Commission.1909Jessie N. Davis, General Attorneyfor the Chicago, Milwaukee, St. Pauland Pacific Railroad Company, hasmoved from Chicago to Seattle, Washington.Walter Frederick Sanders, Deanof Park College in Parkville, Missouri,is a member of the National Committeeto uphold Constitutional Government.Dean Sanders is also a member of theState Y.M.C.A.1913James A. Donovan, regardless ofthe announcement in last month's Magazine, has not entered the Manufacturing field. He is still head of the BondDepartment of the National BoulevardBank of Chicago, but achieved addeddistinction the first of this year bybeing elected a vice president of thebank.Cora Hinkins Farrar (Mrs. FredD.) of Birmingham, Michigan, is a specialist when it comes to countrydancing. Mrs. Farrar became interested in dancing at the University ofChicago in 1910 and eventually wentabroad to study under Cecil Sharp atStratford-on-Avon. She has beenteaching English and American country dancing at several camps for thepast five years.Norman C. Paine, MD '18, of Glendale, California, who is the Director ofGlendale Y. M. C. A., is the attendingsurgeon for the Physicians and Surgeons Hospital and teaches surgery atthe University of Southern California.He is also the past President of theGlendale Lions Club.William A. Schneider manages theAlbert Schneider & Sons InsuranceAgency in Kankakee, Illinois, but he isalso secretary of the Kankakee FederalSavings & Loan Association.1914Rachel M. Foote, AM '31, who isDean of Students of the Forest Ave.high school, has served as president ofthe Texas Association of Deans ofWomen and Advisers of Girls, vicepresident of the Texas branch of theAAUW. She was a delegate to theInternational Federation of UniversityWomen at Stockholm this past summer.Judge O. K. Morton of SuperiorCourt Chambers of Riverside, California, is active in the Riverside CountyBoy Scout programs and past GrandCommander of the Knights Templar ofCalifornia. 1915Edgar H. Allen, JD '15, who is amember of the law firm of Monroe &Allen in Decatur, Illinois, was presidentof the Decatur Bar Association in 1938.Mr. Allen has served as president ofthe Association of Commerce, DecaturLibrary Board, and Macon CountyEmergency Relief Committee.Wilber Albert Hamman, JD '15,directs the Speech Arts department ofthe San Diego high school.Dr. Ernest D. Wilson, PhD, hasleft Mt. Vernon, New York, to take uphis duties as the newly appointed headof the Chemical Engineering and Chemistry departments of Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, Mass.1917Albert M. Holmquist, SM, PhD'25, who is professor of biology at St.Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota,was chairman of the science section ofthe National Lutheran College FacultyConference last year. Mr. Holmquisthelped on the Community Chest drive,which was held in Northfield recently.Ralph D. Lucas, JD, who is a member of the law firm of Woolsey, Stickney& Lucas, is the Acting President ofthe Board of Education of Galesburg,Illinois, at the present time.Mrs. J. L. Lush (Adaline LincolnLush), AM, of Ames, Iowa, whose mainoccupation is that of housewife, ischairman of the legislative group ofthe AAUW and president of the Faculty Women's Club in Ames.OVERHow toReada BookTHE ART OF GETTINGA LIBERAL EDUCATION 50,000Have Been SoldWhen You Have LearnedHOW TO READ A BOOKget your copies of the GreatBooks recommended by Dr.Adler. Send your order to theU. of C. BOOKSTORE5802 Ellis Ave., ChicagoPrice $2.50. Orders accompanied by cash will be sent postpaid.2526 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFrank C. Wheeler has moved fromNew York City to San Francisco.However, he will continue to be associated with the Rodney E. Boone Organization; in fact, Mr. Wheeler is theSan Francisco manager of the RodneyE. Boone firm.1918Arthur V. Bishop, JD '21, whopractices law in Chicago Heights, Illinois, is the new president of the Kiwanis Club of Chicago Heights for1940.On February 29 a dinner was givenby the Schenectady Advertising Clubin Schenectady, New York, in honor ofDr. Katharine Blodgett, SM. Thedinner was arranged as a tribute to Dr.Blodgett for being the person "whosework brought the most favorable attention to Schenectady during 1939." Dr.Blodgett and Dr. Irving Langmuir,Nobel prize winner in chemistry, haveworked together in the General ElectricResearch Laboratory for 22 years; Dr.Blodgett is famous as the discoverer of"invisible" glass.Inez G. Kilton of Long Beach,California, who is principal of theJohn G. Whittier school, is chairmanof the committee that is attempting todevelop a handbook on safety for theuse of teachers. This handbook willbecome an Administrative Guide foruse in the public schools of Long Beach.In addition to compiling handbooks,Miss Kilton writes poetry.George H. McDonald, JD '20, whois assistant general counsel for the Modern Woodmen of America, is the president of the Rock Island CommunityChest and past commander of the RockIsland Post No. 200 of the AmericanLegion in Rock Island, 111.Merlin J. Stone, MD '22, of Stanford, Connecticut limits his practice todermatology. Dr. Stone conducts askin clinic at Stanford and GreenwichHospitals in Stanford and lectures indermatology to the nurses at the hospitals, in addition to his regular practice. Until last year Dr. Stone was anassociate in dermatology in New YorkPost Graduate Medical School ofColumbia University.1919Norris E. Bakke, LL.B., is Justiceof the Supreme Court of Colorado, Mr.Bakke is president of the WestminsterFoundation of Colorado ; chairman ofthe Salvation Army Advisory Board.He has served as president of theChurchmen's Planning Commission andas president of the Colorado Councilof Religious Education.Otto W. Snarr, AM, who is director of professional education at Man-kato State Teachers College in Man-kato, Minnesota, taught at theUniversity of Pennsylvania last summer.1920Mrs. Merle E. Curti (MargaretWooster) is research consultant for theChild Guidance Institute, Lincoln School Teachers College, ColumbiaUniversity, New York City.E, A. Spessard, SM, PhD '24, whois Professor of biology at Hendrix College in Conway, Arkansas, is chairmanof the Arkansas Basic Science Board.1921John D. Morrison is a partner inthe Morrison Audit Company of Marquette, Michigan. Mr. Morrison hastaken part in a number of communityactivities, such as the CommunityChest, Rotary Club, Michigan Children'sAid Society and as trustee of St. Luke'shospital in Marquette.1922Mattie M. Dykes, AM, not onlyteaches English at the Northwest Missouri State Teachers College in Maryville, Missouri, but also is active in theAmerican Association of UniversityProfessors and AAUW.M. Hayes Kennedy, JD '24, is working at Loyola University School of Lawas part time instructor, although hecontinues his law practice. Mr. Kennedy is one of the founders of the Boys'State movement, which is now held intwenty-nine states.Lorraine Pierson, AM '22, of Montevallo, Alabama, directs the ForeignLanguage department of the AlabamaCollege, The State College for Women.Miss Pierson has served as chairmanof the French Divisions of the SouthAtlantic Modern Language Associationand as a member of the executive boardof the same organization.James K. Stewart, PhD, has resigned his position with the Anderson-Pritchard Oil Company in Chicago toaccept an appointment with the Tru-Coat Company in Detroit, Michigan, asDirector of Technical Service.1923George B. Cressey continues to bechairman of the department of Geologyand Geography at Syracuse University.His current interests include geomor-phology and the geography of the SovietUnion and Asia.Benjamin F. Shafer, AM, superintends the schools in Freeport, Illinois.He has been elected President of theIllinois Education Association; prior toJanuary 1 he was chairman of the legislative committee of this association.Gladstone H. Yeuell, AM '23, ofthe University of Alabama is in chargeof the department of Secondary Education there.1924M. Aline Bright heads the Englishdepartment at Murphy high school inMobile, Alabama. Miss Bright wassent as a delegate by the English department to visit the Reading Clinics inNew York City last fall.For the past seven years John A.Culbertson has been connected withContinental Oil Co. in Houston, Texas.Mr. Culbertson is Assistant DivisionalGeologist.Russell E. Pettit manages the SanJose Chamber of Commerce in San Jose,California. Earle L. Rauber, AM '25, PhD '30,is the acting head of the department ofeconomics at Alabama PolytechnicInstitute in Auburn, Alabama.1925Howard K. Smith, head of the statistics division of the accounting department, General Electric Companyhas been appointed Manager of theCommercial Research Division of theAppliance and Merchandise Department. Mr. Smith has been with General Electric since his graduation.1927J. Harold Caesar, AM '32, who isprincipal of Vanderlaan Junior highschool in Muskegon, Michigan, is theproud father of two children who arerapidly becoming ski experts at the ageof five and ten (or thereabouts), respectively.Ralph Esarey, who is State Geologist of Indiana, is now Assistant Professor of Economic Geography at Indiana University.John S. Vavra, who sells investment securities for the firm ErnestKosek & Company, goes out for sports.Mr. Vavra has been president of theIowa Golf Association, Director of theCedar Rapids Country Club, and Finalist in Iowa Amateur Golf tourney.1928Charles O. Kette of St. Louis, Mo.,is training supervisor of the personneldepartment of the Missouri Unemployment Compensation Commission for thestate wide staff, made up of thirty separate offices. Mr. Kette compiled andedited the training material for the staffmembers of this organization.1929Henry E. Allen, AM,. PhD '30, isserving on an exchange professorshipin religion at Occidental College in LosAngeles, California, during the currentAcademic year. Morgan O'Dell,PhD '31, is filling Professor Allen'spost at Lafayette College in Easton,Pa., until June, 1940.Sam Street Hughes, JD, althoughJudge of the Municipal Court of theCity of Lansing, Michigan, finds timeto serve as vice president of the Community Chest Drive in Lansing. JudgeHughes was formerly president of theLansing Junior Chamber of Commerceand president of the Lansing CivicPlayers Guild.Ruth McNeil, who is an instructorin piano and organ at the University ofMississippi, has worked on AAUW,has served as secretary of the Phi BetaKappa Association and president of theWomen's Faculty Club. Miss McNeilis a member of the Oxford Music Club.1930William Harold Cowley, FhV,educator, newspaper man, teacher otpsychology and former editor of the"Journal of Higher Education," wasawarded recently the degree of Doctorof Letters in Union College, Schenectady, New York. Mr. Cowley is presi-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 27dent of Hamilton College in Clinton,New York.1931George T. Buckley, PhD, registrarand director of placements of the Mississippi State College for Women inColumbus, Miss., was elected presidentof the Columbus Exchange Club lastOctober.Domenico Gagliardo, PhD, professor of economics at the University ofKansas, is the author of The KansasLabor Market and numerous articles onlabor problems.1932Frank Clayton Cleveland has accepted an appointment with the Portland Cement Association in Chicago.1933Edith A. Bach, AM, who is a Latinteacher in Clinton, la., was sent as adelegate to the N. E. A. Convention inSan Francisco. Miss Bach was formerly president of the Clinton Teachers' Association.Edith B. Whitney, who is supervisor of Elementary Education in Virginia, Minnesota, was elected chairmanof the Elementary Section of N. E.Minnesota Education Association forthe next two years.1934The Hubbard Laboratories, spectro-scopists, announce the opening of theirnew laboratories at 415 N. La Salle St.,Chicago, with Raymond Mesiro, PhD'38 as Director.1935David F. Matchett, Jr., JD, is running for Fifth Ward committeemanhere in Chicago. Mr. Matchett hasbeen active in G. O. P. politics eversince he was old enough to vote.BUSINESSDIRECTORYGlen Eyrie FarmFOR CHILDRENDELAVAN LAKE, WISCONSINBOYS and GIRLS 7—12Farm experience besides camp activities including swimming and boating.JUNE 23 to SEPTEMBER 1Send for story of the Farm.VIRGINIA HINKINS BUZZELL, ' 13Glen Eyrie Farm, Delavan Lake, Wis.AMBULANCE SERVICEBOYDSTON BROS.All phones OAK. 0492operatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics, etc,PACKARD AND LASALLE EQUIPMENT 1936James E. Dorris, associated withSeismograph Service Corporation ofTulsa, is now working in Guarico,Venezuela, after a month in Trinidadlast year.In October, Frank A. Mancina,MBA '38, whom recent alumni will recall as the man who made beginningstatistics easy to understand, was appointed instructor in statistics. In January he became assistant director of theInstitute of Statistics. With GeorgeH. Brown, instructor in marketing, heis joint author of "A Note on the Relationship between Sales and Advertising of Department Stores," which appeared in the January issue of the Journal of Business.1937Henry Evert Dewey, PhD, who isassociate professor of education at Emporia State Teachers College in Emporia, Kansas, principal of Roosevelthigh school and supervisor of studentteachers, is secretary of the local chapter of the American Association ofUniversity Professors.Jacob Gross, AM, is the executivedirector of the Jewish Social ServiceAgency in Worcester, Massachusetts.Mr. Gross is also vice-president of thelocal chapter of the American Association of Social Workers.1938Samson Fisher, MD, announces theopening of an office for the generalpractice of medicine in the Bank Building, Oakland, Maine.Avis Van Lew, Nursing Arts Instructor at the Touro Infirmary in NewOrleans, Louisiana, is rewriting theprocedure book for the hospital (350beds). Miss Van Lew writes enthusiastically of gulf coast trips, of jauntsto the land of Longfellow's Evangelineand down to Buras to see the orangegroves.1939Louis J. Gagliano has accepted anappointment with the Imperial ColorWorks, Inc., Glen Falls, New York.Kathleen A. Lloyd, AM, took upher duties as English instructor at Nazareth College in Nazareth, Michigan, onFebruary 5, 1940.SOCIAL SERVICEAbout 300 students and faculty members of the School of Social ServiceAdministration attended the Third Annual Banquet sponsored by the SocialService Club in Hutchinson Commons,Friday, February 23. The guests weregreatly entertained by a program ofskits and music.Catherine Dunn, AM '30, now amember of the staff of the Division ofTechnical Training of the Public Assistance Bureau of the Social SecurityBoard, spoke to a group of students atthe School recently concerning some ofthe problems of staff development andsupervision through administration inpublic agencies.Mildred Scoville, Assistant Direc- AWNINGSPhones Oakland 0690—0691—0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.,INC.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueBOILER REPAIRINGBEST BOILER REPAIR &WELDING CO.BOILER REPAIRING AND WELDING24 HOUR SERVICE1408 S. Western Ave. Tel. Canal 6071BOOK BINDERSBOOKSMEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall New Books Received as soon as published. Come in and browse.SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Conqress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical CollegeCATERERJOSEPH H. BIGGSFine Catering in all its branches50 East Huron StreetTel. Sup. 0900—0901Retail Deliveries Daily and SundaysQuality and Service Since 1882CEMENT CONTRACTORSt^™0 CONCRETE\\__7/ FLOORSSIDEWALKSVAULT WALKSREPAIRSestLd phones BEVerly 0890Yard: 6639 So. VernonCHEMICAL ENGINEERSAlbert K. Epstein, '12B. R. Harris, '21Epstein, Reynolds and HarrisConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-628 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINECOALEASTMAN COAL CO.Established 19027 YARDSALL OVER TOWNMAIN OFFICE252 West 69th StreetTelephone Wentworth 3215Wasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phones: Wentworth 8620-1-2-3-4Wesson's Coal Makes Good — or —Wasson DoesCOFFEE -TEALa Touraine Coffee Co.IMPORTERS AND ROASTERS OFLA TOURAINECOFFEE AND TEA209-13 MILWAUKEE AVE., CHICAGOat Lake and Canal St*.Phone State 1350Boston— New York — Philadelphia — SyracuseELECTRICAL CONTRACTORSWM. FECHT ELECTRIC CO.CONTRACTORS - ENGINEERSLIGHT & POWER WIRING600W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneSeeley 2788GRAPHIC ARTSTHE SCRIPTORIUMScribes * Illuminators • BindersC L RICKETTS JASPER S KINGTITLE PAGES; ANNIVERSARY, CHRISTMAS, WEDDING and GUEST BOOKS;COATS OF ARMSGENEALOGIES, MEMORIALS,RESOLUTIONS, BOOK PLATES•DIPLOMAS, AWARDS, HONORARY DEGREES, CHARTERSValued papers and letters restoredand bound38 SOUTH DEARBORN STREETDEARBORN 0001 CHICAGOFLOWERSi*/} CHICAGO{{^ Established 1865FLOWERSPhones: Plaza 6444, 64451 645 E. 55th Street tor of the Commonwealth Fund, recently visited the School. Miss Scovilleis a graduate of the "Old School"(School of Civics and Philanthropy).Eva Iola Klass, AM '36, has recently left the Children's Division ofthe State Department in. Indiana to accept a position with the Illinois Children's Home and Aid Society in Southern Illinois.Rachel Egbert, AM '36, is leavingthe Child Welfare Services in the Stateof Montana to take a position in theJuvenile Court of the District of Columbia.Carl S mucker, AM '37, has accepted a position with the Family andChildren's Bureau in Columbus, Ohio.Inabel Burns Lindsay, AM '37, hasrecently been made the Assistant Director of the School of Social Service ofHoward University.Milton Johnson, AM '37, has resigned his position in the Division ofChild Welfare in Missouri to accept anappointment with the Public AssistanceBureau of the Social Security Board.Catherine Street Chilman, AM'38, has recently accepted a position ascase worker with the Family WelfareSociety, Roanoke, Virginia.Idabel Sine, AM '38, has accepted aposition as case worker in the SocialService Department of Children's Memorial Hospital in Chicago.Frank Espe Brown, AM '39, has recently been appointed as Social WelfareAgent, State Department of Social Welfare, Sacramento, California.Frieda Brackebusch, AM '39, isworking with the Missouri State Cancer Commission.Some of the students who receivedthe A.M. degree at the March Convocation and their positions are:Marjorie Browne, Psychiatric Social Work, St. Paul Child GuidanceClinic; Brian Donahoe, Illinois Emergency Relief Commission, Chicago;Mary Elizabeth Doonan, CaseWorker with the Catholic Charities ofOmaha; Roberta Greenfield, CaseWorker with the Social Service Department, Allegheny General Hospital inPittsburgh; Alice Stieb Peterson,Case Worker with the Chicago ReliefAdministration; Mary Russell, Children's Division of the Department ofPublic Welfare in Illinois: LillianWurzel, Medical Social Worker withthe Crippled Children's Service, StateDepartment of Public Health, California.A new addition to the series of SocialService Monographs is "Child Welfarein Germany Before and After Nazism,"by Walter Friedlander, Lecturer in theSchool on Public Assistance, ChildWelfare, and Social Insurance in Europe, and the late Earl Dewey Myers.Dr. Friedlander was formerly Directorof Public Assistance in Berlin ; andEarl Myers went abroad on a foreignfellowship while he was a member ofthe School faculty. GROCERIESLEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1 327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Park 9 1 00- 1 -2QUALITY FOODSTUFFSMODERATE PRICESWF DELIVERLAUNDRIESSUNSHINE LAUNDRYCOMPANYAll ServicesDry Cleaning29 1 5 Cottage Grove Ave.Telephone Victory 5 1 10THEBEST LAUNDRY andCLEANING COMPANYALL LAUNDRY SERVICESAlioZone System ot Cleaning-:- Odorless Quality Cleaning -:-Phone Oakland 1 383LETTER SERVICEPOND LETTER SERVICEEverything in LettersH oo ven TypewritingMultigraphingAddressograph Service MimeographingAddressingMailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PricesAll Phones 4I8 So. Market St.Harrison 81 18 ChicagoLITHOGRAPHERL C. Mead '2 1. E. J. Chalifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph — Offset — Printing73! Plymouth CourtWabash 8 1 82OFFICE FURNITURE5TEELCA5EFILING CABINETSDESKS — LOCKERSCUPBOARDS — SHELVINGMetal Office Furniture Co. Grand Rapids, MichiganPAINTERSGEORGE ERHARDTand SONS, Inc.Painting — Decorating — Wood Finishing3 1 23 PhoneLake Street Kedzie 3 1 86THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MSCHOOL OF BUSINESS1914Erling H. Lunde is secretary andtreasurer of the Central Tools, Inc., inChicago.William Hereford Lyman of Newark, New Jersew, is property managerfor the Prudential Insurance Company.Lewis M. Norton is a partner inPogson, Peloubet & Co., an accountingfirm in South Orange, New Jersey.1915Frances Gridley Knight is editorand director of research for the Institute for Research in Chicago.Carl W. Ullman is president ofThe Dollar Savings and Trust Company of Youngstown, Ohio.1917G. R. Charlesw^rth is a valuationaccountant with the Public ServiceCommission of West Virginia, Charleston.1919Karl A. Hauser, AM, is with theInvestors' Economic Service, Inc., inWauwatosa, Wisconsin, as account executive.Victor J. Winn is with Montgomery Ward & Co., Chicago, as assistantgeneral superintendent of operations.1920Walter E. Kramer, who beganworking for the Pullman Couch Company the year of his graduation, is nowpresident of that company.Lloyd R. Flora is office manager ofthe Johnson Oil Refining Company inChicago Heights.1921B. E. Gossett is in the retail pianobusiness and is owner of the GossettMusic Company.Joseph B. Hall is with the KrogerGrocery & Baking Co. in Cleveland asthe Eastern division manager.Irving C. Reynolds is president andgeneral manager of The FranklinCreamery Company. He has been withthis company since 1921.Ruth Walkup is a buyer for Wm.Taylor Son & Co. in Cleveland.Thomas E. Blackwell is comptroller and business manager of Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.Harold De Baun is treasurer of theUniversal Credit Company of Detroit,Michigan.Elinor G. Hayes, AM '22, is thesenior personnel assistant of the Social Security Board in Washington,D. C1922Wallace H. Lanigan is assistantsales manager of the American SlicingMachine Co., Chicago. George C. Brook, AM '25, is head ofthe Department of Business of WrightJunior College in Chicago.John Gifford is in Silver Spring,Maryland, as manager of the GiffordIce Cream Co.Wilfrid A. Merrill is a salesmanfor the Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.Rollin G. Thomas, AM, PhD '30,is at Purdue University in Lafayette,Indiana, as professor of economics.Wilbur E. Wolfe is assistant secretary of The Pullman Company in Chicago.James B. McIntyre is vice presidentof the brokerage firm Mason, Moran &Co. in Chicago.1923Emil F. Bohne is now a partner ofHaskins & Sells in Chicago.Frank R. Eddy holds the position ofvice president of the Commercial CreditCompany in Chicago.Ethel Erickson, AM, is industrialsupervisor of the Women's Bureau ofthe U. S. Department of Labor inWashington.J. B. Heckert, AM, who is associateprofessor of accounting at Ohio StateUniversity in Columbus, is author of anew book on "The Analysis and Controlof Distribution Costs," published by theRonald Press Company.Ednah Hewitt Jurey is secretaryto the general manager of the HarvardLumber Company in Cleveland.E. L. Cotton is principal of SouthMiami School in South Miami, Florida.James Lyle McCormick is proprietor of the McCormick Company, advertising agency and photo-engravers,in Amarillo, Texas.1924Samuel Fox, lawyer in the firm ofFox & Fox in Chicago, is a candidatefor Municipal Court Judge in the Aprilprimaries.J. R. Jackson, AM, who was formerly with the Arkansas Highway Department, now holds a fellowship inhighway traffic engineering at YaleUniversity.Leonard B. Krick, Chattanooga,Tennessee, is vice president of the Beverage Flavor Manufacturing Co.Oliver O. Smaha is now the vicepresident and assistant treasurer of theBordenAVieland Division of the Borden Company in Chicago.1925Melville C. Jones is with Murphy& Nye in Chicago. He is superintendent of the manufacturing of yacht sails.H. L. Levensten is sales managerfor the National Tool & Chest Co. ofChicago.Wesley D. Mitchell is with ThePeoples Gas Light & Coke Co. of Chicago as executive research assistant.Russell J. McNally is teaching advertising at the Hirsch High School inChicago.Horace S. Strong, Cranston, RhodeIsland, is in charge of engineering rec- E. STEWART FEIGHINC.PAINTING — DECORATING5559 TelephoneCottage Grove Ave. Midway 4404RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331 TelephoneW. Jackson Blvd. Monroe 3192PHOTOGRAPHERMOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigan Blvd., Chicago . . State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERU. of C. ALUMNIPLASTERINGHOWARD F. NOLANPLASTERING, BRICKandCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone Dorchester 1579PRINTERSCLARKE-McELROYPUBLISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3935"Good Printing of All Descriptions"RESTAURANTSThe Best Place to Eat on the South SideCOLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 WoodJawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324 RUGSAshjian Bros., inc.ESTABLISHED 1821Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED8066 South Chicago Phone Regent 600030 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINECOMMERCIAL SCHOOLSINTENSIVE1 STENOGRAPHIC COURSEfor College People OnlySuperior training for practical, personal use or profitable employment. Course gives you dictation speed of100 words a minute in 100 days. Classes begin January,April, July and October. Enroll Now. Write or phonefor bulletin.BRYANT & STRATTON College18 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago Tel: RAN. 1575MacCormac School ofCommerceBusiness Administration and SecretarialTrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Association of Accredited Commercial Schools.1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130RABINOVITCH is the teacher of DmitriKessel, The Grand Duchess Marie, Esther Born,Ernest Born, Curtis Reider, Robert Boutet-Scallan,Saxon & Viles, Ben Schnall, etc., in recent and veryrecent years.Studio-Workshop-School of PHOTOilR APHYis an intentionally small K "VlVUllttl 111school and a very personal one for those who seedifferently and wish to make individual pictures.Professional and non-professional. Day and evening.20th year. Now enrolling Sept. class. Write forCatalog G, 40 West 56th St., New York.SCHOOL— SHORTHANDYour whole life throughShorthand will be useful to you.For more particulars call, write,or telephone.THE GREGG COLLEGE6 North Michigan Avenue, ChicagoState 1881ROOFERSESTABLISHED 1908IGROVE^Sb^ROOFING^ROOFING and INSULATINGSHEET METAL WORKSECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKS•Galvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights, Gutters, Down SpoutsTile, Slate and Asbestos Roofing•1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893STOCKS— BONDS— COMMODITIESP. H. Davis, 'II. H. 1. Markham, 'Ex. '06R. W . Davis, '16 F. B. Evans, 'IIPaul H. Davis & Co ¦Member*New York Stock ExchangeChicago Stock ExchangeChicago Board of Trade10 So. La Salle St. Franklin 1 1622 ords and of the clerical department ofthe Universal Winding Company.J. Lester Burgess is with the Bruns-wick-Balke-Collender Co. in Chicago asdirector of purchases.1926H. G. Caldwell, AM, is in chargeof the Statistical Division of the Canadian War Supply Board in Ottawa,Ontario, Canada.1927Roy G. Fischer is a traveling auditorfor the American Radiator & StandardSanitary Corporation of New YorkCity.Roy W. Longstreet, AM, is in St.Louis, Missouri, as manager of commercial research for Purina Mills.David L. Sternfield is operatingthe Fort Dearborn Grill in Chicago.1928Wm. H. Perkins is managing theBeef, Lamb and Veal Department ofSwift & Co. in Chicago.Albert C. Peters, JD '29, of St.Paul, Minnesota, is connected with theInterstate Commerce Commission.Robert B. Stevens is sales managerfor Stevens & Thompson Paper Co. inGreenwich, New York.Bernard W. Witney, JD '30, is withthe Randolph Paper Company of Chicago as house attorney.William B. Scace is a partner ofthe Speedway Manufacturing Co. inCicero, Illinois.1929Jules W. Rubin is in Chicago asadvertising manager for the AlliedRadio Corporation.William C. Crow, AM, is carryingon research and planning in marketingas senior agricultural economist for theU. S. Department of Agriculture.Bert C. Goss, AM, is the businesseditor oiJSfewsweek in New York City.Oswald Nielsen is a statistician forthe Federal Crop Insurance Corporation in Washington. He also teachesaccounting in evening school for theGraduate School of the U. S. Department of Agriculture and the AmericanUniversity.James B. Steere is in Springfield,Illinois, as auditor for the RetailersOccupational Tax Division of the Department of Finance of the State ofIllinois.Clifford A. Zoll, AM, is the secondvice president of The Northern TrustCo. of Chicago.William C. Crow, AM, is in Washington, D. C, as principal agriculturaleconomist of the Division of Marketingand Transportation Research of theBureau of Agricultural Economics.1930Alice M. Atwood is in Washington,D. C. as statistical editor for the WorksProgress Administration.Wayne F. Caskey is also in Washington. He is a statistician for theSocial Security Board.William Ladany, Chicago, is vicepresident of the Vienna Sausage Manufacturing Co. Paul R. Lauritzen is president andtreasurer of Lauritzen Motors, Inc., hiFrankfort, Kentucky.Theodore W. Mathews, AM, is inTrenton, New Jersey, as dean of theCollege of Business Administration ofRider College. He also teaches marketing and merchandising.Lloyd R. Harlacher, Chicago, iswith the Manganese Steel Foundrycarrying on market research, salesanalysis and selling.1932Ernest F. White is now the Director of the Graduate School of SocialWork at the University of Washington,Seattle. He is teaching public welfareand social economy.Robert L. Thomas is in South Bend,Indiana, as district manager for theIndiana State Employment Service.Carl A. Scheid is assistant supervising liquidator for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in Washington, D. C.Ernest W. Moldt is connected withthe Western Electric Company of Chicago as labor relations investigator.Thor E. Holter is a junior buyerfor Montgomery Ward & Co., Chicago.William Hoffman, AM, is with theU. S. Department of Labor as assistanteconomic analyst of the Women's Bureau in Chicago.Harold Press is carrying on marketresearch and analysis as statistician forSpiegel, Inc., in Chicago.Carlos T. Curtis is in Chicago withthe F. H. Hill Company, Inc., as production comptroller.1933Richard Petrie, AM, is director ofadmissions and personnel at MonmouthCollege, Monmouth, Illinois.Samuel Guzzi, AM'35, is assistantcomptroller of John M. Smyth Co. inChicago.Edward L. McCloud is credit supervisor of the Northwestern region forJohns-Manville, Chicago.Albert J. Galvani is sales managerof The Sterling Co. which is a Divisionof the Reliance Manufacturing Co. inChicago.1934William L. Fill is bookkeeper forthe Hammerschmidt & Franzen Co.,Elmhurst, Illinois.Allan Marin is with Dr. PeterFahrney & Sons Co., as advertisingdirector.Buell B. Randolph is a regionalstatistician for Works Progress Administration in San Francisco, California.Leslie Mather, Chicago, is a copywriter for Blackett- Sample-Hummer,Inc.John G. Nardin is with the Standard Lime and Stone Co. as steel salesrepresentative for the Chicago district.1935Sol Ross, Chicago, is assistant to thevice president of the Brunswick-Balke-Collender Co.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETEACHERS' AGENCIESRobert Diefendorf is cost accountant for the Sullivan Machinery Co.,Michigan City, Indiana.Wilbur L. Vick, Chicago, is withJohnson & Johnson, as general accountant.George H. Buck is in Trenton, NewJersey, as superintendent of MercerHospital.Frank D. Bryan is an investigatorfor the Department of Public Assistance of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.^ He is in Fredericktown, Pennsylvania.George W. Benjamin, Chicago, isassistant merchandiser for the RelianceManufacturing Co.Harold A. Baker, PhD, is in Oxford, Ohio, as assistant professor ofmarketing in the School of Business,Miami University.Ewing Lusk, Jr. is farm field representative for Bankers Life Co., Algona,Iowa.Ralph O. Erlandson is chief specification examiner for the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation, Chicago.Milton D. Goldberg Chicago, is executive vice president of Isgo Wallpaper Corporation.1936John B. Pullen is national follow-up clerk if the General Motors PartsDivision of the Chevrolet Motor Company.Arthur H. Leonard, Kansas City,Missouri, is assistant sales manager forthe National Manufacturing Co.Joseph E. Killough, AM, Montgomery, Alabama, is chief clerk of theDivision of Labor of the State Department of Industrial Relations, Alabama.Lloyd L. Hill is with Spiegel, Inc.of Chicago as general collection Dolicymanager.Richard B. Freund is assistanttreasurer of the Federal- American Cement Tile Co. in Chicago.Richard N. Ely is manager of TheCooler Company, ice cream manufacturers in Terre Haute, Indiana.Kenneth Thompson, Chicago, is assistant cost accountant for Johnson &~^Johnson.1937Sarah Hicks is at Swift & Companym Chicago as assistant librarian inthe chemical laboratory library.Loyd Sherwood is in Fullerton, California, as branch office manager ofSouthern Counties Gas Co.Kenneth Worland, Albany, NewYork, is customer relations representative for Phillips Petroleum Company.Jack Witkowsky, Jr., MBA 38, isassistant to the chairman of the appraisal division of the Chicago Real Estate Board.Marian E. Herrburg is auditor for^e Country Life Insurance Co. in Hammond, Indiana.Nina Maurine LIapp, MBA, is atthe University of Dubuque as an instructor in the commerce department.Carl T. Frick is in Little Rock, Aransas as a field representative for Genial Motors Acceptance Corporation. Lois P. Reisa is teaching shorthandand typewriting in Chicago at the Austin High School.Lester L. Rink is assistant to themanager of glycerine sales for Armour& Co. auxiliaries. He is in Chicago.Gerald F. Molloy is in Chicago asassistant zone business manager forChevrolet Motor Division.Marshall D. Ketchum, PhD, isteaching corporation finance and investments as assistant professor of economics in the College of Commerce, University of Kentucky, Lexington.Richard L. Hathaway is with theContinental Rubber Works in Clevelandas a salesman.Orme Phelps, MBA '39, is teachingpart-time in the School of Business ofthe University of Chicago and at theCentral Y.M.C.A. College in Chicago.1938David E. Wilcox is a clerk in theaccounting department of the DiamondCrystal Salt Company, St. Clair, Michigan.Seymour Rosenhouse is a bank tellerat the Lake Shore Trust and SavingsBank, Chicago.Therese J. Paquin is a stenographer in the Department of Agriculturein Washington, D. C.Frederick C. Hubbard is a clerk inthe Cost Department of the AmericanSeating Company, Grand Rapids, Michigan.Jack T. Higginbotham is a generaldeputy collector in the United StatesBureau of Internal Revenue, Denver,Colorado.Eva Lee Hagar, MBA, is head ofthe Secretarial Training Department ofthe Southern Methodist University inDallas, Texas.Gordon P. Freese left his positionwith the Public Administration Servicelast fall for further study when he wasawarded a fellowship in the GraduateSchool of Citizenship and Public Affairs of the Syracuse University, Syca-cuse, New York.Richard Ferguson is a junior auditor at the Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation in Chicago.Robert Cravath is with the SingerSewing Machine Company in Santiago,Chile.Conrad B. Howard is a field adviserin the Illinois Division of Unemployment Compensation in Chicago.Jerome M. Sivesind is a commerceexpert for the Illinois Central Systemin Chicago.Robert B. Anderson, Jr. is a reservations salesman for the AmericanAirlines.Paul Espenshade is a statisticianfor the Association of Manufacturersof Chilled Car Wheels in Chicago.Carl Blonn is a salseman for theB. V. Harrison Leather Company ofChicago.1939Edward R. Hoffman is an accountant for the Washburn-Crosby Companyin Chicago. AMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. Jackson BoulevardChicagoA Bureau of Placement which limits itswork to the university and college field.It is affiliated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allthe educational fields. Both organizationsassist in the appointment of administratorsas well as of teachers.CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency57th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One FeeCHICAGO, MINNEAPOLISKANSAS CITY, MO. SPOKANENEW YORKHUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY26 b. JACKSON BLVD.Telephone Harrison 7793Chicago, III.Member National Associationot Teachers AgenciesWe Enjoy a Very Fine High School. Normal School,College and University PatronageUNDERTAKERSBOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.All Phones OAKIand 0492VENTILATINGThe Haines CompanyVentilating and Air ConditioningContractors1929-1937 West Lake St.Phones Seeley 2765-2766-2767Albert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all kinds of teachingpositions. Large and alert College andState Teachers' College departments forDoctors and Masters; forty per cent of ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenumbers; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Administration, Music, and Art, secure finepositions through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well prepared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special manager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEBLACKSTONEHALLanExclusive Women's Hotelin theUniversity of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to University and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL574S TelephoneBlackstone Ave. Plaxa 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorPETERSONFireproof WarehouseSTORAGE — MOVINGForeign — DomesticShipments55th & Ellis Phone, MID 9700HAIR REMOVED FOREVERBEFORE_ AFTER19 Years' ExperienceFREE CONSULTATIONLOTTIE A. METCALFEGraduate NurseALSOELECTROLYSIS EXPERTMultiple 20 platinum needles can be used.Permanent removal of Hair from Face,Eyebrows, Back of Neck or any partof Body; destroys 200 to 800 Hair Rootsper hour.Removal of Facial Veins, Moles andWarts.Mtmhtr American Assn. Medical Hydrology andPhysical Therapy$1.75 per Treatment for HairTelephone FRA 4885Suite 1705, Stevens Bldg.17 No. State St.Perfect Loveliness Is Wealth in Beauty Eugene D. Glickman is a junioraccountant for the I. G. Miller andCompany (CPA's) of Chicago.William B. Malugen who recentlyreturned to the University to completehis work for the Bachelor's degree hasbeen with A. G. Becker and Companysince 1929.Marion J. Salisbury is working inthe Cashier's Department of the Chicago Title and Trust Company.MARRIEDKatherine Grimmer to Robert GrantBusse, AM '38, on March 23, 1940,Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Busse will beat home after April 15 at 7600 ColfaxAvenue, Chicago.Cathrine Boettcher Owen, '28, toAllan D. Converse on October 20, 1939.Mr. and Mrs. Converse are living atMead Lane, Greenwich, Conn.Eva Lee Hagar, MBA, '38, to Mr.Louis F. Callaway, on June 1, 1939,Dallas, Texas.Marian Gentz, '35, to George W.Johnson, on April 6. Mr. and Mrs.Johnson will be at home at 5427 University Avenue, Chicago.Elias Sternfeld, '36, PhD '38, toJeanette Shaines of Madrid, la., onNovember 18, 1939. Dr. Sternfeld isa holder of an Eli Lilly Fellowship inthe Department of Chemistry at theUniversity of Chicago. Mrs. Sternfeldplans to continue her studies at the University.Eulah Detweiler, '36, to WoodrowTichy on March 9, in Chicago, 111. Mr.and Mrs. Tichy are at home at 2527East Seventy-second Street in Chicago.Lorraine Goldman, '39, to CarlIrving Dernburg on February 3, 1940,in Joseph Bond chapel. Mr. and Mrs.Dernburg are at home on the SouthSide, 5123 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago.Mary Darlene Moore, AM '38, toDr. Jack Vance on August 20, 1939.Dr. and Mrs. Vance are now living inSaguache, Colo.Peninah Seligman, AM '37, to Dr.William Weisdorf on December 31,1939, in Chicago. Dr. and Mrs. Weisdorf are now living in Danville, 111.ENGAGEDMary Anna Patrick, '38, to Warren Seals Askew, '34, Chicago, 111.Wedding arrangements have not beenannounced.Frances Gethro, '35, a granddaughter of the late William Harper, toNorman Bridge Eaton, '30, JD '33,Chicago, Illinois.Marjorie Jean Beville, '37, to Donald McClain Gillmore, Chicago, 111.BORNTo Harry A. Millman, '31, andMrs. Millman (Jeanette Nielsen), '31,a son, Murray Don, on February 22,1940, in Glencoe, Illinois.To Rebecca Hayward Frodin, '33,and Reuben Frodin, '33, a son, DavidGamman, on April 8 in Chicago. To Esther and Floyd Hunter, '39a daughter, Patricia Ann, on March 9*1940, Indianapolis, Indiana.To George B. Pitts, Jr., AM '32and Frances Porter Pitts, on February20, 1940, a son, Robert Bristol, Jamestown, New York.To Margaret Burnett StrozierAM '39, and Robert Manning Strozier!a son, Robert Manning, Jr., on March6, 1940, Carrollton, Ga.To Clarence V. Hodges, MD '40)and Mrs. Hodges (Suzanne Richardson), '35, a son, Roy Vernard, onMarch 1, 1940, Chicago.DIEDDavid W. Bolles, MD '84, of LongBeach, California, on February 9, 1940.Dr. Bolles had been married 54 years,Katherine Gertrude Crane, AM'38, who was connected with the WorksProjects Administration in Georgiasince completing her work for a degreeat Chicago, on February 22, 1940.Mercer Griffin Evans, AM '24,PhD '29, on December 12, 1939, inWashington, D. C.R. Clarence Fulbright, JD '09, onMarch 29, 1940, in Washington, D. C,Mr. Fulbright was an authority oninterstate commerce law with offices inWashington, and Houston, Texas.Albert A. Hansen, '16, Presidentof the Bear Photo Service and formerlya professor at Purdue University, onMarch 25, in San Francisco.Wiliam R. Skeen, JD '09, on February 28, in Ogden, Utah.Dr. Elizabeth Jeffreys, PhD '98,aged 74, the first woman to receive adoctor of science degree from the University of Chicago, on March 14, 1940,in Hubbard, Ohio.Irene M. Lanning, '22, on February19, in New York City.Mrs. Leona W. Logue, '18 principalof Stewart Avenue Elementary School,Columbus, Ohio, since 1922, on February 28, in Columbus.Mrs. Edward H. Lorenz (Grace P.Norton), '07, of West Hartford, Connecticut, in January, 1940.Alvin E. Null, AM '26, Professorof History at the University of Texas,on January 5, 1940, in El Paso,Texas.Lois E. Prentiss, '03, in Chesterton,Ind., in January, 1940.Lester H. Rich, '18, assistant secretary of the Board of Education inDetroit since 1939, on March 11, 1940.Mr. Rich had been a resident of De-troit since his graduation from the University in 1918.Gertrude R. Schottenfels, 'H,AM '13, of Chicago, on January 14,1940.Rachel Shaw, '14, of Grand Rapids, Michigan, on January 29, 1940.Dr. Herbert E. Stevenson, MD '99,of El Paso, Texas, on November 2,1939.Dr. John J. Stoll, MD '85, in September, 1939, Chicago, Illinois.Ada Terrill Wray, '12, on February 6 in Commerce, Texas.THE ALUMNI COUNCILOFTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOChairman, JOHN NUVEEN, JR., '18Secretary and Editor, CHARLTON T. BECK, '04The Council for 1939-40 is composed of the following delegates:From the College Association: Josephine T. Allin, '99; Arthur C. Cody, '24; Charles C.Greene, '19, JD'21; Olive Greensfelder, '16; Huntington Henry, '06; Frances HendersonHiggins, '20; J. Kenneth Laird, '25; Frank J. Madden, '20, JD'22; Herbert I. Markham,'05; Robert T. McKinlay, '29, JD'32; Frank McNair, '03 ; Helen Norris, '07; John Nuveen,Jr., '18; Keith I. Parsons, '33; JD'37; Elizabeth Sayler, '35 ; Katharine Slaught, '09; Clifton Utley, '26; Helen Wells, '24.From the Doctors of Philiosophy Association : Charles H. Behre, '18, PhD'25; Rollin T.Chamberlin, '03, PhD'07; Leon P. Smith, AM'28, PhD'30.From the Divinity Association: Charles L. Calkins, AM'22; Laird T. Hites, AM'16, DB'17,PhD'25; Sylvester Jones, DB'07.From the Law School Association: Charles F. McElroy, AM'06, JD'15; Charles P. Schwartz,'08, JD'09; Horace A. Young, JD'24.From the Education Association: Harold A. Anderson, '24, AM'26; Paul M. Cook, AM'27;Robert C. Woellner, AM'24.From the School of Business Association: George W. Benjamin, '35; Louise Forsyth, '30;Neil F. Sammons, '17.From the School of Social Service Administration Association : Anna Sexton Mitchell,AM'30; Marie Walker Reese, '34, AM'36; Marion Schaffner, '11.From the Rush Medical College Association: C. J. Lundy, '24, MD'27; William A. Thomas,'12, MD'16; R. W. Watkins, MD'25.From the Association of the School of Medicine in the Division of the BiologicalSciences: W. Carter Goodpasture, MD'37; John Van Prohaska, '28, MD'34; B. G. Sarnat,'33, MD'37.From the Chicago Alumnae Club: Mrs. Jasper S. King, '18; Catharine Rawson, '25; Mrs.George Simpson, '18.From the Chicago Alumni Club: John J. Schommer, '09; W>isley B. Oleson, '18; John William Chapman, '15, JD'17.From the University: John F. Moulds, '07.Alumni Associations Repreented in the Alumni CouncilThe College Alumni Association: President, John Nuveen, Jr., '19; Secretary, Charlton T.Beck, '04, University of Chicago.Doctors of Philosophy Association: President, Charles H. Behre, '18, PhD'25; Secretary, LeonP. Smith, AM'28, PhD'30, University of Chicago.Divinity School Association: President, William F. Rothenberger, DB'07; Secretary, CharlesT. Holman, DB'16, University of Chicago.Law School Association: President, Horace A. Young, JD'24; Secretary, Charles F. McElroy, AM'06, JD'15, 29 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago.School of Education Association: President, Aaron J. Brumbaugh, PhD'29; Secretary, Le-nore John, AM'27, 6009 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago.School of Business Association: President, George Benjamin, '25; Secretary, Shirley Davidson, '35, 8232 South Sangamon Street, Chicago.Rush Medical College Association: President, Frederick B. Moorehead, MD'06; Secretary, CarlO. Rinder, '11. MD'13, 122 S. Michigan Avenue, Chicago.School of Social Service Administration Association: President, Roger Cumming, AM'26;Secretary, Alice Voiland, AM'36, 5654 Kenwood Avenue, Chicago.Association of the Medical School of the Division of Biological Sciences: President, AlfT. Haerem, MD'37; Secretary, Ansgar K. Rodholm, MD'38, University of Chicago.All communications should be sent to the Secretary of the proper Association or to the Alumni Council,Faculty Exchange, University of Chicago. The dues for membership in any one of the Associations namedabove, including subscription to The University of Chicago Magazixe, are $2.00 per year. A holderof more than one Degree from the University of Chicago may be a member of more than one Association;in such instances the dues are divided and snared equally by the Association involved.jf^ yew T^JfyMswtesBETTER THAN EVERf0KLE& THAN EVER!NEW design NEW low pricesNEW convenience featuresYes, it's real news! These big beautiful Frigidaires ate priced lowerthan ever before in Frigidaire history! They're the year's sensations! Just imagine! You can own a 6 cubic foot genuine 1940Frigidaire for little more than $100!Every way you look at them, inside and out, they're RIGHT—Right in Features, Right in Performance, Right in Looks . . . andRight in Price! America's No. 1 Refrigerator leads again withgreater-than-ever values!Before you buy any refrigerator compare Frigidaire's quality withthat of any other refrigerator at any price . . . bar none! These newmodels are simply packed with marvelous convenience features.The one-piece steel cabinets are beauty-built to endure yearslonger. And the world-famous Meter-Miser is the simplest cold-maker ever built.See your nearby Frigidaire Dealer's Proof-of-Value Demonstration. See how this year you get a Frigidaire more beautifulthan ever, better than ever, for less than ever! See how it freezesice faster and keeps food safer at the lowest current cost inFrigidaire history! See the de luxe features included in even thelower priced models. See Frigidaire's NEW Beauty, NEW Features,NEW Values. And get the facts about the lowest Frigidaire pricesyou've ever known.FRIGIDAIRE DIVISIONGeneral Motors Sales Corporation, Dayton, Ohio. ..Toronto, Can.Complete Hew Series of FRIGIDAIRE COLD-WALL MODELS at New Low PriceslThe greatest refrigeration advance in 25 years — Frigidaire's Cold-Wall Principle,already proven by the experience of thousands of enthusiastic users — is nowavailable at lower prices than ever before. Only Frigidaire has this famousnew principle, which cools through the walls, saves precious vitamins in foods— preserves the freshness, flavor and color, days longer. And you don't even haveto cover food! Ask your Frigidaire dealer ibr a Cold- Wall demonstration.•IMPORTANT! All prices quotedare Dayton, Ohio, delivered prices,and include installation, FederalTaxes and 5-Year Protection Planagainst service expense \on the sealed-in mechanism. Transportation, stateand local taxes (if any) extra. Allprices subject to change without notice. See your frigidaire dealer forlocal prices.A WORD OF CAUTIONFrigidaire is the trade-mark of the refrigerator manufactured bythe Frigidaire Division of General Motors — world-wide leaders inthe refrigerator, range and motor car industries. Be sure the storeyou go to sells frigidaire, made only by General Motors.. . . EVEN THE PRICE TAGS SAY-<w See Why FRIGIDAIRE IS a BETTER BUY!Double-Easy Quickube Trayscome loose and cubes popout instantly. No meltingunder faucet. No "gadgets"to lose or misplace. Greatest ice convenience everoffered. In 16 models. Glass-Topped Food Hydratorguards freshness of fruits,vegetables, amazingly. Youactually see dewy moistureon the glass covers. Preserve color, flavor, for dayslonger. In 12 models. New Stainless Chromium Shelvesdramatize the beauty of theFrigidaire interiors withmirror-smooth luster. Rustless and sanitary. Stay newfor years. Cleaned in a jiffy.In 16 models.ffit? Extra-Large Meat Tender slidesout like a drawer. Savesfood dollars by properlyprotecting all kinds of meatand fowl. Also stores up to100% extra supply of icecubes. In 9 models. One -Piece Steel Cabinet builtto last a generation, sealsin the insulation and prevents "water-logging" thatdestroys cold-keeping efficiency. Easiest of all cabinetsto keep clean. In all models. Meter-Miser. . .simplest cold-making mechanism everbuilt. Self-oiling, self-cooling. Silent, efficient — usesless current than ever. Exclusive F-114 refrigerant.In all models.