.:.,sBeTHE UNIVERSITY OROKAfiO MAGAZI N EU NUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO - SUMMER QUARTERExtra-Curricular Conferences and InstitutesThe Fifteenth Institute ol the Norman Wait Harris Foundation, July 5-10, will bring to the University seventeen internationally-known authorities on world problems to discuss what hashappened to "International Security" since the World War.Dr. Eduard Benes, visiting professor at the University underthe Charles R. Walgreen Foundation, will give three of the fivepublic lectures at the Institute and likewise lead three of the tendiscussion conferences. Another of the public speakers will beDr. Rushton Coulborn, brilliant young Canadian-born authority onEnglish diplomacy. Arthur Feiler, former editor of the Frank-furter-Zeitung and now affiliated with the New School for SocialResearch, New York City, will round out the list of speakers.With the world asking "why?" as unrest and aggressionsbloom in many parts of the globe today, the timely analysis bythese authorities, of major international events since the "war toend all wars" will command major interest.July 12-14: Thirteenth Annual Institute for Administrative Officersof Higher Institutions — Presidents of four institutions and a hostof other authorities are on the Institute's program this summer.The general topic will be "The Outlook for Higher Education,"approached from the angles, "Institutional Organization," "TheDDR- .E.DU1AR? £ ? i u Clientele of Higher Education," "The Financial Outlook," andFormer President of Czechoslovakia i i n i ¦• i r i ,• ¦• -ri • i x LExternal Intluences on Higher tducation. Ihe presidents whowill appear on the program are Walter A. Jessup, of the CarnegieFoundation for the Advancement of Teaching; R. M. Hughes, president emeritus of Iowa State College; Raymond Walter, University of Cincinnati, and Homer P. Rainey, University of Texas.July 12-21: Conference of Administrative Officers of Public and Private Schools — The timely theme,"Democratic Practices in School Administration" will key this 1939 summer conference which willpresent such speakers as Eliot Ness, Cleveland's director of safety, Dr. Daniel A. Prescott, authorityon emotion in education, and C. L. Cushman, Denver Public Schools' director of research and curriculum. The Conference will include round-table sessions each afternoon for superintendents, elementary and secondary school principals. The Conference has been held annually since 1932.July 2 1 -August 14: Annual Pastor's Institute — Trends in modern religious education, the psychiatricapproach in pastoral counseling, religious work on college campuses, the sociology of religion, effective methods of recruiting church membership, the art of conducting worship, the relation of churchesto rural-urban conflict and other subjects of timely interest to ministers are on the 1939 Instituteprogram. The visiting speakers' list will embrace Dr. H. W. Luce, former vice-president of the University of Peking; Dr. Newton C. Fetter, of the Northern Baptist Convention Board of Education; Dr.Regina Westcott Wieman, eminent clinical psychologist, and Dr. Oswald W. S. McCall, famousAustralian preacher who recently became pastor of the New First Congregational Church, Chicago.The Institute is the joint enterprise of the Divinity School of the University of Chicago, the ChicagoTheological Seminary and the Disciples Divinity House.July 31-August II: Fourth Annual Institute for Librarians in Service — The broad subject of "Principles and Practice of Book Selection" will be treated at this Institute, sponsored by the University'sgraduate library school. Among the speakers will be Dr. Waldemar Kaempffert, science editor ofthe New York Times, George Stevens, editor of the Saturday Review of Literature; E. H. McClelland, technology librarian, Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh; Bertha L. Gunterman, editor of children'sbook's, Longmans, Green & Co., and Harry L. Gage, vice-president of Mergenthaler Linotype Co.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO - SUMMER QUARTERTHE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEPUBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI COUNCILCHARLTON T. BECK, '04 REUBEN FRODIN, '33Editor and Business Manager Associate EditorFRED B. MILLETT, PHD '31; WILLIAM V. MORGENSTERN, '20, JD '22; DON MORRIS, '36Contributing EditorsN THIS ISSUETHE Cover: Arthur Holly Among the many new features of in the two subjects of the Conference:Compton, distinguished physi- the Alumni School (and the one that the Labor Board and Trust-Busting.cist and winner of the Nobel made the columns of Time along with •prize. The photograph was taken by the tennis-playing Murphy brothers) A short article, recapitulating someStephen Deutch to illustrate Forth to was the Conference on Public Law pertinent — though often forgotten —War Against Cancer, a recent bro- arranged by the Law School. The facts about athletics at the Univer-chure describing the work which de- two afternoons of discussion in sity, may turn out to be somethingscribes the work being done by the Breasted Hall were well-attended by like handwriting on the wall for ath-.University in cancer research. Pro- alumni of the School and prominent leticism. While the University's professor Compton is a member of the attorneys from the Loop. The June posal to the Big Ten with regard toCommittee on Cancer, headed by Dr. 13 session was a particularly lively eligibility is no "cure-all,", it repre-Alexander Brunschwig, and made up one, particularly because of the par- sents an effort to put athletics on theof scientists of every department of ticipation of the amazing one-time same basis as other activities.the University who may contribute mayor of Laramie, Wyo., the Hon. •knowledge to problems of the disease. Thurman Wesley Arnold, Assistant Fred Millett writes his last regularProfessor Compton's article in this Attorney - General of the United column for the Magazine this month.issue, Physics and the Future, is, in States. Condensed reports of his He is relinquishing his columnar postrevised form, the speech he gave speech, as well as those of J. War- after almost twelve years — coinciden-at the Alumni School this month. ren Madden, JD'14, Ernest Ballard tally with, and because of, his accep-^ and Thomas Marshall, are printed tance of a permanent appointment asherewith because of general interest professor of English at WesleyanThe regular contributor of the, University. His contributions willMagazine's column on athletics, be missed. Perhaps it need not beDon Morris, '36, has been permitted TABLE OF CONTENTS added that what he has to say aboutto free himself from the confining T * the Magazine is more than balancedI PT'TF'R^ 2bounds of the sports world for this pHysICS ^"^'^'^a by the appreciation which the edi-month. The result is, as you will Compton 5 tors, past and present, have had forsee, a pate de foie gras with a title Bird Thou Never Wert, Don Morris. 8 Fred Millett's work.furnished by Percy B. Shelley. Reunion Ruminations, Howard W. •m . MorL •"¦•• ¦ ; ; • • • • * • • n The articles by Drs. Luckhardt andw Anti-Trust Policy, Thomas L. Mar- t-> , r ., t,TT ¦„, ,, . , ,. shall and Thurman Arnold 13, is Palmer are from the Reunion pro-Howard W. Mort, genial director Law Admin1STRATI0N by Commis- gram.of the Reynolds Club and editor of sions, Ernest S. Ballard and /. War- •Tower .Topics and Flagstones r™ M^en .... 16, 17 ThJs 44_pa issue of the Maga.(mimeographed contemporaries of Athletics and Education 19 . h j .j Q fc gfU« Ti/r * ~.~^T~\ u„ 4. 1 j.' ^ The Cassels and the Murphys 20 . ,he Magazine), has taken time out In My Q ^ ^.^ ^ 1S due to our contributors, regularto record a few things about he 1939 Breaking With Traditionalism, (and irregular) as well as special ; toKeumon, which, incidentally, the James E. Dean 24 Photographer Myron Davis ; to oureditors would like to point out, was Medical Education, Walter L. Palmer subscribers (of which there are morequite a party, thanks to the enthusi- *nd Arno Luckhardt .26, 27 than there were a } andastic participation of thousands of Nefws^ ™^AD™ES/. WMmm29 to our advertisers (of which therealumni. News of the Classes 36 cou^d be more) .Published by the Alumni Council of. the University of Chicago monthly, from October to June. Office of Publication, 403 Cobb Hall, 58th St. at}l% Avenue, Chicago. Annual subscription price $2.00. Single copies 25 cents. Entered as second class matter December 1, 1934, at the Post Officeat Chicago, Illinois, under the act of March 3, 1879. The Graduate Group, Inc., 30 Rockefeller Plaza, New York City, is the official advertising agencyot the University of Chicago Magazine,2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEGlen Eyrie FarmFOR CHILDRENDELAVAN LAKE, WISCONSINBOYS and GIRLS 7—12Farm experience besides camp activities including swimming and boating.June 25 to September 3Send for story of the Farm.VIRGINIA HINKINS BUZZELL, ' 13Glen Eyrie Farm, Delavan Lake, Wis. LETTERSA BUST OF DEWEYTo the Editor:It has seemed appropriate to a number of persons that the AlexanderPortnoff bust of John Dewey be presented to the University of Chicagoin Memory of Dewey's association withthe University. This year — theeightieth of Dewey's life — has seemeda particularly suitable time. Dewey hasexpressed his general approval of P'ort-noff's work, and the University hasexpressed its willingness to receive thegift if it is made.The cost of the Portnoff bust is onethousand dollars. The entire sum isyet to be raised. We hope some readers of The Magazine will make contributions — however small — toward therealization of this project. A list ofall contributors will be presented tothe University at the time of presentation of the bust. If the total sum isnot obtained, all contributions will bereturned. Contributions may be sentto Professor Charles W. Morris at theUniversity. Paul H. DouglasCharles W. Morris A FRENCH VIEWTo the Editor :I think that the following clippingin the London Observer will be of interest to the Magazine's readers. Itappeared in the foreign news columnsunder a Paris dateline:"The determined attacks on classicaleducation, which have been going on inmost countries for the last few years,have inevitably provoked a movementof defence. It is less surprising thatFrance, whose university traditions goback to Abelard, should supply activemembers of that defence than it is tofind them in Chicago, the energetic president of whose university does not hesitate to counter-attack the kind of education which protects children from themental effort of thinking, and replacesthe hard work of mental training bythe dull work of acquiring fragments ofinformation, which are only useful formaking money. In France, the defenders are less vigorous, but the variouseducational congresses which were heldat Easter show that they have not losthope. It was naturally the secondaryschool teachers who were most active,and what they are afraid of is that theproposal for educational reform introduced two years ago by M. Zay whenhe was M. Blum's Minister of Education, but not yet carried any further,More Freedom for\somen this Summer!Swift's Premium Table-Ready Meats takethe Work out of Warm -Weather Meals!Countless women are finding new freedom fromthe kitchen these glorious summer afternoons ... byplanning meals around these extra-tempting meatsthat come ready-to-serve ISwift's Premium Table-Ready Meats taste every bitas good as they look. In them, Swift uses only selected ingredients, combined with extra care by master chefs.Expert blending and delicate seasoning give them agoodness only the best home cooking can match.These warm days, get an assortment of Swift's Premium Table-Ready Meats from your dealer often. And ask him for theattractive folder of Swift's Summer Suppers — complete menuideas built around selections of these marvelous meats. They'llmake it possible for you to feed your family well, yet havefar more fun this summer.SWIFT'S PREMIUM table.ready MEATSTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 3Interior of the palatialLUXURY LINER.HAVE real fun the year 'round! Visithistoric spots. See the World's Fairs.Explore interesting, out-of-the-way places.Follow seasonable sports. GO — spring, summer, fall and winter — and always enjoy thefinest accommodations at amazingly low costwith a new Schult Trailer.Ten beautiful models include such featuresas super-insulation and Temperature Controlfor all-weather comfort, electric refrigeration, oven range, showers — in fact, everymodern convenience. And Schult affords thewidest range of sizes, room arrangements,finishes, and prices of any trailer manufacturer. $498 to $3600.Large quantity production makes possiblelow prices. Every model an unbeatable value.A Schult factory 3-year maintenance warranty goes with every trailer sold.From now on enjoy life the new way — take52 vacations a year in a Schult Trailer.See your dealer's display of Schult Trailers.Or write today for illustrated Free Catalog!SCHULT TRAILERS, INC.DIPT. 2306 ELKHART, INDIANAThe beautiful 24' LUXURY LINER for 4 persons. FOR FREECATALOGSCHULT TRAILERSthough he is still in office under M.Daladier, will drive out the classical humanities in its mistaken attempt to makean easy bridge between the primaryand the secondary schools, and may endonly in leveling down the standard ofsecondary education as a means offorming mind and character. As nearlyall schools in France, primary and secondary, are directed by the State, asare also the universities and particularlythe examinations for every kind of degree, a definite break away from theclassical tradition in the educationalpolicy of the State would, so many people think, be little les's than an intellectual disaster."London. John Martin, '32.THANKS— ED.To the Editor:The Alumni School sessions and Regional Advisers meeting were certainlya great success. Congratulations.Robert W. Leach, '36.Elgin, Illinois.To the Editor:I do want to express my appreciationof the Conference and the AlumniSchool. A lot of good is bound to comefrom both. Someday, when facilities willpermit I would like to see the AlumniSchool opened to other than Chicagoalumni. I believe that with the programs it would have to offer that manycivic and business leaders could be attracted from throughout the MiddleWest. Such a school would be uniqueand should be an excellent medium forthe promotion of public relations in allof its aspects.John D. Morrison, '21.Marquette, Michigan.To the Editor:May I congratulate you on yourAlumni School. It was a pleasure totake part in it, and I think it is a finething. George F. Dick, MD, '05.University of Chicago.THE OLDEST CAMP IN THE WESTCAMP HIGHLANDSFOR BOYSSAYNER, WISCONSINThree Camps— 8-12: 13-14: 15-17Woodcraft, Athletic and Water Sports,Music, Photography, Scouting, Long CanoeTrips, Riding, Shooting, Shop, Nature Lore,Camping Trips, Unexcelled Equipment,Experienced Staff, Doctor and Nurse.WRITE THE DIRECTOR FOR CATALOGW. J. MONILAW, M. D.5712 Kenwood Ave., Chicago Your whole life throughShorthand will be useful to you.LearnGREGGthe world's fastest shorthand. Geisterville LodgeIN THE LAND OF A THOUSAND LAKESNORTHERN WISCONSINComfortable — Pleasing — CongenialInformation on BequestGeisterville Lodge Stone Lake, Wis.mi* lirnt volumo cf-rl "Dictionary of i-lmcrican lrngli*b\r. prc*»?i>to*l toTnnir Cltucunw MtittfaMn!*;imr Skonsc V| andBncqiHfejbctliby I lie ll m\Mrt»itv ol- Ihicagoon tKg ¦ 0CC43«*\«71V or tlu-ir viMt U)1 nc \\ liitc I lonw! ciiUsbe [Bmtcd Qtjtet;[¦nit,oF|flmcna'UNE. MDCCCCXXXLXUn* hiM volume oir\ THctunuvy of I'lmcrwjn tngliob\. prcaHinutd togr.mklin jficjano _andfanor [JjSoopewltbv lie < invs.'iMi\> ol ' nicadpon tK*i occotnon o4 tlm. v»»»it ot"orge VI andI.' ! lie \\ Into (lciltfUMDCCVCXXAIX[Mil»rn-fe<l, a.Fed on Indian corn.Radium f/jj(v I'u44fn tn, Hr«»»n, cofn-fed nynir-ht and >tr.«n/.anded l*eaux, Mtrnwtc ran/ed. eaiend In circling row*, till Bustflistwk-B. II. j:i While >ou » a* lying iniirline. here Iii. t aorn-t, we *.i> knt* migi the lixir% (Ml the Vuj.1 at tht v..r il* ale IMS»» XXVI. 511 A pair u[ ipxlng chi. ken [which h*l] been¦J U* MOM time liVS .Iwr fmt VT. /-jm 40) Bn. Ii nutit lilTert (mm potato fed. ur milk fri. or corn fed lork. IMS. I;. W" 45a .Mine. btiii <.orn Ii ., ought to bring hill a ,,'nt*(»//ov. (See quot. 1877.)lniV: Knwk'ih. in vi. They grew tpi... har.ly race ot . . .ioiuvn ledwrmh.-. IM3 Riomne .1 IIW//>< fii-jtir-u.il 154in fri tralto!" Ohio jrul lujuimy UTT BtaTtrrr m (>» W.Junif. m«A*iio( * »nni.ii-.. IfDZWisrtt l'i/r iNion final euro it 'I..I... 1 . r al Kawliu* yu' tact tbc canary. I«l» Wu son ATeo* i.j;rows' j rom-fed runty in a pluah bonnet with forget mc-nots,, two•J .mil thirty or forty un the hunl.umfit-M.A field in which Indian corn is grown.¦srlirjt example inj> m •! refer to a nuw" Arid,Svmi Xexts jtmm V*. tt'ka 1U4 I. 11 llli next course South,witbin a guarler ¦¦!' > mtle, the riuer .lui-Vth in two, the, noli aIikIi C'-rne tulij l*J4 MJ rUHtiiitm ft'i 1* Y el doa they daily01 !i th-ir buu«e«, U11.U. and tV>me nil.!* ami leauc them to Of.Hl-flrAP /J*V> l*»».lwlJOUl lei Lhr 1"«<*;t^.-|.| Hr->|iliilljr CtjTBlK:¦ 111 /ttdjui 1 (,> The Mii'l-i'.^nwn il iwwly married, are uhligrilkul ctaiMB. to fvi th* u o* u rcLftltoM to hoe out the cam into* ofI their wivr*. that tht if marrlagea may he confirmed. 17M J. M »H' }.ttt 75. I put ...» ca In hi> hantf, with a Ixittleol fj.ig by hitnl tol'l hint t<> live in my . i.m tn W. aiwl keep nil tquirrcU anJir.M in So I>ji. Hi", t 1* 1. j/o We were jlwjt to withilra.*Hip* from the un|>r>r vtll;>ae. that they trig-lit leave the Aliesn corn11 mill- u "i «».mi, totavc tt>cir llru|tKlr\ In.iii the lo>n*h4WkJ ollurat. 1*51 W. K. NoentvtL Cb'Miw uj Hi* rluty waa to ail inrru'i.-U» aith a fitlle in hit hju-l* to Kare away the bird*, an aru-<aM*tom. iwm M ¦ St. .•.,t$>tin 1. 17s In Ibe corn IicM tlie <lrybeatLnc. the rracklinjc hunk, and crrakimx ilalk* made dealeniiurIon !••? UXlm/fi If j,. Iel> 1.17 With the w oil at my ri*:ht, I' aLirtd tbr con be Id.Attrib. in MMe: a. Krequcn]urnfirld.I ll.'H* r if >:(¦o lireethev,'*¦rttleH iharxer,rirr.r..w. 117*icCorn hrl.ll!FIRST TO GREET THE KING OF GREAT BRITAIN, IRELAND AND THEDominions beyond the seas, and his 0"een upon, their arrival in North America was MackenzieKing, Prime Minister of Canada and one time (1899) student at the University. George VIand Queen Elizabeth and the Prime Minister are shown leaving the Parliament building at Ottawa.after one of the many official "celebrations" marking the historic visit to Canada and the UnitedStates. Quite unofficial was the presentation — here recorded for the first time — by the Universityof Chicago Press to Their Majesties, through the British Ambassador, of a copy of Volume I "JA DICTIONARY OF AMERICAN ENGLISH. The volume was bound in royal blue leather. qoWstamped, with an illuminated presentation page, reproduced on this page. At the same time. asimilarly bound and inscribed copy of the Dictionary volume was presented to President and Mrs-Roosevelt. The Dictionary is the joint work of a British subject, Sir William Craigie, and an American.Professor James R. Hulbert, and a staff of American research scholars of the University. Volumeincludes words from "A" to "Corn Patch"; the illustration shows a corner of page 627, containing"corn-fed" as applied to wenches and chickens, "cornfield," and other typical Americanism •VOLUME XXXI THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINE NUMBER 9JUNE, 1939PHYSICS AND THE FUTURETHE conversation turned to the problems faced bythe rising generation. "These cannot compare indifficulty with the problems we have faced," commented my dinner partner. "Think of the great socialchanges that have occurred during our generation. Nowthat the changes have been made, will not the risinggeneration be able once more to use our experience asa reliable guide?"As usual, it was the next morning before the appropriate reply came to me ; "How can we suppose that thegreat social changes have all occurred, unless we assumethat the knowledge on which the changes are based willnot further advance? In a university whose motto is'that knowledge may grow from more to more' weshould hardly want to assume that further advances arenot be made." Thus, had I thought of the answer intime, my reply to my partner would not have beenreassuring.We cannot doubt that the great changes in man's modeof living have been brought about primarily by advancesin our scientific and technical knowledge. As we thinkof the effects of steam on transportation and industry, ofelectricity on communication and household habits, andof biological knowledge on hygiene and medicine, thetruth of this statement becomes self-evident. If then wewould picture the future of mankind, we must examinethe trend of that scientific knowledge on the basis ofwhich changes in social customs arise.George Sarton, professor of the history of science atHarvard, has recently called attention to the fact thatwe may see in the growth of man's scientific knowledgethe central thread of his development from animal toman. Changes of a physiological type in a hundred thousand years, or of artistic development since the dawn ofhistory, have been minor. Politically our changes havebeen up and down. But century after century, andmillennium after millennium, our knowledge of the worldand our techniques in shaping the world to our use havesteadily advanced. Each advance has made possible another. With the development of grinding lenses, a telescope is made possible, which in turn shows Jupiter tobe a miniature solar system. This in turn encouragesthe train of thought that leads to Newton's law of gravitation and laws of motion, which are as essential tolearning the laws of electricity as they are to designingan automobile.In the words of Aristotle, "As each adds his part tothe knowledge of nature, there arises a certain grandeur." • By ARTHUR H. COMPTONIn a similar vein Newton, "If I saw farther, 'twas because I stood on Titan shoulders," recognizing clearly thedebt he himself owed to his forbears.I had occasion recently to consider this growth oftechniques in terms of a time-scale contracted by a million fold. In such a scale, we can see primitive men ayear or two ago recognizing that certain sounds havemeaning, and speech* gradually appears. Odd shapedsticks and stones are found to be useful as tools. By amonth ago man has found it possible to shape these toolsaccurately to suit his needs. By last week he becamean artist and drew life-like figures of animals on thewalls of his cave. Gradually these drawings were formalized into symbolic writing, and by yesterday thealphabet was introduced. Bronze was the metal mostused. Speaking now as if it were noon today, it wasyesterday afternoon that the Greeks were developingtheir brilliant art and science. Last midnight Rome fell,hiding for a few hours the values of civilized life. At8:15 this morning, Galileo climbed the tower of Pisato drop the heavy and the light cannon balls, disprovinga proposition of Aristotle, and starting the period ofmodern science. By ten o'clock the first practical steamengine was being built. At eleven the laws of electrodynamics were discovered, and these, by eleven thirty,had resulted in the telegraph, the telephone, and theincandescent electric light. At twenty minutes to twelvex-rays were discovered, followed quickly by radium, theelectron, and wireless telegraphy. Only fifteen minutesago the automobile came into general use. Air mail hasbeen carried for about six minutes, and from about thesame time we have enjoyed the sound-movies. It iswithin the last minute or two that colored pictures havebeen extensively used, and that the world has becomeunified by programs of short-wave radio.It is impossible to consider the rapidly increasinggrowth of man's techniques and knowledge without realizing that here is a development of tremendous humansignificance. In the older days people thought they wereliving as men had always lived, for changes in one'slifetime were insignificant. Now we take change as theorder of the day. If this year's radio has imperfections,we look confidently to that of a few years hence to havethem removed. The multitude of such advances gives usnot only a new manner of living, but a new attitudetoward life. No longer do we look back to the goldenage, but rather, given great new powers, we would shapeour lives on a more heroic scale.56 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINELet us pause to note how this rapid increase in therate of growth of knowledge has come about. It wasnot long ago that advances in knowledge came mostlyby accident. Almost certainly fire was thus discovered.But curiosity is an innate characteristic of man, and inthe early days of science was the chief inspiration forthe valuable work of the scientific amateurs. BenjaminFranklin was one of this group. Then men became employed for research. It was thus that Faraday's greatwork was made possible. With Thomas Edison came theorganization of the research laboratory, a group of highlytrained investigators working together toward the solution of common problems. This development became soprofitable to industry that there are now almost 2,000such industrial research organizations working in theUnited States. The universities, in their astronomicalobservatories and research institutes have organizedmuch of their work in a similar manner. In no fieldhave these investigators proved their value more conclusively than in physics and its allied techniques. Farfrom ceasing to grow, we may thus state with assurancethat during the coming generation research in physicswill continue with more and better trained investigators,with better organization and equipment than during thepast generation. We should thus expect an increasinglyrapid growth of physical science, except insofar as thelaw of diminishing returns may make research effort lessproductive than during the past generation.Following the line of thought suggested by Sarton,we may look upon this growth of scientific activity asan aspect of social evolution. It supplies the knowledgewhich enables men to use the materials of nature forsupplying their wants. The process involves specialization of function, which enables certain individuals toacquire extraordinary knowledge and skill in specialfields. Along with such specialization, however, comesgreater dependence of each individual upon others andorganized society becomes necessary in order that thetechniques shall become effective. Thus we see mendriven by "cosmic" forces, beyond their control, to searchfor new knowledge. Its necessary consequence seems tobe the transformation of man from an individualistic toa social being. Thus indeed we may justify Sarton'sclaim that in the growth of our understanding of theworld lies the central thread in the story of the evolutionfrom animal to man.If then the growth of knowledge is inevitable, whatcan be said about the direction of growth in the fieldof physics? In its fundamentals, physics is concernedwith the relations between time, space, and matter. During the past half century remarkable advance has beenmade with regard to our understanding of our own position in space and time.Perhaps nothing has had more influence on man'sattitude toward nature than the gradual unfolding ofthe immensity of the world. Starting with Galileo'sdiscovery of the moons of Jupiter, which gave the firstconvincing evidence of the truth of the theory that theearth revolves about the sun, our known universe hasnow been extended to hundreds of millions of light years.Because of a change in the energy of the light from thesefar spaces it would seem that our knowledge will be for ever limited to distances not much greater than are nowknown. In this sense at least we may consider ourknowable universe as finite, and in spite of telescopes ofincreasing size we need not expect the future to opento us much vaster vistas. Here, on the side of the verylarge, is thus placed a natural limit to future scientificadvance.This example suggests that there are fields of knowledge which may be forever beyond our ken. Similar limitspresenting themselves, as researches in other directionsbecome more far-reaching.Corresponding to the extension of our knowledge ofdistances, there is a growth in our knowledge of masses.It was almost two centuries ago that Cavendish weighedthe earth and thus made possible the measurement of themasses of Jtfie sun and planets. Only within the lastdecade has it become possible to estimate reliably theamount of matter in our galaxy. We can even beginto guess with some confidence the mass of the knowableuniverse. Similarly since 1900 precision methods havebeen developed for weighing molecules, atoms and subatomic particles, even including that most elusive ofobjects, a single ray of light. Having thus weighed thelargest and smallest of things, further extension of thisart must be in the direction of refinement and simplicityof measurement.Such developments in our knowledge and control oftime, space and matter constitute the growth of the fundamentals of physics. Let us consider now one of thephysicist's practical problems.Perhaps the most significant mechanical advance ofthe last century was the development of sources of power,steam and gas engines and water turbines. The efficiencyof conversion of potential and chemical energy into usefulwork by these engines has increased from an originalfew per cent to a value so high that though furtheradvances are possible they can not greatly alter the powersituation. We are favored for the time being with plentiful supplies of fuel in coal and oil. Within a centurypetroleum will have to be extensively supplemented byartificial liquid fuel, a procedure already followed inEurope. Within a thousand years the more readilyavailable coal will be approaching exhaustion. Newsources of power will thus gradually become of importance. Sources now available include agricultural products, such as wood and alcohol, water power, wind powerand direct solar heat. Of these, perhaps that of agricultural products has the greatest promise of becoming amajor power source. It is apparent, however, thatunless fundamentally new developments occur, futuregenerations will not be as favored as we are with regardto available power.One of the major problems of the physics of the futureis thus to investigate all sources of energy which showpromise of being important. A hopeful lead is the inexhaustible flow of energy from the sun and stars in theform of radiant heat. Geological records indicate thatfor a billion years the sun has poured heat upon theearth at about the same rate as it now comes to us.Chemical energy, such as coal burning in oxygen, couldnot supply this power for more than a thousand yearsTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 7before the sun would cool. Within the last twenty yearsseveral theories of stellar heat have been put forward, themost promising of them based upon atomic nuclear reactions similar to radioactivity. In the laboratory, it hasbeen found that such nuclear reactions can be producedand are capable of supplying heat in the necessaryamounts. We do not yet know, however, how thesenuclear reactions are made to occur efficiently on thesun, nor have we any assurance that they can be broughtabout on earth in such a way as to act as a source ofenergy. Developments within the past year would nevertheless seem to indicate that the availability of atomicenergy may be closer than we have supposed.Our situation in this regard is similar to that of theprimitive man who felt the pleasant warmth of a forestfire, but had not learned how to keep the fire alight,much less how to kindle it. We know the desired energyis present on the earth. We hope to learn how to makeit available to man.There is thus no reason to be pessimistic with regardto power supply. It may require a decade, a century ora thousand years, but there appears no reason to fearman's inability to find an adequate new supply beforethe failure of power sources now developed limits theadvance of society.The physicists at the University of Chicago are notdirectly concerned with the practical applications, butrather with the fundamental principles of their science.The understanding of the physical world is theirobjective.If such a physicist can appreciate more adequately hisplace in the world and why things are as they are, he hasa sufficient reward for his effort. This knowledge formsan essential part of man's cultural heritage. Yet its importance is also great in shaping men's lives. Its significance in this regard can perhaps be best indicated byciting examples. Consider the discovery of electromagnetic induction by Faraday and the discovery of x-raysby Roentgen.Faraday's discovery was considered a century ago asa purely scientific curiosity. It was recognized that herewas a means of producing an electric current, and laboratory generators were made. But why should the publicbe interested in electric current ? It was fifty years later,when Edison showed the value of electricity in lightinghouses, that the importance of Faraday's discovery beganto be evident. With regard to the effect it has had uponthe lives of men, it is, I believe, demonstrable that thediscovery of electromagnetic induction was the most important event of the nineteenth century. Empires wouldfall apart, society would become disorganized, if theelectrical machines based upon Faraday's discovery wereput out^of commission.Roentgen's discovery was made within the lifetime ofa large proportion of those listening to this address.What could be of more purely academic interest thanextending the spectrum of electromagnetic radiation to athousand-fold shorter wave-length? That was Roentgen's achievement. I have tried to think of the mostimportant event that has happened in my lifetime. Perhaps it was the world war. Let us then compare theconsequences of Roentgen's quiet announcement of x-rays in 1895 with those of the dramatic events whichin 1914 plunged the world into war. Let us speak interms of human values, life and* death, attitudes, meansof living, the organization of society.First consider death. Such data are hard to find. Thewar lords do not want them advertised. I have, howeverrecently looked up the figures. In the world war therewere about eight and a half million soldiers killed in allthe armies, one-fourth of the able-bodied men now livingin the United States — a tremendous slaughter. Yet ofthe 450 million people then living in the countries at warsome fifty million will have died of cancer. The livesof some three million others will have been saved fromcancer by the use of x-rays and the radium which wasdiscovered as a result of x-rays. If you add to thesethe considerably greater number whose lives have beensaved by the x-ray diagnosis of tuberculosis, a brokenbone or an infected tooth, it becomes evident that evenin the warring countries x-rays will have saved as manylives as were taken in battle."But," I hear you saying, "what of the vast politicaland economic disturbance caused by the war?" X-rayshave also had their great economic and political effectsnot so dramatic, but perhaps even more far-reaching!What does it mean to the economic and political life ofthe United States to be integrated by radio? For onething it means that we are a unit of governable size, withno apparent tendency toward disintegration. It meansnation-wide markets for centrally produced and advertised goods. Yet without x-rays, no radio. For theradio is the child of the electron, and the electron owesits recognition to the ionization of air by x-rays. Similarly, were it not for x-rays we should not now havesound movies or long-distance telephony or radio beaconsto guide air mail or a multitude of other devices thatrely upon electrons for their operation.But the real significance of such a discovery as x-raysis much deeper. Physics lay stagnant. "The future liesin the next decimal place," was the current phrase ofthe day. With it inactive, other fields of science werealso developing but slowly. For twenty years the ideaof ions had been making poor headway in chemistry andphysics. The announcement of x-rays kindled a tinderbox. Never perhaps has history shown such an outburstof scientific activity. Thousands of investigators setthemselves to study the newly opened possibilities.Within a few months came the announcement that x-raysdissociate air and other gases into charged ions, andchemistry had the impulse that was needed to start iton its phenomenal modern growth. Another few monthsand radioactivity was discovered leading to radium andall its consequences. Another year or two and electronsbecame known. The atomic theory was now on a firmbasis, but the atom itself was found to have a structure.Not an important field of science but was stimulated bythese developments. The geologist had placed in hishands a radioactive clock for measuring the ages of hisrocks. The biologist was given an artificial method ofproducing mutations, changing species at will. Thepsychologist received electron tubes for measuring nervecurrents. The scientific world was set aflame. While(Continued on Page 10)BIRD THOU NEVER WERTCOMMITTED as a matter of principle to steeringclear of journalism schools, the University inMay reduced the journalism school's functionpretty close to absurdity. This was done by an empirical demonstration, which consisted of bringing AlexanderWoollcott, a confessed journalist, to the Midway to coverthe subject in six one-hour lectures. Woollcott accomplished the job in the first two sessions, advancing further President Hutchins' hypothesis that "theway to be a journalist is to be a journalist."Like Gertrude Stein, who visited the Quadrangles in 1935, Woollcott maintained a reputation for being an excellent showman. Heestablished a new one as a competent teacherand an abominable singer. The Town Crier,as Woollcott is known in a few of his severalcapacities, arrived in Chicago for the purposeof delivering "six public lectures injournalism." In these lectures, hewrote the University, "thirtyyears of experience at the typewriter and the microphone willthrow some light upon thefascination, the freedom,and the increasing impotence of the press." Whimsically, he titled his lectureswith the first six cardinalnumbers.And he packed 'em in.President Hutchins sat ona chair in the aisle throughthe first half of one lecture,leaving when he decided,perhaps, that violation of afire ordinance * immoral. ALEXANDEREach lecture stuffed Man-del Hall half an hour early,and filled the Reynolds Club with an overflow.In the course of his half dozen lectures, the one-manjournalism school, in what he called his "slightly prissymanner," told innumerable stories about his innumerablefamous friends and acquaintances, covered completelythe subject of writing for newspapers, appraised Hall-Mills case and the Lindbergh case, praised a few papersand damned a few,1 and tossed off a pretty panegyric onwhat fun the broadcasting business is.Woollcott also dined with the freshmen and once aweek answered miscellaneous questions posed by students. He answered them, needless to say, with anecdotes.1. For: New York Times, Baltimore Sun, St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Des Moines Register-Tribune, Louisville Courier-Journal, Kansas City Star, New York World, Reader's Digest,Colliers (in former times), Harvard Lampoon, New Yorker,Chicago Daily News.Against: Chicago Tribune, Saturday Evening Post, Colliers(now), the Hearst press ("I yield to no one in my lack ofenthusiasm for the Heart press"). • By DON MORRIS, '36He spent a considerable share of his lecturing time recommending this and reading that,2 and another portionrepeatingwwise sayings by A. Woollcott and others. Hesang once.Whatever else the Prince Chap, as he sometimes signshis letters, may have got out of his three weeks as amember of the Chicago faculty, it is probable that themost treasured reward, from his rather specialized standpoint, is a story which, in time to come,he will tell on himself. This might be it :# * *"Sophistication," my dears, is a word,like "streamline" or "propagandize,"which sets the tone for this day, 1939,just as "violets" or "kiddo" vibrated tothe tune of another era.My first experience as a teacher endedbefore it began, with the humiliatingconsciousness and abject admission tothe authorities of the school at whosegates I stood that I couldn't lickthe big boys. My second and inall likelihood my last venture into educational preserves ended with a resounding defeat by what iscalled sophistication,wielded by the Universityof Chicago student body.In the last week of myresidence amid the slightlymurky stone ramparts ofthe Chicago campus, I wasovertaken by one of thoseabominations, hatched upby publishers and booksellers, which befall everywriter whose first booksells more than two thousand copies, the assignment toautograph copies of my published confessions and anthologies.Prepared by bitter memory for a rather warm hour ofbeing petted and cooed at by hundreds of collectors andwell wishers, I entered the somewhat chaotic confinesof the squatty, non-gothic building in which are disposed3. Recommended: Steinbeck's Grapes of Wrath, DickensDombey and Son, the motion picture Good-bye, Mr. Chips,Flandrau's The Diary of a Freshman, Kate Douglas WigginsTimoth'ys Quest, The Wagner-Rogers bill for the care ofrefugee children, the American Civil Liberties Union, and nottraveling by airplane.Read: William Allen White's "Mary White," Sam Adams"O Engineer,"* Edna Millay's Epitaph for the Race of man.Song: "I Don't Want to Play in Your Yard."*"0 EngineerMy dear,Never fear,O Engineer,My dear."WOOLLCOTT8THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 9the works of the wide variety of writers, including Baby,necessary to satisfy the hunger for the printed pageappropriate to a teeming miniature city populated byseekers after and dispensers of the higher learning.Enthroned among the economics, Sanskrit, and spectroscopy texts, I felt a trifle like Miss Helen Hayes thenight an erstwhile Chicago Tribune reporter offered hera paper bag of peanuts, dropped them in, her lap, andsaid, "I wish they were emeralds." The man wasCharles MacArthur, now the father of Miss Mary Mac-Arthur, my godchild.The appointed moment for the arrival of throngs ofsignature seekers came. I clutched my well-filled penin hand. I glanced over the neat stacks of books bearingmy slightly heroic and more than slightly unwieldy name.I peered out the door. No one but the impersonal bookclerks was in the store. No one additional entered. Iglanced at my watch — No, it agreed with the store'sown clock.As the minutes passed I noticed, a long way off acrossthe campus, a small, Pleiades-like mass of movement.Cocking my ear, I heard distant shouts. It occurred tome that perhaps the entire student body had decidedto mass before the attack, as it were — before they rushedover to storm my quiet retreat. I summoned a clerk,whose young eyes were — and still are, for all I know —keener than mine."What human phalanx forms there?" I asked, pointing. It was then I learned that not only had no oneas yet appeared to present a book for my signature, butthat no one was going to. The excited multitude tothe east, I was told, was clustered in, on, and aroundthe University tennis courts; Chester Murphy, the institution's leading player, was engaged in mortal combatwith the comely Miss Alice Marble. My books and mypen and I might wait till doomsday if we chose ; theUniversity's population couldn't be bothered with a mereretailer of tales wThen a new tale was in the making.It was, I believe, a worse beating than I would havetaken at the hands of three schoolboys, long, long, ago.* * *The non-vocational principle in the University's organization was neatly justified by Big Nemo's coverage,in two lectures, of virtually everything a newspaperwriter needs to know. In his first lecture, Woollcottsaid : Get your facts accurate. In the second, he said :Write exactly what you mean. This is all ye know onearth and all ye need to know.Woollcott made his first point by telling two stories.The first concerned his first night on the New YorkTimes, which at that time employed a city editor whohabitually called all comers "Sweetheart." Assigned anobituary, the young Woollcott slaved over every letter,finally^brought it up and laid it on the city editor's desk.The editor glanced through it and scratched one word."Died of heart disease, not heart failure, Sweetheart,"he said. "We all die of heart failure."Woollcott's second story was about a lawsuit and aman he renamed Hartwell K. Drain — specifically, aboutthe "K." in the name. Woollcott, with the "K." in hisstory and no "K." in other newspapers' accounts, suffered acutely waiting all night for the circuit clerk'soffice to open so he could verify the name. He would have been sleepless except for artificially induced unconsciousness."When I turn in a piece, I have worked like a dog onit," Nemo said. "If anyone shows me an error in whatI have written, I am sick with shame."The Town Crier made his second journalistic pointby another story, the famous newspaper yarn aboutColliers' libel suit against Post Toasties- Post's Bran-Grape Nuts Post, won at the time because Sam Adams,muckraking for Colliers', stated his case so neatly thatthe Post lawyers were unable to break it down in court.Woollcott likes newspapermen. He still has a traceof hero worship in his attitude toward his erstwhilebrethren. "I glory," he told his Mandel Hall listeners,"in belonging to a trade in which the best men writeeach piece, each paragraph, each sentence as painstakingly and as lovingly as any Addison, and do so in thefull knowledge that by noon the next day it will havebeen used to light a fire or saved, if saved at all, to line ashelf."3Ploughing a little deeper into the subject of writingin general, the Prince Chap followed his number twojournalism dictum, on saying exactly what is meant, bydeclaring that there is a functional beauty in precisewriting. "If you say exactly what you mean, it willbe beautiful," he asserted.He also said, apparently in contradiction, that newspaper writing has probably destroyed more writers thanit has created. "If you want to be a writer, you woulddo better plowing a tomato field than working on anewspaper," he suggested. The University's journalismstudents, obedient to the word of their teacher, are thuspermitted either to work on newspapers or not work onthem."Writing is not a gift, it's a habit," the journalismteacher has told his class. "No man can write betterthan he thinks, but with practice any man can write aswell as he thinks." Writing in diaries, Nemo thinks,would help most people a lot in improving literary style.If Woollcott writhed at such examples of bad tastein writing as the use of "meticulous," "hectic," "anent,"and "intriguing," he was shocked immeasurably by actual inaccuracies, such as the use of "pinch hitter" for"substitute," and "flair" for "aptitude." Such purity hasthe same tang as the righteousness of another writer,Ambrose Bierce, who once deplored the practice of calling "dilapidated" anything but tumbledown structures.Although he was a professed stranger to the academicmicrocosm, the Prince Chap apparently became sufficiently well oriented to pass off, in one of his lectures,teaching's oldest and most priggishly cloying platitude.Indiscriminately, grade school, junior high school, highschool, junior college, college, and university teachers, ofa certain stamp, have long assured their benighted classesthat if their humble instructor has "given but one thoughtto one member of the class," he has not taught in vain.3,. Mr. Woollcott apparently now likes newspaper men evenbetter than he did when, in The Woollcott Reader he wrote, "Icount it a high honor to belong- to a trade in which the goodmen write each piece, each paragraph, each sentence as painstakingly and as lovingly as any Addison, and do so in the fullknowledge that by noon the next day it will have been used tolight a fire or saved, if saved at all, to line a shelf." (p. 326.)10 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEOnce a week Nemo held a one-man jam session inthe Social Science assembly room, a hall which had thedouble disadvantage that it did not provide an atmosphere appropriate to his tea-party style of repartee, andit was not particularly well adapted to his physical needs.Woollcott objected, on hot afternoons, to the necessity ofstanding at the lectern while speaking. One time hecame in, panting slightly, and sat down on the edge ofthe speaker's stand, only to learn that he had to clamberup to the lectern to get the written questions placedthere by unfeeling students. "Isn't anybody going to doanything about getting me a stool ?" he asked.The journalist was asked : What do you think of]VX school of journalism? What do you thinkof George Jean Nathan? Is "newspaper style" influencing the writing of fiction? What do you have to knowto become a dramatic critic? He hedged on the first,described Nathan as a "case of arrested development,"hedged on the third, probably with a good deal of justification, and told firvt stories to answer the fourth.In two of his lectures Woollcott examined murdercases, chiefly the Hall-Mills and the Lindbergh affairs.He is something of an expert on murder mysteries, especially the Hall-Mills fiasco, which he had previouslytreated when he spoke at the University in 1936. Inhis discussion of the Lindbergh case, Big Nemo gotaround to paying tribute to Anne Lindbergh: "It tookthe human race five thousand years to produce AnneMorrow Lindbergh," he said, "but it was worth it."One full lecture was devoted to Woollcott's views onradio broadcasting, "from the point of view of the broadcaster." Radio's virtue in so far as the Woollcott fancyis concerned, is its penetrating power — more specificallythe fun to be derived from this power. The Chap mightmany advances would have occurred without Roentgen'sdiscovery, its appearance greatly stimulated theseadvances. One may say that the modern scientific erawas ushered in by x-rays.If science has come to have a determining place inour economic, social and intellectual life, it is becauseof such discoveries as this. Strictly speaking, one suchachievement should not thus be singled out as if it alonehad caused these transformations ; for the whole body ofscience is closely interrelated. Roentgen's discovery israther to be compared with a declaration of war whichinitiates a whole series of world-shaking events. On thisbasis, as seen after forty-four years, the discovery ofx-rays is thus quite comparable with the starting of theworld war.But here is a vast difference. The scars of the greatwar are rapidly healing. New alliances are being formed.Future wars are being planned and old ones forgotten.Science's achievements, on the contrary, are of growingsignificance. Recent discoveries have not yet shown also enjoy loading a shotgun with lemon meringue pieand shooting it off in a dark room.Pie recommended the air to research historians engaged in digging up obscure facts. It worked for theTown Crier, why not for you too ? Magically, the radiohelped him put his eclectic finger on back numbers ofmagazines and out-of-print books ; it verified for hima yarn about Sherman's march ; it permitted him to makeJerome Kern and Irving Berlin weep.It also allowed Woollcott, who scarcely falls withinthe description of a stage juvenile, to play Romeo opposite, oddly enough, Helen Hayes, who at that momentwas herself having difficulty looking like an ingenue.Nemo was, due to some production slip, also forced toplay the part of Juliet's nurse,4 he told his Mandel Hallhearers modestly.Radio's attractions — the chief other besides the shotgun effect being the opportunity to extend his gossip-bearing back fence considerably, taking in both his production colleagues and several million gab-hungry listeners — were not enough to hold the Crier. "I don'tlike to work for anybody; I like to mosey about," hesaid. Broadcasting, he feels, is too confining for hisblythe, prying spirit.Besides, the same conscientious passion for accuracywhich Tield him as a writer applies to Woollcott as abroadcaster. He was constantly in fear, he said, of referring to his radio personalities as the Crown Tire orthe Burly 'Ookworm. He is still open to offers, mindyou, but only on a short-term basis. Moseying about is,after all, no cinch.4. Possibly not too difficult, since in the balcony scene thenurse's only lines are the word "Madam," twice repeated, bothtimes offstage.their human worth. Had we used Faraday's discoveryof electromagnetic induction instead of the much laterone of Roentgen, our comparison with the world warwould have been too one-sided. Electrical machinery isvital to the world's existence. Industrially, politically orsocially, it is now far more significant than the result ofany past war. We have seen the growing value of thediscovery of x-rays. A century from now, when theworld war means no more than the pages of historydescribing Napoleon's conquests mean to us now, x-raysand the developments consequent upon it will have become of a significance comparable with that of electricitytoday. Physics and the future! All history demonstrates the growing value of scientific discoveries. Fire,the wheel, handling of iron and steel, the laws of motionand electricity, never have they meant as much to manas today. By the same token we can be confident of thepermanent and growing value of the scientific achievements of our own age.PhySJCS and the Future (Continued from Page 7)REUNION RUMINATIONS• By HOWARD W. MORTYOU have told us more about what we wanted toknow than we ever supposed anyone could inso short a time." So spoke Director Clifton Utley, '26, addressing Professor William Sweet(Church History), the first speaker at the first sessionof the fourth annual Alumni School on June 5. Professor Sweet had just packed twenty-one minutes full ofinteresting facts on "How the Churches Got Apart."Cliff Utley's sincere compliment might well have beenrecorded and played after practically every talk throughout the sessions.We have never experienced a week of more enthusiastic expressions about a series of lectures.Members of the physical science department, withall manner of funny gadgets and electrical contraptions, took Alumni into their confidence, busting atoms,slicing light rays to bits, and exposing the private lifeof the stars as no Winchell has ever done, while Dr.Maud Slye's family of 6,000 mice (assisting her in thestudy of cancer) were hosts to more than 100 Alumnion Friday morning.And now of the dinner speakers. Shailer Mathews.at the Monday dinner hour, admitted having difficultyrealizing he could talk from actual experience on "FiftyYears in American Religion." On Tuesday eveningArthur H. Compton relieved us of worry over the ultimate exhaustion of our oil and coal supplies by prophesying the harnessing of new energies about us whichwe now mainly see and breath. Dr. Morris Fishbeinuncovered quacks all about us and pointed out that ifwe are vegetarians because we think meat eating makesbeasts of us we should bear in mind that Stalin, Hitler,and Mussolini are vegetarians ! Thursday evening Harold A. Swenson (psychology)i demonstrated the scientific phases of hypnotism (as easy — and as difficult —to explain and understand as sleep). Hayward Kenis-ton (Spanish) laid a foundation for an understandingof the Spanish civil war at Friday's dinner.An intermission during the Friday evening sessionpermitted the Alumni to "preview" a new educationalradio program being prepared by the University foran airing over the Columbia network in late July. Theplan is to dramatize significant research at the University and other American universities, using soundeffects, orchestra, and radio actors to make the programs live for the radio audiences. The program isstill in the experimental stages, but will be "ready togo" on the coast-to-coast CBS hookup next month.Vice President William B. Benton (Public Relations)insists that radio and motion pictures have never beenintelligently exploited in the field of education. WithPresident Hutchins, he agrees that the reason education via radio has never been effective is because theprograms are not good. Mr. Benton, therefore, arguesnot for more radio programs, but for better ones. Effortshould be concentrated on a few good programs,' not scattered over many. It is his hope to find a runningmate for the popular and effective Round Table (withsome two million listeners) in this new show to be called"The Human Adventure."President Hutchins opened the Saturday morning session of the Alumni Conference for Regional Adviserswith a talk on present needs of the University : studentsand money. Students, because with present equipmentand teaching staff (in the majority of departments)two students might well flourish where there is nowone. Money because interest rates from investmentsupon which the University is dependent have droppedfrom 6 to 3.6 per cent. Other speakers on the program were Trustees John Nuveen and Clarence B.Randall; Deans Aaron J. Brumbaugh and Leon P.Smith; Entrance Counselor Martin J. Freeman; VicePresident Benton; Assistant Director of Public Relations John Howe, and Chairman of the Women's Regional Adviser Committee Mrs. Barbara Cook Dunbar.Chairman of the Regional Adviser Committee Neil F.Sammons presided.A unique feature of the Saturday afternoon annualAlumni Assembly at which General Reunion ChairmanRobert T. McKinley, '29, JD '32, presided was a sketchcoyly titled "Professors on the Spot." This was an"Information Please" program with a panel of six professors attempting to make high scores on questionsasked by President Hutchins. The "spotted" professors :Anton J. Carlson (physiology), James Weber Linn(English), Dean Leon P. Smith (Romance languages),Thorfin R. Hogness (chemistry), Wilber G. Katz (law)and Edward H. Levi (law).Typical questions: What was the nickname of theUniversity before the turn of the century? Answer:Harper's Bazaar (answered). What U. S. Presidentlaid what cornerstone of what University building, when ?Answer: Theodore Roosevelt, the Law School, 1903 —at which time he was honored with a degree of Doctorof Laws (answered in part). Supply the last names ofthe following authors : George Noel Gordon . . . . ; Pel-ham Grenville . . . . ; Alan Alexander . . . . ; Charles JohnHuffan . . . . ; Herbert George .... Answers : Byron,Wodehouse, Milne, Dickens, Wells. ("Teddy" Linn answered all but Dickens!)The Saturday afternoon Assembly was no soonerunder way when the U. S. Weather Bureau in Rosenwald tower allowed Old Jupe to get completely out ofcontrol and it poured the wettest rain in months, andwith the 29th annual Sing scheduled for 8 :45. You canimagine the panicky feeling that began passing over NedEarle's Sing committee. Such weather was unheard of.It NEVER rains at the University Sing!At 5 :30 P. M. a meeting of the committee was hurriedly called and the machinery set in motion to transferthe program to the Field House. At 6:45, just as the(Continued on Page 31)1112 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETrust-Buster Thurman Arnold, speaking at Law Alumni dinner honoring retiring Dean HarryBigelow on June 13 and attended by 325. Toastmaster Arnold Baar, '13, J.D. '14, VicePresident Woodward, Dean Katz. W. R. Harper and John D. Rockefeller in the background. Lawyer Thomas L. Marshall, who spoke onAnti-Trust Policy at the Law School Conference, June 13. Dean Katz at the right.THREE GLANCES AT REUNIONA remarkably clear photograph of the 29th annual University Singon June 10. Photographer Myron Davis thought Arthur Bovee, President Hutchins and Alpha Delta Phi would win. They didn't.Phi Gamma Delta took the "quality" cup and Psi U the "quantity."^\0 ^ /*ANTI -TRUST POLICY;A Practicing Attorney Looks at Trust-Busting• By THOMAS L. MARSHALLFIFTY years ago, mere generalities were not considered particularly objectionable.Our court decisions frequently relied upon suchexpansive generalities as estoppel, public policy, and dueprocess of law, which could either have little meaning orlots of meaning, as the court chose in the particular case.It is not surprising that we should inherit from the1890's a statute where the definition of the offense, asconstrued by the courts, is "unreasonable restraint oftrade." The Sherman Act constituted a codification ofthe common law, with the addition of a criminal penalty.At the outset, I refer to another generality of thecommon law, the standard of reasonable care, in negligence cases, which furnishes a number of analogies.Mr. Justice Holmes said in The Common Law:"It is equally clear that the featureless generality, thatthe defendant was bound to use such care as a prudentman would do under the circumstances, ought to be continually giving place to the specific one, that he wasbound to use this or that precaution under these or thosecircumstances. ... If in the whole department of unintentional wrongs the court arrived at no further utterance than the question of negligence, and left every case,without rudder or compass, to the jury, they wouldsimply confess their inability to state a very large partof the law which they required the defendant to know,and would assert, by implication, that nothing could belearned by experience."That is what the Supreme Court has done with respectto the generality of "unreasonable restraint of trade,"adding fact decision after fact decision in which the general standard is applied in particular cases. Commencingmy count arbitrarily with the October, 1920, term andcoming down to the present, there are seventy-one antitrust cases which reached the Supreme Court in thatperiod alone. In thirty-four cases, the government wasnot a party. Of the thirty-seven government cases,thirty-five were civil cases involving equity decree orinjunction and only two were criminal prosecutions. Ofthe thirty-seven government cases, the government wontwenty-four and lost thirteen.The generality of reasonable care seems at the presenttime to have dealt with a simple situation, the commonand everyday experiences concerning which everyone iswell informed and can exercise judgment, or should wesay today, instinct. It seems simple because for severalhundred years the common law processes have beenworking out the problem.Though progress has been made, we are not so faralong today, relatively speaking, in working out the gen-*This is a condensed report of one of the four principal addresses madeat the Law School Conference on Public Law, June 12-13, in BreastedHall. The others follow on Pages 15, 16 and 17. Mr. Marshall and Mr.Ballard are Chicago attorneys; Mr. Madden is Chairman of the NationalLabor Relations Board. erality of "unreasonable restraint of trade." The primaryreason is that this generality involves highly theoreticaland difficult conceptions of economic policy and industrial relationship, and if the man on the street understood those problems today not only the generality of"unreasonable restraint of trade" would be largelysolved, but many of our more serious problems, as well.That the Sherman Act involves such conceptions isobvious not only from the subject matter to which thewords "unreasonable restraint of trade" relate, but alsofrom considerable language in the decisions. In theAppalachian Coals case the Supreme Court said, "As acharter of freedom the [Sherman] Act has a generalityand adaptability comparable to that found to be desirable in constitutional cases."At least at the present time, the courts would neverso use the word adaptability in referring to reasonablecare, for with that generality we are far beyond anysuch stage, and the issue is safely left to the jury. Ifthe determination of "unreasonable restraint of trade"were merely left to the jury with the best instruction wecould draw, it might well be said that the law was resigning itself "to passing the buck" to the jury, or, asHolmes expressed it, to leaving the case "without rudderor compass," to the jury.Theoretical conceptions of economic policy and industrial relationships are somewhat beyond our averagejury. Possibly this is why we find the Supreme Courtso often in anti-trust cases passing upon what we wouldconsider in other litigation to be mere questions of fact.While, traditionally, it has been the government policyto proceed in the ordinary anti-trust cases by suit inequity for dissolution or injunction, that policy has beenchanged during the last two years and we now see anincreasing number of criminal prosecutions in the ordinary type of antitrust cases. That means an increasingnumber of cases in which not the court, but the jury,will pass upon facts. This seems to be unfortunate.In weighing that policy, it is at least interesting toremember that under the common law, in a criminal caseinvolving care, manslaughter, there must be shownbeyond a reasonable doubt gross negligence, wantonnessand reckless disregard of consequences.Whether or not that common law analogy is fullyapplicable, no one knows better than the jury itself thatordinary anti-trust cases are too much for it, and considering the vague definition of the offense, incarcerationsare not likely to result.Mr. Arnold told the Law Club of Chicago recentlythat he did not consider the ordinary offender of theanti-trust statutes to be a criminal, for in many casesno one can tell in advance whether or not the actiontaken constitutes an offense. And in the Attorney General's report for 1937, appeared the following : "Because1314 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEof the confusion of changing precedents and changingeconomic conditions, the law itself does not provideadequate standards ... for the determination in advanceof the validity of the numerous combinations which donot involve the violation of some specific precedent."How true that is ! But after recognition of that indisputable proposition, upon what theory can a generalpolicy of criminal prosecutions be fairly adopted ?If the prosecutor cannot determine in advance whethera particular plan constitutes an offense, how can thebusinessman or his lawyer be expected to determine inadvance that the plan constitutes an offense ? Thereshould be no criminal prosecutions unless the prosecutingofficial can conscientiously say that the violation seemsclear, under the law and under the precedents.The policy of the Department of Justice could fairlybe, as it has been in the past :To limit criminal prosecutions to. cases where the factscorrespond closely with those of existing precedents ; tocases extreme or flagrant, involving acts of violence orother acts indicating deliberateness, wantonness, orreckless disregard of consequences; and to cases wherean equity decree or an injunction have been ignored.As in the past, the experimental, the doubtful, andeven the probable though not clear, cases should be pursued by the adequate civil procedure for equity decreeor injunction. The policy of rather general criminalprosecution would appear to raise some serious questionsnot heretofore presented.In the criminal law there is known no power on thepart of a prosecutor to select, for prosecution, betweenburglars and bad burglars, or between burglars andinteresting burglars, or between burglars and importantburglars. And what are the Department's rules of definition or selection? Are there any? Are they published? Where are they to be found by one who maybe placed in jeopardy of incarceration for their violation?As respects the criminal law, any prosecutor mustprosecute all alike and without discrimination. Anyhighly selective choice of culprit is inconsistent withordinary conceptions. Why should a prosecutor havesuch discretion? Is there any precedent in the law forany such discretion by a prosecutor ? Is not such discretion susceptible of serious political abuse or of oppressiveuse? The conclusion must be that a policy of criminalprosecutions and a highly selective method of choosingthe culprit cannot consistently be maintained together.That, however, is only a part of the criticism whichhas arisen from criminal prosecutions in cases of thetype heretofore proceeded upon in equity for dissolutionor injunction. Here I refer to the practice of institutingnot only a criminal prosecution, but also a civil proceeding, in the same case. Of course, there could be no contemplation of trying both cases, which involve the samesubject matter. Obviously, the purpose of the indictment is to force the defendant to agree to a consentdecree in the civil proceeding. Under duress of pendingindictment, a defendant, whether guilty or innocent, maywell initiate discussions of a consent decree.Lawyers are familiar with the practice, occasionallyencountered, of enforcing a civil claim by the threat, oractual institution, of a criminal prosecution. They frown upon the practice because, in fairness, a civil actionshould be tried upon its merits, without any compulsiontoward settlement by the threat of incarceration. Consequently, the Department's policy of a criminal prosecution and a civil proceeding, in the same case, has notbeen received with approval.Judge Geiger discharged the grand jury in theChrysler-Ford-General Motors finance cases when itappeared that the government was discussing a consentdecree while presenting evidence to the grand jury foran indictment. However, the government went to another District, obtained an indictment, and, after theindictment, obtained a consent decree.Mr. Arnold would probably say that the Department,after a criminal prosecution, does not go out and solicita consent decree. Of course not. It is unnecessary todo so. With the criminal prosecution as a persuader,and with every informed lawyer in the country nowknowing what it is all about, lawyers have an uncannyway of learning where the proper office is located.The plan of consent decree is ingenious, in that itcompletely circumvents the Supreme Court's review ofthe case. In fact, there is no trial in any court, thereis no evidence and there are no findings of fact. Thisall seems quite remarkable, but there is still another stepin the plan. Mr. Arnold is quoted from the Law Weekof February 22, 1939, respecting the consent decree:"It is also the policy of the Anti-Trust Division, announced from time to time by Mr. Arnold to approvea consent decree only when the plan goes further thanprohibiting the practices charged to be illegal and alsoprohibits practices which are not actually illegal but areconsidered as contrary to the public interest."Note carefully the words "to approve a consent decreeonly when the plan goes further than prohibiting thepractices charged to be illegal and also prohibits practices which are not actually illegal but are considered ascontrary to the public interest."The result, therefore, is not only the elimination ofthe Supreme Court and other courts for the determination of what is unreasonable restraint of trade, but theDepartment of Justice or other administrative department of government have themselves assumed thefunction of saying what is an unreasonable restraint oftrade. However, they will not recognize any limitationby existing judicial precedents or analogies thereto, forthey do not limit themselves to determining what isactually illegal. They will be governed by what theyconsider as contrary to the public interest.I care not who writes my country's laws if I be giventhe power to determine what is in the public interest.If the individuals of this country had always bowed tobald assertion of money power or government power,upon the expedient excuse of personal inconvenience orexpense, we would have few civil rights or civil liberties.Some paragraphs of the consent decree in the automobile finance case contain the in junctional provisionsto be expected if the defendants had really violated theSherman Act. These provisions prevent the manufacturer, on shipping cars, from discriminating between(Continued on Page 33)ANTI-TRUST POLICY;The Government Viewpoint, Presented by the Assistant Attorney General• By THURMAN W. ARNOLDAT one point in Mr. Marshall's address, which Iwould entitle "The Theology of Non-Enforcement," he referred to the lack of a shadow oflegal justification in the Ford and Chrysler decrees. Healso referred to the intolerant attacks of the Departmentof Justice. That statement, "without a shadow of legaljustification" is an intolerant attack upon the courtwhich entered that decree. Further than that, the statement that this was news to the finance companies, thatthey were not represented in court, that they heard aboutthis through the newspapers, is easily corrected by looking at the record. You will find that the finance companies asked to intervene and were heard.The picture of the Department of Justice approvinga consent decree is not in accord with the facts. TheDepartment asks only one thing in a civil case. It asksthe courts whether the particular combination proposedby business is or is not a reasonable restraint of trade;and it seeks to have that question explored in argument before the court. It is unfair to think that theCourt in that hotly contested hearing, after listening toarguments on both sides and taking nearly two weeksto determine whether the particular combination was areasonable restraint of trade, was acting on Departmentedict or that the approval of the Department amountedto anything in that case.The attack on the anti-trust laws, as I understand it,revolves generally around this proposition: You mustnot have any criminal prosecution. I am reminded verymuch of the remark of a prominent business leader inNew York after a talk I made. He said, "I am thoroughly in accord with your idea of enforcing the antitrust laws, but you must not coerce business men."I am quite frank to admit, and I have said so frequently, that anti-trust cases are more like traffic violations than like burglary. Our work is the regulationof economic traffic. Often the head of a great corporation which is violating the anti-trust laws is in the sameposition as the head of a university whose alumni puthim under pressure to hire a football team, and he iscareful not to know the details. We are all put in thatposition sometimes. I do not think those fellows arebad men. I know they are not. Nevertheless, that isthe kind of responsibility which the anti-trust laws putupon business. We do need that responsibility.A group of business men came into my office recently.They represented part of a larger group. There was anagreement in restraint of trade. They said, "Now, listen, I wish you would call all these fellows in and talkthis over. We are bound by this thing. I think youtheir own cars. We did not have the slightest objectionto that. But when they were getting control of vastindependent financial institutions through various con- ought to enter into it and get into this case and stop thissort of practice."I replied, "Very well, but you realize it is a criminalindictment.""Oh, don't do that. It's ridiculous, absurd. "I said, "Didn't you know that it is criminal to violatethe anti-trust law?"Now, if the only punishment for violation of the antitrust laws is to be told that you are not to do this thing,you get exactly the same enforcement effect as if theonly penalty for violation of the traffic law was thatyou were told not to violate the law at ten o'clock inthe morning exactly the same way over again. I am notsurprised that attorneys like it, because a complicatedcivil decree is written, and then a complicated schemeto go beyond the civil decree is devised. A suit isbrought to find the complicated scheme which goes beyond the civil decree, and actually goes before it. Another civil decree is entered. It goes on forever.I will take the problem from the other angle. In thebuilding industry we are being faced with the mostridiculous set of log jams — restraints of trade and undercover pricing agreements — in the history of the country. In 1936-37, building doubled, and the prices ineight or ten of our principal cities went up 22% insteadof going down. The industry choked itself off. Youcannot handle such a situation by civil decree. Hereis a large group contributing to that tangle of goodsand services which make up a house. All of them arehelpless in that situation, because if you were actuallybuilding a house, you would probably have to follow thepattern.But, to return for a few minutes to the Ford andChrysler cases. The financing of automobiles, like allfinancing, became infested with loan sharks. Peopledo not read the fine print on a finance contract. Theydo not understand insurance. The collection of accountson automobiles was accompanied by brutal practices.Poor people were buying automobiles with chattel mortgages on their furniture and garnishments on theirwages. These circumstances created the great financecompanies. They arose from the necessities of thesituation. I am not attacking Ford and Chryslerfor starting them, but as in all conditions of aggressiveand well-managed business, these same pressures to expand, to get rid of this competitor in the quickest possibleway, cause a nuisance to grow.We brought charges of criminal conspiracy. Fordand Chrysler decided they would get out of the financebusiness. I will not argue the point of law involved.Suffice it to say that we felt they were going beyond areasonable combination when they began to be greatbanking institutions. They can run charge accounts on(Continued on Page 32)15ADMINISTRATION OF LAW BY COMMAs Viewed by CounselIT was Lord Coke who first observed that no manshould be judge in his own case, and I take it thatall of us would agree so far as judicial proceedingsare concerned. If a citizen who happened to be a judgefound himself in a position where he wanted to bringsuit for some injury that he had suffered to his personor property — -and let us say he had to bring it in his owncourt in order to get jurisdiction — it would be highlyimproper for him to sit in his own case.But what of the case where the proceeding is administrative rather than judicial, and the interest is officialrather than pecuniary ? That is the question I am goingto discuss : the case where the moving party is theofficial body before whom the case is to be heard and bywhom the. case is to be decided.By way of answer I propose to search for some middlewav which will not insist with Lord Coke upon a complete separation of the functions, nor with the administrative absolutists on a complete merger of them. RatherI hope to find some means of making the administrativeauthority neither tyrannical nor impotent, but democratically effective.The National Labor Relations Act (the Wagner Act)envisions a procedure whereby charges are filed by outside parties before the National Labor Relations Boardwhich assert that an employer has engaged in improperconduct called an unfair labor practice; investigation ofthose charges by the Board ; issuance by the Board ofa complaint: hearing of the complaint by the Boardthrough a trial examiner appointed by the Board; prosecution of the complaint by an attorney for the Board ;and finally decision of the matter by the Board, subjectthereafter to Court review. From the time when anaccusation of wrongful conduct is first made the Boardperforms every function involved in the procedure exceptdefending against the charge.Having resort to the analogy of criminal proceedings,the Board first receives the charge as the Departmentof Justice would receive it. The Board then investigatesas the district attorney would. The Board then laysthe results of its investigation — and this is an ex parteinvestigation — before itself, and so acts as district attorney and grand jury. If it finds that there is probablecause, a complaint is issued which is similar to thehanding down of an indictment. An issue thereupon being joined, the Board performs the function of judge,prosecutor and jury, and in some cases, including themost important, it is also the witness.The difficulty is that the Board has made up its mind,at least provisionally, before the hearing commences.It has decided in its own official conscience — and that isa very sensitive conscience within the Board's own concepts of where its duties lie — it has made up its mind • By ERNEST S. BALLARDin its official conscience before the hearing starts thatthe defendant is probably guilty.After the complaint is issued we go through the formsof a judicial hearing or a quasi- judicial hearing, a trialbefore an administrative court, but the truth is that —looking at the situation from the point of view of theBoard's attitude — the issuance of a complaint is reallythe issuance of a rule to show cause why the defendantshould not be held guilty.Such a procedural approach involves a violation ofone of the basic essentials of what we have always understood to be necessary to a hearing, and when I say ahearing I mean a fair hearing. There are several Federal cases on the point which hold squarely that whena judge has formed opinions in advance of the trial thatone of the parties should prevail or probably should prevail — that he has the duty to excuse himself. Likewise,the Judicial Code provides the machinery for a judge towithdraw from the case in such circumstances.We have left the judicial concept of a hearing asternwhen we pass a statute like the Wagner Act. The Actprovides for a hearing, but it also provides that beforethe commencement of the hearing the tribunal which isto decide the case must first conduct an ex parte investigation and make up its mind what its decision ought tobe. And that is especially the case when you add to thatsituation the utterly sincere but sometimes mistakenofficial zeal of the administrator.If you go back before the New Deal, the two mostimportant administrative tribunals that you find are, ofcourse, the Interstate Commerce Commission and theFederal Trade Commission. I think that they are theonly commissions with a long enough history to constitute persuasive precedents from the point of view of apractical demonstration.As to the Interstate Commerce Commission, I saycategorically that its procedure is not a precedent forthe Labor Board procedure, but is a strong precedentdirectly against it. There is no form of proceedingknown to the Interstate Commerce Commission whichcommences wilh a complaint issued by the tribunal itselfand containing charges of wrong doing.The usual type of procedure before the ICC is knownin its practice as the formal complaint. This is a casebetween private parties in which the- Commission actsas an administrative court and performs the function ofan impartial umpire. The complainant is a shipper orshippers and the defendant is a railroad or railroads.The complaint is filed by the complainants. The answer isfiled by the defendants. They both employ counsel .ifthey want counsel. They both bear all' of the expensesof the proceeding.The next most frequent type of proceeding before(Continued on Page 34)16SIONS: THE LABORViewed by the NLRB ChairmanI RECOGNIZE that as proposed solutions for the alleged evils of the Labor Board go, Mr. Ballard'sproposed solution is an extremely moderate one.But I must say that it seems to me that Mr. Ballard'sproposed solution does not have very much to do withhis main thesis: the evils of the judge and prosecutorcombination. He would leave the Board in the positionof initiating a proceedings, issuing a complaint againstthe respondent, which complaint ultimately would comeback to the Board for decision, and which complaint hadin the meantime been prosecuted before a trial examinerby the Board's agent.Perhaps we had better see how we happened to getthese administrative bodies which seem to be a departurefrom the trilogy of government which writers of the lastcentury attributed to the American governmental system, namely, a complete separation of executive,legislative and judicial functions. Of course, completeseparation never did exist. In the 60's and 70's we had,as we have now, the problem of railroad rates, and shippers — particularly our farmer friends from the West —though they had grave complaints against the railroadsfor abuses in connection with rates. The courts in England and in this country had some centuries of opportunity to do what they could about the abuses of carriers.That opportunity had been presented to them in wayswhich certainly did not constitute any procedural abuses.It came to them either by way of criminal prosecution,or in a private suit of the shipper against the railroadto make the railroad refund the excess charges, or perhaps to enjoin the railroad from continuing to make excess charges.The consequence of some centuries of experience inthis kind of public utility law seemed to create in theminds of the shippers of the West a feeling that therewas no relief for them ; that it might be perfect procedure and it might conform completely to the theoreticalseparation of powers, but it still left them paying overcharges for their shipment. That, after all, was thething that they were complaining about.So, arising out of that demand for effective government, we began to get in our national government theadministrative tribunals, and the Interstate CommerceCommission was the first one. While I recognize thetruth of most of what Mr. Ballard has said about theInterstate Commerce Commission, nevertheless it cannot be doubted that the ICC is a recognition of the factthat there are complicated social situations in which itis the duty of the government to do more than spendthe taxpayers' money creating a referee in the shape ofa judge who will sit and referee a battle between twoprivate persons who may be so completely unequal inresources and in skill and in knowledge that the battleis nothing but a farce. It is the duty of the government, BOARD PROCEDURE• By J. WARREN MADDEN, JD '14rather, to take more than a mere referee's part in thisbout and to recognize the social evil which needs to becorrected and to correct it.The Federal Trade Commission, I suppose, arose outof about the same sort of an urge on the part of businesspeople who were the victims of what they regarded asunfair competition, usually carried on by companieswhich were the economic superiors of their victims.Let me describe to you how the Labor Board actuallyfunctions so that you may form an opinion for yourselves as to whether or not it is a tolerable method ofprocedure.We have two types of cases, but I think most of thisdiscussion should relate to the unfair labor practice casesin which some workman or some union files a chargein one of our twenty-two regional offices which are scattered over the country. This charge asserts that theemployer company has violated one or more of the prohibitions of the Wagner Act. It has discharged someone because he was a member of a union ; it has set up acompany-dominated union ; it has refused to bargain collectively with the union which has a majority; it hasin some other way interfered with the development orthe activities of the union.There have been many thousands of those chargesfiled in the somewhat less than four years that the Boardhas been operating. I cannot tell you offhand just howmany thousands we have had. We have had twenty-onethousand cases altogether, but this figure includes thecases in which the employer is not charged with anything, but where the union is asking the Board to ascertain whether the union represents a majority and isentitled to be certified as the collective bargaining representative.Out in the region where the charge is filed the regional director will either himself investigate the chargeor assign a field examiner to the task. This investigation may be a rather long and intricate investigation, andquite certainly will involve consulting the person whofiled the charge, consulting other persons whom thatperson names as possible witnesses, consulting the employer and persons whom the employer names as knowing something about the matter. Then the regional director will come to a conclusion.In some 15% of all the cases he dismisses the charge,thereby ending the case. In some 25% more of thecases the case ends at that stage by the withdrawal ofthe charge, and in most of the cases in which the chargeis withdrawn it is withdrawn on the recommendation ofthe regional director to the union that the case doesnot have merit and that unless the union is willing towithdraw it the case will be dismissed.So you have there approximately 40% of all thecharges which come into our offices which are disposed1718 THE UNIVERSITY OFof in favor of the respondent. I mention that simply toindicate that the presumption is indulged in thatthe employer is wrong just because somebody has fileda charge against him.Of the 60% of the cases remaining, more than five-sixths are settled up out in the regional office by anadjustment satisfactory to, or at least agreed to by, theunion and the company. Very often that adjustmentconsists of compliance by the company with what theregional director thinks is its legal duty. Sometimes itis no more than the posting of a notice saying that itwill respect the rights of the union in the future.Thus, there are something more than 90% of all thecases which come in to our regional offices which, happily, I as a member of the Board never have anythingto do with and never hear of.Now let's take the residue which in one way or another do come to the Board. They are not really 10%of the total; the number is only something like 5%. Inthose cases the regional director issues a complaint againstthe company in which he says for the Board that thecompany has committed certain unfair labor practices.He really is not speaking for the Board in the sense thatthe Board has made up its mind that these unfair laborpractices have actually been committed.It may be that the Board did hear of the facts of thiscase in which the complaint was issued before the complaint was issued. It might have heard of it in eitherone of two ways. The regional director might havesent in a report stating the facts which his investigationhad disclosed and asking the advice of the Board or theadvice of somebody in Washington in regard to whetherhe should on those facts issue a complaint.Suppose the Board reads a report in which the regional director says, "I have investigated the charge ofthe ABC union against the XYZ company and my investigation indicates that the facts are thus and so.Would you issue a complaint?" What he is doi;ig reallyis presenting to the Board a situation or a problem verymuch like the problem which is presented to a trialjudge on a demurrer. That is, one party to the lawsuitsays in his pleading, "The defendant did thus and so,"and the other party says, "I admit for the purposes ofthe argument that I did thus and so, but I still saythat it does not make a case."If the regional director has concluded from his investigation of the case that the facts are thus and so, whatharm is there in his presenting that problem to the Boardfor the Board's advice? Must we somehow or other goon and waste the money of the government and the timeof these litigants proving facts which if they, had beenpresented to the Board, there would be no case. What isthere that is so inherently unintelligent about our legalsystem that you can be criticized for allowing that sortof a sifting process to be taken?We give the director our advice. We say, "On thesefacts, we would issue a complaint," or, "We would issuea complaint as to items one, four and five, but not as toitems two and three." He acts accordingly. A trialexaminer is sent out from Washington to preside overthe hearing and the case is prosecuted before the trialexaminer by the Board's regional attorney. The re- CHICAGO MAGAZINEgional director who made that investigation and whosent that report to the Board never has another whackat that case. If it turns out, as it very often does, thatthe things which the regional director or his investigatorthought the witnesses would testify to they will nottestify to at all, but perhaps on cross examination theytestify to quite the contrary, it is that testimony whichgoes into the record.I can say as honestly as I stand here that when thatcase comes back to the Board for its ultimate decision Iindulge no presumption whatever in the truth of thatpreliminary report which the regional director sent into me many months before. I go completely by whatwas proved by the sworn testimony and exhibits at thetrial of the case. Why shouldn't I? Why should I beany more affected by that preliminary statement than ajudge of a trial court should be affected by the plaintiff's pleading which the judge had held was good againsta demurrer? What difference does it make to mewhether the regional director's preliminary report turnedout to be true or false? If they too often turn out tobe false, of course, we would conclude that the regionaldirector wasn't a very good investigator and that heprobably wasn't a good enough regional director to keephis job.I should have said that most of the cases which cometo the Board for decision have not been up at the demurrer stage and indeed, most frequently the first timeI ever hear the name of a case is when I pick up thedocket for the oral arguments for a certain day and Isee there that the XYZ company is arguing before uswith reference to its case, and by that time the recordis all made. We hear the oral arguments, we considerthe record and decide the case.So, I am wholly unaware of the fact that I was outtrial examining and that I was out investigating and thatI was doing all these numerous functions, which, in fact,I was not doing, and had nothing to do with, exceptthe selection of the personnel who should do it and theobservance of their work over a period.I am somewhat surprised at Mr.. Ballard's thinkingnow that there is a serious problem about trial examiners. We have in Washington a Chief Trial Examinerwho is in charge of the trial examiners. He is directlyresponsible to the Board, and I say that to point out thathe is not responsible to the General Counsel of theBoard, who directs the prosecution of the case, or tothe assistant General Counsel, who has charge of theanalysis and the review of the cases. He has no connection with any other branch of the Board's work.We have used altogether about one hundred differentindividuals and have settled down to a permanent staffof somewhat more than thirty trial examiners. All except two or three are lawyers. Most of them were country general practitioners. They are not highly paid and,therefore, are probably not of the caliber of the SupremeCourt Judges or even of judges in trial courts in metropolitan centers. They are good, honest men, all of whosepast experience has indicated that their judgment is asfair and as sound as that of the rest of us.What they do is to moderate these hearings and pre-(Continued on Page 35)ATHLETICS AND EDUCATION;The University s Proposal to the Big TenTHE determination of the University to conductathletics as an educational enterprise, without recourse to artificial stimulation, has been so consistently demonstrated over a long period that there isnow little opposition from within or without. In theheadline sports, such as football and basketball, Chicagoteams long since have ceased to be championship possibilities. In the minor sports, where numbers are notimportant, and in which the high schools are not intensive training grounds, Chicago has a fine record. Inwater polo, fencing, gymnastics, and especially tennis,Maroon teams consistently are champions.At the spring meeting of the Intercollegiate Conference (the Big Ten) Dean George A. Works and NelsonMetcalf, Director of Athletics, presented a memoranduminquiring into the attitude of the conference towardchanges in the existing eligibility rules for Chicago athletes, and solely for Chicago. In brief, the memorandum reaffirmed the University's interest in the educational desirability of athletics, including intercollegiatecompetition. It pointed out that in non-athletic studentactivities no restrictions are placed on participation. Bycontrast, the restrictions on participation in intercollegiate competition seem educationally unsound. Thatconclusion is inescapable in view of the fact that but750 men, or 20.3 per cent of the male students in theUniversity during Spring Quarter just concluded, are eligible for competition. Altogether, there are in the University 3,524 men, including 167 in Rush Medical College.Fifty-two per cent, 1,834, are undergraduates, but ofthese 458 are freshmen and 935 are transfer studentsin the junior or senior years. The total of 750 eligiblesis made up of 441 men beyond the freshman year whoare not transfers, and approximately 300 transfers whohave completed the year's residence required for intercollegiate eligibility.If athletics is a phase of education, the University'sbelief is it should be a phase open to all interested students. The inquiry was directed to the Big Ten becausemodification of its eligibility rules is necessary to openintercollegiate competition to the students who are nowbarred. Chicago could, of course, withdraw from theconference, but sees no good reason for doing so.The conference, in theory at least, is not a playingleague; it is an association of universities which mutually provide and enforce standards for athletic competition on an amateur basis by bona fide students. Therules which have been established rest on experience dating back to 1896, when the conference was first formedwith Chicago as a leading participant in the movement.But, as the memorandum points out, times havechanged. The small percentage of male students eligiblefor intercollegiate competition at Chicago is in large parta reflection of changes in the educational organization ofthe country. Of these changes, the Big Ten has taken no cognizance thus far. Four-year high schools andfour-year colleges, the only educational organizationknown until the twenties, and based on what President.Hutchins has described as a misapprehension, are beingrapidly replaced by educational inventions such as thejunior and senior high schools and the junior college.The transfer students from the two-year junior collegeswhich are springing up all over the country represent anew phenomenon. It so happens that the University,committed to a policy of experimentation in education, isone of the first to adjust itself to this changing organization, to which it has given considerable impetus. Temporarily, therefore, the University is not typical neitheras to its classification of students nor its organization.But, as the memorandum prophesied, other members ofthe Big Ten certainly will encounter, in the not distantfuture, the effects of this changing system.The general proposals of the University to the conference, so as to adjust its athletic plan to the needs andstatus of its students, were that it be permitted to openits intercollegiate squads to all bona fide students, except for three groups. Freshmen would be ineligible, asat present, because their first year is a period of adjustment in which they have little time or energy for outsideactivities. Professional athletes would be barred in thesport in which they are professional, but not in any other.Students who have had three years of competition in anyone sport would be barred in that sport, on the theorythat they already have gained the major educationalbenefits of participation. Men whom the deans or thedirector of the Student Health Service saw fit to barfrom participation also would be ineligible. These proposals would permit playing of graduate students andtransfer students without restriction.The University told the conference that in its judgment these proposals would not materially increase thecompetitive effectiveness of its teams. There might besome slight gain from the use of transfer students ; perhaps three or four a year might be added to the footballsquad for an extra season of competition. But few outstanding athletes transfer once they have started theircompetition ; they prefer to remain where they are established. Junior college students have relatively few toprank athletes, for these start in an institution in whichtheir competitive period is unbroken. Most graduatestudents have no interest in the highly competitive sports.They are intent on their degrees, and their time for otheractivities is small. Occasionally there might be a golferor swimmer among the graduates who had not competed three years as an undergraduate, but the likelihood of an All-America tackle being found among thecandidates for a Ph.D. is obviously remote. For severalyears, graduate students have played on various informalChicago teams, such as ice hockey, handball, and squash.No immediate expression of attitude was requested of1920 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe conference on the proposals, but action probably willbe taken in December. The combined faculty-athleticdirector group voted to give the plan its "sympatheticconsideration." That vote, on the whole, expresses thegeneral reaction of the other members of the Big Ten.Most of them would not object if Chicago's competitiveposition were improved, and even if they thought thebroader base of participation would strengthen Chicagoteams, they would not reject the plan for that reasonalone. There was evident some apprehension about theprecedent of making an exception to the existing rulesfor Chicago's sake alone, for fear that some other members, with large graduate student bodies might becometoo powerful if the same privilege were later extendedto them. Certainly there was no disposition to challenge the University's good faith in making the pro posals, and no imputation of a sly motive. In Chicago'spresent situation, the proposals are sensible; and theymay also be pertinent to the conditions of the other institutions in a relatively few years.What the conference will decide is problematical. Itmay be that permission will be given Chicago to try itsformula on an experimental basis for a period of a fewyears. Or the plan, because of its complications to theexisting order, may be rejected in part or in its entirety.To those who have been gloomily predicting the abolition of intercollegiate competition at the University, theproposals may afford some comfort as evidence of aninterest they have inclined to doubt. The inquiry likewise should serve to dispel the rumors that the University of Chicago would withdraw abruptly from theBig Ten.THE CASSELS AND THE MURPHYS;Bright in Football, Basketball, Tennis and TrackTWO sets of brothers did their best to steal theshow in the athletic year 1938-39 at Chicago, andthey laid their hands on no inconsiderable heapof success in the attempt.The Clarendon Hills Cassels boys, Jim and Bob, andthe Maryland Avenue Murphy boys, Bill and Chet, allgraduating seniors, were outstanding Chicago delegatesin football, basketball, tennis, and track.Among them they set onenew Big Ten record, wonthree Big Ten individualchampionships, won the Conference medal and the William A. Bond medal, broughtone of Chicago's three conference championships to theMidway, and overcame suchhandicaps as an injuredknee, ineligibilities, and themumps.This is not to say thatthere were no other outstanding athletes at Chicagoin the departed year. WalterMaurovich, Lewis Hamity,'Bob Wasem, and John Davenport, in football; Jim Anderson, in swimming; JoeStampf and Dick Lounsbury,in basketball ; Ed Gustafson,in fencing; and Cliff Gramer, in baseball (not to mention Robert E. "Remy" Meyer, who won letters in threesports, football, basketball, and baseball), accountedwell for themselves. Chicago won Big Ten water polo,fencing, and tennis championships. Mauger all this, however, the representatives of theCassels and Murphy tribes were remarkable. In thecase of the Cassels the brothers were carrying on thetraditions of cousin Bill Cassels and his father Bert Cassels, both formerly athletic performers at the University.TIMECONFERENCE CHAMPIONS BILL AND CHET MURPHYThe Murphy boys, on the other hand, thought it allup on their own hook.Jim Cassels was the first to take the spotlight, although as a football lineman he didn't take a great deal.It is the well-known fate of the lads who take theTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 21grinding at the bottom of the pile to be watched attentively by the line coach and the high school boys inthe West Stand, but by few others. Jim developedfaster as a center than any other candidate for theposition. An injury took him out of the lineup and hecame back as a tackle, a position at which his game wasagain of first-string calibre.After Jim Cassels had won his letter and finished hishour upon the stage, Chet Murphy walked on, masquerading as a member of the basketball team, althougheveryone knew he was a tennis player. Presently BillMurphy and Captain Bob Cassels became eligible andthe three who were to finish what Jim Cassels startedwere all playing together onthe same basketball team,which in accordance with predictions by Yancey T. Bladeand others, improved itsrecord of the previous year,climbing out of the Big Tencellar to a seventh-place tie.Cassels. captain and athird-year veteran basketballplayer, had been expected toshow well, but the dependable Murphy combination atguard startled everybody except Bill and Chet. Althoughthe Murphys were seniors,they were freshmen as far asthe basketball team was concerned, since they had notplayed since their era at Tilden Technical high school.Pounding along toward theseason climax, the trio abandoned the basketball floor forthe vaulting standards andthe tennis courts. Bob Cassels, captain this time of thetrack team, didn't look like achampion at the start. Rated a thirteen feet vaulter,he had last year won a Big Ten outdoor place. WithMilton Padway, of Wisconsin, regularly doing six oreight inches better than Bob's best, his chances did notbring very favorable odds. Long-shot Cassels, however,outclassed at the beginning of indoor practice by sophomore Ed Davidson, came through in the Big Ten indoor meet with a thirteen feet, six inch marker, placing third, behind Padway and sophomore Ed Thistle-thwaite, of Northwestern.The "phenomenal improvement," as the Cassels risewas later termed, was not immediately apparent. Bobwent to Des Moines for the Drake relays for the nextstep, which consisted of clearing the bar at thirteenfeet, eight inches, tying Padway and two other non-BigTen men. He carved two more one-inch notches inhis pole when he beat Thistlethwaite in a Chicago-Northwestern dual meet, topping thirteen feet, ten inches.In the conference meet, Cassels, now regarded a bitapprehensively by the rest of the boys, shoved in all hischips and cleared fourteen feet, two and three-quartersCONFERENCE CHAMPION BOB CASSELSinches, setting a new Big Ten record, beating Padwayand Thistlethwaite, winning the conference title, breathing easily, and breaking his pole. (The old mark setby Vern McDermott, of Illinois in 1930 was thirteenfeet, ten and three-eighths inches.) Perhaps the mostamazing thing about the Ann Arbor showing was theease with which Cassels broke the record. Apparentlynever pushed, he cleared each marker on his first attempt, conscious that this was der Tag as far as hisBig Ten days were concerned.Now to backtrack to where the Murphys were finishing the basketball season, thwarted by a childhoodailment known commonly as the mumps. Chet got themfirst, in time to eliminate hisplay from the last few basketball contests. Bill caught themin time to prevent his accompanying his tennis team matesto the Deep South on the firstnon-Big Ten trip ever takenby a Chicago net team.Once the regular season began, little eventful befell thetwins until, in a dual meetwith Northwestern on the Chicago courts Chet Murphy,playing in the No. 1 place,recorded his first Big Tensingles loss, to Wildcat MarvWachman. Bill in the previous year lost his only Big Tensingles encounter to Wachman. This, as far as annalsof the twins go, was about allthat happened. In otherwords, Bill and Chet won alltheir doubles matches, completing three years without aconference defeat, and lost noother singles engagements.Bill injured his back in thereturn meet with Northwestern, but Chicago won, 8-1.Otherwise the boys serenely passed their third season ofdemonstrating the efficacy of twins as doubles partners,still the big frogs in the little Big Ten puddle.In closing for the year, there is here appended a littlejingle by that inveterate Maroon sports hanger-on,Yancey T. Blade, entitled "Ah, Fame !" :Oh, the Cassels and the MurphysScratched the athletic surface ;Their exploits brought forth a deafening response.But since breezin' through the seasonThey have reached the age of reason,They laugh at fame which conked 'em on the sconce.THE MAROON SCOREBOARDBASEBALL TENNISChicago 11 — 3 Minnesota Chicago 2— 0 IlllinoisChicago 4 — 11 Minnesota Chicago 9— 0 IowaChicago 3 — 4 Northwestern Chicago 7 — 1 MinnesotaChicago 2 — 10 Wisconsin Chicago 7 — ¦ 2 NorthwesternChicago 0 — 9 Wisconsin Chicago 8 — 1 NorthwesternChicago 0 — 10 Northwestern GOLFTRACK Chicago 7^—10^ PurdueChicago 60 — 56 Northwestern Chicago 13y2—loy2 IowaIN MY OPINIONFRED BProfessor ofUnIF I WERE a statistician, I should be able to statewith certainty that this is the ninety-ninth or theone-hundredth column I have written for TheUniversity of Chicago Magazine. As it is, I can sayonly that this is my final contribution to a series thatbegan in November, 1927, and has continued regularlyever since. Since this is my valedictory, I may perhaps be forgiven if Iindulge in some unusually personalrecollections.As I look back over the decade Ispent as a member of the Departmentof English at the University of Chicago, it emerges as the most stimulating and productive period in myacademic life. In the eight years(1919-27) I had spent at CarnegieTech, I had had a more diverting timethan I ever expect to have in anyacademic institution. I found the mostdelightful and gay colleagues I haveever known in the College of Fine Artsthere, and among the talented studentswere many whose names now makenews in the world of the theater andthe art museum. But in a technical school, academicstudies are fifth wheels to educational coaches, and,although my courses in Thomas Wood Stevens' Department of Drama gave me a chance to put a pedagogicaluse my lifelong devotion to the drama and the stage,there was little incentive for a member of the Englishdepartment to do anything except teach and amuse himself after hours.The transition to Chicago in the summer of 1927 meantpassing to an academic environment that offered innumerable opportunities to embark on projects related orsubsidiary to teaching. First of all, there were attractivenew courses to be worked up: in the Summer Quarterof 1927, Introduction to the Study of Shakespeare andContemporary British Literature. It was the lattercourse that proved to be the greater influence on mywork. Contemporary literature had long been a normalavocation for me, but the Renaissance I regarded as my"period." As the years passed however, and I did moreand more contemporary critical writing, ProfessorBaskervill encouraged me to initiate graduate courses andto announce a program of work for the master's degreein English literature since 1900. So, in the autumn of1935, I offered English 376 for the first time, and followed it by two seminars for potential specialists in thisfield. When I left Chicago in the spring of 1937, I wasplanning in the following year to conduct seminars inT. S. Eliot and James Joyce, almost certainly the firstgraduate courses to be offered anywhere in these significant authors. The development of graduate work MILLETTEnglish, Wesleyaniversity • By FRED B. MILLETT, PhD '31in this field was certainly one of the most promising ofProfessor Baskervill's innovations. That the field wasattractive to young and enthusiastic students was apparent in the number of them who took master's degreesin it in 1936 and 1937. It has the advantage of immediacy of appeal, accessibility of materials, freshness,novelty, and multiplicity of unsolvedcritical problems. The continuation ofthis work at Chicago ought to haveimportant effects on teaching, study,and research, not only in the MiddleWest but wherever Chicago's influencepenetrates. It ought to discourage thehardy custom of limiting courses incontemporary literature to authorscontemporary with the professor butmediaeval to most of his students. Itought to make it apparent to bothteachers and students that the Englishdrama did not end with Sheridan orEnglish poetry with Rudyard Kipling.From the moment of my return toChicago to the day of my departure, Ihad some responsibility as the head ofa dormitory. While those ancientedifices were still masculine abodes, I was the titularruler of Gates from 1927 to 1930 and of Blake from 1930to 1931. I confess that I took my administrative dutiesrather lightly. Gates was a sort of rabbit warren, architecturally devised to produce the maximum amount ofnoise with the minimum effort. Residents clatteringdown from the fifth floor to the first made a racket fargreater than that caused by the Nude Descending a•Staircase. Two telephones (or was it one?) servedninety students, and the consequent din was appalling,despite an ingenious system of bookkeeping that earnedpin-money for those who answered the telephone mostfaithfully. But aside from knowing the residents byname and preserving some semblance of order, the headassumed no civilizing function. Water fights were thebane of my existence, and I still recall returning froma Memorial Day canoe trip to discover the third andfourth floors of Gates Hall well-nigh waterlogged.The opening of Burton and Judson Courts in theautumn of 1931 raised the tone of residential life throughout the campus. These handsome buildings have probably done more to create a communal life at Chicagothan any other socializing project of the University. Theintellectual stimulus of visits by such famous personsas Alfred North Whitehead, Sir Arthur Eddington,Thornton Wilder, and Gertrude Stein was less important than the experience of living for long periods inbeautiful commodious buildings where the tone wasfairly formal without being ceol, and moderately decorous without being stiff. For me, the six years I spent22THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 23as Senior Head of the Residence Halls for Men wereinvaluable for the easy and habitual contacts with agreat variety of gifted students, the development of anumber of social techniques, and the experience of establishing and maintaining a considerable degree of civilization in the communal life of a large but almost constantly shifting group. There I learned to face withequanimity a great many social situations which I shouldhave fled from earlier. I shall always consider the climax of such situations my acting as Master of Ceremonies for the floor show at our formal dinner-dance inthe Winter Quarter of 1937.But the scene of my activities in Chicago was notlimited to either the classroom or my comfortable if strategically located suite above the Judson Court gate. TheUniversity is the most stimulating place I have everfound, because it is the University of Chicago. Gradually, I came to see the whole Chicago area as fairlyclosely related to my academic existence, not only because it was the home province of many of my studentsbut because it offered me other exceedingly rewardingcontacts. Not the least valuable of my Chicago experiences came from the opportunity Dean Huth gave meto learn to deal with the eager and attentive audiencesthat came to hear me talk about contemporary Americanor English literature in the dim amphitheater of Fuller-ton Hall. Though the public lecture perhaps encourages the overdevelopment of platform arts, it is, I believe, a legitimate and reputable service faculty memberscan render the community. I was always gratified tofind in my audiences at the Art Institute alumni andalumnae who were keeping in touch with the Universityby this means. My agreeable experiences in FullertonHall led to wider activities on the lecture platform, notonly in Chicago itself but in places as remote as Indianapolis, Duluth, and Norfolk, Nebraska. Certainlythe strangest and most satisfying of these events werethe two series of lectures I gave, by means of some ingenious mechanism, to the Chicago Society for the Hardof Hearing!But I am most grateful to my Chicago associates forthe incentive they gave me to write more regularly andsystematically than I had ever written before. As anundergraduate at Amherst, I had felt some urge to imaginative writing, but I never suffered from delusions ofgrandeur as to my future as a creative writer. But asyears of teaching — at Queen's University and CarnegieTech — accumulated, I found myself writing, not onlyterm papers and scholarly articles and a doctor's thesis,but a considerable number of occasional and criticalpieces. It was not, however, until I returned to Chicagothat I began literary-historical writing on any scale. Theinvitation from Professor Manly and Miss Rickert tobring out a second edition of their Contemporary American Literature led to its completion and publication in1929. Later, my energetic and productive young colleague, Jed Bentley, persuaded me to collaborate withhim on The Art of the Drama (1935) and The Play'sthe Thing (1936). My deepening concern with twentieth-century English literature prepared the way formy taking over the responsibility for the third edition ofManly and Rickert's Contemporary British Literature (1935). Such stimulating associations and opportunities would almost certainly never have been mine in another academic environment. I fondly believe that theirinfluence upon me will persist.The most pleasurable and least laborious opportunityfor regular composition was given me by the benign editors of The University of Chicago Magazine. Mylong and delightful association with the Magazine begancasually enough with an article on the experimental novelwritten for Allen Heald and published in the early autumn of 1927. The suggestion that I become a regularcontributor also came from him, and his editorial successors have imitated his tolerance. The writing of ninearticles a year on any subject that interested me hasgiven me a very much needed self-confidence and nolittle facility. The experience has apparently been moreprofitable to me than to my "readers." For most of myfan-mail has come from correspondents who were annoyed rather than charmed by my opinions. But hostileattention is more flattering than no attention at all, andI still treasure the indignant communications of an alumnawho thought I had undervalued the delights of countrylife, of another who disapproved of my frank admissionthat symphonic music bores me, and of the very hotalumnus who resented, in several thousand words, myattack on the Legion of Decency. (Incidentally, whathas happened to that formidable censorious organization?) Thus, I have been grateful even for exasperatedreaders, and it is with reluctance, regret, and deep appreciation of written or unwritten approbation or disapprobation that I bid an audience, choice though few,Hail and Farewell !A T the 89th commencement of Lawrence College Harry A. Millis,' ' Ph.D. '98, professor emeritus of economics at the University(right), was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws forhis work as teacher and public servant. He was presented for thedegree by his son, John S. Millis, 74, Ph.D. '31, Dean of LawrenceCollege. (For other degrees, see News of the Quadrangles.)BREAKING WITH TRADITIONALISM;My Chicago : Fifth Prize in Manuscript ContestIN all probability I should neverhave known the city of Chicagobut for the University. I havenever been one of those with moneyfor travel, and "my Chicago" is preeminently the University. Two features of the University drew me there,the summer session and the DivinitySchool. The fact that courses in Semitic languages were offered in Summer Quarter was the determining factor.Born and reared in the South, I wasinevitably a conservative. A graduateof a denominational college in my native state, Alabama, I entered a newtheological institution in New Orleanson its opening day, where my trainingwas even more traditional and reactionary than in college. It was myprivilege to be awarded the first degree granted by the new school. I had learned someGreek in college, and, as a minister, I wished to be ableto read the entire Bible in the original languages. Indeference to such an ambition some of my teachers volunteered to give extra lessons in Greek and Hebrew.Having secured the Master's degree, I was still not satisfied. Without any official authorization by the trusteesthe faculty outlined a course of work that seemed tothem worthy of a Doctor of Theology. When this hadbeen completed and the thesis finished, the trustees authorized it, and for two years I was the only holder ofsuch a degree from the institution.By this time I had been employed as a teacher of be-gining Hebrew, which had become a regular part of thecurriculum. But I knew, in a vague sort of way, whatmany another to this day is unwilling to admit, thateducational standards in the South are not equal to thoseof the North and East. So I yearned to know somethingof what additional knowledge was available elsewhere.I was ready and eager to devote a lifetime to the workI had begun in the young institution. To this end Iwould secure the best possible equipment.It was this desire that^ led me to the University ofChicago in the summer of 1925. Some will recall thatsummer as the summer of the Scopes trial in Dayton,Tennessee. I watched the contest between William J.Bryan and Clarence Darrow with eagerness. Little didmy teachers realize how I winced under some of theirinnocent remarks concerning it. My sympathies were allwith Mr. Bryan and for an arch conservative this summer in the camp of the enemy was a very trying one.Well do I recall a chapel talk by A. Eustace Haydon, whoJAMES E. DEAN • By JAMES E. DEAN, PhD '30expressed for the fundamentalists thegreatest sympathy voiced by anyspeaker that summer. It has ever sincebeen a comforting, steadying thoughtthat one so advanced as he can alsohave such a kindly attitude towardthose whose viewpoint is so different.After Bryan's death I read his "great"speech that had been intended to makemince-meat of Darrow and all his ilk.I was disappointed; I could see manyweaknesses in his argument. This wasthe beginning of my disillusionment.But it was not the end.As I look back I rejoice that I wasexposed to the new knowledge by degrees. While in Chicago this firstsummer I longed to hear again thevoice and the sentiments of Byron H.DeMent. When the quarter wasended and that privilege was mineonce more, I could evaluate his words more rationallyand exactly than formerly. I could see clearly now thatthere was a depth to "Northern" thinking not found inthe public utterances of my beloved preceptor in theSouth. The second summer I could appreciate the University more than before. And so the process of readjustment and development went on. I never lost appreciation of my Southern confreres, and was delighted tolearn how their private thoughts largely agreed with myown. I early recognized the wisdom of always beingvery cautious in expressing any new or variant sentiments of my own. Since I was teaching Hebrew andan outline Bible course I was fairly safe. In the Hebrew class there was no alternative to any of the propositions advanced. In the outline course there were otherteachers who dealt more in detail with the same material,and when any "dangerous" question arose I would suggest that it did not come within my province inasmuchas I was dealing merely with the outline of the story.When I entered the University it was with the specific purpose of securing the Ph.D. degree. The lateJ. M. P. Smith was my faculty adviser. The final reportswere pleasing. I wrote to learn what bearing these gradeshad on the future. His reply was kind but frank : "I ampretty sure that you, in the course of time, could acquirea reasonable familiarity with the known facts of oursubject, but I say frankly that as yet I have no reasonto feel any certainty that you have a creative, constructive type of mind which ultimately achieves the Ph.D.I trust that it is there, but it has not yet been demonstrated to my satisfaction. I may be slow in recognizingit." In spite of the rather unpromising outlook I returned to the Divinity School.24THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 25The modern language requirements were easily disposed of, and a line of investigation for the thesis wasagreed on. By the summer of 1930 my work on TheScholia of Bar Hebraeus on the Books of Ezekiel andDaniel was virtually completed. It was a commentaryon two books of the Old Testament by the last greatfigure of the Syrian Jacobite Church, composed shortlybefore 1300 A. D., in his native tongue. I arrived onthe campus in June, with no thought of bringing backa diploma. But a great surprise awaited me. A long,repetitive letter from the new head of my school in NewOrleans was the first piece of mail to reach me after arriving in Chicago. Certain of my students had gone tothe president with complaints about my teaching. Theformer head of my department had resigned, and I hadbeen given new classes and new responsibilities. Nolonger could I sidestep dangerous issues.But, the president was inexperienced as an educator;a year or so as head of this institution constituted hissole experience of the kind. He always seemed to mefar more concerned that I please my students than thatthey study their subject. This is the background forsuch statements as : "My hope and expectation were thatnothing more of this nature would occur, and that noutterance of yours could possibly be given as indicatingthe slightest divergence from the standards and beliefsof Southern Baptists. . . . Should you find yourself outof accord, then you should resign; and if I become convinced that you are, then it is my duty to bring it toyour attention and to our Committee on Instruction andthrough them to our Trustees ... if you believe as thefirst report indicated, then either you are in the wrongplace or I am inj the wrong place. ... If you are notabsolutely in accord with Southern Baptists . . . thensomething definite and positive will have to be done."Facing such danger, I naturally sought counsel. Ibrought the letter to one of my teachers and he carriedit at once to Dean Shailer Mathews. They decided thatthis was the crowning bit of evidence that I had burstthe bonds of traditionalism, and might safely be awardeda degree. By working strenuously I put my thesis intofinal form and prepared for the oral examination. Theresult was that I returned South, the only man on thefaculty with a Ph.D. degree. There were some whogenuinely appreciated the distinction. Between my colleagues on the faculty, with the sole exception of thepresident and myself there was much harmony and mutual understanding. But the one key man was restless.My honest and straightforward reply to his letter of theprevious June had compelled him to respond: "I amhastening to express my appreciation of the gracious wayin which you wrote and of the fine spirit manifested.Your fetter pleased me and seemed to me to say justwhat we would desire of one . . . who is carrying theresponsibility of training leaders for Southern Baptists.,,I never attached great significance to these words. Imerely acted as prudently as I was capable, and awaitedthe consequences. They came swiftly enough. Thepresident of the trustees had been heard to boast thathe had the same conception of the Scriptures as when hefirst read his Bible at the age of nine. As thetempest brewed, I would not, by resigning, give any color to charges. And so my services were abruptly terminated in the middle of the year, in January, 1931. Thesole charge was that my views were "at variance withthe views of Southern Baptists."Thus "excommunicated" in so far as a Southern Baptist can be excommunicated, opportunities for a place oflabor in the South were practically nil. Just at thisjuncture there was an opening in the Oriental Instituteon the University Quadrangles and it was my privilegeto serve there for two years as research assistant in OldTestament, working on the Peshitta project. Duringthis time I also edited Epiphanius' Treatise on Weightsand Measures, published by the University Press inOctober, 1935. This is really a biblical handbook, containing all sorts of curious lore, composed about 400 A.D.My time was up in the middle of 1933, and no teaching position could be found anywhere in that bottomyear of the depression. I returned southward withoutpromise and largely without hope. It was only aftersome three years of waiting that a bit of good fortunecame. At the outset I had refrained from rushing tothe daily press with my misfortunes, and then I foundour Baptist papers afraid to allow me any word of explanation. But after five long years a series of developments, in which the Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatchand the Birmingham (Ala.) Age-Herald had a share,forced the matter into the open. I was given abundantspace to tell what had happened "behind closed doors."I had been advised by loyal friends to keep quiet, but itwas only after this public airing of the matter that Ibecame pastor of a county-seat church in the heart ofthe old black belt of my native state. For sixty yearsthere was a Methodist college in this town, and the resulting culture makes it possible to tell the old, oldstory in words of the twentieth century.If I were disposed to repine I could truthfully say thatChicago caused me to lose the best position it has everbeen mine to hold. If I had never unlearned fundamentalism I would be there to this day. When the finalbreak came the bitterest taunt that a trustee could utterdid me greatest honor : "I didn't know we had a ShailerMathews on the faculty." From the beginning I knewthere was genuine danger in attending the University,and I had a stock answer for every inquiry : "I am goingto Chicago to study language, not theology." This wasliterally true, but it was harder to keep the two separatethan I had expected. It is one of my fondest memoriesto recall how the vast majority of my class in New Orleans readily gave up the traditional allegorical interpretation of the Song of Songs and accepted it for whatit obviously is — a collection of wedding songs such as arein use in the East to this day.I retain a cherished list of the signatures of those students who, in face of possible danger to their own future,dared to stand beside their teacher and plead in hisdefense. It was one of this number who spoke the wordsthat brought an invitation to my present post, and assured the little community that I am no fanatic. Bar-timaeus may have seen many things after his blindnesswas taken away that caused him pain, but surely henever yearned for the old darkness again. Such is mycase. Chicago opened my eyes.THOUGHTS ON MEDICAL EDUCATION:AS alumni and faculty of the medical school of theUniversity of Chicago, we are all interested ineducation in general and in medical education inparticular. I should like to invite your attention tocertain considerations which have been in my mind recently.Primarily, a university is neither a library nor aresearch institute ; it is a builder of men. The preservation and accumulation of knowledge merely for the sakeof bigger and better libraries is not true education.Knowledge and education, if they are to be effective,must become living forces. The motto of the Universityof Chicago is "Let knowledge grow from more to moreand thus be human life enriched." The emphasis is notupon knowledge itself but upon human life and its enrichment. And so the purpose of education is not morevolumes or more knowledge but more educated men.Universities have been variously defined, but in the finalanalysis they are measured by the men they produce ;and men are measured by their contribution to the progress of the world and by their contribution to theirfellow men.The education of a man begins with the educationof the child, and it never ends. The basic problem ofeducation is to teach the child and the man how to thinkclearly, to analyze, and to correlate — to think objectivelyto the end that he may live happily and accomplish histask. In the process of learning, facts are necessary forthey are the building stones of orderly thought. Eachstudent must assimilate the essence of the accumulatedknowledge of the race. He cannot be left to do thisentirely on the basis of his own trial and error experience, for life is too short. Biologically, ontogeny repeats phylogeny in a few months of embryonic life, butculturally, years are required for the individual to recapitulate his cultural heritage. One of the functions of education is the acceleration of this process. Education mustalso develop the enthusiasm, the maturity of mind, andthe independence of spirit essential for the even more important mental process of original and creative thought.I shall not stop to discuss in detail the elementary,high school, or college periods of education, importantas they are, except to state rather categorically thatwhile they must be improved in quality, they cannot belengthened in time. The medical student should reachhis life work earlier, not later. He should reach it whilehis enthusiasm is still fresh and his youthful spirit ofinvestigation not yet worn down by the routine of courseand time requirements.A number of arguments are raised in favor of thelong college course. One is that the physician must firstbe a man of culture. Culture is to possess manifesteducation and refinement. I assume that the essence ofculture is intelligence — educated, refined intelligence.The physician should be a man of culture, but two ques-*Read before the South Side Medical Alumni, June 9. • By WALTER L PALMER, '18, MD *2I, PhD '26tions arise: First, if a man has no taste for culture,will four years of college provide it? And, second, cannot culture for the physician be gained as an integralpart, or, if you will, as a byproduct of the study ofmedicine? This involves one's concept of medicine — asubject to which I shall return in a moment. Anotherargument for the long college course is the need in thestudy of medicine for a sound foundation in physics,chemistry, mathematics, and language. This argumentis valid, but could not the rudiments of these subjectsbe taught in earlier years of education, and could notthe more advanced portions be brought profitably intomore direct relationship with biology?One of the results of shortening and condensing thepremedical training would be the lessening of the discrepancy which now exists between the various ages ofmaturity. Our students are physically, emotionally, andoften mentally mature several years before they attainoccupational and economic maturity. Maturity in anindividual is, I know, difficult to define ; some of us seemnever to attain it fully; perhaps the term is only relative.Nevertheless, a man in his late teens and early twentiesshould be able to think clearly for himself, to stand onhis own feet, to accept and carry responsibility a gooddeal better than some of us have done in the past. Away should be found for him to begin his life work andto become independent at an earlier age.A moment ago, in mentioning the cultural value ofmedicine, I used the term medicine in its ancient, broadmeaning, not in the restricted sense of clinical medicineor indeed of biologic science, but rather as a genericterm comprising everything related to man : His structure, his function, his disease, his disorders. In thissense medicine is not limited to the so-called biologicsciences. The physical sciences are indispensable to medicine. Can anyone today conceive of medicine withoutphysics, chemistry, the roentgen ray, and rodioactivity ?As Huxley said, "Nothing could be more incorrect thanthe assumption . . . that physics has one method,chemistry another, and biology a third." The social sciences also belong within the fold of medicine. Ifbiologic science includes, as it does, the study of thepeck order of chickens and the social order of termitesand bees, should it not also include the study of thesocial structure of human society? The scientists of thenineteenth century were interested in all of these problems, in all of the various phenomena of so-called naturalscience. In the last fifty years, specialization has proceeded rapidly and it has served a most useful function.Much has been gained by granting independent statusto the so-called daughter sciences of mother medicine.Specialization favors detailed study; it furthers analysis;but analysis should be followed by synthesis. Is it nottime for the fullgrown children of mother medicine togather together and correlate their activities? Should(Continued on Page 28)26TWO JUNE PAPERSA VARIETY of facts and circumstances constantlyremind me that old age is here or is creepingon me. For example, twenty-seven years haveelapsed since I was graduated from Rush Medical College and thirty-two years have elapsed since I beganteaching at the University of Chicago. Moreover, I amcompletely disillusioned.Since teaching and education have been the subject ofdebate and study by a number of committees, with aview to a betterment of the personnel, as well as thecurricula in the College, University and professionalschools, including medicine, I propose to address youbriefly on that subject through John Lancaster Spalding:"Reflection and experience have taught (a teacher)that what he is, is of vastly more worth and import thanwhat he knows; that it is not his knowledge, his eloquence, his tact and skill, which are the true educationalforces, but himself, his mind, his character, his will ....Tlie question of education is much simpler than weimagine, and most of what is written and spoken on thesubject serves but to obscure that which is plain If we would make him (the student) a man, we mustteach him to look and listen, to admire and revere, tothink and will and love." To believe as some do thatany kind of education including medical education consists of a certain number of hours, outstanding textbooks, two to ten courses in any given discipline, andthat the teacher in turn must have had a number ofcourses in the psychology of education or in pedagogy,is fallacious. Such matters are certainly not of primaryimportance. Neither are courses in the methods ofteaching necessary except to 'get an ill-paid job in manycity schools and junior colleges. "Methods and otherdevices are mechanical and. machinery is as powerlessto educate as to propagate life." I doubt whetherSocrates, Galen, Wm. Harvey, Carl Ludwig, ClaudeBernard, Theodore Billroth, Charles Bell, FrancoisMagendie, Julius Stieglitz, H. Gideon Wells, BertramSippy, James B. Herrick, or Dallas Phemister wouldhave profited by them; for "a good teacher will find ordevise good methods, and will employ them with discernment, dealing with each student as an individual soul,unlike any other that exists or has existed Theteacher must know how to deal with human minds, andhis chief concern, therefore, can never be with impartinganything to them however valuable it be, but his studymust be how to open them to the light, how to give themflexibility, how to make them attentive and self-active."If this is not borne in mind or does not exist "all schemes,plans, systems, and methods prove futile in the handsof the incompetent. . . . Education is in a word, thestimulation of life, the rousing of endowments to theactivity, which produces faculty." The men mentionedabove and a few others I have come in contact with knewthese things intuitively, perhaps, but certainly did notprocure their talents from books or courses on pedagogy. > By ARNO LUCKHARDT, "06, PhD 'I I, MD '12It was this innate fire, interest, and enthusiasm whichcaused a member of our Board of Trustees to remarkseveral years ago that he was influenced in his life's workby a certain man and his example rather than by thefacts of the discipline. In fact, he could not at that timerecall what the subject matter really was.Contrast this point of view with that held by too manywho fail regularly to meet their classes, or come ill prepared and who spend the lecture hour by telling goodbut irrelevant stories, increase the number of requiredcourses, use the device of obligatory electives, enthusethe student in the subject matter by a 20 minute discourse on the foibles of their pocket watch, dismiss theclass and send them to the library because a few studentscannot define a certain technical term.Even if I had been charged to paint a picture of thewonderful life of service and professional honor and allthat sort of stuff that soon is to be your very own — thosewho will graduate this spring — I would not do so, evenif I were a Nobel prize winner or a golden-tongued St.John Chrysostom.When I was graduated in 1912, each member of theclass received a printed copy of the "Principles of Medical Ethics of the American Medical Association." Itis really an interesting document to be read about 10years after graduation and then only if you are surethat you have a sense of humor. If so, put it away inyour library temporarily among the facetiae; if not,throw it away promptly to escape the worst of all ofmental depressions — the psychic and abyssmal let downcoming from disillusionment.It is Baltasar Gracian's Truthtelling Manual and theArt of Worldly Wisdom that I would have you read.Like life itself it is full of inconsistencies which you willdetect readily. That book together with your consciencewill suffice for everything other than strictly professionalwork of a technical nature. And, if you don't mind, I'llgive you a few samples scrambled up with a few of myown notions, again with 'quotes' on none except in themanuscript :"A man of principle. Right dealing is finished ; truthis held the liar; good friends are few; for the best ofservice, the worst of pay; and this is the style of theworld over today. Whole nations are committed to evildealing; with one you fear insecurity; with another, inconstancy ; with a third, treason ; wherefore, let this badfaith of others serve you, not as example, but as warning.The peril of the situation lies in the unhinging of yourown integrity, at the sight of such baseness in conduct:but the man of principle never forgets what he is, becauseof what others are."Always stick the wetted finger in the air and actaccordingly for so will come to you all that you desire.An insincere vote for the king or one of his subordinatesis soon forgotten but will be advantageous to you leadingto preferment and a life of ease. Acclaim for indepen-2728 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEdence of thought and action may be recorded posthumously to your credit but, at that time, you are too deepunder the sod or otherwise engaged, to appreciate it.To gain a reputation among the rabble or professionalcolleagues never indicate in the slightest manner yourincompetence on anything nor your autocratic ambitions, and practices, but speak publicly on each and everysubject dogmatising profusely and most emphatically,particularly on such matters that you know least about.If necessary browbeat your inferiors by the volume ofyour voice. Above all remember that well chosen wordsof ridicule are more potent than scientific evidence. Oncearrived thus at a position of vantage, you can trifle withthe truth and thus entrench yourself to the discredit ofthose over whom you have power; for none other willnow be believed but you. By this time you will have toomany supporters at your command bound hand, foot andsoul to testify in your favor. But good judgment mustguide you always so that the chances of being caughtin a lie are most remote. Always carry water on bothshoulders to gain an advantage or to maintain your position of authority but gloss over with vehemence the factthat some water was spilled, should that be detected bythe servile dumb. Always act and speak with the assurance of a Delphian priest and with holy righteousnessbut arrange things so that you can "pass the buck" shouldyour double dealing be detected by the stupid.As Gilbert correctly observed in the Mikado, virtuetriumphs only on the stage ; otherwise virtue will alwaysbe, as in the past, its own reward. You have your choice :Go out and take it or continue to believe in Santa Claus."Deal always as though seen. He is the seeing man,who sees that he is seen, or that he will be seen. Heknows that the walls have ears, and that what is evilbreaks its fetters to go free." If this admonition is notobserved, power, honor or money will avail such a manof dishonest parts nothing, if he have a conscience; forthe latter will brand him to himself as a fraud, hypocrite,and fallen celebrity with clay feet. That will suffice;for a man is, what he really is, to himself.Allow me to conclude with this thought culled from anexperience gathered over a life time at this University,particularly since there was just introduced the conceptof conscience; namely, to find that when you havefinished working in your profession with or withouthonor, fame, or wealth that your conscience will findnothing reprehensible with your endeavors and will permit you to look straight, unperturbed, and even knowingly into the eye of anyone with whom you have haddealings and allow you to say, if necessary, "Go to ."While you recall the last stanza of Kipling's poem, "If,"which, slightly paraphrased, reads as follows:"If you have talked with crowds and kept yourvirtue,Or walked with Kings — nor lost the commontouch ;If neither foe nor loving friend can hurt you,If all men had their value, but none too much;If you have filled each unforgiving minuteWith sixty seconds worth of distance run;Yours zvas the Earth and everything that's in it,And what is more, you were a Man, my son." Medical Education — Palmer[Continued from Page 26)not an attempt be made to give to the medical studenta more coordinated picture of the broad field of naturalscience ?And now what about the strictly medical curriculum?Should it be changed ? The answer a priori is yes, forthere is no progress without change. We must go forward but we must also remember that not all changeis progress. We must not overlook or disregard present values, but we must do better. There is much needfor improvement in our curriculum even though we have,I believe an unexcelled program and unequalled facilities. We have a splendid, hand-picked student body.We have laboratories and patients. We are able togive and do give the students unusual responsibilities andunusual opportunities. I am proud of the product. Butsomehow I think we should do better than we are doing. We should give more men a more complete training than is the case at present. I have in mind training, not only in the elemental facts and theories of nonclinical and clinical medicine, but training in original,independent inquiry and thought. More men so trainedare needed in every branch of medicine, but I am thinking now particularly of the clinical fields. Experiencein independent, constructive analysis and synthesis is ofthe utmost importance to the clinician. Every practitioner is, in a sense, a clinical investigator. We musttrain such men to pursue their natural curiosities, toinquire into the extraordinary phenomena they encounter daily in the practice of medicine ; we must trainand develop the investigative attitude of mind. Thisinvestigative attitude of mind is the essence of progress,not only in clinical medicine, but in all fields of humanendeavor.How is all this to be done ? I do not know. I knowonly that in medical education we must obtain a betterproduct at an earlier age with greater capacities andabilities and with broader views. The problem is onefor us, students, graduates, and faculty to solve. I amsure that Mr. Hutchins and the other administrativeofficers of the University will help in every possibleway, but it is our problem primarily and we must findthe solution. Cooperation is absolutely essential. Afew nights ago, in speaking before the Alumni School,Dean Mathews pointed out that it is difficult to getpeople to unite in constructive effort. It is much easierto get them to organize in opposition to something.This is one of the difficulties inherent in democraticgovernment, in group organizations, in cooperative enterprises such as a university and a medical school. Ifwe are not careful, there is danger of division intonumerous small groups, each fighting earnestly and perhaps somewhat emotionally for its own point of view.The result will be that we shall lose sight of our majorobjectives; constructive efforts will fail because of theweight of inertia and the usual opposition to change;and we shall not progress as we should. We shall notrise to the opportunity that is ours. I am confident,however, that we can work together and that we canfind better solutions to the many problems of medicaleducation than those that have been obtained thus far.NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES• By WILLIAM V. MORGENSTERN, '20. JD '22NEXT autumn the headquarters of the CowlesCommission for Research in Economics will bebrought to the University. Theodore Yntema,professor of statistics, will be director of research of theCommission, and two other members of the faculty,Oskar Lange, associate professor of economics, andH. G. Lewis, newly appointed instructor in economics,will be research associates. The close association of theCowles Commission with the University means that thedepartment of economics, which has a brilliant traditionat Chicago, will become the leading center of the countryfor the study and development of economics as an exactscience. The offices of the affiliated EconometricSociety also will come to Chicago with the Commission.Founded in 1932 by Mr. Alfred Cowles 3rd, theCowles Commission has led the movement, now enlistingmany of the best economists, statisticians, and mathematicians of the world, to integrate economic theory withmathematics and statistics. In this movement one ofthe University's most brilliant economists, HenrySchultz, who was killed last autumn in an automobileaccident in California, took a prominent part. But ithas been the Cowles Commission, through its own activities, and through its impetus to the EconometricSociety, that has given much of the organization andstimulus to this development of economics as a science.The Commission's advisory council consists of well-known economists and statisticians: Arthur L. Bowley,University of London ; Irving Fisher, Yale University ;Ragnar Frisch, University of Norway: Wesley C.Mitchell. Columbia University ; and Carl Snyder, widelyknown for his work with the Federal Reserve Bank ofNew York.Mr. Cowles, graduate of Yale in 1913, is president ofthe Commission, secretary and treasurer of the Econometric Society, trustee of Colorado College and theColorado Springs Fine Arts Center, trustee and vice-president of the Colorado Foundation for Research inTuberculosis, and a director of the Chicago TribuneCompany.In 1930, the University gave weight to PresidentHutchins's thesis that good college teaching was asworthy of academic recognition as was research byawarding cash awards for outstanding teachers. Whenthe depression continued, the awards were suspended,but la^st year an eastern alumnus, who prefers to remainanonymous, revived them with a grift of $75,000, providing for three annual prizes of $1,000 each. A yearago recognition was thus given to William T. Hutchinson, associate professor of American history; Joseph J.Schwab, instructor in biological sciences in the College;and Reginald J. Stephenson, instructor in physics. Byterms of the gift, the winners may not repeat. This yearthe three teachers whose abilities were recognized wereRalph Buchsbaum, instructor in zoology; Clarence H.Faust, associate professor of English; and William C. Krumbein, instructor in geology. Dr. Buchsbaum, aUniversity product who has been on the faculty since1931, has been notably successful as a teacher of thegeneral course in the biological sciences, one of the fourbroad general courses of the College. Professor Faust,also a dean of students in the Humanities Division,joined the faculty in 1930. Dr. Krumbein, AM, '30,and Phd, '32, was apointed to the faculty in 1931.The cause of child welfare lost one of its most willingworkers on June 19 when Grace Abbott died of anemiain Billings Hospital. She was 60 years old. Miss Abbottwas Chief of the Children's Bureau of the United Statesfor fourteen years, serving through four presidentialadministrationsbefore she resigned to cometo the University in 1934 asprofessor ofpublic welfareadministrationin the School ofSocial Serviceadministration.Her sister,Edith, is Deanof the School.Selected in anational pollconducted by amagazine in1931 as one ofAmerica'stwelve most dis-tinguishedwomen, GraceAbbott is unquestionably one of the most influentialwomen in active public service. She served on numerous governmental commissions and committees ; she wasone of the pioneers and leaders in the fight for a childlabor amendment, and for social security legislation. Herstruggles against infant and maternal mortality, childlabor, and juvenile delinquency, are internationallyknown and internationally influential.Born November 17, 1878, in Grand Island, Neb., shereceived her Bachelor's degree from Grand Island College in 1898. After teaching for several years she becamedirector of the Immigrants' Protective League, Chicago,a position she retained until 1917. Meanwhile, in 1909,she took the Master's degree in political science at theUniversity of Chicago. Through 1908-1915, she was aresident of Hull House, Chicago, and was associatedwith Jane Addams in many of Miss Addams' efforts onbehalf of the underprivileged.In 1917 she went to Washington, on an appointmentby President Wilson, to administer the child labor lawGRACE ABBOTT2930 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEof which she had been one of the leading proponents.When this law was declared unconstitutional and herposition as director of the Child Labor Division of theChildren's Bureau abolished, she remained in Washington as secretary of the Child Welfare Conference, conducting a children's year campaign. In 1921, PresidentHarding appointed her Chief of the Children's Bureau,a position she retained until her decision to return toacademic work in 1934.Her published work includes the editorship of bulletinsof the Children's Bureau on infant and child care andtraining, familiar to millions of American mothers, andmany articles and monographs on child welfare, laborlegislation, social security, and other subjects in whichshe is an authority. Last December she published atwo-volume study, The Child and the State, whichalready has been recognized as the authoritative workin the field.The first endowed fellowship in pediatrics at the University has been established by a gift of $25,000 fromthe Benjamin J. Rosenthal Charities. The endowmentwill provide an annual fellowship of approximately$1,000. Benjamin J. Rosenthal, founder of the Rosenthal Charities in 1922, was a prominent Chicago realtorwho died in 1936. The Rosenthal family has long beeninterested in humanitarian work, particularly child welfare and housing. Mr. Rosenthal was elected chevalierof the French Legion of Honor for his assistance toFrench children with tuberculosis. Officers of theRosenthal Charities are Mrs. Rosenthal, and two daughters, Mrs. Gladys Tartiere and Mrs. Elaine Moseley.They established the pediatrics fellowship as a memorial to Mr. Rosenthal. The fellowship is one of severalgifts made by the family to the University, among thema contribution of $1,000 to the Samuel Deutsch Fundof the School of Social Service Administration.Continuing the support it gave last year to broadcasting of economic information, the Alfred P. SloanFoundation has made a grant to the University of$40,000. The gift will be used to improve and experiment with the University of Chicago Round Table, theleading educational broadcast on the air, which reachessome two million listeners every Sunday over 58 stationsof the National Broadcasting Company's Red Network.The Sloan Foundation established by Alfred P. Sloan,Jr., concentrates on "the promotion of a wider knowledge of basic economic truths generally accepted as suchby authorities of recognized standing and as demonstrated by experience, as well as a better understandingof economic problems in which we are today so greatlyinvolved. . . ." The University, in producing the RoundTable broadcasts, is the sole judge of the makeup of theprograms. Last year's grant enabled the University toundertake publication of transcripts of the broadcasts,which now have an average weekly circulation of morethan 4,000. Sherman Dryer, radio director, is currently engaged in an analysis of the Round Table.On June 25, incidentally, the Round Table goes on theair at a new hour, 2 to 2:30 o'clock, Chicago daylightsaving time on the NBC red network, instead of itspresent 1 1 :30 period. And while this section is engaged in radio discussion, it might be well to advise the alumni to dial their local Columbia Broadcasting System station on July 25, 9 to 10 p. m., Chicago daylighttime. CBS and the University are collaborating for alimited period in a new< kind of educational broadcast,and July 25 is the debut date. The new radio show isan experiment, but if it's good, it will be very good; ifnot, it goes off the air.The University recently signed a contract with DanH. Brown, '16, which provides that 20% of the annualroyalties earned by a new milling process — not yetlicensed by its owner, Morris Mills, Inc. — will be turnedover to the University to provide scholarships. Mr.Brown, who is president of Morris Mills, earmarked60% of the 20% for 4-H club members and childrenof members of the American Legion. The milling processowned by Morris Mills incorporates the wheat germ (animportant source of vitamin BI and B2) into whiteflour, which, according to claims for wheat germ flour,means greater nutritive value. When Mr. Brown's giftwill materialize depends upon the success of his organization in selling the process to milling companies.Dr. Hu Shih, Chinese ambassador to the UnitedStates, was awarded the honorary degree of Doctor ofLaws at the June Convocation. The degree was conferred with the following citation : "Eminent representative of an old and rich civilization, in recognition of hisscholarly contributions to history and philosophy andof his leadership in his country's march to join themodern world."Vice-president Frederic Woodward, who presentedDr. Hu the degree, said:"Dr. Hu was the founder of the movement known asthe 'Literary Revolution' in China, which has sought tosubstitute colloquial for classical Chinese as the language of literature. Educated in the United States atColumbia and Cornell Universities, he has made outstanding contributions to higher education in his country as a member of the faculties of Kwang Hua University in Shanghai, Peking National University, andthe China Institute of Woosung. Dr. Hu is not unfamiliar to us at the University; in 1933 he gave theHaskell Foundation lectures here, his subject being,'Cultural Trends in Modern China.' Because of hissignificant achievements in scholarship and his recognizedleadership in Chinese education, he is eminently qualified for the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws."President Hutchins conferred advanced degrees on330 candidates at the morning session. The Bachelor'sdegrees awarded at the afternoon session brought thedegrees conferred at the Summer Convocation to 791,and the total degrees awarded in the four convocationsincluded in the University's academic year to 1,768.The Summer Quarter opened June 21, with the earlyindications pointing to a registration higher thanlast year, when there was a 12 per cent gain. President Harper, who instituted summer schools because ofhis dislike for letting educational facilities go to waste,would probably be surprised by the growth and scope ofhis invention. The summer quarter students, mostlygraduates or advanced students, are offered 703 courses,given by 457 members of the regular faculty and 32visiting instructors. The department of education willTHE UNIVERSITY OFhave its entire faculty in residence during the quarter.Probably the most important trend is represented by thetwelve institutes and two educational "workshops"scheduled this summer. (See the inside front cover forthe July and August program.) The institutes are keyedto the curriculum; providing an intensive survey of afield by authorities, they are supplemented by a seriesof courses which develop the institute programs morefully. The "workshops" were originated by Dr. RalphW. Tyler, head of the department of education. Tothem teachers bring the curriculum problems they havein their schools, and with the assistance given by libraryfacilities, experts in educational technique and subjectmatter, they can work out their own courses. Sothat they may determine just how effective their construction is,- they also devise, under the guidance ofspecialists in examinations, the tests that will gaugetheir workmanship. Of the two "workshops" here thissummer, one is in secondary education- — one of ten projects in the country — and the other is in the college area.Among the honorary degrees which have come tomembers of the University faculty in this recent convocation season are: Charles H. Beeson, professor emeritus of Latin, the LL.D. from Indiana University ; PercyHolmes Boynton, professor of English, the LL.D. fromAmherst, in recognition of his productive work in thefield of American literature; Otto Struve, Director ofthe Yerkes and McDonald Observatories, the Sc.D., conferred by Case School of Applied Science; Robert S.Mulliken, professor of physics, the Sc.D., from ColumbiaUniversity; Harry A. Millis, professor emeritus of economics, the LL.D., conferred by Lawrence College.Dr. John Knox, preacher, author and religious scholar,will join the faculty of the Divinity School of the University as associate professor of preaching this autumn.Associate professor of New Testament at Hartford Theological Seminary, Hartford, Conn., for the last year, Dr.Knox received his A.B. degree from Randolph- Maconin 1919, his B.D. from Emory University in 1925 andhis Ph.D. from Chicago in 1935. He is 39 years old.Notes: Seven refugee students, five of whom alreadyare in the United States, will attend the Universitynext autumn as a result of the scholarship drive of thestudent body, which provided $7,000 for scholarshipsand relief. The University matched with a scholarshipeach $500 raised for the support of a refugee student.. . . The first display of the Max Epstein Art ReferenceLibrary of 160,000 reproductions of art masterpiecesopened in late May. Forming one of the finest collections of its kind, the reproductions constitute an invaluable art library. The collection will be the subjectof an ^article in the October issue of the Magazine. . . .Five of the six winners of the 1939-1940 American Library Association Fellowships will study at the Graduate Library School. ... Three Commonwealth FundFellows will come here in the autumn, one to studypolitical science, one public administration, and one thephilosophical and factual aspects of democracy. TheCommonwealth Fund, reversing the Rhodes scholarships,sends British students and government employees tothe United States for advanced study. CHICAGO MAGAZINE 31Reunion Ruminations(Continued from Page 11)radio announcers were taking their blue pencils in handto delete "We wish you could be here with us underthe brilliant stars . . .," it stopped raining. During theSing (which was held under the brilliant stars after all)it did not rain. BUT, fifteen minutes after the lastblanket was awarded to the last varsity athlete the thunder roared and the rest of the weather, which had beenpiling up during the Sing, was dumped on HutchinsonCourt until the fountain appeared to spread.During the thirty minute broadcast by MBS (wehope you were listening), President Hutchins said coast-to-coast: "I am happy to extend the University's greetings to its alumni everywhere. The Mutual Broadcasting System has generously undertaken to fill the nightwith the music of the 29th University of Chicago Sing.The Sing is more famous as a tradition than a musicalevent. One of the traditions about the Sing is that itnever rains, and I can report that the stars are out overHutchinson Court. The only good singing is done bymy fraternity. The wild moans and cries you will hearare what the other fraternities call singing. But if themusic is not so hot, I can at least assure you that ourhearts are warm, the weather is wonderful, and we wishyou were here." Mr. Hutchins is an Alpha Delta Phi.James Weber ("Teddy") Linn was the second airwave speaker :"They tell me — perhaps you heard it over the radio —this is the 29th Annual Interfraternity Sing. In thatcase I have marched and sung in it 29 times. And yetthey say this is a changing country. Around us hereare pile on pile of magnificent gray granite buildings,purple in the gorgeous night. Well do I remember theday when Dean George Edgar Vincent, later presidentof the University of Minnesota, later chairman of theRockefeller Foundation, laid the cornerstones of thosemonuments of glory, four cornerstones in one day. Hehimself was one of the cornerstones of education in theUnited States — he and William Rainey Harper, HarryPratt Judson, Ernest DeWitt Burton, Max Mason,Robert Maynard Hutchins — yes, and a hundred and ahundred more, who in physics and geology, English andphilosophy, Greek and economics, planned and workedfor the advancement of education on the principle, Tf youwant to uplift, GET UNDERNEATH!'"But learning with loyalty, study with comradeship,that too is the old unforgettable tradition of the University of Chicago. Eat, sing, and be merry, for tomorrow you work once more. Here tonight the boys sing-amidst splendor. So sang 28 years ago, and year byyear since then, other boys who now are men, leaders,workers, thinkers. 'Life is a dome of many-coloredglass.' Bright among those colors, for thousands uponthousands of us, shines the University of Chicago Sing."Vice President Woodward was next with an invitationto all Alumni to attend the fiftieth anniversary of theirAlma Mater in 1941. Harold H. Nelson, Field Director,Oriental Institute, just returned from our Luxor, Egypt,headquarters, was the final speaker, bringing greetingsfrom "the east end of the campus" to those at the "westend of the campus."32 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAnti-Trust Policy — Arnold(Continued from Page 15)tractual and stock-holding devices, we felt it was a violation of the anti-trust laws.The solution meant the elimination of oppressive collection methods, garnishments on pleasure cars after acertain amount had been paid in, and chattel mortgageson other property. And then the companies suggestedthat they needed a fair plan of financing which shouldmeet with the approval of the Department of Justiceand contain fair insurance provisions.That was not a requirement of the Department ofJustice. That was a necessity for Ford and Chryslerif they were to continue their reasonable competition withindependent finance companies. Of course, their firstact was to cancel the franchise of any dealer who didnot enter into these contracts. We thought thatwent too far. You might like a particular financecompany which charged a higher rate of interest, inwhich case you were free to finance your cars throughthat finance company, and the dealer did not have hisfranchise cancelled; and that seems only fair, becausewe are not trying to regulate the industry. We are simply trying to create a fair competitive condition.And so the final decree comes up, and the customer isfree to choose any finance company in the United States.Then the Department says that it is not unreasonablefor Ford and Chrysler, if they want to combine in advertising, to throw the weight of their good will andtheir advertising power behind a fair plan. I thinkthat today we have a situation where competitive conditions can exist, and I do not think that anyone canaccuse the Court of quite such an outrageous violationof the anti-trust laws, nor can anyone accuse the Department of Justice of entering into this decree without, fullnotice to the independent finance companies.The facts are that some concerted action, some combinations, are necessary to get goods around this country. The anti-trust laws are not aimed to destroy theefficiency of mass production; they are not aimed todestroy marketing practices ; and neither are they aimedto cause terrific dislocation where eggs must be unscrambled.Therefore, at some stage or other of any organization,some plan must be devised which business can rely on.It is not one which we dictate. We consistently withhold our advice to business men. We speak throughlegislation, and before the courts. Decrees approved bythe courts become precedents. Precedents mean thatunder similar, situations a similar combination is possible. The Appalachian Coal case, which Mr. Marshallmentioned, involved the approval of just one of thosesimilar combinations.We have stated, and we intend to stick by our statement, that these consent decrees should not be permanent. The Ford and Chrysler decrees are, I think, forfour years. It is perfect nonsense to talk about the Aluminum suit, Ford and Chrysler suit, or any otherof these suits as settlements where new arrangementsmust be met by the Department.These laws may or may not be immoral. I am incharge of enforcing these laws, of clearing the trafficjam which creates a 22% price rise in twelve cities theminute building starts going. The anti-trust laws arethe tools we have, although they may be clumsy. Ishould like very much to get Mr. Marshall to support abill I have drawn up in which we put the whole enforcement machinery into a civil action and avoid this kindof folklore which has been whirled around before youreyes today. You see, the trick is to say, "This isn't atraffic violation; this is like burglary, and therefore youmust have no dealings with a burglar." I should liketo put the whole thing in a single civil action.I admit of no discretion in selecting cases. I havea limited personnel and I am trying constantly to increase that. The discretion, of course, comes from thefact that no adequate organization was ever formed toenforce the anti-trust laws in the history of the UnitedStates. Under the great trust-busting campaign ofTeddy Roosevelt, if memory serves me right, there wereonly five lawyers and four stenographers, and you cannot police America with that staff.In the distribution of building materials variousgroups of distributors of these materials try to raisethe price of their services, establishing a fixed mark-up*With this they exclusively determine their mark-up orselling price. Sometimes they conspire with manufacturers' groups to establish a joint price control. Thenthe contractors, with their bid depositories, and thenlabor, with various secondary boycotts, and then theoutrageous building codes, are really protective tariffswithin the industry. And then the statutes on licensingand registration have created a situation where standardized production can be used in the building industry.That is where you get these enormous price increases,and Mr. Marshall says, "Don't stop it."Somehow or other the Supreme Court and the Department of Justice are upheld by moral considerationswhich are not in the law.I know of one group of 350 manufacturers who havebeen organized into twelve regional trade associations,the control of which is in an engineering firm, and theyare boycotting the 40% not in it. There is, of course,every pressure to raise prices, because psychologicallypeople will fight to keep out the so-called chiseler orthe competitor. That thing happened in Germany, andin 1923 Germany passed its anti-trust laws. The conception of a court as an umpire over business conductunder a rule which was not certain and could not becertain was as foreign to the German mind as it is toMr. Marshall, and they said, "We can't put penaltieson any such loose law as that," and the anti-trust lawsof 1923 were never enforced.In 1927 a monopoly committee was appointed, andthey said, "You can't do anything about this, becauseyou can't define monopoly, and you musn't put a hazardon something you can't define." In Germany, theyTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 33had no tradition. The socialist said, "This isn't the rationalization of German industry that we believe in."The cartels said, "We must keep up our profit and ourprices because a profit system means that we must makeprofits." And labor said, "Out of these cartels will comeour higher wages." And the consumer, as usual, simplyprotested.In 1930 the German government took away from thecourts the power to enforce the anti-trust laws and putit in the cabinet. This was bureaucratic controlarising from desperation! They could not enforce thelaw in those depressions. In 1931 they put in a commissar to fiy: prices. In 1933 Germany was completelyregimented. It was a regimentation with no system ofdistribution. Everybody belonged to a chamber of commerce, a trade association, a cartel or a trust, and theyhave to have a dictator. There is no other way theycould operate. Hitler did not come in under a set ofblandishments. He came in because they could not stopthis process of draining these small towns of power andindependence.Hitler did only one thing; the one thing which consolidated his power was a decree making membershipin a trade association, a cartel, a trust or a union compulsory. And how does he operate the country? Simplyby removing the top units who disagree with him.The anti-trust laws are really America's greatest contribution to economic legislation. They are our greatesttradition. They have to be tried. I do not think we arefighting a rear guard action; but if we are, it must befought. It is my belief that we have a chance to succeed,and the reason that we have a chance to succeed is thatwe take up one industry at a time instead of having allup at once.And the business man will remember, when they aretalking about how outrageous it is to put any kind ofpenalty upon a business man unless he knows exactlyin advance for what he is going to be penalized, thatthey face two alternatives. One is the industrial organization which marches like a regiment. And underthat you business men can find what you must do as theycan in Germany. The other, which is our traditionalAmerican system, is to treat business realistically as acompetitive game. Take away from the man who iswearing brass knuckles the advantages of those brassknuckles.If you are standing on second base, there is no usein asking the umpire whether you can reach third insafety or not. You have to run for it. That is thedifference between a game and a parade. I suspectMr. Marshall is unconsciously leading us in the direction of the parade, because he says, "Don't do anythingwith any hazards upon business conduct unless businessmen know in advance exactly what to do." When yourtraffic laws are that way, you can put governors on thecar, or you can have the very successful device of anelastic definition of reckless driving under the circumstances. And the latter way allows the maximum ofeconomic freedom. Anti-Trust Policy — Marshall(Continued from Page 14)dealers who do or do not patronize a particular financecompany. But these anti-trust provisions seem relativelyinsignificant, when the lengthy decree is considered asa whole. They appear to constitute merely the formor dress for what the consent decree really seeks toaccomplish. In the balance of the decree we recognizean old acquaintance, the ghost of an NRA code.There are specific provisions of the decree which arecalculated to facilitate operations with any and all financecompanies throughout the country whether or not partiesto the proceeding, provided, however, the finance company "registers" by filing an agreement with the Clerkof the Court. In such agreement, the finance companymust bind itself to a myriad of commitments which havenot the remotest connection with the alleged violation ofanti-trust laws, the purported basis of the consent decrees.There are many finance companies throughout thecountry which have learned, or will learn, of this decree,and those who do not register are placed at serious disadvantage and can scarcely retain their loan business.The president of a finance company is accustomed toa hearing before a legislative committee before his statelegislature enacts an Act restricting his business, and,with other executives of finance companies, he has atleast a chance to endeavor to prevent the bill's passage.He naturally wonders who this man is in Washingtonwho by his own edict and without the slightest noticecan lay down rules with which he must comply in orderto remain in business. He consults his lawyer and is toldvaguely about a newspaper account of a decree in someanti -trust case against the Chrysler Corporation. Heasks his lawyer how that case, to which he was not aparty, concerns him, and the lawyer cannot answer thatquestion. He may decide not to be forced into anyghost-like NRA code, and may be advised by his lawyerthat the extra-legal code effectively works a boycott onhim. Accordingly he may entertain an idea of suingfor treble damages under the Sherman Act. It mightbe a difficult suit to defend.Certainly, the effect of the consent decree is not toeliminate restraint of trade. It rather adopts and placesin effect the same original restraint of trade, but directsit as the Department of Justice, for what legal reasonI cannot conceive, would like to see it directed.I care not whether it be the Department of Justiceor the Department of Commerce or any other Department which writes the code. It is mere usurpation ofpower, without a shadow of legal justification. It is notonly over and above the law; it appears even to ignorethe Sherman Act and to violate it almost as flagrantly,or equally as flagrantly, as the Chrysler Corporation mayhave done prior to the indictment.If this can be accomplished, perhaps there can be practically complete regulation of all business under thisingenious device of government by consent decree. Thesolution to all of these difficulties, which I have mentioned in this paper, is simple enough. Let the Department of Justice return to the administration of the antitrust laws.34 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINELabor Board Procedure — Ballard(Continued from Page 16)the ICC is what is called an investigation and suspensioncase, which is identical so far as the relations between the parties are concerned and the relations betweenthe parties and the Commission, except that it is instituted as a result of an attempt on the part of a railroadto change a rate or regulation to the disadvantage of ashipper. Upon protest to the ICC, the Commission, ifit wishes, may suspend that change for a period of sevenmonths. That is an injunction pendente lite. Then thecase proceeds as a case between private parties.The Interstate Commerce Commission has a very important department that is devoted to that side of itsactivities called the Bureau of Inquiry, which has fieldagents like the Labor Board's examiners. This is a verylarge staff, very important, very active, and brings agreat many proceedings. When a proceeding of thatkind is brought, it is brought by laying the facts beforethe Department of Justice, which seeks an indictment.The other pre-New Deal administrative tribunal ofestablished reputation is the Federal Trade Commission.There is no doubt that the Federal Trade Commissiondoes exactly what the Labor Board does; in fact, theWagner Act was copied in that respect from the FederalTrade Commission Act, and for whatever it is worththe protagonists of this type of procedure are entitledto rely on what the FTC does. But I think there is adistinction to be found in the nature of the subject matter. The Federal Trade Commission deals with a curiously impersonal and unemotional type of problem involving unfair trade competition.Having tried to explain how far the Wagner Actgoes in the direction of making a given authority thejudge in its own case, I want to ask and try to answerthe question whether we are justified in so mutilatingthe ancient concepts of a hearing. I do not include inthat the question whether we should have a hearing. Itake the statute as I find it and assume that a hearingis necessary.The problem that should engage our attention iswhether Congress is justified in saying to prospectiverespondents, "You will have a hearing," and then giving them a hearing before a tribunal that has alreadymade up its mind against them. I am not interestedhere in inquiring into the power of Congress to do that.I do not care whether the legal and constitutional powerexists or not, and I am willing to assume for the presentpurposes that it does.I want to look at the question as a problem in government, or, if you wish, in social philosophy. Is it sound ?My answer is that it is most unwise for the reason thatI think it will inevitably bring in its train, if the policyis persisted in, a judicial review, the scope of which willbe so broad that it will destroy the effectiveness of theadministrative agency as an instrument of government.I say that that is bad for everybody.We now have a type and scope of judicial reviewwhich I understand is satisfactory to the Board, and toemployers too. The rule under which we are now work ing, which has been gradually evolved by the courts, iswhat might be called the "reasonable man test" and itis the same doctrine that is invoked in appellate courtson the question of whether there should have been adirected verdict or a new trial below. The question forthe court is whether on the record a reasonable mancould have arrived at the conclusions of fact at whichthe Board arrived, and if a reasonable man could havearrived at those conclusions on that record then it isnot for the court to say that it would have arrived atdifferent conclusions. That is a legal question and nota fact question.But if the reasonable man is going to decide everycase which he can against the respondent, and if he isgoing to arrive at those decisions on records which hemakes, then I say that that limited scope of judicialreview will be inevitably broken down simply throughthe force of public opinion. I do not know how thebreak will come. It might come by mere judicial erosion. It would be perfectly possible, without any admittedchange in the applicable doctrine, for the courts gradually to go into the fact-finding field, simply because itwas necessary in order to arrive at results which wouldsatisfy public opinion ; or it might come by legislation.Long experience with administrative tribunals convinces me that if the courts were to be given the duty ofreviewing questions of fact decided by administrativebodies, it would be a catastrophe. This government cannot survive without the administrative tribunal as a toolto work with. If you once permit the courts to reviewthe fact findings of administrative tribunals, I think youwill have destroyed that tool. You will have lost bothexpertness and uniformity and they are both indispensable. Once you draw the Federal courts into the decision of questions of fact tinder a statute like this, youhave over two hundred judges any three of whom mightconstitute the tribunal reviewing a particular decision,and might — if this result that I envisage should comeabout — have the right to substitute their judgment on thequestions of fact involved in the case for the judgmentof the Labor Board. You might just as well repeal theWagner Act.In addition, assuming we get past that hurdle, youwould simply swamp the Federal judiciary. I do notknow how many of you know what a Labor Board record looks like. I am not sure about the all-time highin number of pages, but I think it is up around fiftythousand. My experience does not extend beyond fifteen thousand. I think the Board is disposing of aboutone thousand cases a year now and the hearings rangein duration from one day to a year. We have reasonto believe that even the Board does not have a chanceto look at the record now. It would be utterly impossiblefor our Federal judiciary to examine the records ofcases that were brought to them for review and weighthe evidence and come to just conclusions. You woulddestroy the Federal judiciary with such a burden.Having discussed the consequences of a review of theBoard's decisions on the facts, and having — for what Ithink are good reasons — come to the conclusion thatthat solution of the problem is unthinkable, I come tothe alternative. That is a more impartial hearing byTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 35the Board. That could be obtained in more than oneway. Of course, it could be obtained by a completeseparation of the functions of investigating and accusing and prosecuting on the one hand, and the functionof hearing and deciding on the other. There are manypeople that think this ought to be done, and maybeit ought. It is done successfully in the case of the Boardof Tax Appeals which is completely independent of theTreasury Department, which is one of the parties appearing before it. But I think that would be going toofar. I think it would sacrifice the unitary character ofthe administrative function.I think the difficulty we are now in can be remediedif in between those two ends of the procedure — the beginning and the conclusion — we make the hearing andthe record that is made upon the hearing utterly impartial. That could be done by creating" a panel or board oftrial examiners who would not be beholden for theirjobs to the Labor Board. They should be appointed bythe President, with the advice and consent of the Senate,as members of the Board of Tax Appeals are appointed.They should hold office either for good behavior, likeFederal judges, or for a long term — seven, ten, or twelveyears. Their qualifications should — and, of course,would if the Senate had anything to say about it — beclosely examined into. They would be picked as experts. They would become more expert as time wenton and they would bring the indispensable element ofcontinuity to the solution of the problem.If that were done, you would still — in the sense ofLord Coke's maxim — have a proceeding in which thesame party was judge and prosecutor, but you wouldhave an impartial record and when you got into courtyou would have the protection of being able to show tothe court through a record made impartially exactlywhat the evidence was and exactly what findings offact could and should be sustained under the reasonable man doctrine. I thoroughly believe that thatwould be a sufficient reform, that you would completelyprotect the integrity of the administrative proceedingin that manner. At the same time you would notjeopardize the limitations upon judicial review, andyou would have introduced into the system the rudiments of fair play.Labor Board Procedure — Madden(Continued from Page 18)side over them in pretty much the same way as a judgepresides over a court trial. Their task is quite difficultin this respect: they don't have any of the protectionwhich goes with the judicial function. They don't havea marshal or a sheriff standing about; they don't havecenturies of tradition hovering over them, and if thelawyers in the case choose to be obstreperous they haveto control them by tact and judgment. The examinershave worked under considerable difficulties and yet wehave no one on our stafl^at the present time for whomwe do not have a number of letters from employers' lawyers saying that they were accorded a fair hearing. After the hearing is over this trial examiner makeshis intermediate report, and if the recommendations inthat intermediate report appeal to the parties as fairand if they agree to them, again the Board never hearsof that case. If one or the other of the parties takesexception to the trial examiner's findings and recommendations, then the case comes to the Board.We had in one of our early cases the following experience. Counsel for the respondent would object toa question and then when the objection was ruled onhe would want to argue and his argument would consistof reading pages from law books of apparently somewhat irrelevant matter. That went on and on for a dayand a half. We discovered later that what had happenedwas that his colleague had taken the train to a Federalcourt town some hundreds of miles away to get an injunction against the proceeding. Of course, a trial judgewould know what to do and would do it with counselwho so abused the processes of the court.What I have tried to do this afternoon has been toindicate to you that if you get out of the realm of themerely theoretical, out of the realm of the epithet ofjudge and prosecutor, out of the realm of the mere traditional and perhaps not very effective organization ofsome of our procedures, that you do not really have aproblem of judge and prosecutor. You only seem tohave a problem. In fact, when you set up an organization such as ours your division of function necessarilycomes, and is bound to come in the organization of theagency itself. The advantage you do have — which perhaps compensates for this seeming disadvantage — is thefact that there is at the top of this agency a Board whichdoes have control over the personnel of the entire agency,which can see to it that the various parts of the agencydo not persistently and over long periods work at crosspurposes like our divided functions of government sometimes do.Really what you get is an over-all supervision aimed togive effectiveness to the enterprise rather than, as Mr.Ballard seems to think, a conspiracy against the poorvictims who may happen to be brought before the National Labor Relations Board.I think it is only fair, perhaps, to say this : that whenyou compare a new agency or a new governmental device such as this with the conventional ones, you shouldbe careful not to compare us with some ideal systemwhich never did exist. You should remember that ChiefJustice Taft was obliged to say as late as during the1920's that the administration of the criminal law in theUnited States was a disgrace.You should remember that the manner in which courtshad dealt with labor problems over a good many decadeshad become almost a public scandal and that in recenttimes the whole tendency of the government — in theNorris-La Guardia Act and the various state acts of thattype — has been an attempt to set the conventional andtraditional methods of the administration of justice onsomething nearer the right path in this troublesome field.So when you compare these new institutions pleasecompare them with the old institutions as they are andnot with some theoretical and ideal version of them.NEWS OF THE CLASSES1894Warren Rufus Smith, PhD, wasgiven a farewell dinner on June 12 atthe Chemists Club to mark his retirement from Lewis Institute as professorof chemistry.1897Edgar J. Goodspeed, DB, PhD '98,professor emeritus, delivered the Eastermessage at the sixteenth annual Eastersunrise service in Forest Lawn Memorial Park near Los Angeles. The service was a full hour program coast-to-coast broadcast which was rebroadcastto Canada and England and transmittedto Europe and South America by shortwave.1904Erskine College gave an honoraryLit.D. to Spencer J. Callie of Chattanooga this month.1905W. A. McKeever, PhM, of OklahomaCity has added another title to his longlist of publications. This one is CreateYour Own Job.M. K. Moorhead, who entered theforeign service of the United StatesGovernment as Consul in 1906 and re tired on a pension the first of July1937, his last position being AmericanConsul-General at Istanbul, now lives inWashington, D. C, at 2400 SixteenthSt. N. W.1907Frederick W. Luehring, PhM, wasone of eight in the United States to receive an honor award by being made afellow in the American Association ofHealth, Physical Education, and Recreation for his distinguished service to theprofession. The award was presentedin New York on May 5. His bookStandards for Swimming Pools has justbeen published by A. S. Barnes andCompany of New York.1908Kenneth O. Crosby, formerly headof the Howe School for Boys, is nowwith the Cathedral Shelter of Chicago.His daughter Mary Adele graduatedfrom the University this June and hisson John will enter as a freshman fromHarvard School in the fall.1909Howard P. Blackford has charge ofsales in the wholesale division of CilkerHelp Someone SucceedBY SENDING US HIS NAMEIf you know some worthy and ambitious man or womanwho wants to find a way to win a fair reward in a life work,do this:Suggest a career in life insurance field work and if youthink this individual might be interested send us the nameto the address below.The Mutual Life Insurance Company of New Yorkplaces a high value on sincere recommendations if based onpersonal knowledge of the character of those recommended.To selected individuals who possess energy, commonsense, character, stability and genuine sympathy withothers, The Mutual Life offers personal direction andtraining in life insurance field work, leading to permanentcareers in the communities chosen.The Mutual Life's new 32-page booklet "Can I Make a Living as a LifeInsurance Representative?" is available to those who wish to considerthe subject seriously; also name of nearest Mutual Life manager.Address: Vice President and Manager of Agencies^iMmnce'^mipmi^£f<Mew^m Orchards, Los Angeles, and makes hishome in Santa Monica.A. M. Merrill, principal of the Ogden High School of Ogden City, Utah,since 1920, retired at the end of theschool year this spring. The retirementof Mr. Merrill brings to a close hiseducational career of 41 years, duringwhich he taught in Logan, served as superintendent at Logan, and served at St.George, Oakley, Idaho, Box Eldercounty, and Sandy, in the Jordan Schooldistrict.1910"Wild Vittles I Have Et" is the titleof Hermann B. Deutsch's article inThe Saturday Evening Post for June 10.1912William F. Clarke, AM, is nowliving a life of retirement at 1853 Wallace Avenue, Duluth, Minn.Robert V. Fonger sells investmentservice in Chicago but spends his weekends at Saugatuck, Mich.Alonzo Goodrich, 276 Forest Avenue, Winnetka, 111., works with the DoleValve Company and has for hobbiesbadminton, golf, tennis and skating.The two oldest boys of his four childrenare twins.James T. Haviland is vice presidentof the Lumberman's Mutual CasualtyCompany in Philadelphia, lives atWayne, Pa., with his wife and twodaughters, one at Wells College. Whenthe going gets too heavy, he slips awayto a country place in the Pocono Mts.Richard F. Teichgraeber is executive partner of the New York StockExchange firm of Thomson & McKin-non, 11 Wall Street, New York, andlives at Pelham, N. Y. He has fourchildren.Mabel V. Willi ard, 1523 East 68thStreet, Chicago, runs an InventoryService; furnishes calculating machinesand operators to- business houses whenthey have peak loads of figure work.Avocation, says Mabel, "sleeping."Arthur W. Wolfe is pastor of thePresbyterian Church, Olathe, Kansas.1913George E. Kuh is with J. B. Simpson, Inc., tailors, Chicago'.Olive Paine is assistant professorof teaching at Iowa State TeachersCollege.1914O. K. Morton, judge of the SuperiorCourt of California for the County ofRiverside, is active in lodge work andgreatly enjoys horseback outing tripsinto the mountains.1916The spring quarter found CharlesT. Holman of the University facultyin England with his family.36THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 37James L. McBride got his AM atthe December convocation. He hasbeen principal of the Phillips Elementary School in Chicago since 1926.Nicholas E. Schwartz lives the lifeof a commuter — his home is in Arlington Heights and his office in the educational department of John C. WinstonCompany in Chicago.Earl E. Sherff, PhD, heads thedepartment of science in the ChicagoTeachers College and continues his connection with the Field Museum of Natural History.Charles O. Todd, AM, is planning abook on parent education. He is onthe staff of State Teachers College,Cedar Falls, Iowa.Frank S. Whiting is vice-presidentof the American Furniture Mart Building Company, Inc., and also retains hisinterest in Whiting & Co., investmentsecurities, and Indiana Limestone business.Mr. and Mrs. Stanley D. Wilsonwith their daughters Helen and Marionare to be in America for the comingyear on furlough. Mr. Wilson, PhD,who is dean of the College of NaturalSciences at Yenching University, Peiping, China, will spend at least twomonths of the time in the chemical laboratories at Chicago.1917The June issue of Appalachia containsa Philippine mountain climbing story byMajor and Mrs. John Huling, Jr., ofRock Island, 111., entitled "Highest inLuzon." Two of their children are college freshman, one at Chicago and oneat Harvard.Ezra J. Kraus, PhD, received anhonorary Sc.D. degree from the OregonState College at the spring convocation,June, 1938. Dr. Kraus was also electedto the executive committee of the American Society of Plant Physiologists fora three-year term in the 1938 annualelection.B. E. Newman still lives at 260Woodland Road, Highland Park, 111.,and holds down the same job in theadvertising department of the CurtisPublishing Company.Maxwell G. Park heads the department of education at the State NormalSchool at Cortland, N. Y. He took anAM at Columbia in 1924 and a PhD in1931.Buell A. Patterson is now in thepublicity and personal service "game"for himself and has as his major efforts the ice rink at the Chicago arena,State Street Council, Merchandise Martand several individuals.Warren G. Waterman, PhD, hasretired from the chairmanship of thedepartment of botany at NorthwesternUniversity and is living at his summerhome at Frankfort, Mich.Rhey Boyd Parsons^AM '23, PhD'35, is a visiting professor this summerat Central Y. M. C. A. and this fall hetakes over the chairmanship of the Department of Education there.At the May meeting of the Fanwood (N. J.) College Women's Club AngelaMoulton Wilkins (Mrs. David W.)'17, was elected president and MiriamDavid Adam (Mrs. Louis G.) '19, waselected vice president. Mrs. Wilkinswas recently appointed to the Board ofTrustees of the Fanwood Public Library.1918Charles H. Behre, Jr., PhD '25,professor of geology at NorthwesternUniversity, has just been elected by theAssociation of the Doctors of Philosophy of the University of Chicago toserve as president next year.Willard N. Clute reports that he iscreating a Botanical Garden for thecity of Indianapolis. It contains 85acres. In the spring of 1938 a revision of Clute's Our Ferns, TheirHaunts, Habits and Folklore was published by Stokes.Francis E. Gillespie, '18, PhD '23,is out of residence for the spring andsummer quarters and is studying inEngland. She has been appointed amember of the committee on the Carnegie Fund for Publications of theAmerican History Association.Last August Bernice Bach Robertsreceived her Master's degree and is thisyear teaching at Kelly High School herein the city.Ralph W. Strawbridge is now principal of Stuart Junior High in Washington, D. C.Florence B. Wickersham tells usabout the newly created position inWisconsin which she now holds advising elementary teachers in Beaver Dam,Ripon, Columbus, Waupun, and May-ville, about reading problems. Shespends one day a week in each of thesetowns. It is hoped that this specialhelp in reading will gradually be extended to all smaller towns in the state.1919Dr. and Mrs. S. C. Kincheloe haveannounced the engagement of theirdaughter Jean to Connor G. Cole ofGlendale, California, who is at presenta student in the Divinity School. Thewedding will take place in October.Dean Arthur Wald, PhD, is to beaway from Augustana College on aleave of absence next year.1920This year Sara E. Branham, PhD'23, MD '34, of the National Institute ofHealth, was appointed professorial lecturer in preventive medicine in theGeorge Washington University Medical School.Measure Religion is the title of a newbook by Ernest J. Chave, AM, PhD'24, which was produced by the University of Chicago Press and released inJune.Clara Ellen Newlee is handlingher job as head teacher of the deaf oraldepartment in Parker ElementarySchool in Chicago with renewed vigorthis semester after being on sabbaticalleave from February, 1938, to Febru- HALLanExclusive Women's Hotelin th.University of Chicago DistrictOffering Graceful Living to University and Business Women atModerate TariffBLACKSTONE HALL5748 TelephoneBlackstone Ave. Plaza 3313Verna P. Werner, DirectorPETERSONFireproof WarehouseSTORAGE — MOVINGForeign — DomesticShipments55th & Ellis Phone, MID 9700HAIR REMOVED FOREVERBEFORE AFTER18 Years' ExperienceFREE CONSULTATIONLOTTIE A. METCALFEGraduate NurseALSOELECTROLYSIS EXPERTMultiple 20 platinum needles can be used.Permanent removal of Hair from Face,Eyebrows, Back of Neck or any partof Body; destroys 200 to 600 Hair Rootsper hour.Removal of Facial Veins, Moles andWarts.Member American Assn. Medical Hydrology andPhysical Therapy$1.75 per Treatment for HairTelephone FRA 4885Suite 1705, Stevens Bldg.17 No. State St.Perfect Loveliness Is Wealth in Beauty38 THE UNIVERSITY Of CHICAGO MAGAZINEBUSINESSDIRECTORYAMBULANCE SERVICEBOYDSTON BROS.All phones OAK. 0492operatingAuthorized Ambulance Servicefor Billings HospitalUniversity Clinics, etc.PACKARD AND LASALLE EQUIPMENTAWNINGSPhones Oakland 0690—0691—0692The Old ReliableHyde Park Awning Co.,INC.Awnings and Canopies for Ali Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueBOILER REPAIRINGBEST BOILER REPAIR &WELDING CO.BOILER REPAIRING AND WELDING24 HOUR SERVICE1408 S. Western Ave. Tel. Canal 6071DREXEL 6400 NIGHT PHONEOAKLAND 3929HAVEFEWER BOILER REPAIRSMFG. OF FEWER'S SUBMERGED WATERHEATERS4317 Cottage Grove Ave., ChicagoEstablished 1895BOOK BINDERSW. B. CONKEY COMPANYHammond, IndianaPrinters and Binders°fBooks and CatalogsSales OfficesCHICAGO NEW YORKBOOKSMEDICAL BOOKSof All PublishersThe Largest and Most Complete Stock andall New Books Received as soon as published. Come in and browse.SPEAKMAN'S(Chicago Medical Book Co.)Congress and Honore StreetsOne Block from Rush Medical College ary, 1939, for study at Columbia University.Dean A. Pack, PhD, who has beenengaged in food chemistry research withGeneral Foods Corporation since 1931,brought his work to a close during thesummer of 1938. He lives at 140 Lathrop Avenue, Battle Creek, Mich.Professor D. W. Riddle, PhD '23,was a visitor at Duke University atDurham, North Carolina, during theSpring quarter while out of residence.Perry D. Strausbaugh, PhD, is coauthor with B. R. Weimer of a GeneralBiology: a Textbook for College Students, and A Manual for the BiologyLaboratory, both published by JohnWiley and Sons. Dr. Strausbaugh isalso prospering as a grandfather, as henow boasts of two fine grandchildren.Principles of Teaching (Prentice-Hall 1939) is the title of H. C. With-erington's (AM '25, PhD '31) latestpublication. He has the rank of associate professor of education at BowlingGreen State University.1921Edwin E. Aubrey, AM, DB '22,PhD '26, plans to teach a course on"Trends in Religious Thought" at theGeorge Williams College in their summer school. His new book Living theChristian Faith has been published thisspring by Macmillan.William D. Campbell Jr., has reachedthe ripe old age of one year. He keepsa close watch on William D., theFirst, LLB., who is a Los Angeles attorney.George H. Daugherty Jr., PhD '25,has sailed for the West Indies and SouthAmerica where he will spend the summer. An enthusiastic traveler he spenta year motoring through Europe, including Spain just prior to the Revolution. In the fall he will again take uphis teaching work in the Chicago citycolleges as professor of English.In addition to his administrative workat the University of Mississippi, FloydE. Farquear, AM, finds time to serveon the Commission on Curriculum Problems and Research of Southern Association of Colleges and SecondarySchools as well as the Executive Committee of Mississippi Curriculum Program.F. Taylor Gurney, PhD '35, nowprofessor of chemistry at Alborz College of Teheran, Teheran, Iran, writesunder date of May 9, 1939, as follows :"We have been having a great timehere, during the celebrations held inhonor of the wedding of the CrownPrince of Iran and the sister^ of theKing of Egypt. The whole city hasbeen marvelously decorated. It appearedas a tremendous world's fair with morethan twenty-five gorgeous gateways andarches, a much larger number of beautiful pylons, flag poles with fancy pedestals every ten meters thru the streetswhich the royal party traversed on theirentrance into the city, and many stands RESEARCH for SERVICEThis country leads the worldin telephone service, becauseit leads in telephone research.Thousands of scientists, engineers and assistants areconstantly at work in theBell Telephone Laboratoriesto make the service faster,clearer and more economical.BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEMof flowers and fountains. The wholewas illuminated in a very decorative andeffective manner."There was a very lovely demonstration by the school children, some tenthousand taking part, at the splendidnew stadium, where the Iranian girlsdid Egyptian and Iranian dances, theboys pyramid building, etc. The fullsignificance of the part the girls had inthis is realized only when you remember that until a short time ago the facesof the girls and women were never seenin public, all of them wearing long blackgarments covering them completelyfrom the top of their heads to their ankles."Also there was a great military review with close to forty thousand troopstaking part. In this there were alsothree hundred Egyptian soldiers, andBritish, French and Russian naval detachments. There were five Britishplanes, seven from Turkey, two fromGermany, one from Italy and one fromJapan."Some American friends of ours whowere here at the time and also in Cairofor the celebrations there said that thedecorations here far surpassed anythingthe Egyptians had. It was all reallyvery beautiful."M. E. Herriott lives in South Pasadena but is principal of Central JuniorHigh in Los Angeles. He was the editor of Your Children and Their Schools,published by the Los Angeles Board ofEducation in 1937.Noel Keys, AM, was promoted to afull professorship at the University ofCalifornia in the spring of 1938. TheUniversity Press published his studyof The Underage Student in HighSchool and College recently.C. M. Larcomb, AM, is superintendent of Newington (Conn.) Schools.Crandall Rogers is still in the realestate business in Cleveland.1922Warren A. Culp is completing hisfourteenth year as principal of McKin-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 39ley School in Independence/Kansas. Hegot a master's degree in education atthe University of Kansas in 1935.Raymond R. Gregg, AM, '23, is business manager of the Eastern IllinoisState Teachers College.The principal of the Hassell and La-gow Schools of Dallas, Texas, is R. C.T. Jacobs, AM '26.Hilary S. Jurica, PhD, who hasbeen professor of botany at St. Proco-pius College since 1922, has been appointed to the headship of the department of biology at DePaul University,to take effect in June, 1939.Supervisor and salesman describesWilliam R. Ruminer's job with thePaul W. Cook Agency of the MutualBenefit Life Insurance Co., Chicago.1923During the summer term RichardBauer, AM '28, PhD '35, will teach atState Teachers College in Florence, Alabama.Marjorie Howard Morgan and hertwo daughters, Carol May and Tavia,of Chicago, left June 17 for Californiavia Vancouver and Seattle. They resided in Berkeley from '2%-3\ and willvisit many friends during their sixweeks' stay on the coast.On July 29 Mrs. Morgan will appearat the San Francisco Fair on a memorialprogram for D. N. Lehmer, PhD '00,internationally known mathematician,poet and musician who died last August. The program is sponsored by theCalifornia Writers and Composers Society and Mrs. Morgan will sing Dr.Lehmer's last published volume called"Five Little Songs If They Ask forMore" which he sent to her last spring.This summer Ewald C. Pietsch,SM '34, is an instructor in geography at Pestalozzi-Froebel TeachersCollege in Chicago.Charles Partridge Russell, PhD,has been president of Assiut College inAssiut, Egypt, since 1918.Kathryn Healey Stidham, AM,was transferred last fall to LeilehuaSchool, Wahiawa, Oahu, Hawaii. Oahuis about thirty miles from Honoluluand is near Uncle Sam's largest armypost — Schofield.John Woodard, PhD, has been livingnear New Carlisle, Ohio, during thelast seven years. His address is R.D.No. 1, New Carlisle, Ohio.George H. Yardley, Jr., likes livingin southern California. He is still inthe building material business havingstarted $. new company, "Coast Materials & Lumber Company" in 1934. Histwo boys — George III and Robert, arereported to be a good battery combination, with Robert a second Lefty Gomez.Dott E. Zook, AM, PhD '30, has asummer position at Fisk University asprofessor of education.1924Henry Backus, AM, continues teaching at Beaumont High School, Normandy, Mo.Herbert C. Beeskow, SM, was married on March 24, 1938, to Dorothy Eunice Eilers of Oak Park, 111. Mr.Beeskow is a member of the department of botany at the Michigan StateCollege, East Lansing.Ward B. Davis, PhD, is now engaged in building up a modern enzymelaboratory in the U.S.D.A. Station atLos Angeles. Mrs. Davis (Opal HartDavis, PhD '25) has a full time jobwith her home and children. Theylive at 1815 Ramona Blvd., Rosemead,Calif.Joseph B. Duggan, JD '26, is chiefattorney of the reorganization divisionof the Chicago office of the UnitedStates Securities and Exchange Commission.For the past twelve years John T.Eischeid, AM, has been at the Oklahoma College for Women. His title isprofessor of education.Matthew L. Fitzgerald, now principal of the Shoop Elementary School,was recently appointed principal of theEnglewood Evening High School.Lillian L. Oleson is supervisor indemonstration school of Louisiana StateUniversity.George O. Savage, principal of theMerrill Elementary and Junior H. S.in Oshkosh, Wis., went to Alaska lastsummer.Hazel A. Snow teaches at the ShakerHeights (Ohio) Junior High School.Edith Lucy Stickney writes from297 East Commerce Street, Bridgeton,New Jersey.1925Laura K. Cleve teaches English atTuley High School, Chicago.Professor Walter L. Dorn, PhD, ofOhio State University has been namedvisiting professor at Columbia for 1939-40 to conduct seminars in modern European history.Irene Fagin does extension work forthe University of California and islocated at Santa Barbara as countyhome demonstration agent.Phela M. Griffin continues as elementary school agent in Concord, N. H.Carter V. Good, PhD, is professorof education at the University of Cincinnati and taught last summer at Wisconsin.Burt T. Hodges, AM, who served asassistant bursar at Denison Universityfrom December, 1934, to September,1938, when he was given his presentposition as bursar and assistant to thetreasurer, is working to bring the University's accounting and reports' intoline with the recommendations of theCommittee on Standard Reports.William E. Kuebler is general secretary of the Henderson (Ky.) Y. M.C. A.The manufacturing business has beenR. Bruce MacFarlane's calling forthe past few years. He is vice president of the Aridor Company, Chicago.Joseph B. Rhine, PhD, and his wife"Louie," PhD, have engaged in thepleasant sport of creating a home andplayground for their children. A largeold house, with several acres of pasture and some oak trees, form the setting. Dr. Rhine gave an address on CATERERJOSEPH H. BIGGSFine Catering in all its branches50 East Huron StreetTel. Sup. 0900—0901Retail Deliveries Daily and SundaysQuality and Service Since 1882CEMENT CONTRACTORST. A. REHNQUIST CO. CEMENTCONTRACTORSFLOORSSIDEWALKSVAULT WALKSREPAIRSBEVerly 0890We Cover the CityCHEMICAL ENGINEERSAlbert K. Epstein, '12B. R. Harris, %2\Epstein, Reynolds and HarrisConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4285-6COALEASTMAN COAL CO.Established 1 9027 YARDSALL OVER TOWNMAIN OFFICE252 West 69th StreetTelephone Wentworth 32 1 5Wasson-PocahontasCoal Co.6876 South Chicago Ave.Phones: Wentworth 8620- 1 -2-3-4Wesson's Coal Makes Good — or —Wesson DoesELECTRICAL CONTRACTORSWM. FECHT ELECTRIC CO.CONTRACTORS - ENGINEERSLIGHT & POWER WIRING600W. Jackson Blvd. TelephoneSeeley 2788MEADE ELECTRICCOMPANY, INC.ELECTRICAL CONTRACTORSWIRING FOR LIGHT & POWER3252Franklin Blvd. TelephoneKedzie 507040 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEFLOWERS^ CHICAGOWr Established 186Se^^ FLOWERSPhonei : Plaza 6444, 64451364 East 53rd StreetGROCERIESLEIGH'SGROCERY and MARKET1 327 East 57th StreetPhones: Hyde Park 9 1 00- 1 -2QUALITY FOODSTUFFSMODERATE PRICESWE DELIVERLAUNDRIESSUNSHINE LAUNDRYCOMPANYAll ServicesDry Cleaning29 1 5 Cottage Grove Ave.Telephone Victory 51 10THEBEST LAUNDRY andCLEANING COMPANYALL LAUNDRY SERVICESAlsoZoric System of Cleaning• : - Odorless Quality Cleaning • : -Phone Oakland 1383LETTER SERVICEPOND LETTER SERVICEEverything in LettersHooven TypewritingMultlgraphingAddressograph Serviee MimeographingAddressingMailingHighest Quality Service Minimum PrisesAll Phones 418 So. Market St.Harrison 8118 ChieagoMUSIC PRINTERSHIGHEST RATED IN UNITED STATESENGRAVERS— SINCE 1906 ? WORK DONE BY ALL PROCESSES ?+ ESTIMATES GLADLY FURNISHED ?? ANY PUBLISHER OUR REFERENCE ?RAYNERrDAI HUM &CO.2054 W. LAKE ST., CHICAGO. extra-sensory perception before theMichigan chapter of Sigma Xi and thiswas summarized in the December, 1938,Sigma Xi Quarterly.A. R. Root, AM, directs research forKnox Reeves Advertising, Inc., Minneapolis.1926Paul C. Cullom's principal line ofendeavor still remains in the chromiumplating field as he is secretary-treasurerof the Metals Protection Corporation ofIndianapolis.Constance E. Hartt, PhD, continues her work at the Hawaiian SugarPlanters' Association Experiment Station. She and her friend, Marie Neal,have been enjoying the excitement ofbuilding a new home in the NuuanuValley, in the outskirts of Honolulu,just off the highway to the Pali.John A. McGeoch, PhD, has movedto the headship of the department ofpsychology at the State University ofIowa. He was formerly at WesleyanUniversity in Middletown, Conn.Agustin D. Panares, AM, is nowsuperintendent of schools in the Division of Agusan in the PhilippineIslands.Lawrence F. Peterson, AM '33, wasagain in residence at the Universityfrom June, 1937 to August, 1938. Heis a physics teacher at Calumet HighSchool, Chicago.Adelaide Ames Schade will sail thelast of June to join her husband in Denmark. They plan to spend the summeron a house-boat.1927Blanche Hedeen, Harper HighSchool teacher, took her Master's degree at the University last summer.Joseph C. Ireland, PhD, who hasbeen plant breeder in the Departmentof Agronomy at the Oklahoma A. & M.College for 11 years, is also interestedin educational motion pictures. Someof his recent studies of chlorophyll inheritance in sorghums have involved theuse of Dufay color films.E. Anita Meinders, 6137 KenwoodAvenue, Chicago, received her MAdegree in secondary education from Columbia University in 1938.The appointment of William A. F.Stephenson to the position of executive officer in the wage and hour division was announced last month by Administrator Elmer Andrews. Stephenson was special assistant to SecretaryIckes-in PWA.1928John W. Parker has been activelyassociated with Arkansas State Collegesince 1932 as dean.Dorothea Rudnick, PhD '31, hasaccepted an appointment to the facultyof Wellesley College. The position begins in September.1929Because of her delight in traveling andher interest in international, interracialfriendships, Hazel E. Foster, AM, DB'32, PhD '33, is taking her sabbaticalleave for a trip abroad to include teaching from this coming October to the fol lowing April in the St. Christopher'sTraining College, Madras, India. Shehopes to visit mission stations andpoints of interest — particularly of Biblical fame — before and after the Madrasexperience. Miss Foster is professor ofBible and administrative dean of thePresbyterian College of Christian Education, Chicago.Oakley T. Herrell heads the mathdepartment in Maine Township HighSchool and Junior College of DesPlaines, 111.The appointment of Normand L.Hoerr, PhD, MD '31, for thirteen yearsprofessor of anatomy at the University,as head of the department of anatomy atWestern Reserve University was announced recently. He will succeed thelate Dr. T. Wingate Todd.After a delightful and stimulatingyear studying at Cambridge, MildredL. Lestina, SM '37, is once againtraveling, visiting parts of the Continentwhich she hasn't covered on previoustrips.Charles R. Murphy is associatedwith Bauer & Black, Chicago.Charles A. Warner is assistantstate director for Nebraska of the National Youth Administration located atLincoln. Prior thereto he did a bit ofgraduate work and some relief directing.Since October of 1936 Saul C. Weislow, JD '31, has been in partnershipwith "Luke" Kramer, '30, in the general practice of law in Chicago.Consult ytmr Travel Agent orMOORE-McCORMACK LINES, Inc.j 5 Broadway, New YorkTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWilbur W. White, AM, PhD '35,assistant professor of political science,has been made Dean of the Faculty asranking administrative officer of Adel-bert College of Western Reserve University.Russell C. Whitney is married, hasthree children (a boy and two girls),plays polo, plays at golf, and is with theMassachusetts Mutual Life InsuranceCompany here in Chicago. He lives inBeverly Hills.1930Caroline Eugenie Beck recentlymarried Joe Dowling. They live onSwain Lake Road in Liberty, NewYork, where she teaches English in theHigh School and he is on the advertising staff of The Liberty Register and issecretary of the Liberty Chamber ofCommerce.LeRoy W. Dahlberg, JD, Detroitlawyer, is state chairman of the JuniorBar Conference of American Bar Association and also chairman of the JuniorBar Section of the Detroit Bar Association.William H. Gilbert, AM, PhD '34,goes to Washington University inWashington, D. C, next fall as assistant professor of sociology after havingtaught at the State Teachers College inAlbany, N. Y., this year.During the summer Mary R. Martinwill teach at Buffalo (New York) StateTeachers College.The first four years out of schoolwholesale hardware and floor coveringoccupied John E. Menzies' interest.Since January, 1935, however, he hasbeen associated with the Coca ColaCompany in the Fountain Sales Division. He spent a year and a half inIowa, and for the past year or so hasbeen trying to make the northwest section of Chicago conscious of "The PauseThat Refreshes." TMeyer S. Ryder is an examiner withthe National Labor Relations Board,Chicago.Herbert S. Wolfe, PhD, for sixyears horticulturist in charge of thesubtropical station at Homestead,Florida, was called to the headship ofthe department of horticulture at theUniversity of Florida, in the fall of1938.1931Early this year Waldo H. Dubberstein, AM, PhD '34, left Chicago tojoin Oriental Institute's field expeditionat Persepolis. Before returning latethis summer he will make a survey tripof the Near East. Quoting from theletter he wrote Tower Topics on May4: ". . . Here in Persepolis work begins at 5 :30 and that, at least for me, isa bit early. I can still appreciate a sunset more than a sunrise. . . It is stillfairly cool here in the mountains, thescenery is impressive and the sunsets areall that an artist might want. After theflat, unbroken plains of Iraq, Iran offerssomething different. I was in Romewhen Pope Pius died. When I arrivedin Damascus, Syria, military law wasdeclared and two days after I came intoBaghdad the King of Iraq died in a mo tor accident. I hope nothing happensfrom now on in, or superstitious peoplemay get ideas."Byrdie C. Reece is now a dietitianat Central College, Pella, Iowa.A new job for Dorothy May Schul-lian, PhD, will begin next fall whenshe takes up her work instructing thestudents of Albion College in Latin,Greek and French.Ray and Marjorie Cahill Vanehave moved to 4211 Stevens, Minneapolis.1932Earl J. Conway, formerly of OakPark, 111., is now located at 20 Schuss-ler Road, Worcester, Mass. After September 1st he will be married and resideat 3A Clement St., in Worcester.Samuel J. Horwitz, JD '34, now hashis offices in Suite 2112 at 134 NorthLaSalle St., Chicago.Armistead S. Pride, AM, directspublicity and teaches English at LindolnUniversity, Jefferson City, Mo. He isspending his summers at the Universityof Chicago working for a doctorate.1933J. Donald Johnston is minister ofthe Unitarian Church of Queens, Flushing, New York.The new principal of the GermanTownship Schools in Bremen, Ind., nextfall will be Terrence A. Klechner,AM.J. C. Mickel has been appointed instructor in classics at Allegheny College for the summer.Charles Newton does copy writingfor Geyer, Cornell & Newell of NewYork City.1935Joseph Barth has just been called toministership of Miami (Florida) Unitarian Church.We have just been notified of the appointment of John Franklin Dietrich, AM '38, to a position at IowaState Teachers College in Cedar Rapidseffective September 1939.W. Edgar Gregory is minister of theWest Concord Congregational Churchin Concord, N. H.James R. Kingham, AM '38, goes toSt. John's Military Academy at Dela-field, Wis., in the fall as an instructor inEnglish.John Knox, PhD, preacher and religious author, will join the faculty ofthe University of Chicago DivinitySchool as associate professor of preaching next fall and will also become editor on July 1 of the Journal of Religion,published by the University Press. Hehas been on the faculty of the HartfordTheological Seminary.David F. Matchett, Jr., JD, has hislaw offices at 1345 Continental IllinoisBank Building, Chicago.James D. McCabe, AM, is on thefaculty of the Choate School of Wal-lingford, Conn.D. C. McNaughton, AM, of Colorado State College of Education, will bein charge of science at the Greeley P. E.Workshop this summer. His hobbiesinclude fishing, hunting, photography,stamps and crafts. He is chemical con- LITHOGRAPHERL C. Mead '21. E. J. Ch alifoux '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph — Offset — Printing731 Plymouth CourtWabash 8182OFFICE FURNITURE5TEELCA5E|JSttsJriGSfSf Equipment \FILING CABINETSDESKS — LOCKERSCUPBOARDS — SHELVINGMetal Office Furniture Co. Grand Rapids, MichiganPAINTERSE. STEWARTINC. FEIGHPAINTING — DECORATING5559Cottage Grove Ave. TelephoneMidway 4404RICHARD H. WEST CO.COMMERCIALPAINTING & DECORATING1331 TelephoneW. Jackson Blvd. Monroe 3192PHOTOGRAPHERMOFFETT STUDIOCAMERA PORTRAITS OF QUALITY30 So. Michigan Blvd., Chicago . . State 8750OFFICIAL PHOTOGRAPHERU. of C. ALUMNI PLASTERINGHOWARD F. NOLANPLASTERING, BRICKandCEMENT WORKREPAIRING A SPECIALTY5341 S. Lake Park Ave.Telephone Dorchester 1579PRINTERSCLARKE-McELROYPUBLISHING CO.6140 Cottage Grove AvenueMidway 3935"Good Printing of All Descriptions9'42 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERESTAURANTSThe Best Place to Eat on the South SideCOLONIAL RESTAURANT6324 WoodJawn Ave.Phone Hyde Park 6324ROOFERSBECKERAll types of RoofingHome InsulatingAll over Chicago and suburbs.Brunswick 2900RE-ROOFING — REPAIRING RUGSAshjian Bros., inc.ESTABLISHED 1921Oriental and DomesticRUGSCLEANED and REPAIRED2313 E. 71st St. Phone Dor. 0009SHEET METAL WORKSECONOMY SHEET METAL WORKS•Galvanized Iron and Copper CornicesSkylights, Gutters, Down SpoutsTile, Slate and Asbestos Roofing•1927 MELROSE STREETBuckingham 1893STOCKS— BONDS— COMMODITIESP. H. Davis, 'II. H. I. Markham, 'Ex. '06R. W. Davis, '16 W. M. Giblin, '23F. B. Evans, 'IIPaul H. Davis & Co.MembersNew York Stock ExchangeChicago Stock ExchangeChicago Board of Trade10 So. La Salle St. Franklin 8622 SWEATERSGENUINE ATHLETIC SWEATERSSweaters and Emblems Made to OrderENGLEWOOD KNITTING MILLS6643 S. Halsted Street Wentworth 5920-21Established over one quarter of a century sultant to the State Curriculum Revision Committee.In May Lottie Stovall, Chicagonewspaperwoman, was awarded the firstannual traveling scholarship to be givenby the Chicago branch of the English-Speaking Union. The scholarship gaveher a month's tour of the British Isles.1936Elizabeth Dickey took the businessinternship course sponsored by the NewYork branch of the American Association of University Women. She interned on a women's magazine and nowhas a job with a branch of the NewYork Public Library.Wayne W. Marshall has been appointed an assistant professor of chemistry at the University of South Dakota.Mr. and Mrs. Roy J. O'Brien left Chicago the first of May for Norman, Oklahoma, where Mr. O'Brien has accepted a call to the First ChristianChurch.John Leslie Reiger, MD, practicesmedicine in Craig, Colorado, and is theMoffat County Health Officer.William B. Reynolds, PhD, whohas been associated with the DuPontCompany in Wilmington, Del., has accepted a position with the Inter-Chemical Company in New York.Dorothy Ulrich has a poem in theWorld's Largest Illuminated Book ofPoetry in the National Poetry CenterExhibit located in the CommunicationsBuilding at the New York World's Fair.She continues to write articles for Avocations ("Take Your Avocations on aTrip" and "Gertrude Stein in Summer"the latest titles), book reviews for TheNew Haven Journal Courier, and hasrecently had poems published in TheNew York Times and The ChristianScience Monitor.M. L. Wardell, PhD, professor ofhistory and assistant to the president atthe University of Oklahoma, has recently published A Political History ofthe Cherokee Nation.1937Edwin T. Arnold, Jr., MD, writes :"I am doing general medical practice inthis small town of 3000 (Hogansville,Ga.). Have been at this for sixteenmonths and am having plenty of workto do."Robert A. Darrow, PhD and Mrs.Darrow (Bertha Schweitzer, SM)report the purchase of a home in Tucson, Arizona. Mrs. Darrow continuesher interest in paleobotany and paleontology. Dr. Darrow is a member of thebotany staff at the University of Arizona.Huntington Harris is a graduatestudent in sociology at Columbia.Next year William B. Hart will beteaching at Culver Military Academy.When the Werton (W. Va.) schoolsclosed early at the end of the eighthmonth Carlos W. Holt, AM, accepteda position as instructor in social scienceand English for the special spring termat Glenville State Teachers College,Glenville, W. Va. Then on June 12 heassumed his duties as associate professor in music for the nine weeks summer term at another Teacher's College atWest Liberty, W. Va.W. P. Kingensmith, AM, is a member of the research staff of the bureauof curriculum of the Chicago Board ofEducation.John Morris, last year's Pulse editoris in New York working for Time.Allen Walters, AM'38, has recently been appointed assistant dean atCoe College of Cedar Rapids, Iowa.Grant Youmans, AM '38, is instructor of social science at Englewood Junior College, Chicago.1938Bernice Bausor teaches in the Esmond Elementary School, Chicago.Charles J. Engard, PhD, was appointed to a position in the Universityof Hawaii, where he holds an instructorship in botany.Donald B. Goodall, AM, has beenappointed director of the Utah State ArtCenter in Salt Lake City. He beginshis new work in the fall.At the annual meeting of the University of Chicago Club of Washington,D. C, held on May 26, Al F. O'Donnell, PhD, was elected president of theclub for the year 1939-40. O'Donnell isa chief economist and an assistant director of research and statistics in the office of the Secretary of the Treasury ofthe United States Treasury Department.David E. Wilcox is employed in theaccounting department of the DiamondCrystal Salt Company at St. Clair,Mich. Music is one of his many avoca-tional interests and he has played theorgan in one of the local churches forthe last six months. He gets a kick outof stamp collecting, photography and enjoys all sports.SOCIAL SERVICEThe annual Alumni Dinner of theSchool held on June sixth at Ida Noyeswas attended by three hundred andtwenty-five alumni and students. RogerCumming, AM '36, president of theAlumni Association presented Dean Abbott who presided. The group was gladto welcome Mr. Filbey, Vice-Presidentof the University, who brought greetings from the administration of the University. Miss Abbott also presentedFrank Bane, executive director, Council of State Governments, and FredHoehler, of the American Public Welfare Association, who spoke briefly.Miss Breckinridge, as always, wasmost enthusiastically received. She refused to "make a speech" but asked thealumni to authorize her to send messages to Mrs. Case, Julia Lathrop's sister, Mrs. Rosenwald and Miss Lea Taylor, telling them that we do not forgetthe contribution of Julius Rosenwald,Julia Lathrop and Graham Taylor tothe early development of the School.Miss Wright spoke of the number ofdegrees granted during the year, MissDixon of the field work program andDean Abbott reported briefly on thework of the School during the past year.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 43TEACHERS' AGENCIESAlbert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoEstablished 1885. Placement Bureau formen and women in all kinds of teachingpositions. Large and alert College andState Teachers' College departments! forDoctors and Masters; forty per cent of ourbusiness. Critic and Grade Supervisors forNormal Schools placed every year in largenumbers; excellent opportunities. Specialteachers of Home Economics, Business Administration, Music, and Art, secure finepositions through us every year. PrivateSchools in all parts of the country amongour best patrons; good salaries. Well prepared High School teachers wanted for cityand suburban High Schools. Special manager handles Grade and Critic work. Sendfor folder today.The annual business meeting of thealumni followed the dinner and the following officers were elected for thecoming year : Henry Waltz, vice-president; Alice Voiland, secretary-treasurer; Marion Shaff ner and Anna MaySexton, Council members.* * *Grace Browning, AM '34, assistantprofessor of social service administration, conducted an institute at the TexasConference of Social Work on May second.Wayne McMillen, PhD '31, professor of social service administration,and Charlotte Towle, associate professorof psychiatric social work, recentlyspoke at the State Conference of SocialWork of Minnesota. The alumni of theSchool who were in attendance held abreakfast meeting which Mr. McMillenwas able to attend.Arlien Johnson, PhD '30, has resigned her position as director of theSchool of Social Work at the University of Washington to become directorof the School of Social Work at theUniversity of Southern California. Shewill go to California in the fall. ErnestWitte, a student in the School in 1934,will leave the University of Nebraska totake Miss Johnson's place at Washington.Cecile Hillyer, AM '38, has left theState Department of Public Welfare inMaryland to become an assistant examiner in the Social Service Division ofthe United States Civil Service Commission.Elizabeth Merriam Schmidt, AM'35, has accepted a position with theAmerican Council on Education inWashington, D. C.Alton Linford, AM '38, has accepted a position at the Simmons College School of Social Work, teachingtheir courses in public welfare. Mr.Linford will go to Boston in September.Clarence Hille, AM March 1939,has gone to the Children's Service Association, Honolulu, and Evelyn Laf-ler, also AM March 1939, has gone tothe New York State Charities Aid Association in Oswego, New York.Among the students who received theMaster's degree in Social Service at theJune 1939 Convocation and who havetaken positions in medical social workare: Margaret Black, medical socialworker, Children's Hospital, San Francisco, California; Barbara Lentz,Presbyterian Hospital, New York City;Dale Andrews, Oakland Clinic, Oakland, California, and Addie Thomas,Orthopedic Hospital at Los Angeles.Those who have gone into child welfareare: Mary Feldman to the WisconsinChildren's Aid Society; KatherineRawson Hollander, Henry WatsonChildren's Aid So c i e ty, Baltimore,Maryland; Martha Hamaker Hyn- ning, supervisor in the Washington,D. C, Juvenile Court ; Margaret Ron-nerud, Lutheran Home Finding Society of Chicago; and Eleanor Swenson, Child Welfare Services in Indianapolis.Other recent graduates and their positions are Jack Balcombe, City Welfare Department, Vancouver, BritishColumbia ; Laura Gothberg, who is returning to her position in SuffolkCounty, New York, Board of ChildWelfare; Clarence Ted Johnson, whogoes back as County Administrator ofRelief in Knoxville, Iowa; MargaretPaquette, Ruth Schuler and SidneySpeiglman to the Chicago Relief Administration; Clyde Pritchard to theState Department of Public Welfare inIdaho where he will work as field supervisor; and John Richardson to thePublic Administration Service, Chicago.RUSH1885After practicing at Fullerton, California, for more than thirty-three years,Frank J. Gobar has moved to thedesert ranch area in the largest countyin the U. S. A., San Bernardino County,California. His second son, FranklinHarold Gobar, MD Stanford '24, is carrying on the practice in Fullerton.1889James W. Milligan is medical superintendent of the Madison State Hospital in Madison, Ind.1905O. A. Jeffreys retired in 1937 aftertwenty-one years of practice in Honolulu. Now he and Mrs. Jeffreys withtheir daughter Barbara Jean are makinga leisurely tour of the world.1921Roy E. Smith of Burbank, Calif., isnow resident physician at Olive ViewSanatorium, helping to care for 1000 tuberculosis patients.1933Harold J. Noyes, '23, and FrederickB. Noyes announce the removal of theiroffice to Suite 3405 Pittsfield Building,Chicago.ENGAGEDEvelyn F. Rittenhouse, '34, toRoger Allen Baird, '36, JD '38. Heis the son of Frederick R. Baird, '06,JD '08, of River Forest, 111.Rhoda Wagner, '34, to Harry A.Perlman. The wedding will be anevent of June 30.Marvin H. Glick, '35, to RuthMeltzer.Philip Cleaver White, '35, PhD'38, to Virginia Plumb of Streator, 111.They will be married in September.Robert T. Kesner, '36, to VirginiaGrace Raines. Miss Raines is a member of the New York Daily News staffand Mr. Kesner is assistant advertisingdirector for the Maxwell House Division of General Foods Sales Companyof New York.Wells D. Burnette, '37, to Cora A. AMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU28 E. Jackson BoulevardChicagoA Bureau of Placement which limits itswork to the university and college field.It is affiliated with the Fisk TeachersAgency of Chicago, whose work covers allthe educational fields. Both organizationsassist in the appointment of administratorsas well as of teachers.CLARK-BREWERTeachers Agency57th YearNationwide ServiceFive Offices — One FeeCHICAGO, MINNEAPOLISKANSAS CITY, MO. SPOKANENEW YORKHUGHES TEACHERS AGENCY25 E. JACKSON BLVD.Telephone Harrison 7793Chicago, III.Member National Associationof Teachers AgenciesWe Enjoy a Very Fine High School, Normal School,College and University PatronageUNDERTAKERSBOYDSTON BROS., INC.UNDERTAKERSSince 18924227-29-31 Cottage Grove Ave.All Phones OAKIand 0492UNIFORMSTailored Uniforms Made to MeasureWomen Doctors and Nurses, Stock sizeInterne SuitsANEDA McSWEENY1910 So. Ogden AvenueSEEley 3734 Evenings by Appointment44 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINESCHOOL DIRECTORYGIRL'S SCHOOTOAK GROVEPrepares for College and Gracious Living. Music,Art, Expression. Upper and Lower Schools. Grad.Course Sec. Science. New Fireproof Buildings.Riding included. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Owen,Box 170, Vassalboro, Maine.BOY'S SCHOOL'SHEBRON ACADEMYThorough college preparation for boys at moderatecost. 79 Hebron boys freshmen in college thisyear. Write for booklet and circulars. Ralph L.Hunt, Box G, Hebron, Me.WILLISTON ACADEMYUnusual educational opportunities at modest cost.Over 150 graduates in 40 colleges. New recreational center, gym, pool. Separate Junior School.A. V. Galbraith, Box 3, Easthampton, Mass.MOSES BROWN SCHOOLHelp and inspiration for each boy a century-oldtradition. Excellent college record. Secluded 25-acrecampus. Pool. Lower School. Moderate tuition.L. R. Thomas, 293 Hope St., Providence, R. I.THE MERCERSBURS ACADEMYPrepares for entrance to all colleges and universities. Alumni from 24 nations. 680 former studentsnow in 113 colleges. Boyd Edwards, D.D., LL.D.,Headmaster, Mercersburc, Pa.? CARSON LONG INSTITUTE *Boys' Military School. Educates the whole boy—physically, mentally, morally. How to learn, howto labor, how to live. Prepares for college or business. Rates $500.00. Camp & Summer Session, $125.00.Box 45, New Bloomfield, Pa.COEDUCAT'NAL SCHOOLMERRICOURT"JUST THE PLACE FOR CHILDREN"For small select group — girls and boys 3-12— bymonth or year — understanding care in uniquecountry boarding school and camp — every facilityfor health, happiness and social development.Mr. and Mrs. J. H. Kingsbury Berlin, Conn.For further information write directly to aboveschools or camps or to the Graduate Group Educational Bureau, 30 Rockefeller Pl., New Tobk, N.Y.SPECIAL SCHOOLELIZABETH .HULL SCHOOLForRETARDED CHILDRENBoarding and Day Pupils5046Greenwood Ave TelephoneDrexel 1 1 88COMMERCIAL SCHOOLSIntensive Stenographic CourseI FOR COLLEGE MEN & WOMEN100 Words a Minute in 100 Days As- _A_gured for one Fee. Enroll NOW. Day ^classes only— Begin Jan., Apr., Julyand Oat. Write or Phone Ban. 1575.18 S. MICHIGAN AVE., CHICAGO -fraMUHSMiWiMMacCormac School ofCommerceBusiness Administration and SecretarialTrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESAccredited by the National Association of Accredited Commercial Schools.1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130 Clauson, a graduate of Grant Hospitalof Nursing in 1937. Mr. Burnette isnow editing School Briefs for ScottForesman. They plan to be married inSeptember.Evelyn Douglas Cross, ex'37, toLouis Shattuck Baer, MD '38, whois now serving his interneship at the University Hospital in Ann Arbor. He isthe son of Joseph L. Baer, '01, MD'03. Evelyn is studying dress designing at the Art Institute.Esther Geller '37 to Mandel Silverman '38. The wedding will takeplace on July 2.Graham Fairbank, '38, to CynthiaCleveland. No date has been set for thewedding.Harryette E. Nightingale, '38, ofTopeka, Kans., to Marcus Cohn, '35,JD '38, of Tulsa, Okla.MARRIEDIsabel Gorgas, '26, to George W.Lassen on April 22. They are now living at 7953 Perry Avenue, Chicago.Edna Pauline Willis, '38, to KnoxCalvin Hill, '30, AM '36, in BondChapel on June 19.Eileen Humiston, '33, to JohnJameson Staunton on June 3 in Chicago ; at home, 1017 South Fourth Avenue, Maywood, 111.Eleanor E. Wilson, '33, to HiramDavid Hilton on June 10.Jane Brady, '34, SM '36, to RudolfBrady on April 11. Address: 1990Beach Street, San Francisco, Calif.Muriel E. Wilson, '34, AM '38, toDonald Thomas Winters in BondChapel on June 17.Brownlee W. Haydon, '35, to BetteTurner on June 17 in Niagara Falls,Ontario.Suzanne E. Richardson, '35, toClarence V. Hodges in Bond Chapel onJune 14.Mary Jo Emerson, '37, to EdgarMarquess Branch, AM '38 on April29 in the library of the Memorial Unionof the University of Iowa, where Mr.Branch is teaching and studying for adoctor's degree in the department ofEnglish literature.D. Elridge McBride, '37, to Marguerite Boynton Poor on June 6. At home,5758 Kenwood Ave., Chicago.Richard Meyer, '37, to Alice Schri-ver of Peoria, a graduate of Oberlin, onFebruary 4. The couple have returnedfrom a honeymoon in Haiti and are nowin California.Jane Morrison, AM '37, to Frederick Reed Dickerson on June 14 in theUniversity Church of Disciples, Chicago.Clarissa W. Paltzer, cx'37, to JohnElliott Mancill of Robertsdale, Alabama,at Daphne, Alabama, on June 20, 1939.They will make their home in Alabamawhere Mr. Mancill is engaged in educational work.Virginia Alicia Tress, '37, toDwight C. Williams, '37, on May 27in Bond Chapel. At home, 310 HettingerPlace, Peoria, 111.xMarie Wolfe, '37, to Howard A.Vernon, Jr., '37, on Mav 10. Address :354 Normal Parkway, Chicago. Mary Olive Forney, AM '38, toRichard Glynn Allen on May 13, 1939.Beatrice Dorothy Miller, '38, toLouis David Alpert of Boston, Mass.At home, 5465 Everett Ave., Chicago.Lucile Swartout '38 to RobertBogue of New York City on June 16.Judith Cunningham, '39, to RobertComstock Barr on June 12 in Chicago.Mr. Barr and his bride will make theirhome in South Bend, Ind.Shirley Ann Sondel, '39, to JosephDavis Krueger, '38, on June 18 in Joseph Bond Chapel.BORNTo Mr. and Mrs. G. H. van deGriendt (Marian Plimpton '28) 167Tower Terrace, San Francisco, Calif.,a daughter, Carolyn, on May 3.To Robert W. Beck, '32, SM '34,and Mrs. Beck, a daughter, MargaretRuth on June 10, 1939, Mattoon, 111.To Mr. and Mrs. Lyman Woodward(Betsy DeKema, ex '35) of Greenbelt,Md., a son, Kent Lee on February 15.To George Watrous, ex '36, and Mrs.Watrous (Betty Tressler '33) adaughter Mary Chilton, May 12, Chicago.To Norman J. Gillette, PhD '37,and Mrs. Gillette, a daughter, ElaineSusanne on May 10, in Moscow, Idaho.DIEDHarvey Bartlett Foskett, DB '82,January 8, 1939, at Atherton Court,Calif. He had held pastorates in allparts of the country from New Englandto the Pacific Coast.Arthur Norton House, MD '93,May 12, 1939, in Stockton, Calif. Afterforty years of strenuous medical practice in Kankakee, he had retired inFebruary 1938 to his fruit ranch nearEscalon, Calif.John G. Cunningham, MD '97, forforty years a surgeon in Spokane,Wash., on March 27, 1939 in Los Angeles.Jacob S. Weber, MD '01, June 2,1939, Davenport, Iowa, at the age of62. Veteran physician and surgeon, Dr.Weber was one of the builders of theformer Davenport hospital and alsopresident of the former Northwest Davenport Savings Bank.Orville E. Atwood, '04, of Lansing,Mich., managing director of the stateboard of tax administration and formersecretary of state, in an automobile accident on June 15.Gatewood, MD '11, noted Chicagosurgeon and a member of Rush faculty,at his home in Highland Park, 111., ofa heart attack on May 22.Emmet M. Brown, MD '30, March16, 1939. For the past eight years hewas health officer of Lee County,Beattyville, Kentucky.Benjamin S. Goble, '27, of GlenEllyn on April 4.Edward C. Lee, PhD '36, of OakPark, on June 3. He was a researchchemist for Universal Oil Products Co.Mrs. Stanley E. Read (Alice H.Tanner) PhD '37, Eli Lilly fellow inthe department of chemistry at the University of Chicago, on June 7, 1939 mChicago."Higher education can confer the capacityto read, to distinguish what is worth read"ing and what is not, to enjoy reading whatis, and the habit of doing it." Thus spokePresident Hutchins at the last Convocation.In an effort to carry higher education to alumni, Cap and Gownoffers 75 alumni copies of the 1939 Yearbook at $1.50 apiece, including tax, wrapping and postage.Show the President that you appreciate "what is worth reading" (and, incidentally, save yourself $3.00) by sending us your checkimmediately.6000 PICTURESBEAUTY QUEENSTHE PRESIDENT'SYEARALUMNI COUNCIL ECHOSTAGG'S HOMECOMINGBENESBLACKFRIARSPOLITICAL PROFESSORSLINN, SMITH & DOUGLASOFFICIAL UNDERGRADUATE PUBLICATIONSBOX 280 — FACULTY EXCHANGE — UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOThe Chesterfield glove, created by New York'ssmart designer Merry Hull.. .Original and different too is chesterfield'sway of combining the world's best tobaccos to bringout the finer qualities of each. It's the Chesterfield wayand that's why Chesterfields are milder than othercigarettes. They also have a better taste and morepleasing aroma. Chesterfields really satisfyHAND-AND-GLOVE WITHMORE SMOKING PLEASURECopyright 1939, Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co.