lJEBlOi)-RT> 3*>/4/ i j^ rsVOL. XXV FEBRUARY, ipjj NUMBER 4THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEMIRROR SAYS "TAKE A LOOK"AND toe the line with the Mirrort-\ tappers! We're putting our bestX -*- feet forward this year when the curtain rises March 3 and 4 in Mandel.There's a hint this year of the smartmodernity of Maude Phelps Hutchins'work, the briskness of another show thatFrank Hurburt O'Hara directs for you, aballet chorus with the touch that BerthaOchsner made distinctive last year, and asnap about the tap numbers eloquent ofEdith Ballwebber.In tune with the times, Mirror looksahead, turning its brilliant flicker on thecapable Mrs. Roosevelt, on our own regalMrs. Hutchins, or on the inimitable Mrs.Potter Palmer. First ladies, all of them —and hence how fitting for Mirror to presentthem. (Not that the men are forgotten,for alumni will once more find the revueboasting actors.)Modern interpretations of jazz, new harmonies, skits that range from our own college songs and color to plantation melodiesand the southland : these feature a Mirrorfor you more polished and sparkling thanever before.Alumni will return to campus for a Mirror famil'ar but changed ; and, we add, toeup, for our top price seats are a dollar!THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE *53CROM the flickering light of a neon tube on the skyline of New¦ York City, a speech was sent to the S. S. President Hoover, 3000feet away. The small neon tube changed the electric impulsesfrom a microphone into light waves, which were directed to theship in a narrow beam. A photoelectric tube in the center of areceiving mirror on the ship changed the light impulses back intosound, and the speech was heard on board.The use of light that can be heard, and of sound that can be seen,has many applications. It can be used for speech communication;Jt can serve in fog to guide aircraft on their course and into port;and it can be used for radio and television broadcasting.The development of future forms of transmission, whether insound or light waves, will largely be the responsibility ofcollege-trained General Electric engineers. To-day, these menare planning, producing, and testing electric equipment whichwill help to maintain General Electric's leadership in its field.95-926FBIGENERAL W ELECTRICAnnouncementThe Alumni Council Presents the1933 ALUMNI ASSEMBLYTO BE HELD ONTHURSDAY, MARCH 16IN THEGold Ballroom, Drake HotelCHICAGOInformal Reception at 6 Dinner at 6:30One Dollar Per Plate• # •SPEAKERSRobert M. Hutchins Gordon J. LaingPresident of the University Dean of the Division of the HumanitiesFrank R. Lillie Sophonisba P. BreckinridgeDean of the Division of the Biological Professor of Public Welfare Adminis-Sciences trationArthur H. Compton William F. OgburnProfessor of Physics Professor of SociologyAmos Alonzo StaggDirector of the Department of PhysicalCulture and AthleticsThis advance announcement is made to members of the Alumni Associations togive them the privileges of prior reservation. Such reservations may be made beforeMarch i, by sending payment for tickets to The Alumni Office, The University ofChicago. The entire attendance will be limited to 750 persons.i54Vol. xxv No. 4®ntoer£tt|> of CfncagoJfflaga^neFEBRUARY, 1933The College in the UniversityBy President Robert M. HutchinsI WISH to speak very briefly of theprospects of higher education in America. At the moment they are notparticularly good. In every part ofthe country the cry is that much of themoney that has been spent on educationhas been thrown away, and the chorusswells louder as the discussion reaches thehigher levels of learning. Proposals arenow being made to abolish high schools onthe theory that all the common people areentitled to is eight years in the grades.Public junior colleges of course must go;and if state universities may remain we mustattribute this indulgence to the politicalpower of their graduates rather than toany popular conviction of their usefulness.I do not believe that the movement toexterminate types of educational organizations will get very far. They have grownup because young people could not become workers and had to become pupils. Itis common knowledge that that situationis more aggravated now than we ever imagined it could be. From 1920 to 1930 theenrollment in the high schools of pupilsbetween 17 and 18 increased 196%. It isreported that the enrollment in the juniorcolleges in this area has increased 100%in the last two years. Graduates of Chicago high schools are clamoring for a chance to continue their education; theschool system cannot accommodate them.This type of public pressure cannot belong resisted even in hard times. Thehigh schools, junior colleges, and state universities will survive. They will survive,of course, on a starvation diet. Butthe custodial feature of these institutions is too obvious to secure forthe advocates of their abandonment anyserious hearing. Think what would happenin Chicago if the schools were closed.Even if no teaching is done in them theyhave to be kept open to keep the childrenoff the streets. The suggestion that thechildren might stay at home is answeredby the most casual glance at the homes fromwhich they come. Six of them might conceivably be expected to spend the night inone small room ; they can hardly be countedon to spend the day there.Educational institutions will be keptopen, on a reduced scale, and the reductionsin public schools are likely to be of twokinds; those that limit the opportunities ofthe pupil and those that limit the rewardsof the teacher. The first group of reductions rests on the assumption that thereis a certain minimum education which constitutes the maximum obligation of theState. But I beg to assure you that thei55156 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEminimum obligation of the State is to giveits citizens the maximum education withinits means. Instead of reducing now theopportunities open to pupils we oughtto be increasing them. The reasonwhy we are not is that we feel wecannot afford it. But sooner or later weshall see *hat we cannot go on treating allpupils of high school age almost alike. Wemust have at length alternative curricula atthe high school level. And these alternativecurricula must extend into the junior college.I see no escape from the proposition that thefuture will bring the same increase in juniorcollege enrollment that the high school hasexperienced, and that these organizationsmust also offer instruction adapted to thestudents in them rather than to the classicalprejudices of our people or the demands ofthe universities.Serious consequences seem to me tofollow any general reduction in the compensation of the teacher. Such reductionsare justified by the statement that the income of everybody else has been cut down.This remark is accurate but irrelevant.Teachers have always been grossly underpaid. For years one of the prime objectsof educational administration has been toincrease their compensation. At this university for example the average salary ofteachers was almost doubled from 1908 to193 1 . Measured in terms of the purchasingpower of the dollar in that period howeverthere was an actual decrease of $75.00 a/ear in the real income of the average professor. Teachers do not reap speculativeprofits during booms. In view of the importance of education we must make everyeffort to attract the best people into it. Onephase of this effort must be the provision ofreasonable and secure compensation.These suggestions apply of course to allhonest and capable public servants. Thereare such people, and they have never beenoverpaid. The general salary reductionsrecently imposed on governmental employeeshave been one of the most discouragingaspects of this depression. If we are everto have a reputable public service we mustreward those who can make it so. The wayto reduce public expenditures is to eliminate those who have made the public servicedisreputable.Yet in spite of the wild slashes of those *who favor indiscriminate tax reduction atany cost education will survive. I am notso optimistic about the future of that activity which is the chief and characteristictask of the university, research. State legislatures will vote public money for educationin order to keep the state universities opento their children and the children of theirconstituents. They will make appropriations for research which is definitely immediate and practical in its application. ButI do not see them making those appropriations which make state universities universities, appropriations for that type of investigation which we call scholarship. Atpresent the reductions that are going intoeffect in state university budgets are in general in two classes of expenditures, salariesand research. But if research is eliminatedthe university ceases to be worthy of thename, education loses its vitality, and thecivilization of the future suffers out of allproportion to the savings of the present.All this would not be as unfortunate asit seems to me if the endowed universitieswere in a position to carry the banner ofresearch as high as in the past. Few of themare. With the diminution of their incomefrom capital they are forced to lay newemphasis on income from students. Thiscompels them to maintain their teaching inorder to be attractive to students. Whenfurther economies are required they muststill further reduce their expenditures forresearch but continue their teaching in sufficient volume to draw sufficient numbers.I see no escape from the baleful consequences of this conclusion except through aconviction on the part of the general public,the individual donor, and the great foundations that research and scholarship must notdie from the shock of this crisis.The principal difficulty in developing thisconviction in the layman is the organizationof higher education in America. He cannot understand what a high school is, whata college is, or what a university is ; and wecan make only the feeblest efforts to illuminate him because we are somewhat con-THE COLLEGE IN THE UNIVERSITY 157fused ourselves. If we can work out a rational organization of our system thegreatest obstacle to public understanding¦will be removed.Such a rational organization mustbegin with the elementary school. Itis now clear that the work of that schoolcan be completed in six years. After itshould come a secondary unit definitelypreparatory and not terminal in charactercovering three or four years. Above thesecondary school there should be a set ofalternative courses of study, definitelyterminal and not preparatory in character.They should cover not less than three andnot more than four years. One of themshould be devoted to general education.Others should deal with various types oftechnical training adapted to those who arenot going on into professional schools ofengineering or business but whose leaningsare in these directions rather than towardgeneral education.We should thus look forward to accommodating the educational needs of our population up to their 18th or 20th year by sixyears of primary school, three or four yearsof secondary school, and three or four yearsof terminal courses of a technical or cultural kind. At the eighteenth or twentiethyear the university should begin.The university is not an instrument ofpopular education; the university is an organization for the promotion of scholarship.Therefore it should be differentiated fromthe high school, the college, and the technical institute. As we have seen, studentsshould enter the university at the end of thepresent sophomore year. They would thus bebetween eighteen and twenty, depending onthe rate at which they have completed theirsecondary and collegiate education. Theyshould not enter the university unless theyhave scholarly or professional interests.The collegiate period should terminate inthe college. The object of faculty andstudents in the university should be thehighest kind of scholarly and professionalwork in a scholarly and professional atmosphere. Faculty and students should bechosen with this object in view.The advantage of this type of organiza tion is that it clarifies the function of eachunit in the educational system for the publicand for ourselves. The activities of eachunit can then be tested by its performancein the light of its own ideals. At presentthe last two years of most high schoolsoverlap and duplicate the first two years ofmost colleges. Professional work and general education are hopelessly intermingledin most colleges, even from the first day offreshman year. The function of the university is obscured by its collegiate responsibilities and its collegiate climate. The lasttwo years of college approach more nearlygraduate work than they do the first twoyears of college. The first two years ofcollege approximate more nearly the lasttwo years of high school than they do thelast two years of college.And to this whole confusing scene thejunior college adds confusion still. Anunsatisfactory unit, since half its studentsgraduate every year, it has been compelledeither to give two years more of high schoolor an imitation of the first two years at thestate university. The 450 junior collegesin the country are now artificially separatedfrom their natural associations in the lasttwo years of high school; the standardizing agencies require this separation. Thepossibilities for rational organization, integration, and economy that would resultfrom permitting them to come together areso great that such permission cannot belong delayed.Such permission when it is granted shouldnot mean the extension of the high schoolinto the college; it should mean the extension of the college into the high school.It should give us an institution comparableto the German gymnasium or the Frenchlycee, where the most highly trained teachers and the most rigorous intellectual standards are required. Control by the collegeof the last two years of the high schoolshould guarantee this result. In this waya real college doing work truly collegiatemight appear in this country.At the same time a real university doingwork of truly university character mightdevelop in the United States. But you mayask, if one of the advantages of this plan isi58 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe differentiation of college and university,why should there be a college in a university at all ? My answer is that a college hasno place in a university except for purposesof experimentation. The object of a university is the advancement of knowledge.A college belongs there only as an experimental organization devoted to the advancement of the knowledge of such organizations. Because of the high quality of theuniversity faculty, the university can experiment with problems of college education and attempt to set a pattern whichcolleges engaged in administering a generaleducation may adopt. This is what thecollege of the University of Chicago is nowdoing; this is what gives it its place in theUniversity.With a six year elementary school, with a three or four year secondary school, witha three or four year college devoted togeneral education, and paralleled by threeor four year institutions giving varioustypes of technical education, with the university beginning as it does now at Chicagoat the beginning of junior year, we havea simple and coherent organization that willbe understood and supported and that willgive to American youth the kind of education which our civilization demands. It isthe task of the universities, particularlythe endowed universites, and particularlyThe University of Chicago, to lend theirprestige and their intelligence to the advancement of some such comprehensive program to the end that education and scholarship may flourish still to light and guide ourpeople.*This is the Convocation Address given by President Hutchins in December, 1932.Public Policy PamphletsEdited by Harry D. Gideonse1. Balancing the BudgetBy a University of Chicago Round Table2. The Economics of TechnocracyBy Aaron Director3. Unemployment InsuranceBy Mary B. Gilson4. War DebtsBy Harry D. Gideonse5. Deflation and Capital LevyBy Maynard C. Krueger Ready January 19Ready February 2Ready February 16Ready March 2Ready March 16Are you still getting your money s worth out of your University education?The Alumni Council is always on the alert to find ways of keeping you intellectuallyin touch with the University. In the series of pamphlets listed above, the Universitybrings you authentic up to date information on current problems of the greatest importance.These are times of reorganization and times when public policy must become the supreme concern of the individual. Hence this series of pamphlets on public policies, —clear, well formulated statements for every thinking person.These pamphlets are offered to the general public at twenty-five cents, a piece, or a dollarfor the series, but the Council is able to offer the complete set to Magazine subscribersfor sixty cents. Write in to the Alumni Council, Cobb 403, University of Chicago, foryour set at once — enclosing the sixty cents.Where Our Graduates GoThe College Graduates of the University of Chicago, 1893- ig 30*By Robert C. Woellner, A.M. '24Executive Secretary, Board of Vocational Guidance and PlacementWHAT generalizations can be madeconcerning the vocational lives,social composition, and academichistories of the graduates of the Universityof Chicago? In an effort to answer thisquestion, an investigation was undertakenin September, 1930. Questionnaires weremailed to 15,840 of the 17,922 men andwomen who received the Bachelor's degreefrom the University of Chicago during theperiod June 26, 1893, to June 10, 1930.Subsequently, almost 5,000 of these graduates returned the blanks completely filledout, and the huge mass of data was tabulatedand evaluated.Because of the changes which have takenplace in the educational and social structureof the University from 1893 t0 1930, thegraduates could not be dealt with as a singlegroup. Therefore, the replies to the questionnaire were separated according to periods. These groups form convenient unitsfor the study of trends and the making ofcomparisons. The first group is made upof those who were graduated during theperiod 1893-1900. The remaining sixgroups are made up of those who receivedthe baccalaureate degree within five-yearperiods, as follows: 1 901 -05, 1 906- 10,1911-15, 1916-20, 1921-25, and 1926-30.The first group covers a longer period oftime than the other six groups because therewere so few graduates in 1893, 1894, and1895.So large a number of individuals represents a source of extremely valuable dataregarding the social contribution and socialcomposition of the colleges of the Universityof Chicago, and the extent to which certain elements of vocational life, social composition, and academic history of the graduatesare interrelated. Moreover, the information obtained from the study of these datashould be significant in relation to the wholeproblem of the evaluation of college training, and should be useful as a basis fordealing with the personnel problems of thepresent student body. Some of the statisticalresults of the study follow.The Vocations of the GraduatesThe data disclosed that 61.5 per cent ofthe men graduates of the colleges of theUniversity chose professional service of onekind or another as their vocation. Education was the most popular of the professions with a percentage of 27.1, medicine was second with a percentage of 13.9,and law was third with a percentage of10.9. Of the 27.1 per cent of men graduates in education, 12.5 per cent taught incolleges or universities, 8.2 per cent taughtin elementary or secondary schools, 6.1 percent engaged in administration at the elementary or secondary level, and .3 per centwere college presidents. In general, the percentages of all men graduates in the profession of education (at all levels) indicatea decrease over the years. The ministryattracted about 3 per cent of the men graduates who replied to the questionnaire. Although the percentages of men graduatesemployed in chemical work are consistentlysmall throughout the entire period coveredby the study, they do show an appreciableincrease since the period 1911-15. The decline, evident during the last two periods(1921-25 and 1926-30) in the percentages* The data of this study were assembled as a -part of the University Survey, and will be published April 4, IQ33 (University of Chicago Press) by the University Survey Staff. The addressing and sending of the questionnaire's was made possible through the co-operation of the AlumniOffice.159i6o THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEof men graduates who entered the professions of medicine, college teaching, and law,and the subsequent decline shown by thewhole group of professions, may be accounted for by the length of time requiredin preparation for these vocations, and alsoby increased professional standards.Business vocations attracted 32.4 per centof the men graduates. Of the various business pursuits, managerial service occurredmost frequently, with selling next in order.Banking and brokerage held second placein the earlier years covered by the study, butafter the period 1906-10 were succeeded byselling. The growing interest in sellingshown by the men graduates of recent yearsis partially accounted for by the fact thatexperience in selling is a prerequisite forentrance into a number of other businesspursuits. The percentage of men in business pursuits increased from 27.4 per centfor the first period (1893-1900) to 36.0per cent for the last period (1926-30).There are several reasons for the increasein the percentage of those in business vocations : ( 1 ) the increase in opportunitiesfor college trained men in business, (2)the improvement of facilities for obtainingbusiness training at the University of Chicago* (3) the lure of relatively large financial return from business, and (4) theshorter training period required of thoseentering business in comparison with thatrequired of those entering the professions.The professions attracted 72.8 per centof all the women graduates. This highpercentage is made up chiefly of womengraduates in the field of education. Teaching and administrative work at all levelsengaged 65.5 per cent of these women.This high percentage of the women graduates, in turn, is composed largely of thoseteaching in institutions below college grade,as 52.9 per cent were so engaged. Teaching at college level attracted 8.2 per cent,while educational administration below college level engaged 4.4 per cent. All theother professions attracted a very small percentage of the women graduates.Business vocations engaged only 15.2 percent of all the women graduates throughoutthe entire period, but show an increase in recent years. Most of the women inbusiness engaged in secretarial work. Thepercentages of the women graduates whoengaged in this type of work increased substantially over the period 1893-1930. Nowomen graduates of the first period reportedsecretarial work as their vocation, as compared with 1 0.0 per cent of the 1926-30graduates. The women were requested tocite the vocation in which they were engagedbefore marriage, and therefore no data wereobtainable concerning the percentage ofwomen engaged in housekeeping at the timethe study was made. However, 4.0 percent of the women graduates entered housekeeping immediately following their graduation. The data seem to indicate that inrecent years more women entered a vocationafter graduation (or before marriage) thanin former years.Somewhat over one-sixth of all the graduates made one or more changes in vocationsince their graduation from the University.Yearly Earned Incomes of the GraduatesThe median earned income (for the year1929) of the men graduates who repliedto the questionnaire is $4,138. Two-thirdsreceived incomes of between $1,000 and$6,000, while 2.4 per cent received less than$1,000 and 1.4 per cent received more than$40,000. The rest received yearly incomesof between $6,000 and $40,000.The median earned income (for the year1929) of the women graduates is $2,500.Nearly 40 per cent of all the women graduates received incomes of from $2,000 to$3,000; 3.5 per cent reported incomes ofless than $1,000; and slightly less than 3per cent received more than $5,000.Occupations of the Fathers of the GraduatesThe vocations of the fathers of the graduates were selected as a means of approachto the study of the graduates' social composition. The data indicate that in so faras the fathers' vocations are concerned,there is little reason to assume that thegraduates came from families of any oneclass. Although professional service engaged the largest percentage (26.2) of thefathers of the graduates, proprietary serviceWHERE OUR GRADUATES GO 161engaged 19.2 per cent, agricultural service,13.3 per cent, commercial service, 12.7 percent, and managerial service, 7.5 per cent.The remaining 21.1 per cent are distributedamong a great many different vocations,including all types of skilled, semi-skilled,and unskilled labor. It should be noted atthis point that the graduates themselvesseem to be concentrated in the professionsand in business.Although the relative frequency withwhich the various vocations occurred is approximately the same among the fathers ofthe graduates of each of the seven periods,one exception is sufficiently significantto be noted. Whileagricultural serviceholds third placefor the entire period 1 893-1930, itdropped from second place amongthe fathers of thegraduates of the period 1 893- 1 900 tofifth place amongthe fathers of thegraduates of the period 1926-30. Thedecrease is accounted for by thegeneral trend awayfrom the farmwhich has takenplace in the UnitedStates during thelast decade. Robert C. WoellnerHome Communities of the GraduatesAnother approach to the study of thesocial composition of the graduates is gainedthrough a knowledge of the location andsize of population of their home communities. The home communities of the graduates were located principally in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio,Missouri, and the other central states, withthe largest percentage in Illinois, especiallyin later years. During the last period(1926-30) 61. 1 per cent of the graduatescame from Illinois. During the entire period (1893-1930), a larger percentage ofthe graduates came from foreign countriesthan from New England. The percentagesare 1.3 and 1.0, respectively. If the homecommunity of an individual has a markedeffect upon his social habits, and if communities located in different sections of theUnited States vary significantly in theirsocial habits, then the student body of thecolleges of the University of Chicago in thepast have been homogeneous, from this aspect of their social composition. The "mid-western" culture (if it can be distinguishedfrom the culture of other portions of thecountry) has assuredly predominated.It was assumedthat the nature ofthe social background possessed bythe graduates — to¦ what extent urbanor rural — would besuggested by thepopulations of theirhome communities.The data disclosedthat one-half of thegraduates (50.3 percent ) came fromcommunities withpopulations of 100,-000 or over (including the Chicagosuburbs), and 31.9per cent came fromcommunities of lessthan 10,000 in population. The rest of the graduates, only17.8 per cent, came from cities of 10,000 to49.999 population and from those of 50,000to 99,999 population. It can readily beseen that the distribution of the home communities of the students who came to theUniversity of Chicago for the Bachelor'sdegree is well balanced between those oflarge and small size.Religions of the GraduatesFor the purpose of gathering informationconcerning religion, the questionnaire requested the graduates to indicate their re-l62 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEligious classification, as Baptist, Jewish,Methodist, et cetera. Since membershipwas not mentioned, the replies did not giveany insight into the closeness of the respective church affiliations. For the wholeperiod considered (1893-1930), the datarevealed that the Presbyterian denominationwas foremost, having been professed by 1 7-7per cent of all the graduates. The Methodist faith was second (15. 7 P^ cent), andthe Jewish religion was third (n.O percent). Despite the early affiliation of theUniversity of Chicago with the BaptistChurch, only 10.8 per cent of the graduateswere of the Baptist faith.Major Academic Fields of the GraduatesWhile in Attendance at the UniversityFor purposes of this study, the major subjects indicated by the graduates were classified according to the four divisions or fieldsof academic work used in the plan of Divisional Organization instituted at the University of Chicago in 1931. These divisions,and the departments included in them, areas follows:Biological Sciences: Anatomy, Botany,Hygiene, Home Economics, Medicine,Physiology, Psychology, Zoology.Humanities : Art, Classics, Divinity,English, German and Germanics, Philology, Oriental Languages, Philosophy, Romance Languages.Physical Sciences: Astronomy, Chemistry, General Science, Geography,Geology, Mathematics, Physics.Social Sciences: Anthropology, Economics, Education, History, Law, Political Science, Social Science, Sociology.Among the men graduates, the socialsciences, with a percentage of 43.1, provedto be the most attractive field ; the physicalsciences were second, with a percentage of27.5; the humanities were third, with apercentage of 17.9; and the biological sciences were fourth, with a percentage of 1 1.5.Economics was the most popular subject.The increase in the relative popularity ofeconomics is remarkable. Only 4.3 per centpf the men graduates of the period 1893-1900 chose economics as their major subject, while 20.2 per cent of the men gradu ates of the period 1926-30 majored in thisfield. In this change is reflected the increased emphasis in recent years on the importance of the study of the principles ofeconomics as training for business, and alsothe attempt by an increasingly large proportion of college men to obtain a clearerunderstanding of industrial society. Chemistry was second to economics with respectto the percentage of men graduates whomajored therein, English was third, andhistory was fourth.The women graduates showed markedinterest in the humanities and the socialsciences, and relatively little interest in thephysical and the biological sciences. Slightlyover 42 per cent of the women graduatesmajored in the humanities, 35.3 per centin the social sciences, 11.3 per cent in thebiological sciences, and 11.2 per cent in thephysical sciences. English was by far themost popular subject among the womengraduates ; education, second ; history, third ;and the Classics, fourth.Extra-curriculum ActivitiesThis phase of the academic histories ofthe graduates is concerned with the extra-curriculum activities in which the graduatesparticipated while in attendance at the University. Of the men graduates, 28.3 percent reported no participation in extra-curriculum activities, and of the womengraduates, 48.5 per cent reported no participation. The graduates who enteredlower education participated the least, andthose who entered business vocations participated the most. The relative order ofthe frequency of occurrence of the variousextra-curriculum activities is as follows:Men — Athletics, social organizations,dramatics, publications, music, elective offices, and Student Council. Women — Social organizations, athletics, dramatics,music, publications, elective offices, andStudent Council.Although through the years athletics werethe most popular extra-curriculum amongthe men, there is evidence of a decline inparticipation in this activity. Of the menwho graduated during the 1893-1900 period,44.5 per cent reported that they engagedin athletics, whereas 36.3 per cent of theWHERE OUR GRADUATES GO 163graduates of the 1926-30 period reportedsimilarly. The percentages of men who participated in social organizations are fairlyuniform for each period. The popularityof social organizations among the womenincreased with the years. Of the womengraduates of the earliest period (1893-1900) 12.1 per cent reported participationin social organizations, while 30.0 per centof those of the most recent period (1926-30) reported participation in this activity.Athletics among the women, as among themen, show a decline from 27.3 per centof the women of the earliest period to 21.9per cent of the most recent women graduates who replied to the questionnaire.Undergraduate Scholastic HonorsQuite naturally, the majority of thealumni reported no honors. On the otherhand, many reported several awards. Thedegree with honors was reported more frequently than any other single honor by boththe men and the women graduates. Of themen, 19.4 per cent, and of the women, 24.2per cent reported this award. Honors received at the end of the Junior College weresecond to the degree with honors, with respect to frequency of occurrence. Of themen, 14.4 per cent, and of the women 13.9per cent received this award. The percentages of both the men and the women whosignified election to the honor society PhiBeta Kappa are higher than an actual checkof the records in the Recorder's Office disclosed. While this latter investigation included only a sampling of several classestaken at random, it seemed to indicate thata fraction under 10 per cent of the mengraduates and a little more than 1.1 percent of the women graduates received thisdistinction ; whereas the percentages obtained through the questionnaire were 1 1 .9per cent of the men graduates, and 12.8 percent of the women graduates. The difference in the percentages seems to suggestthat a slightly larger proportion of thosegraduates who received the Phi Beta Kappahonor answered the questionnaire than ofthose who were not so honored. The percentage distribution of the honors is strikingly similar for the men and the women.The greatest variation between them occurs in the percentages awarded associate membership in Sigma Xi. Whereas 5.1 per centof the men stated that they had receivedthis award, only .5 per cent of the womenreported membership. As this award isgiven for noteworthy accomplishment in thephysical and biological sciences, the difference may therein be explained, since thewomen did not major in these sciences toas great an extent as did the men.Self-SupportItems were included in the questionnairefor the purpose of discovering to what extent the alumni, while in college, ( 1 ) received all their support from private sources,(2) were entirely self-supporting, or (3)were supported in part from private sourcesand in part by their own efforts. The datashow that 22.7 per cent of the men and38.2 per cent of the women received theirentire support from private sources, whereas20.1 per cent of the men and 21.9 per centof the women were fully self-supportingwhile attending the University. The largest percentage of the men (57.2) and of thewomen (39.9) represent those who werepartly self-supporting during the time oftheir undergraduate work. The percentages of both men and women who workedfor part or all of their undergraduate expenses show a decided increase from thefirst to the last period covered by the study.Whereas 68.4 per cent of the men graduates of the first period (1893-1900) supported themselves wholly or in part, 79.2 percent of the men graduates of the last period(1926-30) were reported in this classification. The corresponding percentages forthe women graduates are 57.6 for the firstperiod and 65.5 for the last period.Similar investigations made at other institutions disclose slightly lower percentagesof self-supporting college students than doesthe present investigation. However, thestudies of self-help at institutions other thanthe University of Chicago are confined tostudents in residence at the time the studieswere made. They do not account for thosestudents, typical of a group included in thepresent investigation, who obtain full-timeemployment in order to make sufficientmoney so that when they attend college they164 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEdo not need to engage in financially gainfulemployment. There is included also inthe present investigation those teachers whosecured the Bachelor's degree by attendingsummer and extension classes.The Athletic "C"Exactly 8 per cent of the men graduateswho answered the questionnaire reportedhaving received the athletic "C." An attempt was made to determine in what respects, if any, the "C" men differed from thenon-"C" men. The data seem to indicatethat a larger percentage of the "C" menthan of the non-"C" men entered businessvocations. Furthermore, almost two-thirdsof the "C" men were sons of men whoengaged either in business or in professionalservice, while the non-"C" men show a moreeven distribution in the matter of vocationalbackground. A study of the size of thehome communities of the "C" men shows that they came from the large urban centersto a greater extent than the non-"C" men.With respect to scholastic honors the twogroups are more nearly alike. Approximately the same percentages of the "C"men as of the non-"C" men received scholastic awards. However, there is some variation between the "C" men and the othersin regard to the specific scholastic awardsreceived. Only two scholastic awards werereported by a larger percentage of the "C"men than of the non-"C" men. These twoare "Marshal" and "Honors at the Endof Senior Year." Of the "C" men, 21.7per cent were student marshals as compared with only 4.1 per cent of the non-"C"men similarly honored. The difference isnot so marked in the relative percentageswho received honors at the end of thesenior year. Of the "C" men, 13.7 percent, and of the non-"C" men, 11.7 percent received this distinction.The study of the relationships which were found to e'xist among the elements of vocational life,social composition, and academic history will be reported upon in a future article.Campus Quarters for the FairThrough a special arrangement with the University, the Alumni Councilis able to offer to both alumni and alumnae the opportunity oi using the newMen's Residence Halls, Burton and Judson Courts, this summer.Those who have visited the new Halls will appreciate what a privilege itwill be to stay in these luxurious and conveniently located buildings while visiting in Chicago for the Fair. Rates for alumni range from $2.00 to $4.00 perday per person, depending upon the accommodations. Facilities of the dininghalls, with their splendid cuisine, are available to guests, and the privileges of thelibrary and tennis courts are also offered.The Magazine is published at 1009 Sloan St., Crawfordsville, Ind., monthly from Novemberto July, inclusive, for The Alumni Council of the University of Chicago, 58th St. and Ellis Ave.,Chicago, 111. The subscription price is $2.00 per year; the price of single copies is 25 cents.Entered as second class matter December 10, 1924, at the Post Office at Crawfordsville, Indiana,under the Act of March 3, 1879.What Lies Ahead for College Women?By Jessie A. Charters, Ph.D. '04Assistant Professor of Adult Education, Ohio State University1AST year a series of articles by MissWallace in The University of-* Chicago Magazine gave me several kinds of a shock. Miss Wallace anEmerita— impossible ! I looked at her pictures — snap shots scattered through herarticles — then I went to my own most secretmirror where I could think a bit. Mymemory of Miss Wallace gave me a mentalpicture of a gay young woman with curlyglowing dark brown hair, with infinitebrilliance and wit and the charm of a professional woman just coming into her ownon a great campus. I myself was stillyounger, an ambitious graduate student ofthat generation which observed everywoman's career to discover just what battlesmust be fought to win a place, and justwhat personal assets were required to "makegood." That was the great question in thosedays— thirty-two years ago. Should awoman, in the great world of competitionto which she was aspiring, retain her"womanliness" — that is, her feminine tricksof dress and manner and disposition? Orwas the success she wanted (which was nolonger the success of bewitching men withher charm, but success in a job), to begained by living an impersonal, sexless life?Or was the best way, chosen by many, tobecome as masculine as possible, and as manto man win in the competitions of life?Some of the early women's right-ers woretrousers. They had men's hair cuts — and itis told that a woman member of a statereading circle board liked to sit in a smoking car, feet on the seat in front, puffing ablack cigar with her fellow board members.We who in 1901 were about to enterthis new world of "careers for women"gazed around us at those who were alreadylaunched, and tried to decide how we shouldbehave, and what we ought to do to winsuccess.Professor Harvey Carr may recall (heprobably will not) standing in the laboratory window of the old Psychology build ing and watching the coeds pass by atdismissal of classes. One brilliant youngwoman, a math major, wore a man's oldfelt hat, stuck on her head at whatever angleit happened to hit first. Another lady whopassed the window sometimes was very trimin skirt cut as straight as a tailor could cutit, of a shortness not to excite comment asdaring, a stiff white collar on an immaculateshirtwaist, a woman's felt hat "tailored" tothe last degree.We used to discuss the problem — wepsychology majors — and Professor Angelllaughed at us. I think he believed that avery few years would settle the matter forhis girls, and that our deliberations weremerely academic; we would all marry andhave a houseful of babies, and all the success he could ask of us was that we wouldbe finer and happier women for havingsought degrees in psychology. There werepractically no jobs waiting for us, in thosedays, and if we were indifferent to marriagewe would have to put up with whateverplaces we could find and fill.Professor Angell did not share the oft-expressed feeling of most of the professorswho looked with dismay upon the womenwho entered their classes to prepare forsome special work. Some of our professorsoften said — "These women — they do notknow what they want; if they do, it ismarriage they want and they are studyingonly as a stop-gap till they find the man.We spend our time and energy on them—they demand as much or more than themen — we help them get jobs. Then just asthey are about ready to amount to something they get married and all our effortsare wasted."Many years after I had married and hadmy own houseful of children I felt calledupon to apologize to Professor Angell forhaving made no professional use of thetraining upon which he had spent his timeand hopes so freely. Professor Angelllaughed and looked amazed. "Why, I have165i66 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEalways counted you as one of my successes,"he answered; which shows that he tried tohelp us get the most out of life, and bebetter prepared for whatever the futureshould hold, without worrying his headover our ability to "make good" as psychologists.When an alumni magazine editor asksan old grad to write an article he alwayslets himself in for reminiscence; but myreminiscences have this point — that theproblems we discussed thirty years ago inmy graduate days are still the most urgentproblems of women — young and old. Whatshall we prepare for? What do we wantto be?Even now the antinomy of life is comingto the fore with men and women in a waythat has never before happened in history.The failure of what has been consideredsuccess is throwing back upon us the urgentproblem, "what is success?" What kind ofa person must one be to become successful?Recently the Christian Century has hadtwo articles written by a man who had lostout, who had no prospects, no future. Hesolved his problem by giving up the strugglein a city and going into the wilds "somewhere in New England" — on a farm.In the September Scrihners MagazineElliott Merrick writes about "Escape to theNorth" — I quote from the Readers' Digestversion :"Each man, it is said, gets in his lifetimewhat he wants most. The city man wantsa dwelling loaded with conveniences. . . .But I prefer mud to cement sidewalks, andwater out of a bucket to water out of afaucet."Is real success to be gained by invitingone's own soul in peace? Or is that the"flight from reality" of the psychologists?The burden of fiction and essays andpoems is the age-old problem — what dowe want out of life, anyway? In one formor another perhaps a thousand personswithin the past ten years have asked me toadvise them how to get the most out oftheir lives — how to find more satisfactionthan they have so far been able to secure.Every week students — both men and women — come to my hospitable desk,searching for help in planning their future.Most of these, the young students and themiddle aged, ask me, "How did you doboth?" And they mean, How do I happento have a home, a bevy of children ofassorted ages, a husband who looks satisfiedand well-fed, and at the same time a jobwhich they are generous enough to considera "successful career."Only last night my young dentistbreathed an obvious sigh of relief when Ihappened to mention that I had been holding a full-time job only the last four years;he remarked, "Well, I have often wonderedwhat you really thought about a womanworking when she has a family — especiallyyou, who are in parent education, tellingmothers how to bring up their children."Recently a woman — mother of four, closetogether — sat in my office, half-sobbing.She with all her brains, her Ph.D. degree,the money and time she has invested in hertraining — spending weary, long days inmenial drudgery which an ignorant girlcould do just as well. (Technocracy maybe doing wonderful things for industry, butthere is still lots of drudgery in the world —and we women have to do a large shareof it.)At the beginning of each quarter at leasta dozen young women ask me to advisethem what graduate work they can takewhich will fit them for "doing somethingwith it, even if I should marry and stayat home." Their problem is complicatedby a condition which they have in mind —they want to do something financially profitable. It is not wholly that they expectto need money, or that they want a standardof living beyond the probable earning abilityof the men they will marry. The desire ofa woman to earn money is part of her beinga person in her own right. Financial dependence is one form of serfdom ; the holderof the purse strings is the real ruler — theprinciple so amply emphasized by the historyof the English people.You may remember that Miss Wallacesaid, "Forty-one years of teaching, deaning,and house-heading had prevented the realization of many secret longings; certain ex-WHAT LIES AHEAD FOR COLLEGE WOMEN? 167periences which give more completeness tolife had been necessarily neglected ; . . .The first gap was that left by the absenceof personal domestic life." And you mayalso remember that the very first expressionof her freedom from her professional careerwas to set up housekeeping with her twobachelor brothers. She testifies that "thecomposition of a menu had the same fearsome fascination as had once the planning ofa freshman's schedule."Women want marriage, home, children.So do men. But these are not enough tobe the final, complete,and satisfying occupation for women anymore than for men.Man's place is out in theworld — h o m e roundsout his life and giveshim a purpose as wellas an index of achievement. Woman's placeis in the home — butmuch of her responsibility has been taken awayby changing civilization,and when her childrenbegin to grow up andlive their own lives herhands are empty ofworth while work, andher hours are unoccupied.While a mother'stasks are new and herchildren are young her hands and heart andtime are fully occupied. Where there arechildren home-making is a full-time job,requiring endless overtime. There is noopportunity for outside work when a womanhas an understanding of the creative job inher own home, and a full sense of responsibility for giving it her best.Here then is the problem : to have a homeand children and give that job one's best,yet not to be left stranded for a long afterlife without anything worth doing. Tohave a home of one's own is a natural anda universal desire. Must a woman chooseeither a home or a career?Women know that any occupation re-Mrs. Chartersquiring skill and training must be preparedfor strenuously while they are young.After the children leave home is too lateto begin to train for any work where thereis competition and where specialized training is needed. A middle-aged woman whoyears ago married instead of going to collegemay now be able to capitalize on the home-making skills which she has been acquiringin the process of rearing her family ; she maybake or cater or sew or knit. But herchance of entering a professional field withany satisfying success is practically nil.Young women observetheir mothers and theirmothers' friends — anddo not want to come tothat! What can theydo now to prepare themselves against that distant but inevitable futureof middle and old age?What sort of educationcan they secure whichwill give them something worthy of theirbest and not incompatible with possible home-making? They wantpreparation for a profession now, in whichthey can maintain theirskill and perhaps theirprofessional stand i n gduring an interval oftwelve or fifteen yearswhile they concentrate on home-making,and to which they can return with someassurance of success and a salaried job.Aye, that is a question!The field of adult education, and especially the phase known as parental education, seems to offer such possibilities. Inthe first place the preliminary training inthis field (known as preparental education)prepares a woman to make an infinitelybetter home than if she had no trainingfor home-making. Home economics training fits a girl to become a teacher in thatfield. With additional preparental trainingshe is equipped to make a very superiorhome.i68 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAnd then, in the second place, as a home-maker she can continue her own technicaltraining, and can maintain her professionalstatus by carrying on much needed researches in the normal home situation.Practically all our current informationabout child psychology and physiology andabout character development and personality problems is gained from the clinic andthe experimental laboratory. No first ratedata from normal home life are available.What an opportunity for scientificallytrained home-makers!In the third place, experience in home-making and skilled practice in rearing children should be a prerequisite qualificationfor the professional parent educator.Parental education is in its infancy as aprofessional field, and at present most ofthe salaried positions are held by womentrained for other careers. Really wellqualified people are needed in every fieldand can secure the rewards of efficiency.This will eventually be true in parentaleducation. Society is beginning to recognizethat the education of parents is absolutelyessential to secure results commensuratewith expenditures in public school educationof children; to prevent delinquency; to prevent ill health, both physical and mental ; toprepare the setting for the solving of socialproblems. Therefore parental educationwill sometime be recognized as a majorconcern of the state, not to be left to voluntary study groups and private initiative.Qualifications for first rate success areextremely complex and difficult. A degreeor two, even plus a successful home, willget one nowhere at all. In all careers, personality — that intangible but enormouslyimportant something — is gaining first placeas a qualification demanded.And so, when I advise my graduate students, and when I talk to the women of allages and degrees who pass by my desk, thetone of my advice depends on what myeyes and ears and wits are telling me abouttheir personalities — their clothes, voice, posture, directness, forcefulness, quickness ofdecision, and social tact. The possibilities of parental educationas a life work are open only to the selectedfew. Therefore I still am perpetuallypuzzled to answer that question: what canthe average person do to make life moresatisfying? Shall one plan to make moneyand enjoy that sense of security and success which can be given only by a steady income ?Shall one be satisfied with love and joyof service, without any thought of a personalcareer?Can one by planning and forethought andpreparation get more out of the allotedspan than by merely taking things as theycome ?Sometimes middle-aged people find thatlife is disappointing. Young people lookingahead fear they may find themselves hopelessly adrift and bereft when they are middle aged.What alternatives are before a womanfrom which she may choose a life work?It must be something which she can do alongwith home-making, or which she can interrupt for home-making without too greatloss. It must be something which will addto her sense of satisfaction. And preferably it will provide a job and a salary beforemarriage, and again after the tension ofhousekeeping and babies has been released.This is a real question for a vocationalguide, and a vital perplexity for vast numbers of women.Writing, painting, music, communityservice, church work have often been recommended. My recommendation of parentaleducation is a gamble in futurities, to besure, but it has many merits worthy of consideration. However, it is not a recommendation to all and sundry, but only tothose with personality who are willing toprepare beforehand, to continue training-on-the-job, and to make the tremendoussacrifices needed for maintaining professional status during several trying years ofhome-making.For all the others the problem is still apuzzling and interesting opportunity forexperiment and discussion.Technocracy — Fact or Fad?By William N. Mitchell, A.M. '25Professor of Production ControlTHE particular line of thought whichcharacterizes the sponsors of this"seven day wonder" called technocracy, was probably first suggested by someof the writings of Thorsten Veblen, almost a score of years ago, particularlyin his "Engineers and the Price System,"though they have been charged with having appropriated the ideas of an Englishphysicist, Professor Soddy, of Oxford.Certain it is, that the general frameworkof facts upon which their peculiar philosophy is based has been commonly recognized among intelligent observers for manyyears.Who coined this word, which seems to beresponsible for much of the furore whichhas arisen, is rather obscure, and probablydoesn't matter.In any event, the group seems to haveoriginated some ten or more years ago underthe very respectable leadership of such menas Steinmetz, Veblen, and Tolman. It isunfortunate that the really significant and,I may say, very substantial, contribution,which the present day group by that nameis in the process of making, has been entirelylost sight of, — as is likely to be the casewhen sensational publicity tactics are employed to popularize scholarly research. Irefer, of course, to the Energy Survey,which is being made at Columbia University.This research project was finally begunonly about a year and a half ago, as a cooperative enterprise under the auspices ofthe Department of Industrial Engineeringat Columbia and the New York Architects'Unemployment Relief Committee, the University providing the physical facilities andthe Relief Committee the personnel forcarrying on the research. Those most active in carrying on this project are Professors Walter Rautenstrauch and KingHubbard at Columbia, Howard Scott andBassett Jones as Director and Assistant Director for the technocrats, and FrederickAckerman, of the Architects' Committee. Wayne Parrish, who featured largely inthe initial publicity a few weeks ago, is ayoung news reporter who sensed the publicity value of the idea and straightwaycapitalized upon it. He is not an engineer,nor is he connected with the group.It should be noted that no official reportof findings has been published, nor will theresearch have proceeded far enough to makeit possible to present official findings orto draw conclusions for at least anotheryear, according to responsible authorities atColumbia. It is also rather significant thatthe representatives of Columbia have takenno part in the recent efforts to make publicthe alleged findings and somewhat preposterous claims of the group.Technological unemployment is undoubtedly a rather important factor in ourpresent economic breakdown, though thesupplanting of workers by power driven machines and automatic mechanisms in industryis by no means the only or even the majorcause of the present widespread unemployment, nor is there any justification for theextravagant predictions that technologicaldevelopments will have, within a couple ofyears, or so, rendered it impossible for upwards of twenty million of our workingpopulation to find employment.Nevertheless technological unemployment does present a serious problem, andhas apparently been on the increase for tenyears or more, even in prosperous times.Between 1920 and 1927 the number ofindustrial workers among whom technological unemployment is naturally most felt,unless it be among agricultural workers, declined from approximately 11,200,000 to10,600,000 or about 5% for the seven yearperiod which was, it should be noted, aperiod when production in many lines wassharply upon the increase. It is not to beinferred of course, that this 500,000 or moreof displaced industrial workers permanentlyjoined the ranks of the unemployed, sinceduring the same period, the total of non-industrial and non-agricultural workers in-169170 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcreased from approximately 5,900,000 to8,350,000, that is, an increase h\t times asgreat numerically as the decline in industrialemployees during the same period.Of course, it may be contended that muchof the increase in the non-industrial grouprepresents employment of the "make work"variety, — superfluous bond salesmen, college professors, publicity agents, preachers,and the like, — but all of them did at leastrender sufficiently impressive services to beclassed among the employed. Thus,whereas certain occupational groups, notably industrial and agricultural workers,are declining in numbers, other occupationalgroups are increasing and absorbing at leastsome of those released by technological advance.The net result of this occupational shifthas been for unemployment year in andyear out, during the past decade, to increase, gradually though steadily. Intruth, not all of this increase should probably be attributed to technological causes.The unemployed reserve even in good timesis made up of at least three groups, (a) thepermanently and voluntarily unemployed,(b) those temporarily unemployed by theirown volition, in shifting from one job toanother, (c) those unemployed not of theirown volition, due to being supplanted bymachines, business reorganization and thelike. This latter group, of course, represents technological unemployment. In timeslike the present, obviously, unemploymentis greatly augmented by the shut-down ofproduction, an increase which has no direct relationship to the displacing of men bytechnological progress.Even accepting the technocrats' statements as having in them a grain of truth,I maintain that the real issue is not so muchconcerned with their facts as with their conclusions, and their vague and illusory proposals for correcting existing evils. Mostthoughtful students will agree that a measure of technological unemployment is inevitable. It is a part of the price we payfor material progress. But it does notfollow that the only way in which we maycope with the situation is to put a stop toprogress, — an age old solution — or to agreewith our technocratic friends that we mustinevitably throw all of our existing mechanism of exchange and distribution into thediscard, especially when we have nothingmore than their vague and hazy theoriesto replace it.The real solution of the technologicalunemployment problem lies in providingmore effective facilities for reinstating thedisplaced workman in productive employment as quickly as possible, and, in themeantime, providing means for shifting asubstantial share of the burden of technological unemployment from the backs of thedefenseless workmen, where it now rests,onto society, where it belongs.This solution can be found if society willbut put its mind to the task. It does notinvolve the use of any fake panaceas orcure-alls, and can, if society so wills, beworked out within the existing frame-workof our present social order.BACK TO THE MIDWAYJUNE 9 and 1040th Annual Alumni ReunionTechnological UnemploymentBy William F. Ogborn,Professor of SociologyTECHNOLOGICAL unemploymentis one of the consequences of a growing technology. Machines do thework which men did and thus create unemployment. This is generally recognized.But the thing that is often forgot is thatmachines also create new jobs for men.The automobile created technological unemployment for stable boys, stock raisers,blacksmiths, hack drivers, and wagon manufacturers, but at the same time this industry gave millions of jobs to automobilemanufacturers, chauffeurs, road hands, rubber growers, textile workers, and oil drillers.The moving picture brought unemploymentto actors and musicians but it gave thousands of new jobs to other actors, cameramen, stage hands, etc. So, the radio, theairplane, the telephone, and the typewriterhave created many new jobs for those whosework was taken away from them by machines.There will undoubtedly be many newindustries in the future which will makejobs for our people. These may centeraround television, production of new musical instruments, new uses for the electriceye, and particularly new creations in thefield of applied chemistry and electricity.Technological unemployment has been atragedy for many of the ten thousand musicians who were thrown out of work by themoving picture sound devices, for thefeeders who were displaced by the rotarypresses, and the welfare of these victimsof the machine is one of the major concerns of society during the transition period.Not all unemployment is due to the replacement of men by machines. Probablyonly a very small percentage of the ten million now unemployed were thrown out ofwork by machines. Perhaps nine-tenths ormore are victims of a fluctuating price levelrather than of the introduction of machinery. Where technology creates hundreds of unemployed the business cyclecreates tens of thousands. The influence of technology on employment is no new thing.It was discussed as vigorously one hundredand fifty years ago as it is to-day. A writerin the early part of the last century calledattention to the fact that the railroad withan engineer, a fireman, a conductor, and abrakeman was doing the labor which itwould take hundreds of drivers of cartsand stage coaches to do. Similarly, it waspointed out that machines could make, forinstance, pins a thousand times as rapidlyas they could be made by the smith. Thewhirling spindles and wheels of the cottonfactory took over the work of hundreds ofthousands of home spinners and weavers.Yet, there is just as large a percentage ofthe population employed now as there wasthen. Indeed, in the United States in1870 only 52 per cent over sixteen years ofage were employed whereas in 1930, afterone hundred years of technological unemployment, there were 57 per cent gainfullyoccupied.It is true that power and machineryenables a few to do the tasks formerly required of many. Thus in 18 70 in theUnited States 78 per cent of all those employed were busy transforming the rawmaterials of nature into usable objects, butin 1930 only 52 per cent were so engaged.In other words, machines had reduced theproportion by one-quarter. But the totalgainfully employed did not diminish butincreased. They went to work in stores, intransporting goods, as clerks in offices, ingovernment service, in the professions, andin many other types of jobs providing different kinds of services for mankind.Associated with the literature of technocracy is the statement that if unemployment increases at the same rate in the nexttwo or three years as it has in the past twoor three years that we shall have twenty ortwenty-five million unemployed — or one outof every two would be unemployed. Thesame statement could have been made whenwe were in the trough of the depression of171172 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE1920. Indeed, if unemployment had increased for three years as it did in 1920three out of every four persons would havebeen unemployed. Similar statements couldhave been made in 1907, in 1896, and in1873, all years of bad depression. Insteadof making such wild assumptions it is muchfairer to recognize these periods as fluctuations around a trend line and not mistakethem for the trend line. This projectionof statistical curves is quite absurd. Forinstance, if the death rate continues to fallduring the next seven decades at the samerate that it fell during the past {ive therewould be nobody dying. Or take anotherillustration, if we projected the curves ofthe growth of the city of Chicago and thestate of Illinois at the same rate they havebeen growing for fifteen decades, then Chicago would have more people in it than thewhole state of Illinois which includesChicago. Or if the registration of automobiles had continued as rapidly up toTECHNOCRACY is a variety of intellectual Mah Jong. Ten yearsfrom now people will not even remember what it was all about, althoughthat is probably even true of most peopleto-day, including the writers of the articlesabout the subject.The whole episode is understandable onlyfrom the standpoint of depression psychology. We have become so rattled in ourfaith that we are actually willing to believe that the chief asset of capitalistcivilization, viz., its progressive technology,has become its deadly enemy. Five yearsfrom now it will seem incredible that somany of our business men should have beentaken in by the whole publicity craze, justas it is incredible now that these same business men should have been taken in threeyears ago by the New Era ballyhoo of thattime.In the first place the technocrats havenot really proved or proposed anything. 1950 as it proceeded from the depression of 1920 to 1927, every family wouldhave had on an average three automobiles.Obviously not much reliance is to be placedupon such projections as these.The technocrats are undoubtedly doing aservice in calling attention to the role ofthe machine in society. The importanceof technology and the machine must be admitted by everyone. The technocrats haveemphasized chiefly its effect upon themonetary system and upon unemployment,but these are only a few influences of themachine. It is even influencing our religion, changing the curriculum of theschools, has affected our literature, changedour styles of art and has revolutionized thefamily and caused widespread changesthroughout our government. Indeed, technology is playing the tune to which societyis dancing. But it is not quite the tunethe technocrats think it is.Their articles are full of bold generalizations and wholesale condemnation. Whatever little factual material they contain iseither erroneous or misinterpreted. It isnoteworthy that there is not a single economist associated with the group.The fundamental reality underlying thepublic acceptance of much of this Greenwich Village economics is, of course, theindisputable fact of technological unemployment. But even that fact is not fairlypresented or discussed with any sense ofproportion or historical perspective. It isdoubtful on the basis of the best availableevidence whether as much as fifteen per centof our present unemployment is due torapid technological change. The rest is dueto the cumulative effect of post-war errorsin political arrangements, monetary andbanking legislation and practice, and almostinsane foreign trade policies all over theworld.The way to deal with technological un-The New Mah JongBy Harry D. Gideonse,Associate Professor of EconomicsTHE NEW MAH JONG 173employment — which is a by-product of toorapid progress rather than of decay — is toprovide for better balance between thosewho gain from technological improvementsand those who lose because of their introduction.The technocrats talk a great deal aboutthe breakdown of the price system. In sofar as they are talking about the effects ofour unstable money, they are of coursepointing to a deficiency to which many economists have drawn attention. It is onlynecessary to recall the unceasing activity,both as a scholar and as a propagandist, ofIrving Fisher in this connection. But whenthe technocrats propose to substitute energydeterminants for our present money, theyare not necessarily suggesting an improvement. Mr. Scott is quoted as saying that"a dollar may be worth in buying power somuch to-day and more or less tomorrow,but a unit of work or heat is the same in1900, 1929, 1933 or the year 2000." Theessential point is not, of course, whether aunit of energy is the same in one year as itis in another, but whether it is worth thesame. Our present dollar certainly variesin purchasing power from one time to another, varies enormously even in countrieswhich have remained on the gold standard.But — and this is the key to an understanding of the technocratic misunderstanding —the cost of producing energy varies also andits variations will depend upon technologicalprogress. The very rapidity of technological change of which the technocrats makeso much in their gloomy prophecies, wouldmake their energy determinants unstableas a medium of exchange. All the technocrats would succeed in doing wouldbe to substitute an untried unstable moneyfor a tried unstable money. That may be measurable progress from an engineeringstandpoint, but economists would probablynot have instruments that were sufficientlyaccurate to measure it.One point in the technocratic propagandadeserves more serious consideration. Theymake a great deal of the fact that many ofour corporations have issued securities withmaturities that far exceed the life expectancy of the actual improvement thatwas financed with the new capital. To mymind that does not suggest a breakdown inthe price system but an improvement in itwhich might be accomplished with the aidof the engineering profession. Why shouldwe not introduce in our corporation lawssome stipulation that new improvementsshould be amortized at least as rapidly asseemed desirable in view of some certifiedengineering opinion as to the technologicalmerits of the case? We have certifiedpublic accountants doing comparable workin the financial field, there is no good reasonwhy engineers should not be used to improvethe price system in this particular manner.One of the lessons to be drawn from ourrecent experience is the need for morevigorous corporation laws, of which this innovation might well be a part.The real solution of our present difficulties lies in a courageous policy with regardto our monetary and foreign trade problemsrather than in gloomy generalizations aboutthe future of the price system. We shallhave to take decidedly unpopular actiontowards international administration of thegold standard, towards collective international tariff reduction and towards drasticchanges in our domestic banking and monetary practices if we are not to run the riskof a prolonged period of maladjustmentsimilar to our present plight.174 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEtltfie Umbersrttp of Cfncago ifflaga?meCharlton T. Beck, '04 Ruth C. E. Earnshaw, '31Editor and Business Manager Associate EditorMilton E. Robinson, 'ii, J.D. '13Chairman, Editorial BoardFred B. Millett, Ph.D. '32, William V. Morgenstern, '20, J.D. '22, John P. Howe, '27Contributing EditorsA Letter to the AlumniDear Alumni:Four years ago this position was created with the general purpose ofbringing to the attention of high school students throughout the country theadvantages of the University of Chicago as a place to continue their education.Our point of view has been that students who are planning to go to college,or who should be encouraged to go, should know something of Chicago andwhat it has to offer before reaching a decision.To that end we have developed extensive mailing lists through the excellent cooperation of high school authorities, alumni, students in residence,and friends of the University. We have prepared and distributed thousandsof copies of descriptive and illustrative materials regarding various phases ofUniversity life. Speakers from the University have appeared before manyhigh school groups. Tours to the Quadrangles have been arranged. Specialarticles have been sent to editors of high school papers. Complimentary ticketsto athletic events and special University lectures have been widely issued.Last year in the hope of reaching the students more effectively, we made andexhibited a three reel, talking, moving picture, "Life on the Quadrangles."The film was shown 128. times in 83 cities to 53,500 people.The effectiveness of our plan can be judged by the following facts:1. Each year the number of students applying for admission to the Collegehas been steadily increasing.2. At a time when many schools are reporting decreases in attendanceour enrollment has not decreased.3. The number of students applying for admission and registering fromoutside the Chicago area has risen over 10%.4. Six hundred seventeen students from 319 schools in 255 towns in 34states applied for our Honor Entrance Scholarships last October.This letter is essentially one of information. We want our alumni toknow what we are doing and to cooperate with us where and when they can.If you have any suggestions as to how our work may be improved please let usknow.Kenneth A. RouseAssistant to the Secretary of the UniversityCobb Hall 208The Unknowns in Higher EducationSamuel Paul Capen,Chancellor, University of BuffaloTHE American university is being reformed. The educational professiondoes not need to be reminded of thisfact. The fact is indeed so patent thatevery intelligent layman is aware of it.But I do not think the layman knows howthe university is being reformed — except ashe may be instructed concerning the newplans of his own alma mater through reading its official literature. I do not think heknows what obstacles must be overcome before the reform which both laymen andeducators desire can be consummated.Let me first call your attention to a fewcontrasts. University reform is no newthing in America. It has been going onspasmodically for a long time, quite recognizable over a period of sixty years at least.Beginning with the promulgation of theelective system and the development of thegraduate school — practically simultaneousphenomena — recurrent waves of reformhave swept over us. There have been briefintervals between the waves during whichthe academic community could catch itsbreath and plant its feet to resist the nextonset. Sometimes in these intervals theundertow pulled us back a little, whichmade it all the more difficult to withstandthe next following wave.This figure of speech suggests that the reforms of the last two generations did notarise spontaneously out of the universitycommunity itself. And that is the case.Every one of them which might be describedas structural was somebody's reform. Eachis associated with the name of an individual.Eliot and Gilman and Harper, for example,Angell and Van Hise, White and Wilson.These men, and not the faculties over whichthey presided nor the boards that controlledtheir respective institutions, were the authorsand directors of the considerable reformsthat remolded and enlarged the universities of their day. Who is the author of the reform in themidst of which the universities now findthemselves? There is no single author.There is no spokesman even. There isno gospel according to Smith or Jones,however diligently Smith or Jones may beproclaiming one and asserting proprietaryrights therein. Ours is a mass movement,of which there are leaders, to be sure, but nogeneralissimo.The earlier reforms contrast with thepresent movement in another way. Theycame singly and decently spaced. Each wasaimed at the improvement of a single important aspect of university education. Itmight be admission requirements, or thecollege curriculum, or the method of teaching medicine, or the extension of the serviceof the university to the state. Those directly concerned with the change in questionmight be filled with enthusiasm or withdread. But meanwhile the main current ofthe university's life flowed serenely on, avery placid stream. And that was notstrange because our generalissimos couldnot be expected to promote more than onedisturbing idea at a time. But now everything is in flux : relations of secondary schooland college; purpose and method and organization of the college; standards andcontent of graduate instruction; range andtype of professional education; objectives,processes, philosophy, all of it.In a still more significant fashion the attitude of the university community, leadersand all the others, toward the reform whichis proceeding under their hands differs fromthat of the past. The earlier reforms werenot the product of doubt, seldom even ofdisconcerting facts purposely or accidentallydiscovered. They were the product of certainty, one might almost say the product ofa revelation. A prophet clothed in a dulyauthenticated mantle, speaking from a seatof authority, declared what should be done.i75176 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINENeither he nor those who heard and obeyed,nor yet those who listened and resisted, entertained the slightest doubt as to the essential excellence of the institution whichit was proposed to improve. The institution needed, said the prophet, just thisspecific to cure its single ailment; just thisand no other. His opponents protested thatit had no ailment and needed no specific.On neither side was there anything but certainty. Both sides knew. Does any onenow know? A few perhaps. The line ofthe ancient prophets is not quite extinct.But the contemporary revelations fall ondeaf ears. We are not convinced. Thecertainties have been so many times disproved.This, the most thoroughgoing of all thereforms that have affected our universities,finds us for the first time in our history facing — I hope courageously, if not always intelligently, facing — a bewildering array ofunknowns. They outnumber the certaintiesaltogether.Of what are we sure? Of one thing, research. That is definite ; its ends are clear,its effects are beneficent. We may notalways know how to do it. But finding outhow to do it is one of the ingredients of research itself and causes no one concern, except the person who has to find out.Every other educational activity that theuniversity conducts is groping its way.Sometimes the objectives are plain; oftennot even the objectives have been satisfactorily determined. If this seems an extremestatement, review in your minds a few ofthe major enterprises of the university asthey are already affected by the rising tideof reform.Take the college. Who should be admitted? Are we sure of that? On whatbasis should students be accepted? Howlong should the course be, two or three orthe traditional four years? If the consensus of opinion favors the latter alternative,as at present it appears to, should the college be divided in the middle? If so whatshould be the difference in content andmethod between the two parts? Are honor courses and tutorial conferences more orless effective than lectures and discussiongroups in leading young people to increasetheir knowledge and cultivate intellectualindependence? Is an examination just arecord, and if so a record of what? Oris it a device to spur the indolent, exposethe inept and encourage the able ? Whatkind or kinds of examinations accomplishone or another of these purposes best?Should the curriculum be definitely organized in the interest of general education asthe faculty conceives it; or should the curriculum be practically abolished to enablethe student to follow his bent ? How muchand what sort of guidance do students need ?What kind of product in terms of humanattitudes and capacities should the collegetry to turn out? In other words what isthe objective of the college?Although this list of questions may soundformidable, I need not point out that itcovers only a few of the issues with whichthe college is engaged. Each progressiveinstitution has its own answer to most ofthe questions. The answers exhibit an almost biological variation. Some of us swearby our answers. But if the answers werebased on proved results there would not beso many of them. There would thenemerge a group of constants, of certainties. Of these there are perhaps already afew, but they are minor and peripheral.No, we must admit that the college, itssocial and educational purpose, its relationsto other units of the system, and all itschief concerns belong in the category of theunknowns.What is the objective of the graduateschool ; or does it have several ? The graduate school, one does not need to recall,was the child of the German university; ofthe Faculty of Philosophy. Althoughbrought up among strangers of an alienrace, its foster parents were at infinite painsto see that nothing but its native idiom wasspoken in its presence and that it wasthoroughly imbued with the customs andtraditions of its family. It long ago cameto man's estate and took out citizenshippapers. But the naturalization was political, not psychological. The family trade,THE UNKNOWNS IN HIGHER EDUCATION 177which it has practiced much as its parentdid, is a fine and useful occupation. Butin some respects the old world techniqueshave never quite fitted the new environment. As long as the trade was a luxurytrade that did not much matter. Themarket has grown, however. It seems todemand adaptations which this conscientiousbut inflexible foreign craftsman finds it difficult to make.Professional education has in the pastbeen singularly well supplied with revelations. To legal education there was earlyvouchsafed the revelation of Langdell.Turner and Rogers and Schneider form anapostolic succession of lawgivers in engineering education. In medical educationthere have been many revelations, but mostrecently the joint revelation of Flexner andthe American Medical Association. In theeducation of teachers we have had — but Ihad better not go into that in this presence.These potent pronouncements, plus thewatchful guardianship of the professions,have kept professional schools on the givencourse with only minor deviations. For themost part they appear not to have beengreatly troubled with misgivings — until justnow. Now, however, the professionalschools find themselves facing a society thathas changed, professions on which new responsibilities are placed, and a rapidly increasing body of scientific and technicalknowledge. To cope with these the oldformulas do not suffice. What should thenew formulas be ? There is no sector of theUniversity, not even the college, in whichthis question is being raised more insistently.Examples of the current uncertaintiesmight be drawn from almost any of thefields of professional education. But sincethe medical school has been more keenlyself-critical and more disposed to experimentthan other professional schools, its case mayserve for the purpose of this discussion toillustrate the nature of the perplexities bywhich all professional schools are confronted.The domain of medicine is uncompass-able. No human mind can acquire andretain more than a small fraction of what isalready known about it. With what, then, should the brief preparation of the practitioner principally deal ? Should it be chieflyan introduction to fundamental principlesand methods and sources; or should it bechiefly specific with reference to facts andtechniques of immediate practical utility?Neither element can be omitted. Whichshould preponderate and what should theproportions be? The practice of a profession demands more than scientific knowledge. A profession is also an art. What isthe role of the school in teaching the artof medicine? Clinical teaching is in partconcerned with inculcating the art of medicine. How should it be done ; who shoulddo it; and should clinical teachers be amonastic order kept pure and unsullied fromthe world? What relation of school andhospital is at once economical and effective? The prevalence of human disorderschanges with the development of scientificcontrols. Old plagues and epidemics pass.The horrors of smallpox and typhoid fevergive place to the creeping blight of degenerative maladies and mental ailments. Shouldthe teaching of the school immediately respond to and perhaps forestall the new incidence of disease? Should it likewise forecast the altered social demands on the profession, and so remake the profession inadvance ?In a word, is it the function of the university in higher vocational education toman society's service stations with tinkerswho can patch things up and make themrun again somehow in the same old way, orto be the conscious architect of a finersociety? However emphatically you and Imay believe that the obligation of the university lies in the latter direction, the professional schools, with a few notable exceptions, have been committed to the tinkertheory. How to change their total polarization, with all the infinite involvement ofdetail, that is the question. And let no onethink that the answer is plain.One large activity of the university isnot directly or primarily educational. Irefer to administration. Administrationmay be a necessary evil, but it is at anyrate necessary; and it consumes muchenergy and money. There are included ini78 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEit not only such gross material affairs asthe care of dollars and plant and records,but also all sorts of intricate relationshipsamong boards and officers and staffs andstudents; likewise powers and spheres ofinfluence and controls. Although there isso much of it, we really know very littleabout administration. Consider a few ofits simpler aspects.What should a president do, for instance,and what should he not under any circumstances try to do? Or a dean? Professorsare known to have rather positive opinionson these matters, some of which the forcesof nature tend at the moment to defeat.The opinions of boards of trustees are oftennot exactly the same. Charters and legislative acts also enter into the situation. Presidents and deans may, and generally do, haveopinions that differ from those of both ofthe other parties at interest. No one, Ithink, would maintain that the existing divergence of opinion is either wholesome ornecessary.There is perfect certainty about the protection of the university's money throughwell-tested procedures of disbursements andrecording. But for what objects and inwhat proportion should a university's moneybe spent ? The outlay for instruction rangesall the way from twenty-odd per cent toapproximately seventy per cent of the totalexpenditures of universities. The amounta university can spend for instruction isconditioned chiefly by the cost of maintaining the plant. Very well, how many andwhat kinds of buildings does a universityneed, your university, my university, orany other? There are those who complainthat American universities spend too muchon buildings and equipment. Faculties complain bitterly of the overshadowing importance of buildings in the eyes of boards anddonors. But the complaint is directed ata general situation. It is seldom translatedinto a self-denying ordinance when a building for one's own department is in prospect.Is there any but an arbitrary relationshipbetween the size of a university, the character of its constituent units and its re sources on the one hand, and buildings onthe other ?I might continue almost indefinitely tocatalogue the unknowns. But it is unnecessary to go on. If any of my hearers havegathered that I am offering an indictment ofAmerican higher education, I should like tocorrect the impression. This is not an indictment, it is a testimonial. Why arethere so many unknowns today? Because,paradoxical as it may sound, we know more.We know more about human beings, abouttheir infinite variations, their motives andtheir capacities. We know a great dealmore about nature and about society; andmost important of all, we know more waysof finding out things than our fathers everdreamed of. The current reform of theuniversity is the result of this enlargementof knowledge. And out of our deepeninginsights comes increasing awareness of theunknowns. That dogmatic assurance hasgiven place to doubts and self-questioningsand willingness to experiment is a sign ofhealth rather than of disease.But universities, modern universities, arein part maintained to locate the unknown,to attack it and gradually to conquer it.Every mystery, every undetermined actionof men in the mass now or in the past, everyblind undirected fumbling of individuals orgroups or social institutions, is a challengeto the university. "Something lost behindthe ranges!" The urge to find it is themainspring of our institutional life.Not that we have become aware that education itself, especially on its higher levels,is a mysterious process, carried on in theinterest of imperfectly defined social objectives by devices largely empirical, the attitude of the university toward its ownoperations is of necessity changed. University education comes within the purviewof our scientific curiosity. More than that,the reduction of the numbers of the unknowns must take rank among our primaryconcerns. It is, indeed, of absolutely crucial importance. For what shall it profitus if we gain the whole world and lose ourown souls?in in y opinionBy Fred B. Millett, Ph.D. '30Associate Professor of EnglishIN A type of culture fundamentallydemocratic, reading is a skill withinreach of all save the least privileged.The art of good reading, however, is afaculty attained by only a scrupulous minority.The bad reader is the victim of impulsesimperfectly understood and insufficientlycontrolled. Like the good reader, he ismoved by a compelling desire, in turn, toescape from life and to confront it. Butthough the impulses operate in good andbad readers alike, their force and theireffects are antithetical. In the first place,the impulse to escape from life throughliterature is a more influential motive inthe bad reader than the desire to confrontlife and understand it. For the impulse toescape flourishes in a personality that is un-analytical and uncritical, in a personality,dimly aware of its own motivation and ofthe circumstances against which it is attempting to enforce its will. The impulseto escape operates most obviously in personsvaguely dissatisfied with life as they find it,and easily appeased by a literary representation that is high-colored and glamorous.Thus, a conspicuous character of readingof the lower sort is its chromo-lithographicexoticism, whether it be the romanticstrangeness of the South Seas, the CanadianNorthwest, or Chicago gangland. Anyone of these garish milieux is a happyhunting ground for the desk-chainedor machine-enslaved urbanite or the land-tied serf. Moreover, the psychologicalmechanism of identification, indispensableto both bad and good readers, tendsto over-determine the former's franticeffort to escape from grocery bills and rent,from domestic squabbles and noisy offspring. Conspicuously, reading is one ofthe easiest modes of wish-fulfilment. Itoffers, in fact, a systematization of self- flattering phantasies. By means of it, thecoward waxes heroic; the bedraggled, resplendent ; the underling, masterful ; and theimpotent, virile. Somewhat more subtly,the unconscious egotism of the bad readerdrives him to a quest of himself in literaturewhich reduces art to a reflection of thereader's image in sensuous colorings andalluring shape. To him literature becomes,not an extension of experience or an excitingdiscovery of alien personalities, but a houseof mirrors in which the shapes reflected arenot those of the author or his creations, butthe flattering self-portraits of an incorrigibleegotist.At his most conscious, the bad reader islikely to commit the supreme blasphemy ofdegrading literature to the level of entertainment. Such an attitude, conscientiouslymaintained, implies that literature is akind of innocuous diversion, that it doesnot, and should not, concern itself with theserious representation and interpretation oflife, and that it should restrict itself to thetitillation of the reader's humors, or furnisha stalking ground for his adolescent phantasies.The motives that determine the conductof the bad reader operate in the goodreader as well, but they are consciously controlled. In him, the mechanism of identification is not inoperative. But he will notallow himself to be limited to identificationof himself with flattering and phantasticvariations on his own limited personality.He will see in literature an opportunity toextend his experience by identifying himselfwith personalities not utterly alien but relatively alien to himself. By this means, hemay enrich his own psychological experienceby becoming in turn moral leper and saint,sinister villain and innocent victim, debauchee and ascetic, callous tyrant andtender humanitarian. To the good reader,179i8o THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEliterature is an opportunity at once to confront and to escape life. But, instead ofseeking flattering self-portraits in poem ornovel or play, the good reader seeks literarycreations which probe more deeply than hecan probe, the sources of his own idiosyncrasies, his psychic mechanisms, his devicesfor self-deception. In such a process, theartist plays a role similar to that of thepsychiatrist. The artist, drawing upon hisacuter intuitions, as the psychiatrist drawsupon observation and formal training, reveals his readers to themselves as they havenever been able to see themselves before.Thus, by highly intuitive writers like Shak-spere and Dostoievski and Lawrence, readers are able to find their own personalitiesand experience made conscious and intelligible and luminous. But the process ofself-discovery demands a courage in self-confrontation denied the tender-minded badreader.Similarly, the good reader seeks in literature an extension of experience, since he isonly too conscious of the inevitable limitations, physical and psychological, of hisown cabined life. But the extension heseeks is not by means of the cheap excursiontrains patronized by the bad reader; nordoes he check his critical intelligence in thebaggage-room. The strange realm intowhich literature entices him cannot be builton the falsification that is the very essenceof cheaply romantic literature; to the goodreader, the highest romance must have itsroots in rationality and fidelity to the disciplined imagination. Thus he sees theromance of Romeo and Juliet or Antonyand Cleopatra as manifestations of a truthto high imagination, and the romances ofHarold Bell Wright or Ethel M. Dell asfalsifications of all truth and honesty.The good reader, too, will not debaseliterature by limiting its function to entertainment. Neither will he insist that itcommunicate explicitly the precepts of current morality or conventional theology.But he will never lose his grasp of thefact that the literary artist writes, notmerely because he has the power to expresshimself compellingly and beautifully, butbecause he has something to say that he feels it important to say as compellingly andbeautifully as possible. Consequently, thegood reader turns to literature, as he onceturned to religion, for a serious and searching interpretation of the phenomena encountered in life or reflected in literature.He finds nothing more important than theattempt to plumb the meaning of existence,and he finds no evidences of such an attemptmore immediately available and satisfyingthan those that have taken on literary form.He would not, indeed, find it preposterousto contend that the greatness of an artistdepends, not only upon his supreme artistry,but upon the wholeness and soundness of hisview of life. To him the power of interpretation and illumination is not the least ofthe artist's powers.If this be the conviction of the goodreader, he can be trusted not to make themistake either of over-estimating or ofunder-estimating the importance of technique or artistry. He will realize that theform of a work of art has values co-equalwith the values of its content, and he willdevote no inconsiderable part of his attention to a study and appreciation of the waysand means by which the artist has attemptedto attain perfect expression of his significantidea or vision.But the way to intelligent reading is noteasy, and for the best-intentioned reader, ithas its constant obstructions. Some of thesehave been defined and illustrated in I. A.Richards' inductive studies of the criticalprocess in his Practical Criticism. For ourpurpose, it will be enough to cite the obstacles most frequently encountered. Ofthese, on the side of feeling and emotion, arewhat Richards calls "mnemonic ir relevancies," recollections of personal or literaryexperience which, aroused by a particularwork of art and associated with it, lend it afactitious value. Here, too, belong suchpersonal habits of feeling as sentimentalityor inhibition, the first, destroying the perspective of the bad reader by its alluringexcess, the second, nullifying the responsesof the more coolly critical good reader byhis shuddering back from legitimate exuberance. Obstacles of the ideational sort,Richards distinguishes as "critical pre-"TAKE A LOOK' 181suppositions" and "doctrinal adhesions."The first are aesthetic principles so rigid andexclusive in nature as to prevent a free andunimpeded response to works based on newor revolutionary aesthetic principles. Thedoctrinal adhesions are the reader's ethicaland philosophical principles, and becomeobstacles to good reading when they makefor hostile responses to works of art whichdo not embody such principles obviously.But, in spite of difficulties, the goodreader struggles toward perfection. Andthat struggle, though it may seem unwarrantable to the indolent or the insensitive,finds justification in the aspirant's conviction that intelligent reading has rewardsdenied reading of a baser sort. He believesthat it makes for an intensification ofpleasurable experience through its demandsupon his mind and all his senses. Through its training in the rationalizing of his taste,it protects him against narrowly personaland whimsical judgments, and it provideshim with sources of pleasure that are likelyto be, not ephemeral but enduring.The almost perfect reader, then, willstrive to cultivate a decorous impersonality.He will hope to escape victimizing by thecultists and the self-advertisers through thematuring of his taste and judgment. Hewill not allow himself to be cut off fromliterature with the widest variety of appeals, by his aesthetic or ethical preoccupations. He will be a diligent studentof substance and form alike, and, in hisquest for truth or beauty, he will cultivatethe power of integrating his aesthetic, emotional, and intellectual responses to significant ideas or beautiful images that have beengiven perfect or almost perfect forms.Twin Cities Alumni Club DinnerThe University of Chicago Dinner,held annually during the week of themeeting of the Department of Superintendence of the National EducationAssociation, will occur at the Women's Club of Minneapolis, at sixo'clock on Wednesday evening, March*j l933> Dr. Charles H. Judd willserve as Toastmaster. Robert M.Hutchins, President of the Universityof Chicago, and Lotus D. Coffman,President of the University of Minnesota, and a representative of theTwin Cities Club will speak. Someof the sound films which are beingdeveloped at the University as a partof its new educational plan will bepresented.Tickets at the rate of $1.50 eachmay be secured from William S. Gray,School of Education, University ofChicago, or from Miss Marion Welter, Farm Campus, University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.NEWS OF THEQUADRANGLESBy John P. Howe '27THIS column, which is reasonably bewildered about matters like Depression versus the Social Ideal, has bydint of random listening to the private andpublic utterances of the University's socialscientists, arrived at the impression thatthe University men are pretty wise andwell-informed ; that they are far more practical and less visionary than academiciansare supposed to be; and that. their opinionscarry considerable weight.Among such faculty opinions, relating tothe depression, upon which there is a qualified unanimity, are the following:Against:Technocracy, which has revived the University's old joyous flair for destructivecriticism.Balancing this year's federal budget, tothe extent that there is a literal balancebetween income and all types of expenditure, rather than between income andnormal current operating expenses only.The present domestic allotment plan forrelief of agriculture, with a division ofopinion as to the merits of the allotmentprinciple (Dean Beardsley Ruml had a significant hand in framing the original Hope-Norbeck bill proposed last summer).For:Economic planning, not in a Utopiansense, but at least to the extent thatbusiness men shape their policies with moreconsideration for the social implications ofbusiness and with less for individual profitsthan in the past.The downward revision of war debts,and of barriers to international trade.The right kind of unemployment insurance.The right kind of controlled inflation.*****Balancing of the federal budget duringsuch times as the present depression shouldbe construed to mean the attempt to securesufficient revenue to defray only the normal operating expenses of the government.Other types of expenditure, particularlythose for non-recurrent emergency needs;loans and investments ; cost of public works ;permanent appropriations not to be spentduring the current fiscal year, and publicdebt retirements, should be covered by borrowing up to an extent that will not imperil the government credit.Basing their suggestions on this principle,a group of University of Chicago economistsand political scientists, and experts officiallyconnected with associations in the field ofpublic administration, have made public astatement of recommendations on the problem of balancing the budget. The statement is issued as by the individual signers,not as by the University.First of a series of five "Public Policy"pamphlets, to be issued by the UniversityPress, this pamphlet was received last monthby President Hoover, President-ElectRoosevelt and his advisers, the present andnewly elected members of Congress, andthe governors of all the states.The assumption that every item of governmental expenditure, regardless of itsnature, should be covered by current taxation, is erroneous in the judgment of thegroup. Relief, investments, loans, andpublic works should be financed from borrowings, they contend. Even temporaryemergency borrowings to meet ordinaryoperating expenses, insofar as these expensescannot be defrayed from taxation, are justified as a depression measure, but should immediately be abandoned as soon as thecountry is on the road to recovery.President Hoover's recommendation thatpublic debt retirement allowances be notincluded among expenditures to be coveredby current revenues is approved by thegroup, which says that "the implications ofthe policy logically extend to non-recurrentemergency expenditures, to loans and investments, and to expenditures for publicworks — all 0f which in this depression182NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 183should be financed by borrowing ratherthan by increased taxation, to the extentthat the credit of the government permits.Current revenues should now be providedto cover not more than the ordinary operating expenses of government."In a period of prosperity some of theitems for which borrowing should now beresorted to may properly be financed by taxation," the statement says. "In a deepdepression the injury inflicted upon taxpayers by requiring them to defray the costof every governmental activity by currenttaxation in order to avoid increasing thepublic debt appears to be greater than canbe justified."Of course, it is necessary to avoid borrowing to such an extent that the creditof the government becomes seriously impaired. But the credit strength of the government can be maintained without resortto taxation measures of such severity asto threaten to prolong the existing depression."The group stresses the principle that balancing of budgets should be regarded as aseries of long-term operations in whichdeficits will be incurred and debts increasedduring years of economic adversity whileTreasury surpluses and the rapid retirement of the public debt will be plannedfor during years of prosperity."When a series of annual budgets isthus put together, the result is the balancing of the long-term budget with referenceto economic cycle periods. The equilibriumbetween revenue and expenditures is thusintentionally struck over a period of yearsrather than annually," the signers say."Balancing the budget on an annual basisis ordinarily not an impossibility; but ifpracticed during a severe depression, sucha procedure, requiring as it does a heavyload of taxation at a peculiarly inappropriate period, will tend to prolong the depression. On the other hand, the failure totake advantage of a period of prosperity tobuild up financial reserves will tend to makeinflationary and speculative booms themore pronounced. The more rapidly thedebt is retired during prosperous times thegreater will be the credit reserve during aneconomic emergency." The general uniform sales tax of 2^4per cent on all commodities except food andcertain grades of clothing, proposed byPresident Hoover, is condemned, in thatpart of the statement dealing with revenue,as being particularly objectionable in depression. The sales tax would fall withgreater severity upon the poor, increasingwith necessity for expenditure rather inproportion to ability to pay. If it couldnot be shifted it would tend to reduce thealready narrow margin of profit in business,and bring about suspension of many enterprises, particularly if sales should dwindlefollowing an attempt to raise prices so asto absorb the tax.Sales taxes are the more objectionableif used by both the federal and state governments, the statement says. This conflict,the group points out, emphasizes the urgentneed for coordination and integration offederal and state tax systems.Emergency customs duties on tea, coffee,and cocoa, which would produce conservatively $75,000,000 a year, with a rate often cents per pound, are suggested by thestatement. All three commodities are nowon the free list. A marked reduction inAmerican tariffs generally, however, wouldprobably increase rather than decrease revenues from custom duties, and the revivalof trade following a world-wide reductionof tariffs would promote recovery, thegroup agrees.Some further revenue from income taxation could be anticipated, the statementsuggests, if there were some changing of thelimits of certain brackets and reduction ofexemptions, which would be designed tosecure increased payments from those in thelower-income levels. At the present time,the statement says, it is doubtful if increasescould be made in the rates of the higherbrackets without adversely affecting theproductivity of the tax.vj? yfc *!* *lfr 3J?Reduction of war debts, accompanied byinternational scaling down of tariff walls,would be important contributions towardmaking world-wide economic recovery possible, Dr. Jacob Viner, professor of economics at the University, told a round tableon war debts at the eighth annual confer-1 84 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEence of the National Council on the Causesand Cure of War, held at Washington lastmonth."The Inter-Allied debts are not the solecause of the present depression, and theirreduction or even cancellation is not likelyto prove sufficient to bring about a turn ofthe economic tide. But the debts were oneof the factors contributing to the depressionand their reduction would be one important contribution toward making recoverypossible," Professor Viner told the conference."The world-wide fall in the volume oftrade, resulting both from the depressionand the multiplication and intensification oftrade barriers, have made the intergovernmental debts, payable as they are in fixedsums of gold currency, a heavy burden tothe debtors. The history of the origin ofthe debts and of past arrangements in connection with them is now merely history.All that now matters — or should be permitted to matter — is their future."There is general belief in the debtorcountries that their economic recovery isimpossible unless and until the load oftheir external debts is reduced, and thereare many competent persons in this countrywho agree. One year's speeding up ofeven the partial return of economic prosperity means more to us in dollars ofnational income than the total value of allour claims against foreign governments."We have no reason for expecting thatwe can regain prosperity while Europe continues to go down hill.„ Even during theprosperous years some of our debtors, England especially, found it difficult to pay us.If we want a prosperous America we musthelp Europe to get on its feet again."To characterize a plea for a generoussettlement with our debtors as a plea forthe transfer of a burden from the shouldersof the European taxpayer to the shouldersof the American taxpayer is blind andstupid. The merchant who consents to acompromise settlement with a good customer in temporary distress does not consider that in being generous to his debtorhe is being unfair to himself."On the contrary, he is salvaging whathe can of an unsuccessful investment and restoring to a client the possibility of continuing to be a good customer. It is considerations of national economic interest,rather than benevolence or the dictates ofconscience, which should induce us to scaledown our claims."The argument frequently made that thisreasoning is equally applicable to internaldebts, public and private, is valid, but themoral is that we should not insist upon thefull pound of flesh either from external orinternal debtors in distress. The internalprocess of scaling-down of debts is wellunder way in the form of bankruptcies, foreclosures, revision of rent contracts, compromise settlements, recapitalizations, andso forth."It needs extension to the internationalfield, but it should there be kept free fromthe stigma and the political costs associatedwith forced bankruptcies and repudiations.There is no profit, economic or moral, in unnecessarily humiliating proud nations."Reduction of the debts will not of itself suffice as a guarantee of the returnof prosperity. The debtor countries couldmore readily be induced to agree to a settlement involving only moderate reductions onour part if they could be assured in someway that it was consistent with a full recovery of prosperity."The barriers to trade are a more important impediment to recovery than thedebts, and for the existence and height ofthese barriers we are more responsible thanany other country. We should offer areduction of our debt claims where theyare pressing most heavily, together with ageneral and genuinely substantial scaling-down of tariff walls, theirs as well as ours."If these steps are taken, we will receiveas compensation for moderate debt concessions not only the benefit to us of foreigntariff reductions but also the even greaterbenefit to us of our own tariff reductions. Intariffs, as in debt claims against countriesunder severe economic pressure, concessionsare not charity, but even more clearly thancharity, are twice-blessed, blessing both thegiver and the receiver thereof."* * * * *Increasing interdependence in the manyphases of American life, calling for wiseNEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 185leadership on a national scale, offers a challenge and an opportunity to the businessmen of America, Professors Charles E.Merriam and William F. Ogburn of theUniversity of Chicago told a group ofseventy prominent Chicago bankers and industrialists at a dinner at the Chicago clublast month.The professors spoke informally ^on theapplication of the recent Hoover report onsocial trends to industrial policy. Bothwere prominently identified with the preparation of the report, Dr. Merriam asvice-chairman of the commission and Dr.Ogburn as director of research."The present times offer both a challengeand a promise to the business leadership ofAmerica," Professor Ogburn told thegroup. "The way in which this leadership can best be used is in the formulationof national programs which look less toward the enhancement of individual profitsand more toward the effects of businesspolicy on the social organization as a whole."The wide business policies of the future must be laid out with reference tomany social and governmental problems,such as taxation, international relations andforeign investments, population and itsdistribution, the social services and the business functions of government."Leadership in America has largely beenin the hands of the business man. That thisleadership has been questioned since 1929 isdue, I think, to the tendency of business mento confine themselves too narrowly to theirindividual enterprises in the determinationof policy. Our report on social trends showsthat there is a high correlation betweenbusiness and many other social factors, thefamily, the church, ethical standards, thelaw, the education of the consumer and thegeneral economic organization. I look foran increasing number of business men to become interested in government problems."Conditions in our country have hithertobeen so favorable, with an expanding population and a country to be built, that the requirements of leadership have not been soexacting as they will be in the future."I do not predict any collapse of thepresent economic organization. I am confident that we shall pull ourselves out of the present depression. But over a periodof the next fifty years I do claim that muchworse conditions than those of 1929-32 areahead of us if we pursue a policy of driftand fail to give more attention to the widerpolicies of business leadership. The difficulties of the present could perhaps nothave been wholly avoided but could havebeen made less serious if our business policieshad been more inclusive."The underlying situation is very favorable to the United States because of ournational resources, population trends andtechnological developments. But progresswill not be smooth if we do not eliminatethe weak spots in our economic organization : the problems arising from the businesscycle, currency, international relations andthe unequal flow of production and consumption."The issue of whether business can goit alone was a real issue in the early 1900's.By 19 1 4 it had nearly ceased to be an issue.The issue is now, what shall be the natureof the cooperation of business with othersocial institutions, particularly government.The alternatives are not as between capitalism and socialism — control of governmentby business or control of business by government. There are many kinds of cooperationwhich are feasible and possible, with moreemphasis on the public aspects of business."I question whether economic councilsof the European type are the sort neededin America. But planning bodies of onesort or another must be developed. I lookto an increasing use of the resources of thesocial sciences and the social researchbureaus of universities."*****About five billion dollars, or approximately six times the amount distributed inrelief during the past three years, wouldhave been available for the jobless had anunemployment insurance plan based on anassessment of 3.75 per cent of the nationalpay roll been put in effect in 1922. Thisestimate is made by Paul Douglas, professorof economics at the University, in "Standards of Unemployment Insurance," published last month by the University ofChicago Press."In place of the present humiliating, in-i86 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEadequate, and uncertain method of granting relief to the workers through public andprivate charity, unemployment insurancewould provide a much more self-respectingtype of protection," Professor Douglas saysin advocating the case for unemploymentinsurance."Under such a system those who wereunemployed through no fault of their ownwould receive, under certain conditions,benefits which would be theirs by right andwhich would be definite in amount. Underany proper system, moreover, these benefitswould be far more adequate than the meagre'doles' which are at present distributed fromthe inadequate funds available. A greatsaving of self-respect and a more decent provision for the fundamental needs of theunemployed and of their families would inevitably result."An unemployment insurance fund notonly would have bettered the lot of thejobless during this depression but wouldhave diminished the need for relief, Professor Douglas contends. The two billionsof dollars in unemployment reserve funds,transferred from the prosperous years,would have contributed greatly to thestability of business, by financing the purchasing power of the consumers to that extent, and thereby lessening somewhat thecumulative breakdown in prices, production,and employment which characterizes thedepression phase of the business cycle.The insurance also would have introduced greater stability because the stimulation which it would have given towardsgreater spending on the part of those whostill had jobs during the depression period,according to the Chicago economist. Thefrenzied saving which marked the earlypart of the depression by those still working, and which cut down purchasing power,would have been eliminated.The unemployment insurance plan whichProfessor Douglas suggests is one in whichthere is a twenty-week benefit period in ayear, with a three-week waiting period before the worker can receive benefits afterlosing his job. A benefit -averaging between42 and 45 per cent ' of wages could befinanced with a considerable margin ofsafety by contributions of -3:75 per cent of the total amount paid out in wages, according to Professor Douglas' estimates.Joint contributions are advocated, withthe worker paying one-third of the assessment and the employer paying two-thirds.Contributions by workers are held desirablein order to assure adequate benefits, to insure joint administration of the plan, andto enlist the workers' support in order toprevent malingering.Those states which have adequate income and corporation tax laws might assume at least one-eighth of the benefits astheir contribution, and other states mightcontribute to the plan amounts equal to thatnow spent for their free public employmentoffices, which would be taken over by thesystem. The federal government shouldmake some direct contributions to the fundsthemselves, not only for the cost of runningthe employment offices, but also if possiblefor benefits as well.Professor Douglas further believes thatboth state and federal governments shouldorganize themselves financially so as to beable to give emergency benefits to those inneed who have exhausted their standardbenefits and to set up in addition adequatelysupervised relief for those in need who arefinally dropped from the emergency benefits administered by the insurance systemor who have not been able to qualify for thestandard benefits themselves.Instead of creating establishment funds,as in the Wisconsin system, ProfessorDouglas favors a state wide fund, in orderto have the full advantage of pooling ofcontributions. He advocates administration of the fund by a separate commissionor corporation, the officers of which wouldbe named by organizations of employersand workers, with one or two representativesof the public.The system would provide for industrialand "white collared" Workers, whose salaries did not exceed $60.00 a week, butProfessor Douglas would exclude agricultural workers, domestic servants, home orcontract workers, government officials, anaavowed part-time workers. The age limitestablished for • participation is 65. .-After.that age, Professor Douglas would make oldNEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 187age pensions the reliance of the older unemployed.The federal government should make unemployment insurance mandatory upon industries and occupations involved in interstate commerce ; it could provide aid as aninducement to states to adopt the system,and also might exempt from taxation thatportion of corporate income devoted to unemployed insurance, Professor Douglasbelieves. The national government alsocould provide for employees who, becauseof interstate migration, could not qualifyunder the state systems.*****"As the most devastating business depression in history enters its fourth year muchis heard from both the advocates and theopponents of attempts to produce businessrecovery by monetary means," ProfessorGarfield V. Cox of the School of Businesstold the Grain Market Analyst's Club lastmonth."Some hold that recovery would havebeen well under way by now had it notbeen for domestic hoarding of currency andforeign withdrawals of gold, and that thesewere a direct response to threats of inflation or of dollar-tinkering. This seemshighly doubtful on two counts. In thefirst place, the domestic hoarding wasprobably motivated not from fear of inflation but of bank failures. In the secondplace it is doubtful whether business wouldhave recovered even if currency drain hadnot occurred."Students of economics are generallyagreed that the core of the business log-jamis price disparities. Prices of raw materialsare too low relative to those of finishedgoods; prices of consumers' goods are toolow relative to those of certain producers'goods. Rates of remuneration to agricultural workers are too low compared withthose to workers in transportation and industry. Interest, property taxes, and rentexceed gross earnings, and maturing indebtedness is too heavy to pay or refund.The re-emergence of profits and, thereforeof expanding operations and employment,has awaited the reduction of these disparities."Some who agree that price disparities and debt burdens have been the major factors maintaining the deadlock argue,nevertheless, that simultaneously with thecomparative stability of raw materialsprice averages during the past half-year, reductions in wage rates, rents, and stickycommodity prices, and the writing down offixed debts have made significant headway.These persons maintain that industrial revival can be depended upon to get underway before many months of its own accordand from levels not lower than those nowexisting, providing only that there developsno serious threat of dollar devaluation orof credit or currency inflation. To one whobelieves that the healing forces have goneso far as this the case against exposing business to the upsetting influences of a drive fordevaluation or inflation must appear unanswerable."There are many, however, who are convinced that unless greater effort is made thanhas been made to date to speed up the processof reducing price disparities and of lightening the existing burden of debts, the depression will be greatly prolonged and disorganization and suffering will be moreacute than any yet experienced."Among those holding this view thereis wide divergence of conviction as to thebest way out. At one extreme are thosewho would balance the budget at any cost,cut the more resistant wage rates, scale downthe debts of railways, reduce the mortgagesor foreclose upon city real estate and farms,and create such pressures as to bring downresistant prices in the industrial field. Atthe other extreme are those who believe thisprocess more costly than deliberate devaluation or inflation."It is proposed, for example, to legislatea reduction of 50 per cent in the gold contentof the dollar. Once done this would undoubtedly stimulate foreign buying of ourexports, such as cotton and wheat, andincrease their dollar prices. On the otherhand, it would raise the dollar cost of thesugar, coffee, and rubber we buy fromabroad. That it would automatically andquickly produce a general rise in commodityprices and expansion of industrial activityin this country is by no means clear. Unlessit did so, there would be no automatic re-i88 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEduction in the general burden of debt or offixed charges. There is also the long-runobjection that if we devalued the dollar thistime a recurrence of price decline in thefuture would be more likely than otherwiseto invite a raid on our gold supply."It is certain that the Congressional battlewhich would precede devaluation wouldproduce an enormous gold-hoarding movement within the United States and a heavywithdrawal to other countries. If the billfailed the gold could be returned for its oldprice; if it succeeded the gold could be returned in exchange for twice as many dollarsas it represented before. The pressure ofcreditors to collect demand obligations before the passage of such a law would intensify the forces of deflation. We wouldprobably be driven off the gold standardbefore such an act could be passed. Itwould be better deliberately to abandon goldpayments, as England did, before considering a new dollar of lesser weight."It seems clear that as an emergencymeasure to help us out of the current depression the devaluation of the dollar isnot appropriate."A more familiar proposal and one ofgreater merit is that of greatly increasingthe governmental deficit in the hope that theincreased spending involved will stimulatea price rise in which the most depressedprices will rise relative to sticky prices andthat on the basis of the improved price relations private industry will again seechances for profit and expand its operations."The most weighty objections to thiseffort are that during the political controversy preceding the adoption of such apolicy business conditions would be reasonably certain to be made worse, that afterits adoption it might fail of its ultimateobject of stimulating private industry, inwhich case we might get a break-down ofpublic credit instead of a recovery of privatebusiness, and finally that even if the plansucceeded in the short run we have no assurance that the inflation could or would bechecked in time or manner to prevent a subsequent collapse."These objections are weighty but farfrom conclusive. Post-war German inflation under reparations provides no anal ogy with a deliberately engineered American inflation to turn the tide of depression.Whether one is willing to try inflation willpresumably depend upon how prolonged andhow costly he expects the way out to be ifinflation is not attempted."At present it appears probable thatneither aggressive inflation nor aggressivedeflation is likely to be attempted. Business in 1933 wiH race threats of devaluation, but legislation of this type has littlechance. It will face Congressional proposals for inflation through deliberate increases in government spending, but suchinflationary effects as we are likely to getwill come merely from partial failure ofefforts to balance the budget."Nor is a failure to balance the budgetlikely on the whole to be detrimental. Abalanced budget alone does not guaranteebusiness recovery — witness the case of GreatBritain — and the budget of our Federalgovernment is not yet in the weakened condition which alarmists assert. Indeed, unless it can be balanced by an increase inincome taxes and other means less depressing to consumer spending than a sales taxon necessities, it had better not be balancedin 1933."If in the meantime private industry exerts every effort to reduce sticky prices,and to accomplish voluntary and involuntaryreductions of debt as rapidly as is possiblewithout precipitating financial collapse, andif governments scale down the war debtsand begin the relaxation of trade restrictions,recovery has a fair chance of setting in before the credit of our federal governmentis seriously menaced in the minds of anybut alarmists or special pleaders."If, on the contrary, private industry doesnot work energetically to improve cost-price relations, and if tension grows insteadof relaxing in the field of international relations, economic and political, there isstrong probability of fiscal inflation developing in this country as a result of a programof prolonged government relief. Thechances of controlling such an inflation, tothe end that its benefits would exceed itscosts, would not be as good as for a deliberately engineered inflation undertakenat an earlier stage."NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 189In order to permit the extension of thebenefits of the new educational plan of theUniversity to students in the UniversityHigh School, the last two years of thatSchool have been placed under the jurisdiction of the College. Students in theseyears of the High School will receive instruction from the College faculty, whichbeginning next fall will be augmented bythe addition of certain members of thefaculty of the High School.As heretofore registration in the HighSchool will be, limited to day pupils. Graduates of other high schools will continueto enter the College as freshmen on theusual basis.*****Through the generosity of Mrs. FrancesKinsley Hutchinson the University has received her beautiful home and 73-acreestate "Wychwood." at Lake Geneva, Wis.,together with an accompanying substantialendowment fund. The gift is to be devotedto the support of experimental work inthe University's department of botany andto the founding of several Hutchinson fellowships in botany.The estate has been maintained since 1 900with the least possible disturbance of naturalconditions as a plant and bird sanctuary, anexpression of the wilderness surviving fromthe Indian days."As a field laboratory supplementing theexcellent facilities at the University, 'Wychwood' adds immeasurably in rounding outthe opportunity for work in botany," saysDr. Ezra Kraus, secretary of the University's botany department..*i». ale. .sle. .ale, .sic.Tpr ^y *T^ «T* «ff*Professor Emeritus Eliakim HastingsMoore, one of the leading mathematiciansof his time in the world, died December 30.A member of the original faculty, ProfessorMoore came to the University in 1892 andwas made head of his department in 1896,a position he retained until his retirementin 1 93 1. Under his leadership the department was built into one of the strongest inthe country and was rated first in theHughes report. His earliest research was mainly in thefield of "groups" and in algebra. In thelast twenty years of his life he originateda new field, that of general analysis, now oflarge importance in mathematics, and in ithe remained pre-eminent. His was the mostimportant single influence in the development of the American Mathematical Society and in the founding of the Transactions of the society, the leading journal ofadvanced research mathematics. He receivedhonorary degrees from Gottingen, Wisconsin, Yale, Clark, Toronto and Northwestern. One of the University's tendistinguished service professorships, thatnow held by Professor Leonard Dickson,who developed the field of the theory ofnumbers, is named for Professor Moore.*****Election of Mr. Charles B. Goodspeed,prominent in the business, civic and sociallife of the city, to the University's Boardof Trustees, was announced during theautumn. Mr. Goodspeed is an alumnusof Cornell University. . . . Earl DeWittHostetter, '07, J.D. '09, has been elected tothe Board of Trustees of Rush MedicalCollege. . . . Professor Samuel Harper, sonof the first president of the University, returned from his annual extended visit toRussia on January 1st, full of vivid yes'sand no's about the Soviets. . . . Robert S.Platt, associate professor of geography, lefton his fifth research expedition to Latinand South America in January, planningto do most of his traveling by plane. . . .Professor Archer Taylor, head of theGermanics department, has started on around-the-world tour, Professor John M.Manly has gone to England on his annualChaucer expedition, and Professor Breastedleft for the Near East early in February. . . . George K. F. Mann, 19-year oldsophomore from St. Paul, became the firstNew Plan student to win the Collegecertificate, in six months less than theanticipated average of two years. . . .Student registration for the winter quartershowed an increase of 56 students for thisyear, as compared with the same time lastyear.By William V. Morgenstern '20 J.D. '22Scores of the MonthBasketballChicago, 24; Northwestern, 52Chicago, 32; Iowa, 36Chicago, 18; Michigan, 36TrackChicago, 65 J4 ; Armour, 38^Varsity, 70; Alumni, 35; Freshmen, 18SwimmingChicago, 29; Northwestern, 58THE big news of the athletic department is the new football coach — andthere isn't any coach. One ought tobe along any time now, but he already istoo late for the convenience of Editor Beck.Neither Mr. Metcalf nor the administration has had any desire to prolong the business of selection any longer than wasnecessary, but the matter has been somewhat involved. The new director is knownto have interviewed at least two score ofcoaches who either applied for the positionor were thought to be available. In thefirst place, Mr. Metcalf wants to get themost competent man he can find. Hewants, if possible, a coach of establishedreputation, who will win as many games asanyone has a right to expect Chicago teams,in their competitive situation, to win. Also,he must have a man of integrity and character. Personality is another element thatcan not be overlooked. Run over in yourmind the coaches who meet these requirements, and see how large a total you get.And out of that group, it is difficult to finda man who is not well satisfied where heis at present, and unwilling to risk his reputation at Chicago. Reputations do not winfootball games, and Director Metcalf maydecide on some young coach of promise whocan be relied upon to be effective.While this air of suspended animationsurrounds Chicago athletics, it might be Chicago, 29; Northwestern, 46(Both practice meets)Water PoloChicago, 5; Northwestern, 3Chicago, 3; Northwestern, 3(Both practice games)WrestlingChicago, 1 1 ; Northwestern, 23Chicago, o; Illinois, 30Chicago, 12^; Cornell College, 17^well to attempt a diagnosis of the situationgenerally. As things are at present, theMaroon teams generally will be outclassedby their competition. There is no backdoor into the University for an athletemerely as an athlete, nor any means bywhich a young man who is not both anathlete and a student can hope to get eligible.The standards of performance here arehigh, although they are not unreasonable.There are no schools of physical trainingin which athletes can be nurtured. It seemsfairly conclusive that what might be calledthe "athlete" type will not be academicallysuccessful here; the high school graduatewhose interests have been primarily physical, and hence is more skilled in reactionsthan in perception, had best look elsewhere. He will get no "ride." On theother hand, there is no discriminationagainst an athlete as such, either in admissions, in scholarship aid, or in any otherform. It might be said parenthetically thatjust as it is impossible to get a studentthrough his comprehensive examinations, sois it impossible to discriminate against himin judging his performance. Grading is doneby a separate examining board. Three examiners independently mark the essay section of each examination; the "shortanswer" section grading is a mere matter ofaddition. Impartial and adequate reviewis provided in all doubtful cases.190THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 191A Selection ofCHOICE HOMESFor Your Stay in Chicago# Listed here is a selected group of attractive and reasonable hotels and apartment hotels close to the University and to swift transportation to Chicago's loop.Endorsed by scores of University people, we recommend them to you, thealumni, as ideal homes during your next stay in Chicago.• THE VERSAILLES 53rd and DorchesterHere you can get the finest service combined with the quiet atmosphere of a privatehome. Close to the University and to transportation. The Versailles offers perfectaccommodations for transient or permanent guests.Hotels Rooms $45 to $70. 2-3 Room Kitchenettes $60 to $95. Mr. Shea, Mgr.Phone Fair. 0200• THE DORCHESTER 1401 Hyde Park Blvd.Situated on exclusive Hyde Park Boulevard, the Dorchester has one of the choicestlocations of any apartment hotel in Chicago. Each apartment has free electric refrigeration in addition to complete hotel service.2 Room Dinette $65 up. 3 Room Kitchenette $100 up. Roof Bungalow $125.Mrs. Thatcher, Mgr. Phone Dor. 9100.• THE BROADVIEW HOTEL 5540 Hyde Park Blvd.Beautiful Jackson Park is just a block away with its yacht harbor, tennis courts andbridle paths. This is one of the most modern and up-to-date hotels in Chicago. Excellent dining room.Room with Private Bath $8 Weekly. Mr. Lineaweaver, Mgr. Fair 8800• CORNELL TOWERS 5346 Cornell AvenueJust a block from Hyde Park Boulevard and from the 53rd Street I. C. Station. Acomfortable hotel apartment where you can enjoy the most complete service and thebeauties of Chicago's famous south shore.2-3 Room Kitchenettes $75 to $175. 4 Room Apartments $165 and up.Mr. Olson, Mgr. Plaza 5400• TUDOR MANOR 7416 Phillips AvenueThis delightful apartment hotel is about a mile and a half from the University but tosee it is to want to stay there. A large solarium adds to your comfort and enjoymentand the service offered is unexcelled.Hotel Rooms $45. 1-2-3 Room Apartments $55 to $95. Mrs. Blair, Mgr.Phone Reg. 1620192 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWhat the new football coach, and all thecoaches, can expect in the way of candidatesfor teams is a group of young men of goodintelligence and moderate athletic skill, withonly rare instances of the notable "star."Most of these will require, as they have required in the past, considerable development. Such, at least, is the type that canbe expected so long as a good many schoolsin the country are engaged in various typesof persuasion aimed at high school athletes.There are some of these who have bothskill and intelligence and who would, inthe absence of vigorous effort elsewhere,come to Chicago and raise to some extentthe average of the Maroon teams. The depression, which is making all-star footballteams uncertain financial investments, maylessen the enthusiasm for persuasion. Ardent alumni undoubtedly are finding it difficult enough to keep their own heads up,without displaying loyalty to an alma materby encouraging a promising athlete or twoto enroll.Championship teams at Chicago will befew and far between, even if the competitionfor athletes abates. State schools, withlarge student bodies, will have a normalpercentage in their favor at all times, bothbecause they have a larger number of teamcandidates, and because their academicstandards generally are not as high as Chicago's. About all that can be expected froma Chicago coach is that he make the bestof what he has, that he does a constructivejob of development, and that his teams bealert and resourceful. There is no reasonto expect dissatisfaction with a coach whohas teams that are playing up to theircapacities. The alumni who have come outseason after season have demanded no more.So much for that.The basketball team has been no betterthan anticipated and has not yet won a conference game. Nelson Norgren has shiftedand shuffled, and the best combination hecan evolve is that of the veteran Evans andthe 145 pound sophomore, Flinn, at forward positions; Parsons at center, andWegner and Porter at the guards. Flinnhas put some fire and fight in the team. Heis certainly the most energetic player onthe floor, he passes and handles the ball well, and he has given the floor play bettercoordination. But there is not the scoringability that is required; Evans and Parsonscan manage about six or seven baskets between them per game, and the rest countan occasional basket. The best performance was against Iowa, when a second halfrally put Chicago right behind the Hawk-eyes but never could close the gap.The track team has not had any realcompetition, but in a couple of practicemeets has shown moderate promise for thedual meet season. John Brooks in the dashand the broad jump, is the outstandingman. He hurt an ankle, however, andmay not be at his best for a few weeks.Pete Zimmer and Edward Cullen, the twobig backfield men, have developed surprisingly well and are pushing Brooks to fasttime in the dash, and Cullen also is comingalong rapidly in the 440. He has alreadydone 0:51, and is just starting to develop.With another season he should be very good.Eugene Ovson is getting around 45 feet, 6inches in the shot, and Richard Jackson isstill at 12 feet in the pole vault.Coach Spyros Vorres had his usual luckin eligibility, and also lost ex-captain CarlGabel, a first class 175-pound and heavyweight division man, who was not ablefinancially to remain in school. As a result,most of the men have had to wrestle out oftheir weights. Edwin Bedrava, a flashy165 pounder, has twice wrestled in theheavyweight division and pinned 200-poundopponents. Capt. Bion Howard, a good145 pounder, and John Heide, 155 pounds,have had to go out of their divisions in allthree meets.The swimming team's improvement hasbeen obscured in its two practice meetsagainst the crack group of Northwestern,but it will do rather well in dual competition. The meets with Northwestern, incidentally, are the first in a good manyyears, and have brought together for thefirst time in ten seasons the water polo teamsof the two schools, which have been rivalclaimants for the championship most of thattime. The two meets held so far do notcount; a third this month is to be official,and the water polo game will be quite ardently contested.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 193jMiiracle AVorker, age 8His little hands hold the instrument tightly; hissmall, confident voice speaks eagerly into themouthpiece. And as simply as that, he talks tohis friend who lives around the corner, or tohis Granny in a distant city . . . achievementswhich, not so many years ago, would haveseemed miraculous.These miracles he takes as a matter of course,in the stride of his carefree days. You yourselfprobably accept the telephone just as casually.Seldom do you realize what extraordinary powersit gives you. You use it daily for a dozendifferent purposes. For friendly chats. For business calls. To save steps, time and trouble.At this very moment, somewhere, your voicewould be the most welcome music in the world.Some one would find happiness in knowing whereyou are and how you are. Some one would saygratefully, sincerely — "I was wishing you'd call."From among more than seventeen milliontelephones in this country, the very one youwant will be connected quickly and efficientlywith the telephone in your home or office.Your telephone is the modern miracle whichpermits you to range where you will — talk withwhom you will — at any hour of the day or night.AMERICAN TELEPHONE AND TELEGRAPH COMPANYNEWS OF THE CLASSESAND ASSOCIATIONSCollege1894 1914Mrs. A. J. Willits (Helen Brehl) is livingin Anaconda, Montana, where she is active inthe work of the Anaconda Women's Club, ofwhich she is founder. Her two daughters aremarried now and one lives in San Francisco andone in Northern Rhodesia, South Africa.1896C. F. Tolman is professorof economic geology atStanford University and iswriting a book on the geology of undergroundwater.1901William Luther Goble isprincipal of the high schoolat Elgin, Illinois. *** Donald W. Stahr, ex, isaccountant and head bookkeeper for the Elgin Stoveand Oven Company.1906B. M. Pettit is with the Indiana LimestoneCorporation, at Bedford, Ind. *** Mrs. GeorgeE. McMurray (Iva Rockwell) reports that herson, George E. McMurray, Jr., is a student inthe Law School at the University, and a residentat Burton Court.1910Julia F. Alexander, S.B. '27, is with the NorthSide High School at Fort Wayne, Ind.1911Mary R. Parkman is a member of the Englishdepartment at Wilson Teachers College, Washington, D. C. *** Frederica Louise Morse writesthat she is still teaching Latin in AnacondaHigh School, in Montana.1912Mrs. Richard E. Myers (Alice Lee Herrick)who has been living in Paris for the last twelveyears, is back in Chicago for a visit. Her threechildren, Fannie, n, Richard, 9, and "Boolie,"2, are in Paris.1913Alfred C. Kelly, Jr., is western managerfor the B. F. Goodrich Rubber Co., Tire Division, at Akron, Ohio. Class of 1908The Twenty-fifth AnniversaryReunion Dinner of the Class ofiqo8 is scheduled for Friday evening, June q, at 6:00. The place"will be announced in a later issueof the Magazine. The CommonsRoom of Swift Hall will be Classheadquarters at Reunion time.Jane E. Moore, ex, is living in Anaconda,Montana, and is active in professional women'sclub work.1915Leon P. Smith, S.M., is dean and head of thedepartment of physical sciences, at WesleyanCollege, Macon, Ga. ***Helen L. Drew, A.M., ofRockford College, is verymuch interested in theFellowship work of theA.A.U.W., and is chairmanof that group in the Rockford branch of the Association. Miss Drew had thehonor of giving the PhiBeta Kappa address at theautumn initiation of thesociety at Rockford. Hersubject was "Goethe, Emer-son and Carlyle." *** Mrs.Hugh Pastoriza (LucieBabcock) lives in Bronxville, N. Y. A friendreports that she has five fine children, Hugh Jr.,Ralph, James, and the twins, Peter and Dorothy,and still plays the piano!1917John Wesley Elliott, A.M., is director ofsocial education at the American Baptist Publishing Co., and is the author of many lessonsand articles for the A.B.P.S. periodicals.1918William B. Anderson is head of the Spanishdepartment at Eastern High School, Lansing,Mich. *** Florence Emma Blazer received thedegree of doctor of philosophy from the University of Minnesota in December, in education.1919Karl A. Hauser, A.M., is vice president ofthe Givan Company, of Milwaukee, Wis.1920Beth Uphaus is with the Oak Park HealthDepartment and lives at 120 N. Austin Boul.,Oak Park.194NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 1951922Fredericka Verne Blanckner, A.M. '23, islecturing on "Italian Life and Culture." Herlist of publications includes a volume of poems,and a number of articles, critical and scholarly.*** Mary Alta Lola Weir, A.M., is dean ofwomen and professor of English literature atCentral College, Pella, Iowa.1923H. D. Pickers, A.M., is head of the teachers'training department of the University of Mississippi. *** Beulah M. Woods, A.M., is teachingat Juniata College, Huntingdon, Pa. *** Elizabeth D. Powers is teaching freshman Englishin the high school at Cadillac, Mich. *** EmyKleberg Miller looks forward to receiving theMaster's degree in history and English from theUniversity of Wichita in June.1924William A. Askew is pastor of the ChristianChurch of Vandalia, 111., and reports that thechurch is doing well and that he likes his work.*** Mary Willcockson is with the School ofEducation at Miami University, Oxford, Ohio.*** Raymond Harry White, A.M., is superintendent of District 17, Consolidated Schools inConverse County, Wyoming, and is principalof the County High School.1925Regena Marie Beckmire, A.M. '32, is teachingat Deerfield Shields High School. *** KathrynA. McHenry is chief dietitian at Edward HinesJunior Hospital, Hines, 111. *** Mr. and Mrs.Richard Jess (Mary Davis Sudduth) spent thewinter in Europe.1926Milton E. Brown, A.M., is principal of thegrade school in Whitefish Bay, Wis.Clark G. (Skee) Sauer "12 C. P. (Buck) Freeman 13WithJAMES E. BENNETT & COMPANYStocks — Bonds — Grain — CottonMembers: New York and Chicago Stock Exchanges,Chicago Board of Trade, All Principal Markets332 So. LaSalle St. Telephone Wabash 2740CHEMICAL ENGINEERSAlbert K. Epstein, '12EPSTEIN REYNOLDS and HARRISConsulting Chemists and Engineers5 S. Wabash Ave. ChicagoTel. Cent. 4286 1927Marjorie F. Burrell is with the State TeachersCollege at Oshkosh, Wis. *** Leavelva M.Bradbury, S.M., is supervisor of ElementarySchools for the State Department of Public Instruction at Madison, Wis. *** Alma J. Rice issupervising geography and history in the juniorhigh school and teaching social studies in thestate teachers college at Slippery Rock, Pa. ***Flora Belle Jan (Mrs. Charles K. A. Wang)is teaching English at Honan University,Honan, China. *** Lillian E. Rickert is teachingat East Junior High School, Waterloo, Iowa. ***Mrs. H. W. Rankin (Helen E. Engel) is secretary of the department of Social Rural Organization at Ithaca, N. Y. *** Kate Offerman,A.M., is asistant county superintendent ofschools in Wood County, Ohio.1928J. H. Peet, A.M., is superintendent of publicschools at Washington, Iowa. *** Theodore T.Cowgill, A.M., is with the Chicago SurfaceLines, in their Traffic and Timetable Department, doing statistical and abstract work. ***Ernest J. Nordgaard, A.M., is principal of theAnaconda Junior High School. He is a FirstLieutenant in the U. S. Army Reserves. ***Olney S. Weaver, A.M., is principal of the SabinElementary School at Des Moines, Iowa. ***Mary B. Day is organizing the new librarywhich will be located in Jackson Park, in theremodeled Fine Arts Building. *** Polly Amesis just back from a prolonged visit in Europe.1929Peter Stiansen, A.M., recently received hisdoctorate in the field of history, at NorthwesternUniversity. *** James Cusack, Jr., was one ofthe eight assistant state's attorneys appointedrecently by State's Attorney Courtney of Chi-C. F. AXELSON, >07Chartered Life UnderwriterREPRESENTINGThe Northwestern Mutual Life Ins. Co.209 So. LaSalle St. Tel State 0633LITHOGRAPHINGL. C. MEAD '21 E. J. CHALIFOUX '22PHOTOPRESS, INC.Planograph — Offset — Printing725 So. LaSalle St. Harrison 3614Business and Professional DirectoryBROKERS INSURANCE196 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcago. *** Laura Van Pappelendam won theFrank G. Logan Prize of five hundred dollarsfor her canvas, "Long Haired Cactus," at theAmerican Artists' Exhibit at the Chicago ArtInstitute.1930Bob Hancock is vice president of the YaleOil Corporation, Yale, Okla. *** Sam Van Dyneis with the Arabian Products Company of St.Louis, Mo. *** Katherine MacLaren is teachingsixth grade at Whitefish Bay, Wis.i93iMrs. G. A. Freeman, Jr., (Frances Tollerton)is living in Cambridge, Mass., where Mr. Freeman is enrolled in the Law School. *** MarjorieEiger Cole and her husband are wintering inSpain. *** Leone G. Hermann is teaching English at Manley Junior High School in Chicago.*** Mary M. Learning is teaching French andSpanish at the Great Falls High School, inMontana. *** Mildred P. Harrington, A.M.,is chairman of the School Libraries Section ofthe American Library Association. She teachesbook selection in the School of Library Scienceat Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge.*** Charles S. Phillips is completing his secondyear at the Harvard Graduate School of Business Administration in Boston. *** Joan WeilPhilipson writes that she is working for theCambridge Rental Libraries in Milwaukee,"where her husband is. her boss." *** RobertaLarew is teaching in Princeton, W. Va., HighSchool.1932William Beahm, A.M., sailed for Africa inDecember, where he will be located at Garkida,Nigeria, West Africa.Rush1880Franklin A. Butterfield, M.D., is busy withhis practice at Dakota, 111.1886John W. Brackett, M.D., has a drug storeat Belle Fourche. *** James H. McSlay, MJ).,is living in Portland, Ore.1891J. F. Shelley, M.D., writes that he is fightingthe flu, the wolf and the depression.1894Frank E. Wiedemann, M.D., is spending awinter vacation visiting the ruins of ChichenItza and Uxmal, the Mecca of the ancientMayans. 1901Charles F. Read, M.D., is superintendent ofthe Elgin State Hospital.1904Austin A. Hayden, '02, M.D., is treasurer ofthe American Medical Association. *** GeorgeSenn, S.M. '03, M.D., is located at the HerrickBuilding, Green Bay, Wis.1913Edward Buckman, 'n, M.D., is assistantclinical professor of urology at Rush MedicalCollege. He also practices urology at 185 N.Wabash Ave., Chicago.1914William Stephan, M.D., is in Dillon, Mont, ingeneral practice. *** Robert O. Brown, '12,M.D., is living and practicing in Santa Fe,New Mex.1915B. O. Raulston, M.D., is a full time professor of medicine at the University of SouthernCalifornia. *** Lawrence G. Dunlap, '13, M.D.,is "still secretary of the livest three-county medical society in Montana." He is spending partof his time this winter in Los Angeles, taking aspecial post graduate course in eye, ear, noseand throat.1916Albert G. Bower, S.M. '14, M.D., is associateprofessor of communicable diseases at the University of Southern California and lives at1238 Dorothy Drive, Glendale, Calif.1918Henry N. Tihen, M.D., is spending the yearin Vienna, Austria, studying.1919Otto Van der Velde, M.D., is practicing inHolland, Mich., and occasionally enjoys troutfishing, golf and hunting. He writes that heregrets hearing about the retirement of CoachStagg.1920Ciney Rich, '18, M.D. '20, is practicing inDecatur, 111. He is vice president of the Chicago Alumni Club there.1921Floyd E. Keir, '17, M.D., spent the summerin Europe, visiting clinics in Scotland, England,France and Germany. He is president of theEnglewood Rotary Club for the coming year.1922Harold John Shelley, M.D., is assistant attending surgeon at St. Luke's and KnickerbockerNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 197RADIO AWNINGSOfficial Broadcasting Station ofThe University of ChicagoWilliam S. Hedges, '18 Mgr.REAL ESTATEJ. Alton Lauren, '19J. Alton Lauren and Co.139 N. Clark St. Randolph 2068TRAVELFor Reservations, Tickets, All Steamship Linesand Travel OrsanizationsLESTER F. BLAIRTravel Service Bureau— University of Chicago5758 Ellis Ave. Phones Midway 0800 and Plaza 3858ARTISTSROFFE BEMANPortraits in Pencil and Other Media1541 East Fifty-seventh Street105 West Mcnroe StreetChicagoTelephones Midway 2112 and State 1815GERDA AHLMExpert Restorer of FinePAINTINGS and MINIATURESSuite 1701 Telephone56 E. Congress St. Wabash 5390CAROLYN D. TYLERMiniatures- Pastels- Small SculptureHyde Park Hotel Midway 2772ARTIFICIAL LIMBS AND TRUSSESAMBULATORY PNEUMATIC SPLINT MFG. CO.1 861 (W.) Osden Av. Cor. S. Honore St. Phone West 2040For Best Results in Fractures of Hip, Thish, Leg, Arm, useour Air Cushioned Reduction Bed or Walking Splint.Arches, Braces, Calipers, Extensions, Crutches, Chairs,Abdominal Supporters, Elastic Goods, Invalid Chairs,Supplies. Moderate Prices, Reliable Fitting Service.AUTO LIVERYCHICAGO PETERSENMOTOR LIVERYLINCOLN'S With Experienced Chauffeurs5548 Lake Park Ave. MID way 0949 PHONES OAKLAND 0690—0691—0692The Old ReliableHYDE PARK AWNING CO., Inc.Awnings and Canopies for All Purposes4508 Cottage Grove AvenueBOYD & GOULD, Inc.5813-15 Wentworth AvenueARTCRAFTAWNINGS AND CANOPIESPhones Wentworth 2450-2451CARPENTERS^/ames GodstedV^JlIlr Carpenter ContractorNjjr 1111 East 55th Street1111 East 55th StreetFAIRFAX 9393-1361CEMETERIESOAK WOODS CEMETERY1035 E. 67th St. at Greenwood Ave.Fairfax 0140Irrevocable Perpetual CharterCrematory — GreenhousesCOAL5900 STEWART 3952AUBURN COAL & MATERIAL CO.COAL- COKE- BUILDING MATERIAL7443 So. Racine Ave. ChicagoCOFFEE AND TEAW. S. Quinby-Bellconrad Co.Importers and Roasters ofHigh Grade Coffees and Teas417-427 West Ohio St. Phones Superior 2336-7-8DECORATORSARTHUR E. BOURGEAUPAINTING and INTERIOR DECORATINGHardware and Paints1216-12 18-E. 55 ST. PHONE HYDE PARK 1049Est. 1897ELEVATORSRELIANCE ELEVATOR CO.PASSENGER AND FREIGHTELEVATORSFor Every Purpose212 W. Austin Ave. Chicago198 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEhospitals in New York. He has written anumber of articles on professional subjectslately.1923Clarence F. G. Brown, '19 M.D., is practicingin Chicago, and lives near the University, at5702 Blackstone Ave.1924Clarence C. Reed, M.D., has spent sevenmonths in post graduate study at the SurgeryUniversity of Berlin, at Vienna, and with SirHarold Gillies of London, in plastic and reconstructive surgery.1925C. Oliver Heimdal, M.D., was recently reelected secretary-treasurer of the Aurora, 111.,Medical Society. He is practicing general surgery at Aurora, 111. *** Robert C. Levy, '26,M.D., is practicing medicine in Chicago, andliving at the Chicago Beach Hotel.1932Dr. and Mrs. E. Gray Caskey and theirdaughter, Patricia Ann, are living in New Galilee, Pa., while Dr. Caskey internes at St. Elizabeth's hospital in Youngstown, Pa.Doctors of Philosophy1903Rev. F. G. Cressey, D.B. '98, is one of ourmost promising contenders for the title of "headof a complete alumni family." Mrs. Cresseyreceived the degree of bachelor of arts in 1893 ;George B. Cressey, S.M. '21, Ph.D. '23, is nowchairman of the department of geology andgeography at the University of Syracuse; PaulF. Cressey, Ph.D. '30, was industrial investigatorof the Laymen's Missionary Committee in Indiain 1931, and is now teaching sociology atWheaton College, Norton, Mass. According toRev. Cressey, "only limitation of the number ofmembers in the family prevented their havingmore Chicago degrees." *** H. G. Wells, M.D.'98, is professor and chairman of the departmentof pathology at the University of Chicago.1904R. J. Bonner spent the fall semester at theUniversity of California at Berkeley as SatherProfessor of classics. He read a paper at themeeting of the Philological Association of thePacific Coast at the Thanksgiving Day meetingof the society.1908Florence C. Fox is with the U. S. Office ofeducation as a specialist in elementary educa tion. She has completed several series of veryinteresting and practical projects for elementaryschool use.1914Eliot Blackwelder is at Stanford University,California. *** Stephen S. Visher, '09, S.M. '10,has been elected vice president of the Association of American Geographers.1919Esmond R. Long, 'n, M.D., '26, has gone toPhiladelphia as director of the Henry PhippsInstitute for the Study of Tuberculosis.1920Alice H. Farnsworth, S.M. '17, will spendthe spring semester at Perkins Observatory ofOhio Wesleyan University, studying astrophysics.1921Georgiana R. Simpson, 'n, A.M. '20, is associate professor of German at Howard University,Washington, D. C.1924Frederic L. Schuman received the award ofthe $2000 James Rowe fellowship of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.He will make a study of the development ofthe foreign policies of the German republicsince its organization in 1918.J925Fay B. Karpf is teaching in the graduateschool for Jewish social work at New York. ***Edwin R. Hunter, A.M. '17, is dean of Mary-ville College, Tenn. *** Kate Daum is at theGeneral Hospital at the University of Iowa.1928John William Ashton is on leave of absencefrom the Department of English, at the University of Iowa, and is spending his time off atSouth Pasadena, Calif.1930Henry E. Allen, A.M. '29, is teaching in thedepartment of religion at LaFayette College, andis faculty director of the Brainard Society of theStudent Christian Association. *** Wendell C.Bennett, '27, A.M. '30, is anthropologist at theAmerican Museum of Natural History at NewYork City. *** William R. Bennett, Jr., hassettled in New York City, where he is an artistby profession. *** Henry J. Walker, '22, A.M.'32, is professor of religion at Talladega College, Alabama.i93iGeorge W. Ayers, Jr., is assistant chiefchemist of the Pure Oil Co., 35 East WackerDrive, Chicago. *** Kenneth W. Clark wasNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 199FENCESANCHOR POST FENCE CO.Ornamental Iron Chain Link Rustic WoodFences tor Campus, Tennis Court, Estate, Suburban Home orIndustrial plantFree Advisory Service and Estimates Furnished646 N. MICHIGAN BLVD. SUPERIOR 1367FISHJ. A. DAVIS FISH CO.Specialize in Supplying Hotels, Restaurants, Hospitals,Institutions. Fresh Caught Direct From the Fisherman.211 N. Union Ave. Phone Haymarket 1495FILLING STATIONSROSCOE LAYMANFLUNG STATION92nd Street and So. Chicago Ave.PHONE SO. CHICAGO 1163GARAGESCapacity 350 Cars FireproofFairchild Garage Co.5546 Lake Park Ave.Thru to Harper Ave.PHONES HYDE PARK 1275-1275Dependable Service PLASTERINGHoward F« , NolanPlastering, Brick and Cement WorkRepairing a Specialty1111 East 55th St. Phones 1878 - 79PUBLISHINGYour Book Length ManuscriptPUBLISHEDWrite for Booklet and TermsMEADOR PUBLISHING CO.470 S. Atlantic Ave. Boston, Mass.RIDINGMidway Riding Academy6037 Drexei AvenueExpert InstructorsBeautiful Bridle Path and Good HorsesUniversity of Chicago Riding HeadquartersMidway 9571 Phone Dorchester 8041ROOFINGGROVEROOFINGCO.(Gilliland)Old Roofs Repaired New Roofs Put On22 Years at 6644 Cottage Grove Ave.Lowest Prices — Estimates Free Fairfax 3206LAUNDRIESFidelity Morgan Service, Inc."Better Laundry Work"Branch 1015 East 61st StreetPhone Calumet 1906MONUMENTSPhone Monroe 5058 Established 1889C. CILELLA & SONMONUMENTS AND MAUSOLEUMSRock of Ages and Guardian MemorialsWe Erect Work Anywhere 723-25 W. Taylor StreetOPTICIANSNELSONOPTICAL CO.1138 East 63rd StreetHyde Park 5352Dr. Nels R. Nelson, OptometristPAINTINGEstablished 1851 Incorporated 1891Geo. D. Milligan CompanyPainting and Decorating Contractors2309 South Parkway Tel. Cal. 5665 SADDLERYW. J. WYMANManufacturer, Importer and Dealer inHigh Grade Saddles, Polo Goods, Etc.Chicago Riding Club Building, 628 McClurg CourtLake Forest Store— 210-212 Westminster Ave., EastTelephone Superior 8801SCALP SPECIALISTSDR . H. C. WEIGERTSCALP SPECIALIST5238 Lake Park AvenueMIDWAY 3836SCHOOLSPRACTICAL BUSINESS TRAININGB siness Administration, Executive-Secretarial14 Other Practical Courses -Train for Assured SuccessCollege Grade Courses 76th Year Write for CatalogBRYANT & STRATTON COLLEGE18 South Michigan Avenue Randolph 1575TIMELy ART GUIDANCEExperienced • Progressive • SuccessfulSummer Session Starts July 6Fall Session September 6 — 30th YearCHICAGO ACADEMY OF FINE ARTS1 8 South Michigan Avenue - Chicago200 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINErecently elected to the honorary social sciencefraternity Phi Rho Mu. He is teaching in theNew Testament Department at Duke University,Durham, N. C.1932B. S. Mishkis, '27, of the department of medicine of the University of Chicago, is leavingwith his wife and son for the Soviet Ukraine.He is to be in charge of the physico-chemicaldivision of the Ukraine Biochemical Instituteof Kiev. *** James E. Davis, '26, A.M. '28, isresearch assistant at the Department of Medicine, at the University of Chicago. *** RalphE. Huston, '23, is acting professor of mathematics at Wesleyan College, Macon, Ga. ***Kenneth M. Campbell, '28, is research assistantin organic chemistry at Pennsylvania State College.Law1906David W. Moffat, ex, is now serving asJustice of the Supreme Court of the State ofUtah, and will hold office for ten years.1908Charles H. Speck, J.D., is now living at 412Westmoreland Ave., Lansing, Mich.1913George B. McKibbin, J.D. '13, was reelectedpresident of the Chicago branch of the Y.M.C.A.recently. He reported at the annual meetingon the work the Association is doing, providing employment and recreation for unemployed young men in the city.1915Hirsch E. Soble, J.D., has withdrawn fromhis partnership with Moses, Kennedy, Stein andBachrach, and is now in practice with the firmof Soble, Spira and Langeluttig, with offices at176 West Adams St., Chicago.1917Irwin T. Gilruth, J.D., is practicing law at231 S. LaSalle Street, Chicago, with the firm ofBabcock, Holly and Gilruth.1918Joseph Fisher, '16, J.D., has moved his lawoffices to Suite 2227, 33 N. LaSalle St., Chicago,where he is associated with two other University of Chicago Law School men, Durmont W.McGraw, '29, J.D. '31, and Hugh Neill Johnson,'29, J.D. '31.1919Norris C. Bakke, Ll.B. '19, has moved toDenver, where he is to be Deputy AttorneyGeneral of Colorado. 1921Leonard A. Hammes, '19, J.D., is with the firmof Frost, Hammes and Nimtz, in the KeelineBldg., at Omaha, Nebr.MarriagesGeorge C. Rezanka, '25, to Lois M. Turn-quist, December 25, 1932; at home, Gary, Indiana.Theodore T. Cowgill, A.M. '28, to StephanieWarchal, July 17, 1932; at home, 2158 W. Jackson Boul., Chicago.James Whitney Hall, Jr., '31, to DorothyJane Chapline, ex, June, 1932; at home, 5543Kimbark Ave., Chicago.BirthsTo Mr. and Mrs. George W. Koivun, '24,M.D. '28, a son, Charles Wilhart, August 27,1932, Moline, 111.To Mr. and Mrs. Frederic Hecker (JuliaFay Norwood, '28,) a daughter, Jean Hayes,December 22, 1932.To Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Griffin, Jr., (ElizabethThomason, '30,) a son, James Emory, July 19,1932, Chicago.To Dr. H. L Burtness, M.D. '30, and Mrs.Burtness (Luella Malberg, ex '25,) a son,William Seymour, December 14, 1932, SantaBarbara, Calif.DeathsJames G. Berry, M.D. '79, January 19, 1933,Chicago. Dr. Berry had been a physician inChicago for fifty years.Frank Winans Dignan, '97, Ph.D. '05, January 22, 1933, Chicago. Mr. Dignan was aneditor of The University of Chicago Magazineand University Record from 1911 to 191 3, andwas secretary of the Alumni Council in 1913and 1914.Lulu McCoy, '05, Ed.B. '08, May, 193 1,California.Robert Lacey Borger, A.M. '05, Ph.D. '07,December 26, 1932, Athens, Ohio.Arthur H. Heusinkveld, ex '15, November,1932, Iowa City, Iowa.Winfield Scott Dudgeon, Ph.D. '17, December26, 1932, at Ames, Iowa.Laura Horrigan Williams, '18, Summer, 1931,Grand Rapids, Michigan.Florence Ross, '23, January 6, 1933, Cleveland,Ohio.Mrs. Joseph A. Durrenberger (Frances E.Jefferies, '23,) November 25, 1932, Valdosta,Georgia.Mrs. Robert Koerber (Dorothy Tunison, '27)December 5, 1932, Fort Wayne, Indiana.Leslie Leigh Hunt, A.M. '32, December 31,1932, Harvey, 111.SCHOOLS— continuedST. GEORGE SCHOOL FOR GIRLS4545 DREXEL BLVD.DAY and BOARDING SCHOOLCatalos Nursery Through High Enter Any TimeATLANTIC 2746 SHIPPING AND STORAGEMOVING — STORAGE — SHIPPINGPacking and Baggage TransferSTROMBERG BROTHERS1316 East 61st StreetPhones Dorchester 3211 and 3416THE CHICAGO LATIN SCHOOLFOR BOYSPreparation from Kindergarten to CollegeOur Graduates make excellent University Records1531 N. Dearborn Pkwy. SUPERIOR 5734 TEACHERS AGENCIESCHICAGO SCHOOL OF SCULPTUREVIOLA NORMAN, DirectorLife Modeling — Life DrawingAbstract Design — CompositionWrite for Catalog Studio 1011 Auditorium Bldg.Telephone Harr. 3216 Fifty-six East Congress St.HUETTLART SCHOOLCartooning - DrawingPainting - EtchingArt Materials1546-50 E. 57th St. Plaza 2536THE FAULKNER SCHOOL FOR GIRLSA Day School for Girls of All AgesPrepares Its Graduates for All Collegesand UniversitiesThe College Board Examinations AreGiven at the School4746 Dorchester Ave. Tel. Oakland 1423MacCormac School of CommerceBusiness Administration and Secretarial TrainingDAY AND EVENING CLASSESEnter Any Monday1170 E. 63rd St. H. P. 2130THE MIDWAY SCHOOL6216 Kimbark Ave. Tel. Dorchester 3299Elementary Grades J unior High PreparationKindergarten French, Dancing, Music and ArtBus ServiceA School with Individual Instruction and Cultural AdvantagesOrthogenic School of ChicagoAffiliated with the University of ChicagoBoarding and Day School forRetarded and Problem ChildrenCatalog on Request1365 East 60th Street MID. 7879 f?* "I Teachers 28 E. Jackson Blvd.CHICAGOAgencyOur Service is Nation WideUNDERTAKERSLUDLOW * SCHNEIDERFUNERAL DIRECTORSFine Chapel with New Pipe OrganSEDAN AMBULANCETel. Fairfax 2861 6110 Cottage Grove Ave.SKEELES - BIDDLEFuneral DirectorsFairfax 0120 Sixty-Third Street and Evans Ave.VENTILATINGTHE HAINES COMPANYVentilating Contractors1929-1937 West Lake St.PHONES SEELEY 2765 - 2766 - 2767Albert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago535 Fifth Ave., New York415 Hyde Bldg., SpokaneA general Placement Bureau for men andwomen in all kinds of teaching positions.Large and alert College, and State Teachers' College departments for Doctors andMasters ; Critics and Supervisors for Normals. Also many calls for Special teachersof Music, Art, Home Economics, BusinessAdministration, CorrespondenceTeaching.Fine opportunities in Secondary Schools.A host of best Suburban patrons for gradeand High School teachers. Read ourbooklet. Call.A LEAF of Bright Tobacco or ofKentucky Burley has in it about 27% inweight of stem.The stem is woody. It does not containthe same ingredients as the tobacco. It doesnot burn like tobacco.This 27 % in weight of stem, therefore, is removed from the tobacco used in Chesterfields.Everything is done that can be done tomake Chesterfield milder and taste better.© 1933, Liggett & Myers Tobacco Co. 0K&sg%*r%9