a1 NTHE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINE()L. XXIII MARCH, 1931 NUMBER 5Mi A M A / fA,University of Chicago / \LUMNI headquartersand (or 101 other colleges and 21 national Pan-Hellenic sororitiesss® m ¦ sa si g ssis$10.50 to $17.50 weekly/ separate Floorswqi $2.00 to $3.50 daily14 separate Floorsfor MENRCA RADIO SPEAKER IN EACH OF THE 1000 ROOMS AT NO EXTRA CHARGEALLERTON HOUSEWALTER W. DWYER, Gen'l Mgr. ¦CHICAGO «701 North Michigan AventieTHE ALUMNI COUNCIL OF THE UNIVERSITYOF CHICAGOChairman, Henry D. Sulcer, '06Secretary àf Editor, Charlton T. Beck, '04The Council for 1930-31 is composed of the following delegatesiFrom the College Alumni Association, Terni expires IQ31: John P. Mentzer, '98;Walter L. Hudson, '02 ; Mrs. Martha Landers Thompson, '03 ; Henry D. Sulcer, '06 ;Harold H. Swift, '07; Mrs. Phyllis Fay Horton, '15; Terni expires 1932: ElizabethFaulkner, '85; Herbert P. Zimmermann, '01; Paul H. Davis, '11; Daniel P. Trude,'02; Mrs. Jessie Heckman Hirschl, 'io; Milton E. Robinson, '12, J.D. '14; Terniexpires 1933: Frank McNair, '03; Herbert I. Markham, '05; Renslow P. Sherer, '09;Mrs. Margaret Haass Richards, 'n; John A. Logan, '21 ; Arthur C. Cody, '24.From the Association of Doctors of Philosophy, Herbert E. Slaught, Ph.D. '98;D. Jerome Fisher, Ph.D. '22; Robert J. Bonner, Ph.D. '04; Arno B. Luckhardt,Ph.D. 'n, M.D. '12; George K. K. Link, Ph.D. '16.From the Divinity Alumni Association, A. G. Baker, Ph.D. '21 ; Perry J. Stackhouse,D.B. '04; Andrew R. E. Wyant, D.B. '97.From the Law School Alumni Association, Charles F. McElroy, J.D. '15; CharlesP. Schwartz, '08, J.D. '09; Dwight P. Green, J.D. '12.From the School of Education Alumni Association, Jessie Todd, '25; Harold A.Anderson, '24, A.M. '26; Paul M. Cook, A.M. '27.From the Commerce and Administration Alumni Association, Earle W. English,'26 ; Henry G. Hulbert, '23 ; Dwight M. Cochran, '27.From the Rush Medical College Alumni Association, William A. Thomas, M.D.'16; Clark W. Finnerud, M.D. '18; T. E. Blomberg, M.D. '27.From the Association of the School of Social Service Administration, Louis Evans,A.M. '29; Mrs. Edwina Meaney Lewis, '25; Mrs. Savilla Millis Simons, A.M. '26.From the Chicago Alumni Club, Frank H. Whiting, '16; Kenneth Rouse, '28;Frank J. Madden, '20, J.D. '22.. .From the Chicago Alumnae Club, Mrs. Charlotte Thearle Sulcer, '09; Mrs. MiriamBaldwin Shilton, '14; Shirley Farr, '04.From the University, Emery Filbey, '17, A.M. '20; Walter G. Preston.Alumni Associations Represented in the Alumni CouncilThe College Alumni Association: School of Education Alumni Associa-President, Henry D. Sulcer, '06, 167 tion: President, Roy W. Bixler, '16East Ontario Street, Chicago; Secre- A.M. '25, University of Chicago;tary, Charlton T. Beck, '04, University Secretary, S. Lenore John, A.M. 27,of Chicago 6009 Kimbark Avenue, Chicago.Association of Doctors of Philosophy: Commerce and Administration AlumniPresident, Robert J. Bonner, Ph.D. '04, Association: President, Earle WUniversity of Chicago ; 'Secretary. English, '26, 5240 Kenwood A venne,Herbert E. Slaught, Ph.D. '98, Uni- Chicago , ; Secretary Margaret E. Knox,versitv of Chicao-o 28> 6ll61A Kimbark Avenue, Chicago.versity or Chicago. , Rush Medical College Alumni Associa-Divinity Alumni Association: Prestdent, TI0N. president, Cari B. Davis, 'oo,R. E. Sayles, D.B. '03, First Baptist m.d! >03j I22 South Michigan Avenue,Church, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Secre- Chicago; Secretary, Charles A. Parker,tary, C. T. Holman, D.B. '15, Uni- MD >9I? ? West Madison Street,versity of Chicago. Chicago.Law School Association: President, Association of the School of SocialCharles P. Schwartz, '08, J.D. '09, 105 Service Administration: President,West Adams Street, Chicago; Secre- Marion Schaffner, '11, 3957 Ellis Ave-tary, Charles F. McElroy, J.D. '15, 29 nue, Chicago; Secretary, Ruth Bartlett,South LaSalle Street, Chicago. '24, 6850 Cornell Avenue, Chicago.Ali Communications should be sent to the Secretary of the proper Association or to the AlumniCouncil, Faculty Exchange, University of Chicago. The dues for membership in any one of theAssociations named above, including subscription to The University of Chicago Magazine, are$2.00 per year. A holder of two or more degrees from the University of Chicago may be a memberof more than one Association; in such instances the dues are divided and shared equally by theAssociations involved.The Magazine is published at 1009 Sloan St, Crawfordsville, Ind., monthly from Novemberto July, inclusive, for The Alumni Council of the University of Chicago, 58th St. and Ellis Ave.,Chicago, 111. The subscription price is $2.00 per year; the price of single copies is 25 cents.Entered as second class matter December 10, 1924, at the Post Office at Crawfordsville, Indiana,under the Act of March 3, 1879.Ryerson LaboratoryVol. xxiii No. sUmbergttp of ChicagoJflaga^neMARCH, 193 1 -I-^h— The Business Outlook for 1931By Garfield V. Cox, Ph.D. '29Professor of Finance in the School of Commerce and Administration; Author of " AnAppraisal of American Business Forecasts."IT IS now more than a year and a halfsince the business decline began andsix months since industriai activityreached the levels of a major depression. Inthe slightly more than half a century forwhich comparable records are available thevolume of America's industriai productionhas never experienced a greater percentagedecline, nor fallen farther below its com-puted long-time trend.To almost everyone the extreme severityof the slump in business and employmenthas come as a painful surprise. Admittedly,even before stock prices broke in Octoberand November, 1929, there was someground for suspecting that the graduairecession in industriai production then oc-curring might be the beginning of a cyclicaldecline.The collapse of stock prices made thisseem more certain, but few expected therecession to develop into one of the mostextreme depressions cf our entire history.Even as late as the spring of 1930 economieanalysts were almost unanimous in predict-ing that the depression would be a minor one like that of 1903-04 or 1923-24 ratherthan a major one comparable to that of1884-86, i893-955 01 1921-22. It wasargued that acute or prolonged depressioncould hardly develop in the face of suchfavorable factors as the strong bankingsituation and low interest rates on high-grade loans, a price level that had not re-cently been inflated and was already thelowest in 14 years, greater financial strengthof the country's major corporations than inany previous business recession, and moderate inventories in the hands of manufac-turers and merchants. Further, there wereconcerted efforts being made to stimulatepublic-utilities construction, railroad im-provements, and public works. Indexes ofbusiness activity had already been movingsidewise for some months at approximatelyio per cent below normal, and it did notseem that they should have to go muchlower. But commodity prices, stock prices,industriai production, and the reputationof forecasters have ali declined more sinceAprii, 1930, than they had then fallenfrom their respective high points of 1929.215216 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEBoth the severity of the depression andthe fact that its character was so generallyunforeseen have been profoundly discon-certing to business men. Many of the latterhave grown more cautious in predictionand some of the most eminent have evengone so far as to declare that the businessforecasts even of the best informed are atthis time mere guesses. In this view thewriter is unable to concur. The course ofevents has not broken so completely withthe past. A student of the history andstatistics of business conditions in theUnited States over the last half-centuryshould be able to form an estimate of theprobable course of business in 1931, anestimate possessing greater validity than aguess. Such a forecast will doubtless needrevision as new evidence comes to light; itmay even be invalidated altogether, but thechànces of the latter outcome should be lessthan even.Two decades of research appear to haveestablished the fact that business depressionsare not a disease with a specific cause, butare in large part a recurrent aspect of thenormal behavior of the modem businessorder. Industriai activity moves succes-sively through stages of prosperity, recession,depression, and revival with such a measureof regularity that the term business cyclehas been generally adopted to designate thephenomenon. Yet this regularity is notgreat enough to make prediction easy: Themultiplicity and complexity of economie af-fairs are such that we cannot view any speci-fìed future development as a certainty.Business cycles in the United States havevaried considerably in length and even morein amplitude, and a given phase of one cyclehas often been materially influenced by fac-tors different either individually or in themanner of their combination from thosewhich have obtained in the correspondingphase of previous cycles. A reasonable con-cept of the probable course of businessthrough 1931, therefore, should rest bothupon a study of the behavior of business inthe most similiar periods of our history andupon an analysis of the principal factorswhich appear to be at work in the currentsituation. In the United States a half century isabout as far back as reliable records of industriai activity go. During that time wehave experienced 15 depressions, 7 of whichhave been so much worse than any of theothers that they may appropriately betermed major in character. These occurredin the years 1884-86, 1893-95, 1896-98,1908, 1914-15, 1921-22, and 1930-31.Minor depressions occurred in 1888, 1891,1900, 1903-04, 1911, I9I9> 1924, and 1927.It is obviously among the major depressionsthat one must seek for patterns suggestiveof the course which business may take in1931. Several scientifically constructedcomposite indexes cf the physical volume ofbusiness activity are available and any oneof them would serve our purpose fairlywell. If we adopt as our criterion TheAnnalist Index of Business Activity, thefollowing comparisons may be made be-tween the behavior of the index in this depression and in the six others that havepreceded it: (1) The current businessdecline has already lasted longer than thetotal period of recession in two-thirds of the.previous depressions. (2) Business hasnow been below computed normal for 16months; this is slightly longer than the timetaken by the index to reach bottom in anyprevious depression after it had crossed theline of trend. (3) Business has now fallen25% below normal which is as low as ithas ever gone, except for one month in thesummer of 1894 when industry was tem-porarily paralyzed by strikes. (4) In previous depressions the index, after reachingbottom, has always begun a definite advancewithin a few months. (5) This advanceonce begun it has always continued at leastto normal without serious interruption.(6) The interval of subnormal businesshas been 2 years or less in every instancesave that of 1884-86, when activity re-m.ained below normal for 30 months.In the light of the foregoing comparisons,is it reasonable to infer that the businessdecline has culminated and that improve-ment will soon begin? Perhaps not, if onebelieves that the factors retarding recoverythis time are more serious and more power-ful than in any previous depression in halfTHE BUSINESS OUTLOOK FOR 1931 217a century. To many harassed and discour-aged business men it may seem that theobstacles to recovery are of unprecedentedmagnitude. To the writer it does not appear that they are. The despondent arguethat the present major depression is worldwide, but so was each of the others exceptthat of 1896-98. It is said that we arenow in a long-time period of decliningprices, but so we were in the eighties andnineties of the last century. There are,admittedly, novel elements in the presentsituation, but someof these are as fa-vorable to recoveryas others are un-favorable. Thereseems little basisfor expecting as rap-id an advance asin 1922 when aboom based on warshortages of hous-ing and automobileswas under way, oras in 1915 whenthe war demands ofEurope gave riseto the most spec-tacular industriairevival in our history. Recovery willprobably not proceedas rapidly as fromthe depression of1908 which occurred within a longer period in whichali gold-standard countries were experi-encing a rapid rise of commodity prices.But it does appear reasonable that recovery should be as vigorous as in 1885-86, when, after moving for seven monthsin a trough of depression, indexes of businessadvanced from 80 to 100 in a year, or asvigorous as in 1894-95 when the indexstarting at even lower depths rose to normalin a year. Unless this depression is to breakthe records of half a century the beginningsof recovery should shortly appear, andbusiness should reach its "normal" level inthe spring of 1932.The results thus far have been basedGarfield V. Coxlargely upon pattern comparisons and his-torical analogy. What conclusions doesone reach on the basis of a more intensiveeconomie analysis which examines the factors that appear to have played a dominantrole in making this a major depression, andfrom attempts to identify the factors stilioperating to retard recovery and to weighthem against the factors making for businessexpansion ?The business decline has had many causes.Among them may be named three inter-related groups of factors which operatedsimultaneously itobring the recent eraof prosperity to adose. Two of thesewere of world-widesignificance. Thethird concerned con-ditions within theUnited States, al-though it had itscounterpart in cer-tain other countriesas well.Of the develop-ments of world-widesignificance we maymention first the pol-icy adopted by vari-ous cartels, pools,governments, andother special inter-ests in a number ofindustries to maintain higher pricesfor the commodities in which they wereinterested than would have obtained in afree market. The hope was to restrict production sufficiently to guarantee mainte-nance of the price, and for a time quotationson such commodities as rubber, coffee, andcopper were more successfully pegged thanin any similar attempts in history. But inno case was the control of production sufficiently powerful. For a time the prices ofsuch commodities as silk, wool, cotton,wheat, sugar, coffee, rubber, and copperwere maintained partly by the general prosperity and partly by the use of credit towithhold goods from the market. With2l8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEproduction stimulated by the artificially highprices unprecedented quantities of commodities important in international trade wereaccumulating even in the face of the peakdemands of a period of prosperity. Finallythese price controls broke down and withtheir collapse has come one of the mostdrastic declines in history in the prices ofthe world's raw materials. The outbreakof fresh weakness which has followed eachbreathing speli in the downward sweep ofprices has been one of the largest factors inthe progressive demoralization of businessactivity.A second development not unrelated tothe first was the great bull market in stocksstaged primarily in this country. Risingsecurity prices occurred simultaneously inali the other principal stock exchanges of theworld, but the movements abroad werefinally dwarfed in significance by compari-son with our own. American speculatorsoutbid everyone else for the use of theworld's liquid funds and there developed acredit stringency so severe that foreignbusiness was crippled. We ceased to lendabroad and thus cut off the stream of fundsthat had for years enabled foreign countriesto buy from us even though our high tariffeprevented our buying their goods in return.The credit stringency abroad was aggra-vated by the fact that France and the UnitedStates had for years absorbed ali net addi-tions to the world's stock of monetary gold.It is probably significant in this connectionthat the decline in stock prices began in prac-tically every other country before it startedin the United States. Commodity-priceaverages, too, showed earlier weaknessabroad than here. The collapse of stockprices directly crippled the buying power ofan economically important section of theAmerican people and indirectly that ofmany more.A third aspect of the American situationwas one that was already making itself feltbefore the debacle in stocks. The industriaiprosperity of our best years since 1921 hadbeen based largely upon a construction boomand rapid expansion of the automobile in-dustry. The construction of most types ofbuilding had by 1929 been carried so far that even in the face of prosperity the per-centage of idle space was greatly above normal; and by early autumn of that year itwas clear that automobile production hadbeen greatly overdone. On these and simi-lar grounds alone business would probablyhave receded last year to the levels of aminor depression.As the year 1930 progressed Americanbuying power and business confidence re-ceived further setbacks in the form of re-newed and drastic declines in both stocksand bonds, the severest drought in ali ourhistory, the outbreak of acute politicai un-rest in various countries abroad (largely aneffect of existing depression but in turn acause of further business decline), andfinally by a series of failures of brokeragehouses and banks.But these were developments of 1930 andthe question now is the probable course ofbusiness in 193 1. It is clear that there arestili significant factors tending to retardrecovery. Viewing the domestic situation,we note first a considerable surplus of industriai and commercial building space, and inthe larger cities a higher than normal per-centage of vacancies in hotels and apartmentbuildings. Demands for construction inthese fields, which worked powerfully forrecovery in 1921 and with less force in 1924and 1927 are, therefore, absent now. An-other handicap is the fact that many peopleare stili engaged in paying off debts incurredin unsuccessful stock speculation, and athird, is the reluctance of consumers to buyautomobiles because of curtailed buyingpower and uncertainty concerning theirfuture income. A fourth unsettling featureof the domestic situation is the Farm Board'slarge holdings of cotton and wheat, and thedisparity between the American and worldprices on this year's crop of the latter. Themaintenance of the spot price of wheat atNew York fìfteen cents above that of corncreates a situation that has probably dis-couraged the reduction of the domesticcarryover of wheat by the feeding of it tolivestock, and exports continue extremelysmall.Significant aspects of the world situationare the great volume of war debts and rep-THE BUSINESS OUTLOOK FOR 1931 219arations and the uncertainties concerningthe future of these obligations ; these factorstend to discourage that international lend-ing and borrowing upon which expandinginternational trade might be based. Numer-ous high tariffs, including our own, consti-tute a heavy burden upon world commerceand one which industry now can particularlyili afford. A number of raw-materials pro-ducing countries are stili burdened withlarge stocks built up during the years ofartificial price control. Finally, there arethe contrasts in the extent to which com-modity price deflation has proceeded. As isalways the case after a year or more ofviolently declining prices, some commodities at wholesale have declined so muchmore than others that at best confidence islacking in the permanence of the new ratiosof exchange, and many of them are doubtlessout of alignment. The lag of retail pricesbehind those at wholesale is probably anotherretarding factor.But the picture is not ali as dark as theforegoing. Decline in retail prices is pro-ceeding while prices at wholesale are begin-ning to show that evening-up process suggestive of approaching stabilization. Theinventories of most manufacturers and re-tailers are low and consumers have had 18months in which to liquidate instalment contraete and to wear out their stocks of manyof the more durable types of goods. Mil-lions of people have reserves of buyingpower which they will choose to use ratherthan experience a substantial curtailment intheir standard of living, and the increasingpurchasing power of their dollars will addto their willingness to buy. It now appearsprobable that money made available underthe prospective veterans' bonus act willprove an appreciable stimulus to retail trade.It is notable that miscellaneous freight andless than car-lot shipments of merchandisehave ceased to decline. As stabilization re-moves from those stili employed the fear oflosing their jobs they will tend to spendmore freely.The long recession in construction activity is probably nearing its end. Publicexpenditures for construction, are being stim-ulated as never before, and utility improve- ments bid fair to continue at near theirpresent rates. The construction of one- andtwo-family houses is beginning to respondto lowered costs; this should offset any further decline in apartment and hotel construction. The daily value of contraets letduring the first ten days of February hasshown more than a seasonal rise from theJanuary figures, and if allowance is madefor declining costs the comparison with thefigures for a year ago is much less unfavor-able than appears on the surface. Under-lying the whole situation is a bankingsystem with an abundance of money tolend at low rates to ali enterprisers whogive promise of profitable utilization ofadditional funds.An encouraging fact in the automobileindustry is that in 1930 dealers sold 300,000more new cars to American consumers thanwere produced for the domestic market.Since dealers' stocks are reported to be nolonger excessive, production in 1931 shouldbe 10% higher than last year even if nogain in sales is made. So far dealer salesare running below the corresponding periodof 1930 but a few months of very moderateimprovement in many other lines of businesswould doubtless bring some increase in thereplacement of old cars with new.An analysis of prospeets by individuailines of industry may not, on the face of it,appear to lend much support to the con-clusions reached by historical analogy concerning the prospeets for recovery. Butthis is largely because we have not yet al-lowed for the cumulative effect of theinteractions of small initial improvementsin many different fields. For the first timein eight months certain of the composite in-dexes of business activity have ceased to decline, and at least two of them have scoredsmall gains in January after allowance forseasonal variation. This of itself does notindicate the beginning of a major recoverybut it does strongly support the opinion thatthe approximate bottom has been reached.Another evidence of the same thing is foundin the fact that January saw a net increaseof seven in the number of pig iron blastfurnaces in operation. Usually in previous220 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEmajor depressions an upturn in blast fur-nace activity has marked the approximateend of the industriai recession.1 Consump-tion of cotton by textile mills has recoveredsharply, and the same is true of silk.Admittedly, new and favorable develop-ments may emerge to hasten recovery, orunfavorable ones to retard it, but a com-FROM the point of view of the Treas-ury the major fiscal problem of theFederai Government is the mainte-nance of a balanced budget. In the longrun the Government's receipts should bai-ance its expenditures, even though fundsmay be obtained from time to time by theissuance of Government obligations. Thealternative is to accept the prospect of anunlimited growth in the public debt withthe probable consequence of serious dis-turbance to national economie conditions.During extraordinary times, such as waryears, the Treasury's revenues, exclusiveof its receipts from the issuance of publicdebt, usually do not balance the then largeexpenditures. In such emergent situationseven rapid growth in the public debt isjustified. But during other times, it isdifEcult to justify the cost of issuing anincreasing amount of Government obligations to meet ordinary current expenditures.Since the war, therefore, the Treasury'spolicy has been not only to balance its budget but also to reduce steadily the out-standing public debt. parison of the present with past cycles and astudy of the factors now at work suggesta fairly high degree of probability that wehave reached the bottom of the depression,that industriai activity will recover slightlybetween now and summer, advance morerapidly in the autumn, and reach normalduring the first half of 1932.During the fiscal year 1930 (beginningJuly 1, 1929, and ending June 30, 1930)this policy was satisfactorily carried out.The finances of the Federai Governmentcontinued the excellent record of the lastdecade, receipts exceeded expenditures by acomfortable margin and a further sub-stantial reduction was made in the publicdebt.The ordinary receipts amounted to ap-proximately $4,178,000,000, about $145,-000,000 larger than in the fiscal year 1929.Nearly 60% of this amount was derivedfrom income taxes, and approximately 30%from customs collections and miscellaneousinternai revenue. Expenditures chargeableagainst these receipts were slightly morethan $3,994,000,000 showing approximatelythe same increase over the fiscal year 1929as the receipts. Accordingly, the surplusat about $184,000,000 for the fiscal year1930 was equal to the surplus in the previous year.It should be noted, however, that the surplus figure for 1930 is not strictly comparable to the one for 1929. Certain foreignA modem blast furnace costs several millions of dollars. When in use it must be operatecicontinuously. If it is shut down it may have to be relined at great expense before it can be putinto operation again. There is, therefore a tendency to keep furnaces going as long as the pigiron can be sold with any profit, and to wait until the operators are confident of improvement indemand before starting the furnaces up again.The Finances of Our Federai GovernmentDuring the Fiscal Year 1930*By S. H. Nerlove, '22, A.M. '23Assistant Professor of Risk and Risk-Bearing, School of Commerce and Administration* This article <was tvritten in early January from data available on January 5, 1931.THE FINANCES OF OUR FEDERAL GOVERNMENT 221payments were this year made in cash andnot, as in the past, in securities of thisGovernment. Since these United Statessecurities, when received from foreign countries, have automatically been cancelled and,therefore, constituted public debt retire-ments chargeable against ordinary receipts,public debt retirements during the last fiscalvear just closed were some $74,000,000smaller than was anticipated. Had foreigngovernments followed the earlier practiceof making payments in United States securities, the surplusfor the fiscal year1930 would havebeen about $1 IO,-000,000 instead of$184,000,000.The larger ordinary receipts of thefiscal year 1930,compared to those of1929, were due pri-marily to the increase in taxableincomes for the cal-endar years 1928 and1929, reflecting ac-tive industry andtrade and a risingsecurity market, andalso the increase inreceipts on foreignindebtedness. Thelarger expendituresfor the fiscal yearjust closed, as compared to 1929, reflectedmainly the increase in the amount expendedfor general governmental activities and alsothe net amount loaned under the agricul-tural marketing act, approved June 15,1929. Reduction in the public debt duringthe year brought the gross public debt out-standing to $16,185,000,000 as of June 30,1930. The major part of the reduction,approximately $554,000,000, was affectedthrough sinking fund and other establishedretirement operations which were chargeableto ordinary receipts and the remainderthrough the application of surplus receiptsand a small reduction in the general fundbalance. Samuel H. NerloveThese financial operations of the Treas-ury, especially in so far as they are de-termined by revenues, should be consideredin terms of general business conditions thatexisted not only in 1929 and in 1930 butalso òf those prevailing in 1928. Changesin the pulse of commerce and trade affectFederai revenues primarily through incometax collections. Business conditions of anycalendar year, however, are not fully reflected in the income tax collections for asingle fiscal year, since the bulk of bothcorporate and individuai income is re-ported on a calendaryear basis and thetax is paid in the suc-ceeding calendaryear. Federai income tax receipts inthe fiscal year 1930,therefore, reflectedchanges of two calendar years; collections during the lastsix months of the calendar year 1929were based chiefly oncollections during1 928 incomes, andthe first six monthsof 1930 on 1929 incomes. The businesssituation in 1929 andin 1930 will in-fluence primarily thefinances of the Treasury during the fiscalyears 1931 and 1932.Accordingly, the active business duringthe calendar years 1928 and 1929, in a largemeasure determined the income tax revenueobtained during the fiscal year 1930, and,thereby, influenced considerably the Treasury's operations for the fiscal year justclosed. It is estimated that the Federairevenues will be smaller during the presentand following fiscal years than in 1930.Since the middle of the calendar year 1929—the beginning of the fiscal year 1930 —we have witnessed the most radicai down-ward changes in conditions of industry andcommerce that have taken place since 1921.222 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAfter June 1929, production began to decline, particularly in such principal indus-tries as those producing iron and steel, auto-mobiles and rubber tires. Throughout mostof 1930, production continued at low levels,averaging lower than in any year since 1924.The reduction in the volume of industriaiproduction between the middle of 1929 andNovember 1930 has amounted to more than34 per cent. In August 1929 prices begana decline that has continued at an accel-erated pace throughout most of 1930 andin November 1930 the average showed adecrease of over 18% from the high pointin 1929. Although the decline was not assevere as that experienced in 1920 and1921, it was the most drastic decline thathas occurred since that time and brought theaverage down to the lowest for the lastdecade. This decline was most marked inthe prices of agricultural products andcertain raw materials, particularly thosethat we import. During the last quarter of1929, stock prices dropped almost perpen-dicularly to about two-thirds of their valueat the peak in that year. Following somerecovery during the early part of 1930,stock prices began to decline in Aprii andby the end of the year they were consider-ably below the panie lows of the Autumnof 1929 and more than 53% below the highpoint reached in 1929. These decidedly ad-verse business conditions will influence theTreasury financial operations primarily during the fiscal years 1931 and 1932, mainlythrough their effect on the size and distri-bution of taxable corporation and individuaiincomes to be collected in these years. Ofcourse, these conditions will determine inlarge measure, too, the current customs andexcise taxes and will be somewhat reflectedin the cost of Government borrowing. The present depressed condition and itsconsequences have a very important hearingon income tax rate policy. Last year, inrecommending a one per cent decrease inthe normal tax rate applied to individuaiand to corporate incomes for the calendaryear 1929, the Treasury was of the opinionthat the circumstances prevailing at thattime justified only a temporary reductionin rates. It was then impossible to fore-cast accurately the turn of events in 1930and 1931, but it was clearly evident that apermanent reduction should not be insti-tuted at that time.The Treasury was fully justified in itsposition. In view of conditions affectingboth corporate and individuai incomes during the calendar year 1930, the basis ofincome tax collections during the remainderof the current fiscal year and the first halfof the fiscal year 1932, the Treasury's estimate of declines in income tax collectionsof some $220,000,000 in the fiscal year193 1 and of about $150,000,000 in 1932,both as compared to 1930, by no meansseems to be over conservative. The samecan be justifiably stated in regard to theestimated customs collections, about $85,-000,000 smaller in 193 1 and approximately$25,000,000 larger in 1932, as compared to1930. Looking forward to the end of thecurrent fiscal year and of the fiscal yearending June 30, 1932, it has been estimatedthat there will be a deficit of over $180,000,-000 for the fiscal year 1931 and a small surplus of approximately $30,000,000 for thefiscal year 1932; these figures are exclusiveof expenditures contemplated in measuresnow before the Congress. Accordingly, thecontinuance of the temporary reduction inrates has not been recommended for the calendar year 1930.Sojourn on a SummitBy Henry Justin Smith, '98XXI1.THE sun had not gone out; it wasonly behind the horizon. It is theway of suns to return, and it is theway of summits to wait, unchanged.Like the pedestals of mountains are thestones upon which a university rests. Likethe outlines of peaks and foot-hills are thepurposes of such a place; they both imply"Forever." And up there, where the visioncan travel so far, life seems spacious, thewindings in the journey trivial. One learnsthat nature operates in wide harmonies.Nothing is lost. Nothing departs for good.And one infers that it is more or less thesame with human matters. Their tiderecedes, but it flows back with redoubledpower.It was a thought something like this thatthe Lowlander bore with him, when thetime carne to descend from the Summit.2.True to his wish, he did not leave thatplace until after the scar made by thePresidente death had nearly vanished;which was a long time. For weeks peopletalked despondently. They stood about,sometimes, as though viewing a fissure inthe earth. But the work went on. In thelaboratories, researches crept forward, em-bracing everything from celestial beginningsto human conduct. A new and prodigiousnumber of students poured into the place,and were taken care of by deans, examiners,and instructors. The university righteditself. Its leaders squared their shoulders,set a course, and went ahead on it. Evenlaughter carne back.The departed Presidente memory, besideslingering in the form of anecdotes, andresolutions by boards, was written intobooks, and designed into paintings or busts.And that was ali that could be done forhim. . . . It carne to be thought that hisdeath, instead of a malicious wound, wasa climax, sublime in its lesson. Peopletalked, not about his unfinished plans, but about his influence. . . . Most of ali, theyremembered his smile. . . .The new building under the campustrees went steadily up. During the latesummer days, and early weeks of autumn,there could be heard above ali other soundsthe machine-gun rat-at-at-at-at-at of rivet-ing, the thuds and groanings of construction. Other buildings were rising; the sodwas turned for stili others. The dream-pictures were being realized at last, when itwas too late for the President who had goneto rejoice. Along the boulevard skirtingthe quadrangle the tremendous rampart ofacademic halls, first visioned years before,talked of through the reigns of successivepresidents, studied and worried over byhundreds of people, was being completed.And, though invaded by so many work-men, the lawns torn up or crowded withpiles of excavated earth, the quadrangleswere beautiful that autumn. The seasonof mists had come again. Of a morning,just as when the Lowlander had begun hissojourn, there were clouds about the turretsand ridge-poles, there were frail, pearly ser-pents of mist curling across the lofty Windows, there were dripping leaves andmeadow-spots silvered with moisture. . .Then, of an evening, toward the west thetowers would be seen appearing to swayagainst trembling tapestries of rose-coloredsmoke; and later, when the lights went onin the laboratories, rows and groups andnecklaces of lights, ali these would be ruffedby little circles of mist.Or perhaps there would be starlit eve-nings, and one could see outlined upon thedark-blue bosom of the sky every pointingof that especially graceful tower* in whichthe bells swung. Light might be gleamingfrom it upon the sleek asphalt of thestreets ; and in these streets, except for a fewpassing figures, there would be a quietnessas in a monastic place ; until the hour whenthe chimes played the curfew.223224 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE4-The Lowlander was packing his baggagefor the descent. As the time carne for de-parture, it was not, after ali, the serenelines of this Higher City, nor its grandeur,nor even its peaceful shadows, that provedmost difricult to leave. It was the menwhoabode there — the inhabitants, the comrades,the guides, who roamed or ruled this plateauoverlooking the valley. On the ève of going,the Lowlander was grateful for their kind-ness to one who, unused to their ways andignorant of matters they knew ali about,must have been often a positive nuisance.He recalled how many times, cheerfully,though hopelessly, they had tried to explainthemselves to him, discarding technicalterms, dropping to one-syllable words, andgiving him up only long after he had him-self surrendered. He sought to fix in hismemory, so as never to forget them, theportraits of the Great Man, The Dean,Hastings, the grey old sociologist, the President. Of many others whose paths he hadcrossed more casually, the remembrancecarne back af terward : The Comradely Professor, who would tap on the window ofone's office and shout "Hello!"; the Lone-some Professor, wistfully lunching by him-self, gently enduring intrusion; the Vision-ary Professor, inclined to turn ali discourseinto misty talk of "life" ; the Roving Professor, always "just in" from a trip, or get-ting passage for a new one ; the IconoclastieProfessor, jarring every sore spot, criticaiof the management, yet loyal as a bull-dog ;the Theological Professor, seeking to turnreligion into a going concern, to break downsuperstitions, and to find Joy in the process ; the Conscientious Professor, with knit browand ironclad theories, but the gentlest ofnatures; the Jovial Professor (though somany of them were that) turning catastro-phe into jest; and besides such leadingactors, a vast "chorus" of persons chargedwith ali sorts of non-scholastic, executive,and routine functions, from buying the coalto auditing the books which recorded the in-vestments or financial ups and downs. Norcould the Lowlander forget such lowly soulsas janitors, emptiers of waste-baskets, menwho kept guard at doorways, or took careof museums ; meek beings, yet touched withdignity, and wise in the ways of professors.One and ali, they seemed, principals andsupernumeraries alike, to have acquiredsomething of the lore of living in crowdswithout elbowing, without fuss. Theyseemed most of them, to have got beyondself-delusion, f evers, and fear ; so they madeon that Summit a little world which spun'round at comforting pace and invited tolong and serene life.Why, then, descend?Because, for the valley-bred, there issomething fiercely moving in the life of the"common crofts, the vulgar thorpes." Thecries of city streets, the insensate plungingsand catastrophes, the triumphs and reverses,which attend the battle of "plain people" toget what they want, are an accompanimentto which the melody of some natures has tobe played. Better go down into it before itbecomes toc discordant to be endured ; betternot be too well attuned to the "high alti-tudes."And so, Summit, goodbye!Research in the HumanitiesChaucer — A Criticai TextBy John Dollard, A.M. '30IF SOME genius should come forwardwith a proposai to send an embassyfrom the earth to the moon and couldassure us that by so doing we could learnsomething of life on that planet, one guessesthat there would be no American so lackingin spirit of adventure that he would not aidin the enterprise. How, now, about anembassy of scholars into our own past,which is just as obscure to most of us as theconditions of life on Mars or the moon?We can do nothing, with our present knowl-edge, to reach Mars : we can turn search-lights on our own fresh past, get at thesources of history, and read af resh the storyof our ancestors.The history of our family tree is stirringat every point and especially as it deals withthose few men who have cast the molds forthe thinking of generations who followedthem. Such a man is Geoflrey Chaucer.He was gay and sad, shrewd and sage,adze-minded and versatile. He saw histime in its large outlines, and he reflectsit in the mirror of his twenty-four Canterbury Tales.Chaucer lived in the fourteenth century,a swiftly-changing age, when old habits andtraditions were breaking up, when peopleswere taking their politicai sets into themodem nations as we know them, whenliterature, art, science, methods of warfareand trade were stimulated by subtle currentsfrom abroad and from older civilizations.Chaucer throws light on this invigoratingage, and shows how people worked, prayed,thought, loved, and hated. And more thanthat he made music about it — preciousword-music that makes his Tales unforget-table.Chaucer lived near the dawn of modemtimes. He is one of the first distinguishedmen of our age. He is immediately andcausally related to our times and our thinking. He speaks with our tongue, and heis our first poet. His Canterbury Talesare a vivid portrayal of thè manners and customs of his time, a reflection not onlyof material civilization but of the moral,religious, and mental life of his time.Linguistically, England was in doubt inthe fourteenth century. No one was quitesure which of the three current languagesshould be used in a given situation. TheChurch used Latin; the foreign nobility,French; and native Englishmen used theirown vernacular and at times the other languages.In the Public Record Office in Londona merchant's account book has been foundwhich was kept by a friend of Chaucer's.We know that he was a friend because aloan to Chaucer is recorded therein. Thisgood merchant did not know what languagehe was writing. He used Latin numerals,French for the body of the writing, andEnglish words wherever he couldn't thinkof the French ones.Chaucer wrote his tales in English. Noone knows quite why, but he did, and itmust have taken courage to do so becausehe wrote for a court that was accustomedto read French. It is true that French wasbeginning to die out, and that England wasin a transition stage; but Chaucer was thefirst writer of major importance to use thevernacular tongue. Most writers of histime used Latin or French as a literarylanguage and French in conversation.Chaucer used English. He fixed the English language as a vehicle of literary ex-pression. His tales were so popular thatthey helped to make English the standardmedium of ali classes of society in thecountry.*****It is well enough to admire Chauceras a mirror of his time, but it is as a manand an artist that one loves him. WithMilton and Shakespeare, he makes up thetrinity of English poetry. He was thatmost precious f ruit of the evolutionary tree,a combination of poet and philosopher, ra-tional man and artist. Anyone who will225226 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEdo a little work can read him. His spellingdiffers from the modem, but the words arein most cases stili in usage.Chaucer gives us in the Canterbury Talesa glorious group of people, human and real,more real than one's own experience ofpeople. He offers us the walking, talkingcompanionship of men who lived six cen-turies ago. We go to Canterbury on a reli-gious pilgrimage, in the days when mileswere miles and it took time to travel, and weare beguiled by stories on the way. We gointo the minds of the travelers with Chaucer.People will rarely talk to us as they didto him. They won't show their real motivesand the hidden drives of their actions. Inthe Tales, the people speak out, talk shame-lessly about themselves, lay their cards onthe table. For us the journey to Canterburywith Chaucer is exciting, and the reallycurious would rather take it, perhaps, thango to the moon.Chaucer didn't, couldn't, speak from hear-say. He must have known his charactersin real life. He probably put many of hisold friends into the Tales. For instance,the Host of Tabard Inn, the impresarioof the Tales, comes to light as one HarryBailey, the owner of an inn in the Londonof the time. We know that Harry Baileyexisted because he was hauled before thecourt for selling beer in unsealed measures(bootlegging in the originai sense), andalso that Chaucer knew Bailey, becauseBailey was present once when Chaucer waspaid a sum of money.But the joy and flavor of Chaucer is foundin the Tales themselves — not in wordsabout them. To these we must go for a fewexamples :Take from the Prologue the entirelyrelevant comment on the Wyf of Bathe,Housbondes at chirche-dore she hadde fyve,Withouten other companye in youth,Or the just and sympathetic eye withwhich he views, "The Poor Parson,"This noble ensample to his sheep he gaf,That first he wroghte, and afterward he taughte ;Or the merry chuckle which he has overthe Wyf of Bathe — that worthy woman,stout of temper, naturai and primitive, with no diffidence on the centrai issues of life,says,As ever mote I drinken wyn or ale,I shal seye sooth, tho housbondes that I hadde,As three of hem were gode, and two were badde.She paraphrases St. Paul;He seith that to be wedded is no sinne;Bet is to be wedded than to brinne.There is a sturdy realism in her saying ;He spak to hem that wolde live parfitly;And lordings, by your leve, that am nat I.There she is, waiting in the CanterburyTales, to add joy to life for ali of us.The Host introduces, with appropriatecomment, the speaker coming up to teli histale. As he introduces the Monk he makesa sound comment on the point of celibacyfor the clergy with words that have a singu-larly modem ring:Alas! why werestow so wyd a cope?God yeve me sorwe! but, and I were a popeNot only thou, but every mighty man,Thogh he were shorn fui hye upon his pan,Sholde have a wyf; for ali the world is lorn!Religioun hath take up al the cornOf treding, and we borei men ben shrimpes !Of febei trees ther comen wrecched impes.A tale is told showing the remarkablepatience of a woman named Prudence,which draws this comment from the Host,and reveals something of his domestic life:As I am faithful man,And by the precious corpus Madrian,I hadde lever than a barel aleThat goode lief my wyf hadde herd this tale !For she nis no-thing of swich pacienceAs was this Melibeus wyf PrudenceAnd if that any neighebor of myneWol nat in chirche to my wyf enclyne,Or be so hardy to hir to trespace,Whan she comth hoom, she rampeth in my face,And cryeth, "false coward, wreek thy wyf,By corpus bones! I wol have thy knyf,And thou shalt have my distaf and go spinne !"Note the independent view of Chauceron current medicai practice (laxatives wereone of the two standard remedies for aliailments) :And I seye forther-more,That I ne telle of laxatyves no store,For they ben venimous, I woot it wel ;I hem defye, I love hem never a del.And watch the return of the well-testedRESEARCH IN THE HUMANITIES 227knight Palamon, to ancient Thebes, standing so solidly:They take hir leve, and hom-ward gonne theyrydeTo Thebes, with his olde walles wyde.He has the power of quick, passionatepicture-making in this description of theeerie experience of Balthazar :His wyf, his lordes, and his concubynesAy dronken, whyl hir appetytes laste,Out of thise noble vessels sundry wynes ;And on a wal this king his yen caste,And sey an hond armlees, that wroot fui faste,For fere of which he quook and syked sore.This hond, that Balthasar so sore agaste,Wroot Mane, techel, phares, and na-more.And the dreary prophecy to Croesus, asharp picture of a man hanged:Thou shalt anhanged be, fader, certeyn;Reyn shal thee wasshe, and sonne shal thee drye ;"Wyn and women" were the only thingswhich might stand between Alexander andhis usuai pursuits of war and labor:Save wyn and wommen, no-thing mighte aswageHis hye entente in armes and labour ;So was he fui of leonyn corage.But the full exhilaration of contact withthis poet and student of humanity can comeonly by a complete reading of the Canterbury Tales. To read them is to becomea Chaucer enthusiast for life, and to under-stand life better — to love and live it better.Consider the way books had to be ac-quired in Chaucer's day. He himself wrotethe Tales in longhand. Any one who wantedto read them had either to read Chaucer'scopy, or to have a copy made for him. Therewere no careful printers to make thousandsof exact copies for distribution. The copieshad to be made by hired scribes, who oftendid not understand the text. They copiedit with the usuai percentage of error whichcreeps into human handiwork. The Taleswere so popular that they were copied manytimes. Copies of copies were made, and thenumber of inevitable errors increased.Of ali these originai copies of the Canterbury Tales, seventy-seven manuscripts havesurvived. Many of these texts are not complete, and they differ from one another ina variety of ways. Which one is Chaucer?Which one is closest to the one Chauceractually wrote? If you love Chaucer- you will want to know this ; you will want everyword to be a Chaucer word.No . one knows now what Chaucer actually did write, or even which of theChaucer manuscripts is the earliest or theclosest to Chaucer's own copy. To findthis out is a possible task and a worthytask for modem scholarship. It has beenundertaken by Dr. John Matthews Manlyand his associates at the University of Chicago.This research project takes three forms:1. Research to establish the exact text. 2.Research to gather new biographical dataof the author. 3. Research in the wholebackground of personalities, thought, andculture of the fourteenth century. In thecase of the Chaucer project this means atruer and fuller picture of London in thefourteenth century, when Chaucer wrote,thus setting the author in a complete pictureof his time. This is bringing past and present together and extending life backward.There is scarcely an English classic forwhich we have a satisfactory text as it carnefrom the author. But new scientific meth-ods of analysis are helping to establish thistext in the case of Chaucer's CanterburyTales. Applied physics (the photostat)comes to the aid of the modem humanisticscholar. There exist now some seventy-seven manuscripts of the Canterbury Tales,each telling the story. The manuscripts arescattered in England, the United States(eight of them are here), and the continent.In order to discover from internai evidencethe time sequence of the manuscripts andto date them, one must have ali of the copies in one place. This is not possible because the owners of the manuscripts willnot permit it. But they do permit photo-stating of the manuscripts page for page.This, then, has been the task of severalyears — the photostating of every page ofevery Chaucer manuscript. The task is almost completed, and photostatic copies of alibut four manuscripts are now in the filesof the University of Chicago.The photostatic copies of the manuscriptpages are examined by competent scholars,.line for line, word for word, and differences-between the manuscripts are noted. This.228 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEis the material for a criticai text, that is, atext which the scholar believes to be Chaucer's, or near it, with footnotes showing thevariations from standard of the other manuscript copies.But how about dating the manuscripts?This will be done by various devices, pale-ographical and linguistic. For we have various manuscripts of other works of the thir-teenth and fourteenth centuries which aredated. That is, we might have a manuscriptof the Arthurian legends which we can defi-nitely date and assign to a certain scribein a certain monastery. To a certain ex-tent each time period, and each monastery,had a style of writing, a way of makingcapital letters, for instance, which was pe-culiar to itself and to no other place ortime. If we find a Chaucer manuscript inthis particular script we are able to date itand to place it. There are numbers ofmanuscripts available which are known anddated, and by using many definite textswe can assign the unplaced Chaucer manuscripts to dates and places.It is worthy of note that, although thismethod of textual criticism has been knownfor seventy-five years, it has never been possible to apply it in the complete and system-atic way in which it is being applied now.As a consequence, none of these problemsof establishing an exact text has been solved,even the New Testament or Dante. Withtrained workers devoting practically ali oftheir time over a period of years to thisproblem, we shall learn what can be done.The product of this research will be acriticai text of Chaucer, that is a textmore truly Chaucer s than that of any exist-ing manuscript, and a criticai survey of alithe manuscripts, their peculiarities described,their relations to each other indicated bycharts, and their dates established. Thecriticai matter will interest the world ofscholars. The text freed from ali errorsshould interest the whole world of readers.Many picturesque things have come tolight about the manuscripts themselves.Many of them were owned by the greatpeople of Chaucer's time and later, andthese have been traced for centuries throughthe hands of their various owners. Evi- dently they were kept with great care upto the time that printing was invented.After this, they were used more carelessly,often being scribbled over by school boys,and sometimes used as family records ofbirths and deaths, or for such items as noteson money transactions, et cetera. Thesenotes and records are stili clearly legibleon the manuscripts.There are by-products of such research.Professor Manly and his associates havedug out many obscure facts about the London of Chaucer's time, about the layout ofits streets, its sanitation, its kinds of dwell-ings, its business, and the elements in itspopulation. A graduate student in the de-partment has completed a dissertation on"The Sanitation and City Utilities of Four-teenth-Century London." In the courseof his discussion he shows that a groupof men who lived in Chaucer's time, andwho were known to him, set about to cleanup the city after the great plague.Twenty new records, throwing light onChaucer, have been found in London byProfessor Manly in the last three years.These records show the social position andproperty qualifications of Chaucer himselfand his family.This work on the criticai text and onLondon of the fourteenth century is de-scribing in fresh perspective the early history of English (and therefore American)culture. It is a stimulating enterprise bothfor those on the Faculty who are carryingit on, and for the students, clustered aroundthe centrai research nucleus, who have achance to do a real piece of work on a realjob. So vital did it seem to the Facultygroup that they started the project on theirown money and time before the Universityundertook its support, and they were pre-pared to carry it on in such fashion as theycould if that support had not been forth-coming.The text of the Canterbury Tales willbe published in four instalments — the firstin the near future. It is noteworthy thatSir William McCormick, a leading EnglishChaucer scholar, carne to the University ofChicago last year to study Chaucer from ouralmost complete collection of photostats ofRESEARCH IN THE HUMANITIES 229Chaucer manuscripts of the CanterburyTales. He has now a group working withthe Chicago group on the comparison ofmanuscripts.Such research takes time and is costly,though exciting. It has the thrill, andrequires the patience, of the tiger hunt, orof the search for fossil bones. It meansbooks, apparatus, tact, business ability, tripsto London, and careful planning. It is a splendid job, done for the rest of us.An English editorial writer for the London Times, commenting on Dr. Manly'swork said, and we take it to be high praise :"This work, done by an American, oughtto have been done by an Englishman."And this is the end. As usuai, Chaucersaid the final thing,And moche more; for litel hevynesse,Is right i-nough for moste folk, I gesse.ifefi/ p K yfptw* v HlJB ¦ 'HfvJM IT "m^^kT HfU ?. dk kBI¦ 1 | — «*$« TF— -i^T^fe;_ ¦'— 1 "r" tinnii ,l --,*; —#mMThe Law School Building from the East230 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE&K- ..^ftk«¦¦¦¦¦Md^k.¦Ida Noyes CourtyardSnaring the Elusive Broadway JobON SEPTEMBER 16 of this year,after five and a half weeks of jobhunting on Broadway and a totalof 344 calls upon 71 casting officials, I de-cided to take stock of myself.Five years of university work, one seasonof dramatic school, three seasons of professional acting in America and Canada, andthe endorsement of eight managers andnumerous actors and criticai laymen mademe feel that my work was ready for NewYork. Though by no means the mostbeautiful girl on Broadway, I was neitherhumped nor did I have a squint. This iswhere I found myself :Aug. 8-Sept. 16Casting officials seen, total 71Managers seen personally 21Casting managers seen 14Agents seen 25Secretaries or stenographers only, seen . 1 1Total number of calls on offices in 39days, Aug. 8-Sept. 16, or 33 week-days 344Average numberof calls perweek-day . . 10.4Average callsper office infive and a halfweeks ....Good contacts,i. e., longerthan half-hour visits,special interest shown (8managers, 7casting managers and 2agents ) , totalFair contacts,i e., aboveroutine : thesepeople knowme, or have 4.817A Mirror Star of Yesteryear"/ ^was neither humped nor did 1 have a squint"Courtesy The Neiu York Times given single friendly interviews where-in they seemed to show special interest . 17Offices where I am only one of thecrowd (19 producers and 5agencies) 24Haven't made a dent in spite of 6 moreor less ingenious letters and 4 calls. ILetters written in July, enclosingclippings 58Letters written in late July, announc-ing return to New York 20Business letters written Aug. 8-Sept.16, including io long, special lettersenclosing list of plays, roles, managers, etc 26Nibbles (excluding encouraging con-sideration in 2 cases) 5Jobs OThese statistics are compiled from mycard index, letter file and record of callsmade and of what happened during them.The calls represented vary from stopping atan agent's office and leaving immediately because there is "nothing today" to wait-irag by request fortwo hours for amanager whom inthe end one is not al-lowed to see at ali.I have no figureson the miles oftramping. The job-li u n t i n g area isonly a mile and ahalf long by half amile wide, but to becovered effectively itmust be done on foot.But there are newheels on my shoesand darns in mystockings. Also thevertical distances arenot recorded. Butone gets to know theelevator men personally.The calls varied in231232 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEtone from disheartening to encouraging.One meets the disdainful office boy and thesneering stenographer, the agent who allowsyou to talk to him but neglects to answer.In one office, which produces probably moreplays than any other in New York, I havebeen told: "Come back in three weeks"every four or five days for h\e and a halfweeks. But in other offices one is fortunateenough to make real friends.I have listed seventeen as good contacts.Four of these were interviewed too late;the others have only one or two women intheir productions, or are not producinguntil late in the season, or are producingplays with older characters.This year is perhaps a peculiarly bad onefor an American aspirant. At least fiveproducers are devoting themselves to Britishplays, for which the actors must be authen-tically British. Many American productions have already had Spring tryouts andare keeping their originai casts. Thesecretaries of two producers have told methat production is postponed until the general business depression improves.I have had five nibbles.Once a director heard me read a tinypart for the road show of a prize play, andasked me to report for rehearsal. When Iarrived he gayly tweaked my nose, but an-nounced that another girl had my part.No further explanation could be secured.Another time I received a summons froma well-known producer, and when I arrivedback-stage a round, solemn gentleman atthe entrance said : "There is no part herefor you! We're three days late for re-hearsals now. You may not speak to himbefore you go. WeVe got to shut this door."A telephoned apology followed, but nojob.Stories are current about the risks whichinnocent young girls take upon entering thetheatrical profession. According to my ex-perience, such risks do occur, although generally they are exaggerated. I live in agirls' club where there are many younghostesses, some of them very beautiful andcharming, and their attitude agrees withmine on this matter.Another difficulty which my figures do not mention, is the psychology of jobless-ness. With me, discouragement is physi-cally paralyzing ; a lethargy seeps throughme like that of drowning or freezing todeath. Toward the end of a hard day thiscondition appears and spoils interviews.Stili another difficulty is that Broadwayis choked with applicants. This some-times makes actual physical shoving efEec-tive. I have seen a haughty agent elbow herway through a crowd in order to reachthe casting officiai first; seen her push asidea little actress, and hang panting over theinterview window.A good authority says Broadway is 99per cent bluff. I can see his point, for oncewhen I was more desperate than usuai andin an experimen'tal mood I actually bluffedmy way into two offices. I didn't fib, butsuppressed part of the truth. The resultwas that I received interviews which onprevious, businesslike attempts had beendenied.Personal appearance is always a problem.For you wear a tam one day and are turneddown because you look too young. Youwear a hat the next day and you are turneddown because you look too old. For otherjobs you are too short or too dark or toowell-bred. One job was denied because Ilooked too healthy.Conceivably there may be managerialobtuseness. I remember a certain producerto whom I remarked, "It will be type casting, I suppose?" "It will," he answered."But," I said, "Of course you are interestedin competence." Whereupon he lookedpuzzled and replied, "Yeah, ali kinds."One may well inquire what makes anotherwise normal person want to act any-how? And why go into the show business.Is it because you are hopelessly an ex-hibitionfst? In my case, and I believe Iam typical, it was because I loved to act;I loved the whole routine of it; the slavingat a part, the painstaking analysis andcreation of speech and mood and character,the ecstatic moments when a charactercomes alive and begins to move, the excitingrappòrt when you feel that the audienceknows what is happening to you, the snifflesand coughings ali through the theatre inTHE 1930 FRESHMAN CLASS 233pathetic moments, the howl of laughter at acomedy point which hits the bull's-eye. Itseemed too good to be true that people earna living with such fun. Apparently, in manycases it actually is too good to be true.My record of job-hunting probably isthat of the average unknown young actresswho believes in her own ability and whomakes a determined assault upon the stage.If an applicant is incompetent and hopelesslyunattractive, and comes to New York withmerely an inflamed ego and great igno-rance, then she deserves to be weeded out togo back to selling handkerchiefs. Surgeryis sometimes the greatest kindness.But, regardless of my own worth as anactress, one would think that a person withmy training and experience would be en-A FRESHMAN class is to ali ap-pearances merely another class offreshmen. There are, however,facts about every beginning class which areunique and facts which though not neces-sarily unique are very interesting particularly to the individuai who was himselfonce a freshman.The study of the class of 1934 is, in oneway, of peculiar significance. As the lastto enter the University of Chicago underthe so-called "Old Educational Pian," thisclass will furnish a standard for judging theclasses of the future. A knowledge of thepersonal qualifications of this last groupwill be of primary importance in consider-ing the results of the New Educational Pianand the results of the wide publicity whichhas f ollowed its announcement. The f riendsof the University will watch with keen in- titled to an intelligent trial. Instead, thereis the table of figures already shown.It is a question how greatly the theatresuffers from a haphazard entrance ofworkers. A producer naturally wants thebest actors he can get, and new people, ifthe theatre is to have life, must keep comingin ; yet there is no means by which the bestof the newcomers can be selected. There isonly an enormous influx of would-beactors, and a steady smothering of the mostsensitive and probably most gifted onesamong them. Behind the few who arelucky enough to be recognized there are hun-dreds of boys and girls from ali over thecountry who come to Broadway hearing thegift of a dream. Because they are unknownand poor they are forced without an adequate testing into other fields of activity.terest the effects of the new idea on thestudent body.The incoming' freshmen are. indeed aheterogeneous group gathered from aliwalks of life and from ali sections of thecountry. They assemble on the campus aweek before the opening of classes eager tobecome members of this great institution,anxious to fit into this new environment.The deans spend three busy days in regis-tering the newcomers and then turnthem over to the various undergraduate or-ganizations for the general "acquaintance"entertainments.The class of the current year is un-doubtedly one of the most able, from ascholastic viewpoint, that has ever been en-rolled in the University. Approximatelythree-f ourths of the entire group stood in thetop third of their high school graduatingThe 1930 Freshman ClassBy George R. Moon, A.M. '26, and A. J. Brumbaugh, A.M. '26, Ph.D. '29234 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEclasses. Less than ten per cent of them hadhigh school averages below 85. Further-more, 41 members of the class were valedic-torians in their respective graduatingclasses, and 138, 20.5 per cent, received fullor partial scholarships from the University.Among this group of freshmen the com-petition for high grades is certain to be ex-ceedingly keen, although we hope that itwill not reach the "all's fair in love andwar" stage. At any rate, there can be littledoubt that the University has registered agroup of freshmen who would be wel-comed at most of the leading universitiesof the land.If a person wishes to wax statistical, hecan determine a large number of interest-ing facts about the group. Some of thesemay be pertinent and some may be posi-tively impertinent. A mere inspection ofthe records shows that the "Y's" averagedconsiderably higher in the PsychologicalExamination than the "Z's" and the "B's",were somewhat more promising than the"A's". On the other hand, the foregoingfigures would have to undergo much cleverjuggling by the best of the mathematica! statisticians to determine whether CariAargaard has a better chance to succeedthan John Zych.The ages of the class represent a widediversification. The youngest frosh hadbarely passed her I5th birthday when sheentered the University while the oldestwas considerably beyond 40. The medianage was 18.3 years, which means simplythat half the class was not yet past this age.Thirty-eight and two-tenths per cent of theclass had celebrated fewer than 18 birthdayswhile 9.2 per cent had had 20 or morecandles on their last cake.The possibilities for future participantsin campus activities and athletics are shownto some extent by the figures of Table I.Attention is called to the fact that in highschool one student often takes part in threeor four different sports or activties. Onlythose athletic sports were included in TableI for which a student had received a schoolletter or award. The figures of this table aswell as the other data presented are basedon the 672 cases for whom complete application blanks were available.TABLE INumber of Freshmen Who Reported Active Participation in Certain HighSchool Extra-Curriculum ActivitiesActivityFootballBasketballTrackBaseballSoccerGolfTennisSwimmingFencingGymnasticsWrestlingHockey Captain4412222IIO Earned School Letter Total53 5542 5037 4i20 2413 H11 1311 13io 124 64 53 41 1Editor of School Paper or YearbookSenior Class President 5221THE 1930 FRESHMAN CLASS 23 5Table I is informative to say the least.Of 55 football lettermen, only two hadbeen captains. The most widely knownplayers seem to have found other institutionsmore agreeable. The prospeets in basket-ball appear to be bright with enough ex-perienced players for ten teams representedin the class and with eight different prep-team captains among them. The DailyMaroon and the Cap and Gown also appearto be well supplied with prospective Edi-tors. The class has proved to be, in general,exceedingly enthusiastic and to date hasentered the various freshmen activities andathletics with great vim and vigor.When we turn to a consideration of thegeographical source of the members of thisclass, we find a significant situation. Thedata presented in Table II indicate thatthese students carne from 29 differentstates. The statement must immediately beadded, however, that 65.2 per cent of theclass carne from the city of Chicago, 12.8 per cent from the state of Illinois and only22.0 per cent from other states. Further-more only 4.2 per cent carne from statesoutside the territory of the North CentralAssociation of Colleges and SecondarySchools.The figures of Table II refer to the number of students coming from each of thestates as indicateci by the permanent ad-dresses given in the application blanks. Thefigures do not indicate where these studentsattended high school.The vocational plans of the members ofthis class are presented in Table II. Thistable indicates that the freshmen have ingeneral pretty definitely decided upon theirlife work. Teaching, business, law andmedicine or scientific research attract morethan three-fourths of the entire group. Thefuture development of the ministry, home-making and agriculture is rather dubiousif the ambitions and aspirations of this classare anv fair index.TABLE IINumber of Freshmen of 1930 Whose Home Addresses Were in Each StateState No. of No.ofStudents State Students4 Nebraska 42 New Jersey 12 New York 42 North Carolina 1524 North Dakota 156 Ohio 213 Oklahoma 35 Pennsylvania 21 South Dakota 22 Tennessee 12 Texas 212 Utah 21 West Virginia 181 Wisconsin 11CaliforniaConnecticutFloridaGeorgiaIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasLouisianaMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMissouriMontanaComparisons with the data of previousclasses indicate that the percentages offreshmen who expect to enter the differentoccupational fields have remained fairly Con stant for several years. A slightly largerpercentage has appeared in the last two yearsin science and medicai service and a slightreduction has appeared in the numbers of236 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETABLE IIINumber of Freshmen Who Planned to Enter the Different VocationalFieldsDefinite ProbableVocation Choice Choice Total Per centEducation H5 151 166 24.7Business 88 37 125 18.6Law and Government 74 19 93 13.8Medicai Service 69 11 80 11.9Journalistic Work 34 25 59 8.8Science 41 8 49 7-3Art 17 7 24 3.6Engineering 18 6 24 3.6Social Service Admin. 6 4 IO 1.5Architecture 0 3 3 0.4Religious Service 2 1 3 0.4Agriculture 0 1 1 0.1Home-Making 0 1 1 0.1Miscellaneous 5 1 6 0.9No choice at ali 16 0 16 2.4Total 492 180 672 100.0students who desire to enter Law. Therehas also been a marked reduction in thenumbers who pian to make a profession ofsome form of religious service.The freshmen naturally come from awide variety of homes. The occupation ofthe father indicates to some extent thegeneral economie group to which the familybelongs. The data presented in Table IVshow only the general occupational groupsof the fathers of these freshmen. The group-ing conforms in general to that used in astudy of the high school population by G.S. Counts.1 This study made in 1920-21gave a summary of the occupations of thefathers of the high school students in fourrepresentati ve American cities. The per-centages derived from this study are presented in Table IV. Comparisons betweenthe figures of Counts' study and the figures of this freshman class indicate ingeneral which occupational groups tend tocontinue in higher education in the largestnumbers. The professional groups, as might well be expected, are clearly the most in-terested; and the skilled trade groups, asseems also to be expected, show the leastinterest in college.A tabulation of the education of the parente of the freshmen is presented in Table V.This table indicates that the freshmen canbe divided into three distinct groups on thebasis of the educational accomplishments ofone or both of the parents. Slightly overone-third, 34.8 per cent, had relativelylittle formai schooling; nearly one-fourth,23.2 per cent, had apparently the equivalentof a high school diploma; the remainder,41.3 per cent had attended or graduatedfrom college. Judged by the backgroundof educational tradition the class was moreheterogeneous than when judged by anyother criterion.A further analysis showed that 70 or10.4 per cent of the freshmen had atleast one parent who had attended theUniversity of Chicago. Thirty-six of thefathers and sixteen of the mothers were1 Counts, G. S., The S eie dive Character of American Secondary Education, SupplementaryEducational Monographs, No. 19, May 1922, P. 26.THE 1930 FRESHMAN CLASS 237TABLE IVOCCUPATIONS OF FATHERS OF FRESHMEN OF I93O AND OF HlGH ScHOOL STUDENTS INFour CitiesOccupation of Father FreshmenNo. of 1930Per cent High School StudentsPercentages onlyProprietorProfessions 170180 25-326.8 19.89.4Fine Arts 7 1.0Journalism 15 2.2Medicai Service 54 8.1Engineering 29 4-3Educational Service 37 5-5Law & Government 24 3.6Religious Service 14 2.1Managerial Service 80 11.9 16.5Commercial & Clerical 100 14.9 19.5Agriculture 25 3-7 2.4Skilled Trades 34 5.i 19.7Transportation & Public Service 26 3-9 6.5Personal Service 7 1.0 1.4Unskilled Labor 11 1.6 1.6Retired 13 1.9 —Not Given 26 3-9 —graduates. In only Rve cases were both relatives had previously graduated from theparents alumni of the University of Chi- University."cago. Special mention might also be made A study of the birthplaces of the fathersin this connection of a girl who carne from of the freshmen showed that 33.2 per centAtlanta, Georgia, "because six different were foreign-born. In the various birthTABLE VEducational Achievements of the Parents of the 1930 FreshmenEducational Achievements of the Parents No. of Freshmen Per centNeither Graduated from High School 234 34-8One Graduated from High SchoolBoth Graduated from High SchoolOne or Both Attended Business College 746220 11.09.23.0One Attended College but did not GraduateBoth Attended College, Neither Graduated 6420 9-53.0One Graduated from CollegeBoth Graduated from College 13460 19.98.9No Report Made 4 0.6Total 672 100.0238 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEplaces, twenty-eight different countries wererepresented including Japan, Argentina,Palestine, Finland and Macedonia. Acheck of the class which entered in 1924showed that 39.7 per cent of their fatherswere foreign born, a somewhat higher per-centage than obtained in the class this year.The sociologists will undoubtedly be in-terested in learning that two members of theclass carne from families with 14 childrenand that three carne from families of 12.On the other hand there were 131 freshmeneach of whom was the only child in his home.We are probably justified in assuming thatthe fraternities and the sophomores haveovercome the introverting effects which mayhave resulted in the latter groups from beingthe center of the family attention and af-fection.As usuai the class contained a large number of interesting personalities. The grand-daughter of a trustee, the sons and daugh-ters of several leading members of thefaculty, children and grandchildren of someof Chicago's best known business and professional families, the son of a Big TenConference coach are only a few. The members of this class do not need to relyon the fame of relatives to attract attention,however. A number of them have alreadymade records of which they may well beproud. Consider the following: two girlstwins, born in Norway, ranked first andfifth in scholarship in a graduating class of395 ; one girl spent the last year in Europe,eight months of the time in Moscow; onegirl born in Poland, lived during most ofthe War period in territory made desolateby Russian and German armies, migrated tothe United States in 1924, entered the firstgrade, learned English and completed eightgrades in three years, enrolled in high schooland graduated in three more years ; one girlwon the Illinois State Oratorical Contestand a three months tour of Europe. Onemight ramble on indefinitely about the personalities, the achievements and the aspira-tions of this group. Enough has been toldto show that although this is "anotherfreshmen class," in many respects it rankshigher than preceding classes and its members are interesting, unique and essentiallypromising.¦ .*itìrV« >. .tKk^^wfj'AkJ l «^alto**'. Ìltip- ìw '. ' i- ;T "'|:| WrT /// Hill» ICS s 'jk | p|4Vf": 1 ! u^- Uw «? .* t-y- 11 _-> SO II unniiniimnniiiirminn \V *"*.• W \Mural Painting in Bartlett GymnasiumEducation in 2031By William V. Morgenstern, '20, J.D. '22THE fact that the School of Education of the University of Chicago iserecting a new building enables meto go booming out into the empty air thismorning as a prophet by proxy. Theconnection between a new building and aprophet may be somewhat puzzling to alithree of my listeners, but it is easily ex-plained. Ali well constructed buildingshave cornerstones. Ali honestly designedcornerstones have a compartment into whichis fitted a sealed copper box which containsrecords consigned to posterity. The building of the Graduate School of Educationhad its cornerstone and its copper box.These were put in place a few days ago.Among the material deposited in the boxwere the prophecies of members of thefaculty of the School as to the kind of education that will have been developed in thenext hundred years. Prophecies are alwaysinteresting and tantalizing and so thePublicity Office obtained copies of thepredictions of the learned scholars, if for noother reason than to satisfy its curiosity.There remains, of course, the curiosity asto how well the year 2031 will justify thepredictions, but that is something neitheryou nor I will be around to determine.These predictions about the future ofeducation are worth noticing for severalreasons. They are the careful opinions ofexperts, guided not only by their knowledgeof past trends, but by the study and ex-periments they have made and the directionthey have given the education of today.Their prophecies must take into account notonly the technical progress possible in education, but the broader question of whatkind of a country this will be a century fromnow, and what kind of a world the nexthundred years will produce. Obviously,education is but one aspect of a complicatedprocess of development which involves economie, social, and politicai factors.This group of experts assumes that theUnited States a hundred years from now*A radio address delivered February 4, 1931. will be prosperous, able to support a moreextensive educational system than we haveeven now. They assume a nation moreintelligent and enlightened than we aretoday; one not only with a vastly greaterbody of knowledge but also one betterfitted to enjoy and profit by that knowledge.They assume a people better adjustedsocially than we are; one which will havemore leisure to use for education and forintellectual enjoyment. It is true that oneof these prophets pessimistically remarksthat he doesn't believe that the human racewill be any better off a hundred years fromnow than it is today ; he f orsees a prosperitythat will eventually lead to much greaterunhappiness and discontent than exists evennow. And another believes that the systemof education that he projeets will undoubt-edly place students under serious nervoustension and may result in social maladjust-ments. But these two get no support fromtheir colleagues. Worth mentioning hereis the gentle irony of another of thesescholars. He concludes his prophecy witha request to the person who finds his statement to communicate with him. Evidentlyhe puts a lot of faith in the educated man of2031, for he leaves no forwarding address.Now, assuming the conditions in generalto be as the members of the faculty havepostulated, what kind of an educationalsystem do they believe will exist when someperson now unborn opens that copper box?Well, they agree pretty largely on the pointthat the schools and colleges of the futurewill be run by experts. They think thatboards of education, at least the boards ofeducation that now control our schools, willhave been abolished. Administration ofeducation will be a science ; the administra-tive officers will have so complete aknowledge of the facts which influenceeducation that administrative difficultieswill no longer be offered as excuses forf allure to put into practice the contribu-tions of educational science. I stronglysuspect that concealed in that statement239240 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEis a neat criticism of some of our presentday administrative systems. It seems tobe a sly dig. One prophecy that has astartling suggestion to those who regardour governmental system as established forali time is that education will be adminis-tered by Directors of Education of themetropolitan areas into which the UnitedStates will be divided. State departmentsof education will have passed out of exist-ence, along with the abolition of the statesas governmental units. Think over theimplications of that one at your leisure.Allied to administrative improvement ofeducation, these men and women agree,will be the better articulation of the variousunits of our present system, the elementaryschools, the high schools, and the collegesand universities. The relation between alithese will be more intelligent; they will bepart of an integrated scheme, instead ofdisjointed units as they so often are today.The nursery school, the kindergarten, andthe elementary grades will be unified, andfrom them the pupil will enter a middledivision corresponding to our present juniorhigh schools. It is predicted that childrenfrom three to ten years of age will not betaught arithmetic, geography, spellingand the other subjects that are standardtoday. Instead, each child will be givenwhatever he needs to make the next stepin his education exactly what it ought tobe for him.Teaching in this educational world willbe an expert and a more respected professionthan it is today. The teachers will be moreskillful in guiding children so as to promotetheir progress. The problems which teacherstoday are not equipped to meet, such asdiagnosing and treating disabilities in learn-ing and in control of learning, will be sowell understood a hundred years from nowthat the advice of the technical specialistsin education can be expertly carried out inthe schools. The methods of teaching willbe based on the knowledge gained fromscientific experiment; the education of thefuture will be that of an established science.To become so proficient and skillful, theteachers of that distant day will serve aperiod of practice under the guidance of educational experts, just as an interne servesin a hospital today.Instructional methods will not be solimited as they are now. There will bemany additions to the blackboard and themaps which are present day school roomequipment. Our prophets believe thatmodem inventions, such as sound pictures,the radio, and television will be extensivelyused in the educational process, and that theuse of these devices will result in a gìreatchange from the present concept of a school.It is predicted that educational centers willbe established for the purpose of broadcasting lectures, music and art exhibits throughradio and television. The typical textbookswill be displaced by these and other im-proved methods.Instead of classifying pupils and studentsby age their ability will be determined bytesting procedures, perhaps some improvedform of the present psychological tests. Instead of passing from one grade to anotherin classes as they do at present, they willprogress according to their ability andthe extent to which they have masteredknowledge. The entire educational organ-ization will be adjusted to the needs andabilities of the individuai students. In-struction will be greatly individualized.Incidentally, the effort to fit the system tothe individuai, rather than the individuai tothe system, is one of the chief elements ofthe reorganization which will go into effecthere at the University of Chicago nextOctober. Another prediction, that gradesand marks will be abolished as measurementsof educational achievement, represents theapprovai of another phase of the Univer-sity's new educational pian as somethingworthy of the future.In another century, the educational system will take up a much larger part of anindividuala life than it does at present.The child of a hundred years from nowwill probably enter a nursery school at theage of 2 or 3. This school will per formfor him many of the functions nowcentered in the home. The long summervacations probably will be abolished; theschool day as well as the school yearprobably will be lengthened. There will beEDUCATION IN 3031 241also a lengthening of the period of generaleducation; some of our prophets say thatgeneral education will continue until theage of 25. Others do not place it so far intomaturity, but agree that education will beextended beyond its present period. Thelikelihood that more efficient methods ofproduction will increase unemployment isthe basis for the belief that the time requiredby law for compulsory education will beextended. There is some dissent to thisopinion that the time spent in education willbe increased. Some of our prophets thinkthat four or five years will be taken fromthe period required in the elementaryschools, this saving permitting more time tobe used for higher education.One prediction on which there is generalagreement is that the education of the futurewill have increased interest in the fine artsand in non-vocational education. Also,there will be a fuller intellectual under-standing of science. The education ingeneral will be broader and richer than itis today. This belief is based partly on theexpectancy that the world of the twentyhundreds will not have to work so hard tosatisfy its needs, because of improvement inthe technique of production. Therefore,it will have leisure in which to apply itselfto interests not concerned with earning aliving.. It seems to be agreed also that vocationaltraining will disappear from the educationalsystem ; that technical training will be takenover by the industries themselves. Education will be largely for non-utilitarianpurposes. If vocational training does sur-vive, it will not be in the general educationalorganization, but in separate technicalschools. There is a futher prediction thatthe state will provide social service training,including law and medicine.Unanimously these Chicago educators oftoday agree that the future will see a greatdevelopment of what is now termed adulteducation. One prediction says that education will be a continuous process underorganized agencies from the cradle to oldage. Another predicts that the presenttendency to increase opportunities for edu cation will continue, with the only limita-tion being the capacity of the individuaito learn and profit from instruction. Agewill be no f actor in this enlightened system ;there will he complete popularization ofeducation with systematic instruction avail-able through the entire span of life. Theresult will be a tremendous change in thelife of a country, every citizen of which isreally educated. Probably the inhabitantsof the United States a hundred years fromnow will look back on this period as thefringe of the dark ages, when people werebarely literate and were not able to eliminatepassion and prejudice from their reasoning.Now what of the universities of thefuture? Well, our prophets have someopinions on that subject, too. They thinkthat the increase in knowledge, especiallyin science, will mean much greater special-ization than now exists. That means thatgraduate work in the universities will re-quire a longer and more intensive periodof training than is necessary today. Al-though education constantly will be avail-able to everyone, like water in a tap, noteveryone will be permitted to enter thegraduate and professional schools. Thatprivilege will be given only to those whohave completed their general education witha high degree of excellence. The standardsof admission will be much more exactingthan they are today.Increase in the importance of the statemaintained university and a sharp decreasein the number of privately endowed institu-tions is also predicted. The state universities will be supplemented by public collegesand municipal universities thus permittingthe state universities to become researchinstitutions with a very limited undergradu-ate enrolment and curriculum.How much of this bundle of prophecywill come true, you and I nor the prophetseither, will never know. But these areshrewd guesses by trained and able men;they undoubtedly contain a very'large ele-ment of truth. At any rate,^some futuregeneration will be greatly intrigued whenthat copper box comes to light again.tEfje Mmbetóitp of Chicago iHaga?meEditor and Business Manager, Charlton T. Beck '04EDITORIAL BOARD: Commerce and Administration Association — Rollin D. He-mens, 'ai; Divinity Association — C. T. Holman, 0.B., '16; Doctors' Association — D. J.Fisher, '17, Ph.D., '22; Law Association — Charles F. McElroy, A.M., '06, J. D.,_ '15;School of Education Association — Lillian Stevenson, '21 ; Rush Medicai Association —Morris Fishbein, 'ii, M.D., '12; College — Roland F. Holloway, '20; Allen Heald,'26; Wm. V. Morgenstern '20, J.D., '22; Faculty — Fred B. Millett, Department ofEnglish.John P. Mentzer, '98, ChairmanThis Is IndiaVoiceless India, by Gertrude Emerson, '12. Doubleday, Doran & Company, New York.. $4.00GERTRUDE EMERSON, happilykeyed to life as well as to academicquests, was a familiar figure on thecampus in that complacent era before wedreamed of world war and revolution. Ican stili see her curled up in a chair in theold English library on the topof Cobb, reaching deep intothe soul of some yellowingseventeenth century volume.In those days Europe, exceptin an historic, Oxonian orsight-seeing sense, seemed remote, and Asia indifferentlysprawled its ungainly bulkover the map, with the Boxerdifficulties and the Russo-Japanese War already pigeon-holed for graduate theses.But even at that timeGertrude Emerson had beencaught in the Circe speli of the East.Several members of her family hadlived in Japan and their Japenese friendsfrequently visited her home. She had grownup with Japanese prints, old bronzes and alithe Lafcadio Hearn lore. The year afterher graduation from the University wasspent in Japan, where she made a seriousstudy of Japanese poetry and explored anenchantment of living and antique stateli-ness of custom now rapidly disappearing.Upon her return she published essays ofGertrude Emersonelusive, haunting quality on the Noh dramaand the miniature verse of Japan.Part of 19 15 and ali of 19 16, Gertrudeand I were in Japan, Korea and China. Welived in a Japanese house in Kyoto duringthe enthronement of the present Emperor'sfather, Taisho Tenno. Welived in a Japanese house inTokyo, and knew Japaneseofficials and university professore, "New Women," factory owners, flower teachersand devotees of the teaceremony, poets, editors ofnewspapers and motion picture magazines, "Kabuki"actors and Imperiai Theatreactresses, wrestlers, students,geisha. We hungrily partici-pated in ali festivals, visitedtemples and made pilgrim-ages to the spots enshrined in historic andreligious tradition. There were the climbing of Fuji, walking trips through inlandvillages, where the country folk had rarelyor never seen a Western face, a few unfor-gettable nights in a Shinto monastery on thesacred island of Kinka-zan. In China wemet Yuan Shih Kai, who was then coylyflirting with the idea of making himselfemperor and we found ali China stirred toindignation and retaliatory boycotts byJapan's Twenty-One Demands. In those242THIS IS INDIA 243Putting the border around the last of the threeWindows to complete the murai decoration of theservants' house. Akbar Ali, aged 8, was em-ployed as water-bearer to the artist.days Peking was the city par excellence offaded,perfectloveliness,and the Wagon-LitsHotel, where we stayed, was so filled withintrigue, Legation whispers and gossip aboutthe foreign community in Peking that itcould have furnished material for a dozennovels. Incidentally, we were writingarticles for American newspapers and mag-azines. It was a golden time, colored asmuch by young enthusiasms, as by magneticcontacts with an alien world.Back again in New York, GertrudeEmerson met Willard Straight, who, withLouis D. Froelick, was just working outthe pian for an illustrated, popular and atthe same time thought-provoking magazine,designed to promote a more intimate under-standing of the Orient by the West. Gertrude Emerson was selected by Mr. Straightand Mr. Froelick as the first member of theeditorial staff. Together, they brought outthe first Asia in March, 191 7. She hasalways been connected with the magazineand for the past year has been co-editor.Asia in its fourteen years' existence hasbeen a potent factor in developing a cordiallyreceptive point of view toward the Orient,in bringing the problems, cultures and phi-losophies of Orientai countries before theAmerican public. Those who have beenclosely^associated with Gertrude Emersonknow how much her sense of values and herappreciation of the aesthetic and spiritual'significance of the Orient have contributedto the pages of the magazine.From 1920 to 1922, Asia sent her on atour of the Orient to head its motion pictureexpedition and to represent the magazine in an editorial capacity. She traveled exten-sively, not only in China and Japan, but alsoin the Philippines, the Dutch East Indies,Indo-China, Cambodia, Siam and the NearEast. Many of her unusual experiences andobservations appeared in a series of articlesin Asia.At that time she lingered four or fivemonths in India — a swift bird's eye viewfrom Kashmir to Madras, embracing ali thegreat cities and places of religious pilgrim-age. She interviewed the Viceroy andheard the arguments of British officialdom,and on the other hand, she became ac-quainted with the educated English-speaking Indian and his problems. Shestayed with Tagore at Santiniketan andwith Gandhi at the Sabarmati Ashram,and accompanied Gandhi on one ofhis khaddar campaigns. It was a swiftbird's eye view, politically and geographi-cally, but those — and only those, who havesympathetic insight and expansive tolerancecan, even in a brief period, capture something of the essential nature of a countryand the character of its peoples. And Gertrude Emerson felt the greatness of Indiaand knew that some day she would go backto search for roots beneath the surface.In the past few months, at least fìfteenbooks on India have been published, severalof them by authors expressing irresponsibleopinions, based on the most superficial knowledge of the country. To the making of herbook, Gertrude Emerson brought, not onlyher previous experience and familiarity withReturning from the first house visit to a patient,the wife of a Thekedar in a neighboring •village.The elephant's nome is Rata Prari, which maybe translated as Sweet Rama.2+4 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe whole East, but also a richly informativebackground, acquired by prodigiously read-ing everything on India from the early ex-plorers and the history of the Mogul Empireto annual government reports and the latestissues of the Modem Review and YoungIndia."Voiceless India" is the story of the livesand problems of the peasant folk of Pachper-wa — the Village of Five Trees. In thistiny village in the northeastern part of theUnited Provinces, within sight of the snow-crowned Himalayas, Gertrude Emersonbuilt a house and lived for a year far fromthe beaten track ofAnglo-Indians andtourists, learning tospeak Hindustaniand sharing in thelives of her neigh-bors. Since ninetyper cent of the pop-ulation of Indiadwell in villages andsubsist by agricul-ture, she felt that byconcentrating on atypical village shewould come closer to the heart of India."Here are no gold-domed temples; onlyshrines of cracked mud," she says, but outof the obscurity of the village many of thegreat saints and leaders of India haveemerged.This is no sensational volume of ili—digested politicai opinion and half-bakedprejudice, no pretty travel book built aroundthe Vale of Kashmir and the Taj Mahal.Those interested in distorted pornographicdelinquencies must look elsewhere. "Voiceless India" flows along quietly and gently.Although written with restraint and thecharacteristic reticence of the author to placeherself in the lime-light of the setting, it isa very moving book, in its faithful pictureof the village, with ali its silent tragedies oflittle, muted lives, the oppressive weight ofthe most hopeless poverty, the continuouspresence of famine, disease and death.Multiplied by millions, it is the life ofIndia. Except for Miss Emerson, Westernwriters have ignored the Indian villager, and only a few English economie experts,liberal beyond their government, havetouched upon his miseries in a skeletonframework of impersonal statistics, without giving any hint of the quality of livingvitality of the community.It is this living quality, not merely factsand figures drilled into columns — the peoplethemselves, their mud houses, cooking-potsand infinitesimal fields, the animals andforests and jungles — in short, the Thythmicintegration of the whole setting, whichgives the book a permanence and reality thatwill cause it to be read when most of thebooks on India nowbeing published areforgotten. MissEmerson, with theartist's eye, has laidout the backgroundwith the unerringinstinct of a land-scape painter. Thechapter on animalsis a delight, andthere are passages ofdescriptive beautyscattered here andthere through the book. Such thingsas this : "Then carne the days when everything was muted to the solo of the raindrums. Bearing no relation to any com-prehensible reality, blurred figures in leafraincoats struggled along the road, faintsilhouettes in a gray world. Solitude andsilence wrapped us in. Only the unmindfulcrows took long black stitches across therain and cawed joyously. But the sunblazed forth every few hours. The fieldsbegan to steam, and the suppressed chorusof a million million inseets broke out."When we have finished the book, we layit down with a definite feeling of havingourselves been a part of the Village of FiveTrees. Locai officials, priests and moneylenders, servants and outeaste sweepers,goldsmiths, potters and plowmen, shop-keepers, barbers and purdah women — weknow how they exist from day to day, whatthey think and believe. The chapters on"Mothers of India" and "God in Pachper-A Personally Conducted TourTHIS IS INDIA 245wa" are eloquent tributes to the high regardof India for its women and to the appealingand permeating religious feeling ot tne people.In spite of the grinding poverty whichMiss Emerson emphasizes by budgets ofwages, expenditures and starvation diets,almost incredible to prodigai Americans, thevillager is not entirely to be pitied and cer-tainly not at ali to be scorned. Even themost illiterate peasant has a rich storehouseof parables and legends. He knows thenoble way for a king, a brother, a son, ahusband, to behave. At his finger-tips areali the stories woven around Rama, theideal son, Hanuman, the ideal servitor andfriend, Sita, the perfect wife. He possessesthe dignified poise and fundamental depthwhich are his cultural and spiritual inherit-ance.The appalling economie conditions, ingreat measure aggravated by long-con-tinued, stubborn and selfish British policies,cannot indeed be overemphasized, but certain aspeets of the life are not so depressing.Ali is not gray in the village, and MissEmerson brings out that there is a brighterside, a modest quota of happiness. Whenthe environment is denuded, as in the Indianvillage, of the material diversions uponwhich we spoiled Westerners are so depend-ent, people are driven inward, and much ismade of the ceremonial aspect of life. ThePachperwa villagers, by observing theirtraditional codes, have a rich inner exist-ence, even if their outer lives are starved.It is the Indian idea that richness andvariety of life are not obtained by trimmingeveryone down to the same level of equality, but by passing through different stages in asuccession of lives. Miss Emerson expressesthis significantly in her chapter on caste:"The conditions of one life are too limitedto learn ali that life has to teach, and so theHindu postulates many lives, millions ofthem, it may be. The deathless soul putson one body after another, selecting the environment that will give the particular ex-perience it needs to help it in the process ofunfoldment. Out of the infinite range ofexperience the soul draws to itself the nec-essary experiences through which its graduaiawakening takes place."Miss Emerson has purposely limited herown canvas to the village, and in some waysthis has restricted her opportunity to bringin many things related to the politicai andsocial currents stirring in the more sophisti-cated centers of India. But in another sensethis purposeful limitation gives the bookgreater unity and value, for she has beenable to show that her tiny village is one ofthe many links in the whole economie, socialand government problem. One must re-member that it is the villagers who havegiven the greatest strength and support toGandhi's movement."The village suffers," says Miss Emerson."Today it lacks vital energy to adapt itselfto economie and administrative changes im-posed from without — some of these thecostly results of selfish or mistaken policyon the part of alien rulers, some inevitablewith changing times When recon-struction is set in motion from the villageupward, instead of from the city downward,India will once again be great."Elsie Weil, 'io.A Babylonian Cylinder SealFrom the collection of the Orientai Instituteiti m y opinionBy Fred B. Millett,Assistant Professor of English.LIKE every good American, I knownothing about opera, but I know what'I like. I should rather re-visit thatnadir of comic banality, Abie's Irish Rosethan hear Trovatore again. I take morehonest delight in No, No, ~N anette than inRigoletto, and The Chocolate Soldier is anexperience more cherished than Carmen.One of my major objections to opera is thatneither the performers nor the settings areagreeable objects of contemplations. Theglandular correlation between the physiquesand the voices of singers is, of course, aproblem for a physiologist, but surely it iswithin the province of the producer to offsetthe grotesque figures of the vocalists by anInscenierung that is not hideously Victorian.Almost ali operatic sets seem to be designedby the more decrepit and unimaginativeinmates of an Old Men's Home for scene-designers, and the horrors that it is possibleto create with electric-lighting are moreconspicuous in the Civic Opera House thanon Michigan Boulevard. Scenically, operain America is two generations behind thedramatic times, and, what is worse, it showsno signs of hastening its pace in the directionof beautiful modernity.Yet, despite the hurdy-gurdy tunefulnessof Italian opera, despite the ocular horrorsone risks on any visit to an opera house,there are a few operas it is possible to re-visit with pleasure. For me, opera becomesendurable the more closely it approachesdrama. The idea, of course, is Wagner's,and if only he had been less Teutonic, hismusic-dramas would be more satisfactory.But Wagner wrote for Gargantuan audi-ences, or at least for audiences amply re-plenished at suitable intervals by gentlystimulating potions. The endlessness ofWagner is not aesthetically but physiologi- cally impossible. Even so, the currentseason's production of Die Meistersingerwas worthy of that greatest of comic operas.In this instance, the Christmas-card settingswere sentimentally appropriate, and, despitethe interminable sententiousness of HansSachs, the opera was, in the best sense, grand— rich alike in mediaeval color, vitality, andcomedy.Of the few operas I enjoy, The Love ofthe Three Kings did not come off so satis-factorily. The famous tower scene wascrudely set and directed, and, althoughMuzio's singing was delectable, the actingof Muzio and Maison, in contrast to thatof Bori and Johnson at Ravinia, was ponder-ous and graceless. Garden's Fiora was, ofcourse, always wilfully out of character, but,at least, she and Muratore in the perform-ances of remote wartime days were steadilybeautiful in their passionate abandon. Thecurrent production of Der Rosenkavalier isalmost as perfect as one can imagine.Olszewska is irritatingly prankish in thedifficult role of Octavian, but Kipnis issuperbly boorish and gross, and FriedaLeider dominates the performance, as theworldly Austrian Princess, who with tear-less resignation, watches beauty and lovefade out of her life.Probably I shall always feel that Pelleasand Melisande is the most satisfying operaever written, and that Garden is an utterlyperfect Melisande. One of the opera's major assets is its libretto, which, howeveresoteric, is not only literate but imaginativ-ely beguiling. The tower may be childishlydesigned, the well in the park may resemblea horse-trough at a country cross-roads,but a rare emotion is somehow evokedover the three beggars asleep in a moonlitcavern, light fading on a lonely sea, and246IN MY OPINION 247innocence beset by cruel jealousy. To theelfish spirituality of Melisande leaning overthe spring into which her crown has fallen,Garden gives almost the permanence of pic-torial art. The romantic sensuousness ofMuratore's Pelleas is a memory; the pre-posterous Pelleas of Mojica and the awk-ward-schoolboyishness of Barre Hill arehappily forgettable, but Garden's Melisandeis as etherial and intangible, as remote andtapestried as it was, on my first view of it,a decade or more ago.No artist of the legitimate drama hasachieved so distinguished a characteriza-tion thus far this season. Those who are,I am told, our leading actresses, have comenigh to disgracing themselves. Mrs. Fiskecavorted galvanically through the mechan-ical trivialities of Ladies of the Jury, andEthel Barrymore staged a sort of familyminstrel show in the most amateurish playI have seen in twenty years. (One beginsto suspect that our leading actresses areKatherine Cornell and Eva LeGallienne.)A more compelling performance than eitherof these was that of Judith Anderson inPirandello's philosophical mystery play, AsYou De sire Me. The piece is not so boldin its technique as the author's Each in hisown Way nor so tragic as Six Characters,but that it is adroitly problematical is sug-gested by the fact that one department ofthe university is stili at loggerheads as towhether the heroine was or wasn't the wifeof the hero. Whatever the answer (and Iam sure that mine is the correct one), MissAnderson's exhibition of a lost woman inquest of a soul was touched with imagina-tion and horror.An even more subtle and assured performance was that of Leslie Howard inBerkeley Square, certainly the finest mas-culine performance of the season. Theplay itself, though tricky and, in its laterreaches, sentimental, stirred the emotionsstrangely, not merely because of its livelyevocation of the past or its appeal to one'slove of things English or its skilful con-trast of the present and a bygone generation, but because of its dramatization of theidea of human evanescence, of the sweetshort life of a generation, of the cry of the heart for enduring life and love in a worldof graves and shadows.As usuai, the most admirable plays thisseason have been foreign plays, and, almostas inevitably, those plays have been Russian.The Guild's superbly handsome settings andsympathetic direction did not redeem forthe contemporary-minded the slight ar-chaism of Turgenev's A Month in theCountry, but through the surface sluggish-ness there rose the feeling of the sloweventless lives of the Russian country aris-tocracy, and a portrait emerged of a cling-ing petulant woman coquetting for a loveshe knew herself unable to command. Thetriviality and waywardness of this characterNazimova rendered skilfully; unfortun-ately, she lacked allure enough to bewildereven an untried tutor.The most important dramatic event ofthe season has been the production, for thefirst time, I believe, in English in Chicago,of TchekofFs The Sea Gull and UncleVanya. Of the first and admittedly inferiorpiece, the Goodman Theatre gave a credit-able performance. Unfortunately TchekofFs drama is so alien to our psychologyand our manners that it requires the moststeadily sympathetic and imaginative direction. Only twice in the Goodman production did one catch the aroma of thedramatist's weariness and nostalgia : in Mr.Mervis's skilful projection of the person-ality of the third-rate novelist, and in thewild despair of Miss Krug as the spirit-broken Nina of the final act. Jed Harris'production of Uncle Vanya was unquestion-ably the finest of the season ; it was probablyas satisfactory a performance as could bemade in the English-speaking world. Onlytwo parts, those of the professor and thefeminist mother, were played off key; therest were appropriately restrained and sub-dued and brooding. Lillian Gish's amazingbeauty of face and form and spirit becomesin the memory a kind of symbol of TchekofFs ultimate emotion, a wistful buthopeless reaching out òf the hands of lifetoward the intangible body of the heart'sdesire. Upon that futile movement of theyearning hands, the darkness of mortalityshuts down.EbOTBy William V. Morgenstern, '20, J.D. '22SCORES OF THE MONTHBasketballChicago, 16; Northwestern, 31Chicago, 15; Northwestern, 27Chicago, 26; Ohio State, 25Chicago, 22; Illinois, 45TrackChicago, 361/3; Michigan State, 582/3Chicago, 30;Quadrangular : Iowa, 56Wisconsin, 46Ohio, 42Chicago, 22Northwestern, 20GymnasticsChicago, 1002.1; Ohio, 908.8Chicago, 1027 ; Iowa, 908Chicago, 11 13; Minnesota, 109 1.5 WrestlingChicago, 11; Penn State, 21Chicago, 3 ; Franklin & Marshall, 27Chicago, 18; Cornell, 16Chicago, 14; Iowa, 12Chicago, 5 ; Iowa St. Teachers', 27Chicago, 19; Wisconsin, 9SwimmingChicago, 47 ; Washington U., 37Chicago, 20; Iowa, 55Water PoloChicago, 1 1 ; Iowa, 3Chicago,Chicago, 11 Fencing6; Ohio, 11Northwestern, 6COMPULSORY "P. C." seems des-tined to join compulsory attendanceat Chapel in the limbo of abandonedinstitutions at the University. Eliminationof the required physical culture courses hasbeen considered by the Committee onthe College Curriculum, which reasons, logi-cally enough, that if attendance at class isnot required, neither should attendance at agym class be compelled. Increased oppor-tunities to participate in intramural com-petition are to be offered in place of thecustomary hour of calisthenics or perfor-mances on the parallel bars. The newsystem has not yet been approved, forlike the other proposals of the CurriculumCommittee, it has not been submitted tofaculty vote. Mr. Stagg belives the changeunwise, contending that too many collegestudents have had no instruction in theelementals of coordination and that thislarge group would continue to ignore the benefits of exercise. Presumably, the activities of the assistants of the coaching staffwould be transferred from gym classes tocoaching of intramural groups, but it isvery likely that the group instructed wouldbe materially smaller than is now roundedup in the classes. The women's athleticdepartment would be hardest hit by re-moval of compulsion. The discussion ofthe change seems to ignore one very obviousvalue of the compulsory system — the training in ingenuity that was afforded studentsin discovering reasons why they should beexcused from attendance.Our teams in intercollegiate competitionjog along at their normal pace, with onlythe gymnasts showing any continued success.The basketball team finds the going rougherand rougher, and its present record is threegames won and five lost. Of the four re-maining games on the schedule, it has pros-248ATHLETICS 249pects of winning one, with a slim chance fortwo. The team hit its peak early and hasnot been able to equal the improvement ofmost of its rivals. In its three victories, ithas won each time by the margin of onepoint, demonstrating the fact that it hascourage. The teams that have beaten Chicago have ali had an apparent edge in speed,in cleverness, and in size. Norgren's menmake a strong first half fight by workingdesperately hard, but the superiority of theopposition asserts itself when the playerstire in the second period.The track team is fairly formidable onthe track, but virtually concedes the fieldevents to its opponente. There is a goodcompetitive spirit, demonstrated in the recent Quadrangular meet, when Black placedin both hurdles, Birney vaulted six inchesbetter than he had ever done before, andBrainard ran two fine races, in the mileand two mile, to pick up the points thatpushed Northwestern into fourth place.East did no better than third in the gam-bling 40, but is one of the outstanding dashmen of the conference. Letts has not yethad a real test in any of his races, and ap-parently continues to be the class of the conference middle distance men. He recentlyran second to Chapman of Bates at theMillrose games in a 1 153 8/10 half mile,defeating Martin of France by a good mar-gin. Bibb, a sophomore, is coming alongas a hurdler, and took a fourth in the Quadrangular.In the conference meet on March 7 themen who should win points include Capt.East in the spring; Black in the high hurdles ; Letts in the 880, Brainard in the mile.There is a possibility that Cameron might edge into the 440, or that the mile relayteam will pick up a place. Added up, thetotal will be around 12 or 13 points.Since the coaches got to tinkering withthe schedule of events in swimming, thatsport is long drawn out and dull. The dis-tances of many of the races have beenlengthened, and the present Chicago team isnot equipped to meet the requirements. Thewater polo team continues unbeaten. CoachSpyros Vorres, who has been an ardentmissionary of wrestling in an apatheticcommunity that regards his game as a some-what vulgar sport, has produced a very goodteam, despite injuries and the refusai offootball lineman to enlist in the cause. Histeam is undefeated in the conference so far.Capt. William Dyer, conference 145 poundchampioh, has wrestled in ali higher divi-sions, including the heavyweight, and is soagile and competent a performer that he hasyet to be defeated.The gymnasts continue to win, althoughtheir margin is not as wide as in formeryears. Engaged in a sport which is notpopularly regarded as competitive in the usuai sense, the gymnasts have the best competitive spirit of any Chicago team. Capt.Olson continues to be the best all-aroundperformer, but Phillips is a dose second.He provided a minor sensation in the Minnesota meet by doing a swinging hand-standon the rings, a feat which won the event anddelighted the judges, although the un-educated audience failed to appreciate thedifflculty of the achievement. The onlything that is generally understood aboutthe gymnasts is that they manage to bevictorious, and that is something of a distinc-tion locally.NEWS OFTHE CLASSESAND ASSOCIATIONSCollege1920Reveley H. B. Smith, ex '19, and Mrs.Smith (Ruth Mallory) '20, have moved to868 Lancaster Street, Albany, New York,where they have plenty of back yard play-ground for their growing family. *** Mr.and Mrs. Samuel H. Williston (EleanorAtkins) '20, are in California where theyare making a survey of oil lands for the SunOil Company.1925Margaret Lindsay, A.M., is teaching atthe College of Emporia, Kansas. *** Theo-dorè Fruehling is teacher of commercialsubjects and dean of boys at ThorntonTownship High School, Calumet City,Illinois. *** R. S. Campbell, '25, S.M. '29,is with the U. S. Forest Service in southernNew Mexico. He expects to return toChicago next year to complete work forhis Ph.D. *** Clarice C. Smith will spendthe next two years studying music in Paris.She may be addressed in care of the American Express Company. *** Ralph E.Stringer, A.M., is principal of the highschool at Herrin, Illinois. *** J. P. Wood-lock, A.M., is merchandise manager ofGoodrich Silvertown Inc., Akron, Ohio.*** Walter MacPeek is educational director of the District of Columbia Boy ScoutCouncil. *** Mrs. C. E. Waterman (Marion Muncaster) gives as her occupation"homemaker" and as her address 7615Normal Avenue, Chicago. *** Irl H. Dule-bohn, A.M., is superintendent of the Bes-semer Township schools, Ramsay, Michigan. *** Louis M. Mills, A.M., is headof the English department in MorningsideCollege, Sioux City, Iowa.I928Ralph J. Silverwood is life insuranceunderwriter with the Equitable Company, 120 South LaSalle Street, Chicago. ***Pliny del Valle is now with the Pure OilCompany in Tulsa, Oklahoma. *** LillianSattler, A.M., is doing editorial work forLyons & Carnahan, Chicago. *** FrankJ. Hardesty is geologist with the Shell OilCompany in Los Angeles. *** Cari Robart,A.M., is principal of the Henry TownshipSchool, Baltimore, Ohio. *** Mrs. HenrySears (Marian McGann) is living in Washington, Connecticut, where her husband isteaching in the Gunnery School. *** Richard Hoiland is director of the AmericanBaptist Publication Society in Philadelphia.*** Mary E. Rountree, A.M., is teachingin the Junior College in San Angelo, Texas.1929James Thomas Alien, A.M., is teachingat Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacks-burg, Virginia. *** Edith Harris is teaching English at South High School, Akron,Ohio. *** Frederic D. Mellen has resignedhis position as professor of public discourseat Mississippi A. and M. College. ***Maude E. Flanagan is elementary schoolprincipal and director of kindergarten-primary education at Mitchell, South Dakota. *** Delia C. Ovitz is librarian at theState Teachers College at Milwaukee. ***Grace J. Owens is doing scientific workwith the Bureau of Standards in Washington. *** W. H. Daubs is at the Universityof Arkansas School of Medicine in LittleRock. *** Margaret Blackburn, A.M., isteaching at Northwestern Junior College,Orange City, Iowa. *** William E. Anderson is dean of Agricultural and NormalUniversity at Langston, Oklahoma. ***William S. Hoffman is interning at CookCounty Hospital. *** Samuel S. Frey iswith the Victor Chemical Works in Chicago Heights, Illinois. *** Reid M. Brooks250NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 251is technician in histology, division of pom-ology, College of Agriculture, Universityof California. *** J. L. Duflot, A.M., isteaching sociology at West Texas StateTeachers College, Canyon, Texas. ***Elina Paananen is teaching seventh gradein the public schools of Elgin, Illinois.*** Mortimer P. Masure, '29, S.M., '30,junior physiologist with the Bureau ofPlant Industry, is stationed at Wenatchee,Washington, doing experimental researchon problems connected with the appiè industry. *** Martin Hayes is with the R.Cooper, Jr., Company, Chicago. *** PhilipM. Petursson has been pastor of the Uni-tarian church of Winnipeg since July, 1929.The church has made excellent progressduring his pastorship. *** Mary Slaytonis teaching in Lakewood, Ohio. *** P.Stiansen, A.M., is professor of church history at Northern Baptist Theological Sem-inary, Chicago. *** John A. Janssen, '29,and Mrs. Janssen (Anabel Ireland) '25,lef t the first of the year for a leisurely vaga-bond journey around the world. Theirtentative itinerary includes visits to suchlittle known spots as the Society Islands,the'Austral Islands, New Guinea, Borneo,and dozens of other out-of-the-way spots.*** Laura Van Pappelendam, a member ofthe faculty of the Chicago Art Institute, hasspent the last three summers painting inMexico. The trustees of the institute extended her summer's leave of absence untilChristmas so that she might continue herstudies with Rivera, whose fresco decora-tions of the public buildings of MexicoCity have created a furor in the art worldthe last several years. *** Clarence A. Ba-cote, A.M., is professor of history at Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia. ***Mrs. Ruby E. Garner Smith is teachinghome economics in the Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Vocational School. *** John B.Stout, A.M., is principal of the CommunityHigh School at Shabbona, Illinois. ***Ort L. Walter, A.M., is principal of thehigh school at Goshen, Indiana. *** Doro-thy A. Boylan, A.M., is teaching at MissHalPs School, Pittsfield, Massachusetts.*** H. Reed Christensen, S.M., is teaching at Snow College, Ephraim, Utah. *** William C. Crow, A.M., is teaching atAlabama Polytechnic Institute, Auburn,Alabama. *** Frances Coon Davis, A.M.,is teaching in the Merrill-Palmer School,Detroit. *** George K. Fisher, A.M., isprincipal of the McMillan Township HighSchool, Newberry, Michigan. *** D. W.Gipson, A.M., is teaching at SycamoreHigh School, Sycamore, Illinois. *** For-rest E. Keller, A.M., is teaching at Ken-yon College, Gambier, Ohio. *** MaryElizabeth Murphy, A.M., is teaching atthe Kenosha Senior High School, Kenosha,Wisconsin. *** Emelia Novotny, A.M., isteaching at Thorntown Township HighSchool and Junior College, Harvey, Illinois.*** Catherine S. Blakeslee, A.M., is registrar at Mount Vernon Seminary, Washington, D.C. *** W. J. Dempsey is directorof Calumet Park, Chicago, and is workingfor his master's degree in education at theUniversity. *** Leslie A. Childress, A.M.,is superintendent of schools at Wanatah,Indiana. *** Elizabeth Mahoney is teaching in West Chicago. *** Helen E. Marshall, A.M., is teaching at the Universityof New Mexico. *** Raymond E. Mc-Pherson, S.M., is teaching at Glenn HighSchool, Terre Haute, Indiana. *** EllaM. Johnson is supervisor of student teaching in the Mankato, Minnesota, StateTeachers College. *** Evelyn E. Johnsonis teaching at the School of Domestic Artsand Sciences in Chicago. *** Marjorie Nie-haus is teaching in the high school at Osage,Iowa. *** Marian Lovrien is teaching English at Wauconda Township High School,Wauconda, Illinois, for the second year.*** Irene Tipler is teaching art in theChicago Normal College. *** Harry G.Abraham, A.M., is principal of the Wood-stock, Illinois, Community High School.*** C. C. Hanna, A.M., is teaching inBenton, Illinois. *** Adolph F. Michalekis studying for his A.M. in history at theUniversity. *** Dewey A. Stabler, A.M.,is teaching in the Junior High School atSouth Haven, Michigan. *** Arnold L.Willis is superintendent of the AlleghenyCounty Juvenile Detention* Home, Pittsburgh. *** Harold W. Sweeney, A.M., isteaching in the high school at Calumet,252 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEMichigan. *** Bess Sturgeon is teachingsecond grade in Hammond, Indiana. ***Mary Ray Saxon is teaching in the publicschools of Columbia, South Carolina. #***Winifred D. Broderick is teaching socialscience in the Ahrens Trade High Schoolat Louisville, Kentucky. *** Elizabeth L.Wolff and Lillian Schlesna are teaching inthe Bright School, Chicago, and Muriel M.Ferguson is teaching in the Marsh School.*** Marjorie I reland is teaching in anelementary school in Peoria. *** John L.Ballif, Jr., A.M., is teaching at the University of Utah. *** Myrtle M. Berg isteaching clothing in the Horace MannSchool in Gary, Indiana. *** Mabel F.Rice is teaching junior high school methodsin the Bemidji, Minnesota, State TeachersCollege. *** Louis Rittenhouse and Marcella River are members of the staff of theJulius Rosenwald Fund, 900 South HomanAvenue, Chicago. *** Scudder Mekeel,A.M., is research assistant and instructorin the Institute of Human Relations, YaleUniversity. *** A. L. Spohn, A.M., is principal of the Hammond, Indiana, HighSchool. *** Warren Klein is coaching trackat Central High School, Evansville, Indiana. *** Marjorie Miller left the JuliusRosenwald Fund recently to spend threemonths in Paris, writing and enjoying her-self.I930Mary A. Ball, S.M., is teaching at Win-throp College, Rock Hill, South Carolina.*** Myrtle Pihlman is teaching in the highschool at Hibbing, Minnesota. *** E. M.Webb, A.M., is superintendent of schoolsat Berne, Indiana. *** Laura M. Pedersen,A.M., is teaching at Little Rock, Arkansas.*** Mary Martin is second and third gradecritic in the Ypsilanti, Michigan, StateTeachers College. *** Emma Beekmann,A.M., is teaching at the University ofNebraska. *** Lilly Fluke is social directorof the Illinois Training School for Nurses,Chicago. *** Stanley Anderson is teachingat the Township High School, Sesser, Illinois. *** Claude B. Dansby, S.M., is pro fessor of mathematics at Morehouse College, Atlanta, Georgia. *** J. Cary Davis,A.M., is teaching at Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbondale. *** GraceM. Challis, A.M., is teaching in the Girls*High School, Baroda, India. *** ClaraA. Boyle is teaching fourth grade in WestChicago. *** Boris Duskin is teaching in thehigh school at Batavia, Illinois. *** EdgarSalzenstein is credit manager of the KiblerStore in Peoria. *** Mildred Thiem isteaching in the high school at WesselSprings, Kansas. *** Edith M. Peyton isteaching in the Elementary School, Bronx-ville, New York. *** Alene G. Stamm,A.M., is teaching in the high school atPittsburg, Kansas. *** George A. Single-ton, A.M. '29, D.B. '30, is teaching inAlien University, Columbia, South Carolina.*** Dorothy E. Sparks is teaching at At-kinson, Illinois. *** Carrie Smith, A.M., isteaching in the junior high school at Elm-hurst, Illinois. *** Franklin S. Lerch,A.M., is again teaching at Union College,Schenectady, New York. *** Daniel Aut-rey is studying at the University of Arkansas Medicai School. *** Charles Rovetts isinstructor in marketing and assistant sec're-tary in the bureau of business and government research of the extension division,University of Colorado. *** Bryan R. Miller, A.M., is principal of the high schooland junior college at Marshalltown, Iowa.*** A. Stephen Stephanian, A.M., is teaching at the University of Minnesota. ***Mary Chryst, A.M., is teaching at MarionJunior College, Marion, Virginia. *** SaraL. Fowler is teaching kindergarten at Lan-caster, Wisconsin. *** Ruth I. Foster isteaching in the high school at Lake Stevens,Washington. *** Margaret S. Hirsch lefther home in New York in June on a triparound the world, from which she willprobably not return until next autumn.*** Winifred E. Day has accepted a posi-tion as curator in the psychological depart-ment of Smith College for this year. ***James D. Rutter is with Halsey, Stuart andCompany, Chicago.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 25346 New Life MembersThe following alumni from eighteen states, the District of Columbia andone foreign country became Life Members of their Association and Life Sub-scribers to the Magazine between October 1 and December 31, 1930:Howard K. Beale, y2I Sherman R. Hurlburt, M.D. 'goHerbert S. Beardsley, '30 Robert F. Imbt, J20Lambertus E. Beewwkes, M.D. '29 Lawrence M. Jay, 'ooEleanora A. Binna, Joó Marian Babcock Jones, '14.Dorothy Greenleaf Boynton, '24. Lisette Dorothea Kruse, '20C. W. Brinstad, B.D. '93 W. F. Loehwing, '20, Ph.D. '25Renton K. Brodie, Jii, S.M. *I2 Frederick C. Lusk, '18, J.D. '22Edward V. L. Brown, '03, M.D. '98 Fannie Benson Martin, '04Russell B. Broivn, 3I2 Kirtley F. Mather, Ph.D. '15John B. Carlo ck, '04 A meda Metcalf, '30M. F. Carpenter, 'il Donald S. McWilliams, 'oiMinnie McDevitt Clucas, '08 Harold H. Nelson, '01, Ph.D. '13Mabel A. Crawford, '29 E. C. Peters, A.M. '25Vivian T. Freeman, '13 E. D. Ries, '20Gertrude R. Gardiner, '27 Burr L. Robins, '25Percival T. Gates, '22 E. Eugenia Sheppard, '28Elva Goodhue, '14 Arnold I. Shure, '27, J.D. '29Clara Tilton Hack, 'q8 Maynard E. Simond, yl2Marcita Halkyard, '30 Grace M. Smith, '21Grace E. Hannan, 'li Margaret Van Hoesen, 'liMuriel Beni Harris, '13 John P. Walters, 'oóArnold F. Hartigan, '20 Cari John Warden, Ph.D. '22Bernice Hartmann, '27 Florence A. White, '19This is your invitation to join for life.Your membership will prove a vital aid in the development of your Association.The balance on your present annua! membership will, of course, be refunded.The Alumni Council, University of ChicagoEnroll me as a Life member of the Alumni Association, my membership to includea life subscription to the University of Chicago Magazine.? My full payment of $50 is inclosed.? My check for $10.00 is inclosed and I will pay $10.00 per year for fourmore years.Name YearAddress ,*__.i254 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINERush1880J. C. Nichols is living at 419 West Second Street, Muscarine, Iowa.1882Oliver J. Roskoten retired from activepractice se ver al years ago. He lives at 114Flora Avenue, Peoria, Illinois.1892P. H. Vesterborg is specializing in obstet-rics at For est City, Iowa. Harry Thompson, M.D. '94, is in general practice inForest City.1893Richard Lord is president of the InterOcean Reinsurance Company in CedarRapids, Iowa.1894Frank E. Wiedemann of Terre Haute isvisiting the ancient Mayan ruins of Guatemala and Honduras.1896John H. Nichols is practicing surgery inMansfield, Ohio. *** G. J. Schottler is ingeneral practice at Dexter, Minnesota. Hehas a son practicing medicine in Minneapolis, another son studying medicine at theUniversity of Minnesota, and a .third sonpracticing patent law in New York City.1917Henry A. Keener is conducting thephysiotherapy department in the NavalHospital at Mare Island, California.I92OCiney Rich, '18, M.D. '20, who is practicing surgery and diagnosis in Decatur,Illinois, writes us that he has so much con-fidence in President Hutchins and Dr.McLean that he is requesting reservationin the pre-medie class in 1948 — a son arrived at the Rich home on December 21. 1921Orville L. Baldwin is practicing pediat-rics at 280 East State Street, Columbus,Ohio.1922Elton R. Clarke is beginning his secondtwo-year term as coroner of HowardCounty, Indiana. His headquarters are inKokomo.1924Beatrice R. Lovett, '20, M.D. '24, is atthe Glen Lake Sanitorium, Oak Terrace,Minnesota. *** Arthur N. Wilson is at theKennecott Copper Corporation hospital,Kennecott, Alaska.1925Samuel J. Meyer, '21, M.D. '25, ispracticing ophthalmology at 58 East Washington Street, Chicago. *** S. M. Creswell,'23, M.D. '25 has been appointed cityhealth ofHcer for Tacoma, Washington.***Clifford L. Dougherty is engaged in ear,nose and throat practice at 55 East Washington Street, Chicago.1927J. Frank Pearcy, '22, Ph.D. '24, M.D.'27, is a member of the medicai staff of theMt. Sinai and Fifth Avenue hospitals, NewYork.1929Treacy H. Duerfeldt, S.M. '28, M.D.'29, has finished his residency in internaimedicine at Los Angeles County Generalhospital, and is now located at 1 108 MedicaiArts Building, Tacoma, Washington,where he is associated with Dr. W. B.Penney in the practice of internai medicine.***Ralph H. Fouser is practicing generalsurgery at 55 East Washington Street,Chicago.1930Leonidas H. Berry, '25, M.D. '30, isengaged in post graduate study in gastro-NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 255enterology in Chicago. *** The marriageof Elizabeth McFetridge, M.D. '30, to Dr.Harvard Wanger was recently announced.Dr. McFetridge is anaesthetist at BillingsHospital, Chicago. *** Theodore Goldman,'26, M.D. '30, has resigned as resident phy-sician for the County Contagious hospitaland is now engaged in the practice ofpediatrics in Los Angeles. *** Martin F.Gaynor is engaged in general practiceIndian Orchard, Massachusetts. *** Lem-uel C. McGee, Ph.D. '27, M.D. '30, isinterning at the Presbyterian Hospital,Chicago. *** Ivanoel Gibbins has recentlyreturned from a two-months yacht trip toGuatemala on the Barrymore yacht "Infanta" as physician for the John Barry-more's baby, and is now interning at LosAngeles County Hospital.I931In a recent issue of the Journal of theAmerican Medicai Association the principaleditorial is devoted to the discussion of thework of Dr. Henry N. Harkins, '25, S.M.'26, Ph.D. '28, interne in medicine at thePresbyterian Hospital. The work re-lates to an extremely fatai throat diseaseknown as agranulocytic angina. Dr. Harkins introduces a new classification for thisand related diseases under the termgranulocytopenia, which the Journal seemsto prefer to the older designation. Dr.Harkins paper on this disease or group ofdiseases will appear in the Archives ofInternai Medicine.A paper on the chemical equilibria in theblood, by Dr. Harkins and Dr. A. BairdHastings, will appear in the February number of the Journal of Biological Ghemistryas a publication of the Douglas SmithFoundation and of the Department ofMedicine of the University of Chicago.This paper deals with the effects of acidson the chemical relations of blood. Dr.Harkins had earlier made a study of thesurface tension of blood serum {Journal ofClinical Medicine) .Dr. Harkins will receive the degree ofDoctor of Medicine from Rush MedicaiCollege in March, 1931. You will enjoySwift Se Company *sig3i Year Book.... because the story of Swift &Company's activities for the year1930 is of absorbing interest toevery man and woman.It tells how a solidly organizedconcern, dealing mainly in perish-able foodstuffs, was able to comethrough a year of general depression, and earn dividendi for itsshareholders.It shows that Swift & Company's profits come chiefly fromsavings and the elimina tionof waste.It tells why a food monopoly byany packer or group of packers isimpossible.There are chapters on the Con-sent Decree and its modifìcation ;on Swift's service to the smallretailer; on the incessant competi -tion in the packing business ; onSwift & Company's marvelous distributive system — and many otherimportant subjects.If you would like to have a copy ofSwift & Coznpany's 1931 Year Book,please fili out this coupon, and it willbe sent to you free of charge.Swift & CompanySwift & Company4176 Packers AvenueChicago, Illinois.Please mail me free a copy of Swift 85Company's 1931 Year Book.Name _Address ___ City and State : 256 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINECommerce and Administration1914Tomas Confesor, who has been active ingovernmental affairs in the Philippines forseveral years, is now director of the Bureauof Commerce and Industry at Manila.1915Edith Mae Bell is director of religiouseducation in Chautauqua County, NewYork.1918Lester H. Rich is director of personneland director of expenditures for the DetroitBoard of Education.1919Tso Heng Mai, A.M., is now generalmanager of the China Trust Company,Ltd., Shanghai.1920Lewis Layton is general manager of theMerchants Finance Trust of Chicago.1922Susannah Riker is treasurer of the Presbyterian Board in Japan. She is planning toreturn to the University next summer foradvanced study. *** Oscar L. Holmgrenis a salesman for the Trustees System Discount Company of Chicago. *** S. BernardWager, Los Angeles attorney, was recentlyappointed attorney for the State Board ofArchitectural Examiners of California.1924Nellie Mae Convy is teaching shorthandin Natrona County High School, Casper,Wyoming. In a three-year period herstudents have taken two first places and onesecond in state shorthand contests. ***Joseph Demmery, A.M., associate professorof business administration at the Universityof Washington, spoke on "The BusinessDepression of 1930" at the December meeting of the American Economie Association. *** Clarence B. Elliott is manager ofElliott, Hayden & Company, retail lumberdealers, at LaSalle, Illinois. *** Elwood T. Starbuck is manager of the trust develop-ment department of the Wells Fargo Bankand Union Trust Company of San Francisco.1925George B. Glossberg is owner and manager of the Glossberg retail department storein Chicago.1926Harry Whang is on the staff of the ChaseNational Bank of New York. *** AddisonW. Wilson is assistant agency manager forthe Bankers Life Company at Omaha, Nebraska. He has been with the organizationsince 1926. *** Joseph J. Kohn is a salesman for the Sally Brown Company, flourmanufacturers, of Chicago. *** H. GibsonCaldwell, A.M., is a statistician with theBell Telephone Company of Canada atMontreal. *** Dwight. L. Palmer, A.M.,is teaching economics and working towarda Ph.D. degree at Stanford University.1927Sam Salam is a senior accountant withthe Associate Audit Company of Chicago.*** Chester A. Schipplock is an advertisingsalesman for the Chicago Tribune.1929Robert H. Klein is manager of the trafficand order departments of the GeneralCandy Corporation of Chicago. *** RichardE. Vollertsen is salesman for an investmentbanking house in Chicago. *** R. A. Ferguson is an accountant with the UnitedAutographic Register Company of Chicago.1930Aart Dejong is junior auditor for theChicago Mail Order Company.m * *Haskell Hall, formerly occupied by theOrientai Institute, has been assigned to theSchool of Commerce and Administrationby the board of trustees. Money was alsoappropriated for fitting up the building andbuying new equipment. More adequateNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 257provision for students will be one of thechief features of the change. On thesecond floor will be an office for the under-graduate council, a reading room and alounge. It is hoped that removal of theSchool from the building it now occupiesto Haskell will be completed before thebeginning of the Summer Quarter.B. M. Anderson, economist for the ChaseNational Bank of New York, spoke beforethe Graduate Club of Economics and Business on February 19, on the topic "Gold."Social Service Administration. I929Dorothy Williams Burke, Ph.D., is nowthesis supervisor of graduate students in theDepartment of Social Work at WashingtonUniversity, St. Louis. *** Julia KelloggDrew, A.M., has recently been appointedsupervisor of the Visiting Teacher group inthe Minneapolis Public Schools.* * *Professor Sophonisba P. Breckinridge isthe author of a new book, Marriage and theCivic Rights of Women — Separate Pomicileand Independent Gitizenship, recently pub-lished in the series of Social Service Mono-graphs. This work was done in cooperationwith the Social Science Research Committeeof the University and the NationalLeague of Women Voters. The effect ofthe Cable Act on the citizenship status ofimmigrant work is illustrated by a series ofinterviews with foreign born women inChicago.Professor Breckinridge and Associate Professor Harrison A. Dobbs have been servingas members of the Civil Service Committeecreated by the new Clerk of the MunicipalCourt to select candidates on a merit basisfor the various social service positions con-nected with the Court, especially suchbranches as the Morals Court, the Boys'Court, the Court of Domestic Relations, etc.Assistant Professor Elizabeth Dixon hasbeen in charge of two volunteer coursesgiven by the School in cooperation with theChicago Council of Social Agencies for per-sons willing to serve as volunteers duringthe emergency created by the unemploymentsituation. The Faculty . . .The Alumni . . .The Student Bodyof the University of ChicagoWill find here unusual facilitiesfor dinners, dances, luncheons,business meetings — plus acordial welcome that evidencesour wish to cooperate with aliUniversity of Chicago socialfunctions — large or small —formai or informai.HOTELsìioici:l\m»55th Street at the LakeTelephone Plaza 1000TROYATHENSCRETEDELPHIISTANBULFollow Aeneas with us nextsummer on our specially char-tered steamer.Low Cost — DelightfulVacation — University LeadershipMay We Send You Folder and Map?BUREAU of UNIVERSITY TRAVEL86 Boyd St. Newton, Mass.258 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEDean Edith Abbott has been serving onthe Special Committee of Five to inspectagencies receiving grants from the Gover-nor's Commission on Unemployment.Ruth Emerson, Associate Professor ofMedicai Social Work, was re-electedsecretary of the Executive Committee of theNational Association of Professional Schoolsof Social Work.* * *Ruth Colby, who held the School ofCivics Fellowship last year, and was loanedby the University to serve as executive secretary of the Governor's Commission on ChildWelfare, has completed her report for theCommission and has accepted an appoint-ment with the United States Children'sBureau as special fìeld agent in the Divisionof Social Service. Before coming to theJustice O'Connor of the AppellateCourt talked to sixty-five members of theLaw School Association at the monthlyluncheon at the Morrison Hotel on Febru-ary 20, 1931. President Charles P.Schwartz introduced Justice Hugo M.Friend, J.D. '08, also of the AppellateCourt, as chairman of the meeting. JusticeO'Connor stressed three points — orai argu-ments, brief writing, and petitions for rehearing. His talk consisted principally ofadvice and practical suggestions, whichmay be summarized more or less as follows :1. Argue ali cases orally in the AppellateCourt. In the first sentence state the natureof the case in the trial court, and the result.In the next few sentences state first thetheory of the plaintiff and then that of thedefendant. This is to give the court apicture of the case. In arguing, first stateyour point and then develop your reasoning University Miss Colby was assistant director of the Minnesota Children's Bureau ofthe State Board of Control.Gertrude Marron is now a psychiatricsocial worker at the Institute for JuvenileResearch. Elinor Lawrie has recently beenappointed as psychiatric social worker at theChicago State Hospital at Dunning.Vittorian Moody and Martha Martinare now employed as visiting teachers in theChicago public schools.Martha Andrew has been with theCounty Division of the Georgia State Boardof Public Welfare since the first of the year.A special fellowship in medicai socialwork has been given the School by theChicago Regional Association of HospitalSocial Workers. Caroline Hubert has beenappointed to hold this fellowship for thenext three quarters.to sustain it. This enables the court tofollow you, and to see the application ofyour reasoning.2. In brief writing, familiarize yourselfwith Rule 19. (Too long to quote here;read it for yourself.) Designate the partiesas in the trial court, plaintiff and defendant.Avoid calling them appellant, appellee,plaintiff in error or defendant in error.Make a few points, not many. Don't citecases in the argument that have not beencited under the points. Don't cite a caseand then say "supra," but give the volumeand page, no matter how often cited.3. As to petitions for rehearing, "Don'tdo it." Although considered with somecare in the Supreme Court, they are almostignored in the Appellate Court. In fifteenyears Justice O'Connor knows of onlyabout fifteen petitions for rehearing thatwere granted.LawJustice O'Connor Talks on Appellate PitfallsNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 259Divinity1918R. W. Hoffman, formerly of Wheat-land, Missouri, has accepted an appoint-ment in the School of the Bible, DruryCollege, Springfield, Missouri.I923Adolph A. Brux, Ph.D., who is a mis-sionary of the Missouri Evangelical Luth-eran Mission among the Moslems atVaniyambadi, North Arcot District, India,is on his way home on furlough and expectsto arrive about the middle of Aprii. Heexpects to visit the University to renew oldrelationships and to establish new ones.His address in America will be in care ofMr. F. Brux, 1302 Layard Avenue, Racine,Wisconsin.1929C. B. Jensen, A.M. '28, D.B. '29, isassistant minister at the Central BaptistChurch of Hartford, Connecticut.1930A. W. Hurst, A.M. '27, D.B. '30, iscollege pastor at Elon College, North Carolina. ***S. A. Bennett, A.M. '23, D.B.'30, is professor of religious education atElon College, North Carolina.A. C. Riley, ex, has resigned the pastorale of the First Baptist Church, Madison,Illinois, to become director of the LargerParish, composed of five churches, Tuscola,Arcola, Atwood, Bourbon and Villa Grove.John P. Schwabenland, ex, has been calledto the pastorate of the First Baptist Church,Winnemucca, Nevada.C. W. Shoop has returned to his work inCanton, China, with the Mission of theUnited Brethren in Christ. His address is17 Pak Hok Tung, Canton, China. Hewrites: "The heat of the Chinese revolutionhas died down considerably, and there is noviolent anti-Christian propaganda beingcarried on here in the South. Work isgoing on hopefully, yet not without obviousdifficulties. I judge the growth in 'in-digenization' (the word is not in the diction-ary!) during the last few years is worthali the revolution cost the Christian move-ment in China." Recent Booksby members of theU.of C. FACULTYCari Grabo - A Man and a Womana new novel with Illlinois Setting$2.00Samuel Harper - Making Bolsheviks$2.00J. W. Thompson -The Middle Ages2 voi $12.50Send for a copy of the new$1.00 edition ofSTRACHEY'SQUEEN VICTORIAPostage lOc extraThe U. of C. Bookstore5802 Ellis AvenuePaulH. Davis, '11Ralph W. Davis, '16 Herbert I. Markham, Ex. '06Walter M. Giblin, '23Paai RDavls &<9(xMembersNEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGECHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE37 South LaSalle StreetTelephone Franklin 8622CHICAGOUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEThe downtown department of The University of Chicago, 18 S. Michigan Avenue,wishes the Alumni of the University andtheir friends to know that it offersEvening, Late Afternoon and Saturday ClassesTwo-Hour Sessions Once or Twice a WeekCourses Credited Toward University DegreesAutumn, Winter and Spring QuartersThe Spring Quarter begins March 30, 1931Registration period. March 21-29For Information, AddressDean, C. F. Huth, University College,University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.26o THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEEngagementsMattie Lieberman, }2g, to Dr0 A. H.Jenkins of Chicago.Marjory Ruth Levy, '30, to Harold H.Franklin, '30.MarriagesGeorge D. Stout, 52Q, to Nan Taussig,January 27, 1931, at St. Louis. At home,5867 Nina Place, St. Louis.Frederick A. Winterhoff, '21, to Virginia L. Burger, July 22, 1930, at Detroit.At home, Detroit, Michigan.J. Frank Pearcy, J22, Ph.D. '24, M.D.'27, to Dorothy O. Kendrick, August 24,1930, at New York. At home, 941 ParkAvenue, New York City.Esther E. Cook, '27, to Robert H. Pease,September 6, 1930, at Chicago. At home,10320 Walden Parkway, Chicago.Victorine Day, A.M. ?28, to John Dol-lard, A.M. '30, at Chicago. At home,1406 East 57th Street, Chicago.To J. Jenson, '29, to Gertrude Ebert,June 7, 1930, at Chicago. At home, 227Clifford Court, Madison, Wisconsin.Dorothy R. Sylvester, '30, to Elmer P.Steinberg, February 4, 1931, at Chicago.Marion Eckhart, '30, to James R. D.Stevenson, Jr., January 19, 1931, at Kenil-worth, Illinois. At home, 516 AddisonStreet, Chicago»BirthsTo Mr. and Mrs. Reginald L. Jones(Marion Elizabeth Babcock) '14, a son,Peter Babcock, December 20, 1930, at Summit, New Jersey.To Mr. and Mrs. Hugh G. Pastoriza(Lucie H. Babcock) '15, twins, Peter andDorothy, September 6, 1930, at Bronxville,New York.To Reveley H. B. Smith, ex JI9, andMrs. Smith (Ruth Mallory) J20, a son,Charles Mallory, January io, 1931, atAlbany, New York.To Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Waterman(Marion Muncaster) '25, a daughter,Rhoda Carol, January 12, 193 1, at Chicago.To Harris J. Fishman, J2Ó, and Mrs.Fishman, a daughter, Joan Marilyn, November 15, 1930, at Chicago. To Mr. and Mrs. H. H. Walker (AliceP. McKim) '27, a daughter, Dorothy Winifred, October 29, 1930, at Tarkio, Missouri.To George Bofman, '27, and Mrs. Bof-man, a son, January 26, at Chicago.To Clyde H. Leathers, '27, and Mrs.Leathers, a daughter, Dora Ann, November 14, 1930, at St. Francisville, Illinois.To Cari H. Henrikson, '28, and Mrs.Henrikson, a daughter, Ann Marilyn, January 3, 1931, at Chicago.. To Leon P. Smith, Jr., Ph.D. '30, andMrs. Smith, a daughter, Elinor Ware,January 25, 193 1, at Chicago.DeathsEdwin Gillespie Stout, A.B. '07, November 15, 1930, at Georgetown, Kentucky.Cari D. Case, D.B. '98, Ph.D. '99,January 25, 1931, at his home in Quincy,Illinois. Dr. Case was for seven yearspastor of the First Baptist Church of OakPark, and led that church in the erectionof the beautiful building which now housesthe congregation. The membership of thechurch nearly tripled during his pastorate.W. S. Turner, A.M. '13, December 15,1930, at Raleigh, North Carolina.Lorenzo Dow Weyant, A.M. '14, Ph.D.5 19, January 9, 1931. Mr. Weyant wasaccidentally killed while inspecting a coalmine on a farm which he owned nearColumbia, Missouri. He was formerlyprofessor of economics and sociology inWilliam Jewell College and later professorand head of the department of socialscience at Louisiana Polytechnic Institute.ALUMNIPROFESSIONALDIRECTORYReal EstateJ. Alton Lauren, '19J* Alton Laurent anci Co.139 N. Clark St. Randolph 2068