\*as>i'>v*ATHE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINE°L. XXIII FEBRUJRY, 1931 NUMBER 4/~» 11 h /A LUMNI headquartersfor 102 college* and universities and 21 national Pan-Hellenic sororities$12.50 to $25.50 weekly/ separate Floorsfor WOMEN 2.50 to $4.00 dailyl^T separate FloorsFORWALTER W. DWYER, Gen'l Mgr. ¦CHICAGO» 7 01 North Michigan Avenue®f)e Untergttp of Cfncap JfflagajmeEditor and Business Manager, Charlton T. Beck '04EDITORIAL BOARD: Commerce and Administration Association — Rollin D. He-mens, '21; Divinity Association — C. T. Holman, D.B., '16; Doctors' Association — D. J.Fisher, '17, Ph.D., '22; Law Association — Charles F. McElroy, A.M., '06, J. D., '15;School of Education Association — Lillian Stevenson, '21 ; Rush Medicai Association —Morris Fishbein, 'ii, M.D., '12; College — Roland F. Holloway, '20; Allen Heald,'26; Wm. V. Morgenstern '20, J.D., '22; Faculty — Fred B. Millett, Department ofEnglish.John P. Mentzer, '98, ChairmanTo z-All zAlumni, Former Students,Trustees and Faculty (Jìtembers — Qreetings!The Alumni Council in Cooperation with the Chicago Alumniand Alumnae Clubs announces theSecond ^Annual ^Alumni zAssemblyin the Grand Ball Room, Stevens HotelFRIDAY, MARCH 6, 193 1asking that special note be made of the revised date.Officiai University Exhibit, 5 to 6 P. M. Dinner, 6: 45 P.M.Tw 0 d oliar s and fifty cents the piateSPEAKERSJames Weber Linn, '97, ToastmasterRobert Maynard Hutchins Mollie Ray Carroll, 'iiPresident of the University Associate Professor of Social EconomyGeorge A. Works and Executive Director UniversityDean of Students and University Ex- SettlementaminerA cordial invitation is extended to ali former students and other friends of the University.Reservations must be made through the Alumni Office, University of Chicago, on or beforeWednesday, March 4.THE Magazine is published at 1009 SloanSt., Crawfordsville, Ind., monthly from No-vember to July, inclusive, for The AlumniCouncil of the University of Chicago, 58th St.and Ellis Ave., Chicago, 111. The subscriptionprice is $2.00 per year; the price of single copiesis 25 cents.Remittances should be made payable to theAlumni Council and should be in the Chicagoor New York exchange, postai or express moneyorder. If locai check is used, 10 cents must beadded for collection.Claims for missing numbers should be madewithin the month following the regular month of publication. The Publishers expect to supplymissing numbers free only when they have beenlost in transit.Communications pertaining to advertising maybe sent to the Publication Office, 1009 Sloan St.,Crawfordsville, Ind., or to the Editorial Office,Box 9, Faculty Exchange, The University ofChicago.Communications for publication should be sentto the Chicago Office.Entered as second class matter December 10,1924, at the Post Office at Crawfordsville, Indiana, under the Act of March 3, 1879.Member of Alumni Magazines Associated.East Doorway to Cobb HallVol. xxiii No. 4®[ntbersittj> of CfncagojUaga^meFEBRUARY, 193 1-i— +Education and the University of ChicagoBy President Robert Maynard HutchinsALTHOUGH the reorganization ofL\ the University of Chicago affects ad-X -A- ministration and research as well aseducation, I shall confine my remarks to theeducational aspects of the pian. Few of you,I imagine, are university administrators andstili fewer research workers. Most of you,however, have either been graduated or ex-pelled from college, or if you have not hadeither of these delightful experiences, youhave children for whom they are in store.Perhaps some of you are high school students, and consequently cherish a naturaidesire to know whether under the presentorganization of the University of Chicagoyou would be more likely to be graduatedor to be expelled.In order to shed light on this and otherimportant questions it is perhaps best forme to begin by stating exactly what the reorganization is and how far it has gone.But even before doing that I should liketo point out that though the pian now ineffect is experimental in the sense that it isnew in conception and application, it 'is notexperimental in the sense that it is reckless*A radio address delivered January 2, 1931. or ill-considered. Many parts of the program have been under consideration at theUniversity of Chicago and elsewhere forseveral years. Stili other parts of the program have actually been tried, and success-fully tried, here and at other universities.We have attempted to combine in one large-scale venture the best thinking that hasbeen done in other institutions and withinour own quadrangles in regard to educational problems. Enough trial and errorhas gone on at Chicago and elsewhere forus to be reasonably confldent that our present pian will produce better educationalresults than any we have been capable of inthe past. We shall modify the pian fromtime to time in the light of experience, butwe do not expect to be compelled to departfrom any essential principle involved in it;for we think those principles have beenshown to be entirely sound.constructive changesThe reorganization of the Universityabolishes the Graduate Schools, the SeniorCollege and the Junior College. The insti-i68 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MA GAZINEtution now consists of the professionalschools and of five divisions in Arts: theHumanities, the Social Sciences, the Phys-ical Sciences, the Biological Sciences, andthe College. The College is an entirely newkind of educational unit. It is constructedto attempt to discover what a general education ought to be and to administer itthereafter. No degrees are to be awardedin the College. The student who wishesonly a general education may leave theUniversity with a certificate showing thathe has one, after he has passed the generalexaminations testing general education. Ifin addition he can show that he is qualifiedfor advanced study he will be admitted toone of the four upper divisions, or even-tually, perhaps, to one of the professionalschools. Ali degrees will be awarded bythese divisions and schools. In order tosecure breadth of training, students will berecommended for degrees by an entire division and not by one department.The educational object of the reorganization therefore, was to provide in the College,first, a sound general education; second,preparation for advanced study in one ofthe divisions or in a professional school;to provide in the divisions opportunities tothe students to specialize in one of the majorfields of knowledge and at the same time tosecure breadth of training. The faculties ofali the divisions are now re-canvassing theircourse of study and the regulations govern-ing it. Since the staff had three years agogiven much attention to these matters inthe College and since the College is basicto the whole enterprise, it is not remarkablethat the first definite action was taken bythat division. It has voted that efEectivewith the entering class next fall, credits andtime requirements are abolished as the crite-rion of intellectual maturity, and that com-prehensive examinations shall be developedto reflect the completion of general education and qualification for advanced study.The other divisions, which are now recon-sidering their course of study, are free toexperiment with it, and that freedom im-plies that if they so decide they may leavethings as they are. cutting across old boundariesOne import ant step, however, has justbeen taken which may have great effect onthe course of study in the upper divisions.The Faculty has decided that plans shouldbe made for the award of degrees in fieldscutting across not only departmental lines,but also divisionai lines. This involvesspecific approvai of a pian presented by theDivision of the Social Sciences for confer-ring the degrees of Master of Arts andDoctor of Philosophy in InternationalRelations. Under this scheme students de-siring advanced work in this field as preparation for research, teaching, diplomacy,or foreign trade will be able for the firsttime to avail themselves of ali the opportunities offered at the University for thestudy of international affairs.When the College Faculty had de-termined to abolish class attendance, courseexaminations, and course credits, and todevelop comprehensive examinations to betaken by the student when in his opinion hewas ready for them, it at once became clearthat the problem of student advice and theproblem of establishing, administering, andtesting comprehensive examinations werevery serious and very important. OnDecember 17, therefore, it was decided toappoint a new officer to be known as Deanof Students and University Examiner, whoshould be responsible for the organizationof the best possible advisory service forstudents, and responsible as well for theinstallation of the best possible system ofgeneral examination. This officer will seeto it that every student has ali the advicethat he can stand, that he is thoroughlyfamiliar with what the University expectsof b'm, and with the courses offered in theUniversity as a means of achieving it.THE NEW COLLEGEThis, then, is the reorganization of theUniversity of Chicago to date. Whereasthe institution was formerly composed ofthe professional schools and forty depart-ments, we now have the professional schoolsand five Divisions: the Humanities, theSocial Sciences, the Physical Sciences, theEDUCATION AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 169Biological Sciences, and the College. Inthe College the traditional methods ofrneasurement, which have always been statedjn terms of courses taken and years spent,have been abandoned. Beginning with theentering class next fall the student will beexpected to prepare himself in the Collegefor a general examination which he willnormally take at the end of two years, andwhich will test both his general educationand his ability to do advanced work. Pass-ing such an examination will not entitle thestudent to any degree, for ali degrees willbe awarded in the upper divisions, and onlyon the basis of a general education plusadvanced study. Passing the examinationtesting the completion of general educationwill secure for the student a certificate in-dicating that he has honorably finished thework of the College. If he passes in addi-tion the examination qualifying him forwork in one of the four upper Divisions, orperhaps in one of the professional schools,he may go on with advanced professional ornon-professional study. In the upper divisions he must show qualifications to bedetermined upon by the Division as a wholeand not by one department. Throughouthis course he will have an adviser whosebusiness it will be to understand his prob-lems and to indicate to him how he may bestprepare for the examinations. The con-struction of these examinations is such aserious matter that a new officer has beenappointed at the head of the examiningsystem.STUDENTS ARE INDIVIDUALSBut you may ask why it was that theUniversity of Chicago felt compelled tomake such sweeping changes in its educational methods. The answer is that whenwe looked at the education that the University was administering we saw that thesystem we had gradually developed was notquite accomplishing our educational ob-jectives. Doubtless because of the largenumber of students with whom they havehad to deal American universities havehit upon the scheme of dealing with themas though they were identical. A university that had enough bookkeepers found it f airlysimple to determine the intellectual stagewhich any given student had reached. Itdepended entirely on the number, not thequality, of the courses he had attended, theyears he had been in residence, and thegrades he had secured. Since the studentgot these grades from the instructor whohad taught the course, they were more likelyto reflect careful study of the professor thanof the subject. Since the examinations werecourse examinations, the student tended tomemorize isolated fragments of informationthat would be useful on examination ; he wasnot compelled to co-ordinate his informationor his thinking about it. Most universitieshave taught most courses from the Fresh-man year on as though every student in thecourse were preparing to devote his life toa study of that particular field, even thoughninety per cent of them were clearly takingthe course to fili out requirements for gradu-ation, or because they wished to know alittle something about the subject.Universities have been insisting on small-group instruction at great expense for alistudents in ali fields when instructionthrough lectures would have been better forthose who did not intend to specialize.They have insisted on assuming that alitools would be equally useful to ali students.They have, for instance, put those in thesciences, including the vast hordes that neverexpect to do anything in science but whowish to learn something about it, throughlaboratory routines that were admirablycalculated to train the future scientist andto deaden the interest of everybody else.That this system was not without unfortu-nate effects on American scholarship cannotbe doubted. The student entering theFreshman class with a vague notion thatperhaps he might like to be a scholar couldlook forward to seven years to be spent inthe painful accumulation of sixty-threecourses, perhaps under sixty-three differentinstructors, involving the acquisition ofskills and techniques he would never use,and intensive application to subjects inwhich he had only a general interest. Sincethis system was of necessity provided for170 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe pace of the average man, the studentof solid worth who was slow to ad just him-self to new surroundings might find himselfcounted a failure. The student preparedfor a faster pace must linger with themajority of his classmates; and those whowished to become scholars might well conclude long before receiving a degree that ifthis was scholarship and education they hadhad enough of it.BREADTH WITHOUT SUPERFICIALITYWe could see that these things were truewith students at ali educational levels. Inaddition, students at each level had certaindifficulties of their own. Men and womenwho have spent three years or more intaking courses and carrying on research inthe Graduate School as preparation for college teaching have heretofore been recom-mended for the degree of Doctor of Philos-ophy by one department, in which they havedone almost ali their work. There hasbeen a good deal of complaint from thecolleges that these Doctors of Philosophyhave not had the general education neededfor college teaching. Without debating thetruth or falsity of this allegation, we canat least concede that a system of independ-ent departments lends itself to narrowspecialization, and some device that willproduce breadth without superficiality iscalled for. Furthermore, these students ingraduate schools have supposedly been in-vestigating important problems. It is hardto think of any important problem that canbe studied in one department alone. Asthese problems cross departmental lines, itis certainly desirable that students followthem in their passage without being detainedat the departmental boundary. For a student who wishes to devote himself to International Relations, for example, to becompelled to enlist under the banner of onedepartment and fulfill to the letter its re-quirements for a degree, is to deprive himin a modem university of many of his finestopportunities to understand his problem.The professional student, too, has haddifficulties of his own, resulting chiefly fromthe constantly increasing length of his education. Professional study may well be started, presumably, at the end of a goodgeneral education. But we have assumedfirst that ali of college work was generaleducation, and second, that the longer aman stayed in college the better his education was. Consequently in the effort toget better students in schools of law ormedicine we have constantly raised thenumber of years in college required for en-trance to them. This process has in manyprofessions extended the period of trainingto quite disproportionate lengths. Thegraduates of some of the so-called best lawschools cannot start practice before theyare twenty-five, and the graduates of somemedicai schools of the same grade cannotbegin to earn a living until they are pasttwenty-seven. It has never been establishedthat there was anything mystical aboutthese particular ages or this particular background. Whether four years of strenuousattention to football and fraternities is thebest preparation for the study of law, forinstance, has never been seriously investi-gated. When it is investigated, I predictthe most startling results.EDUCATION ADJUSTED TO THE INDIVIDUALIn the colleges we have been doing twothings under one roof: general educationand advanced study. These are distinctfunctions, but have been somewhat confusedin most American colleges. Although inmany of them there has been a theoreticalshift in interest from general education toadvanced study at the end of the student'sfirst two years, the collegiate atmosphere,which might well have been confined to theperiod of general education, has carried overinto the period of advanced study; and thejunior or senior has felt slight change inhis environment, or in his curriculum, orin the attitude of his instructors towardhim. There has been almost no provisionfor the student who wished or perhaps de-served only a general education. He hasreceived instruction based on the idea thathe wished or ought to wish something more.The universities have in general treatedevery incoming freshman as an aspirant forthe bachelor's degree. Many Freshmen,perhaps, would not have desired it exceptEDUCATION AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 171that there was no curriculum leading to adignified terminus at an earlier period.The reorganization of the educational workof the University of Chicago, therefore, wasbased on the desire to adjust the Universityto the individuai, to individuai needs, andto individuai merits at each educationallevel.Now that we have seen what the reorganization is and what the reasons for itwere, we are in a position to determinehow it will affect the individuai freshmanentering the University of Chicago in thefall of 1931. Our entrance requirementshave been simplified, so that a student whograduates from high school in the upperhalf of his class and receives the recom-mendation of his principal may gain admis-sion to the University. Students recom-mended by their principals who are not inthe upper half of their graduating classmay gain admission through passing supple-mentary tests administered by the University. The entering freshman will appearnext fall a week before the University opensfor what is known as Freshman Week. Inthis period he will be assigned to an adviserwho will follow.him and his work through-out his entire College career. If he wishesonly a general education he will be advisedto attend lecture courses designed to givehim one. If he has the idea that he wouldlike to go on to the bachelor's degree, butdoes not know in which field he wishes todo advanced work, he will be advised toattend general lectures until he makes uphis mind. If the Freshman thinks at entrance that he wishes to go on to thebachelor's degree or even beyond it, andknows the field in which he wishes to spe-cialize, he will be advised that he mayqualify for work in small groups designedto prepare him for advanced study. Hewill be told about lecture courses that inaddition should give him a general education. He will be told about laboratorycourses and language courses that he shouldattend if he plans to qualify for one of theupper divisions in which language or laboratory work is desirable. Printed outlines ofali courses offered in the College will be shown him. Sample examinations showingthe kind of thing that will be expectedof him on completing his college work willbe given him to study. In the light of hisown particular background and his ownparticular interests he and his adviser willdetermine the best way for him to preparehimself for the examination that marks theend of general education and qualificationfor advanced work. Since attendance atclasses will not be required, he will be ableto prepare himself in the way that is bestfor him, in and out of the classroom, onand off the campus.THE ADVISERSThe student may present himself for thecollege general examinations at the end ofany quarter when in his opinion he is readyto pass them. The student's adviser willgive him the benefit of his opinion as towhether he should attempt the examinationsor not. Since the examinations are of anew sort, every possible device will beresorted to that might assist the studentin knowing how to face them. In ali hiswork he will be given papers and quizzes atleast once a quarter which will indicate tohim what progress he is making, althoughthey will not affect his chances of gradu-ation. They will be purely for his information and for that of his adviser andinstructor. If the student fails in the comprehensive examinations at the end of theCollege, he may take them again, and mayrepeat this experience as many times as hecares to, unless and until he becomes apublic nuisance. It is therefore clear thatthe new system adopted in the College isa complete adjustment of the institution tothe individuai. If the student wishes ageneral education only, he may secure it.If he wishes to prepare himself for workin the upper divisions, he may do so. Ifhe is slow, he may take as long as he likesto prepare himself for the College examinations. If he is brilliant, he may presenthimself for these examinations at the endof one quarter in residence.We expect the average student to spendtwo years preparing himself for the College172 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEexaminations. In other words, we do notexpect the College course of study to takea much longer or shorter period for theaverage man than the Junior College courseof study has required of everybody in thepast. Ali students will be carefully advisedas to the courses they should take. Studentspreparing themselves for work in the upperdivisions will be in small classes in whichthey will receive a great deal of personalattention. The University is now erectingon the south side of the Midway two dormi-tories for eight hundred students. The firstof these, to accommodate four hundred men,will be ready for occupancy next fall.Faculty members resident in those dormi-tories will be equipped and expected to giveeducational guidance to students under theircharge. The theory that under the schemenow to be introduced students will wanderhomeless and alone, trying to figure outwhat is expected of them, is therefore quiteunfounded. Students will receive evenmore personal attention than they have inthe past and will have every assistance indetermining the best way to prepare themselves for the examinations.The student who has passed the Collegeexaminations may leave the University witha certificate indicating that he has, insofaras the University is able to determine, ageneral education. If he has shown himselfqualified for work of an advanced character,he may go on into one of the divisions,either into the Humanities, or the Social,Physical or Biological Sciences. Althoughthe professional schools have not yet modi-fied their entrance requirements, it is expected that sooner or later a student whohas passed the College examinations, andshown himself qualified for advanced studymay enter one of the professional schoolson the same basis as he is now permitted toenter one of the upper divisions.The student on entering one of the upperdivisions is prepared to specialize. He hasa general education and a good grasp ofthe main ideas in the field of learning towhich he wishes to devote more time andattention. Here again with his adviser hewill study printed outlines of coursesthrough which he may prepare himself for the general examinations offered in thedivision for the Bachelor's, Master's andDoctor's degrees. It is expected that theaverage student who wishes to secure alithese degrees will spend as much additionaltime in the University as he does at present,namely, five years. The slower student maytake a longer time; the brilliant studentmay present himself after he has been inresidence a year for the comprehensive examinations qualifying him for the degreehe wishes to obtain. Until June, 1932,students may enter the Junior year of theUniversity of Chicago by transfer fromother colleges on exactly the same basis asin the past. After June, 1932, no studentwill be admitted to one of the upper divisions unless he has either a degree from anaccredited college or has passed the examinations for entrance to the division adminis-tered by the University of Chicago.WHAT REORGANIZATION REALLY ISWe have now seen what the reorganization of the University of Chicago is andhave learned what the reason for it was.We have observed how it will affect theeducational process as it is experienced byany given student. It remains for me onlyto state what I believe will be the principaleducational results of the new system.They are four; and the first of them isthat students will be educated in independ-ence. This system is one of opportunity,not compulsion. The student will have alithe advice he needs and ali the personalattention he can bear. He will not be compelled to develop his character or his intel-lect. He will be advised as to the bestmethod of doing both.The second educational result that weexpect to achieve we hope to accomplishthrough general examinations. Instead ofpassing course after course, forgetting theone he has passed as he passes on to thenext, the student will be required to coordinate his information and his thinkingabout it through general examinations atthe end of his course. These examinationswill not be mere tests of his memory forfacts. They will test rather his abilityto organize, to create, and to think.EDUCATION AND THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO 173The third educational result of the reorganization affects the Faculty. We shallnow be compelled to think ourselves. Weshall have to know what we want a studentto know and what we want him to be ableto do, instead of contenting ourselves as inthe past with discovering what he has beenthrough. We shall have to devise, in otherwords, an entirely new course of studydesigned to accomplish our objectives. Wecan no longer say that a student is educatedwhen he has passed thirty-six courses witha minimum average of sixty-five.The fourth and final result of the reorganization is that the University is ad-justed to the individuai. Because it is themost spectacular feature of the pian, thenewspapers have quite naturally directedthe attention of the public to the fact thatunder the reorganization of the Universityof Chicago a student may obtain the Bachelor's degree in less than four years. Peopleali over the country, therefore, have had apicture of the student spending a casualweek-end on the Midway and returningto his home in South Dakota with ali thedegrees that the University of Chicago canaward. I beg to cali attention to thefact that under the new scheme no studentmay present himself for any comprehensiveexamination until he has been in residencea quarter, and no student may present himself for any examination leading to a degreeuntil he has been in residence a year. Itis true, however, that since the student under the old scheme, no matter how bril-liant he might be, could not leave theJunior College until he had been in residence two years and could not secure theBachelor's degree until he had been inresidence four, the time required for theseoperations may be materially shortened forsome students. The reverse, however, isequally true and equally important.Whereas in the past a student who for anyreason was not prepared to go along at theaverage gait would find himself on proba-tion or perhaps expelled, under the newpian he will be able to take a longer time tocomplete the work oi the College or thework for any degree.The object of the reorganization was notto speed up the educational process for alistudents. It was to adjust the educationalprocess and the speed thereof to the needsand equipment of each individuai. Theresults of such a pian are that in the caseof some students more time will be required.In the case of others a shorter time may beneeded. In the case of the average man weexpect the reorganization to have no affectwhatever on the time devoted to education.Education for many people, perhaps formost people, is a slow process. We mustnot be deluded, however, into thinking thatit is equally slow or equally fast for alipeople. Differences in preparation andability are enormous. By recognizing themand providing for them we hope to give abetter education to everyone.PowerBy JeromeAssociate Professor"F | AHE great corporations are actingI with foresight, singleness of pur-JL pose and vigor to control the waterpowers of the country. The people of thecountry are threatened by a monopoly farmore powerful than anything known toexperience," wrote President Roosevelt in1909 in vetoing a bill granting an un-limited right to develop power on the JamesRiver in Missouri.This was in the early days of the grow-ing struggle between the power companiesand the government. The story of thatstruggle is as dramatic an episode as anyin ali American legislative history. Onlynow are people beginning to realize theapproaching climax in the battle for pop-ular control of the primary sources of power.Yet for twenty-five years the congresses andthe state legislatures have been subjectedto a constantly increasing pressure fromrepresentatives of great power corporationsseeking special favors or release from government control.At Washington the pressure has beengreater than elsewhere. Here at differentperiods Roosevelt, Pinchot, Walsh of Montana, Norris, La Follette and others strug-gled to bring the power companies withinthe provisions of a federai water poweract. From the first, even a minimum ofregulation was resented by the power corporations. Able corporation lawyers per-suaded, argued, threatened and denounced.Their opponente replied, setting forth themonopolistic character of the power trust,its enormous profits derived from unreason-able rates and its insidious influence ingovernment.Partial victory carne to the anti-powercorporation group in the Wilson adminis-tration with the passage of the Water PowerAct of 1920. By the terms of this Actan ex-officio commission of three Cabinetmembers, the Secretaries of War, Agricul-ture and Interior, was set up to issue licensesfor a fifty-year period to developers of G. Kerwinof Politicai Sciencepower on navigable streams, their tribu-taries and on public lands. The conditionsof development, provisions for financing,regulation of rates, the imposition of a fee,were ali placed under the supervision ofan executive secretary responsible to thethree commissioners. The entire workingforce was to be drawn from the permanentstaffs of the Departments of War, Agri-culture and Interior.Mr. O. C. Merrill, a competent government engineer, was appointed to the important but non-lucrative post of executivesecretary. It required only the passage ofa few months to demonstrate that the ad-ministrative set-up for such an importantfunction as power control was altogetherinadequate. Mr. Merrill, with his bor-rowed office force, did well under the cir-cumstances, but interests far stronger thanone government engineer could offer pre-vented legislation for a reorganization ofthe Power Commission. Mr. Merrill, asmany good public servants often do, re-signed to take up more lucrative privatework. He was succeeded in office by Mr.F. E. Bonner, appointed by PresidentHoover at the suggestion of Secretary ofthe Interior Wilbur with a further un-official suggestion from Paul Downing ofthe Pacific Gas and Electric Company. Mr.Bonner was no enemy of the power companies.Opposition to the power companies hadbeen accumulating considerable force as aresult of a special investigation by the ratherconservative Federai Trade Commissionwhen Mr. Bonner was appointed. Thatinvestigation disclosed large sums of moneyspent by the power companies in order toprevent the spread of education on publicownership. The whole pian as disclosedbefore the Commission was to control keyprofessors and teachers in colleges, highschools and grade schools, and to dictate sofar as possible "safe" text books. Theresolution for this investigation passed the174POWER 175Senate over two years ago despite the protestof the anti-power trust senators, who wishedan investigation by a special Senate com-mittee. The f riends of the power companies, however, seeing that an investigationof some kind was inevitable, fought for andsecured an investigation by the FederaiTrade Commission which was considered"safe." The Federai Trade Commissionhas exploded more dynamite under thepower companies than the most radicai ofthe senators ever hoped to discharge. Butthe worst is yet to come. The same FederaiTrade Commission is now engaged in anextensive investigation of the inter-companyrelationships, the bases for security issuesand other financial and technical problemsrelating to the corporations.In the meantime Governor Pinchot, con-ducting a private investigation of his own,has found that Uve dominant electric in-terests, represented by the General Electric,Doherty, Morgan and Ryan groups in NewYork, and by the Insull interests in Chicago, produce more than half of ali theelectricity used in the United States andare capitalized at about six billion dollars.These Uve groups seem to be tied togetherby common ownership in certain companies,by common investment interests and bycommon directors. Yet the best part ofthis side of the story will be revealed whenthe Federai Trade Commission completesthe latter half of its investigation.To return to the Federai Power Commission and its troubles: Last year thePower Commission was provided with asolicitor to advise the accounting division(under William V. King) on legai pointsinvolved in determining the net investmentsof corporations applying for licenses andupon other technical problems. Charles A.Russell was appointed as solicitor. In the tenyears of its existence the Power Commissionhad never determined the net investment ofany applicant (al though it was supposed todo so), mainly because it did not have adequate means. The importance of determining net investment can be best realized bypointing out that it forms the basis of theprice to be paid for the applicant corpora- tion's properties in case the governmentwishes to take them over. It also furnishesthe basis for rate making and for the approvai of security issues. The solicitor andChief Counsel Lawson, therefore, beganwork.The Appalachian Electric Power Company had for two years been contending thatit could erect a power station on the NewRiver in Virginia without the regulationlicense issued by the Power Commission.The company contended that since its powerdam was to be built on a non-navigabletributary of a navigable stream that theFederai Power Act did not apply — theimplication being that the government hadpower to grant or withhold licenses only onnavigable streams. This question had beenthreshed out thoroughly at the time of thepassage of the Power Act. That Act wasunderstood to apply to navigable streamsand their non-navigable tributaries, for themost important power sites are generallyfar upstream where shoals and waterfallsabound and where navigation is neithercustomary nor advisable. The representa-tives of the Appalachian Company knewfull well that if the Power Act did notapply there would have been no regulationwhatsoever for the Virginia law did notaffect it.Solicitor Russell refused to allow thecorporation's contention, whereupon Secretary of the Interior Wilbur referred thematter to Attorney General Mitchell foran opinion. The Attorney General's an-swer was "yes-and-no." He agreed thatthe Power Commission had authority overthe granting of licenses on non-navigabletributaries of navigable streams and stipu-lated that the Appalachian Company shouldapply for a license under the provisionsof the Power Act. Yet ali the value ofthis part of the decision was nullified by thesecond part, a pure obiter dictum, whichwent on to say in so many words that a verybroad interpretation of the Power Act wasnecessary to arrive at this conclusion andthat a "minor" license might be issued tothe company. A "minor part lease" ex-empts the licensee from federai regulation!176 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThere followed a flood of applications fromthe big power companies already underregular licenses to be placed under minorlicenses. The Appalachian Company hasrefused to ask for a regular license and willproceed to test the constitutionality of thePower Act in the courts where a defensemust be offered by the Attorney General'soffice, despite the fact that the AttorneyGeneral already has seriously questionedthe constitutionality of the Act.The Clarion River Power Company ofJohnstown, Pennsylvania — a corporationcontrolied by the Electric Bond and ShareCompany — has gone into the Supreme Courtof the District of Columbia asking an in-junction to restrain the Power Commissionfrom determining the net investment of thecompany. Here is where Chief Account-ant King offended the friends of the powercompanies. The Clarion River Companyswore to a net investment of $11,000,000;Chief Accountant King contended that thelegitimate figure was about $4,600,000.Unsupported items, according to King,totalled $1,121,942.67, and among sup-ported items were found $144 for neckties,$4,000 for cigars and dinners, — items whichmay remind Chicagoans of the famousmarch of the Sanitary District trustees onWashington and other points east a fewyears ago. The Clarion River Company,however, does not wish to stop at a simpleinjunction against the Power Commission,but wishes to test the constitutionality of thePower Act, and will no doubt carry its caseto the Supreme Court of the United States,where it will defend the high cost of haber-dashery and cigars. Perhaps the late Vice-President Marshall was correct when hesaid that the greatest need of this countrywas a good Uve cent cigar.During these and other controversies therelationship between Messrs. Bonner andWilbur on the one hand, and Messrs. Russell and King on the other was not improv-ing in cordiality. Long before the controversies had developed, the movement fora reorganization of the Power Commission began to gain headway. In the lastsession of Congress a bill was passed and signed by Mr. Hoover, providing for ap-pointment by the President, with the con-sent of the Senate, of a full-time commissionof Rve to take the place of the three Cabinetofficers, the Secretaries of War, Interiorand Agriculture. Between the time of thepassage of the Act and the appointment ofthe new commissioners the friction men-tioned above developed.Mr. Hoover named George Otis Smith,head of the United States Geological Sur-vey, as Chairman of the new Commission.Two other members, Messrs. Draper andGarsand, were selected at the same timeby the President. The names of these threemen were sent to the Senate and approvedby that body on December 19 and 20. Thenew Chairman of the Commission, Mr.Smith, summoned the other two commissioners to meet with him at once, and onDecember 23 they cleaned house by dis-charging Bonner, Russell and King. Inthe meantime, Congress had adjourned forthe holidays. The action of the Commission brought anything but "good tidings ofgreat Joy" to the Senate. Upon conveningafter the holidays the Senate played "In-jun Giver" and asked that the Presidentreturn the names of the commissioners, es-pecially that of the offending Mr. Smith.Mr. Hoover replied in two messages. Inone he outlined executive prerogatives andcertain fundamentals of constitutional law,at the same time curtly refusing to returnthe names. In the other he called theSenate names. The Senate retaliated byplacing the names on the Executive Cal-endar just as if the men had never beenappointed.Who then was right and who wrong?From the legai viewpoint the position ofthe President is impregnable. The con-tention of the Senate is nothing more thanthe outcropping of an old quarrel which ap-peared in its most acute form after theCivil War in President Johnson's adminis-tration. Although the dispute at that timewas not exactly on the same ground as thepresent dispute, yet it involved the questionof the power of the Senate to control tosome degree the tenure of office of thosePOWER 177officials whose appointments it confirmed.The Presidents have steadily resisted thecontentions of the Senate and have beensupported by the Supreme Court. Therecent case of Parsons vs. the United Statesseems to have defìnitely concluded the quar-rel in favor of the President. While theSenate may confirm appointments and ap-prove of their salaries in conjunction withthe House, yet the suspension, control anddismissal of such officials once commissionedrests with the President. The Senate haslong-standing rules which it relied uponin this case. Under one of these rules theSenate may reconsider nominations it hasconfirmed "on the same day on which thevote was taken, or on either of the nexttwo days of actual executive session ofthe Senate." The Presidente nominationswere confirmed on December 20, and theSenate recessed for the holidays. Upon itsreconvening, motion for reconsideration wasat once made. Strictly speaking the firstday of meeting after the recess was thesecond day after confirmation. The President replied that he could not permit theSenate "to encroach upon the executivefunctions by removal of a duly appointedexecutive officer under the guise of a reconsideration of his nomination." In otherwords, the Senate insurgents lost theirchance by their half-hearted opposition atthe time the commissioners were appointed.As to the wisdom of the Presidentialcase and of the Senatorial case — more maybe said in behalf of the opposing Senators.In the words of Senator Walsh the ousterof Russell and King was a notice to everypublic servant to "keep his mouth closedon pain of dismissal," if he dared protest"even against corruption." The promptfinding of a place for Mr. Bonner in theDepartment of the Interior, the delayedrestoration of King to his post and therefusai to take Russell back has defìnitelyraised the issue of special care having beentaken of the friends of the power companies.The Presidente untimely and ill-temperedsecond note to the Senate was quite im-politic from the point of view of securingany cooperation with the Upper House. It revealed Mr. Hoover's tendency to regardali opposition as a personal affront.Mr. Hoover is a friend of private opera-tion of power supply. He is against publicownership and operation of Muscle Shoals;he favors state control of the power companies; he wants the very minimum offederai regulation.Whatever may be said, the power questioncannot be settled on the basis of academicargument on the question of public ownership versus private ownership. The powerindustry is by nature monopolistic. Theinter-connection of systems has gone onapace for the last ten years. No personin his right mind can object to this move-ment, for definite advantages result fromthe combining of lines and sources of power.At the present time one system extends fromBoston through Niagara Falls, Pittsburgh,Ohio, Indiana and on to St. Louis.Through this interconnecting of lines ofpower it is possible for stations in northernMinnesota to aid stations as far south asthe Gulf of Mexico. When drought men-aces the hydro-electric plants in one sec-tion of the country, necessary„ power issupplied by connection with stations hun-dreds of miles distant. By this concentra-tion the investment cost is lowered throughmaking the greatest use of the more efficientplants and connecting them by means ofhigh power transmission lines. There isless need, too, for small new plants. Engineering and general technical services arebetter for ali the units under a pian of con-centration of control, while the securitiesof the combined companies find a much moreready market. Yet while recognizing theseadvantages, adequate social control of thisever-growing power combination has notbeen provided. We are drifting along aim-lessly, trusting to Providence that the powercompanies privately controlied on the basisof the profit making motive will benevo-lently take care of the public and publicneeds. State control is quite inadequate —some states being without any vestige ofcontrol of the power companies. The grow-ing tendency to transmit power across statelines points very defìnitely to the necessityi78 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEof federai control — the constitutionality ofstate control of interstate transmission ofelectric power being, to say the very least,doubtful. At the present time we arewithout an adequate and all-embracing pianfor the control of this combination whichaffects so directly the lives of millions of thepeople. Ali too frequently we have hadexamples of the corruption of our social,economie and politicai life by power groupsto show us what is possible. In our government we have gone to great lengths tocheck unlimited politicai power; far morepotent today for good or evil is unlimitedeconomie power.Inevitably the federai government willown and operate the greater sources ofpower; the states will control the minorsources, or groups of states by treaty arrangement may control certain of the largerpower sites. Regulation of Utilities by government commission has not been an un-qualified success, particularly in the states.No matter how good the intentions of anypublic service commission it is increasinglydifficult for it, as an outside body, to keeptrack of the complicated activities of pri-vately operated public Utilities. Just howsoon public ownership and operation willcome depends upon the grace with which theformer corporations yield to satisfactoryregulation and how cooperative theyelect to be when such regulation is setup.At the present time officials and represen-tatives of the power companies form the backbone of the opposition to governmentcontrol and operation of Muscle Shoalsand Boulder Dam. The opposition of thisgroup has strengthened the position of Sen-ator Norris and the so-called radicai senators. It would seem that if governmentoperation of Muscle Shoals and BoulderDam is to be the failure that the powerpeople suggest, it might be well to permitthe government to continue on such a coursein order that the public might be shownthe folly of government operation. Thecontinued opposition of the power companies to government operation of MuscleShoals, the revelations made by the FederaiTrade Commission of power activities in theschools and colleges, the resistance of thesesame companies to the mild regulation ofthe Federai Power Commission, and thetremendous pressure brought upon Congressand public officials — ali of these things haveprejudiced the case of the power corporations. In 1932 for the first time the powerquestion will be an outstanding question ina presidential election; that politicai partywhich decides to espouse the cause of thepower corporations will do well to meditateupon the wreck of the Republican party inthe state of New York as a result of toofriendly an interest in the power companies.At this time it would seem to be the partof wisdom for the power groups to takestock of their position and to consider thepossibility of making substantial and con-structive peace overtures to the anti-powerforces.rt»> &\ r+\*à <à *àSSHOTEL, CHICAGO, MARCH 6, 1931Sojourn on a SummitBy Henry Justin Smith, '98XX1.THERE was now to be accomplisheda thing more difficult than planninga building, more delicate than shap-ing a curriculum, darker and more fatefulthan research: The public funeral of aPresident. It must carry propriety to thepoint of beauty. It must move like a poem,drip grief like an elegy, but be phrased insimple terms. "Lofty designs must dosein like effects." Yet this President had tobe buried not only like a ruler and like areligious leader, but like a friend. He wasa simple citizen. He conformed gracefully,but rather indifferently, to ceremonial trap-pings. He had his own way of saying goodbye. Was it right to say goodbye to him inany manner less simple than himself ? Andyet, without being able to help himself,he was a big theme for this elegy. TheSummit could not help being what it was,either. For the moment the world had itseyes turned thither, expectant. A pieced'occasion was absolutely demanded. Soit is with the funerals of some people.Committees, bereft of smiles and repartee,dealt with the problem. The people whoknew most about custom, about universityrituals, — and about "him" — gave their advice. A program was created in a spiritwhich united a sort of artistic impulse anda sense of the bleak majesty of the event.2.Between the Presidente house and theold assembly hall were two blocks of Street,bounded on one side by tennis courts and onthe other by f raternity houses. These viva-cious dwellings today were silent and shad-owed. On the campus there was scarcelya moving figure. It was the appointedhour of three o'clock, and ali the life to beseen was along the two blocks of Street. Onthe curb stood students in sturdy ranks;hundreds of them. The President, in his coffin, was to pass between these parallellines of spectators, drawn up in an uncom-monly formai array.The students stood for a long time, without complaint. Bareheaded, they waited.No sky-larking; no gossip. It might be thatsome of them had never before patientlyendured solemnity or liturgy. This once,they were conforming.Birds in the branches overhead twittedthem; the sun and breeze pleaded withthem. But near by, seeming to come fromsome unidentified region of space, operatedanother familiar thing! The chimes, ut-tering the long swinging notes of hymns.How beautiful! Not sad, just beautiful.And well known. Oh, yes, these students,even the terrible younger generation, knewthose melodies.Rock of ages, cleft for me. . . .A good many could repeat the rest ofthe verse, quite accurately. And they couldunderstand what the chimes signified. Andno one rebelled against doing this much,just standing here, in honor of that fine oldman, the President.3-Down the steps of the dusty brown housecarne the coffin, and it began to be trundleddown the Street toward the assembly hall.A group of professors walked beside it.They wore gowns embellished with purple,or with crimson. Nearly ali grey-hairedmen ; old f riends. The Lowlander had seenthem in many different settings and moods,and had concluded that their real note wasenjoyment in life, expressed often in pleas-antries, in "good stories," in a mildly scorn-ful way of taking setbacks. They, whileteaching younger people, had educated eachother into a pattern of good form, partof which resembled the sportsmanship seenin very different spheres from theirs.As they marched beside the coffin, theLowlander saw them bereft of that philoso-179i8o THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEphy. They were, for the time being, shat-tered men. It was plain that, if a certainstring were touched, they might burst intotears. But, being men of resolution, aswell as of long experience, they had frozenthemselves into a hardihood which probablywould last out this occasion.So, a step at a time, surrounding thebier, they marched with it between the filesof students and other onlookers. As uponthe faces of statues, the sun beat upon thefurrowed and aging features of these menof the faculty, illumined their grey heads,set them out as tali, gaunt figures againstthe background of freshfaced students.And there was silence, except for theundulating summons from the bell-tower.Meanwhile, within the assembly hall,there had gathered as many people as itwould hold. The students could not beadmitted here. They had performed theirròle outside. Thinking of this, the Lowlander recalled how the President, duringsome of his last days, had urged that a be-ginning be made on the cathedral thatwould hold everybody, and would, as heenergetically said, "give everybody a chanceto see as well as hear." Fate ought to havestood by him at least so his funeral servicewould not be overcrowded. As it was,here were full seats, and outside, while thecortege entered, scores standing in the Streetand gazing wistfully at the door. In thatcrowd there were not only university people,but bedraggled-looking folk from the "business Street" near by. There was a poorwreck from the asylum a few blocks away ;he had pushed himself here in a wheel-chair.There were two little negro boys, holdinghands, their eyes white-rimmed. Therewere rows of motors, whose drivers, standing by their cars, had pulled off their caps.Within the long corridor leading to thehall there fell in behind the cortege theblack-gowned faculty, over whom somedesert wind might have swept, so dustywhite were their faces. They passed, twoby two, through the inner door and up theaisle, after the chief mourners.It took a long time for this procession tomove. The stage became filled; marshalsguided some to front seats below. And ali this time, the organ breathed softly, pa-tiently, the same phrases over and over.And the sunlight fell in long slants,freighted with dust-motes, modified by thewindow-panes into frail, shimmering half-light; and the rays caressed the bowed greyheads of professors, or fell pale upon thefaces of ladies in boxes. But more, thisqueer, alien sunlight attacked piles of flow-ers, great clusters and patterned circlets,bursting with perfume, which lay crowdedali along the front of the stage and at thesides ; thousands of blooms, making a hymnof color at ali that end of the hall, andbowering the speakers on the stage, andmaking them seem like black and greyimages in their tali chairs.4-The speakers had put their addresses inwriting. They read closely, and it seemed,scarcely dared look up. Now was the moment when they would show whether theirdignity would survive their feelings. Versedin ceremony, and even funerals, one wouldthìnk them proof against those emotionalwaves which rise from audiences. Stal-wart, disciplined men, ali of them, can theynot now read out the words they have writ-ten, without a quaver? . . Well, no; thecombination is too much. It is not so badwhen they are telling of his career, of hisachievements ; but when they get down tothe sentences describing what he was, —then, one after another, they halt, theirvoices die, and it is seconds before they cango on. So many memories rise between thelines. They see his very face; they hearhis voice, pleading or pleased. "Capital!"that was one of his words when he wasglad. And so many times he found theway to bury a grief, or to revive hope.Such a way he had, of coming to one'shome unexpectedly, at a criticai time, andjust "sitting with the family." Oh, hewas more than a President, much more!The voices hold out, despite ali. Sentences are forced through to the front rows,though the speakers' cheeks are creased withtears. The last of them is barely able toutter his closing lines. "They have beenwonderful" ... a pause . . ." Won-SOJOURN ON A SUMMIT z8iderful years." The final syllables are almost a whisper. The retreat of the oratoris covered by the murmur of the organ;and handkerchiefs, like flags, flutter throughthe house.5-Wonderful years, indeed . . . but whatnext?It is this that trustees and deans andfaculty must think about, almost beforetheir chief is at rest. What will happen tothe Summit now? Humanlike, its peoplehave let themselves be hoodwinked intoa feeling of security. They have formedplans, and felt sure about them. Theyhave made the common, but fatai mistakeof relying upon the continuance of a humanlife. Philosophers, have you never heardof the triumph of death?The summer has arrived, but there isno Joy in it. What is its function, any-how, except as a prelude to next fall; andnext fall, what is there to hope for? "We are done," says the Dean, sittinglonely at the once merry "round table.""At least, we are set back by a matter ofyears. We have to pick up and go on again— without him. Yet it was to be expected.He had compie ted his cycle. A newone—"He breaks off, and in another tone, says:"Why, there's Applegate."It is the grey old sociologist, the Low-lander's mentor, entering the almost de-serted dining-room. He gingerly takes aseat. Himself, he is like a ghost of theold order, now so evidently passing."Ah, you are stili here," he remarks tothe Lowlander, "I thought you must havegone back to your valley.""Not yet," is the reply, 'Tve seen theSummit radiant, and IVe seen it overcast... I want to stay and see it glow again.""And so do I," sighs the old man.Yet, patriarch, you know that this isasking too much.&><&The PineThe pine tree stands upon the hilltop,Sharp-cut against the skyline,Brave and straight and tali.The wind and the rain trouble it not.True it stands and upright,Facing the sunrise.Blue eyes, clear, brave blue eyes,Look out into the sunrise.You speak of the soul of the pine trees,Clean, healing, unfaltering.May life's storms pass over you gently;But, storm or sun, always face the east,Even as now.— George Burt Lake, M.D. '02lS2 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEoHWwXHOA New Library?By HUGH S. MORRISONInstructor in ArtA S A STUDENT of the architecturel\ and general arrangement of the Uni-X -B* versity buildings, may I ask the useof your columns to express grave concernat the plans for a new library building pub-lished in the last report of the Directorof the University Libraries?On page 33 of the Director's report, thefollowing account is given: "At the springsession of the Board of Libraries . . .the Director presented the ground pian of astructure for erection northward fromHarper, involving the razing of HaskellMuseum, and shifting the Law School'sposition. The centrai feature of this pro-posed structure would be a book tower ona base measuring 100 by 150 feet and risinghigh enough to accommodate 6,000,000volumes, and flanked on the east and westsides by three-story additions measuring80 or 90 by 170 feet .... Tower additions to north, east, and west would provide for centuries. To such a buildingHarper would be the facade, providinga reference reading-room on the third floor,staff work rooms on the second floor, andGraduate Library School accommodationson the ground floor." The proposed structure is more than a vague scheme, inasmuchas it has attained the stage of fairly detailedblue-prints for the pian, and has been unan-imously favored, according to the report,by the Board of Libraries, the President ofthe Board of Trustees, and the Trustees'Committee on Instruction and Equipment.The Director was instructed by this bodyat the spring session to develop the pian indetail, and "the die has been cast," as thereport admits.Inasmuch as such an ambitious schemeaff ects the whole University very materi-ally, a more general knowledge of it, anddiscussion of its merits among the facultieswould seem advisable before further stepsare taken. The writer wishes to expresshis opinion as to the probable architectural effect of such a structure, feeling qualifiedto make such a statement from studies thathe has made in the style of the Universitybuildings, the pian of the quadrangles, andthe history of University building since1891.It is my judgment that the architectural effect of the proposed building wouldbe destructive to the beauty of the presentquadrangles of the south part of the campus.If we stop to visualize it, we realize howout-of-proportion with the present buildingssuch a structure would be. The hooktower is planned to be a hundred feet square,and space for 6,000,000 volumes wouldmean a height of approximately 23 stories.Such a structure in the middle of Harpercourt would completely obliterate what isnow one of the most charming parts of thecampus; it would have the effect of reduc-ing Harper to a mere vestibule, and to di-minish a great deal the impressiveness ofthe Midway facade of the University lineof buildings. It would outweigh in buildingmass ali the buildings on the south halfof the campus, creating an eccentric accentfar from the center part of the campus,where it might be archi tecturally moìsteffective. Worst of ali, it would crowdthe south quadrangles a great deal. Thepian contemplates a book tower a hundredfeet square, but with lower wings at northand south aggregating a base line of 150feet. This would project to the north ofHarper court, crossing the driveway, andending approximately on a line with thesouth wings of Swift and Rosenwald. Eastand West, it would practically fili Harpercourt. The proposed wings at East andWest, approximately on the present sitesof Haskell and Law, would in reality oc-cupy far more than the area of these buildings. Haskell and the Law Building areabout 170 feet long. Law is 57 feet wide;Haskell is fifty feet wide at the portai, andonly thirty-five feet wide in the main183184 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEbuilding mass. The proposed three-storyflanking buildings on those sites, measuring 170 feet in length, and 80 or 90 feet inwidth, would thus cover the sites of thepresent buildings, and extend over about14,000 square feet of additional groundarea. This would mean materially cuttingdown the width of the quadrangles facingthe mene and the women's dormitories.Such crowding I feel would be extremelyunfortunate from an architectural pointof view. But that is not ali. Aside fromthe razing of Haskell, which would seemneedless destruction when the interior mightbe remodelled at a comparatively low cost,the shifting of the Law School would be anextremely difficult and expensive feat. Itcould not be moved far out from its presentposition, because of the surrounding buildings. The only other expedient would beto swivel it around into the southeast quad-rangle, projecting over to the women'sdormitories, and oriented east and west.This I understand to be the pian of theDirector. Such a move would cut thatquadrangle into two small quadrangles —so small that they might better be termedlight-courts.Grandiose as such a structure might be,and alluring as it is to pian for centuriesahead, it is my judgment that the proposed structure would seriously impair theeffect of spaciousness and dignity that weare now so fortunate in having. The progress of the University building during thelast few years has been most gratifying,and we now possess a plant almost uniquein its size and consistency of style. But thebigger-and-better rule is not an infallibleguide to architectural beauty, and in orderto preserve the present effectiveness of thequadrangles, the size of future buildingsshould be carefully planned with referenceto the existing structures- and their ap-proaches.As to the need for a new library buildingfrom a purely functional point of view,other persons than the writer are betterjudges. But it may be pointed out thatif sufficient foresight in anticipating presentproblems had been exercised, the floor-levels of the new Social Science building mighthave been built contiguous to those ofHarper with a view toward future ex-pansion into that building if such becamenecessary, rather than the expensive project now on foot. This device was carefullyavoided, and the floor-levels of the twobuildings are so disparate that library ex-pansion into Social Science is an impossi-bility. It might also be mentioned thatalthough Harper was built as a librarybuilding, there remain the whole groundfloor and the East and West towers un-used by the library staff, and expansioninto this space might offer the necessaryrelief from congestion. Furthermore, thepian for such a large library as is now out-lined implies that there will be a policy ofdrawing in the separate departmental libraries to the centrai structure, and if thisis true, why are plans for departmental libraries being made for the new buildingsof the School of Education, the OrientaiInstitute, the University Clinics, and theproposed new science quadrangle? Oneof the chief objections to the decentralized,departmental library system is its cost, butit can hardly be argued that a six milliondollar skyscraper library, even if it con-tained ali the departmental libraries, wouldbe exactly an economy.If the University must have a new library building, I feel that the Director'salternative suggestion of a single structurealong Ellis Avenue between Cobb andJones, or along University Avenue betweenBeecher and Eckhart, is much the morepreferable of the two. At least it wouldaid in completing the scheme of quadranglesto which the University originally dedi-cated itself in accepting Henry Ives Cobb'spian in 1892, and to which it has consist-ently adhered since; and it would providea major accent in building mass where suchwould be more appropriate.It is the earnest hope of the writer thatthe university will retain the architecturaltradition established in the older buildings,and where these are inadequate for presentuse, that it will build anew to complete,rather than to destroy, that tradition.The 1931 Mirror ProductionW!HAT HO!", alumni, is the chal-lenge of the sixth annual Mirrorshow, as production speeds towardits February 27 opening in Mandel hall,with men as guest artists in the here-to-foreali feminine revue. It has been a year ofreorganization o ncampus; and Mirror, the revue of thecampus, by the campus, and for thecampus, will reflectfor you the smartestin collegiate thoughtanent the present,past and future ofthe University. It isthe annual under-graduate opportun-ity to reveal in skit,song and dance theirattitude toward thecampus and theworld at large.Not only willMirror satirize thereorganization of itsalma mater; the revue has decided toreorganize itself andadmit masculine tal-ent to the showwhich for five years has been presented bycampus women. The wave of enthusiasmattending our educational revolution hasinvaded our activities as well; and Mirrorrides in on the crest of the wave utilizingan enthusiastic impetus as the locale for theskits, dances and lyrics which have beencomposed and presented by the cooperationof the students, the faculty, and the alumni.Yes, it has been a year of reorganizationon campus; and Mirror, completing itsfirst cycle of experience, returns fromforeign vistas to a new contemplation of thequadrangles — circumstances altogether fit-ting and proper for a general elaborationof policy, which in this instance will lift theproduction into a new realm of theatredomand initiate a new chapter in the historyPhotograph by Eugene FridussMartha Yaeger, production manager, and FrankHurburt O'Hara, directorof University dramatic art. Perhaps themost significant gesture in amalgamatingMirror as a truly ali-college revue was theappointment of Frank Parker as dancingcoach to work with Frank Hurburt O'Hara,"daddy" and director of the annual production. They are thetwo men mostrapidly recognizedby alumni in theirrespective fields ofdancing and production management.Frank Parker,who is now knownon three continentsas diseur and dancer,returns to the campus from which hestepped into thedancing circle of theworld. That was in19 12, after he andFrank O'Hara hade o-s t a r r e d in aBlackfriar show, aspart of their dramatic activity a sUniversity under-graduates. A mem-ber of Psi Upsilonand a dramatic star,Frank Parker completed his undergraduateand graduate work at Chicago and went tothe faculty of Principia college. He gainedhis international recognition as the partnerof Pavlowa in North and South Americaand Europe. In America he has dancedwith Ruth Page, in London he appearedwith Ellen Terry; and of late he has beengiving solo recitals in ali parts of the country, becoming well known to Chicago audi-ences.Critics in London, New York and Parishave lauded him as representing the mostmodem trends in dancing, variations whichhe spends one-half his time developing.As a back stage character he is quiet, un-obtrusive; but in the throes of music he isthe supreme danseur. As such he has come185i86 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEback to campus to develop dancing talentfor the revue, with which he was connectedin its second venture, "Here We Are."Mirror then was making its first asser-tion, gaining impetus for its swirl into thesolidity of an established campus institution.The first year had proved the possibilitiesof a revue, which, despite the scepticism ofthe administration, had been nurtured bythe enthusiasm of campus women and theforesight of Frank O'Hara.It is noteworthy in conjunction with thenew features introduced into the 1931 show,that Mirror from the time of its organi-zation was essentially dedicated to theprinciple of the "Best Revue Possible!", amotto which allowed of no dogmatic tradition. The result has been that in the suc-ceeding years the show has been a spon-taneous portrayal of the last word in studentopinion. This year, for the first time, menwill enter the production in the role ofguest artists, adding a new range of dramatic elasticity.In the midst of the ejaculations whichhave arisen in answer to "What Ho!", perhaps the most representative of campusopinion as a whole is that of Mrs. EdithFoster Flint, chairman of the Woman'sUniversity Council. "At first I wasstartled — to me it was a break with tradition. I was reluctant and regretful at theidea that the girls seemed unable to do itthemselves. On the other hand, whereit is often funny for men to appear inwomen's clothes, it is too often absurd forwomen to appear in mene clothes."What influenced me most was the factthat in a co-educational institution and inlife outside college, men and women join to-gether in their undertakings ; therefore thismay be the start of something quite inter-esting and significant. The productionof an annual revue that should be writtenby, produced by, and acted by both menand women should certainly be more trulyrepresentative than any segregated thingcould be. I am, therefore, looking forwardto the production with much eagerness."Frank O'Hara offers a first hand glimpseof the background against which "WhatHo !" will take its stand. "Year after year, high credit has been due the young womenof the Mirror for advancing general studentexpression at the University. This newopportunity which they are giving is in linewith their traditions and credit is again duethem."Campus opinion concerning the change incast qualifications remark about the "changein tradition" ; but in a larger sense, Mirrorhas never been hampered with a tradition.The initial production, "Where Are WeGoing?" by its very name implied the frankopen-mindedness of that organization's pol-icy. There were to be no didactic principles,no absolute rules for procedure; and eachproduction varied radically in the size ofcast and the subjects presented. Campus,locai, national, and finally international side-lights carne to Mandel hall under theMirror's microscope. From year to year thecampus fads found their reflection in satire.Once again, the Mirror echoes a campusdesire; this time for an ali campus revue.Some 175 women competed for cast andchorus parts in the tryouts held during thelast two weeks ; and a wealth of manuscriptand lyric material has already been receivedfrom which to select material for the Febru-ary 27, 28 production. Jimmie Henschel'sorchestra, familiar accompaniment to Mirror and Blackfriar shows, will furnish themusic for "What Ho!". Both Henscheland his orchestra are steeped in the atmos-phere of campus musicales ; and the Mirrorboard in making their orchestrai selectionfelt assured of a sympathetic treatment ofcampus ditties. Costumes will be furnishedby the University costume workshop underthe direction of Mrs. Minna Schmidt andMiss Cecily Foster, her assistant.This is the first time in recent years thatradicalism has entered the established por-tals of a University production. With thecooperation of her faculty, alumni andstudents, the University is at last presentingto the public of Chicago, a musical revuewhich combines the most scintillating inpresent day thought, the newest in music,and the most sophisticated in dancing asevolved by a selected chorus and a premierdanseur "What Ho!", indeed.«m mv opinionBy Fred B. Millett,Assistant Professor of English.IIKE ali useful terms ending in -ism,modernism may mean anything or-* nothing. To the very young, itmeans Ernest Hemingway and biologicalfrankness, which should not for a momentbe confused with psychological honesty. Tothe student of English literature, it meansthe state and history of the language since1500. To the scandalized Victorian marron, it means lounging pajamas, cheap gin,and promiscuous sleeping arrangements. Tothe Catholic theologian, it signifies a moreor less heretical system of ideas afloat inthe modem world. As usuai, the Catholictheologian is more nearly right than thepedant or the "pagan," than the prude orthe Protestant, ali agog lest he confessto believing too much and so be outdis-tanced by the livelier members of his con-gregation.If no two people can be found who agreeas to the ten commandments of modernism,at any rate, it may be possible and desira-ble to lay bare the sources, the conditioninginfluences of this disquieting intellectualphenomenon. The whole incoherent writh-ing mass of ideas and attitudes which wedenominate as modem undoubtedly hascome into existence as a result of the mind'sattempt to ad just itself to a rapidly chang-ing intellectual and physical order. Theshift from mediaevalism to modernism isa shift from an order in which religion andthe land were dominant conditioning forcesto one in which science and the industriaiorder are regnant. It is obvious that thecleavage between mediaevalism and modernism is neither historically nor logically clean.The stream of life is continuous ; if it werenot continuous, it would be neither life nora stream. We are ali at once, or at leastat intervals, mediaeval and modem. Someof us seem altogether subhuman; many of us are at moments pre-historic, and the mostmodem of us trails with him the incom-pletely sloughed off garments of mediasvalism or paganism.Consequently it is futile to search for theprecise moment when mediaevalism diedand modernism was born. At college Iwas taught that Petrarch was the firstmodem man, because he climbed a mountainto look at the view. If I had done my as-signed reading more carefully, I should havediscovered that Petrarch was at best theembryo of a modem. He may have beenmodem as he toiled petulantly up the mountain side, as he glanced with gasping breathat mountain and tree and sky, but he almostimmediately relapsed into mediaevalism ashe drew from his cloak the Confessions ofSt. Augustine and acquiesced in that wor-thy's reproofs of one who looked upon thebeauty of the world when he should havebeen contemplating the ugly state of hisown soul. No, neither Petrarch nor Galileo nor Luther nor Sir Francis Bacon, noteven Rousseau (despite Mr. Babbitt) wasthe father of modernism. The father o£the first modernist is unkrxown; the un-fortunate child was undoubtedly illegiti-mate.The best we can do is to agree as to theperiod in the history of western-Europeancivilization when the influences of religionand the agricultural order were outdistancedby the influences of science and the industriai regime. And whether we agree on1750 or 1800 or 1859, there can be noquestion that the nineteenth century sawthe climax of the battle, and that the twen-tieth is witnessing the almost complete vie-tory, in the realm of men's ideas and lives,of science and industry over religion andagriculture. The battle is over, even thoughdwellers along rural backwaters have not187i88 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEheard the thunder of the guns. The battle is over, but the task remains, of hearingaway the dead (who may not know thatthey are dead), of succoring the valiantwounded, of spying out the land for thebuilding of the new order. The masterof the old order was God; who can teliwhether the master of the new order isStalin or Einstein?Though it would be difficult to win awide allegiance for any hastily assembledtenets of modernism, certain basic assump-tions of the new order may be indicated,certain problems of man's life and thoughtin the new world may be suggested, il notsolved. The solutions will never be mathe-matically exact, for modernism. like everyother system of ideas, is ultimately notpurely or logically intellectual, but rathera cluster of ideas colored with feelings thatgive them value, an imposition of a degreeof order upon the chaos of fact and feeling,a weltanschauung that will leave man, un-disturbed by philosophic doubt, free to takehis stenographer to lunch.It is obvious that modem man's waysof living and working differ in the mostintimate and essential respects from theself-sufficient agricultural economies ofwhich the grandfathers of most of us weremasters and slaves. The industriai orderis so new and so rapidly changing that noone has had time to estimate adequately itshearing on human thought and feeling andconduct. The first task of modernism, however unconscious it may be of it, is the dfs-covery of the significance for human lifeof the industriai order of which we arealike servants and beneficiaries.Indeed, the expanding modem city willserve as both example and symbol of thenew order, and if its implications could bequite exhausted, we should come very nearto most of the essential physical features ofmodernism. For the city is literally amodem phenomenon. Whatever may bethe cultural and intellectual significance ofancient and mediaeval Constantinople orRome or Paris, in the modem sense theywere not cities. Before the railroad andautomobile could be counted on to bring the millions their indispensable grapefruit,before engineering could provide water inwhich germs had been painstakingly em-balmed in chlorine, the city in our senseof the word was a physical impossibility.Physically, ancient Rome and mediaevalParis were in a class with Cedar Rapids andKalamazoo.An even more perfect symbol of the neworder is the modem apartment house. Ourgrandfathers were in a sense lords of themanor: we are guinea pigs trained to findour way through the mazes of a human hiveinto the tindery boxes which we farcicallyrefer to as "home." (Is it any wonder thatsome human guinea pigs acquire the badhabit of getting lost on the way home?To covet the wives of one's neighbors inan apartment house is not a diversion but alife work.) The apartment house is aperfect model for the exemplification of theincreased physical comfort of modem civil-ization, the disappearance of family life,the premium on childlessness, the emancipa-tion of woman from household toil and herconsequent economie uselessness or inde-pendence, the increase of leisure and itsalmost immediate destruction by the tele-phone and the radio, the assault upon thenerves of asheans and victrolas, the disappearance of conversation and the triumphof bridge, the reduction of the individuaito a cog in industry and society, the stand-ardization of clothes, food, toothbrushes,divorces, and contraception.The physical consequences of the industriai order are apparent at every momentof our days and nights, in our work andsleep, in our love and play. The intellectualconsequences are a little less obvious. Theyare, I believe, twofold: an enhanced valu-ation of material things, and the develop-ment of a pluralistic morality. Of the first,it would be almost an impertinence to speakin America where advertising has been almost one hundred per cent efficient in forcing us to acquire hundreds of things ofwhich we haven't the slightest need. Butit is an immensely serious circumstance whenmillions of people believe that the goodlife consists in the accumulation of goods,IN MY OPINION 189that the end of existence is acquisition, andthat happiness is to be achieved throughpossessiveness and the excitement of con-spicuous waste. Much less simple and muchmore bewildering is the encouragement theniodern city gives to the development of apluralistic, a stratified, morality. In theold religious-agricultural order in westernEurope there was a singular unity in ethicaldoctrine, however much variety there mayhave been in ethical practice. But in thenew order, in urban civilization, what wehave is, not morality, but moralities.Luckless individuata find themselves actingon different levels of activity according toradically opposed standards of behavior.In the same person are united the jungleethics of big business and the Christianforbearance of monogamy. The racketeerhas his morality; the politician his: eventhe professor has his shreds of moraldecency, although it is sometimes difficultto distinguish between academic moralityand the mask of bourgeois respectability.One of the major tasks of modernism is theintegration of these moralities, the definitionof a system that will fit the racketeer, theprofessor, and the stenographer, and thatwill meet the demands of the world ofindustriai society and not those of pastoralIsrael.But however intimately and steadilymodem man is influenced by the industriaiorder, he is even more profoundly and sig-nificantly conditioned by the implications,not of applied sciences to which the orderowes its existence, but of pure science. After ali, even in the new order, what a maneats (or drinks) is infini tely less importantthan what he believes about himself andhis place in the universe. Perhaps the mostmarked alteration in attitude betweenmediaevalism and modernism is apparent inmodem mane feeling of alienation from thePower behind the universe, an alienationintensified by every advance of science into ever more remotely conceivable distancesand intimacies. The old homely intimateorder is no more; in its stead is an impersonal if increasingly wondrous universe inwhich man with ali his courage and vain-glory is a crawling excrescence on a pin headin space, if space can be affirmed even toexist. With his loss of a sense of thewarm human contact and concern of deitywith himself, has come a loss of certaintyas to his own place in a possibly purpose-less universe. Man, however sinful, wasonce the hero of the cosmic scheme; thesun and moon lighted the stage of hismelodrama, and heaven was climax of hisdestiny. With immortality rendered in-tellectually negligible, death becomes aphysiological terminus instead of a theolog-ical point of transfer. The modem manthen must find his values, not in immortalityand its penalties or rewards, but in thislife and its potentialities. Of this life hemay take either a personal or an impersonalview. In so far as he is a scientist, he willfind life's values in the quest for truth, inhis awful sense of the inconceivably wondrous universe that science unveils, in pridein his infinitesimal share of knowledge andpower, of delight and ecstasy, in unselfishdevotion to the good of ali living things, inresignation before the inevitable operationof the processes of growth and decay. Inthe degree that he is artist, he will glorifythe universe by representing it ; he will lovealike its ugliness and its beauty; he willflatter the Power above powers by imitat-ing it in wresting design from chaos, gracefrom crudity, harmony from cacophony.In so far as he is a moralist, he will seekuntiringly the means to the richest andfullest of existences, a mode of being, compact of beauty and love, of honesty and in-tegrity, of courage and tenderness. Inthe maelstrom of glittering appearances,he will seek the humble treasures of sim-plicity and decency and contentment.NEWS OF THEQUADRANGLESBy John P. Howe, '27THERE are some corners of the University into which the long arm ofReorganization has not reached.The lights in the research laboratories bumjust as brightly under one scheme of thingsas another. Or better, Reorganizationproceeds in the Florence flasks and theX-ray tubes on a cosmic rather than anacademic scale.As a credulous layman, your coi-respondent has always had a chronic ex-citement about science. Late at night hehas wondered what minor miracles are beingwrought behind the lighted Windows inthe research laboratories. One Thursdaylast month he decided to find out.This is a record of a nocturnal explora-tion of such few laboratories as one eve-ning's visiting could include. It is hard tosay whether scientists are romantic fellowsor not. They are immersed in work, andtheir work transcends them.The philosophers used to remark : "Telime ali there is to know about a singleflower and FU explain the universe."These latter-day scientists are less am-bitious — or more. Ali they would like toknow is the complete story of an atom. Ifthey knew that they could teli you somewonderful things.Consider the men who work at nightin Eckhart hall. They are peering deeperand yet deeper into smaller and stili smallerchunks of the stuff the world is made of.Measuring as they go. Old RyersonLaboratory, to which Eckhart is now anew companion, became the most famousphysical laboratory in the country becauseRyerson men were painfully accurate atmeasurement.Michelson was granted the first AmericanNobel Prize there in 1907 when hedemonstrated that light races at a velocity of 186,284 and a fraction miles a second.The Prize went to Robert Millikan in 1923when he put the first accurate value onthe smallest unit of electricity — the electron.Millikan found the smallest charge to beabout this small; if ali the people in Chicago were to be so foolish as to count at therate of 200 a minute for eight hours a day,they would have to mumble to themselvesfor the next 900 years to add up the numberof electrons which pass through an ordinarylight-bulb in a single second.But consider Arthur Compton (theNobel Prize, 1927) in Eckhart hall. Dr.Compton has within the past few monthssucceeded in making measurements so delicate that the Ryerson experiments seemalmost rough. The finest measurementsthe world has yet seen.He has succeeded in gaging the distancebetween the layers of atoms in a calcitecrystal, down to an accuracy of one partin 300,000. The crude distance betweenthese atoms is one one-hundred-millionthof an inch. As though that distance werea great gaping chasm, Compton surveysit within an estimated error of one partin 300,000.He doesn't use a ruler. He uses a rayof energy with a wave-length of one one-hundred thousandth of an inch, an X-ray.He uses X-rays with the deftness of onewho is the world-authority in such things.He shoots his ray into the interstices of thecrystal, and when the ray has stopped itsrichocheting journey he fìnds out what hashappened to it. More than that of themeasurement process cannot be described,except in language the philology professorsacross the court would blink at. Comptonuses a shining instrument known to scientists as "the Compton electrometer." Thestrange thing that happens to the bouncingrays, and by which Compton knows hisdistances, is called "the Compton effect."190NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 191Over in another corner of the laboratoryDr. Ernest Wollan is working. He andCompton have "looked" inside of atoms.You would have to arrange millions ofatoms in a file to make them extend an inch.Yet Compton explores atomic interiors moreintimately than any man ever has before.Within the past six months he has"looked," and observed the atom to be awhirling cloud of electricity, the electrons,surrounding a nucleus, the proton.What sort of microscope does he use?X-rays, again. Again he propels his X-rays,this time into a chamber of helium gas.And again he measures the marvelousbounce which is called for his name. Againthe shining instruments, the mathematics.And he knows things about the helium atomno one has ever known before — and therefore about ali atoms.That is Compton's life-work, exploringthe atom. The Nobel Prize experimentwas an incident, a compilation of the mainproblem, that had to be solved en route."Some day," says Compton (probably mean-ing in a hundred years) "if we learn aboutthe atoms, we may be able to utilize atomicenergy." He doesn't make any glowingpredictions about how a quart of atomswill drive a ship across the sea. He goeson at his work."We now think there are only threethings in the physical universe," he says."The proton, which is the heart of the atom ;the electron, the arms of the atom; andthe photon, the life of the atom."Down in the Eckhart celiar young RalphBennett is counting cosmic rays. He hascontrived a remarkable device that clicksthem off, five thousand an hour. Theserays, he explains, are rather new to scientists. They are the most penetrating raysknown. X-rays penetrate because theirwave-lengths are so short. Cosmic raysare a thousand times shorter. They aremade not on earth but somewhere out inthe spaces between the stars. And theyclick into Bennette contraption in Eckharthall basement from nowhere. What causesthem? No one knows. Well, maybe counting them under different conditionswill be a first step in the long process offinding out. If we knew what caused themwe'd know a great deal more about Compton's atom problem.Here's the reason. Ali rays are createdwhen an atom is disturbed by some ex-traneous and cataclysmic event: when theelectrons are temporarily shaken out of theirorbits. At least that is the reason that lesspenetrating rays come into being; light raysfor instance. And the general rule is thatsuch energy is associated with a deteriora-tion of the atom. And the implication ofali this is that we owe our life to a slow"running down of the universe." That'sthe "second law of thermodynamics." Butthe Chicago scientists don't believe it. Theythink that perhaps the cosmic rays resultfrom a building-up of atoms, rather thana breaking down. If they are right, perhaps the universe will have eternai life.They'd like to find out.wwwDown the hall — in old Ryerson — DeanHenry Gale and Dr. Barton Hoag areworking, in their shirtsleeves, at anotherjob. They are trying to "split the lithiumatom wider than it's ever been split before."It's quite a job.The event is quite as cataclysmic in theatom as the disruptive approach of a starinto our solar system would be. Gale andHoag use a 60,000 volt spark which propels "free" electrons toward the atom at aspeed of 100,000 miles a second. Theystrip the atom of its two outer electrons,and since lithium has three, leave one.This third, inner electron, they disturbfurther. They expect to find a strangeorder of energy given off during that disturbale — a type of ray half-way betweenlight-rays and x-rays. They know exactlywhat they are loòking for: two wave-lengths, one of them .00000729 cm. long,the other .00000134 cm. When they findthose wave-lengths they will have verifiedthe prediction of the quantum theory, andthey will know somewhat more about atoms.Their cruciai instrument is called a dif-fraction grating. This is the small square192 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEslab of metal which splits the rays into thelines of the spectrum, hundreds of timesmore efficiently than a prism could. Thegratings are rare, because they are hard tomake. Dean Gale leads the way downinto the constant-temperature room in thebasement, shows us the amazing rulingengine invented by Professor Michelsonwhich is running day and night, drawingwith its diamond point 15,000 exactly-parallel lines on each inch of the metalpiate.Now over to the new Jones ChemicalLaboratory. Professor Harkins at work inhis laboratory. Hee working with the atoms,too, his room filled with strange lights andthe sounds of electrical discharges. Whatcan Harkins do to the atoms? For onething, he can build them. He can do whatthe ancient alchemists never achieved, transmute one element into another ; can make aheavier element out of two lighter elements.But on how small a scale! He picks upfour photographs, the results of years ofwork. Proof is in the pictures that oxygenhas been manufactured — one atom of it —out of nitrogen and helium. No man hasever built atoms before. Some have brokenthem down into simpler things. To getthose four prints he has had to take 140,000exposures, ali but four of which failed tocatch a collision.Here is what he does. He propels anatom of helium toward an atom of nitrogen.When and if they collide, a hydrogen atomemerges from the union in one direction;an oxygen atom shoots out in another direction. Oxygen is heavier and more complexthan either helium or nitrogen; hydrogenis lighter and simpler than either. Harkinshas "built" the oxygen.He and his research students do otherthings. Accidentally they have discovereda clue which may result in saving millionsof dollars in lengthening the life of powercables. Down in the Jones celiar he isusing a device by which he coolly measuresthree million billion molecules to the squareinch, molecules standing like battalions ofsoldiers on the surface-film of alcohol.There are other lights than Harkins' in the building. Professor Morris Karaschis working on problems of the relation between chemistry and medicine. Dr. Thor-fin Hogness is watching molecules, produc-ing little explosions, trying to find out whatcauses them. If they go off in chains, onedetonating the other, then why do theystop?wwwIt's a short walk to the physiology building. And not such a long jump from atomsto biology, so far as the way scientists goabout their business is concerned. Accuracydown to the thousandth of a degree.Here is Dr. Ralph Lillie and his remark-able "iron nerve." A simple iron wire,immersed in nitric acid, which simulatesthe action of a living nerve, obeys ali theknown laws of nerve action. Lillie stimu-lates one end of the wire, an impulsetravels the wiree length through a sheathof single molecules. After a rest the wirehas recupera ted, and can carry another mes-sage. Lfllfe's work will throw a good dealof light on how nerves function, they think.Up in Dr. Ralph Gerard's laboratory isa remarkable apparatus by which the electrical nature of a living nerve 's impulse isvisualized, measured. And another device,a delicate thing by which Gerard proved tothe scientific world that nerve-action is anoxidation phenomenon. The heat given offduring a nerve impulse is so slight thatwhen you measure it in electrical terms, onGerard's thermocouple, you do it in termsof millionths of a volt. The passage of animpulse on a single nerve fiber is aboutequivalent in energy to that used by a flyin climbing an inch of screening.And there is Dr. Margaret Kunde, withher friendly dogs, studying the functioningof the thyroid gland in health and disease.And the great series of experiments by Dr.Anton Carlson himself, a twenty-year affair nearing completion. Carlson hasstudied the factors controlling the actionof the alimentary tract, digestion and hun-ger, from the top of the alimentary tractslowly downward. Now they are watching what happens in the lower bowel byputting balloons inside, and blowing themup as food would.NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 193Over in another laboratory — Culver hall—Dr. Karl Lashley, lately president of theAmerican Psychological Association, is finding out how the brain works. There isgood reason to believe that thought andbehavior are largely products of brainactivity — to express the contention cau-tiously. Neurologists have calculated thegross number of brain cells, and estimatedthe possible interconnections between themat some number represented in an integerfollowed by enough zeros to fili the restof the page. Physiologists have done re-markable things with conditioned reflexes.But how does the brain work? Whathappens in the cerebral tissue when something is seen, when something is learned,when a problem is solved by a flash of in-sight? The first step in finding out whatdelicate chemical and electrical changes inthe brain control these activities is to determine the different f unctions of the variousparts.Dr. Schnierla is training ants and roaches,finding out that they learn their habits inmuch the same way as do rats, cats, dogsand monkeys, and that the differences inthe intelligence of ali seems to be largelya matter of the size of the brain. He looksup quickly from his box, saying, "Excuseme, I have roach in the maze."Dr. Lashley is running a series of beautiful experiments, destroying various parts ofthe brains of mice, observing what happensto learning ability, memory, vision. Neurologists had previously plotted the brain intoneat sections, each with its special function.Lashley finds the matter not so simple. Thelearning of complex habits, for instance, isdemonstrated by him to be a function of theentire cerebral cortex, at least in mice. Ef-ficiency of learning and remembering is amatter of the quantity of tissue, and not of any area. The more tissue destroyed, themore the learning process is retarded in aliits phases, regardless of the locus of thein jury.This "mass function," Lashley suggests,may mean that brain activity is controliedby the "metabolic gradient" which ProfessorChild has evolved from his work on lifeprocesses in a laboratory across Hull drive-way.Extirpating other parts of the brain,Lashley finds that brightness discriminationin vision is a function of the thalamus ; discrimination of position and distance of ob-jects is in perhaps ali parts of the cerebralcortex; recognition of distinct patterns is ina limited area.wwwIn stili another laboratory — RickettsSouth — Miss Yelena Pavlinova has a clue.The spleen has always puzzled physiologists.Working with trypanosomes, the protozoanform to which belongs the parasite of sleep-ing sickness, she is finding that the spleensecretes substances which fight the trypanosomes — specific antibodies; and that drugsand other curative agents which will ridan animai of such an infection do not doso directly but first act through the spleniccells. In the same room Dr. Clay Huff,surrounded by his malarial canaries, is finding that heredity is important in mosquitoes ;that the insects inherit susceptibility or re-sistance to the disease; and that this mayexplain why some kinds are not carriers.Over in Ricketts North, Dr. N. Paul Hudson has a clue as to why small-pox vaccina-tion sometimes "lights up" viruses in thebody which cause inflammation of thebrain . . .And so the night goes.Why Delude Ourselves?By William V. Morgenstern, '20, J.D. '22THE fact may not be generally recog-nized, but the University during thepast Uve years has evolved a new phi-losophy and attitude toward intercollegiateathletics. The traditional forms and the tra-ditional participation and rivalries stilicontinue in our intercollegiate competition,but the essential distinction is that while weare stili in the conference we are not afactor, athletically, in the conference. Thedays when Chicago teams were mightychampions are past for us, and there is goodreason to believe that they are, but foroccasionai accidental exceptions, past for-ever. The attitude of Chicago students andalumni reflects this condition, but the recog-nition has never been openly and franklymade. This discussion represents a timidsuggestion that the changed status be ad-mitted, that the athletic policy be based onthe recognition of new times and new con-ditions.Throughout the country there arises eachyear, in that dull season between Thanks-giving and the opening of the major leaguetraining camps, a clamor and a turmoil inthe newspapers about the need of reform incollege athletics. I do not know what thephrase was back in the stormy days of 1906,when the idea was essentially the same asit is now, but the current label is "over-emphasis." There are various phases tothis objection of "overemphasis." One isthat athletics occupy too much of the interest and attention of the undergraduate ; inthe words of Woodrow Wilson, when hewas president of Princeton, "the sideshowsare getting bigger than the main tent."A corollary to this question of proportionis that the general public, as well as thestudents and alumni, loses sight of the main values and efforts of an educational institution and regards it as the proprietor ofan amusement concession. Too much valueattaches to winning teams and becausevictory has been cashable at the gate, abusessuch as recruiting and professionalizing ofathletes have resulted. Investigating com-missions, often naìve, make reports ; scandalsbreak over well known institutions, andwhen the scandal does not come into theopen, rumor and insinuation take its place.The University of Chicago has neither criti-cism nor scandal to fear, for its administra-tion of athletics has been sane, and it hasbeen ethical even to the detriment of possible athletic prestige.The University obviously is not in aposition to compete for championships withthe majority of the schools with whom ithas customarily had relations. At least itis not in football, which is the standard ofcollege athletic success. In the first place,it has not had enough undergraduate mento compete with the teams produced fromthe huge enrolments of such state institutions as Wisconsin, Michigan, or Illinois.The probable increase in the student bodyunder the new educational system and thereduction of the number of transfer studentsmay make a slight difference in the amountof athletic material, but the gain will beslight in comparison with the numbers atother schools. In the second place, theUniversity has consistently made its appealto students on the basis of the education itoffers; it has not dangled any Iure of athletic glory before high school graduates.As a result it gets the kind of students ithas sought — those whose primary interestis education, and not an athletic career.Because it is a privately endowed institu-194ATHLETICS i95tion, Chicago cannot possibly admit anunlimited number of students and becauseit is an institution of high rank, it has hadto set reasonable standards of eligibility foradmission that cannot be met by manywhose chief interest in high school has beenin athletics.The University could have successfulteams if it wanted to make successful teamsa matter of policy, if by no other methodthan attaching to itself a sufficient numberof athletes to give a backbone of skill andbrawn to its teams. Ten handpicked stal-warts added to the usuai amount of footballmaterial available would make a tremendousdifference, and the University, by beingproperly nearsighted at the proper moments,could obtain and maintain those dozen semi-pros with a minimum of institutional self-deception and entirely without publicscandal. Fortunately, that possibility doesnot fit in with the University's ideas ofintegrity.Alumni, students, and that portion of thegeneral public which attends Chicago gamescome with the tacit understanding that theMaroon teams are not championship contender. In football particularly thechampionship standard has been replaced byone that is considerably less exacting.There is no disappointment if the teamloses to an opponent of conceded superiority ;ali that is asked is that the Chicago teamuse courageously and intelligently what as-sets it has. The only grumble of discontentthat arose in a disastrous season last fallwas in the Illinois game, when the criticismcarne, not because Chicago lost, but becausethe team was stupid and unresourceful.This sounds suspiciously like a justificationof "moral victories." It is not. The spiritis an expression of the best values in amateursport, a demand only that the game beplayed to the best of the ability of a groupwhich makes no pretensions to superlativeskill. In those days at the beginning of thelast decade when Chicago had great teamsit drew bigger crowds. A- considerable pro-portion of the spectators were "volunteeralumni," who carne because the team was awinner, and who were vicious in their de-nunciation when that winning team oc- casionally lost. That element is missingfrom the stands today, and no one particularly mourns their going elsewhere.In spite of the annual crop of figureswhich show that football attendance is asgreat as ever, there is good reason to believethat interest in the average team on thepart of the public is defìnitely on the wane.Only teams which can consistently producechampionships are going to get the crowds.It is possible and probable that another fiveyears will see an informai major league offootball which attracts the big gates, withthe rest of the college teams popularly re-garded as minor leaguers and holding theinterest only of their alumni and students.The colleges, in their efforts to build upgreat teams through recruiting and otherdevices, started the process which is likelyto mean big bare spots in the stadia theywanted to fili. Not content to let averageteams meet on equal terms, by Constantefforts to raise the level of technical performance and insure success by obtainingmore than their normal share of star players,they have educated the floating public todemand continued excellence. They taughtthe public to expect epic struggles; nowlet them fail to produce first class teams andtheir public deserts them. I think that thetendency of the crowd to pick from weekto week the "big" game with championshipimplications means that in the not distantfuture only a few universities with superteams are going to get the big crowds.Those super teams are already beginningto emerge throughout the country and thearena is not locai or confined to a conference,as it was in the past, but is national inscope. As a matter of fact, Chicago canno longer expect capacity crowds as a matter of course throughout the season. Thebiggest attendance last season was for thePrinceton game, when the total was around30,000. The average attendance wasprobably not much over 16,000. When thepreference of the public for games of championship import is established, many collegeswill conduct their athletics on the basiswhich now exists at Chicago.This, then, is the background of our sit-uation: We are not competing on terms196 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEof equality with the most of the teams inthe conference; there is no likelihood thatwe shall in the future unless waning public interest encourages the development ofa more informai spirit. The determina-tion of our athletic future started whenChicago teams began to falter six yearsago ; whether we consciously recognized thefact then or not, we decided that if we couldnot have athletic success and at the sametime maintain our standards, we preferredthe latter. No reasonable person expectsor requires that Chicago teams win cham-pionships; ali that is asked of coaches andplayers alike is that they do as competenta piece of work as our limitations permit.Our "public" is a satisfactory, althougha small one; its attitude is one of friend-liness, and in its way, as amateur in spiritas the teams. The "gate" has never beena factor in determining our policies, andanyway, the future is likely to see thereceipts at about their present figure, because Chicago or any other team not con-sistently a champion can not compete withthe super-teams that will occupy the pub-lic's attention.There is no particular merit in a tradi-tional rivalry in which one team is consistente outclassed; such a rivalry may bea nuisance to the superior team. WhyChicago should continue to play a fullconference football schedule is a questionthat seems open to serious question. Theconference, in theory at least, is not aplaying league ; it is an association of ten colleges to enforce standards. Waiving theconsideration that there exists considerabledissatisfaction with the effectiveness of thisenforcement, Chicago would not lose greatlyby confining its conference games to two aseason. It would not forfeit its member-ship in the conference under the presentrules. Elimination of two or three conference games would permit substitution ofcontests with teams that are • in Chicago'sclass; there would be more zest in an evenchance for the players and as much interestfor the spectators. The Princeton-Chicagogame last fall was between two teams thatranked nowhere at ali, had been consistentlyand badly beaten previously, and yet that game was a fine one with thrills for thespectators and the players alike. It wasa good game because the teams were ofthe same level, so dose that only the element of luck could turn it one way oranother. Contrast that game with the Wisconsin game, where three Badger teams,everyone of which was stronger than thebest Chicago combination, battered to anoverwhelming triumph over a Marooneleven that was physically exhausted. Itseems plausible that a schedule of eightgames, two against conference teams, h\eagainst colleges of equal enrolment andacceptable standards, and perhaps one inter-sectional game with one of the leadingeastern universities in our position, wouldbe satisfactory and considerably more inkeeping with our interest in athletics thana more ambitious schedule that is beyondour normal strength. If a reasonable eightgame schedule can not be arranged, Chicago is not forced to play that many gamesa season.Putting our competition frankly on thebasis that we intended to play in ourclass would cali for a few other changes.There would be no great need for the com-plex mechanism of a Football TicketsCommittee, of applications, and seasonbooks and $4 tickets. In the end, justas much money would be made if the scaleof prices was considerably lowered, thetickets sold over the counter and reservedsections be confined to solid sections forstudents and alumni without attempting toreserve individuai seats.The spirit of our athletic effort at thepresent time is as high a level of ama-teurism as can be found in the country;we would not lose by admitting and advertising the fact.SCORES OF THE MONTHBasketballChicago, 35; Brigham Young, 38Chicago, 46; Ohio Wesleyan, 27Chicago, 28; Marquette, 22Chicago, 28; Indiana, 27Chicago, 32; Minnesota, 31Chicago, 15; Michigan, 41Chicago, 27; Minnesota, 30.ATHLETICS 197TrackChicago, (Reserves) 47 ; Loyola, 39Chicago, 52 1/3 ; Purdue, 32 2/3SwimmingChicago, 25 ; Minnesota, 49Chicago, 43; Ohio State, 32Water PoloChicago, 1 1 ; Ohio State, 3WrestlingChicago, 21; Minnesota, 13.The most interesting locai athletic newsis that H. O. Page, better known to theworld as "Pat," is coming back to the University as one of Mr. Stagg's assistants,after ten years of wandering in the Hoosierwilderness. "Pat" has been appointed anassistant professor in physical culture andwill come here on Aprii 1, to participate inthe Spring football practice as line coach.Energetic and enthusiastic, Page shouldbe valuable to our football team. Mr. Staggwas greatly handicapped last autumn by thelack of an experienced assistant, for H. O.Crisler had gone to Minnesota and. NelsonNorgren did not return from the Japanesetrip until late in the season.Page is happy to come back to Chicago,where he was one of the famous Maroonathletes of ali time from 1907-09, and acoach until 1920. He left here to go toButler as athletic director and coach ofthe four major sports, producing teamsthat had remarkable success. In 1926 hebecame head football coach at Indiana, anddespite strenuous schedules and only mediocre material, his teams have been famousfor "upset" victories. The bigger they were,the harder they fell before the Indianateams. The Hoosiers under Page's guidancewalloped Northwestern three out of thelast four games; in 1928 won the onlyvictory Indiana has achieved over Michigan; in 1927 tied a Minnesota team thatwas headed for the championship, andwound up last autumn with the biggest sur-prise of the season, a defeat of Purdue. Thespirit that produced those victories will undoubtedly put fire into the Maroon line.It is an interesting coincidence that the return of "Pat" will create the situation ofthe sons of two of the coaches playing sideby side on the team. Paul Stagg will playhis third season at quarterback, and youngHarlan, a sophomore next fall, undoubtedlywill be a regular halfback.wwwThe basketball team started the conference with a rush, opening at Indiana witha one-point victory and the next week de-feating Minnesota in a tense game at Bart-lett gymnasium by one point. The nextweek, Sidney Yates, who is the key manof the team, was in the hospital with influenza, and Michigan won a 41 to 15victory. In the return game at Minnesota,the Gophers took a dose fight. Yates wasback in the play, but not fully recoveredfrom his illness. Had he been in forni, theresult easily might have been different.Norgren's team has a nicely conceivedattack that is unique in the conference, butthe team does not have the ali around skillthat is required. The defense is considerably below the usuai level of Norgren'steams, but it is being improved. The menplay courageous and aggressive basketballand they will win several more games before they are through. In free throws theyhave the remarkable average of 40 out of50 chances.wwwThe track team, on the basis of its show-ing against Prudue, lacks balanced strength.East is a good sprinter, but there are severalexceptionally fast men in the conference.Letts, who set a new Bartlett gymnasiumrecord of 1:57 9/10 in the 880, and in aspecial race trimmed the mile record downto 4:23 4/10, is an outstanding middledistance man. Roy Black has considerablepromise as a hurdler ; Brainard is much improved and rates with the top flight ofmilers; Don Cameron can rank right upwith the quarter milers if he gets more con-fìdence, and Kelly is a possibility in theconference two-mile.The swimming team is weak in individuaistars and the lengthening of events worksagainst the men, the best of whom are betterin the shorter races.NEWS OFTHE CLASSESAND ASSOCIATIONSCollege1894Samuel D. Barnes is practicing medicineat 607 South Hill Street, Los Angeles,California. He is president of the Associated Patriotic Agencies and a memberof the national council of the Institute ofAmerican Genealogy.1896John F. Voight is practicing law in theMidland Building, Chicago. *** Mrs.Walter F. Heineman (Cora deGraff)writes from 10423 Seeley Avenue, Chicago,that she is doing "just housekeeping andclub work and such."1897A series of interviews with Dr. AndrewWyant on the early days of football waspublished by the Chicago Daily Times earlyin the winter. *** Mrs. Edward S. Mead(Emily Fogg) is living in Philadelphiawhere she is writing and assisting her hus-band and other members of the family intheir welfare work and other interests.I902Clara Kretzinger, who has had a studioin Paris for many years, exhibited herwork at a Sunday tea in the Palmolivegalleries, Chicago, in December. MissKretzinger's paintings have merited muchenthusiastic comment during her stay inChicago.I903Albert R. Vail is teacher of the Bahà'imovement for universal peace. His head-quarters are in Chicago.I904Anna M. Waugh is teaching science inParker Junior High School, Chicago. ***Oscar G. Wahlgren, for a number of years a practicing attorney in Chicago, has or-ganized and is president of the WahlgrenOptical Company of Chicago. His sonErik is a pre-legai student at the University..I9°SAlbertus V. Smith is now with the Milwaukee Face Brick Company in Milwaukee. *** James S. Riley is a member ofthe firm of Drake, Riley & Thomas,government, municipal and corporationbond brokers of Los Angeles.I906Minnie M. Dunwell is teaching Englishin Senn High School, Chicago. *** Mrs.E. T. Thurston (Mary Ella Robinson)is living at 869 Rosemont Road, Oakland,California. *** Elizabeth A. Young, whois spending the winter at The Purington,South Hadley, Massachusetts, is presidentof the Indiana State Council of GeographyTeachers this year.1907John B. Cleveland is president of thePalmer National Bank and Trust Companyof Sarasota, Florida. *** William A. Mc-Dermid, ex, is engaged in sales and advertising counsel work and has offices inthe Graybar Building, New York City.*** Clark C. Steinbeck is business secretary of the Presbyterian mission at Peking,China. *** Charles A. Sartain is president of the Wheel & Rim Service, Inc.,Kansas City, Missouri.1908Mary B. Day is librarian of the Museumof Science and Industry, Chicago.1909Marian E. Daniells has been electedpresident of the Iowa State Division of198NEWS OF THE CLASSES and associations 199the American Association of UniversityWomen. She served as one of the dele-gates from the Association to the conferenceon the Cause and Cure of War held inWashington in January. *** Carrie L.George, '09, is the author of How theWorld is Ruled, the story of government,published by Thomas Rockwell Companyof Chicago. *** W. S. Bittner, A.M. '28,is secretary of the National University Ex-tension Association and associate directorof Indiana University Extension Division.I9IOFrancesco Ventresca, Ph.M. 'il, formerprofessor of modem languages at the StateCollege of Washington, is teaching modemlanguages at Crane Junior College, Chicago. *** Elmer McClain is practicing lawin the Savings Building, Lima, Ohio.I9IIC. D. Donaldson is teaching psychologyand education in the State Teachers College at Eau Claire, Wisconsin. *** C. NoelGriffis, ex 'n, and Mrs. Griffis (OliveBickell) 'n, are living in Lima, Perù,where Mr. Griffis is editing the WestCoast Leader. *** Susan K. Vaughn isthe author of a very interesting little bookentitled History of State Teachers College,Florence j Alabama. *** Roswell W.Rogers, A.M., is engaged in the generalinsurance business in Pittsburgh. *** EmilO. Deere, S.M., is professor of biologyand dean of Bethany College. He spendshis spare moments in research work.1912Melvin B. Ericson, ex, is with theHoudaille-Hershey Corporation, manufac-turers of automobile products, at 919North . Michigan Avenue, Chicago. ***Frederick T. Wilhelms was recentlyelected president of the Chicago HighSchool Teachers Club for 1930-31. ***Marie Todd is teaching at Central Missouri State Teachers College, Warrens-burg, Missouri. *** Jesse Beer receivedthe degree of A.M. in Education fromWestern Reserve University last June. *** Marianne Grey Otty, A.M., of Gagetown,New Brunswick, is a recent contributorto the Canadian Geographical Journal, anew publication of the Canadian Geographical Society. *** Frank C. Hecht isin real estate and mortgage business at6152 Broadway, Chicago. *** Julia Hatzis teaching at Central Missouri StateTeachers College, Warrensburg, Missouri.*** Richard F. Teichgraeber has been trans-ferred from the Chicago to the New Yorkoffice of Thomson and McKinnon, stockbrokers. *** Mrs. A. K. Mather (RuthDelzell) is living at 818 Egleston Avenue,Kalamazoo, Michigan. *** Byron W.Hartley is superintendent of schools at SanAntonio, Texas.1913C. Glenn Mather is with the TravelersInsurance Company in Minneapolis. ***Mrs. John M. Clark (Winifred F. Miller)writes us from Westport, Connecticut, thatshe is "being civically, educationally, mu-sically, literarily, dramatically and artis-tically interested in my immediate familyand community life." *** Marie G. Merrill, ex, is supervisor of community centersfor the Chicago Board of Education, andalso writes plays for children. *** OlivePaine is teaching in Peekskill, New York.*** Robert V. Titus, ex, is with Batten,Barton, Durstine & Osborn, advertisingagents in New York City. *** John U. C.Werner, A.M., is director of teacher training at Albion, Idaho, State Normal.I914Mary Olive Gray, A.M. '20, is doingeditorial work with the Hall & McCrearyPublishing Company, Chicago. *** L. L.Louthian, A.M. '15, is associate supervisorof teacher training for the Ohio State Department of Education. *** John C.Morris is with Hornblower & Weeks, investment brokers, in Chicago.1915Mrs. Philetus S. Dickinson (Ruth Alien) writes "Am stili leading a bucolicexistence out in Hinsdale and, according200 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEto my urban friends, 'Sunk in a hopelessrut of domesticity.' This year I am servingon the locai school board in addition totaxiing my children to music lessons,dancing classes, polo games, età, and inbetween times doing a little gardening."** Mussie H. Fogel is a family case workerwith the Jewish Social Service Bureau ofChicago. *** Amy B. Greene, A.M., isstudying at Teachers College, ColumbiaUniversity. ¦*** Mrs. John R. Snider(Myrtle Davis) has been teaching in EastHigh School, Denver, for the past sixyears. *** Lucy - Austin Ball is teachingat Central Missouri State Teachers College, Warrensburg, Missouri. *** JudsonS. Masson is assistant to the superintendentof schools in Lorain, Ohio, and is alsosupervisor of instruction in junior highschools. *** Frederic Fadner, A.M., isteaching at Drury College, Springfield,Missouri. *** Cari W. Ullman, formerassistant trust officer of the First Nationaland Dollar banks of Youngstown, Ohio,was made general counsel for both insti-tutions in January. Mr. Ullman is con-sidered an outstanding authority in Ohioon trust and tax matters. *** KatharineH. Obye, who is head of the departmentof publications of the Rockford Senior HighSchool, writes us that Hazel E. Koch,A.M. '21, and Minnie Langwill, A.M,'23, are advisers in the same school. ***Pauline A. Humphreys is head of the department of education at Central MissouriState Teachers College, Warrensburg,Missouri. *** Eva Griswold is in the English department of the Englewood HighSchool, Chicago.I916Mrs. Charles A. Messner (Ethelyn FayeMullarky) is living at 507 Porter Avenue,Buffalo, New York. *** Mrs. Henry B.Freeman (Ruth Manierre) is living inBronxville, New York, but declares "it isa mistaken idea. There is no place likeChicago." *** Elmer B. Brown, A.M., isteaching at Central Missouri StateTeachers College. *** Charles P. Dake ismanager of the customer ownership stock sales department of the Telephone Securi-ties Company of Chicago. He directs stocksales in telephone companies in fifteenstates. *** Mrs. Olaf Finstad (Ivah MayLister) is living at Bixby, South Dakota.Because of serious eye trouble she has givenup teaching and is devoting herself to gardening, for which she has received severalprizes. *** Robert F. Sandali returned tohis law practice in Seattle this fall afterspending several months in Europe. ***Merrill Dakin is head of the English department at Morgan Park Military Acad-emy, Chicago. *** Mrs. Kate Parker Smithis teaching English in Crane Junior College, Chicago.1917James D. Damali, A.M., is superintendent of schools at Geneseo, Illinois. ***May Bere is known nowadays as Mrs. I.Mereminsky and lives in Tel- Aviv, Palestine. *** Phoebe Morse is teaching Frenchat Roosevelt High School, Chicago. ***Lucile J. Lloyd gives as her address 7818South Sangamon Avenue, Chicago. ***Ruth E. DeGroot is general secretary ofthe Y. W. C. A. at Coshocton, Ohio.'***Mrs. Lyman Lehrburger (Pauline Levi)writes from Brookline, Massachusetts, thatshe finds the rearing of her two sons, agedsix and one, the most interesting of aliher activities. *** Mrs. A. L. Desser (RoseNath) is "keeping busy raising two sonsin sunny Los Angeles. Hope to send themto the U. of C. some day." *** Albert H.Miller is principal of St. John's LutheranSchool, LaGrange, Illinois.1918J. Milton Coulter, formerly with Merrill, Lynch & Company, is now with Se-lected Share Corporation in Chicago. ***J. O. Engleman, A.M., is president ofKent, Ohio, State College. *** LeonaWhitworth Logue is principal of theStewart Avenue School, Columbus, Ohio.I919A. K. Spielberger, '19, A.M. '21, D.B.'22, is writing life insurance for the SunLife Insurance Company of Canada, inTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEA NOTABLE SUCCESSChicago Commemorative Plates In SpodewareMade by Copeland & Sons, Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire,EnglandHarper LibraryRyersonLaboratoryHull CourtSwift &BondChapelsIda NoyesHallBillings Hospital University ChapelMitchellTowerCobb HallHarperCourtHitchcock& SnellEckhart HallOriginai subscription campaign closed December 31, 1930, with orders receivedfor 1290 dozen.During January additional orders for 62 sets have been received from alumni,and in order to accommodate these recent purchasers and any who have not sent intheir reservations a supplementary order has been placed with the manufacturers for200 additional sets, which will be ready for delivery in the late spring or earlysummer. This supplementary order will be a part of the FIRST EDITION of theseChicago plates, designated by the University seal on the back of each piate.Subscriptions are invited for the balance of this supplementary order, and willbe accepted in order of their receipt.r THE ALUMNI COUNCILUniversity of Chicago.Please reserve for me set (s) of twelve Spode Plates at #15.00per set. I understand that notice will be sent to me as soon as they are readyfor distribution. 1Name. .AddressNo charge for delivery anywhere in the U. S. J202 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEManila. *** Ève Elizabeth Turnbull, '19,A.M. '25, is assistant professor of homeeconomics and assistant to the junior deanof the College of Agriculture at OhioState University. *** Mrs. J. L. Clements(Esther Burnette) is living at 460 NorthCedar Street, Galesburg, Illinois. *** Mrs.W. H. Klump (Margaret de Anguera)may be addressed at Box 427, SouthernPines, North Carolina, until Aprii 30th.*** Mrs. Frances Hauss Madsen, A.M.,is engaged in social service work in Baltimore. *** Ethel Stilz is instructor in finearts and house director at Swarthmore College. *** Ethel Maddux, '19, A.M. '25,has been teaching Latin and Greek in West-minster College, Salt Lake City, for fouryears. *** Cecil Rew, '19, and Mrs. Rew(Winifred Ridgley) '23, are living inChampaign where Mr. Rew is teachingFrench and studying for his doctorate atthe University of Illinois. *** Jennie D.Wyse, who teaches in John Marshall HighSchool, Chicago, is on sabbatical leave untilFebruary, 1931. *** Gertrude Williams,S.M., is now Mrs. J. T. Moli and lives at16 Prospect Avenue, Douglaston, NewYork. *** O. R. Willett, A. M., is amember of the faculty of the English department at the Texas College of Mines,El Paso.1920Thomas T. Davis, A.M., began work thisyear as director of rural studies at TennesseeA. & I. College, Nashville. *** HelenM. McClure, '20, A.M., '24, is teaching inthe high school at Webster Grove, Missouri.*** Henrietta M. Peck is teaching seventhand eighth grades in the South Holland,Illinois, public schools. *** W. ArthurCable was recently elected president ofthe Western Association of Teachers ofSpeech. Besides teaching English and public speaking at the University of Arizona,he is director of the Arizona High SchoolSpeech Activities and secretary of the Arizona State Drama Association. *** HaroldWalker, '20, and Mrs. Walker (PhyllisPalmer) '20, won both men's and women'sgolf championships at Ozaukee CountryClub, Milwaukee, last summer. *** Lil- lian Cherniss, '20, A.M. '28, is supervisorin the primary department of the EauClaire, Wisconsin, State Teachers College.*** Grace E. Wasson is engaged in homeeconomics research at the State College atBrookings, South Dakota. *** Florence T.Lewis is head of the home economics department in Riverside-Brookfield TownshipHigh School, Riverside, Illinois. *** C. T.Schrader has been travelling auditor outof the Western Union divisionai office inChicago for the past ten years. *** Mrs.Martha Behrendt Carr is working in theiSchool of Commerce and Administrationoffice at the University. *** Edna R.Meyers is principal of the West PullmanSchool, Chicago, and a member of the com-mittee editing the Chicago Principal's Clubyear book. *** H. C. Witherington, '20,A.M. '26, is fìnishing his work for the Ph.D.degree in education at the University thisyear. *** Donald Gray is a member of thelaw firm of Gower, Gray and Gower, ofKankakee, Illinois.1921Robert W. Howard, '21, A.M. '26, iswith Tempie Tours, Inc., Chicago. ***Lawrence W. Miller, A.M., is head of thedepartment of psychology in the Universityof Denver. Mr. and Mrs. Miller (RuthA. Miles) '22, and their three children areliving at 2257 South Fillmore Street, Denver. *** Alexander Monto, '21, A.M.'25, is principal of the Cebu, Cebu, HighSchool. The high school is across the Streetfrom the Cebu Normal School, of whichMrs. Wilhelmina Monto, '26, A.M. '28,is principal. A few weeks ago the Filipinoteachers gave the Montos a party in ap-preciation of their efficient service. Every-one present expressed the wish that theMontos would stay in the Philippines aslong as they lived. *** Gertrude Wilsonis general secretary of the Chicago WestSide Y.W.C.A. *** H. P. Lawrensonmoved his offices from Denver to Chicagolast summer. He is selling Aetna Lifeinsurance. *** Katharine S. Green is nowMrs. J. Stevens Tolman of 6641 Wood-lawn Avenue, Chicago. Mr. Tolman isNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 203a member of the class of '15. *** LucilieHavelick may be addressed as Mrs. L. H.Hyatt, 1753 Columbia Avenue, Chicago.*** Marjorie Hardy is principal of theprimary department of the GermantownFriends School, Philadelphia.I922Louis B. Stinnett is principal of theCopernicus School, Chicago. *** SamuelH. Nerlove, '22, A.M. '23, is with theFinancial and Economie Research section ofthe Treasury Department in Washingtonthis year. *** Jennie A. Sloan, A.M., isteaching at Alabama College at Montevallo.*** Robert C. Matlock, Jr., is engaged inresearch and development work for RCARadiotron Company, Harrison, New Jersey. *** Milton H. Sachsel is practicinglaw at 155 North Clark Street, Chicago.*** Bernadine M. Sullivan is teaching inthe high school at Cairo, Illinois. ***Frankie Jones is head of the history department at La Porte, Indiana, high school,and president of the LaPorte branch of theAmerican Association of UniversityWomen. *** Iva I. Sell has resigned fromthe division of home economics at the University of Minnesota to accept a similarposition at the University of West Virginia.*** E. Marie Puder, '22, S.M. '25, andMaud J. Puder, '24, are living at 6846Yale Avenue, Chicago. *** Claude W.Sankey, A.M., is superintendent of schoolsat Ida Grove, Iowa. *** Frances E. Emerson, A.M., is teaching at Frances ShimerSchool, Mt. Carroll, Illinois. *** WilliamM. Potts, '22, S.M. '27, is teaching at theA. & M. College of Texas, College Station,Texas. *** Hattie C. Green, A.M., isteaching at Sterling College, Sterling, Kansas. *** George W. A. Rutter, '22, A.M.'26, is teaching English at Evanston Town-ship High School. *** Norbert E. Smithis Indiana representative of the RyersonSteel Company in Indianapolis. *** AdrianD. Krans is practicing medicine at the CookCounty Hospital, Chicago. *** Mary M.Wyman is supervisor of health and safetyin the Louisville Public Schools. *** JohnBaumgartn^r, A.M., is superintendent of MakingBolsheviksBy Samuel N. HarperIn the midst of much talk of the"economie situation in Russia"Mr. Harper answers a questionthat thoushtful people are ask-ing: How are the people ofRussia being Jed to these goalswhich have been set for them?Mr. Harper, long a student ofRussian affairs, is just back fromhis fourteenth trip to Russia.$2.00Essays inPopulationBy James A. FieldA reconstruction and preser-vation of the lectures of the lateJames A. Field, whose courseson population were among thefirst in this country to be de-voted exclusively to this subject.$3.50Marriage and theCivic Rights ofWomenBySophonisba P. BreckinridgeAn illuminating commentaryona society which has changedfrom designating woman as alegally incapable being to ac-knowledging her as an inde-pendent, responsible person.$2.00Tune In"The Professor at theBreakfast Table"Every Monday and Friday morningat 8:35 WMAQ7 ChicagoThe University of Chicago Press204 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe Brinkley public schools and president ofthe Arkansas Athletic Association. *** Nel-lie Evers is studying in Spain. Her addressis Apartado 4, Azpeitia, Guipuzcoa, Spain.*** S. S. Shearer, S.M., is teaching bi-ology and acting as chairman of the sciencedepartment at State Teachers College,Shippensburg, Pennsylvania. *** Mrs.Léonard S. Diether (Mina Morrison)writes us that she is "merely a housewife."Her address, 1785 Casa Grande, Pasadena.*** Mary R. Harrison, A.M., is professorand head of the department of educationalpsychology at Park College, Parkville, Missouri.1923John A. Larson, A.M., is principal ofthe Senior High School and president ofthe Junior College at Little Rock, Arkansas. *** Margaret Rio is teaching general science in Oblong, Illinois, TownshipHigh School. *** Elizabeth Powers is supervisor of grades in Cadillac, Michigan.*** Beulah M. Woods, A.M., since her return from India in the summer has beenstudying in the School of Education at theUniversity. The first of February she be-gan teaching in the department of educationat Ashland College, Ashland, Ohio. ***Olin O. Stansbury is with Marshall Field& Company in the advertising department.***Florence Justin, A.M., is teaching atOhio University, Athens, Ohio.1924W. L. (Bill) Zorn is athletic directorat State Teachers College, Eau Claire, Wisconsin. *** William H. Adler, who is inthe publicity department of Radio-Keith-Orpheum, has been transferred from Chicago to the Los Angeles office. *** LoevaPierce is teaching mathematics in the highschool at San Angelo, Texas. *** Violet Z.Taft is dietitian at the Clark School for theDeaf, Northampton, Massachusetts. ***Lillian R. Watkins is teaching at CotteyJunior College, Nevada, Missouri. ***Arthur L. Eaton, A.M., is instructor in theCentral Y.M.C.A. Schools, Chicago. ***Helen M. Crane is teaching home economicsin Los Angeles. *** Ruth Freegard is state supervisor of home economics education inMichigan. Her headquarters are at Lan-sing. *** Alfred E. Nord, ex, is executivesecretary of the Racine and Kenoshacounties section of the Y.M.C.A., with hisheadquarters in Burlington, Wisconsin. ***trwin L. Fischer teaches piano and har-mony at the American Conservatory ofMusic, Chicago. *** Hazel P. Jenney iswith Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn,advertising agents, in New York. *** Eva-lyn Cohn is teaching at the Arthur DixonSchool, Chicago. *** Mrs. U. J. Mullen,(Frances Andrews) '24, A.M. '27, is managing the Students' Typing Service at 1326East 57th Street, Chicago. *** John B.Daffin, S.M., is teaching at Mary BaldwinCollege, Staunton, Virginia. *** A. J. Foxis instructor in education at the Eau ClaireState Teachers College. *** Marjorie Ju-lian is teaching in the high school at Syca-more, Illinois. *** J. L. Lewis, A.M., islocated at Toungoo, Burma. *** HazelOlson, S.M., is teaching in Jacksonville,Illinois. *** Crystal Reeder, S.M., is teaching in the Hammond, Indiana, High School.*** Myron N. Fisher, ex '20, and Mrs.Fisher (Alberta Hyman) '24, are livingat 5032 Woodlawn Avenue, Chicago. ***Cynthia J. Townsend, A.M., is principalof the high school at Girard, Kansas. ***J. Wesley Sparks has resigned his positionwith the Bureau of Standards at Washington and is now engaged in chemical researchwith the Standard Oil7Company at Whit-ing, Indiana. *** Kurt' R. Galle, A.M., isteaching at the Municipal Junior College,Arkansas City, Kansas. *** Nina M. Ed-wards, A.M., is teaching at Iberia JuniorCollege, Iberia, Missouri. ** Mrs. EdwardHarrison (Catharine Gault) is teachingSpanish in Calumet Senior High School,Chicago. *** Sivert G. Gilbertson, A.M.,is head of the public schools of Brecken-ridge, Minnesota. *** Margaret H. Cainis teaching English at Nicholas Senn HighSchool, Chicago. *** Henry C. Wilkerson,A.M., is teaching education and psychologyat State Teachers College, Platteville, Wisconsin. *** Laura Loetscher, S.M., isteaching bacteriology and botany at Flint,Michigan, Junior College. *** HarlandNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 205C. Embree, S.M., is teaching chemistry atFlint Junior College. *** Earl E. Hoff isWisconsin agent for the Allyn & BaconPublishing Company. His headquartersare in Fond du Lac. *** Arthur E. Trax-ler, A.M., is studying at the University.*** John Landesco is research director ofthe American Institute of Criminal Lawand Criminology, 189 West MadisonStreet, Chicago. *** Richard J. Demereeis manager of the Interfraternity Club,which has headquarters in the Hotel La-Salle, Chicago. *** Charles W. Alexanderis teaching in Roosevelt Senior High School,Chicago. *** Mona Fletcher, A.M., is assistant professor of history at Kent, Ohio,State College. *** Isabel Aitken is teachinghome economics at Monticello Seminary,Godfrey, Illinois, this year. *** Pearl E.Yost, '24, A.M. '27, is social studies criticin junior high school at Eau Claire StateTeachers College.1925Walter MacPeek is educational directorof the District of Columbia Council of theBoy Scouts of America. His headquartersare at 1846 Sixteenth Street, N.W., Washington. *** Irene Fagin is doing homeeconomics work with the extension divisionof the University of California. ***-Mrs.Elmer W. Olson (Marion Brown) is living at 6648 South Union Avenue, Chicago.*** Winifred Wadsworth is, living at 3Mitchell Place, New York City, and doingfashion promotion work in home furnish-ings. *** Gertrude M. Gilman, '25, A.M.'27, is teaching at the State Teachers College, Greeley, Colorado. *** Hortense L.Fox, '25, A.M. '29 is substituting at Lind-blom High School, Chicago. *** EllamayHoran, A.M., is professor of education atDePaul University. She is particularly in-terested in research in character educationand is the author of The Teaching of Catholic Ideals and Virtue Application for Boysand Girls and is editor of Notes for theTeacher of Religion. *** Elisabeth Colemanis head of the catalog department at theDavenport Public Library, Davenport,Iowa. **^ Maude L. Rupel, principal of the206 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEVan Cleve School, Dayton, Ohio, is actingpresident of the University of Chicago Clubof Dayton. *** Winifred Johnson is professor of history at State Teachers College,Cape Girardeau, Missouri. *** J. P. Gibbs,A.M., is instructor in business administra-tion at Morton Junior College, Cicero,Illinois. *** Horace S. Strong is assistantThe celebration of the twenty-fifth an-niversary of the Association of Doctors ofPhilosophy of the University of Chicago waspostponed for cogent reasons from June,1930, to a date to be set in the spring of193 1. That date has now been fixed, inaccordance with a large majority vote ofthose who expectto come, for Sat-urday, Aprii 4,I93LPresident Robert MaynardHutchins has issued a cordialinvitation to theDoctors to attenda complimentarydinner to be givenby the University on the evening of thatday. Preceding the dinner there will beampie opportunity for fraternal intercoursewith President Hutchins and after thedinner we shall have the privilege of hearinghis message to this select body of Chicagoalumni, now number ing over twenty-sixhundred, whose loyalty to the Universityis not exceeded by any other group.In the afternoon there will be confer-ences of various groups of Doctors and vis-itation trips to new buildings. There willalso be a business meeting for election ofofficers and determination of future policyof the Association, especially with refer-ence to the time of the annual meeting. Apersonal communication has been sent toali the Doctors and a more detailed programwill be mailed about March 15 to ali whoreturn acceptance cards not later thanMarch io. production manager and secretary to thegeneral manager of the Milwaukee divisionof the Nash Motors Corporation. *** AmyI. Moore, A.M., is instructor in mathe-matics methods and teacher training atKansas State Teachers College, Hays,Kansas. This is her second year in thatposition.1899Charles A. Ellwood was called to DukeUniversity last year to establish a new department of sociology.I90IMax Batt, supervisor of student publica-tions at MarshallHigh School,Chicago, recentlyedited the Col-lected Writingsof Louis J. Block.1905Glenn M.Hobbs is head ofthe technical department of theW. M. Welch Scientific Company, Chicago. *** C. J. Lynde is professor of physicsin Teachers College, Columbia University.Macmillan & Company have recently issued a revised edition of his Physics of theHousehold.1909Arnold Dresden, professor of mathemat-ics at Swarthmore College, is the authorof Solid Analytical Geometry and Deter-minants published by John Wiley & Sons.I9IIGeorge P. Jackson is writing a book onfolk music practices in the South, to bepublished this year.1913Edwina A. Cowan, recently appointedHead of the Wichita Child Research Laboratory at Friends University, is theDoctors of PhilosophyNOTICEA new issue of the Register of the Doctors of Philosophy is about to go to press.If you have changed title or address sinceyou last reported, or if for any reason youhave not been properly registered in thisdirectory, please send word immediately tothe Alumni Office.NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 207author of The Psychologist Keeps House,published by the Midwest Publishing Company, and Bringing up Your Child, published by Duffield.I9I4George B. Rigg, professor of botany atthe University of Washington, was recentlyappointed to the staff of the University ofWashington Oceanography Institute. ***J. O. Lofberg, professor of classics at Ober-lin College, was recently elected secretary-treasurer of the Classical Association ofMiddle West and South. *** Chester Mc-Cown is director of the American School ofOrientai Research at Jerusalem.1915Jesse F. Steiner, professor of sociology atTulane University, is on leave of absenceto serve as member of staff of the presidentecommittee for the Investigation of SocialTrends. *** Charles A. Shull, '05, Ph.D.'15, is a member of the department of botany at the University. *** Duncan Alexander MacGibbon was recently appointedCommissioner, Board of Grain, Commissioners of Canada, for a term of ten years.I917T. M. Simpson, Jr., member of the research committee, Virginia Academy ofScience, for 1930-35, is co-author of Algebra for Junior and Senior High Schools,published by the Johnson Publishing Company, 1930.I920Alice H. Farnsworth, associate professorof astronomy at Mount Holyoke College,holds the Martin Kellogg Fellowship of theUniversity of California, and is doing research at Lick Observatory while on sab-batical leave from Mount Holyoke.I92IJ. William Buchanan is associate professor of zoology at Northwestern University. *** Christen Jensen, head of thedepartment of history and politicai scienceat Brigham Young University, was recentlyappointed the first dean of the new graduate ^Meeting Problems<uìs They <uìrise"Swift & Company has al-ways been able to meet problems of this kind (problemsarising from business depres-sion) by getting its expensesdown. During the past yearwe did splendid work in making new savings in expenses —and we shall keep at it. Thereal basis of our profits lies inour ability to eliminate wastesand to convert these wastesinto savings." — from annualaddress of President Louis F.Swift to shareholders.Other striking facts of business also are set forth in theSwift 85 Company 1931 YearBook, which has just beenpublished.We shall be glad to sendyou a copy free. Just fili outthe coupon below and mail.Swift & CompanySwift 85 Company4156 Packers AvenueChicago, Illinois.Please mail me free a copy of Swift 85Company *s 1931 Year Book.Name Street Address- City and State 208 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEschool at Brigham Young. *** Helen L.Koch is associate professor in the department of home economics at the Universityof Chicago. *** Fred W. Emerson, professor of biological sciences at New MexicoNormal University, Las Vegas, New Mexico, is the author of A Botanical Surveyof Big Basims.1922Ludlow S. Bell is associate curator ofthe Egyptian department of the Metropolitan Museum, New York, and lecturer inEgyptology and curator of the Egyptiancollection at Yale University. *** IrvingGarwood is professor and head of the English department at Western Illinois StateTeachers College, Macomb, Illinois, andthe author of Health Manual of the Litera-ture of England, published by the HeathCompany last June. *** Frederick D. Mc-Clusky is director of the ScarboroughSchool, Scarborough-on-Hudson, NewYork, vice-president of the department ofvisual education of the N. E. A. and president of the National Academy of VisualInstruction. *** M. H. Bickham is superintendent of the Central Placement Bureaufor Handicapped Workers, Chicago. ***Wesley M. Gewehr, professor and head ofthe department of history at AmericanUniversity, Washington, D.C. is theauthor of Great Awakening in Virginia,iy4o-go, published by the Duke UniversityPress in 1930.I923William H. Johnson, inventor of theJohnson visualizer, is the author of PrimaryCharacter Book Series published by D. C.Heath & Company last fall. *** Donald W.Riddle, associate professor of New Testa-ment literature at the U. of C, is theauthor of The Martyrs: A Study in SocialControl, published by the U. of C. Press.I924John T. Myers is professor of bacteriol-ogy and public health and director of thedispensary at the Medicai College of theUniversity of Nebraska. *** Claude C.Crawford is the author of Studying the Major Subjects and Learning a NewLanguage.I92SMargaret S. Chaney is professor of homeeconomics and chairman of the departmentat Connecticut College.I926Marjorie Anderson, instructor in English at Hunter College, is co-author of anAnglo-Saxon grammar and reader publishedby Houghton Mifflin. *** Lee M. Roder-ick is professor of veterinary science atNorth Dakota Agricultural College andanimai pathologist in the Agricultural Ex-periment Station. *** Richard H. Thorntonis executive vice-president of Henry Holt& Company of New York. *** Sybil Wood-ruff is assistant professor of home economicsand assistant chief in foods in the Agricultural Experiment Station at the Universityof Illinois.I927Paul L. Whitely is professor of psychology at Franklin and Marshall College, Lan-caster, Pennsylvania.I928Paul J. Ovrebo is professor of physicsand head of the department at SusquehannaUniversity. *** Helen H. Miller is co-author of The Giani of the WesternWorld". America and Europe in a NorthAtlantic Civilization published by Morrow.I929Merrill E. Gaddis is head of the department of history and government at CentralCollege, Fayette, Missouri. *** Wilton M.Krogman, instructor in physical anthropol-ogy at the University, is spending this yearin Europe as National Research CouncilFellow in Anthropology. His headquartersare at the Royal College of Surgeons in London. *** H. G. Creel is research fellow inthe humanities, American Council ofLearned Societies, 1930-31. *** James M.McCallister was recently appointed dean ofinstruction at Northern State TeachersCollege, Aberdeen, South Dakota.NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 209Divinity1928R. C. Bensen, D.B. '28, Ph.D. '30, isprofessor of philosophy in McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.I929Lillian R. Johnston, A.M., has accepteda position as director of religious educationat the First Plymouth CongregationalChurch, Lincoln, Nebraska.1930Jesse H. Atwood, Ph.D., is assistant professor of sociology at Knox College, Gales-burg, Illinois. *** Raymond R. Brewer,A.M. '28, Ph.D. '30, is professor of Bibleand religion in the College of the Ozarks,Clarksville, Arkansas. *** Ruth M. Campbell, A.M., is now membership and socialsecretary for the Y.W.C.A. of Minneapolis.*** Abbott P. Herman, Ph.D., is professorof sociology at Hillsdale College, Hillsdale,Michigan. *** Daniel H. Schultze, Ph.D.,has been appointed on the faculty of Willamette University, Salem, Oregon.T. Chandler Burton was ordained by thePresbytery of Duluth on Sunday, December28, 1930. He is pastor of the Glen AvonPresbyterian Church, Duluth, Minnesota.Mr. and Mrs. Burton are the parents ofSamuel Franklin who is about four monthsold. *** J. H. Hughes is pastor of theFirst Baptist Church, Chattanooga, Tennessee, one of the large churches of thatdenomination in the South. *** John V.Madison is now pastor of the RiversideCommunity Methodist Episcopal Church,Sioux City, Iowa, which is the merger ofthe Riverside Congregational Church andthe Sarah French Memorial M. E. Church.*** Charles A. Stewart is in charge of ahigh school of 430 boys and some twentyteachers at Dhariwal, Punjab, India. Mrs.Stewart is helping in a girls' school.LawBon Voyage to Dean BigelowThe, largest attendance on record — into be exact — graced the Law School Lunch-eon on Friday, December 12, 1930, at The Faculty . . .The Alumni . . .The Student Bodyof the University of ChicagoWill find here unusual facilitiesfor dinners, dances, luncheons,business meetings — plus acordial welcome that evidencesour wish to cooperate with aliUniversity of Chicago socialfunctions — large or small —formai or informai.HOTELsuonivi. AMI55th Street at the LakeTelephone Plaza 1000TROYATHENSCRETEDELPHIISTANBULFollow Aeneas with us nextsummer on our specially char-tered steamer.Low Cost — DelightfulVacation — University LeadershipMay We Send You Folder and Map?BUREAU of UNIVERSITY TRAVEL86 Boyd St. Newton, Mass.2IO THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe Morrison Hotel. A doublé attractionprovided the drawing card. Dean Bigelowand Judge Denis E. Sullivan of the SuperiorCourt of Cook County vied with eachother for the honors.Dean Bigelow was preparing to leavein about a week for another six months inAfrica hunting elephants. The luncheonprovided the opportunity for the alumnito wish him a successful trip, and affordedhim some practice in making a few partingshots at the alumni before turning his gunson the elephants.Judge Sullivan dealt with the subjectof "Receiverships in State Courts," basedon about sixteen years of experience insitting in the chancery division, duringwhich time he has probably handled morereceiverships than any other one judge inthis county. In particular, he dwelt uponthe technical pitfalls during the variousstages of receivership which cause so manylawyers to receive hard bumps. From thatstandpoint the talk was distinctly helpfuland instructive. The judge emphasizedover and over the importance of minutecare and attention to details.President Charles P. Schwartz presided,but asked Dean Bigelow to take charge ofI927Marion Hathaway, A.M., was electedsecretary of the Washington Conference ofSocial Work which will have its next meeting in Spokane, Washington.1930Eleanor Goltz, A.M., has accepted aposition as social worker for the CraneFund which was established for the careof widows and children. *** Frank Z.Glick, A.M., is secretary of the IllinoisConference of Social Work which held ameeting in Springfield, Illinois, this fall.*** Irene Martin has taken a position withthe United Charities of Chicago, and VenitaLewis is working with the Joint ServiceBureau under the division of child placing. the meeting and to introduce Judge Sullivan.Luncheon ProgramThe Law School Association, under theleadership of the President, Charles P.Schwartz, is giving a series of monthlyluncheons devoted to the principal problems of lawyers in the various courts inwhich the lawyers of Cook County practice.The first talk was by Judge Evan A. Evansof the United States Circuit Court of Ap-peals, in November. The December luncheon was addressed by Judge Denis E.Sullivan of the Superior Court of CookCounty, on the subject: "Receiverships inState Court." In January, Judge Frederick R. Young will discuss the matterfrom the standpoint of the Supreme Court.Judge Henry Horner will follow either inFebruary or March with a talk on similarproblems in the Probate Court. It isprobable that the other two speeches willrelate to the County Court and the Munic-ipal Court.Over fifty attended the November meeting, and one hundred eleven carne out inDecember. Apparently, this particularseries of talks presents a strong appeal tothe Chicago lawyers.The following students who were inresidence during the Autumn Quarter havetaken positions with the United Charitiesto help meet the emergency unemploymentsituation: Mrs. Cressida Durham, EstelleHolman, Mrs. Rebecca Lambert, EvelynMatthews, Gladys Nilson and Alice Gibson.Assistant Professor Earl D. Meyers,who has just returned from Germany wherehe has been engaged in studying the post-war Child Welfare development for thepast year and a half, has been given anotherleave of absence during the Winter andSpring Quarters which he will spend teaching at Tulane University, New Orleans.Social Service AdministrationNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONSThe University of Chicago Settlement,now under the direction of Mollie Ray Carroll, 'n, Ph.D. '20, has set up a new Committee on Neighborhood UnemploymentService and the School has loaned WilmaWalker of the faculty to take charge ofthis work. Two Leila Houghteling Fel-lows (Helen Thompson and Alice Theo-dorson) and three other students from theSchool, ali of whom have completed theirelementary field work assignments, are car-rying this work under the supervision ofMiss Wilma Walker and with the help ofthe Settlement residents.A. W. McMillen, who has been a stafflecturer for the last three years and whowas teaching at Tulane University duringthe Autumn Quarter, has now returnedand is again giving courses on Administra-tion of Social Agencies and CommunityOrganizàtions.EngagementsBertha Louise Moore, '20, to EdwardJ. Marum, '18.Frances Murphey, '27, to Kryn Bloomof Escanaba, Michigan.Thad C. Hoke, '27, to Helen M. Tobinof Chicago.Frances Merrill, '28, to Charles T.Brewster of Tilton, New Hampshire.Alien M. Wolf, '28, J.D. '30, to Naomi Bach of Chicago.Fannie Eleanor Berliss, '29, to JosephRosenbaum, '24, J.D. '26.Ethel Bobinsky, '30, to Maurice G.Shanberg, '24, J.D. '26.Carolyn B. Marks, '30, to Dr. WalterW. Silberman of Chicago.MarriagesJohn H. Linson, M.D. '12, to HelenP. Satre, September 13, 1930. At home,Detroit, Michigan.George H. McDonald, '18, J.D. '20,to Catherine Hackett, November 1, 1930, atLos Angeles. At home, 911 Twenty-fourthStreet, Rock Island, Illinois.Emily 'Talbot, '23, to Charles EdwinO'Neil, September 11, 1930, at Enghien-les-Bains, France. At home, 4 rue de la Stephens CollegeColumbia, MissouriA Junior College forWomenFully Accredited by theUniversity of ChicagoLet Us Teli You About theFour Year Junior CollegeCourse for Your DaughterJAMES M. WOODPresidentPaulH. Davis, '11 Herbert I. Markham, Ex. '06Ralph W. Davis, '16 Walter M. Giblin, >23Paal RDavls &<9<xMembersNEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGECHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE37 South LaSalle StreetTelephone Franklin 8622CHICAGOUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEThe downtown department of The University of Chicago, 18 S. Michigan Avenue,wishes the Alumni of the University andtheir friends to know that it offersEvening, Late Afternoon and Saturday ClassesTwo-Hour Sessions Once or Twice a WeekCourses Credited Toward University DegreesAutumn, Winter and Spring QuartersThe Spring Quarter begins March 30, 1931Registration period, March 21-29For Information, AddressDean, C. F. Huth, University College,University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.212 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPorte du Pare, Sevres, Seine-et-Oise,France.Ramona Dyas, '24, to Ewart H. Jarvis,December 28, 1930, at Bond Chapel, University of Chicago. At home, 5205 Green-wood Avenue, Chicago*Joyce E. Snepp, '27, to Dr. Denzil K.King, June 14, 1930, at Indianapolis. Athome, 1421 Central Avenue, Indianapolis.C. B. Jensen, A.M. '28, D.B. '29, toHelen F. Edwards, June 30, 1930. Athome, 457 Main Street, Hartford, Connecticut.Betty Potovsky, '29, to Milton L. Durch-slag, '28, J.D. '30, November 27, at Chicago. At home, 18 19 Humboldt Boulevard, Chicago.Kathryn A. Sandmeyer, '29, to Pratt R.Loveland, August 16, 1930, at BondChapel, University of Chicago. At home,51 East 72nd Street, Chicago.Betty Rouse, ex '30, to Leslie M. Beals,December 16, 1930, at Thorndike HiltonALUMNIPROFESSIONALDIRECTORYReal EstateJ. Alton Lauren, '19J« Alton Lauren and Co.139 N. Clark St. Randolph 2068 Chapel, University of Chicago. At home,5470 Cornell Avenue, Chicago.Robert D. Wilcox, '30, to Hazel AnneWiggles, in November, 1930, at Chicago.At home, 5757 Dorchester Avenue, Chicago.BirthsTo Francis L. Hutsler, '14, and Mrs.Hutsler a son, Robert, September 20, 1930,at Beverly Hills, California.To Dr. George R. Johnstone, S.M.,'17, Ph.D. '24, and Mrs. Johnstone, a son,in September, 1930, at Los Angeles.To Ernest Bouldin Harper, D.B. '20,Ph.D. J22, and Mrs Harper (Lyssa Chalk-ley) '20, a daughter, Eleanor Breckenridge,October 9, 1930, at Kalamazoo, Michigan.To Roland Barker, 21, and Mrs,. Barker(Ruth Hess) '23, a son, Gordon, November16, 1930, at Hinsdale, Illinois.To Richard Foster Flint, '22, Ph.D. '25,and Mrs. Flint (Margaret Haggott) J20,a daughter, Anne Rutherford, December20, 1930, at New Haven, Connecticut.To Mrs. Duane L. Heller (Floy M.Horrocks) '24, a son, Duane Bowden, December 16, 1930, at Chicago.To Lieutenant and Mrs. Harry F.Townsend (May Yeoman) '26, a son, DonGarrett, December 1, 1930, at Fort Mills,RI.To Rev. Cari A. Nissen, A.M. '29, andMrs. Nissen, a son, Cari Andrew, Jr., June26, 1930, at Manhattan, Kansas.To Mirror^ 249 Faculty Exchange,University of ChicagoEnclosed is $_ _for_ -seatsfor"WhatHo!"the night of (February 27) (February 28) .Name AddressSeats are priced at $2.00, $1.50 and $1.00