fcjpr** <«,THE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGO MAGAZINEVOL.XXII /(7iV£, 7ft?0 NUMBER 8Detail, New York University Educational Building, New York City.James Qamble Rogers, Architect. Thompson Starrett Company, BuildersVARIEQATED Indiana Limestone.Your Opinion Counts!Let your building authorities \now the type of architecture you admire.Send for an illustrateci brochure picturing beautiful college buildingsTHERE is no substitutc for naturaistone! Architects realize this. In college and university, the tradition is espe-cially well established.Indiana Limestone is by ali odds thestone most widcly used in this country.It is a limestone of finer quality than thatof which the great cathedrals of Europeare built. Nature has provided an un-limited supply in southern Indiana, whenceit can be shipped economically to any partof this country or Canada. The difference in cost between genuineIndiana Limestone and other less satisfac-tory materials is small. Then why permita substitutc?See that your new buildings are to havethe enduring beauty which Indiana Limestone alone can give. Locai stones rarelyduplicate its attractiveness. We have pre-pared an illustrated brochure picturingmodem collegiate buildings of this fine-grained, light-colored naturai stone. Writefor a copy. Address Dept. 1619C, ServiceBureau, Bedford, Indiana.INDIANA LIMESTONE COMPANYGeneral Offices: Bedford, Indiana Executive Offices: Tribune Tower, Chicago®f)e Wlnibtxèity of Chicago 4Haga?meEditor and Business Manager, Charlton T. Beck '04EDITORIAL BOARD: Commerce and Administration Associatìon — Rollin D. He-mens, '21; Divinity Association — C. T. Holman, D.B., '16; Doctors' Association — D. J.Fisher, '17, Ph.D., '22; Law Association— Charles F. McElroy, A.M., '06, J. D., '15;School of Education Association — Lillian Stevenson, '21 ; Rush Medicai Association —Morris Fishbein, 'ii, M.D., '12; College — Roland F. Holloway, '20; Allen Heald,'26; Wm. V. Morgenstern *20, J.D., '22; Faculty — Fred B. Millett, Department ofEnglish.John P. Mentzer, '98, ChairmanI Al T H I -nOn our cover — the South entrance toIda Noyes Hall. Compieteci in 191 6 thishomelike building, facing on the Midway,has assumed a most important place in thelife and worfc of the University. Centerof the social life for women with its libraryand lounge, its social rooms and theatre,it houses as well a gymnasium, a natatoriumand a refectory.e « wIs the chain store a menace? Shouldthe bright red store front be a welcomingbeacon for the prospettive buyer or shouldit be recognized as a stop light and a dan-ger signal ? With the Federai Trade Com-mission investigating, and a thousand legis-lators castigating, what more appropriatetime for presenting an illuminating butdispassionate story of the chain stores, byone who knows more about them than theoriginai welder of the links. In the early years of the century we usedto sing:JTwas on the good ship CuspidorWe salìed for Baffins Bay,We tied her to the ocean whileThe bulwarks ate some hay.The boys of 1930 never heard of the Cuspidor but on the good ship Bowdoin theyare going to view the beauties of Baffin'sLand, with Donald MacMillan in com-mand and old Bill Thomas demonstratingthe elements of navigation and adminis-tering the castor oil.This is not a geology issue of the Maga-zine, but we are fortunate in presentingJohn McBrady's story of the Alberta oilfields and to teli of Walt Atwood's workin — and for — the national parks.THE Magazine is published at 1009 SloanSt, Crawfordsville, Ind., monthly from No-vember to July, inclusive, for The AlumniCotmcil of the University of Chicago, 58th St.and Ellis Ave., Chicago, 111. The subscriptionprice is $2.00 per year; the price of single copiesis 25 cents.Remittances should be made payable to theAlumni Council and should be in the Chicagoor New York exchange, postai or express moneyorder. If locai check is used, 10 cents must beadded for collection.Claims for missing numbers should be madewithin the month following the regular month of publication. The Publishers expect to supplymissing numbers free only when they have beenlost in transit.Communications pertaining to advertising maybe sent to the Publication Office, 1009 Sloan St.,Crawfordsville, Ind., or to the Editorial Office,Box 9, Faculty Exchange, The University ofChicago.Communications for publication should be sentto the Chicago Office.Entered as second class matter December 10,1924, at the Post Office at Crawfordsville, Indiana, under the Act of March 3, 1879.Member of Alumni Magazines Associated.401The Grand Teton — Youngest of Our National ParksVol. xx ii No- 8tElmtoefótt? of Cfncago4ttaga?meJUNE, 1930The Chain StoreBy James L. Palmer, A.M. '23Associate Professor of MarketingWIDESPREAD vitriolic attacksupon the chain store as a socialinstitution have during the pastyear or two focused the public eye on massretailing for the second time in its history.A generation ago the department store andmail order house ran the gauntlet of publicindignation. The chain store is now suffer-ing the same experience,For a decade or more independent re-tailers, wholesalers, chamber of commerce,and editors of partisan trade papers havebeen more or less sporadically disseminatingpropaganda about the "chain store menace."Most of this propaganda sprang not fromhonest fear for the welfare of the community but from the instinct of self preser-vation. Until about two years ago the effectof this propaganda was in the aggregatenegligible. Consumers as a class were in-creasing their patronage of the chains andpoliticians had not yet seized upon the issueas one of any importance.In May, 1928, however, the UnitedStates Senate passed a resolution introducedby Senator Brookhart directing the FederaiTrade Commission to undertake an inquiryinto the chain store system of marketing. This resolution directed the commission toascertain : ( 1 ) The extent to which chainstore consolidations have been effected inviolation of the anti-trust laws, if at ali ;(2) the extent to which combinations ofsuch organizations are susceptible to regu-lation under the Federai Trade Commission or the anti-trust laws, if at ali; (3)what legislation, if any, should be enactedfor the purpose of regulating and control-ling chain-store distribution. During thepast year the commission has been con-ducting this inquiry. It has been organizedon a very extensive scale and is stili inprogress. Indications are that the final re-port of the commission will not be availablebefore 1931.In the meantime a flood of anti-chainpropaganda has been released. The move-ment has centered in the South but hasspread rapidly throughout the country.Several anti-chain associations have beenformed and scores of thousands of smallmerchants have been solicited for member-ship. Many have joined. Violent attackson the chains, most of them unreasoned,have been made in large number through thepress and over the radio. Many politicians,4034o4 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEincluding the governors of several states,have publicly announced their support ofthe anti-chain crusade. Sixty-odd anti-chainbills were introduced in state legislaturesin 1929 but only three became law. Need-less to say, the National Chain Store Association has been very active in combatingthese attempts at legislation.An arresting fact about the campaignagainst chain stores is that it has not beeninitiated and sponsored either by the publicor by independent merchants. For the mostpart ìhe movement has been instigated byself-appointed champions of the cause of thesmall merchant. Many merchants have ofcourse thrown themselves into the movement but most of them have done so as aresult of the promotional activities -of thenewly created anti-chain associations andsuch individuals as W. K. Henderson ofShreveport, Louisiana. It is interesting tonote that most of the established associationsof retail merchants have not joined forceswith the new organizations and in numerousinstances have voiced their opposition tothem. In the eyes of many merchants, tradeleaders and unbiased observers the movement is for the most part a deliberatelyorganized "racket" the ultimate effect ofwhich will be the lining of the pockets ofits sponsors rather than the strengtheningof the position of the small merchant.The main objects of attack in this anti-chain war are approximately twenty-fivecorporations operating a total of between50,000 and 75,000 stores throughout theUnited States. The largest of these is theGreat Atlantic and Pacific Tea Company,with 15,000 stores and an annual salesvolume of over one billion dollars. Eachof about a dozen other chains, includingKroger, Safeway, American Stores, Wool-worth, Kresge, Penney, Sears Roebuck andMontgomery Ward has between 300 and6,000 stores and a sales volume of over$100,000,000. In addition to these largeorganizations there are thousands of smallchains which are no doubt feeling the effectof anti-chain propaganda. They are to befound in every retail trade but are most con-spicuous in the grocery, drug, variety andtobacco trades. In the aggregate the chains have acquired control of at least 15% ofthe retail trade of the country, mainly asa result of rapid growth during the past tenor fìfteen years. During this period theyhave expanded steadily in ali parts of thecountry, have made excellent profits andhave embarrassed a great many wholesalers,small retailers and department stores. Somehave been forced out of business, othershave experienced declines in volume andprofits. Yet others, spurred by chain com-petition, have improved their methods andhave prospered.The main reason for the rapid growth ofchains in recent years probably lies in theirability to render better service and sell atlower prices than can many of their com-petitors. Mass operation has given themnumerous advantages over the average smallmerchant. Part of the savings resultingfrom these advantages have probably beenpassed on to consumers in the form of lowerprices. Part of them have undoubtedly goneto stockholders in the form of dividends.During the past decade practically ali of thelarge chains have earned very substantialprofits. While indications are that thechains have done a better job of serving theconsumer than have many of their competi-tors this is by no means universally acceptedas the main explanation of chain growth.It has been alleged upon numerous occa-sions that various forms of unfair competi-tion, including misrepresentation, price dis-crimination and selling below cost, havebeen important f actors. One purpose of theFederai Trade Commission investigation isto determine the extent to which unfaircompetitive practices have been employed bythe chains.Wherever the explanation of chaingrowth may He we can be reasonably sureof the ability of small merchants of intelligence to offer effective competition to thechains. By the use of efficient methods, bymodem merchandising and by exploitingsuch advantages as the small business pos-sesses thousands of independent merchantsthe country over have prospered in the faceof chain expansion.There is no reason for predicting that thesemerchants will be driven to the wall byTHE CHAIN STORE 405any conceivable developments in the future.The main chain store issue before thepublic today is whether or not the chainsare in the public interest. If they are theconditions of the past which have permittedtheir growth should be allowed to pre-vail in the future. If they are not theyshould be regulated or perhaps destroyed.The facts of the case are not sufEcientlyknown to permit a final answer to this ques-tion at the present time. A brief discus-sion of the two sides of the question will•perhaps be of interest however.The case for the chain can be very brieflysummarized. Its major claims to publicsupport seem to be thej following:( 1 ) It has in ali probability lowered thecost of distribution and reducedprices to the consumer. From avail-able data these facts cannot beproved but the weight of the evi-dence supports them.(2) It has in a great many cases im-proved service to the consumer.This improved service has takennumerous forms. Among these aremore attractive and more sanitarystores, better personal service andfresher stocks. In some instanceschains have been able to supply com-munities with goods unobtainablefrom other sources.( 3 ) The chain store, by its rapid growth,has set in motion, a large number ofimprovements in the distributivemethods of its competitors and ofmanufacturers. Countless distributive agencies, as a result of chaincompetition, have been compelled toabandon traditional and wastefulpractices and modernize their methods.(4) The chain has enhanced the sta-bility of the retail trade structure.It has lowered or will eventuallylower the mortality rate of retailoutlets. It has replaced thousandsof poor credit and business risks witha small number of organizations ofunquestipnable permanence and re-liability. It has provided reason- ably secure and profitable employ-ment for many thousands of personswho in the absence of the chainwould be compelled to face greaterrisks than they now encounter.The opponents of the chain store havecriticized it on a great many differentgrounds, some valid, others undoubtedly in-valid. Among the charges receiving thewidest publicity are the following:(1) The chain takes money out of thelocai community and tends to bringabout its impoverishment. This isat the same time the unsoundest andone of the most widely circulated ofthe pleas against the chain. Ourwhole trade structure is based uponfree trade between communities.Money necessarily flows out of theone community to buy the goods ofother communities, and in turn fìowsback in to pay for goods which thefirst makes and sells to the others.The fact that money flows out is initself of no significance. It is en-tirely possible to have maximumprosperity in a community whichbuys ali of its automobiles fromother cities. Chains do not entercommunities headed for impoverishment. Their effect is to elevaterather than lower the standard ofliving of groups which they serve.While there may be no economiegrounds upon which to base a "pat-ronize home industry" appeal it ofcourse must be admittéd that senti-mental reasons for so doing may ex-ist. The locai grocer may be a re-spected citizen of long standing inthe community. For several reasonsand in order to preserve the friend-ships of the past his neighbors maynot want to see him driven to thewall by a chain. This sort of thingmay be a complete justification forpatronizing the locai merchant re-gardless of service or price consider-ations. Every small town has a cer-tain picturesqueness and neighborlyatmosphere which its citizens may406 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEwish to preserve irrespective of economie considerations. If this be theprevailing philosophy a perfectlygood reason exists for barring thechains. But to reason that they im-poverish the community by with-drawing money from it is to revertto an economie doctrine scrapped asunsound centuries ago.(2) A second popular charge against thechain store is that it destroys oppor-tunity and "tends to produce a nation of clerks." The same objectioncan be and has been voiced againstmass operation in any form. Thebasic issue seems to be whether wewish to be a nation of small shop-keepers and craftsmen, each of whomis his own boss, or a nation of largecorporations for which most of uswork in the capacity of employees.France, except for a few of its cities,is an illustration of the former, andits people seems to be reasonablycontented with the situation as it is.In this country on the other handthe economie urge has long beendominant. The average person hasrelatively little concern about theform of the economie structure aslong as it produces a higher andhigher real income. He seems will-ing to spend eight hours a day on themost routine job imaginable if by sodoing he can make a reasonable income. Generally speaking he pre-fers to patronize the chain store ifby so doing he can make his paycheck go further.To the extent that people placeprimary emphasis upon materialprosperity and display relativelylittle interest in the types of employ-ment opportunities that exist thechains can hardly be criticized on theground that they destroy opportun-ity. They simply change the condì-tions of employment in much thesame way as has large-scale production. As factories developed it be-came desirable to pass, laws regulat-ing working conditions, but we did not see fit to prevent the growth oflarge producing units. Very muchthe same condition exists with re-gard to the chain store. Regulatorylegislation may be desirable but onecan not establish a strong case forprohibitory action.As a matter of fact the basiccharge is probably not true. Thereis ampie evidence that the advantagespossessed by the chain are not suchas to make it impossible for the smallmerchant to prosper. If he is ef-ficient he can. The chain has de-stroyed opportunity only for the in-competent. It has probably rendereda social service in so doing.(3) The chain store is also attacked ongrounds of being monopolistic.With regard to this it is possible onlyto point out that the charge cannotbe proved. Such data as are nowavailable indicate that very keencompetition exists in ali the retailtrades. The largest chain in exist-ence controls not over 12% of thegrocery trade of the country. It isat least arguable that monopoly isunattainable in the field of retailingbecause of the nature of the field.A particularly strong case to thiseffect could be established in thegrocery trade where there are sev-eral hundred thousand outlets in ex-istence. Chains do not control over20% of these at present. In myopinion it is impossible at the present time to establish a charge ofmonopoly against any chain now inexistence. The fortheoming reportof the Federai Trade Commissionmay throw further light upon thisquestion however.(4) A fourth charge against the chainsis that they resort to predatory competitive practices and that their success is due mainly to unfair competition. Several specific charges haverecently been given widespread pub-licity by the opponents of chains.One is that of misrepresentation andTHE CHAIN STORE 407adulteration. A second is that thechains sell certain merchandise be-low cost in order to eliminate com-petitors. A third is that chains re-ceive "inside" prices from suppliersand are favored with discounts andallowances which are not justifiableon economie grounds. Ali of theseallegations can without question beproved in individuai cases. Individuai chains, or units of chains haveundoubtedly indulged in misrepre-sentation. Products have upon oc- .casion been sold below cost to em-barrass competition. In individuaicases chains have received discrim-inatory prices in buying. It is verydoubtful, however, whether the firsttwo of these practices have beenprevalent or typical of chain merchandising. Indications are that thecompetitors of chains have made justas extensive use of them as have thechains. We must wait upon thefindings of the Federai Trade Commission to determine the extent towhich the third factor has been re-sponsible for chain progress.Whatever be the facts in the mat-ter action should be taken againstthe chains to prevent the use of aliunfair methods. The present gov-ernment investigation will presum-ably give us the necessary facts uponwhich to proceed. It is obviouslyunsound to permit any organizationto succeed and drive others out ofbusiness through the use of predatorymethods. Whatever be the extentto which such methods have beenemployed in the past it is in the public interest to prevent their use inthe future.While the above analysis of the socialaspeets of the chain store is not exhaustiveit nevertheless embraces the more importantissues involved. Because of lack of factsit is of course impossible to determine what action should be taken by the public in itsown interest. It is obvious that much ofthe agitation against the chain is based uponunsound reasoning. At the same time thereis no question but that certain phases ofchain operation should be carefully investi-gated and their special consequences studied.When ali the facts are obtained the issuewill probably be whether to employ regula-tory or prohibitory legislation in dealingwith the chains. By means of the former itwill be possible to prevent or reduce theamount of unfair competitive practice andto guard against unreasonable restraint oftrade. By means of the latter it will bepossible to destroy the chain. It is verydoubtful whether the latter will proveadvisable. The chain is now passingthrough a stage such as was first experiencedby the corporate type of business enterprise,and later by the department store and mailorder house. Its social usefulness is beingquestioned, to some extent by the public,to a greater extent by its competitors. Manystate legislatures have already attempted todestroy it by discriminatory legislation.Almost without exception these efforts havebeen unsuccessful. It is quite possible thatwithin the next year or two the issue willreceive the attention of Congress. It is ofcourse impossible to predict with certaintywhat action will be taken in the futureeither by Congress or by the legislativebodies of the various states. But if we areto reason from precedent and the presentstate of the public mind nothing beyondregulatory legislation will find a permanentplace on the statute books. It is conceiv-able but highly improbable that the chaincan be proved to be contrary to the publicinterest. The probability is that withinthe next five years the issue will have passedentirely out of the public eye, the professional agitators who are now so active willhave sought other fields of profitable em-ployment, and the place of the chain in ourmarket structure will have been graduallyconceded.Sojourn on a SummitBy Henry Justin Smith, '98XVI1.THE WINTER slowly wore itselfout. There were tempests whichhurled clouds of snow aroundcorners, and cold days wiien every passage-way was^bleak, and radiators hissed in offices. There were deluges of rain and sleetwhich fell impolitely upon people issuingfrom public lectures, upon faculty wives andtheir friends going home from concerts.It seemed lonely on the Summit, somedays. Its towers loomed withdrawn andchili. One had a fancy that the literalworld had deserted this place, and that itsmanifold concerns went on in a dream-place, an ice-bound fairyland, into whichmany very mundane young people, afflictedwith duties toward its gods, had strayed.But gradually, while scholastic journeysand troubles drew toward an end, the sea-son spent itself. Winter began to with-draw, as deliberate as an academic reces-sional. Snow stili lay banked at the feetof the laboratories, but, thank God ! it wasmelting. There carne winds of a differenttemper. There carne sunshine and softrain. There carne the mists, once morewreathing the towers. Birds reclaimedtheir nests in the campus groves. Acrossthe open spaces carne voices, laughter, music.2.The Dean, wearing a new plaid necktie,was ambling toward his office. From underhis bushy eyebrows he twinkled at the flirt-ing robins; he twinkled, too, at humancouples loitering in courts and archways.And he chanted for the Lowlander's benefit:""It was the charming month of May '"(Or very nearly )¦"When ali the flowers were f resh and gay ;""One morning, by the break of day,"The youthful, charming Chloe "^'Let's see, how does the rest go ?" A young man and woman, deep in converse, drew near. The Dean tipped his hatrichly. After the couple had passed, hewalked on in silence for a few paces, thenlaughed. He opened his mouth to speak,closed it again, then, as though surrender-ing to impulse, suddenly said :"Lowlander, I give you a university par-able :"In a certain city lived a ConsideralePerson; a mighty man of business. Not acultured person; no, no! A practical citizen, a hard-shell. Let him be called Mr.Rhino. . . . Now this man had a daughter ;a very eccentric daughter, whom he did notunderstand. Among her vagaries was adesire to study, a hankering to get off incorners with books, while the rest of thefamily passed the gin and turned on theradio. This is a modem parable."The young lady, owing to her way-ward disposition, passed up ali the schoolspicked out for her, and entered a certainuniversity. She successfully escaped thenewspaper photographers, and pursued herstudies very quietly. Instead of living in awoman's hall, she commuted to and fromher Georgian mansion. Often her fatherwould cali for her in his eight-cylindercabriolet. She did not attend the annualProm. ... A strange case, was it not?"Miss Rhino was a very good student.Seat in the front row of class, conspicuousnote-book — oh, she was a gatherer of topgrades. What was more, she had a tend-ency to become a specialist. In what sub-ject? I fear to make the parable too real-istic. It was a subject of which I knowvery little myself; one whose terms aretaken mainly from the Greek. . . . Thepoint was, that, to the considerable dismayof the Rhino family, this daughter seemedto have set her mind upon graduate study.She told her folks, and in that householdthere was great agony and argument, since408SOJOURN ON A SUMMIT 409in certain circles a notion prevails that awoman graduate student tends to become afrump, a flat-heeled person, anyway, a socialloss."But Miss Rhino, having dark eyes anda wicked little chin, held to her purpose.She said she cared nothing about being thebridge champion of the north side, and asfor that trip tp Paris, it could wait. Socould marriage, she said."It appeared that she had eyes on a Ph.D.She carne to see a certain Dean about it, ashe was advising regarding courses, and hewas a sympathetic person. . . . Or so itused to be said." (The narrator sighed.)"Unfolding her plans, she proposed thatshe should register for advanced work underAssistant Professor Amare. (This nameis a Latin derivative, of my own invention. )The Dean suggested that she might do better with Professor B —, very eminent inthat particular field. Miss Rhino de-murred. She considered Mr. Amare muchbetter. She — did she blush? — she had gotgreat benefit from Mr. Amare's courseswhile an undergraduate. Did deans try toforce students to register under men theydid not like? Well, no, the Dean had notsuch an inflexible nature. Nor a very ro-mantic one. He — well, put it that heshould have perceived what was afoot, buthe didn't."3.A beli clattered in a nearby hall. Butthe Dean, having come to a convenientbench, sat down on it, and eyed the green-ing ivy."Beautiful weather, this. Tonight themoon will filter through the buddingbranches into the mystic courts; it will bean evening for silent strolls, for soul-com-munion, and- — er — ali that heavy stuff. Buteven in the grim autumn, romance maycome to flower. Should it rain, a youngfaculty man may shield with his umbrellathe beauteous form of his smartest Ph.D.candidate. And on chili afternoons, thereare warm, cosy library nooks, where between, or along with, the pages of hideoustextbooks, with things in them I can neverpossibly learn, may be found a kind of joy. Courtships have happened, even under theemotionless roofs of our labs. and libraries.So IVe been told. . . ."But a remarkable feature of the parableis that the attitude of Mr. Rhino begangradually to change. It would seem thathe began to be proud of his daughter, whomessed about with such deep stuff and suchtangled terminology. More, he began toget interested in the university itself . Of ten,the cabriolet stood, like a liner in port, out-side some laboratory while he inspected thatplace, personally conducted. There wereeager guides for him. It was felt that hisgrip upon some part of his undoubtedlylarge fortune might be weakening. At acertain moment he would make the dis-covery that he was about to give blankdollars to a university, and he would won-der how this happened. Such phenomenaare not as frequent as might be wished, butthey do occur."Thus, we have a situation, possible onlyin parables, in which we note the headlongcourse toward matrimony of a young facultyman and an earnest but also attractive student, while at the same time the father ofthe latter is verging toward being marked'donor' in the university address-book. Whynot a logicai, a delightful, situation ? Well,why not ?"I ask you, the first person who hase ver listened to this parable in detail, justwhat rumors of the courtship may havecome to Mr. Rhino's ears ; just what socialprejudice may have figured in the case;what motives caused the Rash Act of theyoung people? I can only say that on oneof those cheerless autumn afternoons therecarne to the Dean a junior, heavy with amessage. The Dean, deserting a Caller towhom he was imparting some of his lore,went to the doorway and listened to thewhispered news. It was — ""I remember," interrupted the Low-lander. "I heard the word, 'run away.'Had no idea whether a dog, a daughter, ora fire-truck, was referred to.""Hm !" very noncommittal. "That musthave been on another occasion. Remember,this is a parable. . . . Now, in this purelylegendary case, the young faculty man had410 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEindeed departed in company with the daughter of Mr. Rhino. He had dismissed hisseminar for three days; left a note in hislodgings that he was out of town. MissRhino had left no message at ali. She hadsimply failed to keep a date to meet thecabriolet."Now, Mr. Rhino had discovered thesefacts, and, as the parable goes, he wassimply wild. So, in a more discreet sortof way, was the Dean. There were thenewspapers; to think about, you know; andthere was Mr. Rhino to think about, andhis possible, his far from assured, generosityto the university."The dreaded interview immediatelysupervening, Mr. Rhino- had some harshthings to say to the Dean. Where werethese young people? And what did theDean intend to do? Well — wait for themto come back. Wait! Is that ali you cansuggest?' It was, just then. Humph!Mr. Rhino was more resourceful. He haddetectives and lawyers. He would seeabout *the legai responsibilities. . . . Veryuncomfortable stuff. Very bad for theDean's sleep. A night passed, one of theworst an administf ative dignitary ever spent."In the morning, he concluded to lay thematter before the President. The latterheard the story intently, but calmly. Hedid not mention, nor did the Dean, thefact that Mr. Rhino stood in the light ofprospective donor; some things are tooawkward to mention. The discussion boreupon methods of discovering the missingcouple and ascertaining their exact statusbefore the law. But just as it had beendecided there was nothing to be done atpresent, Mr. Rhino himself was announced.He carne in, brandishing a telegram." 'They were married in Milwaukee/he blurted, 'on Wednesday/"The President rose and courteously in-dicated seats for the three new-comers. Hethen said:" 'Mr. Amare is one of our very mostpromising younger men.'"This rejoinder was so unexpected thatthe beseigers could find nothing to say. Mr.Rhino sank into the presidential guest-chair.It was one of the attorrteys who next spoke. " 'Mr. Rhino/ he said, 'wished the university to be officially informed of his protest. He considers that the guaranteesoffe r ed by the university— — '" 'Oh, come now, Rothacker/ broke inthe very rich man. 'That isn't the point atali. . ... I want the fellow fired.'"The President, now at his desk and veryofficiai, stiffened." 'I surely did not hear you correctly/he said."The attorney, Rothacker, — if that washis name — took the cue, and went on:" 'It is Mr. Rhino's opinion that, havingcaused sorrow to one of our most respectedfamilies, Mr. 1 believe the name isAmare (Latin, I suppose) — should pay forit by loss of his position. . . . And surely/he hurried on, 'the university would notcare to indorse such scandalous actions onthe part of any of its professors.'" 'Exactly so/ said the other" lawyer."It was interesting to observe the attitudeof these two attorneys. They did notbluster. They had a shade of awe on theirfaces as they looked at the President, amighty man of intellect, and as they doubt-less f elt, a person with motives purer than areseen every day. But none of this respectwas reflected in the manner of Mr. Rhino." 'If the fellow isn't fired/ said he, TUstart something. FU make this universitysmart for it/"The President glanced at the Dean,and the latter, as may be set down to hiscredit some day, replied with a look whichsaid : 'Preposterous. Don't yield/"Quite superfluous, this. The Presidentshowed no anger. He did not move in hischair. He merely looked straight at Mr.Rhino, and shook his head."Up jumped the Considerable Person,crumbling the telegram in his hand, andcried :" 'Any expectations youVe had fromme — '"The President stopped him with a ges-ture —" 'I sympathize with you, Mr. Rhino.The situation is not easy for you. I wouldrather this had not happened. . . . But Iresent, also, your talk of expectations.'SOJOURN ON A SUMMIT 411" Tve torn up a certain check since yes — '" 'No more!' exclaimed the President,sternly."There was a silence. Those businessand law people were clearly not accustomedto such a rebuff." 'Mr. Amare,' said the President, 'shallcontinue teaching here as long as his workproves as valuable as at present. The present incident is painful in many ways, but —I shall congratulate Mr. Amare when I seehim. . • • And he and his wife will, 1 hope,be present at our next reception.' "4.The Dean started to rise from his sun-warmed seat."And," he said, "the couple lived happilyever after. Miss Rhino has some moneyof her own, you see.""But was the father reconciled? Didhe give — ""My dear boy, you must remember thisis only a parable. It's just a spring idyll.In that form of literature, one is not compelled to provide a neat ending, as in amagazine story. . . . And now it's my office hour."The Lowlander detained him a momentmore."Was that the young couple we met?""No more questions; no more questions.I shall only add that a parable involves amoralistic value. Now, the fable I havetold you suggests just how our Presidentwould have acted if the thing actually —which it didn't. . . . And you heardnothing in my office that day."With which, he strode on to his delight-ful tasks, humming: "It was the charmingmonth of May. . . . The youthful, gentleChloe. . . ."5.Fable or not, the Dean's story had asequel.It carne not many days later, amid someof the busiest days the quadrangle hadseen. Committees sat frequently and longjust then. To the vast routine of lecturesand what not was added a flock of activities due to the "great effort." And a newelement was in it. One could observe, forinstance, moving from building to building,a body of men and women distinctly of the"outside worid/' but neither young enoughto be neophytes nor old enough to be "pros-pective donors." They inspected the lab-oratories and museums. Mostly they weregrave and intent, yet not infrequently theylaughed and told stories; and they maderemarks like "The old physics lab. looksdustier than ever," or "I see they've movedthe senior bench." These were, in fact,home-comers ; summiteers of ten, fif teenyears ago. They had come to "see whatcould be done." They would go back tothe regions where they had settled for alife-work, and stir up other home-comers.This visiting group represented an assurancethat "the alumni are with us." So theywere tenderly cared for, and assiduouslyguided. They were shown the Great Man'smachines, and Hastings' dogs. They weretold how the athletic field was to be en-larged. The dream-pictures were exhibitedto them, with and without lectures. . . .They were "banqueted."6.Another "speakers' table." Anotherroomful of people, seated at smaller tables,with bouquets amid the dishes.More noise at this feast than at the faculty dinner. A truly deafening clatter oftongues. Color in the room. Big placardstelling that the class of 19 — is representedat this table, the class of 19 — at that one,and so on, throughout. A band, playingthe "good old songs."Probably they are ali alike everywhere,these alumni affairs; but the Summit hasnever before had one so large. Rarely hasit had one so excited by the spirit of "We'lldo it." The people here are playfully in-clined, there are good stories being told,and laughter fit to shake down the bannerson the walls; but under that is a solemnfeeling that the Great Pian must be real-ized. . . . If only to please the President,sitting there with a flush on his cheeks.There are telegrams arriving from dis-tant cities. The New York crowd has412 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE"come through handsómely." So has Phila-delphia, and San Francisco. Alumni, sit-ting at home, have heard the President byradio, already; special message, broadcastfrom twelve stations.A big-shouldered young alumnus leadsthe singing. The crowd sings much louderthan in church. The waiters look on, smil-ing. A banner is waved. . . . The Deanspeaks, giving the remarks his characteristictwist of the whimsical. . . . The athleticdirector speaks, hitting the table with hisfists, and shaking his mane of wavy greyhair. He stirs 'em up. . . . The Presidentconfines himself to one of his carefully-wrought, seriously phrased, but warmlyspoken, appeals for higher things than mereblocks of stone. Everyone stands. His faceis framed among banners, and his whitehead gleams silver under the down-pouringlight. So old, and yet so mighty. It isenough to bring the tears, seeing him there,and to think. . . .Well, there is a contrivance like a football *grid-iron, and a big football sort ofobject which moves forward as gifts are an-nounced. Five\yards, ten yards, fifty yards.Silly, an outsider might say. These alumni, grave persons some of them, Ph.D's, maybe,watch the advance of the football verytensely.People speak up from the floor. Thechairman reads from a pile of cards, con-tinually sent up to the speakers' table.Names are read out, and here and there inthe room persons are made conspicuous, andblush.The chairman picks up a card. His facechanges as he looks at it. Slowly, he says:"This contributor desires to remain anon-ymous. May I — yes, I will — just say thatshe is the wife of a member of the faculty.Her contribution is — fifty thousand dol-lars!"A hush ; then a storm of applause.At the Lowlander's ear, a person verywell posted whispers: "I know who thatis. She is the daughter of a well knownbusiness man. She married a young in-structor, and — "At the speakers' table sits the Dean, withhis arms folded, and his expression veryroguish. His eye catches the Lowlander's.Cautiously, secretly, he smiles. And hiseye-lid drops in — in a regular wink, nodoubt of it.A Voyage to GreenlandBy Dr. William A. Thomas '12, Rush '16DURING a visit last winter, Com-mander MacMillan said to me,"They're putting on a big show inIceland this summer to celebrate the thou-sandth year of continuous activity of theirparliament. I've wanted for a long timeto go there, and if you will get six or sevenboys as crew, we'U take the Bowdoin andgo." Subsequent discussion brought outmore details. Leaving Wiscasset as soonas the boys can assemble, he plans to saildirectly down the Nova Scotia coast toSydney, swing over to St. Johns in New-foundland, and put the Bowdoin off forIceland after discharging a load of desks for the Eskimo children in his station nearNain. Keeping well clear of the east coastof Greenland, he plans to reach Icelandearly in Jury, spending several weeks cruising around the island examining the fiordsand the interior.Returning, if ice conditions are favorable,he hopes to get through to the relatively un-known east coast of Greenland. Here thearctic ice piles up on the shore in a bandmany miles wide. Many former expedi-tions have either fai! ed to reach the coast orhave lost their ships in the attempt; hencethe lack of much data, except from casualobservations of whalers and one or two sue-A VOYAGE TO GREENLAND 413cessful expeditions. The Bowdoin is builtto meet just such ice conditions, havingbucked similar ice and wintered in the farNorth — so with any sort of a break, shewill reach scenes of unparalleled grandeur,where fìords rise six and seven thousandfeet from the sea and game abounds undis-turbed by the hunter.Permission has been obtained throughthe Danish Consulto visit the settle-ments on the westcoast of Greenland, where , theEskimo is foundhunting, fìshing,and working underthe paternal r u 1 eof the Danish Gov-ernors who rulethe provinces, trading for the fursand labor of thenatives the neces-sities of life including medicaicare and spiritualguidance as ex-pounded by the lateMartin Luther.Greenland (acrown colony ofDenmark with therevenue from thetrade going to thecrown family) isforbidden terri-tory, and ali ships,regardless of typeor errand, are forbidden under penalty of confiscationwithout redress, toenter Greenland waters or touch or landon its shores — ali this being confìrmed intreaties with other nations. Occasionallysome expedition of good character andscientific purposes is granted permission,and Captain MacMillan is decidedly persona grata with the powers, never failingto obtain this privilege. One of the fea-tures of such a visit is the trading with theCOMMANDER DONALD B. MACMILLANEskimos, who swarm aboard with objectsof barter — furs, skins, native weapons,carved ivory and soapstone, eider blankets,or even wives, were one so inclined.The expedition plans to cruise north alongthis coast, then swing across Baffin Bay toBaffin Land, the site of many famous expeditions, from Frobisher onwards, search-ing for the North West Passage to theOrient. Frobish-er's camp stili re-mains and manyr e 1 i e s of his expeditions, sent byElizabeth for goldas well as theNorth West Passage, may stili befound. Southwardacross HudsonStrait lies Nain,in northern Labrador, where Cap-t a i n's scientificstation is situated,and the last leg ofthe trip will bedown this coast,visiting the Mora v i a n missions,now controlied bythe Hudson BayC o m p a n y, andback to Indian andBattle Harbor;Dr. Grenfell'sLabrador Hospital — with a lastswing past New-foundland toSydney, where onehas baths, h a i rcuts, fruit and mail— the long run along Nova Scotia, pickingup the Maine hills across the Bay of Fundy,and home.Such is the outline of the journey. WhenCaptain said, "Get the boys and we'll goto Iceland," I promised at once to get theboys, never thinking the "we" had meantme. Since going North with Captain in1926, he has been good enough to speak4H THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEkindly of my services and has asked me eachyear since to return, but the practice ofmedicine does not readily release one forsuch jaunts, so when, some weeks later, theThe Author Himself in HisTriple Capacity as MateShip's Surgeon and Ablebodied seamanquota of boys was practically filled, I foundmy presence was expected, and said "No."The issue was raised several times; eachtime I said "No," but I fear said it lessfirmly than before. Finally, Captain said,"You come along and I'il take Bill as cabinboy." Bill, who is ten, has been promisedthis position for four years, but we ali feltit was far in the future. I thought it over,arranged my affairs, and said "Yes."Now, the interest for readers of theAlumni Magazine lies in the fact thatwith one exception ali the boys are eitherstudents in the University of Chicago (including the preparatory grades), have beensuch, or rejoice in one or more parents whoare alumni.John Post is fìnishing his sophomore yearat the University, and rates a father whois an alumnus, a member of the faculty, anda Trustee of the University.Paul H. Davis, Jr., at present a Culverstudent, formerly in the elementary andhigh schools, goes as radio operator, havingboth amateur and commercial licenses, a father in the class of 191 1 and a motherwho graduated in 1913.James Markham, whose father HerbertI. Markham was U. of C. '06, and whosemother was of the Class of 1908 is now inthe University High School, as is FrankElliott, though his father, Dr. CharlesElliott, was not a graduate here. Dr. Clifford Grulee's boy Clifford — formerly at theelementary school — is now at Williams andDr. Grulee continues as a member of thefaculty through Rush; while Dr. HollisPotter's son, Robert Morse Potter, thoughnever a student in the elementary school,qualifies as the son of an alumnus of theclass of '04.Bill (William A. Thomas, Jr.) seemspractically submerged by University associations — himself in the elementary school,with an alumna for a mother (Ruth New-bery '11) and a father '12 and Rush 1916,and faculty member through Rush, he hasthree sisters in the elementary school, aliprospective alumnae.This imposing roster of Chicago talentdoes not include Edward Hoffman, one ofthe earliest selections, as he is at the Ashe-ville School and can claim no such fameas the others.The selection of these boys was not at alidifficult — I simply accepted the first fiveVisitor's Day on the ArcticSchooner BowdoinA VOYAGE TO GREENLAND 4i5boys who asked, got Captain's consent tobuild four more berths in the cabin, selectedthe next two boys in line, and said, "We'refull." Perhaps it was not quite as simple asthat, but I was fortunate in having a groupof friends and associ-ates whose boys wereof the right stuff, whowould benefit by suchclose association withthe Captain and whophysically could perforiti the duties ofcrew, standing watches,and participating in theactivities of the expedition as occasion de-mands. They willlearn seamanship andnavigation as well asmore menial duties asassistant to the cook.They will see theabundant northern life,both ashore and in the sea ; will have ampieopportunities to photograph the scenes, in-habitants and animals ; under favorable con-ditions may hunt seal, walrus, polar bearand other game as food ; and will probablygain first hand knowledge of whaling ascarried on in those waters. They may, asGreenland Beauty SamplingBeansand endurance.they go northward, see the sun set later eachnight in the northwest, to rise in the north-east, and then just dip below the horizon inthe north at midnight and fìnally swingdown, hesitate and be-gin to rise, withouthaving dropped belowthe horizon, afterwhich it will circle dayand night above theirheads.Homeward bound,we will meet that vastfleet of Newfoundlandfishermen — ten ortwelve hundred schoon-ers — with a dozen ormore men apiece, leav-ing home in the spring,carrying tea and flouras provisions, who fishfrom small dories manyhours at a time, under-dressed, under-fed, yetmarvels of fortitudeThey come aboard theBowdoin at night for a scrap of tabacco, awarm corner, a bite of food, and frequentlymovies. These with other scenes and experi-ences constitute a vast new train of eventsthat to boys of these ages cannot fail toexert a permanent influence on their lives.Eskimo Visitors in Kayaks Floe Ice along Baffin'sLandResearch in the HumanitiesThe Arthurian LegendsBy John Dollard, A.M. '30II, WILLIAM CAXTON, simple person, present this bo-ok following" —thus did Caxton, the first Englishprinter,v present to the English-readingworld in 1485 the printed text of Malory 'sMorte d'Arthur, Malory had gathered inthis Morte d'Arthur a group of romanticstories, first written down in the twelfthand thirteenth centuries, telling of an an-cient British king, Arthur, and his knights,of their battles, loves, conquests, and adven-tures, and of their long search for the HolyGrail. These stories and legends representa significant period of history for the worldof Western Europe, and, in their manuscriptforms, they are sources of much light on thecustoms, ideals, methods of warfare, re-ligion, and ethics of the period. To themen and women of the Middle Ages theearly manuscript books containing theseromances of chivalry were precious — tellingas they did ali that the race then knew,dreamed, or suspected, about its origins, itsnature, and its destiny. How these manu-scripts carne to be written, what the racethen knew about itself, what its dreams of agood life were, and by what social, politicai,and religious ideas the authors of these romances were inspired, are matters of vitalsigniflcance to every student of human culture.The problems which confront the studentof Arthurian romance are of the greatestimportance for cultural as well as for liter-ary history. The men who first wrote downthese legends often had very practical pur-poses in view. Then, as now, writing a bookwas laborious, and when a man took thetrouble to do it, he always had a reason.Sometimes he had the artist's reason of having to get something said, but often, too,this motive was colored with more utili-tarian aims. Modem scholarship has shown us thatwe did not originate the notion of propaganda, nor have we been its only cleverusers. Men in earlier generations had axesto grind — churches to build, politicai partiesto support, social groups to exploit — tangi-ble reasons for wanting to influence thebehavior of other people. And these mentook the means at hand — the stories whicheveryone knew already — gave them a twisthere and a new emphasis there, which af-fected the whole story as it was told andmade it useful to those who spread it.Though the legends as retold by Maloryreveal to the casual reader little regardingthe men, so much like ourselves, who ad-vertised their wares eight centuries earlierby means of these very legends, the manu-scripts teli another tale to those who knowhow to interpret them, and we are learningthrough modem scholars what importantmessages the Middle Ages have for themodem world.These early story-tellers and propagan-dists had a keen eye for the actual. Theyhad a powerful medium in the written andspoken word. The printing press beingunknown, news was scarce and men's mindswere not confused as they so often are todayby a mass of impressions which were nottheir own and which they did not under-stand. Hence the spoken or even writtenword produced an effect which it is dirficultfor us of today to grasp. Sermons werepreached from five in the morning untilnoon, were eagerly listened to by largeaudiences, and often led to emotional reac-tions productive of unusual results, such asthe crusades to the Holy Land and thewars against the Saracens in Spain. Insecular life, the story-teller was the chiefentertainer. Manuscript books were prizedas the precious freighters that bore ideas.The stories told in them were, for their416RESEARCH IN THE HUMANITIES 417readers, significant facts, and could, if theywere so designed, become powerful tools ofpropaganda.There are, then, two reasons for study-ing this group of legends: because they em-body a high order of creative art and because the tracing of their sources revealsmuch of the history of the time duringwhich they were written down.IIThemes used by the writers of Arthurianromance were probably first told by theCelts and their imaginative bards. Beforethe great blossoming of French romanceduring the twelfth and thirteenth centuries,Arthur, it appears, was celebrated amongthe inhabitants of Cornwall and Wales andtheir descendants, the people of Armoricaor Brittany. In these districts flourishedaccounts of Arthur's beautiful but chroni-cally unfaithful queen, Guinevere (Gwen-hwyvar), and her lover; of Tristan and hisfateful passion for Isolt, the wife of hisuncle, Mark, the lord of Tintagil Castle,whose grandiose ruins stili crown the wildCornish coast; and of Arthur's final de-parture to a retreat in the fairy isle ofAvalon, or underneath Mount Snowdon,whence he will in due time return to bringback independence to his beloved Britons.The great heritage of Arthurian romancealso owes much to Irish sources. In Ire-land, romantic literature flourished in un-disturbed richness at a time when the restof Europe groaned under the Barbarianinvasions, and extended over several centuries; the contact between Ireland andBritain was intimate and it is now believedthat the French romances owe much of theirimaginative charm to themes brought fromIreland by wandering minstrels and piousmonks.The legends gathered, as they were re-peated, new details and new themes fromdivers sources. Thus they represent thecreative imagination of a large number ofmen over a wide area and over a long periodof time. French courtly poets united thetraditional Celtic themes with materialdrawn from the Latin classics and from theOrient, and used them as vehicles for theo- ries of knightly and courtly practice andeven for religious and politicai propaganda.A vast mass of these legends Malory re-duced to a single common denominator inEnglish. Many of the tales which now ap-pear in the austere vestments of Christianitywere born in pagan minds and were told bypagan story-tellers for the delight of pagans.King Arthur, originally a personification ofancient Celtic heroism, appears in the legends as a Christian king, surrounded bymedieval Christian knights. The old legends are dressed in a new garb : they become a romantic spiritualization of the religious beliefs, manners, and customs of thetwelfth and thirteenth centuries. In thedescriptions of Arthur and his knights areembodied medieval ideals of the relationbetween vassal and overlord, medievalstandards of truth, honor, and loyalty, andmedieval etiquette in the relation of thelover to his lady.The first literary form of the Arthurianlegends is found in the History of the Kingsof Britain, written in England by Geoffreyof Monmouth about the year 1136. Thishistory was an attempt to give a worthybackground of ancient history to the Norman kings of England. This attempt wasso successful that Geoffrey's History becamean accepted authority on questions of na-tional history as well as a book of manners,and was consequently a source of inspirationfor writers during succeeding medieval centuries. Geoffrey's History tries to traceback the English dynasty to Troy. Accord-ing to him, a Roman named Brutus, de-scendant of refugees from Troy, carne toBritain, founded the line of English kingsand gave the island its name. Geoffrey alsogot hold of stories about a certain KingArthur, which he included in his work.Arthur is represented as living in the fifthcentury of the Christian era and is picturedas the British (Brythonic) king who madethe stand against the invading Saxons. Thishistory became the nucleus which absorbedelements from other sources.Two main themes run through the tales;the one, that of the ill-fated love of Lance-lot for Guinevere, wife of Arthur, and theother, that of the quest of the Holy Grail4i8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEby the knights of the Round Table. Lance-lot loves and is loved by Guinevere. Arthur, blinded by his friendship for Lancelot,does not see the attachment though it growsunder his very eyes. Lancelot goes aboutthe world seeking knightly adventures, or insearch of the Holy Grail, always returningto the Court of Arthur and the love ofGuinevere. Arthur is finally forced torecognize the situation and condemnsGuinevere to be burned. She is, however,rescued by Lancelot, and war ensues between King Arthur and Lancelot. Mor-dred, too, is faithless. He usurps the throneduring Arthur's absence, and Afthur, whileRghting to regain his kingdom and his wife,perishes in the battle of Camlan, or is borneby fairy hands to the happy isle of Avalon,whence he will some day return to ruleagain over his beloved Britons. Guineverebecomes a nun, and Lancelot a monk. Thisnarrative is woven into a long account ofthe adventures of other knights and intothe Grail story. The story is simply yetpassionately told, it is full of sensuousimages, and it comes to a tragical and ar-tistically effective conclusion.The Grail story is another major strand.It relates the adventures of Arthur's knightsin the quest of the Holy Grail. Accordingto the legend, the Holy Grail was eitherthe dish in which Joseph of Arimathea re-ceived the blood of the Savior while he wason the Cross, or it was the cup used at theLast Supper. Some of the sacred blood ad-hered to the vessel, and the vessel itself wasbrought to England by Joseph of Arimatheaand deposited in the monastery of Glaston-bury. It was lost, and the legends teli thestory of the quest for this centrai relic ofearly Christian tradition. After a longsearch by the entire Round Table, and manyadventures with hostile knights and rescu-ing of distressed maidens, Galahad, the per-fect knight, son of Lancelot, finds the HolyGrail. Galahad is so distinguished be-cause of the extraordinary purity of his life,and the knightly perfection of his character.la the version of Malory the legends aredistinguished by a high order of imaginativeappeal. Arthur asserted his royal destiny bydrawing from a stone his sword, Excalibur, "and no other man might draw it," or he re-ceives the magic weapon from the fairy Ladyof the Lake. Excalibur "was so bright inhis enemies' eyes that it gave light like thirtytorches." At Arthur's coronation, the visit-ing kings "sent him word that they wouldhave none of his gifts, but that they werecome to give him gifts with hard swords be-twixt the neck and the shoulders." Theideal of knightly character is expressed inthe sentence, "He that was courteous, trueand faithful to his friend was at that timecherished." Said Elizabeth, wife of Melo-dias, dying on child-bed, to her son Tristan,"Ah, my little son, thou has murdered thymother, and therefore, I suppose, thou thatart a murderer so young, thou art full likelyto be a manly man in thine age."This is a colorful and highly fruitful typeof creative art. The Arthurian legends arestili with us and stili are vital modes forexpressing modem thought as has recentlybeen shown by Mr. A. E. Robinson in hispoem "Tristram." On Arthurian themes,Richard Wagner wrote the operas Tristan,Parsifal, and Lohengrin. The entire Vic-torian school of English poetry, and notablyTennyson, used these legends. They havebecome part of the artistic heritage of theEnglish race.IliBut the scholar, while loving the legendsas they are and for what they are, has otherand deeper questions to ask. Where didthey come from, how were they written,and why?The University of Chicago has in itsdepartments of Romance Languages andComparative Literature several scholars inthis period of history — among them Professor William A. Nitze, Professor TomPeete Cross, and Professor T. AtkinsonJenkins. This group is tracing the ele-ments of this cycle to their sources, attempt-ing to find out what are the ultimate originsand what the processes of fusion were bywhich they were composed. ProfessorJenkins is examining the language of themanuscripts to determine, if possible, inwhat regions they originated. He willassist in editing the texts, especially that ofRESEARCH IN THE HUMANITIES 419the Perlesvaus, or High History. Professor Cross will complete his investigation ofthe Celtic sources, and Professor Nitze willshow how the Celtic contributions werewoven with other threads from classical andorientai sources, from courtly and other social theories, and how the whole fascinatingtissue was finally wrought out.There are, according to the scholars,three main linguistic sources for the legends—the Celtic, the French, and the Spanishsources. The French were the first to workup this story of Geoffrey's to give it literaryfinish, and to relate it to the developmentof feudal court society. (Ancient heroesare represented as living in feudal castlesand wearing the customary military equip-ment of the time — armor, shield, andlance.) To the romantic and imaginativetales of the Celts of Ireland and Waleswere added ideals of knightly humility andcourtly behavior from Northern France andProvence and orientai concepts of sophisti-cated love from Spain. Manuscripts of thelegends from ali of these various sources,written in the language of the countriesfrom which they carne, are the material forthe investigation.The uses of the material for propagandahave been referred to. It is well establishedthat these legends were used by real peopleto further tangible objectives, and that ele-ments were added to the body of the tales asthey then existed which would be usefulto the tellers or to those by whom they wereemployed. A prominent instance is the useof the Merlin legends by the Republic ofVenice to strengthen its position in Northern Italy. The earliest accounts teli of acertain Merlin, the private necromancer andinvaluable councilor of Arthur. Theyrepresent his infallible prevision of futureevents. Thus Merlin became a most usefulmouthpiece for propaganda. A new versionof Merlin's prophesies was written by certain men in Venice which foretold thegreatness of that island city. This fact isclearly established by the evidence of themanuscripts themselves. We find, for instance, that the authors ot the prophesies arefamiliar with locai landmarks and monu-ments of the city of Venice, that they know its history and its laws and that their con-demnation of the unlawful conduct of theRepublic is relaxed and mild. From theVenetian version of the prophesies it wasobvious that the authors were anxious toput Venice in a favorable light before hercontemporaries.Again, the famous tradition that Arthurwould ultimately return from fairylandto bring back independence to his peoplewas both the product of a Welsh nationalhope and a valuable instrument in keepingalive the faith that Wales might some daybe freed from the Norman yoke.Another such use of the legends for pur-poses of propaganda is pointed out by Mr.Nitze in his publications on the manuscriptsof the Perlesvaus. It definitely associatesthe story with Glastonbury Abbey. Glas-tonbury was a rivai of Canterbury for theleadership of the English Church, and thepresence of a famous relic such as the HolyGrail at its shrine would greatly enhanceits reputation. Hence the dating of thetext, which was designed to give Glastonbury its primacy among English churches,is of great historical importance. Further,it appears that the church at Glastonburyhad burned down in the year 1184. It waseminently desirable, from the point of viewof Glastonbury, that it be rebuilt. • It isprobably more than chance, then, which ledto the writing of this Perlesvaus, whichthrows so ancient and appealing a light uponGlastonbury, and which is dated 1191. Thechurch was burned in 1184; the propagandamanuscript appears in 1191. Mr Nitzehas established the latter date from the internai evidence of the manuscript itself.This part of the Grail cycle was probablywritten, therefore, with the very practicalobjective of inducing friends of the churchto assist in the rebuilding of splendid Glastonbury Church. After the writing of thePerlesvaus a century of skilful propagandaensued, always emphasizing the religiousprimacy and significance of GlastonburyAbbey. This "campaign7' culminated in thereport that the bodies of Arthur and Guinevere had been found at Glastonbury, andspecific details were mentioned such as theidentification of the queen by her flowing420 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEyellow hair. The campaign was success-ful; the cathedral of Glastonbury was re-built at the beginning of the fourteenthcentury.The Roman Church found use for theselegends. By means of them she dramatizedand made real to millions of people her storyof the Holy Grail — the vessel in which, atthe Last Supper, the bread and wine hadbeen physically transformed into the bodyand blood of Christ. This change of wineinto the blood of Christ was the centraidoctrine of the church — finally adopted, itis importata to note, by the Lateran Coun-cil in 12 15, during the period when theselegends were taking written form.The process of the reshaping of this mythto make it useful for Gurrent purposes isinteresting. There already existed in ancient Celtic legend a story of a "cauldron ofplenty" which contained an abundance ofvarious kinds of food. This was a paganmyth created by pagan imaginations. TheChurch took this "cup of plenty" andpoured new values into it — made it theHoly, Grail — the communion cup — the re-ceptacle of the blood of Our Lord from theCross. The familiar old idea became afamiliar new idea. The Church took up abelief which people already accepted,changed it, and used it to illustrate a newpoint of doctrine. This was again, in effect,a type of propaganda — of legitimate propaganda — designed to make ideas realizableto literal-minded people. The Arthurianlegends were a convenient and puissantmeans of emphasizing and spreading thenew doctrinal story.There is, moreover, no doubt that theselegends were consciously used by the English kings of the time to conciliate theWelsh, who were an embittered and irrec-oncilable element in the population. Thecurrent line of English kings was represented as descending from Arthur, who washimself of Celtic origin, and who had, ac-cording to tradition, held his court inWales. This was naturally flattering tothe Welsh element in the population.The foregoing are examples of what com-petent scholars who ask the right questions can do in making the manuscripts talk andteli their stories, whether of the boomingof a Glastonbury church in the publicmind, the use of legends for politicai purposes, or for the dramatizaton of religiousideas. An indication of the channels throughwhich these legends flowed is found in thestory of the archivolt oi the Cathedral ofModena. This archivolt depicts the rapeand rescue of Guinevere; it is dated earlierthan Geoffrey 's first manuscript story ofthe legends, that is, it is earlier than 11 36.How did this legend get so far south asItaly? The answer, apparently, is thatearly in the twelfth century Breton troops,from Northern France, were taken south bythe Normans to conquer Sicily, and in com-ing back up the Italian coast these Bretonstold their legends to the Italians. SomeItalian artist took over the Guinevere storyand dramatized it in stone on the Cathedralof Modena. If this historical explanationis correct, it shows that at least one greattheme of Arthurian romance was knownand had been carried to far-off Italy beforethe Arthurian legends ever appeared in ltf-erary form — in other words that it was agenuine piece of national popular tradition.Professors Nitze, Cross, and Jenkins, inan extensive co-operative project, are study-ing the series of manuscripts of the Graillegends. They have already achieved re-sults of both scholarly and immediate humaninterest. They pian a series of publicationsof these manuscripts in Old French, Welsh,and Spanish which will show us the essen-tial humanness and reality of men in whatever century you find them and whateverthey may be doing. Far from lessening thebeauty of the legends, they will add tothem by showing us their sources, the variedimaginative currents which have pouredinto them, the manner of life and thinkingof the society which they represent, and theglorious, lovable humanity of their makers.They will, perhaps, show us creative artand propaganda in a splendid partnership.They will give to us ali a long perspectiveon what we were eight centuries ago, andso teli us something of how we became whatwe are now.Oil in AlbertaChicago Geologists Direct the SearchBy John McBrady '29THERE 's gold in them there hills!"the old prospector said to himself, ashe stood surveying the mountains that laybefore him. For a moment his face lighted,and then, with a sigh, he turned to themonotonous business of cooking the eveningmeal. It was sunset in the Rockies and thesky was shot with the brilliant mountainshades of red, blue, and gold. As the smokecurled around the greasy black frying panand the dingy teapot, the old man's troublesseemed to vanish with the thin blue wreathsinto the mothering embrace of the hills.Ever since the beginning of things theRocky Mountains have mothered the NorthCountry. They formed the trysting placeof giants. They waged war with one another for supremacy of the West, and noware content to rest upon their majesticlaurels and to give up their lore to thefavored son who dares to scale their heightsin search of the rarer light.wwwYears ago, when heavy cumbersomewagons creaked their way slowly throughmuddy roads, a young teamster could beseen urging the overburdened beasts for-ward, and pausing now and then to wipethe sweat from his forehead and eyes. Ashe stopped to give the horses a momentibreathing space, his eyes turned to the ever-lasting hills which had reared him and hismother, and the old saying of his parentsrang again in his ears: "There's gold inthem there hills !"When the great chain òf Rocky Mountains was forcing its way through the pow-erless resistance of earth's crust, it did notpause to reckon on any international bound-ary at the forty-ninth parallel of latitude.As a consequence of this disregard for pettynational lines, one discovers similar geo-logical formations north and south of theCanada-United States boundary line. This partial geological similarity embraces manystates and provinces, but most especially is itseèn along the southern border of Albertaand the northerly line of Montana.In northern Montana drilling commencesin Benton Shales at the surface, and like-wise in Turner Valley. Production of oiland gas is encountered in the lowermostMesozoic rocks in Montana, while show-ings and, in a few instances, commercialwells are also "brought in" in the Fernieformations of Turner Valley. The Paleo-zoic limestone is encountered beneath theseMesozoic rocks in Turner Valley as wellas in Montana. The main producing horizon in Turner Valley is a porous andshattered zone near the top of the Madison— Paleozoic — limestone. In Montana thiszone has not yielded much to date. Dueto the high dip of the bed-rock in TurnerValley the wells are, on an average, muchdeeper than in Montana, but the productrecovered is of higher grade and, conse-quently greater prices per barrel are paid inAlberta.The mountain folk who live in the northcountry have been brought up to believethat their destiny was, in some form oranother, governed by the surrounding hills.Their precarious existence was snatchedfrom the foothills, from under the very jawsof the overhanging mountains. The Rockies overpower a stranger with their majestyand colossal strength, and the people wholive in the f oothill country become extremely"mountain-conscious."And so it was that this one-time dreamy,sweaty teamster — a good-for-nothing amonghis own village folk — grasped at the rain-bow's end which fell into the mountainvalley. For years he had attempted tointerest his friends in ventures to see whatwealth the mountains concealed, but eachone had proved unsuccessful — "not commercial," he was told. He had ideas strange4214-22 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEto his fellow citizens. He read and talkedof such things as how rocks may be folded,faulted, domed up, etc. He had read thatsedimentation since Cambrian times hadbeen going on in a long, relatively narrowtrough, termed a "geosyncline ;" that theearth is composed of a rigid outer mass —the zone of frac-ture — resting on amobile, but notliquid zone — zoneof flowage ; thatdue to the weightof the overlyingrigid part thiszone of flowage isnot liquid in thestrict sense of theword but, if forsome reason or another the overlying weight wereremoved causing arelatively suddenrelief of pressure, the zone offlowage might be-come mobile, andin extreme caseslocally liquid, thusgiving rise to thephenomenontermed vulcanism. . . that a slowreadjustment wasgoing on practi-c a 1 1 y uninter-ruptedly fromCambrian to Per-mian Times. During and at the dose ofPermian Times, the entire geosyncline wasuplifted rather suddenly, but not rapidlyenough to throw things out of serious ad-justment, as was the case in the Appa-lachian trough in the eastern part of NorthAmerica; however, a period of erosion wasinaugurated here in Western Canada andthe Western United States, while at aboutthe same time the Appalachian Mountainswere being built. This factor is, of course,of great signifìcance in explaining the pres-Calgary Herald"She bleiu in unexpectedly"enee or absence of many oil fìelds of Alberta and Montana.It took a great deal of courage and manyyears of reckless persistence before the firstwell was brought into production in theAlberta oil fìelds. Thousands of dollarswere lost, wasted,and stolen. Wellswere started withimproper e q u i p-ment. Companieswere weakly fi-nanced, and disaste r stalked opera-tion afteroperation.The teamster, whois now worth fourmillions of dollars,found that h i syouth had been lostin the quest, thathis hair had be-corae snow-whitebefore fifty. Thereis a legend thatthe mountainsdraw the colorfrom a man's hair,just as they takefor themselves therichest hues of thesunset every eve-ning. It is said thatone can never leavethe mountains ifhe has passed thetwilight of his lifeamong them.One of the teamster's partners went mad.His oil holdings are today worth hundredsof thousands of dollars, but the last actthat his fellow citizens were pleased to calisane was to tie up indefinitely the oil leaseswhich he had spent his best years in accumu-lating and developing.At one time it seemed impossible to"bring in" a well in the Alberta country.Tools could not be found to drill deepenough ; casing was not available to tapthe depths necessary to reach oil in this-OIL IN ALBERTA 423new field ; machinery was not heavy enoughto withstand the wear and tear of thismountain drilling.One of the country' s richest companieshad expended thousands of dollars upon awell, which their eastern officials hadfrowned upon for months. The "hole" waslocated upon the old teamster's property,and he used to journey daily to the site tohear of its progress.Months passed and the drilling wasgrowing slower and slower, as they piercedthe hard formations at flve thousand feet.It seemed a hopeless task. They could notmake any daily footage to speak of, and theeastern office was demanding results, or theabandonment of the well. Finally the ultimatum carne from Toronto: "Abandonthe well!"The head driller received the instructionsin silence. The young operating manager,who had staked his reputation as field oper-ator, also realized his defeat; however, heknew that there was enough money in thebank to pay the crew until the end of themonth, and he told them to continue drilling until then, at which time they would alibe laid off.What happened is the romance of theAlberta oil field: While the despondentmanager and head driller were away fromthe well, forgetting their toubles in a deerhunt, it blew in with a roar and crash thatshook the surrounding countryside, andshattered the wooden derrick with theenormous gas pressure of thirty million feetof wet gas rushing out at a pressure of 3,000pounds to the square inch.Into this maelstrom of uncertainty andreckless gambling carne two young menfrom the University of Chicago — Theo-dorè F. Link, PhD., and P. D. Moore,PhD. Far from the Midway and itssources of authority, and many miles fromthe fìelds of their own exploration, thesetwo carne to the f reakish oil field of Alberta,which has only one other similar field —that of Roumania, that has been producingfor twenty years. These two men proceeded slowly to build up an accurate geologicalanalysis of the field and to lay the basisfor intelligent and economical operation.Under their direction the majority of drilling is done and the wells "logged" carefullyfrom time to time. This information hasnever been jealously guarded. It has beenavailable for honest inquiry, and now con-stitutes an authority of unusual interest foroil men of this continent, because of thepeculiar geological structure of the field.And now the gold rush is on. TurneiValley, Okotoks, and Coutts are no longerlittle Indian villages. They are bustling,energetic, muddy towns which flaunt theirgold in the face of strangers. It is not goldin minerai form that is sought, but liquidgold in the shape of flowing oil — that great-est rapid creator of new wealth in anycommunity.Cars dash through the mud — large ex-pensive sedans, that rapidly take on theappearance of old muddy waggons — reck-lessness, gambling, and speed are rampanton every hand. Oil drillers receive as muchas $15 and more a day, and spend most oftheir pay.There is a wild speculation in oil stocksof every new field. In a boom period, whennew wells are coming into production, thespeculative frenzy reaches fever height.Stocks are sold on the streets, in stores,beer-parlors, and the profits are tremendouswhile the boom lasts.As one leaves the Alberta oil fìelds he cannot forget the sight of the famous beer-parlor at Okotoks. This is a mightysaloon, crowded every night with shoutingthirsty drillers. The ceiling seems to hanglow — it is the thick veil of blue smoke whichdescends in peace over the red-faced, bare-throated toilers who find relaxation in thesmoke and fumes. The day is done, and themountains have come down in the twiiightto declare a truce ; perhaps, it has not beena very successful day for the drillers but,maybe, tomorrow will be better ; after ali,one muses, "There's gold in them therehills!"What About Football?WHO cares to read about footballin the month of June ? And echoanswers, "No one but the con-fìrmed and unregenerate fan to whom win-ter, spring and summer are nothing but anecessary interlude between gridiron sea-sons." To such a fan the dope sheet andthe propjiecy are always welcome e'enthough three months of summer heat mustintervene before the players gather onceagain for early practice.But this is no attempt to prognosticateor prophesy. This is bùt an effort to giveto Chicago alumni a preview of the comingseason in the fond hope that it may spursundry of the elect to negotiate for mid-field seats before the first Friday after thefirst Thursday in October. For in theopinion of the writer, there will be novacant midfield seats on Stagg Field whenreal summer gives way to the hazy daysof autumn. Then once more the voice ofthe alumnus will be heard in the land, be-wailing the calousness and ingratitude of anAlma Mater that offers its children naughtbut goal line seats while step children andbrothers-in-law and the sons and daughtersof the neighbors are preempting those sec-tions where the view is best.The 1930 season will be a colorful season. Your commentator claims no cham-pionship for the coming year but he hasevery confidence that the spectator on StaggField will see a succession of hard foughtand exciting battles with enough victoriesfor the Maroon to keep at near fever heatthe enthusiasm of the Chicago partisans.The team of last year was just cominginto its own as the season closed. As afitting climax to the year the Washingtongame will live long in the memory of thosewho were so fortunate as to see it. Neverhave Chicago fans seen so remarkable ademonstration of the passing game as wasoffered on Stagg Field in the final game ofthe '29 season. To quote Warren Brown,Sporting Editor of the Herald-Examiner : "If there is a spot on the weather beatenturf of Stagg Field on which a pass, lateralor forward, was not completed by the elusive Maroons in their season's closing effortwith the University of Washington yes-terday, don't ask the Huskies to prove it."A passing attack that began as a showerwent into a torrent and wound up as aregular cloud burst of footballs that fairlywashed away the Huskies 26 to 6, in thelast of the Western Conference intersec-tional clashes for the year of 1929."Try and teli me that the Maroons oflast Saturday didn't have the most be-wildering offensive of any team that hasplayed this year. It seemed as if realiza-tion carne to the boys that there would be nomore chance this year to get the full valueout of the "Old Man's" flanker formation."Sometime in the next ten or twentyyears, before he starts to slow down, Fdlike to see the "Old Man" surround himself with a squad that will be able tomaster that flanker stuff after two or threepreliminary games. When that time ar-rives, Stagg Field will need more than thespace between the twenty yard lines tohouse the crowd that will be wonderingwhy it has missed this interesting stuff alithese years."Even before the Washington game the"Old Man" was bringing to perfection hisoffensive strategy built around the so called"flanker formation." In the Illinois gamethe Chicago team gave an exhibition ofaerial fireworks that had the Illini gaspingand elicited from one, Robert C. Zuppke,who may be considered a rather outstandingauthority — footballistically speaking — thefollowing comment. "Coach Stagg canlook back upon a long record of achieve-ment in football, but to my mind what hedid this fall is outstanding. I consider hisforward pass attack the most baffling Ihave ever seen."Once again the spectator at Stagg Fieldmay look forward to a season of open and424what about football 425varied offensive with the usuai sound de-fense exhibited by Stagg trained teams.The schedule is in itself intriguing. In-tersectional games with Florida and withMississippi, two of the outstanding teamsof the South, will give a wonderful oppor-tunity to study the game as played in thatsection.If, as has been remarked, we may judgethe future by the past, the Princeton gameshould be one for the memory book. Theman who has seen a football game betweenthe Tigers and the Maroons has alwaysseen a soul stirring battle. Of the threecontests that have been played Chicago haswon two. The one that was lost, by a scoreof 21 to 18, was one of the most wildlyexciting contests ever staged on any field.The game on November first gives everyevidence of being another struggle that willlive in song and story.When Purdue appears on Stagg Field,they will bring something more than amilitary band of surprising excellence.This year Stagg may well "fear Purdue"for Purdue is champion of the Conferenceand to win from Purdue will be an achieve-ment long to be remembered. The last contest of the season on thehome field will be against our dearestenemy, the boys from Illinois. Thousandsof alumni make the trip to Champaign,when Chicago plays on the foreign field,rather than miss a single play of a singleIllinois-Chicago game. This year thestands will be packed on November 15.Out of town games with Wisconsin andMichigan round out what the "Old Man"calls "a hard but attractive schedule" andgive the alumnus good excuses for spendingweek-ends in Madison and Ann Arbor.Mr. Stagg has announced, "From thequality of work shown in spring practice,I think I am safe in saying that the Maroonfollowers may be assured of witnessing aninteresting brand of football." But to followers of the Maroon — and more espec-ially to alumni followers of the Maroon —we would emphasize the probability thatthey will do their witnessing from doseproximity to the goal lines if they fail tomake reservations at an early date. Areservation before July first should mean aseat between the twenty-five yard lines.The applicant of late September shouldburnish up his field glasses.FOOTBALL SCHEDULE 1930October 4 (Ripon College, Hillsdale College) $1.50October 1 1 Wisconsin (at Madison) October 1 1 "B" team vs. North Central College 50October 18 Florida 2.00October 25 Mississippi 2.00November 1 Princeton 4.00November 8 Purdue 3«ooNovember 15 Illinois 3.00November 22 Michigan (at Ann Arbor) Total for single tickets (home games) $16.00Special-rate Season Ticket for ali home games 13.00in -mv opinionBy Fred B. MillettAssistant Professor of EnglishTHE beginning of a new decadetempts one to devise, in the currentalliterative fashion, an appropriateepithet for the departed years. Can onebest describe them as the Terrible, theTedious, or the Tired Twenties? Pos-sibly the third suggestion is the most apt,since one of the dominant notes of themind and mood of the past decade was anacute sense of disillusionment, and since,into that decade, fit with chronologicalneatness the works in prose fiction of suchworld-weary writers as Aldous Huxley,Cari* Van Vechten, Evelyn Scott, andErnest Hemingway.But the mood itself was in preparationlong before 1920, and its defini tion, de-velopment, and fruition are more significai than the works of a small group ofdisillusionists might suggest. The mood ofdisillusionment apparently arises from thesudden disappointment of expectations, theshock at the discovery that one's hopes areto be denied, one's intentions thwarted, one'svalues undermined and overthrown. Butdisillusionment is different from disappointment ; it is disappointment commingled withhòpelessness and tedium, and resulting inparalysis of the will and bitterness of spirit.It is a kind of inverted sentimentality thatgrows by what it feeds on, that looks andfinds the roots of beauty in filth, the originsof romance in physiology. Post-war disillusionment, moreover, differs from the pre-war variety in its lack of urbanity, in itsintention of demonstrating the world to bea venomous place, and life itself an unwel-come horror. The difference may be illus-trated perfectly by contrasting NormanDouglas' South Wind (1917) and Aldous Huxley 's Point Counterpoint (1928).Douglas destroys a world of values withgentlemanly tact and winning charm;Huxley assails love and work and art andthought with a poisoned pen, and paints thesorry limitations of the human animai ingali.It is easy and inevitable to invoke thewar as a major cause of the state of feelingin question, since the war is the most signalinstance in modem times of a widespreaddisappointment of expectations. The inevitable collapse of the high moods andcourageous enterprises stimulated by thatcolossal event, the coming of the light ofcommon day after the terrible beauty ofthe storm, the spewing up into consciousnessof the long suppressed or qualified facts asto the horrors of modem warfare, thegrowing conviction that the Great War hascreated more problems than it has solved,the deepening annoyance at the discoverythat those who watched the dance of deathmust pay the piper — ali those ideas andfeelings lie not far beneath the surface ofthe contemporary mind. But the war isby no means the most significant or the mostprofound cause of a discontent no longerdivine. Science must take its share of theblame. For, while applied science has madethe modem world what it is, speedy, com-fortable, and increasingly hygienic, science,naturai and social, has been revealing tomankind the vast impersonal callous schemeof things, putting man in his little place,relating him to other forms of animai life,and laying bare the unlovely sores andfesters of the unconscious. Before the floodof modem science, man was a demi-godwith an immortai soul ; since the flood — the426IN MY OPINION 427disillusionists would have us believe — heis little superior to his brother, the worm.And towering above his puniness are theportentous figures of Spengler and hisfollowers, preaching the despairing doctrinethat western European civilization (and thedregs of it in America) is on an inevitabletoboggan slide into cultural chaos.The validity of the ideas and attitudesjust sketched can not be debated here. Inany case, so far as character and conductgo, the strength of one's convictions andthe tenacity with which one clings to hispossibly uncomfortable or unwarrantedvalues are more important pragmaticallythan their logicai validity. What is ofinterest at the moment is the widespreaddiffusion of this mood in the literature ofthe last ten years. It is particularly con-spicuous in the literature of the horrors ofwar, from the earlier examples of Barbusse'sUnder Pire (19 16) and Latzko's Men inWar (1918), through Siegfried Sassoon'sWar Poems (1919), Dos Passos' ThreeSoldiers (1921), and the grimly humorousand unheroic What Price Glory? (1924),to the transcendent disillusionment of AliQuiet on the Western Front (1929). Itmanifesta itself in the conscientiously pettyphysical and psycholo^fcal ugliness ofEvelyn Scott's earlier work, in Dreiser'ssullen animosity to American mechanicalcivilization, in Cabell's steadily frustratedromanticism, and in the robust and un-abashed sensuality of Hemingway's TheSun Also Rises (1926). It crops out asthe modem biographer points a scornfulfinger at the peccadilloes and worse ofnational and international heroes. Itachieves something like philosophic ex-position in Joseph Wood Krutch's TheModem Temper (1929). Even poetry hassuccumbed to its insidious influence, andT. S. Eliot's Waste Land (1922) is ruledwithout question by the spirit of disillusionment.In the case of the novel, it is interestingto observe a persistent hostility between thespirit of disillusionment and the conven-tional novel technique. This hostility is apparent in the work of Anatole France,who might be hailed as the grandsire ofworld-weariness, in Douglas, its honoredsire, and in their numerous and enfeebleddescendants as well. For a novel of thissort (in case you think the world reallyneeds another) the following ingredientsseem indispensable : a collection of ill-assorted persons with incredible names, apicturesque setting (Italy, an Englishcountry house, or Greenwich Village), acomplete absence of conventional preju-dices, incessant and interminable conversa-tions about everything, mentionable andunmentionable, an utter disregard of thedemands of plot, an abundance of amorousincidents, and a final collapse into satietyand disgust.To the writing of novels of this type,Aldous Huxley has brought the finest talentand the most consistent devotion, and hisnovels from Crome Yellow (1921) toPoint Counterpoint (1928) are perfect in-stances of the above formula. Huxleytowers above his disheartened colleagues insupple intelligence, in astringent bitterness,and in diabolical coolness and steadiness ofhand. No one writing in English has de-picted more convincingly the sterility oflives without purpose and without hope, theultimate tediousness of self-centered sensuality. In Point Counterpoint, he haspainted with appalling power circle beyondcircle of the hell in which the disillusionedlive.But man cannot live by disillusionmentalone. Perhaps his most astounding giftis his capacity for overlooking the un-pleasant, and, though, for the complex, lifewill never recover its pre-Freudian sim-plicity, man's ability to discover reasons,however unreasonable, for hanging on tolife, for doing another day's work, is inex-haustible. The particular reason may beno more than the unfurling of leaves inspring, the miracle of new love, or the desire for a speedier car, a better golf-score,or one's name on a title page. It may notbe much, but it's enough ; it will serve, andman is jaunty once again.To the CityBy Edwin Levin, '30Managing Editor, The Daily MaroonTO ONE who has spent sixteen yearscloistered in an unreal life as a student of sorts the break which throwshim out into the City has an aspect of terror.The world of illusion from which he is precipitateci* holds out to him, of course, theprospect of prolonging indefinitely his se-curity from cold business, materialism, theprofit-motif, through return as a graduatestudent. He may exert his efforts towardthe attainment of the graduate ideal of truththrough research; it may be just a strategieretreat in the f ear that the process of incuba-tion is not yet complete, that his perspectiveof values is not yet sufficiently developed.But the recent graduate who elects toleave behind him the life of the Universityfinds a countercheck to the fantastic ambi-tion which he has built on the reverie of theQuadrangles. \ The chili of the City dis-pels the soft caress of the green fìelds;sudden noises break the charm of unreality.When he entered the University, throughthe inevitable demands of the selective process, he was weighted with an egoism whichleft him suspended in ari impersonal insti-tution. Someone decided that the f reshmanneeded orientation. So he was enrolled inenlightening survey courses which shouldhave shocked him loose from prejudice andcJeansed his mind for the further process ofunbiased education. He either becameopenly cynical, agnostic, "scientificallyminded," or sensitive and indignant. Haz-ing is out of custom here; so he was set inhis place by various impersonal gibes whichtook him off his pedestal in activities, in cluband f raternity pledge groups. He regrettedever announcing that he was editor of hishigh school paper or the prize dramatist inhis locai circle; he forgot his provincialpopularity.He progressed open-mindedly and builtup a resistance to the unsympathetic front of the campus. He was weaned from hisegoism. If he were a student he had littletime to tap ali the resources of the city;little time to read, to attend the concerts,theaters, art galleries. Then he got phi-losophy. Home ties seemed so puerile ; hebecame smug in his sei f -suffici ency ; religionlost its grip.Sometimes he became lonely and longedfor an opportunity to do things he actuallywanted. He took refuge in the half-bakedstudent activities. He found it an easymatter to slip through his courses when helost the initial enthusiasm of study. Per-haps he learned to drink; possibly he dis-covered various locai student haunts.His enthusiasm was changed from thefirst spurt as a f reshman. Where he wasfirst lit up with the certainty that he wasdestined to lead in scholarship, to dominateactivities, he became apathetic to the outletswhich the Quadrangles offered to him.Where he had at first plunged into everypossible means of organization aboutcampus, he became lackadaisical.He had seen the University growing. Hecould never remember when there hadn'tbeen the noise of construction, riveting,drilling, when he hadn't stumbled into someabyss dug in the middle of campus, when hehadn't fallen over a crew of workmen atevery point, when the long green stretchwasn't torn up to make way for a newpower main, when there wasn't a regularannouncement of gifts varying from ten-thousand to several million dollars, ali forconstruction and research, never for theestablishment of much needed departmentsor for the increase in faculty remuneration.He had seen a new building confront himwhere before there were enough tenniscourts, where before there was a clear viewto the Midway. From the dormitory roomhe always heard the noise of building.428TO THE CITY 429He decided that the University was asmaterialistic as any big business enterprise.His ideal of freedom from the crass money-making motif was shattered by the continu-ous process of expansion. Possibly to improve intrinsically the undergraduate life ;possibly to awe philanthropists into hugedonations. He felt the slight of the undergraduate student as attention was shiftedto the research departments.He carne as Wieboldt and the new Medicai Unit were started. He left as the SocialSciences Research Building, Jones Labora-tory, Eckhart Laboratory, and Sunny Gym-nasium were completed and work started onthe Orientai Museum and ostensibly thethe new dormitories.He felt the futility of his effort. Henever could seem to get anything done.Studies organized on the Quarter systemleft so much room to continue his work in-definitely that he never got any satisfaction.Vague demands hanging over his head;time apportioned never seemed to reach ajust resolution. He felt the irony of aninstitution which had succeeded in dilutinghis egoism by enmeshing him in a systemwhere his effort counted for so little; itwould go on, just a series of student-cycles.He was impatient to get through ; he feltsore and tired from bumping his nose againstthe huge cold walls as he stumbled blindlyin the maze of big-university education.The atmosphere was saturated with dutiesand obligations. They were as large andas insistent when he carne to the end of thelabyrinth. He felt possibly that he hadwasted his effort ; but no, he surely wasolder.There was a wound left by the envy andhyper-criticism about him. He tried to fìtin with the attitude; he tried to build uphis program, to reorganize his life aroundthe University, to redefine his sphere. Hehad to toady to authorities; he had to hidewhen his plans went wrong. He tried thecold business attitude to his associates; theemotional play of personalities was too strong ; he subsided and was overrun by theantagonism of his critics.He was left bitter and disillusioned ; hehad shifted from enthusiasm to tolerance.He wanted to go back over his school yearsand remodel his program. He would eliminate ali campus activities; his only rewardhad been to see his successors start, notwhere he had left off, but where he hadstarted; at most he had found a thanklessposition of diluted honor. He would spendhis time reading and doing the things heliked; he would shift in a more leisurelycourse of self-development. He would havebuilt his program on foreign languages, onmathematics, on chemistry.He leaves the elaborate display of theCommencement with chagrin; wonderingas he did with the Presidente inaugurationand with the dedication of the new Chapel.Was this, too, a tribute to the powers whobuilt the University? Even yet he hadfailed to see where the undergraduate carnein. There was no emotional regret at leav-ing; no sentimental waving of banners; notearstained hands raising the cup to a toast ;no avowal of periodic return; no eagerdonation to the alumni trust fund for theclass gift.His fear was not at losing the security ofthe warm fìelds of illusion. It was awe andterror at fìnding a place in the City. Hecould not say what the University hadequipped him to do. He felt a smatteringof the fine arts, a vague knowledge of someof the fundamentals of science; some book-theories of society. He knew he was adilettante rather than a specialist. He mustgo back to the graduate schools and becomea teacher or to the C and A school and become a business specialist.Now he feels he might be a press-agent ora dictaphone salesman with equal facility.He knows that the people he will meet willbe different from the shabby non-individual-ized personality he knew at school. Hemust overcome sixteen years of resistancebefore he finds his place in the City.Dr. Wallace W. Atwood in the National Parks ServiceHE WAS familiarly knovvn in collegedays as "Walt Atwood." In '97lie received his Bachelor's degree and in '03,while a member of the faculty here at theUniversity of Chicago, he won the Ph.D.degree. As an undergraduate he will beremembered chiefly because of his interestin student publications, in the dramaticwork of the undergraduates and in thefraternity and social life of the studentbody. 1He was a charter member of manyof the student organizations and with abouta dozen other men established many of thecustoms that have now become traditions atChicago.As a member of the faculty he is remembered first as an instructor, then assistantprofessor, and later associate professor in thedepartment of Geology and Geography.Members of our present faculty in Geologyand Geography were in his classes eitheras undergraduate or graduate students.Each summer he gave his time to field"Excelsior" gasped our hero as he topped the Tetstudies, usually under the auspices of theU. S. Geological Survey.In 19 13 he left his alma mater to acceptthe professorship in Physical Geography atHarvard. There he remained for nearlyeight years, leaving the great university inCambridge to accept the presidency of ClarkUniversity at Worcester, Massachusetts,and establish a graduate school of Geography.But "Walt Atwood" has recently beenappointed a member of the advisory boardof the National Park Service. He is oneof seven scientists who have been asked byPresident Hoover and Dr. Wilbur to directthe scientific and educational work in ourNational Parks. More than fifty instruc-tors chosen from the faculties of this country are on duty each summer season in theparks giving information through informaiconferences or through addresses to the mil-lions of people who are visitors to thesenaturai wonder lands. The instructiongiven is chiefly in the naturaisciences, geology, physical geography, zoology, and botany. Incertain of the parks, however, ar-chaeology is the field of specialinterest and in some of the newerones about to be established, history will be the outstanding fea-ture of interest.He has furthermore been electedpresident of the National ParksAssociation which is a body ofpublic spirited citizens united bythe desire to help maintain highstandards for the National Parks,to protect them from commer-cialization and to support the parkservice in its effort to make theparks more and more valuable tothe people of this country.In a recent address on our National Parks Dr. Atwood stated:"There are few places in the worldwhere so many profound lessons ingeologie changes are so clearlyshown as in the Grand Canyon ofthe Colorado. There is no ex-+30DR. WALLACE W. ATWOOD 43iampie on the surface of the earth where thework of weathering and of running waterare so well illustrated as in that wonderfulgorge. There are few, if any, mountaincanyons where the work of streams and ofalpine ice are as well illustrated as in theYosemite. The Sequoia National Park¦contains the oldest and most majestic of theliving objects on this earth. Crater Lake oc-cupies a depression formed when a great vol-canic mountain collapsed and 'swallowed itshead ;' there is not another example like thison the continent of North America. On theslopes of Mount Rainier are the largest andmost superb of alpine glaciers in our country. The Yellowstone National Park illus-trates more strikingly than any other knownlocality the many secondary phenomena ofvulcanism. Where except in Glacier National Park can we find two great rangesof mountains that have traveled overlandfor at least fìfteen miles and since comingto rest have been dissected by streams andglaciers ? Where in this country are therearchaeological records of equal interest tothose in the Mesa Verde and the Nationalmonuments of the southwest? Our parksare unique examples of great science labo-ratories."A third position that of "Expert Advisor"has recently been assigned to this alumnus of the University and in that capacity hewill visit, during the coming summer season,ten or twelve of the larger parks and anumber of high mountain regions in the farwest that are under consideration as desirable additions to the National Parks system. He has a pack train and saddle-horseoutfit engaged with which he will explorethe region of the High Sierras following forhundreds of miles the trails through thatrugged mountain country. He proposes toclimb Mt. Whitney (14,501), the highestmountain in the United States, and followthe John Muir trail from Sequoia NationalPark to the Ycsemite National Park. Laterin the season he will climb Mt. Rainier andinspect with a pack train the new trailsthat are being built in the Grand TetonNational Park.In this out-of-door work for the nation,"Walt Atwood" again finds himself in hischosen field of study. He now faces theproblem of opening the eyes of hundredsof thousands, perhaps of millions, of visitorsto the National Parks to an understandingof the great scenic features in the parks.It is his ambition to lead others to an ap-preciation of the great changes which arein progress throughout the physical worldand to the deeper meanings found in thescientific study of the landscape.The Heart of the Grand Teton RangeBy William V. Morgenstern, '20 J.D. '22SCORES OF THE MONTHBaseballIndiana, 9; Chicago, 1Michigan, 2; Chicago, 1Chicago, 9; Ohio, * 4Illinois, io; Chicago, 0Wisconsin, 7; Chicago, 0Chicago, 4, Michigan State 3TennisIllinois, 5 Chicago, 4Minnesota, 5 Chicago, 4Chicago, 6 Northwestern, 3Chicago, 7 Wisconsin, 2Chicago, 8 Iowa, 1Michigan, 5 Chicago, 4Chicago, 7 Northwestern, 2TrackTriangular — Indiana, 79; Purdue, 47-11/12; Chicago, 38-1/12.Quadrangular — Wisconsin, 72 ; Ohio,56-3/4; Northwestern, 21-3/4; Chicago,19-1/2.GolfWisconsin, 12 Chicago, 5Michigan, 18 Chicago, 0Purdue, 12 Chicago, 6Illinois, 12-1/2 Chicago, 5-1/2NO PARTICULAR distinction at-taches to the records of the Chicagoteams during the Spring seasonjust ending. Track particularly has beendisappointing since the relay competitionclosed and the baseball team has been ratherpainfully untalented. The tennis squad,with the best prospects of winning a title,lost out to Michigan, but won the singlesand doubles titles in the individuai tourna-ment. The track team suffered from progressive disintegration, hitting bottom in theconference meet. Coach Ned Merriam hadplenty of difficulties, caused by ineligibili-ties and injuries. Harold Haydon, whoset a new conference indoor record in thehigh hurdles in 1929, and has never sincebeen up to his top form, climaxed a longseries of disasters by so severely injuring aknee in Aprii that he was removed fromcompetition. Ed Schulz, as good as thecurrent crop of conference quarter milers,was hurt in the Illinois Relays and did notrun a decent race afterward. "Buck"Weaver slumped back into ineligibility, anda 48 foot shot putter was lost thereby. RoyBlack, almost as good a hurdler as Haydon,was unable to get eligible for the outdoorseason. In the conference meet, Capt. Norman Root was left at the post in his semifinal heat, and did not qualify for thehundred. He did get into the 220 finals,and was beaten by two men from whomhe should have been able to run away,taking a fifth. Dale Letts ran a heady raceand won the 880, as he should, for he waseasily the class of the field. East, whoqualified in the 100, failed to place in thefinals, though he was as good as two of themen who beat him. Boesel, who mighthave been a second in the hammer, finishedfifth. Ali this totalled 7 points, and a tiefor eighth place.Even the incentive of a trip to Japanthis summer failed to produce any largenumber of ball players. The team has beenerratic in the field, and it has done no hitting to speak of. In one of their games,the boys made nine errors. Part of thetrouble comes from the lack of early work,because the hazards of the weather, but it isalso evident that baseball is a sport thatmost of the players learn after they get432ATHLETICS 433here. Tim Knowles, a left hander, haspitched some nice games, but even goodpitching could not offset the uncertain supporta Occasionally, as in the defeat ofMichigan State, the Chicago team hasplayed competent baseball, but such flasheswere very few. Some hard work early inthe summer and the addition of a freshmanor two will make the team somewhat betterbefore it goes to Japan.Capt. Scott Rexinger and Paul Staggwere undefeated in singles during the dualmeet season in tennis, and Herbert Heymanlost only once. The doubles team ofRexinger and Calohan was beaten but once,Northwestern upsetting them in the lastmatch to put the Chicago pair in a bettermood for the tournament. When the Maroon pair met the Northwestern team inthe finals of the doubles play in the tournament, Rexinger and Calohan rompedthrough in three straight sets. They hadconsiderable anxiety in the earlier matches,for Rexinger was uncertain up to the finalsin both doubles and singles, but Calohan'smarvelous recoveries kept the team going.Rexinger won in straight sets in the singlesfinals from Turner of Illinois, exhibitingATRADITIONAL feature of thesummer activities on the campus isthe series of summer dances held each yearby the University of Chicago SettlementLeague for the benefit of the UniversitySettlement "back of the yards." Since theirinception some fifteen or twenty years agothese dances have been an important sourceof revenue for the Settlement League andhave provided pleasant social occasions for ali the control and drive that he had lackedin the early rounds.Capt. Errett Van Nice, the hope of Mr.Stagg's 1930 football team, had his rightshoulder dislocated in the final week ofSpring practice. Reports from the Clinicsare that the injury probably will heal without serious results, but dislocated shouldersare no help to football players. In recentyears such men as Harold Lewis and Mal-colm Proudfoot were similarly injured andtheir shoulders were out of place more oftenthan they were in. Van Nice is a left-hander, and his passing will not be affected,but the possibility that the other shoulder isnone too fìrmly anchored will be one of theOld Man's worries this summer.The conference medal, for excellence inathletics and scholarship, has been awardedHarold Haydon, son of Professor and Mrs.Albert Eustace Haydon, who has heldhonor scholarships, was elected to PhiBeta Kappa at the end of his junior year,was a leader in student activities and theformer record holder in the conference indoor high hurdles.the students, the alumni, and the friendsof the University. And it is interesting tonote that, in spite of the increasing expenseof conducting the dances, the originai admis-sion fee of fifty cents stili prevails. Thisyear one of the well known Cope Harveyorchestras will furnish the music. Thedances are held in Ida Noyes Hall everySaturday night from June 21 throughAugust 23. Alumni are especially invited.Alumni Invited to Settlement League DancesNEWS OF THEQUADRANGLESBy John P. Howe, '27ONE hundred and sixty convocationsago there was a ceremony, the Uni-versity's first, in the Central MusicHall, which stood on the southeast cornerof State and Randolph streets. Ali thebright and restless spirits who had beencajoled into joining what the papers thencalled "Harper's three-ring cifcus," paradedbravely, and probably unconvincingly, downthe aisle in cap and gown — where the aisleof Marshall Field's giove department nowwould be.The date was January 2, 1893 — the firstday of the second quarter of the first year.Why the event was called a "Convocation,"rather than a commencement, the citizenrythere assembled did not quite know. Cer-Jiainly it could not have been merely thatthere happened to be no candidates for de-grees. The term, it appeared, was simplya better expression of what Dr. Harperintended the occasion to be — a formai mus-tering of the members of the University.Professor von Holst, who had come fromGermany to head the history department,spoke on "The Need of Universities in theUnited States." And Dr. Harper closedthe First Convocation with the QuarterlyStatement.This June's Convocation, the ióoth(there having been nine special Convocations during the thirty-eight academic yearsnow complete), will be such a thing aswould swell the hearts of even those austereoptimists who gathered in the Central Music Hall. Mostly, it is pleasant to reflect,because the ióoth Convocation will be solike the first, because the high-minded cour-age and the devotion to scholarship and ex-periment which found expression in the firstwill no less mark the latest.Degrees will be awarded to over ninehundred candidates in the Chapel on Juneioth. Though the Chapel seats 2,000 theConvocation will be held in two sections to accommodate the throngs, the first at 11A. M. for those who will receive advanceddegrees, the second at 3 P. M. for thebachelors. Over 800 faculty members, in-dividually no less great or promising thanthose of '93, will be entitled to sit in thechancel. And President Hutchins, who willdeliver a short address in lieu of the usuaioration, could teli in his Quarterly Statement — -if he cared to, as he will not — thatthe University's assets now reach well overninety millions of dollars, and that in anyone year the number of students in residence, at one time or another, reaches wellover fourteen thousand; and that the repu-tation of the University is no less great thanthe founders could have hoped.To those of us who carne into the quadrangles within, say, the last sixty convocations, the idea of the University as beingeither new or young was difficult to acceptwith any feeling, fabulous, and even un-necessary. And the story of the tribula-tion and acumen and idealism which wentinto the University's auspicious beginningsputs the responsibility of being end-productsof ali that upon our inauspicious shoulders.Faculty people at the University seemto have neither the time nor the dispositionfor any extensive reminiscing. But thereare eleven men stili teaching who weremembers of President Harper's first faculty, who could reminisce way back to whenthe University was only an office at 12 12Chamber of Commerce Building, and who,if they chose, could teli some grand storiesof how it ali carne to pass.Of the First Faculty, which numbered120, twenty-seven are stili alive. Of theeleven hardy perennials stili serving, nineare now heads of departments. They areCari Darling Buck, comparative philology;Edwin O. Jordan, bacteriology and hygi-ene; Frank R. Lillie, zoology; Eliakim H.Moore, mathematics; Paul Shorey, Greek;434NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 435Julius Steiglitz, chemistry; A. A. Michel-son, physics; James H. Tufts, philosophy;and A. A. Stagg, physical culture and ath-letics. Professor Herbert E. Slaught stiliserves in the mathematics department andProfessor George C. Howland in comparative literature. These men, now pillars ofthe University, were youngsters in their 20'sìn '93, men whose promise caught theshrewd eye of Harper. Undergraduatesmay die for old Rutgers; these have livedfor Chicago.Professor Michelson retires from activeservice this month. Dr. Tufts, who hasheaded philosophy since 1905, also becomesprofessor-emeritus, though he will continueto render half-time service. The leoninefigure of Tufts is one of the most familiar inthese areas ; he was Dean of the Facultiesfrom 1923 to 1926 and Acting-Presidentduring the interregnum between Burtonand Mason. With John Dewey he appliedthe Chicago-nurtured philosophy of prag-matism to ethical theory, and one product oftheir collaboration, the Dewey-Tufts "Eth-ics," is stili standard as a text. For four-teen years he edited the International Journal of Ethics and for a term served aspresident of the American PhilosophicalAssociation.Not a few of the first students in theUniversity graduated into the faculty ranksand the ranks of the Old Subscribers. Professor James C. M. Hanson, who is calledProfessor of Bibliography, Classificationand Cataloguing in the Graduate LibrarySchool, played with Mr. Stagg's first football team, along with Professor P. S. Alien,in the days when the squad practiced with"Billy" Sunday's eleven in WashingtonPark. Professor Hanson, who has workedin and with Harper Library since it wasbuilt in 19 io, who fathered the cataloguingsystem now the International standard, andwho lately directed the recataloguing of theVatican collection, is also to retire at theend of the appointment year.Walter A. Payne, '95, who served theUniversity without interruption since hisgraduation, relinquished his post as Recorder and Examiner last month. He issucceeded by Roy White Bixler. And Storrs Barrett, Associate Professor of As-trophysics and Secretary of Yerkes Observa-tory since 1900 will become emeritus thismonth.Each new issue of the University Recordlists the names of dozens of new appointees.Among the newer names are those of menwho will carry out President Hutchins' pianof providing undergraduates with the moststimulating kind of survey-lectures. Mr.Henry D. Gideonse, now of Rutgers University, has been named as Associate Professor in Economics to reorganize and todirect the undergraduate instruction in thatdepartment. And Mr. William C. Casey,now of the University of Illinois, has beenmade Associate Professor of Politicai Science.When Mr. Hutchins refers to "the college" he has in mind the freshmen andsophomore classes. In general his pian forthe college is that its students shall be in-structed, in more or less required and controlied fashion, in large lecture groups,covering a good deal of ground in eachfield, and led by the most inspiring lec-turers to be found. Those who pass fromthe college pass into one of the departments,and from then to graduation their work inthat and related departments is largely amatter of individuai initiative, reading, research, consultation.The most interesting piece of curricularnews in a decade is that w^hich is tuckedaway in one of the formai lists of coursesfor the impending autumn quarter. Under"General Survey Courses" appears the item"no: Honors Course. Readings in theclassics of western European literature . . .the great originai works in poetry, fiction,drama, philosophy. . . . Studies in the con-continuity of culture. . . . Limited to 15beginning freshmen, by invitation. . . .Two-year course carrying six majors credit.. . . Hours to be arranged. . . . (Hutch-ins-Adler).With Dr. Mortimer Adler, who willcome from Columbia University to T)e Associate Professor of Philosophy, PresidentHutchins will offer this honors course forthe brighter members of the class of '34.43^ THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThe course promises to be one of the mostsignificant adventures in pedagogy the University has seen, especially since the President will take over its direction.Thornton Wilder, his students agree, is"one of the most stimulating lecturers to befound," and one of the friendliest fellowshere. And though he does not intend towrite a novel concerning this or any otheruniversity, he has excluded ali other attrac-tions during his stay as Frederick IvesCarpenter Professor this spring, and hasdevoted himself to the life of the quadrangles. After a summer at the MacDow-ellcolony in Petersborough, New Hampshire,he will return to the University in the fallfor one more quarter of undergraduateteaching. After which there are five playsand a picaresque novel about American lifeto be worked out, disinclined though he isto write.Pledge of $10,000 a year for the supportof a cardiac clinic, to be part of the University Clinics, has been made by the BaronHirsch Woman's\ Club. Supplemented byother funds of the University this gift willpermit extensive research in heart disease,as well as treatment of a large number ofpatients. Figures quoted by Dr. FranklinMcLean in announcing the gift show thattwo million people in the United Statesare suffering with one or another heartailment; and that the mortality rate fromthis cause — almost 300 per 100,000 of population — is nearly doublé that for the nextmost important cause of death.wwwMr. Edward F. Swift has given the University $25,000 and Mr. J. M. Hopkins$10,000 "free money," to be used whereneeded. In addition there has been a grow-ing stream of smaller funds for specialresearch projects, contributed by founda-tions and by interested individuate and cor-porations.¥ » »Up to a few years ago salaries of facultymembers had remained practically station- ary, by classification, for 35 years. Somealleviation has come through the establishment of seven Distinguished Service Pro*fessorships, named for the donors, whichcarry salaries of at least $10,000 a year.In addition President Hutchins is devotingconsiderable attention to raising salaries ofoutstanding men more generally.The growing popularity of T. V. Smithas a speaker is a boon to the aviation in-dustry. Professor Smith agreed to deliverthe commencement address at the NorthCarolina College for Women, at Greens-boro, on June 9th. He agreed further tospeak at the graduation exercises of theUniversity of Arkansas, at Fayetteville, onJune ioth. His itinerary, as it is nowplanned, is this : Piane to Cleveland, trainto Greensboro; chartered piane from theNorth Carolina commencement to Bristol,Tenn. ; train to Memphis; chartered piane— with breakfast — to Fayetteville; train toSt. Louis ; and piane home.wwwCornerstone for the Gertrude DunnHicks Memorial which is to be a $300,000unit for crippled children adjoining Billingshospital, was laid May I5th. Vice-Presi-dent Woodward, presiding at the ceremony,said that the University's new children'smedicai center, though it was hardly adefinite ambition five years ago, promises tóbe unsurpassed on its completion.wwwThe "lie detector" developed jointly byProfessor Vollmer, Leonarde Keeler of theInstitute for Juvenile Research and Professor John Larsen of the University ofIowa, has been used with remarkable success in thousands of criminal cases on theWest Coast. This empirical validation ofthe device, however, has not been consideredgrounds for the admission of the lie de-tector's testimony in formai evidence. Soa committee of scientists has been appointedat the University to make an exhaustiveinvestigation of the possibilities and limita-tions of the "pneumo-cardio-sphymograph,,,to test its reliability for ali types of situa-NEWS OF THE QUADRANGLES 437tions and individuate, in insanity and dis-ease as well as in health. The committeewill be Mr. Vollmer; Mr. Keeler; C. W0Darrow of the Behavior Research Fund;Dr. Le L. T'hurstone of the PsychologyDepartment; Dr0 Ralph Gerard, Phys-iology; and Professor H. D. Lasswell, politicai psychology. The possibilities of thelie detector include no less revolutionarymoves than the supplanting of the jury as afact-finding body; and the dangerous pos-¥ AST year the University received a surnA-^ of money for thirty-five two yearscholarships to be given to men. Thedonors stipulated that these scholarshipswere to be given to outstanding Freshmenwho were to be given two year tuition in-stead of tuition for a single year. It wasbelieved that a guarantee of two year'stuition would be an mducement whichmight secure for the University the highesttype Freshmen.Following the idea of this new form ofscholarship for men the Chicago AlumnaeClub has voted to establish such a scholarship for women. In the Autumn Quartera Sophomore is to receive a scholarship forone year and an entering Freshman is toreceive a two year scholarship. In this waythe club will be sponsoring one Freshmanand one Sophomore each year.The two year scholarship is to be givento a girl who is a marked leader amonggirls in social lines as well as academicstanding. She is to be selected from appli-cants from Chicago and vicinity. A rep-resentative of the Chicago Alumnae ClubBoard and the Dean of the Colleges willmake the choice. If alumni know of girlsqualified for this scholarship the Scholarship Chairman of the Chicago AlumnaeClub would appreciate a letter stating whatthe alumnus knows about the applicant, and sibility of its use in ali types of personnelwork.Dale Letts, conference champion in thehalf-mile and one of the leading scholarsof his class, who has worked his way throughschool, is the new Head Marshal. MissJean Searcy is the Senior Aide. Alien East,sprinter, is President of the UndergraduateCouncil, and Marjorie Cahill is its newSecretary.an application from the girl should be sentdirectly to the Dean's onice.This decision was made possible by thegenerous response to the appeal sent tomembers of the Chicago Alumnae Club.This year it was decided to ask the membersto aid the scholarship fund and no otherphilanthropy. Evidently the appeal fordirect assistance to our Alma Mater metwith hearty approvai for our response hasbeen most generous. The West Side Sub-urban Alumnae Club have pledged theirsupport for one quarter's tuition to this samefund. It is the hope of the Alumnaein this vicinity that this action of the Chicago Club is but the beginning of a largefund to be used to secure the finest type ofgirls from ali sections of this country asstudents at the University of Chicago. Wehope that locai clubs throughout the UnitedStates will become interested in giving thisvaluable assistance to the University andwill maintain scholarships for girls fromtheir own districts who will make desirableFreshmen. We hope another generousdonor will make it possible for an equalnumber of women to share this privilege oftwo year scholarships which have beengiven to the entering men.Martha Landers Thompson,Scholarship ChairmanChicago Alumnae ClubChicago Alumnae Club ScholarshipNEWS OFTHE CLASSE SAND ASSOCIATIONSCollege1897Mrs. Hamilton Rogers (Edith E.Schwarz) is now living at 333 East 68thStreet, New York City. •** Waldo P.Breeden is working at his profession of lawin Pittsburgh.1898Annie D. Inskeep of 2507 Parker Street,Berkeley, California has a new textbookready "Child Adjustment," published byApple ton and Company.1900John J. Krause, ex, has changed his residence from Evanston to 123 Oxford Road,Kenilworth, Illinois.1902Mrs. Edith Behrhorst Maize of Avalon,Pennsylvania, hks two daughters attendingthe University of Chicago, Mary '31 andEleanor '33.1903Mrs. E. N. Mohl (Sophia Berger) sendsher address to us as 189 Nablus Road,Jerusalem, Palestine. *** Jessie L. Strausshas changed his office from 30 North La-Salle Street, Chicago to Room 1208, 33North LaSalle Street.1905Alvin E. Evans, ex, is Dean of the College of Law in the University of Kentuckyat Lexington. *** Mary G. Dallam, ex,automatically retired from public schoolteaching in Baltimore after a service offifty-two years and eight months. She was.head of the English Department in theWestern High School for the past tenyears. *** Mary A. Nourse has returnedfrom China where she lived many years, andis now living at 41 15 Wisconsin Avenue,Washington, D. C. 1906Mildren Halton Bryan of Sheboygan,Wisconsin won sixth place in the ChicagoTribune's recent contest for the history ofthe United States in 500 words.I9IOI. N. Warner is teaching Mathematics inState Teachers College, Platteville, Wisconsin.I9IIMillington F. Carpenter is supervisor ofEnglish in the University High School,University of Iowa at Iowa City. ***Harriette Taylor TreadwTell is principal ofthe Gompers Crippled Children's and regu-lar school in Chicago. *** Ethel Kawin,'11, A.M. '25, is Director of the Pre-school Branch of the Institute for JuvenileResearch, 907 So. Lincoln Street, and Research Psychologist of the Behavior Research Fund.I912Edna L. Sterling of 1630 Boylston Avenue, Seattle, Washington, spent last yeartravelling in Europe. She is co-author of"English for Daily Use," published byHenry Holt Co. *** Mrs. Chas. W. Gilkey(Geraldine Brown) was elected presidentof the Young Womens Christian Association at their biennial convention in DetroitMay ist.1913Harriet Edgeworth, S.M. '17, has returned from Tucson, Arizona to her homeat 213 N. Chicago Avenue, Kankakee, Illinois. *** Margaret Greene, formerly ofHot Springs, Arkansas, now lives at 689E. Washington Street, Martinsville, Indiana.1914F. L. Hutsler of 214 N. Cresent Drive,Beverly Hills, California, is associated with438NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 439the Los Angeles branch of the U. S. RubberCo. *** Paul W. Tatge has moved hisoffice to 19 South LaSalle Street. Hisbrother Luther, '22, is associated with himin the practice of law. *** Mrs. James W.Pearce (Lydia M. Lee) 1357 E. 47thPlace, Chicago, writes she is recuperatingfrom a siege of illness at the PresbyterianHospital where numerous of our illustriousgrads gave her unexcelled attention. Sheteaches public speaking at Tilden Tech-nical High School and keeps house for herprogeny of three. *** John C. Morrison iswith Hornblower and Weeks, 39 S. LaSalle St., Chicago, and lives at the Mc-Cormick Hotel.19x6Denton H. Sparks is Vice-President andSales Manager of A. C. McClurg & Company, Chicago.1917Joseph L. Samuels is Vice-President ofDouglas Lumber Company, 2700 WestRoosevelt Road, Chicago. *** CharlesPercy Dake is with Albert E. Peirce & Co.,investment securities, 105 W. Adams St.,Chicago.1918Helen E. Loth is working for a Doctorof Philosophy degree in Latin, *** GroverClark's address has been changed fromPeiping, China, to 60 Broadway, NewYork City. He acts as Consultant on fareastern affairs. *** Mrs. Max Defouw(Margaret Stires) has moved from OakPark, Illinois, to 722 Longview Avenue,Akron, Ohio.I924Beatrice B. Brown, ex, whose address isthe Hooked Rug Shop, Provincetown,Massachusetts, is doing free lance writingvery successfully. *** Mrs. Agnes Pottervan Ryn had an exhibit of thirty-nine paint-ings at Montross Gallery, 785 Fifth Avenue, New York City, Aprii twenty-first toMay third. The exhibition included por-traits, landscapes and decorative composi-tions. *** Lilian A. Nelson is head of Busi ness Girls and Womens' Department of theY. W. C. A. in Boston.1925Louisa Clark has been appointed Mar-quand Fellow in Mediaeval and RenaissanceStudies of the Archasological Institute ofAmerica for the year 1930-31, and expectsto be travelling in Europe next year study-ing. *** S. V. Dragoo has moved from SanFrancisco, to Coalinga, California.I926Paul E. Nilson, A.M., has been working under the American Board of Commis-sioners for Foreign Missions in Talas,Turkey, since 19 19. He testifies to greatchanges which have taken place in the newRepublic. The Notary, who three yearsago wore native dress and occupied a dirtyoffice writing his own difficult Turkish,now dresses in European clothes, and anicely dressed young girl writes the newletters on a Remington typewriter, ali in aclean, orderly room.1927Eva Comegys is Home Economics FieldSpecialist for H. J. Heinz Company, Pittsburgh, and gives lecture programs at schoolsand colleges in Chicago, Philadelphia, andIowa.1928Cari H. Henrickson is solicitor for Norrisand Kenly, members of New York andChicago Stock Exchanges, in the Kenosha,Wisconsin office.1929Koyoshi Otake is assistant Superintend-ent of a mission school for girls in Yokohama, Japan. *** Elizabeth M. Comutz isteaching sixth grade at Copernicus School,Chicago, while awaiting a High Schoolassignment. *** Elizabeth Bryan took ayear ori from serious work, spending thewinter at home in Nashville, Tenn. ***Marcelle Vennema has been abroad for ayear, travelling and studying in Paris. Shewill return in June. *** Charlotte Eckharthas just returned from a year spent intravel and study abroad.440 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETHE YATES- FISHERTEACHERS' AGENCYEstablished igoóPaul Yates, Manager6l6-Ó20 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUECHICAGOTHE J. M. HAHNTEACHERS AGENCYA Western Placement BureauElementary, Secondary, CollegeAlways in quest of outstanding educatórsfor important positions. Teachers with higher degrees in demand. Doctors of Philosophy urgently needed for college anduniversity positions now listed.J. M. Hahn and Bianche TuckerManagers2161 Shattuck Ave. Berkeley, California Albert Teachers * Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., ChicagoLast June a Dean of a large College spent three days in Chicago withnine positions to fili — one Head ofDepartment and eight Instructors.Seven of these, including the Headof the Department, were filled bythis office. He is only one of themany College Heads that cali hereevery year for assistance. Our regu-lar clients from year to year are thebest Colleges, Universities, Teachers*Colleges, City and Suburban HighSchoóls, Private Schools, — the bestschools from ali parts of the country.The alertness of our Managers andthe efficiency of our service play alarge part in securing and holdingour patronage. University of Chicago students who want to get welllocated are invited to cali at ouroffice or send for free booklet.Other Offices: New York, Spokane, WichitaCHICAGO COLLEGIATEBUREAU of OCCUPATIONSA non-profit organization sponsored by University Alumnae Clubs in Chicago.Vocational Information and PlacementSocial Service — Scientific — Home EconomicsBusinessWell qualified women, with and without ex-perience come to us from ali over the countryfor new positions.Service to Employer and EmployeeMrs. Marguerite Hewitt McDanielManaging Director5 So. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Illinois Clark-Brewer Teachers AgencyEstablished 1882College Department for Masters and Doctors.Large suburban clientele. Attractive opportunitiesin the best secondary schools. Grade supervisionand critics for city system s and normal colleges.Each member registered in ali six offices per-manently. Get Brewer's Nat. Ed. Directory —10,000 names for $1.00.Chicago, 64 E. Jackson Blvd.; New York, Fiat-iron Bldg.; Pittsburgh, Jenkins Arcade; Minneapolis, Globe Bldg.; Kansas City, N. Y. LifeBldg. ; Spokane, Chamber of Commerce Bldg.AH members National Association of Teachers'Agencies.JP"Ji If TEACHERS a8 e ast Jackson blvd.impresi; ChicagoOur service is nation-wide in its scope and our connections include many of the largestand best institutions throughout the United States. Our college department is mannedby university trained appointment heads who have had years of experience in collegeand university work. Because of our connections, we are in a position to rendervaluable service to you, no matter what type of position you are seeking. We wouldappreciate a personal cali at our office before registering, but if this is not feasible, wesuggest you write now for our registration material.Address: C. E. Goodell, President and General Manager 28 East Jackson Blvd., ChicagoNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 4411919Mrs. Hiram Smith (Agnes Prentice)was recently elected chairman of the HydePark Young Womens Christian Association Center.1920Philip H. Salzman is Treasurer of Salz-manj Peisert Co., 4030 Elston Ave., Chicago, and a Director of the Boulevard StateSavings Bank. *** Grant Mears has movedhis residence from Chicago to 2315 BurtonAvenue, Highland Park, Illinois. *** U. R.Laves, S.M. '25, and Mrs. Aldine SearsLaves, '22, are now living at 706 E. 15AAvenue, Ada, Oklahoma. Mr. Laves isresident geologist for Southwest Gas Utilities Corporation.1921Norman C. Meier is Associate Professorof Psychology at University of Iowa, andconducts research under funds of Rocke-feller Foundation in aesthetic nature ofsmall children, also in social psychology.***Priscilla Sanborn is selling advertisingfor the Christian Science Monitor in Boston.i874F. M. Chase is Medicai Director of theDes Moines Life and Annuity Company,Des Moines, Iowa. *** Ezra T. Goblewrites from Earlville, Illinois, "I stili goto my office every day, I used to attendthe annual meetings of the Alumni Association regularly and was once its president,but I hardly meet anyone I know now so Iseldom attend. I do go to the sessions ofour County Association and other MedicaiMeetings."1880John C. Nichols is in his eighty-seventhyear. He lives in Muscatine, Iowa, wherehe has been in poor health for the past fiveyears. *** John D. Cramerer retired frompractice in 19 19 after a severe attack ofinfluenza. He writes that his principal 1922Elwood Ratcliff and Mrs. Ratcliff sailedAprii twenty-second for two months inEurope. *** Mary May Wyman is Super-visor of Health and Safety Education in theLouisville, Kentucky Public Schools.1923Adolphe B. Reich is with the New YorkLife Insurance Company, 1 North La-Salle Street, Chicago. *** Osborne R.Roberts and Thomas E. Guerin are withthe Philadelphia office of Halsey, Stuartand Company. *** Last summer Irwin N.Knehans conducted parties through Yellowstone Rocky Mountain Glacier, and Mt.Rainier National Parks for the BurlingtonRailroad. He travelled thirteen thousandmiles by rail and two thousand by bus, andhad a delightful vacation. *** Paul A.Davis moved May first to 419 West Sixty-second Street, Chicago. *** Léonard F.Nelson is Advertising Manager of the Oklahoma Gas & Electric Company and President of the Advertising Club of OklahomaCity.occupation is acting as chauffeur for hiswife but he deals in homes as a side line.He lives in Glendale, California. ***John Ritter reports from Miami that hehas officially retired but he is giving chestclinics twice a week for the city HealthDepartment.l8oiPhilip Leach has retired from his postas Captain in the Medicai Corps in the U.S. Navy.1885Louis R. Head is in general practice atMadison, Wisconsin, and is Medicai Director of Morningside Sanatorium, ownedand operated by the Madison Anti-Tuberculosis Association. *** Edward C.English announces that he is sixty-nine yearsRush442 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEA bit of the oldA glimpse of the newWill be in the Spode wareOrder ed by you.Yes, ali alumni may now indulge their love of the antique by ordering a set(12 for $15.00) of the beautiful Spode dinner plates that are to be made for usby the famous old potters at Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, England. SeveralEastern universities have already adopted their specially designed alumni plates.The University of Chicago ware is soft gray in tone, with a separate view inthe center of each of the twelve plates, and a print of the old university in theborder panels. The design is Gothic and a good type of the lovely Spode under-glazed printing.Three hundred initial orders are necessary. Order today.THE ALUMNI COUNCIL, University of Chicago.Please reserve for me set(s) of twelve Spode Plates at $15.00per set. No charge for delivery anywhere in the U. S.Name Address NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 443old but stili in active practice at Rensselaer,Indiana, where he has been located forthirty-four years. *** Robert Hawkins of]Viarysville, Kansas, writes us that W. R.Breed, M.D. '92, of Marysville and Dr.Ham, M.D. '82, of Beattie, are the otherrepresentatives of Rush in his County. ***Edward D. Keyes is practicing with his sonat 216 Center Street, Winona, Minnesota,1891J. E. Reichert is in general practice, withspecial attention to obstetrics, at West Bend,Wisconsin. *** R. S. Bothwell writes thatBatavia, Illinois, is a fine place to live andapparently he has done his share to makeit so as he has been in active practice therefor 39 years. *** B. F. Weston writesfrom Mason City, Iowa, "Have practicedmedicine at the same old stand since 1891.Have for partner, older son R. RaymondWeston, Rush '16, who is surgeon andchief-of-staff at Mercy Hospital. Myyounger son, F. Lawrence Weston, Rush'21 is practicing internai medicine atMadison, Wisconsin. *** Frank H. Gordonreports a change of address. He is nowat 812 South Bonnie Brae Street, LosAngeles. *** Frank C. Wiser has been ap-pointed a member of the Los AngelesHarbor Commission. Dr. Wiser has beenpracticing in Los Angeles since 19 io. ***Geo D. Buch is farming at Rio Hando,Texas.1899John E. Stanton was the ex-service man'scandidate ior the nomination for Treasurerof Cook County, Illinois, at the springprimaries. *** Oxson A. Kellogg is practicing medicine in Dows. Iowa.1897Willis B. Holden is Clinical Professorof Surgery at the University of Oregon,chief surgeon at the Portland SanatoriumHospital and a member of the staff of theMultnomah County Hospital. *** CarrollE. Cook who is practicing at 307 N. Michigan Ave., Chicago, writes us that his sonis now head of Industriai Surgery at theJackson Clinic, Madison, Wisconsin. I90IMathew M. Hill is practicing medicinein Winfield, Kansas. *** J. Siewert Weberpractices general surgery in Davenport,Iowa, and on the side is President of theNorthwest Davenport Savings Bank. ***O. H. Avey is practicing medicine andsurgery in Payette, Idaho. *** C. W. Westis practicing diagnosis and surgery at 505Medico Building, Reno, Nevada. He sendsali good wishes to Rush men.1905R. H. H. Goheen, A.B. '02, a staff member of St. Lukes Hospital, the Leprosariumand Hillside Sanatorium, Vengurla, India,is on furlough this year and can be reacheduntil June at 38 Alexander St., Princeton,N. J. *** Oliver A. Jeffreys is practicingat 73 Young Blvd., Honolulu.I9IIRex R. Frizzell, 65 North Hadison Avenue, Pasadena, California is in generalpractice emphasizing proctology. ***Russell C. Doolittle is Medicai Director,The Retreat, 28th Street and WoodlawnAvenue, Des Moines, Iowa. *** Court R.Stanley is a member of the WorthingtonClinic, Worthington, Minnesota, and islimiting his practice to eye, ear, nose andthroat. After spending two years in graduate work at the Eye, Ear, Nose and ThroatHospital in New Orleans, Dr. Stanley waslast fall accepted by the American Board ofOtolaryngology.1915Frank Murphy is in practice at 9204Commercial Avenue, Chicago.1918After several years as Assistant Superin-tendent of the State Tuberculosis Sanatorium at Oakland, Iowa, C. FletcherTaylor, S.B. '16, has assumed the superin-tendency and medicai directorship of theKansas State Tuberculosis Sanatorium atNorton, Kansas.1921Lester E. Garrison, S.B. '19, physicianand surgeon, 8 So. Michigan Avenue, Chi-444 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE^ rlQ Cross of QoldMid-summer 1896 saw sweating delegates tothe Democratic National Convention in Chicago fiercely split into two camps: Gold (cur-rency based on gold only) and Silver (Bi-met-àlism, currency based on both silver and gold) The financial crisis of 1893 had forced thegovernment to stop buying and minting silver.Thus money. was growing scarce, particularlyfor Western and Southern farmers. They, bur-dened with mortgages and debts contractedduring the post-Civil War boom when currencywas plentiful, now demanded free and unlim-ited silver coinage with which to pay thesedebts. The Republicans weaseled, declared fora gold standard until international bi-metalismwas possible. Eastern Democrats led by SenatorHill of New York also stood for gold In thestifling convention hall, the debate dragged on.As TIME, had it been published July 13, 1896,would have reported subsequent events:. . . Last scheduled speaker was Nebraska's youngonetime congressman, William Jennings Bryan, No. 1Orator of the Silver Democrats. His sonoroùs voiceeasily filled the hall as he sketched the history of thecurrency conflict, then defiantly faced the Gold delegates :"You teli us that we are about to disturb yourbusiness interests .... You have disturbed our business inferests by your course. . . . The man who isemployed . . . attorney in a country town . . . merchant . . . farmer . . . miners . . . are as much businessmen as the few financial magnates who, in a back room, corner the money of the world. We speak forthis broader class of business men .... (Cheers)Our petitions . . . scorned . . . We beg no longerWe petition no more. We defy them. (Loud applause)The holders of fixed investments have declared forthe gold standard, but not ... the masses. . . ."There are two ideas of government: There arethose who believe that if you . . . make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through onthose below. The Democratic idea has been, however,that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous,their prosperity will find its way up through everyclass which rests upon them. (Cheers)"You teli us that the great cities are in favor ofthe gold standard. We reply that the great cities restupon our broad and fertile prairies .... Destroyour farms and the grass will grow in the streets ofevery city in the country. . . ."Having behind us the producing masses of thisnation and the world . . . we will answer their de-mand for a gold standard by saying to them: Youshall not press down upon the brow of labor thiscrown of thorns; you shall not cruci fy mankind upona cross of gold."A moment's silence, then a frenzied roar that an-nounced the coming to glory of a new leader. Yell-ing, weeping, hundreds of delegates struggled to theplatform. Eight huskies lifted Orator Bryan to theirshoulders, and the parade began .... Later theConvention rejected the gold plank, adopted one de-mandfng "free and unlimited coinage of both silverand gold at the present legai ratio of 16 to 1." Thatnight a huge crowd gathered in front of Bryan'shotel, forced him to repeat his speech. . . . Next dayanother crowd rushed to the barber shop where No.1 Orator Bryan was being shaved, to teli him that hewas Democratic Candidate for U. S. President, torun on a strictly Bryan platform ....Gultivated Americans, impatient with cheap sensationalism and windy bias,turn increasingly to publications edited in the historical spirit. These publica-tions, fair-dealing, vigorously impartial, devote themselves to the public wealin the sense that they report what they see, serve no masters, fear no groups.TIME The Weekly NewsmagazineNEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 445cago suffered the sad loss of his four yearold son, Billie, in January. *** Henry A.Callis, pathologist at the U. S. VeteranaHospital, Tuskegee, Alabama is a frequentcontributor to the Medicai Journals. ***Joseph J. Jelinek is practicing medicine inLos Angeles and acting as Medicai Director of Hillcrest Sanatorium, LaCres-centa, California. *** Roy E. Grinker,S.B. '21, is Assistant Professor of Neurologyat the U. of C.1924Lyndal Peterson has moved from Tomahawk, Wisconsin, to Shawano where he isassociated with Roger C. Cantwell, M.D.'20. *** Joseph E. Schaefer is specializingin orai and plastic surgery at 55 E. Washington Street, Chicago. *** Lemuel E. Dayis in general practice at 1628 BelmontIn connection with the meeting of theAmerican Law Institute, a dinner was givenat the Racquet Club in Washington, onThursday evening, May 8th, in honor ofProfessor Ernst Freund, by the alumni ofthe Law School resident in Washington andattending the meeting of the Law Institute.Dr. Freund spoke with stimulating enthusiasm of the new program and prospec-tive activity in the Law School generatedby Dean Harry A. Bigelow. The speakerassured them that the new administrationhas many ideas but remains open minded;that the desire and potential energy foraccomplishment is strong but held in re-straint by determination to undertakenothing rashly and to avoid revolutionarychanges without adequate advance testing.AH this was received with high approvai.Members present then responded to Dr.Freund's inquiries concerning methods ofinstruction to which the Law School mightgive attenti on.Among those present were: Albert L.Hopkins, '08; Judge George T. McDer-mott, '09; George M. Morris, '15; JohnW. Fisher, '16; John G. Sims, '16; ThomasP. Dudley, Jr., '21 ; Lee I. Park, '21 ; Dale Avenue, Chicago, and is a member of theJunior Staff of Ravenswood Hospital.1927Helen Coyle, M.D. '27, and GaylordCoon, M.D. '26, are on the staff of theBoston Psychopathic Hospital.I929Charles S. Bacon, Jr., S.B. '25, is the headof the Department of Geology and Mineral-ogy at Riverside Junior College, RiversideCai.1930L. H. O. Stobbe, Physician and Surgeon,announces the opening of his office for thepractice of Medicine, Surgery and Ob-stetrics in the Medicai Arts Building, 50East South Tempie Street, Salt Lake City,Utah.H. Flagg, '25; Thomas A. Mulroy, '27.These gatherings are now a feature of theannual meeting of the American Law Institute.1916Earle A. Shilton, Ph.B. '14, is sellingreal estate on the near North Side in Chicago, and building cooperative apartments.*** Oakley K. Mortori, Ph.B. '14, is aCircuit Court Judge in Riverside, California. *** Clarence W. Thomas is prac-tising in Burley, Idaho. He is also Prose-cuting Attorney of Cassia County, Idaho.I92SRoy W. Johns, Ph.B. '24 is a member ofthe Swift and Co. Law Department. T.H. Long, and F. O. Clark LL.B. '26, arealso members of this department.I927Samuel M. Mitchell, Ph.B. '25, is en-gaged in the practice of law with FrankJ. Madden Ph.B. '20, J.D. '22, at 134 S.LaSalle Street, Chicago. He is also theDemocratic candidate for County Judgeof DuPage County.Law446 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETo Faculty Membersand AlumniHotelSkorelandextends a cordial in-vitation to make useof our unusual fa-cilities for dìnners,dances, luncheons . . .social gatherings ofali kinds. Menu sug-gestions "and pricesgladly furnished onrequest.Hotel Sliorelaitd55th Street at the LakeTelephone Plaza 1000+JOHN HANCOCK SERIES-Have you boughtarealHome?VNE of the fun-damental ideas of a home is that itis a place where you can always return safe in time of trouble. If youhave bought a house on a mortgage,and that mortgage is unprotected bylife insurance against the loss ofyour income by your death, you havenot yet provided a real home foryour family.Protect your mortgage now with aJohn Hancock policy.Life Insurance Company*of Boston. MassachusettsInquiry Bureau,197 Clarendon St., Boston, Mass.Please send booklet,"This Matter of Success"Addressa. e—Over Sixty-Seven Years in Business— Doctors of Philosophy1904Roy C. Flickinger Professor of Greek andLatin at the University of Iowa is to serveon the staff of the Vergilian Cruise con-ducted under the auspices of the Bureau ofUniversity Travel in commemoration ofthe Bimillenium Vergilianum. Next Julyand August they will spend visiting Vergilian sites on the Mediterranean fromTroy to Carthage and Naples with numerous intermediate points.I906William Crocker formerly Professor ofPlant Physiology at the University of Chicago is now Director of Boyce ThompsonInstitute of Plant Research, Yonkers, NewYork. While on his way recently from theThompson Desert Arboretum at SuperioraArizona, to Yonkers he was guest of honorat a Sigma Chi luncheon at the CollegeMemorial Union, Oregon State College atCorvallis. *** Edward H. Krehbiel andMrs. Krehbiel are now living at 1 PryerPlace, New Rochelle, New York.1907Katharine Blunt was inaugurated as thethird President of the Connecticut Collegefor Women at New London, May 16,which position she has occupied for one year.1908R. E. Buchanan will act as President ofthe JBacteriology Section of InternationalBotanical Congress, Cambridge, Englandin August, and will attend as delegate theMicrobiological Congress in Paris in July.The second and third volumes of his "Physiology and Biochemistry of Bacteria" ofwhich he is co-author with E. I. Fulmerappeared May first.EngagementsLouis S. Hardin, J.Dthony Drake.Lucy ' Elizabeth Lamon,Francis Merriam.Dorothy M. Hutchison, '28,to John H. Garland, '28, S.M.21 to Mary An-'26, to JohnS.M.'30. '30,NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 447Clair May Davis, '30, to Howard J.Clark, Jr.5 of Des Moines, Iowa.Marcia Masters, ex, '31, to MalcolmAnthony Jennings.MarriagesAlan D. Whitney, '13, to GertrudeHelen Weiner, Aprii 20, 1930. At home5424 East View Park, Chicago.Berenice D. Davis, A.M. '24, to JosephB. Fligman II of New York City.Dorothy Stellwagen, '25, to Arthur E.York, February 26, 1930. At home, 1050George Street, Chicago.Elinore R. Schrayer, '26, to B. Klein.At home, 5346 Cornell Avenue, Chicago.Charles D. Egan, L.L.B. '26, to LucyLéonard Ellerbe, January 22, 1930. Athome, Shreveport, Louisiana.Olga Smith, '28, to Albert J. Peterson.At home, 5541 Everett Avenue, Chicago.BirthsTo Robert Haviland Thompson, '14,J.D. '16, and Mrs. Thompson, a son, atChicago.To Dunlap C. Clark, '17, and Mrs.Clark (Bess A. McFalls) ex '21, adaughter, Alison, Aprii 23, at Chicago.To Buel E. Hutchinson, '21 and Mrs.Hutchinson (Katherine Wariield) ex '24,a son, May 3, 1930, at Chicago.To Atti Lepisto, '21 and Mrs. Lepisto,a daughter, November 14, 1929, at Hancock, Michigan.To Louis P. River, '22, M.D. '24 andMrs. River, a son, Louis Phillip River, III,at Oak Park, Illinois.To Osborne R. Roberts, '23, and Mrs.Roberts, a son, Samuel Rankin, February22, 1930, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.To Raymond E. Morgan, '26, and Mrs.Morgan, a son, James Raymond, February16, 1930, at Norway, Maine.To Selby V. McCasland, Ph.D., '26, andand Mrs. McCasland, a son, George P.,Aprii 9, 1930, at Baltimore, Maryland.To Harold H. Titus, Ph.D. '26, andMrs. Titus, a daughter, Margaret J., October 16, 1929, at Gran ville, Ohio. For Summer Readingtake along the1930Week-End LibraryAli these in onevolume at $2.50($2.70 POSTPAID)Maugham — Of Human B onda gècompleteMorley — Where the Blue BeginscompleteAlso selections fromConrad StriblingWells E. WallaceFerber D. O. StewartS. V. Benet D. MarquisF. N. Hart I. S. CobbA. Bennett WhitmanW. N. Burns LawrenceH. Keller A. Huxley B. WhiteOrder your copy by mail, phone,or in personU. of C. BOOKSTORE5802 Ellis Ave.Stephens CollegeColumbia, MissouriA Junior College forWomenFully Accredited by theUniversity of ChicagoLet Us Teli You About theFour Year Junior CollegeCourse for Your DaughterJAMES M. WOODPresident44-8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETo Alfred W. Hurst, A.M., '27, andMrs» Hurst, a son, James Emmerson, Janu-ary 16, 1930, Elon College, North Caro-lina0To Mr. and Mrs. George N. Anselm,(Elizabeth Pierce) '28, a son, Rolf Earì,Aprii 4, 1930, at Chicago.Paul H. Davis, }n Herbert I. Markham, Ex. fo6Ralph W. Davis, 'x6 Walter M. Giblin, '23PaalRDavls&GaMembersNEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGECHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE37 South LaSalle StreetTelephone Franklin 8622CHICAGOALUMNIPROFESSIONALDIRECTORYRea! EstateJ. Alton Laurent '19J« Alton Laiaren and Co*139 No Clark St. RandolpE 2068 DeathsDavid J. Brookings, M.D. '69, Aprii 2,1930, at his home in Woodward, Iowa.Charles Sumner Chase, M.D. '82, November 27, 1929, at Iowa City, Iowa. Hewas professor emeritus of materia medica inthe University of Iowa from 1892 to 1920.Jasper Field, D.B., '88, March 21, 1930,at Redlands, California.Harry Edward Purinton, D.B. 'gj-February 1, 1930 in Denver, Colorado.Oscar B. Beller, M.D. '97, February26, 1930, at his home in Dos Angeles.Thomas E. McKinney, Ph.D. '05, Aprii12, 1930 at Manetta, Ohio.John J. Cleary, '14, May 16, 1930 at hishome in Highland Park, Illinois, of pneu-monia,Bessie C. Tieken, 5i8, A.M. '29, Aprii23> 1930, in Chicago. Mrs. Tieken wasthe wife of Dr. Theodore Tieken, professorof medicine at the University of Chicago.Grace Barkley, S.M. '22, Ph.D. '26,Aprii i, 1930, at Greencastle, Ind. MissBarkley was Assistant Professor of Botanyat DePauw University,Cburtney Gleason, Jr., '28, May 5, 1930,from complications following an operationfor appendicitis. He was Big Ten conference champion in track in 1928.MOSERSHORTHAND COLLEGEA business school of distinctionSpecial Three Months5 IntensiveCourse for university gradii atesor undergraduates givenquarterlyBulletin on RequestPaulMoser,J. D., Ph.B.si6 S. Michigan Ave. ChicagoUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEThe downtown department of The University of Chicago, 116 S. Michigan Avenue5wishes the Alumni of the University andtheir friends to know that ìt offersEvening, Late Afternoon and Saturday ClassesTwo-Hour Sessions Once or Twice a WeekCourses Credited Toward University DegreesAutumn, Winter and Spring QuartersThe Autumn Quarter begins October 1, 1930For Information, AddressDean, C. F. Huth, University College, University of Chicago, Chicago, HI.THE FAULKNER SCHOOL FOR GIRLSA DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS OF ALL AGESCo-operative with the University of ChicagoThe scfiooi prepares its graduates for ali colleges and universities admdtting women,The College Board exaiminations are given at the school*4746 Dorchester Avenue MISS ELIZABETH FAULKNER, PrincipalTeL Oakland 1423 MISS GEORGENE FAULKNER, Director of Kindergarten