persiti) ofCfiicafloVOL. XXI NUMBER 7MAY, 1929CHICAGO'S NEW PRESIDENTCHEMISTRY AND PSYCHOLOGYBy Edwin E. SlossonSOJOURN ON A SUMMITBy Henry Justin SmithGERALD BIRNEY SMITHBy Shailer MathewsReunion ProgramAthletics Books News NotesBLISHED BY THE ALUMNI COUNCILThe CommonwealthTeacher-TrainingStudyBy. W . W . Charters andDouglas WaplesIt is the published report of athree-year investigation into theteachetf-training curriculum. Itscomprehensive description of theduties and traits of teachers willprovide the necessary basis for de-termining systematically, what teachers should be taught. It is a work-book for ali who are concerned withthe organization and direction ofcourses for teachers.$4.00, postpaid $4.15Education In ADemocratic WorldBy Ernest D. BurtonGathered together, these utter-ances of a great educator are of thegreatest importance to the progressof educational theory and practice.Always vitally interested in theideals of education, he used hismany opportunities to introduce andexpound his vigorous ideas on thesubject.$2.00, postpaid $2.10 The Practice OfTeaching In TheSecondary SchoolBy Henry C. Morrison"I can't pose as an authority onali the books of our calling but Ican say for myself that not since Iwas stirred by Herbert Spencer'sarousing work, Education, have Imet anything that meets present-day demands like this. It provesitself step by step, it is guarded, itis unextravagant; but for ali that,when you realize what it proposes —real expertness in teaching, elimina-tion of human waste — it is revolu-tionary." — -William McAndrew.$4.00, postpaid $4.15The ChangingCollegeBy Ernest H. WilkinsCurriculum building, college en-trance requirements, the develop-ment of orientation courses, theplace of intercollegiate football —these are the current problems ofevery college and university executive; they are the subject of argu-ment both within and without everyeducational institution in this country. After long and practical ex-perience with them, President Wilkins has now put into print someof his views upon the changingcolleges.$1.50, postpaid $1.60Current Educational Readjustments InHigher InstitutionsPrepared byGrover H. Alderman R. J. LéonardM. E. Haggerty Shelton PhelpsW. W. Kemp Floyd W. ReevesWilliam S. Gray, ChairmanA timely bulletin of information— a summary of current educationalexperiments with curricula andmethods of instruction.$1.00, postpaid $1.10 The Nature Of TheWorld And Of ManA clear, connected, reasonableexplanation of ali the physical worldand man's place in it.Forrest RayMoultonRollin T.ChamberlinJ Harlen BretzHarvey B. LemonJulius StieglitzHoratio HackettNewmanEdwin Oakes JordanMerle C. Coulter Henry ChandlerCowlesWarder C. AlleeAlfred S. RomerFay_Cooper ColeElliot R. DowningGeorge W.BartelmezAnton J. CarlsonCharles HubbardJudd$4.00, postpaid $4.15The University Of Chicago PressTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 357Selected by the Inter-collegiate Alumni Ex-tension Service as officiai headquarters forAlumni activity on theSouth Side of Chicago.Your next business tripto Chicago—Make it a pleasure trip !Don't miss the chance to visit your university the next timeyou come to Chicago. New Midway sights will greet youreyes — the marvelous Medicai group ; the new chapel, one ofthe finest pieces of Gothic architecture in the world; the newWieboldt hall of modem languages. You must see them ali!Stop at Hotels Windermere. For there you are within easywalking distance of the campus, and only ten minutes f rom theloop.There the same old-time hospitality, the same excellent cuisine await you. In more ways than one, a stay at the Windermere will make it a pleasure trip.Whether you come for the day, or stay for the week, a cordialwelcome comes f rom the Hotels Windermere.Headquarters For Practically Ali Athletic TeamsCompeting With Chicago.fotelsllfindermere\^f "CHICAGO'S MOST HOMELIKE HOTELS"56th Street at Hyde Park Boulevard — Phone Fairfax 6000500 feet of verandas and terraces fronting southon Jackson Park35» THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAn organization of almost fifty people, with speciali! t s in ali branche* of advertisingVANDERHOOF& COMPANY Qmemlc/JdvertisingVANDBRHOOF BUILDING • • <5|M? 187 E. ONTARIO ST..CHICAGOHENRY D. SULCER, '05, PresidentNeed I introduceKARL HALE D I X O N ;TO the executive group which makes up theVanderhoof $ 100,000,000 advertising mind,Karl Hale Dixon, vice president, brings a wealthof merchandising knowledge touching on almostevery phase of business. To those who know himas Dixon, '08, he is a gracious friend and Halefellow. But to those he serves as advertising coun-selor he is that and more; a definite contributor toplans that build profits — and advertisements thatsell goods. Perhaps he can do as much for you. ?Member: American Associatìon of Advertising Agencies Js" National Outdoor Advertising Bure**-IM TH 1i ^y aIt is the privilege of the Magazine toannounce the election of Robert MaynardHutchins to the presidency of the University and to. off er to its readers a brief bio-graphical sketch of our new executive.Upon his appointment the Alumni Council,through its officers, forwarded to Mr.Hutchins an expression of the sincere grati-fication of the Alumni at his election andthe assurance of whole hearted alumni co-operation in his plans for future develop-ment at Chicago.The following reply has been receivedfrom President-elect Hutchins.Mr. Walter L. HudsonChairman, Alumni Council.My dear Mr. Hudson :Please accept on behalf of the Alumniof the University of Chicago my sincerethanks for the good wishes they have ex-tended to me.I entertain the liveliest hope of long andfruitful cooperation ^with the Alumni andlook forward to intimate association withthe Council.With kind regards,Very sincerely yours,Robt. M. HutchinsThe Magazine expresses the wide-spread satisfaction of the alumni in theelection of Mr. Hutchins and welcomes tothe presidency of the University a man ofyouth and virility, already distinguished asan administrator ; a man charactèrized bybreadth of vision and a^ capaci ty for friend-ship from whom we . may expect a progressive and enthusiastic leadership. While welcoming Mr. Hutchins toChicago the Magazine expresses the sincere appreciation of the alumni at the deci-sion of Actirig President Woodward toassume the responsibilities of Vice-Presidentof the University in direct charge of admin-istration.During the past year Mr. Woodward asActing President has, in the opinion of thealumni, done a remarkable piece of ad-ministrative work. He has shown a raresense of values, infinite patience, unfailinggood judgment and the courage of his con-victions. His attitude toward the alumnihas been most gracious. He has listened tosuggestions with sympathy and understand-ing. He has done much to prove that theUniversity looks upon its alumni as mem-bers of the family. His administration hasresulted in a growth of understanding andincreasing loyalty on the part of the alumni.The Board of Trustees and the University are to be congratulated upon theirability to enlist the services of such a manat such an important period in the Uni-versity's history.Edwin E. Slosson is one of Chicago'smost noted sons. His happy faculty ofpresenting scientific facts in a popularmanner has won him a wide following.His articles are read by hundreds of thous-ands, the world around. In Chemistryand Psychology the Magazine offers Mr.Slosson at his best.THE Magazine is published at 1009 Sloan St.,Crawfordsville, Ind., monthly from Novemberto July, inclusive, for The Alumni Council ofthe University of Chicago, s8th' St. and Ellis Ave.,Chicago, 111. The subscription price is $2.00 peryear; the price of single copies is 25 cents.Postage is prepaid by the publishers on ali ordersfrom the United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico,Panama Canal Zone, Republic of Panama, HawaiianIslands, Philippine Islands, Guam, Samoan Islands.Postage is charged extra as follows: For Canada,18 cents on annual subscriptions (total $2.18), onsingle copies, 2 cents (total 22 cents); for ali othercountries in the Postai Union, 27 cents^ on annualsubscriptions (total $2.27), on single copies, 3 cents(total 23 cents).Remittances should be made payable to the Alumni Council and should be in the Chicago or New Yorkexchange, postai or express money order. If locaicheck is used, io cents must be added for collection.Claims for missing numbers should be made withinthe month following the regular month of publication.The Publishers expect to supply missing numbers freeonly when they have been lost in transit.Communications pertaining to advertising may besent to the Publication Office, 1009 Sloan St., Crawfordsville, Ind., or to the Editorial Office, Box 9,Faculty Exchange, The University of Chicago.Communications for publication should be sent tothe Chicago Office.Entered as second class matter December io, 1924,at the Post Office at Crawfordsville, Indiana, underthe Act of March 3, 1879.Member of Alumni Magazines Associated.359Robert Maynard HutchinsFifth President of the University of Chicago.360VOL.XXIt^e No. 7Untuersttp of CijtcagoJfflaga^meMAY, 1929Chicago's New Presidenta PPOINTMENT of Robert May-/\ nard Hutchins as president of thefi University of Chicago was an-nounced x\pril 25 by Harold H. Swift,president of the Board of Trustees. Mr.Hutchins, who is dean of the Law Schoolof Yale University, is the youngest presidentof any major American university, for hereached his thirtieth birthday only lastJanuary.The new president succeeds Max Mason,who resigned in June of last year to becomedirector of the division of naturai sciencesof the Rockefeller Foundation. He willassume office at the University on July 1.At the present time Mr. Hutchins is in NewHaven.University of Chicago history is repeatingitself in the selection of Mr. Hutchins aspresident, for its first head, William RaineyHarper, also a Yale graduate and facultymember, was but 34 years old when he waschosen president of the nascent institution.When he was but 30, Dr. Harper had beenoffered, but declined, the presidency of theold University of Chicago."Because of its geographical position, itstradition of freedom and enterprise, the ex-cellence of its faculty, and the spirit of co-operation that exists between its membersand the Board of Trustees, I regard the University of Chicago as the great educational opportunity in the United States,"the new president said in a statement ac-companying the announcement of his ap-pointment."The University of Chicago is known inthe educational world as a pioneer. Thegenuine spirit of academic freedom and un-fettered investigation which have charac-terized its efforts have contributed greatlyto its remarkable progress and the outstand-ing position it has achieved in its 37 yearsof existence. In my association with theUniversity, I have found an able and en-thusiastic group of investigators andteachers engaged in inspiring and valuableeffort, and I welcome the opportunity to cooperate in the progress they are making.""Mr. Hutchins is a comp arati vely youngman but his record is one of fine accomplish-ment in activities required of a presidentwho is to be a leader in such a cooperativeenterprise as the University of Chicago,"Mr. Swift said in making the announcement. "Probably his experience in adminis-tration has been greater than that of eitherDr. Harper, the University^ first president,or of Dr. Eliot of Harvard, when at theage of 35 each began his period of dis-tinguished leadership."We. are happy that Mr. Hutchins is361362 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcoming to our presidency and rejoice thathe was the unanimous and enthusiasticchoice of the Faculty-Trustee Committeeappointed to make the recommendation tothe Board of Trustees."The new president has had wide experi-ence in university administration, teaching,and the development of research in thesocial sciences. He obtained his adminis-trative experience as secretary of Yale University for Uve; years, and has been a teacherof law for practically the same period.As dean of the Yale Law School, he or-ganized, in cooperation with Dr. Milton C.Winternitz, dean of ' the Yale MedicaiSchool, the Institute of Human Relations,which is to focus the social and biologicalsciences in a study of man and human re-lationships. As his individuai contributionto this new type of study he has investigatedthe psychological aspects of the law of evi-dence. He and Prof. Donald Slesinger ofYale are publishing in the fall a book em-bodying the results of a two year study ofthe subject. In establishing a closer application of the social sciences to the law, Mr.Hutchins expanded the law faculty by add-ing to its members professors in such fieldsas politicai economy and politicai science.Two of these social scientists, Walter F.Dodd and Walter H. Hamilton, are formerUniversity of Chicago faculty members.While Mr. Hutchins was developing theapplication of social science to the law, asimilar experiment was being made in themedicai school by Dean Winternitz. Theendeavor in the medicai school was con-cerned not only with the applied aspectsof the biological sciences, but with theborderline field of human behavior in itsrelation to medicine, particularly with ref-erence to a better understanding of therelationship of psychiatry with medicine.The two Yale experimenters in education planned their efforts in two fields to-gether, and finally, to correlate the programand make it effective in ali branches ofhuman endeavor, conceived the pian of theInstitute.The new president comes of an old NewEngland ancestry and of a family that isactive in education. His father, William James Hutchins, graduate of Yale and theUnion and Oberlin Theological Semi-naries, is president of Berea College, Kentucky. His mother, Anna Laura MurchHutchins, is a graduate of Mt. HolyokeCollege. A younger brother, Francis S.Hutchins, 26 years old, is head of "Yale-in-China," and an older brother, Williamis a master in the Westminster School,Simsbury, Conn.Mr. Hutchins' mother carne of a seafar-ing family, her father sailing out of Ells-worth, Maine, on the old clipper ships.With the decline of the sailing trade, hemoved to Cleveland, and engaged in shipbuilding. Mr. Hutchins' mother wasborn in the Ohio city.Nicholas Hutchins, the first member ofthe family to come to America, settled inGroton, Mass., in 1672. "The family latermoved to Danielson, Conn., where Mr.Hutchins' great-grandfather was a physi-cian. The grandfather, Robert O.Hutchins, was a Congregationalist andDutch-Reformed minister who travelledwidely over the country, having congrega-tions in sections as widely separated asBrooklyn and Los Angeles.The new Chicago president was bornin Brooklyn, January 17, 1899. He studiedat Oberlin Academy, graduating in 1915,and then went to Oberlin College for twoyears, entering the ambulance service ofthe United States in 19 17. He served withthe ambulance corps until 19 19, and waswith the Italian army in 19 18-19. TheItalian government decorated him with theCroce de Guerra for bravery under fire.Entering Yale after .leaving the service in19 19, he received his A. B. degree in 1921.His father had made a brilliant record asa Yale student, in 1892 winning the DeForest prize for "that member of the seniorclass who writes and pronounces an Englishoration in the best manner." This com-petition dates back to the 1820's, and theprize is regarded as one of the highesthonors in the University. The father alsowas Salutatorian of his class in 1892, butthe son duplicated his achievements bywinning the DeForest competition and giv-ing the commencement oration.CHICAGO'S NEW PRESIDENT 3^3While an undergraduate Mr. Hutchinswas prominent in many of the activities ofthe student body. He was captain of theYale debating team, member of AlphaDelta Phi fraternity, of the ElizabethanClub, and the senior society of Wolf'sHead. Among his undergraduate honorswere election to Phi Beta Kappa, honoraryscholastic fraternity, and to Delta SigmaRho, honorary debating society. As a student he was self-supporting, one of themeans by which he paid his way being theorganization andmanagement of theCo-operative Tutor-ing Bureau, a groupof student tutors.Mr. Hutchins is amember of the Con-gregational church.After spendingtwo summers andone college year inthe Yale LawSchool, in, 1921 hemarried M audcPhelps McVeigh,daughter of WarrenMcVeigh of the New York Sun. Theyhave one child, a daughter Frances, threeyears old. The two years following his mar-riage, Mr. Hutchins was master atthe LakePlacid School, New York, spending the in-tervening summer at the Yale Law School.In 1923 he was appointed secretary ofYale University, succeeding Anson PhelpsStokes, and in 1924 he continued his studyof law during the summer. He graduatedfrom the Law School in 1925 with anLL.B. degree, magna cum laude, and waselected to the Order of the Coif becauseof his scholastic recòrd. After graduation,he taught in the Law School, becoming afull rime professor in 1926, but retaining the secretaryship of the University. WhenDean Thomas W. Swan of the LawSchool was appointed to the Circuit Courtof Appeals, Mr. Hutchins was made acting-dean, and afterward was appointed dean.As secretary of Yale University, hegained varied experience in university ad-ministrative work. His position placed himin charge of general administration and ofrelations of the University to the alumni,public, and press.At the Yale Law School emphasis hàsbeen placed on es-tablishing a studentgroup restricted innumbers and care-fully selected. Theaim has been to giveinstruction to smallclasses or to individuate, and thestudents carry onresearch and in-dependent workguided by their in-structors. Anotherpart of the programhas been the de-velopment of research projects in the prac-tical operation of the law, and studies arenow being made of procedural rules, of theoperation of the Workmen's Compensationlaws, and, in cooperation with the Department of Commerce, of bankruptcy.Mrs. Hutchins, a graduate of the St.Margaret's School, Waterbury, Conn.,and of the Yale School of Fine Arts, hasachieved distinction as a sculptor, winningmany prizes for her work. Among herawards has been the Lloyd Warren prizeat the Beaux Arts, New York. Variousof her groups are in museum and privatecollections.The appointment of Mr. Hutchinsmakes me very happy. His energy,intellectual vigor, personal magnetismi and experience in administrationqualify him admirably for the presidency of the University of Chicago.I am confident that the students willfind in him a sympathetic and, stimu-lating leader, and. that the Universitywill experience under his presidencya continuatiqn of its remarkable de-velopment.Frederic WoodwardActing President364 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEw»*#i**. •r* f*I¦•^.a l-'JJ£[$ AA t»w^Pr^: -^¦ - 1J ¦,. ., .. .>«»..' ¦¦BMm.& > 8» P'i'yfflP'r -«r •.^'"tfft? \^ ,East Tower of Harper LibraryCHEMISTRY AND PSYCHOLOGY 3^5Chemistry and Psychology*By Edwin E. Slosson, Ph.D. '03THE day I left the University ofKansas in 1891 I had two jobsoffered me. One was the offer fromG. Stanley Hall of a fellowship in experi-mental psychology at the newly establishedClark University. The other was to be-come the assistant in chemistry in thenewly established University of Wyoming.I was drawn in opposite directions, eastand west, after the ancient mode of torture.I felt like the Italian lover in Daly'sballad:"I gotta love for Angela,I love Carlotta, too!I no can marry both of dem,So what I gonna do?"Since in those days I could not combinethe rivals — no such building as this havingbeen erected — I chose chemistry and re-jected psychology. Since it is nowadayspermissible to admit that our decisionsare not determined purely by intellectualarguments, but are sometimes swayed bythe emotions, I may now admit that mychoice was influenced by the fact that theeastern fellowship was celibate whereas thewestern position allowed me to take a wife.Owing to this, that my decision was dic-tated by my optic thalamus more than mycerebrum, I am in the chemical section ofthis symposium instead of the emotionalsection.A few years later a student enteringgraduate work carne to me to get me tosuggest a novel and promising field forresearch for his Ph.D. Arbeit (as we usedto cali it before the war). No easy taskto be asked to give offhand a subject onwhich a young man might spend profitablythree years and $3,000! But I was youngand more ready to give advice to otherpeople; less willing to admit that I didnot know everything.So I resorted to generalities, as we alido when we are at a loss for particulars. I discoursed to him on the fuhdamentalprinciples of the scientific method."Ali Nature is one," I said. "So atleast we believe, and it is the object ofscience, as it is of religion, to prove itsfaith in practice. Science consists in show-ing the relationships between things. AsPoincaré says of mathematics, Tt is theart of giving the same name to differentthings/ Everything in the universe is re-lated to everything else, but the relationshipis often not apparent but has to be disclosed.The more remote the relationship, thegreater the triumph of its discoverer."Now put yourself in the place of a matrimoniai matchmaker. Look around thecircle of the sciences, pick out two of themthat no one has ever thought of bringingtogether, and marry them. Never mindif it may be considered by the world amésalliance. In the history of science, un-like biology, the hybrid sciences prove mostfertile of offspring.""But how can I think of two sciencesthat no one has ever thought of joining?""Resort to chance, my boy. Chancehas a wider imagination than any humanintellect. Write out on separate slips ofpaper the names of ali the sciences andsubsciences. Put them in your hat, shakethem up, shut your eyes, and draw outtwo of them. Then write your dissertationon the connection between the two. Iffortune favors you she may cali upon youto marry such dissimilar sciences as'astronomy and conchology' or 'herpetologyand metallurgy' or 'psychology and chemistry.' "But at that the young man went awaysorrowful, for he thought I was joking athis serious dilemma. No one is more seriousthan a student in search of a thesis subject.I must admit that my advice seemed ab-surd, especially the idea of there being anyconnection between psychology and chemistry. For in my time — I use the phrase*Address given at the dedication of the Chemistry-Psychology Building at Wittenberg College and publishedin "Feelings and Emotions" (Clark University Press).366 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEin its customary sense, meaning when Iwas in my twenties, the age we ali are inour dreams — chemistry and psychologywere not on speaking terms. They movedin different social circles. Teaching* psychology was a wThite-collar job. There wasno taint of stinks and stains. The Chancel-lor of the University taught it to seniorsout of Porter or McCosh in the classroomopposite his ofHce at the front entrance,while chemistry was put in the basementor attic where it would be most out of theway.But times have changed. I have beenrecently in psychological laboratories whererats and monkeys were being educated andthe smeli was worse than in my old chem-ical laboratory in the basement. I sus-pect that the presence of psychologists inthis building will be quite as obnoxious tothe chemists as the chemists will be to thepsychologists. But I hope there are noimpermeable partitions. I trust that ideaswill be allowed to seep through by mentalosmosis.Such partitions are doing a great damageto science nowadays. Some of the sciencesare hardly on speaking terms with oneanother. According to the familiar defi-nition: "A specialist is a man who islearning more and more about less andless." The same principle seems to applyin research as in boring for petroleum; thedeeper the well the narrower becomes thebore.Specialization, matchless method of research, has been carried so far as to remindone of the study of the elephant by the sixblind men. The one who touched the sidereported that the elephant was "very likea wall." The one who embraced the legconcluded that the elephant was "very likea post." The one who was entangled inthe trunk said that the elephant was "verylike a snake," and so forth. These in-vestigators were ali quite correct, yet itwould have been better if they ali couldhave got a glimpse of the beast as a wholebefore beginning their specialized researches.So, too, it seems to me advisable to giveour pupils a glimpse of nature in its whole- ness before we begin to partition it amongthe several sciences. It is the custom athotel dinners to bring in the roast turkeyor the planked steak and exhibit it in itsentirety to the guests before it is carved upinto portions for the particular plates whereit is to be stili further reduced by each tomasticable morsels.The slicing up of a subject into separatesciences is as necessary a preliminary to itscomplete assimilation as is the carving ofa turkey. But both processes are irrevers-ible reactions. It is difficult to get fromthe consideration of hash an integrai ideaof what creature supplied the meat.Not long ago I was !n the study of thehead of the biological department of oneof our colleges when he said to me: "Youare going about the country a good deal,can't you help me to get a professor ofzoòlogy?" I replied that that ought to beeasy."No," he said, "I have been trying tofind one for the last three years. You seeI want a zoòlogist of very unusual quali-fications.""What sort of a man do you want?"I asked."I want a professor of zoòlogy whoknows something about animals. But theuniversities don't seem to be turning outsuch nowadays. I can get a man whoknows ali about the hydrogen ion concen-tfation of the blood or who can count thechromosomes or who is familiar with mu-seum specimens, but they do not seem to beacquainted with animals that are alive andwhole."It seems to me that what we need in oureducational institutions is a combinationof specialized research and synthetic education. It is to prevent the students fromliving the lives of intellectual RobinsonCrusoes that progressive colleges are at-tempting to introduce some sort of syntheticor orientation courses.I am glad to see that in spite of the partitions of our curriculum, diverse training,and trade-union spirit, the several andseparated sciences are spreading into eachother 's provinces. A growing science is likeCHEMISTRY AND PSYCHOLOGY 3^7an overpopulated state. It cannot be keptto the bounds of the map.Chemistry since my time — using thewords in the same sense as before — has in-vaded the field of biology and even thefield beyond, that of psychology.This week thirty-five of the leading psychologists of the world have, at Wittenberg,been studying the feelings and emotionsof man — and, I suppose, of woman. Butin this province chemistry is the dominantscience. For feelings and emotions ofevery sort can be instantaneously suspendedby a whiff of ether. And a few more whiffsof ether will abolish them permanently.The chemist would then leave the psycholo-gist nothing to study.So you have done wisely, I think, in planning this program so that the psychologistsand chemists meet at the same time, thoughI am sorry you did not force them to sittogether in the same room and listen toeach other in discussing the emotional sideof human conduct."Until this paragon of spheresBy philosophic thought coheresThe vast machine will be controliedBy love and hunger, as of old."Now love and hunger are based upondefinite chemical reactions. They can beexcited or allayed by certain compounds,some of which are already known. Bychemical means affection can be stimulatedor transformed into indifference or intoaversion.One of the most powerful of the emotional factors among the higher animals ismaternal affection. Yet lack of an infinites-imal amount of a chemical compoundmay annihilate or even reverse maternalaffection. I allude to vitamin X or E. Ithas been f ound that f eeding rat motherson a diet containing this » vitamin theynurse their young, cover them fromthe cold, make Straw beds for them, washthem with their tongues, even protect themat the risk of their lives.But change the diet to one without vitamin E, although equally nutritious, digest-ible, and tasty, and the attitude of themother rat changes. She refuses to suckle her offspring or care for them, shoves themout of the nest into the cold, thrusts themout of the cage to fall on the floor andperish. She may even eat them up.Here is a chemical transformation frommaternal affection to maternal cannibalism.Some day we may assume the maternalvitamin or hormone will be isolated, evensynthesized in the laboratory. We mayalso assume that what has been found trueabout rats may be applied to humans. Atleast psychologists and physiologists com-monly assume this. If so, we may expectthat it may be possible to instili the maternalinstinct by administering the missing ingre-dient to the females of our species who arenowadays too often destitute of it.In proof of the power of the chemist tocontrol the other ruling passion of theworld, hunger, the experiment just per-formed in this room is most convincing.We ali, however diverse in temperamenewere drawn here simultaneously by a common motive, the feeling for food. It is asort of chemico-psychic impulse, which psychologists who experiment with bugs andworms cali chemotaxis. But within thehour by the aid of that branch of appliedchemistry known commonly as "cookery"the passion of hunger has been amputatedfrom the bodies of ali of us by a painless,indeed pleasurable, operation.Scents, savors, and colors are silent andsubtle in their sway over emotions, andemotions move the world. When themother advises her daughter that "Theway to a man's heart is through hisstomach" ; when the florist advertises, "Sayit with flowers"; when the confectionersuggests, "Take a box of candy with youwhen you cali on her," they are recom-.mending chemical courtship — the oldestway in the world, the method that prevailsali through the animai kingdom from theinsects up to mankind. When the poetwishes to play most powerf ully upon ouremotions, he resorts to chemical allusions.Let me read you what seems to me themost tasty stanza in ali poetry, thecourtship 'scene from Keats's Ève of St.Agnes.368 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE"And stili she slept in azure-lidded sleep,In blanched linen, smooth and laven-dered :While he from forth the closet broughta heapOf candied appiè, quince, and plum,and gourd:With jellies soother than the creamycurd,And lucent sirups, tinct with cinnamon ;Manna and dates, in argosy transferredFrom Fez; and spiced dainties, everyone,From silken Samarcand to cedaredLebanon."You will see that he said it with poly-saccharides and coal-tar compounds, andyou know how well it worked. They elopedthat very night. Keats was a chemistbefore becoming a poet. We will not prop-erly understand the world's great literatureuntil the teaching of English is transferredto the department of chemistry, or at leastuntil the professors of English study chemistry.The same is true of history. The historyof the world will remain a riddle, an in-explicable succession of chance happenings,until we recognize the chemical factors inthe course of events. It is like looking ata tapestry from the wrong side; but whenwe turn it over the design becomes plain.What was it that drew Columbus acrossthe Atlantic? What was it that enticedVasco da Gama to India around the Capeof Good Hope? What was it that sentMagellan around the world ? It was "thespicy breezes that blow soft o'er Ceylon'sIsle." The great explorers followed thatspoor as the bee scents out the flower orthe vulture his game. Chemotaxis givesthe clue to many an historical mystery.In the past the chemist has controlied thecourse of civilization through such grossmeans as the introduction of a new food orfuel, or inventions like glass or paper. Buthe is now beginning to get his hands uponminuter means of control which are moredirect and vastly more powerful in theirinfluence upon the human race. Chemicalchanges of almost inconceivable minuteness are found to affect the balance of the body.The growth of young rats is perceptiblypromoted by the addition to their daily dietof much less than a hundredth of a milli-gram of vitamin A from codliver oil. Aninfinitestimal amount of pollen protein maynot only start a new plant to growing butmay start a big man to sneezing. This isNature's sternutatory gas, the chemicalwarfare service of the ragweed.Adrenalin produces a perceptible effectupon the tissues in a dilution of one partin 330,000,000. The hormone that Professor Abel has extracted from the pituitarybody has stili higher potency, for it canbe detected in a dilution of more than 18,-000,000,000. "A deviation in the acid-alkaline balance of the blood no greaterthan that between tap water and distilledwater is fatai" to human beings.The conventional classification of animalsand plants from the time of Aristotle andLinnaeus has been chiefly based on morphol-ogv> just as mineralogy was in its earlydays mostly a matter of crystalline form.But nowadays we know that minerals canbetter be classified according to chemicalcomposition than by their shape, color,hardness, and other visible characteristics.A similar change must take place in thefield of biology, for it is already apparentthat the forms of ali creatures from themicrobe to man are determined by certainchemical compounds in extremely minuteamount. This may put it in the power ofthe chemist to control the size and shapeof plants or animals, to ^ìx the number andlocation of their branches and leaves, orlegs and eyes, to modify color or complex-ion, and to determine or alter sex. Thefactors of heredity and the origin of species,when you get down to bedrock, are chemical problems.But this is not ali. The chemist willsoon have power, not only to control thecourse of life in the future, but he will beable to reinterpret the past.We already hear endocrine explanationsof the character and career of Napoleonand Roosevelt, and may look forward to anew school of historical writers, the chem-CHEMISTRY AND PSYCHOLOGY 3^9ical interpretarion of history, based uponthe composition of the blood of the leadersof thought and action in the past. Butchemical analysis may extend much furtherthan man into the past. We already knowsomething of the chemical causes of thedevelopment of organs and excrescenses inanimals, and we may in time be able to telithe true story of "How the Carnei Got HisHump" and "How the Dinosaur Got HisHorns." The chemist of the future may beable to measure the pH concentration ofthe blood of prehistoric monsters of millionsof years ago as he can now follow thegyrations of the electrons in stars billionsof miles afar. Neither time nor space cancurtail the scope of chemistry.Hitherto the chemist has confined himselfto the humble task of providing the con-veniences of life. In the future he maygain control of life itself. He may moldstature and character as the sculptor moldshis clay. The world knows too well theevil influences on the race of certain chem-icals such as alcohol, opium, and cocain,but some day the chemist will turn his at-tention to the preparation of compoundsthat will contribute to human welfare in-stead of woe and will stimulate virtuesinstead of vices.The way is open. We know now thatwhat we value as individuality — the familiar features; the fascinating temperament;the charms of vivacity, wit, and sympathy;ali the peculiar qualities that attract orrepel us in a personality are due to definitehormones, some of which are already knownas chemical compounds. The new theoryof hormones reminds one of the old theoryof humors which were supposed to regulatehealth and determine temperament. Thehyperthyroid type corresponds closely tothe choleric and the hypothyroid to themelancholic temperament.Diabetic patients taking insulih teli methe first effect of an overdose is a feelingof formless fear, a vague apprehension, asense of f utility and f ailure, a shiver ofanxiety. Their courage can be at oncerestored by sucking a lollipop. A variationof a few hundredths of one per cent in the glucose of the blood may make the differencebetween cowardice and courage, may determine whether a man shall be shot as aslacker or medaled as a hero. Courage isnot a matter of "sand," but of sugar. Inthe excitement of combat the secretion ofadrenalin is stimulated and this causes moresugar to be released to the blood and sostrengthens a man's valor and endows himwith greater strength.Sugar fed to plant lice will so sweetentheir dispositions that they will grow wings,while the administration of alcohol has, aswe should expect, the opposite effect, andprevents any approach to the angelic state.The chemist can so sensitize a man withan injection of hematoporphyrin that hewill be light-struck and die if he venturesout of doors, even on a cloudy day, and yetwould feel well so long as he remained inthe house.According to Goldschmidt, sex in birdsand mammals depends upon a balance ofopposing hormones both present in bothsexes. "In the f emale the production offemale hormones is more rapid than thatof male hormones, the opposite is the casein the male:"It seems, then, that we must regard sex,with ali it means throughout the range ofanimate nature, with ali its influence onthe development of art, literature, morals,and social life, as essentially a chemicalaffair, regulated, repressed, stimulated, orreversed by minute amounts of certain definite compounds in the blood or food.Experimentation is already active in thisfield and no one can foretell how far it willlead. The experiments of Evans and BishopAn the University of California, of Surein the University of Arkansas, and of Stonein Stanford University indicate that a spe-cific vitamin in food is necessary for reproduction, in addition to those essential forgrowth and health. This, too, may involvea reinterpretation of history, for it may bethat what has been called "race suicide" ina class or nation may be sometimes due toa change in diet to a new one, which, thoughquite as nutritious and more tasty, is de-ficient in vitamin X or E.370 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThat sex itself can be reversed at adultage by chemical means, at least as high upin the scale of life as birds, is proved byDr. Crew of Edinburgh, who observed thetransformation of a hen into a cock, andby Dr. Oscar Riddle, of the Carnegie Station for Experimental Evolution, who re-ports the change of a female pigeon to amale.It is apparent that we have it in ourpower to modify the characteristks of plantsand animals in two ways, biologically byeugenics, and chemically by such agenciesas vitamins and hormones.It is evident that we are entering upona new epoch in medicine, for when thephysician injects into the blood a hormone,such as insulin, thyroxin, or adrenalin, heis not introducing a foreign compound,such as strychnine, quinine, or arsenic, butmerely restoring a naturai compound un-naturally deficient. It is more like a foodthan a medicine.Several of the hormones and vitaminshave now been isolated ; some even havebeen synthesized. We may reasonablyexpect that in the course of time many, ifnot ali, of them will be made in the labora-tory. But the chemist does not stop withthe imitation of nature. He produces met-als, building materials, dyes, scents, andfoods not found in nature, and having, forhuman purposes, certain superiorities overnaturai products. Why should not thechemist be able to create hormones andvitamins not found in nature but capable ofproducing greater or different effects? Andwhy should not these effects be desirable aswell as undesirable ? Why should it notbe possible by chemical means to improvethe stature, looks, longevity, or capabilitiesof human beings?Dietetic physiology has been investigatedfor some years. Dietetic psychology hasonly recently been recognized as a field ofresearch, while dietetic sociology is far inthe future.But it is already obvious that ali thesefields of chemical research are likely to elicitlessons of great value to humanity. Theconsumption of a few hundred calories of common food may completely alter a man'sattitude toward the universe, including hiswife and children.By changing the diet a colony of ratsmay be, at will, converted into militantsor pacifista. Chemists do not seem to haveyet accomplished the production of anything corresponding to that human hybrid,the militant pacifist.There is a certain drug known to organicchemjsts which is so potent that a singledose of it may within a few minutes incitea well-disposed and peaceable man to at-tack his best friend and beat his wife, or,on the other hand, cause him to weep onthe shoulder of his worst enemy. On account of its powerful and incalculableeffect on the emotions, the manufacture andsale of ethyl hydroxide has been prohibitedin this country.The effect of ethyl hydroxide on thecerebral functions, causing temporary an-aesthesia and ataxia, was discovered byNoah in the year 2349 b.c., shortly after theworld had gone wet. Like a true scientisthe experimented upon himself and the re-sults were conspicuously successful anddecisive. Nevertheless, many of his de-scendants have thought it desirable torepeat the Noachian reaction even to thisday.History unconsciously records many caseswhere a change in the character of a racecoincides with a change .in diet. Whena tribe of nomads, living almost exclusivelyon meat and milk, settles down to agricul-ture and vegetarianism, when a frugai bandof mountaineers from the cold and ariduplands invades tropical territory wherethey live in luxury, the alteration in dietmust be a formative factor of their futureas well as the change in climate and modeof life.I hope I shall avoid the mistake so oftenmade by theorists of attempting to unlockali doors with the same key. In partic-ular I do not mean to add another tothe already too long list of the causes of thefall of Rome. But I cannot forebear call-ing your attention to the fact that whenthe Romans rose to power they were livingCHEMISTRY AND PSYCHOLOGY 37i0n their own land; that is, on fresh fruits,vegetables, meats, and milk, and that inthe days of their decline they were depend-ent upon oversea supplies, mostly grainswhich are deficient in the vitamins essentialto the maintenance of health and fertility.The cry of the Roman populace was forpanem et circenses (bread and circuses),neither of which was good for them.This is-a delicate question at the presentday so I merely venture to suggest in pass-ing that the student body in our collegesmay likewise be suffering from an overdoseof starch and stadium.Whenever the psychologist enters a newfield of investigation the chemist followscloseat his heels and claims possession of it.Recently psychologists have been acfivelypushing forward into a new territory, thatof dreamland, not properly to be called"new territory," since it was in this fieldthat the psychologists of antiquity firstgained fame and fortune. But this fieldwas overexploited in ancient times so psychologists have left it fallow for somecenturies until in the 20th they areagain engaging in the interpretation ofvisions.But here also the chemist can file a claimto be considered. A psychoanalyst mayinterpret your dreams as he likes best, buta chemist can give you any kind of dreamyou like by a dose of hasheesh, strychnine,or opium ; or you may get dreams of a kindyou don't like from an untimely mince pieor an unruly Welsh rarebit.America has contributed the means ofapproach to a new artificial paradise likethose described by Baudelaire and Have-lock Ellis, the peyote or mescal buttons.A church has been chartered in Oklahomawhere chewing the peyote is used to evokevisions of saints and angels of Heaven andits antithesis. It is called "The AmericanChurch" for the membership claims to beof native American stock although theaboriginal blood may have been diluted byadmixture with the invading pale faces.The Oklahoma legislature at its last ses-sion tried to suppress the church by lawbut the chiefs of the Indian tribes appeared in a body and protested that the partakingof peyote was their form of communion andso could not be prohibited by the Food andDrug Act.I tried an involuntary experiment recently on the effect of chemicals on vision.I am extremely defective in visual imagery.If I try to recali a picture of an old friend,a familiar building, or this morning's breakfast table (as James advised), I get onlyfaint and fugitive pictures, very elusive,indefinite, and only in black and white.But once taking a prescription containinga little laudanum I was entranced when Iclosed my eyes by a succession very vivid,minute, and brilliantly colored pictures,from memory or imagination, like the littlelandscapes the Japanese paint on rice paperor those seen through an inverted operaglass. I saw then what I had missed. Iwas convinced of what others had saidof their visual ability. We may anticipatethat drug-stores will seil such visions anddreams as they do postcards, one cent plain,fi ve cents colored.The influence of chemistry upon artopens up another unexplored field. I donot mean painting or printing or motionpictures but on the models which set theartistic ideals of a generation. The dwarfand giant gods of antiquity and other mon-strosities are easily explainable by endo-crinology, Bes of the Egyptians, the Titans,Gog and Magog, triple-headed Cerberus,many-armed Briareus, multi-mammiferousDiana of the Ephesians.We can see where Michelangelo got hismasculine sybils of the Sistine Chapel andFra Angelico the anaemic angels of themonastery.Botticelli set an example for the con-sumptive as an ideal of art. His famousVenus arising from the sea — you know theone I mean, it might be called "Venus onthe Halfshell"— was modeled from La BellaSimonetta, mistress of de Medici, who diedat the age of 23 from tuberculosis.The Pre-Raphaelites' school made thegoiter popular. The model in this casewas an ill-nourished seamstress whomDante Gabriel Rossetti made his wife. The372 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE"Blessed Damozel" as she leans out overthe bar of Heaven is in a posture to showher enlarged thyroid admirably. In "RosaTriplex," Rossetti has portrayed threegoitrous girls in a row. The Pre-Raphaelitemovement might have been prevented bythe administration of iodine.The endocrine theory of art would alsothrow light on dark periods in history. Ithas been recently pointed out that the in-fant Jesus as portrayed by northern paintersfollowing the thirty years' war is deformedby rickets. The Babe in the manger showsthe squared head, shrunken chest, andbow-legs due to lack of vitamin D. Theartists would not, of course, intentionallydepict the infant Jesus as inferior. Quitethe contrary, so it is evident that ricketswas so common among the best babies inthose distressful days that they regarded the pitiful types they portrayed as normalchildren.I have given here a few casual illustra-tions of the human side of chemistry andespecially its influence on psychology. Thetopic would be equally fruitful if ap-proached from the opposite point, to showthe influence of psychology on chemistry.I have here time for only one instance. Ican stand six feet in front of a man weigh-ing not over fìfty kilograms and raise thepercentage of dextrose in his blood withouttouching him. I should do it by makingfaces at him or calling him a liar. I stipulate that the body weight of the subjectstripped shall be less than fìfty kilogramsbecause otherwise the reaction might bereversed.Chemists and psychologists can learnmuch from each other.The Gardens of Ida Noyes HallSojourn on a SummitBy Henry Justin Smith, '981. 2.PROFESSOR X ("The Great On the day when thè Lowlander soughtMan") was the least demonstrative an audience, he had found himself some-person in the quadrangle, and un- what appalled by the thought of what layknown to himself, the most conspicuous. within that benevolent head. This wasIt was the special delight to point him out he who looked steadily upon the fearfulto newcomers. It was even a privilege to mysteries of Matter, of Space and Time.say "Good morning, Professor X" and He had sent his imagination upon travels"How. are you today, Professor X ?" around the earth, and into the earth, andand to hear him reply, "Feeling a lot better among great star-countries. His realthan I have any right to feel." There were dwelling was amid the austere and beautifulinnumerable people who were delighted to gardens of mathematics. He was concernedsee his name in print ; and others who would with phenomena which, in a way, renderedexert themselves to keep his name out of trifling and ridiculous of aspect even theprint. They knew he would thank them. major problems of human life. The GreatThe President, as he had implied, held Man could consider only creation at itsthe Great Man in enormous esteem. The greatest.most powerful person in the quadrangles And besides, had he not been givensaluted the superior genius of that other, "recognition" by every learned society inwho never exerted ordinary power. And the world, awarded titles by the royalty ofthe celebrated X , it could easily be science, and given enough medals to coverdivined, awarded to the President a special his breast? . . . Only, he never woredeference, consulted his wishes (not with- them . . . Did not his academic record,out formality) and, although dwelling in even in the smallest of type, fili half a pagea different cloud-space and seeing every- in the catalogue? Yes; and it seemed thatthing through different spectra, did un- about this illustrious and beloved mem-questionably, in a curious puzzled way, ber of the very limited fraternity oflove him besides. science there was bound to be a rampartThus, it was nearly always the way of of severity, or a barbed fence of im-the Great Man, when an administrative patience — at any rate, some sort of sign tomatter was brought to him, to ask : "What warn off valley folk.does the President think about that?" But what was the fact?When he inquired, "Will such-and-such Let us see#action help the university?" it amounted tothe same thing. ¦.This was part of the code of the Great A clerk who had somewhat dubiously of-Man, who had made the place his scientific fered to accompany the Lowlander knockedhome for at least a generation, and who gently at a door. Carne a syllable of assentwas so famous that a great many persons, from within including the Lowlander, were inclined to He sat there at an antique roll-top deskstammer when they approached him. For with crowded pigeon-holes and piles of oldweeks, the man from the lower level felt magazines on the top. There was only amore comfortable when regarding that carpet-rug on the floor, and next to nogiantj X- , from a distance. curtains at ali at the two Windows. On373374 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEone side stood a cushioned settee, wheresupposedly, the Great Man napped. Ifthe Presidente office had been none toogrand for a chief executive, this place wasat least spartan enough for a scientist toenjoy. It was not so shabby as to be pic-turesque. It was simply unobtrusive,like its occupant.He had the leaf of the desk pulled out,and upon large sheets of paper he appearedto be tracing a calculation. The interrup-tion, likely enough, put him off the resultsby many millimeters ; but if so, he made nocomplaint. He merely looked at the in-truders placidly, inquiringly.Pushing away his papers, he said,"Pleased — " at the introduction ; and then,"Sit down."He waited.Just an experienced, weatherworn elder,this; a figure clothed in no grandeur, noteven the academic. He was innocent ofpostures, of aristocracies of dress or barber-ing. Only his face, an ovai terminating ina square chin, suggested the immense dig-nity of his being; only his eyes were activewith that human, or more than human, es-sence of intelligence and of perpetuai, vividcuriosity with which he had been endowed,and which had been so amazingly cultivatedby a-life of discovery."Yes?" he gently prompted the Lowlander, who, in his ignorance and folly, be-gan saying things he should not have said.He declared that he had long hoped to meetProfessor X -; that it was "a privilege";that he wanted to ask his cooperation in acertain effort; that he knew little aboutscience, and nothing about ProfessorX 's subject, but he would like to gothrough the laboratory; then, rather des-perately, that he hoped Professor X kept well.To ali this twaddle the Great Man lis-tened, not so much condescendingly as be-nignantly. He nodded his broad, greyhead, smiled like a good great uncle humor-ing a child, interjected, "Yes"; and "I'mglad to hear it." He never betrayed thatten thousand times before he had heardjust such empty remarks, just such tattle about health, and so on, and that he wasbored. Probably he was often bored byconversation. Probably he wondered whypeople must forever talk, talk, talk, bustleabout, seek introductions, ask questions.He endured it ali. He did not even wincewhen the Lowlander cited one of his ex-periments by a wrong name. He gentlymade a correction."If I don't understand your — yourwork," said the visitor, a little emboldened,"I at least know something of the > scientificattitude. You don't want your partial results exposed too soon. You don't want tomake claims before you're sure."This was said apropos of the little project; and the Great Man returned, en-couragingly,"You're about right." 'Well, then, would the Great Man mindhelping the Lowlander in this little matter? It would. take so short a time. Thefigure placidly occupying the chair did notstir, nor demur. A little time! Why,the fact was, just now ali that ProfessorX was doing was:Completing calculations for an experiment which might very well shake thescientific world to its caissons.Ascending to a summit of theory farabove The Summit itself; ascending on aladder of equations, each rung a little moreslippery than the preceding.Doing much of the thinking for a staffgetting ready a panoply of delicate instru-ments, wherewith to measure."Checking up" on a previous study, noeasier.Carrying on a lot of correspondence withlearned societies.Advising advanqg students.Rejecting, at the rate of about one perday, requests for articles for popularmagazines.Declining a few appeals for newspaperinterviews.Having a little fun, about four hours outof the twenty-four.Time ! He knew more about it thananyone; and he had none of the article.To ask him to add anything to his effortsSOJOURN ON A SUMMIT 375was like asking the President to run a fewmore universities.But the Lowlander begged for a littletime, and the Great Man only looked a bitdeprecating."Did the President agree that this wouldbe a good thing to do?" he finally inquired.The Lowlander was able to say yes."Well, then, I will."And Professor X did not even sigh.He began to ask more particularly aboutthe thing he was to do "to help in the development." Soon he had digested theidea, and was about to return to his figures,when the door opened without ceremony.A tali young man with a seedy cap andsmutted face stood there, with his eyerather angrily fixed upon Professor X "Look here, Chief," he blurted, "shedon't function." And, rapidly he ex-plained why. Something-or-other — some-thing that sounded technical — was tooshort; something else didn't fit.Professor ,X looked tremendouslyalert."Piece it out with — ." The Lowlandercouldn't catch what. *The young man tipped his cap forward,scratched the back of his head with ablackened hand, and murmured; "I don'tknow if that'll do it, but we'll try." Heturned to go."Just a moment," interposed the Chief."This gentleman would like to look overthe laboratory. Take him along.""Good Gosh," began the assistant; butforbore. "Come on," he said to the Lowlander. The Great Man nodded goodbye,and was ihstantly lost in his calculations.Together the assistant and the Lowlanderpassed down the hallway, the formerwhistling a few bars from "It's a Long,Long Trail." Arrived at a certain door,the assistant jerked it open, revealing arough workshop, where stood several otherbe-smutted youths, ali intently eying a half-finished and very complex contraption ofiron, wire, glass, and other things."The Boss says try some—" an-nounced the emissary, using that term whichcannot be remembered. "Aw, he's crazy; that'll never work";protested one of the group."Fetch some, any way, and let's get busy.Oh wait! I got to show this gentlemanthe lab . . . Well, here it is, mister. Thisis — What do the papers say? — the magi-cian's work-shop. Only it isn't like magicand that stuff. This, as you see, is morelike a ship engine-room, with the crewtrying to fix a busted turbine during astorm."The others laughed."Now this," continued the guide, point-ing to the writhing forai of a machine,somewhat resembling a metal devil-fish,"is a — Hey! keep out of that corner.High voltage!" The Lowlander shrank.His instructor, having saved his life, pro-ceeded rapidly to show him, and to name,other devices, whose curious shapes, whoseknobs, convolutions and gleamings fur-nished forth the darksome room. TheLowlander gazed, and understood nothing."Want to see a light fringe? Come inhere."There was another room, darker than thefirst, with benches and tables upon whichodds and ends of apparatus lay. In thecenter, on a special pedestal, stood a con-trivance of mirrors fixed at various angles."Look through this hole," commandedthe youth. While the Lowlander leanedover to gaze, he turned some kind ofscrew . . . Nothing to be seen except whitelight."Don't you get it?"He twisted something else.Suddenly, upon the clear background,there appeared a fragment of rainbow,lovely and evanescent, shivering like a tinyaurora. It was a beautiful creature ofmystery, imprisoned among the reflectionscast by the mirrors. One may be thrilledby a star, gleaming like a pearl at the endof the long path traced by a giant telescope; but this thrill was in discerning,so dose at hand, a phenomenon more intimate than the stars, inherent, in ali thatdeluge of illumination that reaches theearth.The Lowlander straightened his back.376 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE"So that," he muttered, "is a lightfringe. And this device — ""Oh, this is the thing the Chief has donemost of his big work with. Somebodyelse stated the principle, but the Chief per-fected it." He stili spoke nonchalantly,but his eyes flashed. "You know, the Chiefis the greatest mechanician, in this line,who lives today — besides being the bestthinker, I guess. Does the thinking forthe whole crew here. We just run theengines, you might say.""Like it, do you?"He dabbed some more smut on his nosefrom his hands."Confidentially, mister, we — oh, yes, welike it. But, confidentially, when he's offon one of his major experiments he setsa terrific pace. 'He doth murder sleep/like the chap in Shakespeare. And I'mrunning ali over 'the community, some-times, hunting parts . . . But there's anawful kick in working for a man like that ;and in getting the results, too."The young man was not only smeared,but haggard. Clearly, he "ate and slept onthe job." He fussed here, ali day and intothe night, battling with insensate andcranky metal; and in the end, no doubt,success meant little added glory for him.But—"There isn't one of us," he said, "butwould give his right eye for the Boss.That's how it is . . . Now Fve got tosee to what those lads out there are doing."4-The testimony of Professor X 's lab-oratory assistant lingered in the Low-lander's mind for many days, during mostof which he caught glimpses of the GreatMan in one activity or another. Therewas an obvious reason why he not only at-tracted the worship of his scientific equalsbut inspired the work-to-the-bone loyaltyof his staff. He treated everyone alike!He had outlived, or dismissed, any illusionsabout the superiority of one sort of manand the inferiority of another. He hadlong ago discovered the valuelessness ofrenown, of "handles to one's name," of academic precedence. Apparently ali hewanted of people was that they be genuineand affable to speak to. These were hisown standards. Considering his severetenets about accuracy, modesty, reticenceand so on, it must have been rather a trialto live in a crowded world, but he managedto endure it. And when he could not standajny more, he went laway by himself —somet'imes to a wild mountain-top, alonewith his instruments — and worked.It could be seen, however, that while heconfronted the tangle and burble of lifewith such apparent poise, he was, deepdown, a being with that variable and in-calculable equipment of emotions called"temperament." His face might be alwaysthe same when he spoke to a friend, but inrepose it changed, how it would change!When isolated and> as he thought, un-observed, Professor X revealed hismoods. He would be glowing, animated;when "results" were coming strong. Hewould be darkly thoughtful; perhaps be-cause a machine he counted on was "buck-ing." He would be even sad, and whocould teli the intricate cause of it? — noneat ali, maybe. He would be listless, be-cause advanced age does have its listlessmoments . . .His anger had been known to flash out;a little tempest soon followed by sunlight.They who were nearest him said that hedid not get angry about the refusai of metaldevices to "work" or the cantankerousnessof equations; but he did boil over whenhalted in his huge plans by stupidity orsheer carelessness. And, then, casually ashe spoke about his performances, he was onrare occasions driven to fury by havingthem mis-described. And why should henot be furious? After a man has halfbroken his back to accomplish a thing, ishe to see it insulted by a misstatement whichvery likely will be repeated in print, fromNome to Zanzibar, and jeered at by one'senemies ?What remains to a Great Man, after ali,but truth and the belief that truth exists?The joy of "recognition" fades. Prizescome a long time after they are earned;SOJOURN ON A SUMMIT 377long after the winner has felt, and dis-missed, the thrill of achievement. Medalsare laid away in a drawer. The books onehas done stand, in a dull, perishing row onthe shelf. Each written tribute falls a little more tamely upon the consciousness ofits hero. Age draws on, with its pains andits doubts — especially the doubt, "can Iever finish this," and the doubt "after Iam gone, who will try to finish it, andmaybe spoil it ?" Circles of friendship areinvaded by death. Pleasures dwindle. Sothe Great Man finds himself alone with truth; and in his loneliness, having onlythat silent and stark companion, he canonly toil on . . . and toil on.They would ask him at The Club,"Haven't you done enough? Why are youplanning such a heavy summer's work?"He would reply:"It's the only real fun there is."There was big philosophy in that, too.But Professor X never was a wonderat putting things in heavy rhetoric.ÌO dnp gjp ajp gnp cpGerald Birney SmithAn AppreciationBy Shailer Mathewsphilosophical andGERALD BIRNEY SMITH carnenaturally by his interest in religiousthought. His family was old NewEngland stock ; his father was a man of ex-ceptional character and ability, who h£-queathed to his son ainvestigative, but sanelyconstructive temperament. After graduat-ing from Brown University he taught fora few years in Worcester Academy, andthen went to UnionTheological Seminary,where he graduatedwith honor in 1898and was awarded atraveling fellowshipwhich enabled him tospend the years of1899- 1900 in study inthe universities of Ger-many. On his returnfrom Germany he wasappointed instructor intheology in the Di-vinity School in 1900,was made assistant pro- Gerald Birney SmithMay 3, 1868 — Aprii 3, 1929.fessor, and subsequently advanced to a fullprofessorship.Thus for twenty-nine years he had beena teacher in the Divinity School. Duringthis long period he has been one of the lead-ing influences in the religious thought ofAmerica. In his earlierdays, because of hisGerman associations hehad been deeply af-fected by the Ritsch-lian movement whichthen was at its mostactive stage. Unlikemost American theolo-gians of his day, hewas not largely swayedby biblical study, andthroughout his life hewas more interested inthe Christian religionthan in biblical theology. Even as a youngman, however, heshowed independenceof thought, and devel-oped a type of religious thinking whichsought to find its basis378 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEin religion itself rather than in the docu-ments of inherited orthodoxy. His mind,however, was too realistic to become negative. Daring always to stand on the f ron-tier of knowledge, facing the unknown, hewould be the last to say that a man was liberal because he had ceased to believe something. At first the Ritschlian philosophy ofvalue judgments held him, without any well-defined historical method, to the charac-teristic elements of the Christian religion.These he did not fìnd in metaphysics, but inthe worth of character, life, and work ofJesus as a factor in religious experience.It was not long, however, before he foundthe Ritschlian system, helpful as it was,not entirely satisfactory, and he earlyundertook a criticism of current theologicalthinking and to search for a method thatshould make that religion a contributionto the evolving social order. He howeverrefused to start from any a priori meta-physical position, and undertook to fìnd inthe. religious experience of the Christianmovement the permanent elements, andalso to justify their acceptance of such be-liefs by men who were no longer thinkingin the way of the fathers of orthodoxy.His first signifìcant contribution to thetheological reconstruction was in a seriesof Nathan William Taylor lectures de-livered at Yale University in 19 12. Thetitle of these lectures was itself a summaryof his thought, "Social Idealism and theChanging Theology." When these lectureswere published in 19 13 he had reached theconclusion that theological scholarship wasin danger of becoming too exclusively in-tellectual, centering attention rather uponelements of the criticai scholarship of theBible than upon the movements of life itself. In other words, he felt that thereneeded to be a reconstruction of the Christian religion as furnishing moral incentiveand control in any social reconstruction.In these lectures he developed that contrastbetween aristocratic and democratic idealswhich may be said to have characterized hissubsequent thinking. To him always anytheology was useless which did not helpthe development of morality. Naturally this led to the discussion of the authorityupon which any assurance in religion couldbe based. This he found not in theauthority of the Bible, but in a methodwhich itself was justifiable in the light ofscientific procedure as worked out in thesocial and historical sciences.From this type of interest he never de-parted. Religion was to be defended by theproper organization of the elements of religious experience, both individuai and historical, but its chief significance would bein life itself. His subsequent writings werefor a number of years articles published inthe Biblical World, The American Journalof Theology and the Journal of Religion.For seventeen years he was managing editor of these latter journals. He was alsowith me editor of a Dictionary of Religionand Ethics, for which he wrote many ofthe more important articles in the fieldof religious and ethical as distinct fromstrictly metaphysical subjects. His interest in ethics found expression in a widelyused volume entitled, Principles of Christian Living. It was largely due to his influence that the faculty of the DivinitySchool published under his general editor-ship a volume setting forth the characteris-tic method followed by the school, entitledAn Introduction to the Study of the Christian Religion. Recently he edited a volumeby various scholars sketching the develop-ments of .the last twenty-five years of theological thought, and published anothervolume embodying his own mature criticismof current religious thinking.Important as these volumes were as anexposition of a type of religious investiga-tion and reconstruction, his influence wasequally strong as a teacher. His particularfield of interest here was in the field ofethics and apologetics, and his courses weretaken by hundreds of men who either wereor became teachers in theological seminariesand colleges.Such a sketch of an active intellectuallife, unmarked by fear of independentthought and at the same time suspiciousof any negative radicalism or theological.romanticism, gives but an imperfect impres-GERALD BIRNEY SMITH 379sion of his personality. It would not betrue to say that he developed a system oftheology. He was suspicious of any at-tempt to organize the truth on a prioriprinciples or on some single philosophicalposition. He preferred to study intentlyfundamental religious problems like thatof the meaning of the word God. Religion to him was a normal phase of life,and the process of rationalizing its tenetshe carne increasingly to see was alwaysrelative, shaped by creative cultural forces,and dependent upon the necessity of findingsatisf action for needs in actual life.During recent years he developed ex-ceptional administrative ability which heself-sacrificingly put at the service of themany good causes to which he devotedhimself. Those of us who have been as-sociated with him in the work of the Di-vinity School carne to rely upon hisjudgment and his unfailing readiness tosense and to meet new situations. AsChairman of the Board of the Universityof Chicago Settlement for three years, hedisplayed exceptional ability in masteringthe details and problems which always confront such an institution. His interestin religious education has made him a lead-ing figure in the Religious Education As-sociation, and he. became chairman of itseditorial committée. His love of musicled him to be Chairman for severalyears of the University Orchestrai As-sociation.Along with ali these tasks, which wereassumed so freely and without any thoughtof honor or other advantage was a personality that was full of his deep religious faith,of the contagion of his own high ideals,and good cheer. There have been few menso thoroughly cò-ordinated. He couldraise any issue to the heights of ethical andreligious value, and enjoy the healthypleasures of life. He could play golf anddrive an automobile as well as write theological books. He could organize thehistory of his native town as readily as he could discuss the weakness of a theologicalposeur. Many minds as keen and criticaias his have grò wn cynical as they have cometo realize how even the best plans go awryand how indifferent men are to ultimateideals. But both by temperament and selftraining, Gerald Birney* Smith could notbe cynical. There are few men better readin anti-religious literature than he, but hisown religious faith, while it grew deeperand richer and less ready to make uncon-sidered generalizations, was always healthyand cheerful. He knew sorrow, but hewas not sorrowful. He knew the difficultieswhich attend ali rationalizing of religion,but he never lost that cheerful sanity thatenabled him to balance arguments andenjoy the larger probabilities of faith.No one carne to know him without sharing in his hopefulness and courage, and weshall not forget that saving sense of humorwhich protected him from taking his dutiestoo seriously or overestimating the liabilitiesof life. If he did not give to the world ahard and fast theological system, he didgive to hundreds and thousands of people apoint of view and a method of thoughtwhich enabled them to face the problemsof their own lives courageously and hope-fully. He lectured and preached widely,,and multiplied his points of contact withlife. He gave himself without reserve to hisfriends and the causes he served, whetherit was the organization of movements orthe intimate association in some . summercamp with younger men who had beenhis students.This rich personality will not lose itsinfluence. His vivacity of thought, hisdiscriminating pptimism, his religious as-surance, and his unstinting friendships willlive in many lives, to reproduce themselvesin institutions and character. It is hardto see how any man can take his place, butit is equally impossible to feel that thegeneration he helped to face its own problems by its own methods can ever escapehis inspiring influence.38o THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINES^sfe""' Ar<k On the First Symphony ConcertinThe University of Chicago ChapelAprii 16, 1929IThe music wandered through the ChapelLike brown Franciscan in a CloisterIntent to be devoutBut who,Fingering a rose,Forgets religionAnd sings aloud his soul to Heaven.IIThe music seemed glad to beHoused in great beauty.The violins fìngered in ecstasyThe tracery of WindowsAnd the Apostolic beastsAlong the capitals.Piccolos and flutes danced upInsect-like through blur of golden soundTo beat against the blue and redOf high mosaics.Tubas, clarinets and English Horn,'Cello with the sturdier stringed folkRejoiced to matchThe architecture of their soundWith that of stone,Until blendedThey swept in mutuai JoyOut across the grassAnd the massed yellow of Forsythia flowersUp to a blue sky.Hilda L. NormanTen Years of R. O. T. C.By Lieut. Charles R. Gildart,% Department of Militar y Science and TacticsWITH the opening of the SpringQuarter, the Department of Military Science and Tactics of theUniversity of Chicago swings into the finalphase of its tenth year, which is in manyways, the most unusual of the first decade.This year will be granted the largest num-ber of commissions and certificates of eligi-bility (pending attainment of majority) forthe grade of Second Lieutenant of FieldArtillery Reserve, U. S. Army in the history of the unit. Thirty-one students willhave changed their cadet insignia to ofEcers'during the current academic year, and fea-tures of enrollment in the lower classes indicate a maintenance of production at thishigh rate, with possibilities of yearly in-crements.The Unit now has the largest advancedcourse enrollment in its history. The blankfìles caused by the loss of the numerousgraduates of this year will be filled by thepresent juniors, a group numerically largerthan the members of the Military Depart-ment's Class of 1929. More basic coursegraduates are enrolling yearly in the advanced course, and increasing numbers havebeen coming in with advanced R. O.T.C.standing earned in other units of R.O.T.C.This furnishes a total enrollment aboutevenly divided between basic and advancedcourses, and a consequent high productionrate in relation to the total numbers en-rolled. The University of Chicago unit,this year, ranks first in the R.O.T.C. ofthe Sixth Corps Area of the Army in pointof advanced enrollment in proportion tototal strength.Chicago's unit of R.O.T.C. has this yearits largest leaven of camp trainees. Theadvanced camp of six weeks, held normallyin the summer between the junior andsenior years, has for the past few summersbeen conducted at Camp McCoy, nearSparta, Wisconsin, under the direction of Major Sydney G. Brady, U.S.A., AssistantProfessor of Military Science and Tacticsat the University of Illinois. Alumni ofthe University of Chicago will be glad tolearn that this ofHcer has repeatedly ex-pressed himself as pleased with the highstandard of pre-camp training of the Chicago cadets as exemplified by their conductin the field among contemporaries fromother Mid-Western universities. In pass-ing it may be said that the out-door lifeof the camp, the broadening aspects ofinter-university exchange of contacts amongthe students, and the excellent professionalfacilities that the camp affords, make of itan important part of the curriculum andfurnishes the student an unusual feature ofunder graduate life, which leaves manya happy retrospect as time goes on. Thepresence of a large number of cadets ofcamp service assists materially in instruc-tion of the whole unit, so that the benefitsto the Department are as great as thoseaccruing to the individuai.War Department recognition of thequality of training and the increasing pro-ductiveness of the University of ChicagoField Artillery unit resulted this year inthe first issue by the Government of tailor-made, ofHcer's type unif orms. The greatbody of University of Chicago Alumni ofwar service will remember that whiletraditions of noble achievement surroundthe enlisted man's uniform as issued during the past war, its inspirational aspectsHe chiefly in its connotation, and little canbe said of it as an attractive, presentablearticle of clothing for students — notablyfastidious in matters of dress. The newuniforms have had a markedly heighteningeffect on cadet morale.While the end of camp during the ap-proaching summer will see the passing ofthe tenth year of the Reserve OfEcers'Training Corps at the University of Chi-381382 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcago, military training in the Quadranglesdates from January 1917, when Major O.W. Bell, U. S. Cavalry, reported as a newlydetailed Professor of Military Science andTactics, under the approvai of the University and the War Department, and inresponse to a student petition presentedthe previous year. A unit of the StudentArmy Training Corps, organized chieflythrough the efforts of Mr. Adolph C. Noeand Dean Henry G. Gale, replacedthe cadet battalion in the autumn of191 8 and continued in operation until theArmistice.The Unit of Field Artillery, ReserveOfficers' Training Corps, was established in19 19, the instruction commencing with theopening of the autumn quarter. The pres-ent scheme of credits and instruction wasworked out through the tireless efforts ofMajor H. E. Marr, U.S.A., the first Professor of Military Science and Tactics, andthe fact that the arrangement has existedfor ten years to the satisfaction of both theDepartment and the University as a whole,attests the far sightedness of the founderof the unit and the University ofHcials whocollaborated with him. Most of the instruction is academic, and educationalrather than "drill," and is recognized asbeing on a par with the high standard ofother University courses.Four regular army ofKcers are detailedto constitute the faculty of the Department, with four years as the normal length of a tour of duty. The present headof the Department, Major T. J. J. Christian reported in 1927, relieving Major P.M. Barrows. Major Christian at onceinterested himself in the improvement ofthe physical plant at the disposai 0fthe Military Department with the resultthat arrangements have been made whichhave gained the use of the new armorynow being erected for the I24th FieldArtillery at 52nd Street and Cottage GroveAvenue. The Department expects to celebrate its tenth anniversary by the occupa-tion of its new quarters.With the promotion of the tenth year,the lengthening alumni list of the Department of Military Science and Tactics passesthe hundred mark. With a growing num-ber of young graduates in the alumni as awhole, the Military Department looks withsatisfaction upon its vanishing youth, andanticipates a greater participation in thecause of National Defense by that body.Its present needs are few. It wants chieflythe assistance of the Alumni in procuringeach year from among the best physical andmental specimens of the freshmen class, menwho are willing to undergo the trainingnecessary to fit them for the responsibilitiesof officers.Former President Mason has stated:"The University believes that the workconducted in its Field Artillery unit isvaluable for national defense and is whole-some, educational in character, and likelyto interest many students for its own sake."THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 3»3/¦t-i- iwi»*"HOMEr" R.&ADY TO FIR&" THE- CHICAGO AGGRE-GATION "*vVA TYPlCAL TRANSPOftT1 "afte-rthebattle"384 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEREUNION1929We take off our hats to last year's reunion committee.Their reunion has been acclaimed as the most successful everheld. More people turned out than ever before. Everyonehad a surprisingly good time. Ali who carne last year areurging their friends to come out this year, which is bound tomake 1929 even bigger and better, for 1929 is patterned after1928 with new attractions.Alumni should know that over 960 people were at thedepartmental teas last year. The departments were so en-thusiastic about the attendance and the good time, that theyare going to make their teas even better. For example, weunderstand that the Physics department will demonstrate someof the experiments which have made that department worldfamous.Mr. O'Hara promises an hour of entertainment with apunch. You will remember it with a happy smile and a cheerful jingle running thru your head.Mr. Woodward's talk in the Chapel at seven o'clock willclear up many points in the relationship of the undergraduateschools to the University and of alumni to the University.Ali alumni are to be guests of the University at a supper.There will be no charge and you can be assured that thesupper will be a good one.Talk to someone who was at the reunion last year andread the details of the program on the next page — then you'llbe there.REUNION COMMITTEERoderick Macpherson, ChairmanTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 3«5— and Saturday, June 8this The Day of Days(Note the Program)11:00 a. m. Alumnae Breakfast — Ida Noyes Hall(Breakfast served at twelve sharp. Alumnae tradition)12:00 Class and Association Luncheons(Your class will notify you of its plans)1 :30 p. m. National Collegiate Track Meet on Stagg Field(Good seats will be saved for returning alumni)2:00 p. m. Traditional Events(Added attractions for those who are not attendingthe track meet or departmental teas)1916-1917 Baseball GameHorseshoe PitchingTime for tour of the University, old and. new.New Chapel open from two o'clock untilmidnight. University guides in attendance.3:00-4:30 p. m. Departmental Open Houses and Teas(Details as to time and place in later Communications)4:30 p. m. Grand Fanfare and Cali to the Festivities(This year in the gardens of Dudley Field, behindIda Noyes Hall — a charming spot)Scintillating, sparkling, quick moving entertainmentof great variety and pleasing to the eye and ear —under the direction of Frank O'Hara. No encorespermitted.5 :40 p. m. Supper in the Gardens of Dudley Field.There will be no charge. The University is givingthe supper to the Alumni. Band concert duringsupper.7:00 p. m. Gathering in the New ChapelOrgan RecitalTalk by Acting President Woodward8 :00 p. m. The University Sing — Better than ever(Seats reserved for Alumni)Dancing in the Reynolds Club during the Sing.SATURDAY, JUNE 8th, 1929(More Details by Mail)386 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINETHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 387A Study of the Feudal AgeFeudal Germany. By James West fall Thompson.NO AMERICAN medievalfst hasdevoted so much attention to thepoliticai, economie and socialphases of German history during theFeudal Age (800-1200) as ProfessorJames Westfall Thompson. No one inthis country, therefore, if indeed outsideof Germany and Austria, is more com-petent to write on this subject than he.This book, in fact, makes the generalneglect of this important period seem some-what surprising and incomprehensible. Theamount of literature in English on theperiod is comparatively small, and inAmerica, if one omit Professor Thompson 's work, it may almost be said to benegligible. Indeed some of the problemshe has gone into are without any treatmentin English at ali. We must, accordingly,be very grateful to the author as an American pioneer in this field. If for no otherreason than that it must act as a stimulusand guide to further research of its kind,the book is a most welcome and necessarycontribution to American historical scholarship. One needs but to note the vastamount of primary and secondary literature with which Professor Thompson an-notates his pages, to realize the extent ofthe painstaking and criticai industry whichhas been poured into them.By his use of the term Feudal Germany,the author by no means wishes to limithis treatment to one of a strictly legalisticcharacter. It is rather as a descriptive termused to designate that period in Germanhistory at the beginning of which feudal in-stitutions take hold, and at the end of whichthey become disruptingly predominant,that the title is used. Nor by the title,388 University of Chicago Press. $5.as the Preface carefully explains, is theremeant to promise a treatment which shoulddeal organically with ali phases of Germanhistory during this epodi.' The book is acollection of descriptive and criticai essaysof an elaborately detailed sort, concerningproblems "whose significance has been ofmajor historical importance." A greatnumber of these have appeared in whole orin part in various learned periodicals ofrecent years. It was imperative that theyshould be brought together with the un-published studies of Professor Thompson,since in this form they do give some definite idea of the complexity, inner work-ings, and significance of the period as awhole. It is to be hoped, however, thatProfessor Thompson, may find time towrite for us a complete history of Germanyduring this period. It is a job which needsto be done, and I think we may discountthe modesty of his Preface and ask whomight more fittingly do it?The Introduction is a fine piece of historical writing, representing as it does oneof those clarifying and appreciative sum-maries which drop from time to time fromthe specialista pen. In the first half ofhis book, called Old West Feudal Germany, Professor Thompson's interest centersabout the great part which the feudalizedchurch plays in the politics of the Germanstate, and that too of the politicai bishop,and of such intense rivalries as existed between the secular and regular clergy. Withhis characterization of the unique positionof Saxony among the German duchies, andits relation to the Investiture struggle, helays the basis also for Saxony's activity inBOOKS 389the colonial field. Nowhere in Englishwill one find a better dissection of the va-rious forces let loose by the struggle betweenEmpire and Papacy, not only in the realmof action but also in that of politicai theory.The crushing of the Guelf party by Hohen-staufen imperialism, a party promising togive Germany a form of government suitedto its general and particular needs, "afeudal monarchy resting on a federation ofGerman duchies," is regarded as the crown-ing disaster of the Feudal Age. In sucha particularly illuminating chapter as "TheCrown Lands in Feudal Germany," weare brought face to face with the economyof the feudal monarchy and the real founda-tion of its policy. The contrast betweenGerman development and that of westernEurope is generally made clear.European and American scholars arealike agreed that in the second part of thework, New East Frontier Colonial Germany, the author is at his best. For theAmerican student these chapters will haveespecial interest since Professor Thompsonknows also his American history. In trac-ing this expansion of the German peopleseastward he has in his mind our westernmoving pioneers, and his narrative isstrewn with apt parallel. Here the Saxonand the Bavarian stand out, the leadingpioneering groups, and the church again,for reasons of a not wholly disinterestedcharacter, a "promoter." From Saxonythe northern movement is carried to theOder, and to the Vistula, in a series ofsuccesses and reverses which displaces, dis-possesses or reduces to serfdom the Slav,the Indian of medieval Germany. The con-trasting southern movement from belowthe Main with Bavaria as a center is tracedinto Austria, Bohemia, Carinthia, Styria,Carniola and Poland. Here lie the rootsof problems of centrai and eastern Europeanhistory yet unsolved. The whole move ment is treated with a sympathetic insightand a wealth of interesting detail, whichforce the reader finally to share the author'senthusiasm over this display of expensivecraft, as well as to leave him unforgetful ofthose at whose expense it was made.Those of the Alumni who have beenProfessor Thompson's students will lookfor the vigorous and picturesque phrase,the animation and the general enthusiasmwhich characterize his teaching. They willfind it. One might cite randomly as ex-amples: "the land hungry bishop," "fedupon the strong meat of secular power," forwhom "the art of war was not long in be-coming an important episcopal accomplish-ment"; the abbot with "huge ranches" forproperty holdings who "did not give, or thebaron get, something for nothing." "Belowthe medieval Latin surface . . . deep inthe fibres of the parchment one can feel thepulse and throb of a tremendous popularmovement." "The duchy began to steamwith rebellion." "The Saxon nobles soondiscovered that two could play at the gameof castle building." "While the Ottosthus tried to save at the spiggot they wastedat the bung." "The missionary propaganda of the German church . . . waslargely a money-making proposition. Chris-tians had to pay tithes, so the 'saving ofsouls' became a lucrative commercial interest. Evangelization offeied spiritual re-wards and declared substantial dividendsof a material nature for the benefit of thechurch."The book is provided with twelve mapsand diagrams and there is a series of genealogica! tables. The misprints are few. Forthe general reader who hankers after theroots and sources of his history, as well asfor the student, this volume off ers a valuableand unique opportunity.E. N. Johnson390 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEChicago ContrastsThe Gold Coast and the Slum. By Harvey W. Zorbaugh. The University ofChicago Press; $3.00IN THE area a mile and a half longand scarcely a mile wide that is knownto Chicagoans as the "Near NorthSide" can be found contrasts of wealth andpoverty, of vice and respectability, luxuryand toil, more vivid than in any city in theworld, according to a sociological study re-cently published by the University ofChicago Press.In the Near North Side can be found thehighest residential land values in Chicago,and the lowest; more professional men,more politicians, more suicides, and morepersons in "Who's Who" than in any othersection of Chicago. The greatest wealthof the city is concentrated along the LakeShore Drive "Gold Coast," and almost atthe back doors of the homes and hotels ofthe upper crust is "Little Hell," with thegreatest poverty in the city.The Near North Side is a region intransition; an area in state of flux that issoon to change, and from which both theGold Coast and the slum will pass withina decade.Those are some of the conclusions of thebook, published under the title of "GoldCoast and Slum." It is the work of Harvey W. Zorbaugh, now on the faculty ofNew York University, who made the studyover a period of several years as part ofhis work for a doctor's degree.The Gold Coast society, the floatingpopulation of Clark Street, the Near NorthSide's Rialto; the foreign colonies; the artand bohemian section around "Tower-town," and the drab life of the roominghouse streets have been dissected in thestudy.Chicago society people themselves wrotethe chapter on the "Gold Coast," paintingthe foibles of society as they saw it, as wellas the aspirations and activities of the locai"Four Hundred." Their conclusion is that Chicago societyis in the hands of cliques of rich youngpeople. "The leadership is often in severalcliques, or in one season one clique willbe on top and another season may findanother in power," the book says. "Thefaster pace of the city has put youth on thesocial throne."The Tour Hundred' are those whohave arrived. They form a self-consciousgroup. They have modes of their own —'good form' and the amenities of life areof enormous importance in their lives. Toviolate the social code is a vastly greatersin than to violate the Ten Command-ments. They live in a totally differentworld from that of the rest of the greatcity of which they are a part. And of theprerogatives of this world they arejealous."Society of the present, the investigatorfound, is different than the society of otherdays, when the "assemblies" were almost ahereditary institution and the dowagers ofthe older families were the heads of theclan and the arbiters of social destiny."The old society based on hereditarysocial position has passed, to be replacedby a 'society' of cliques and sets, of wealthand display. This change can be phrasedin a sentence; 'One no longer is born tosocial position; one achieves social positionby playing the social game.'"The social game is a Constant competi-tion among those who are 'in' for distinc-tion and pre-eminence ; a Constant struggleupon the part of those who are not 'in' tobreak into the circles of those who are.There are certain events of the season towhich 'the' people are invited. The bigevents of the season are the Bachelors andBenedicts late in November; the SameBachelors ; the First Assembly ; the Twelf thBOOKS 39iNight Party, and the Second Assembly, themiddle of January."There are, besides, the Service Clubplav_a mixture of prominent people andpeople unheard of ; the Junior League Playand Party; the opera, and certain charityaga;rs — the Paderewski concert for theChildren's Home and the Chauve Souris forEli Bates."The wiles of the social climber aremany and devious. The most obvious stepis a brilliant marriage; but this route isopen only to men. The majority of climb-ers seek to buy their way into society— notopenly to be sure, but tactfully and insid-iously, in the name of charity. Manyclimb, too, by brilliant stage management;the ability to contrive a brilliant salon, witha celebrity or two, and a few of 'just theright people' as drawing cards, has ac-complished more than one social triumph.The successful 'climber' is an artist in self-advertisement, in getting and keeping hername in the society columns, in associatingherself with just the 'right' people and justthe 'right' things."The essence of the 'game' is a strugglefor status and prestige, for position andinfluence. It involves an art of publicity,of display, and lavish spending, resultingin a glorification of the person to be foundnowhere else in the life of the city. The'game,' the passion for recognition, is thedominant interest in the lives of at leasta third of the group known as 'society.'The Near North Side, according to thesociologist, represents the tidelands of citylife. Encroaohing business and industryare raising land values and the old popula-tion is slowly being forced out, to be re-placed temporarily by a transient popula-tion bringing with it transitional formsof social fife. This population will re-main until business and manufacturing takethe last step and actually occupy the territory. "The Near North Side shades from lightto shadow and from shadow to dark," thestudy says. "The Gold Coast gives wayto the world of furnished rooms, and therooming-house area, to the west again im-perceptibly becomes the slum."Clark Street is the Rijilto of the slum.Deteriorated store buildings, cheap dancehalls and movies, cabarets and doubtfulhotels, missions, 'flops,' pawnshops andsecond-hand stores, innumerable restaurante, soft-drink parlors, and 'fellowship'saloons, where men sit about and talk, andwhich are hangouts for criminal gangs thatlive back in the slum, fence at the pawnshops, and consort with the transient prostituta so characteristic of the North Side— such is 'the Street.'"In the slum, but not of it is 'Tower-town,' or 'the village.' South of Chicagoave., along east Erie, Ohio, Huron, andSuperior streets, is a considerable colony ofartists and of would-be artists. The artistshave located here because old buildings canbe cheaply converted into studios. Thewould-be artists have followed the artists.And the hangers-on of bohemia have comefor atmosphere, and because the old resi-dences in the district have stables."The distance between the Gold Coastand 'Little HelF is not geographical butsocial. There are distances of languageand custom. There are distances repre-sented by wealth and the luster it adds tohuman existence. There are distances ofhorizon — the Gold Coast lives throughoutthe world, while 'Little HelF is stili onlyslowly emerging from its old Sicilian village."It is one world that revolves about theLake Shore Drive, with its mansions, clubs,and motors, its benefits and its assemblies.It is another world that revolves about theDill Pickle Club, the soap boxes of Washington Square, or the shop of Romanothe barber."392 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEDifficult to Read— but Worth the EffortExperience and Nature. By John Dewey. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.; $J.OOEXPERIENCE AND NATURE"is a great book. It is not easyreading, for it deals with problemswhich have employed profound mindsthrough the ages, and Prof. Dewey's stylehas not the brilliant picturing quality whichmade William James' writing at once adelight to ali readers and a source of nu-merous misunderstandings. But the effortrequired to master the argument is not thatof threshing over old Straw or traversing abog. It is rather that of climbing a mountain where the path affords frequent vistasand its summit a sweep of the horizon.As guide on the path of explorationProf. Dewey takes Experience — but experience in a very different sense from thetraditional meaning. William James hadsuggested that the so-called empirical (experience) schools had failed because theywere not thoroughly empirical. They hadleft out some of the essentials. In theiraccounts of the mind they had substituteddetached sensations joined by associationsfor the rich intimately woven, continuousstream of thought. Dewey in more funda-mental and thorough-going fashion pro-poses and carries through a search for whata whole-hearted faith in experience maydisclose of nature.Empirical method, in the past, has fre-quently meant taking only the sensationsor feelings as guides. This path has easilyled to treating sensations and the materialworld as the only ultimate realities. Toavoid such a sorry ending, rationalism hasset up reason as the light by which truthis to be tested, and conduct guided. It hastaught of a categorical imperative; of a world of eternai truths as against fleetingsensations; of a world of spirit superior toa world of matter; or in latter day phi-losophy of a world of logicai essences andrelations. What Whitehead calls "bifur-cation of nature" has persisted from Platoto modem idealism and realism.Prof. Dewey cuts at the root of thisbifurcation. He will dose the gap betweenbody and mind, matter and spirit — not bybridging or patching with such conceptionsas parallelism, but by a more catholic andopen-minded inquiry into nature.The first step in the search is a bold one:nature, existence, is at once precarious andstable. In this composite world, classicphilosophy for the most part has fixed uponstability, necessity, and unity. It has soughtto understand nature in such conceptionsas those of mathematics, or in atoms andessences.What kind of universe does this methoddisclose? Neither the old idealism nor themodem logicai world of essences, nor thematerialism which modem science oftenseems to suggest.In art, it means a closer relationship tolife and intelligence; in morals, a criticaiuse of intelligence as guide. Intelligence"is the reasonable object of our deeper faithand loyalty, the stay and support of alireasonable hopes." If a wholesale andfinal triumph is by no means guaranteed,some procedure has to be tried, and intelligence is worth trying.James H. TuftsCourtesy of Chicago Tribunem my opinionBy Fred B. Millett,Assistant Professor of English.IN academic circles, ignorance rarelygets the deference it deserves. And yet,there if anywhere ignorance should beduly acknowledged and rightly esteemed.For there as nowhere else are men painfullyconscious of the difficulty of knowing evena small subject, much less a large subject,perfectly. I am sure it would be salutaryfor many of us to make our opening lecturea public confession of ignorance of almosteverything under the sun except the shadycorner of the little field we have chosenfor our own. Such a procedure mightscandalize a few undergraduates, but itwould clear the intellectual atmospherebeautifully.But I do not intend, though I shouldenjoy, writing an essay in pràise of ignorance. I shall take occasion to point outonly one of its advantages, its ability tocontribute steadily to one's enjoyment. Foronly the broadly ignorant person can makea startling discovery every other day. Theimperfectly ignorant is in a pitiable case:he is, or should be, oppressed by the thoughtthat, at least in the field of humanestudies, there is nothing new under the sun.Even a taint of criticai faculty will modifyhis enthusiasm, qualify his rapture, in thepresence of anything only apparently novel.Some such thoughts as these come tomind as I contemplate my own ignorantdelight in Clive Bell's Civilization: AnEssay (Harcourt, Brace, 1928). A tyroin philosophy or sociology would probablyfind it hackneyed and superficial. No first-year graduate student would be caughtreading a book of two hundred sixty-fourpages, with only ten footnotes and nobibliography. And yet, despite these paraly- zing considerations, I find the book as re-freshing and stimulating as asti spumanti.Here, in brief compass, Clive Bell en-deavors to work out a definition of civilization, first, negatively, and then, positively,just as we were ali taught to do in English3. He eliminates those qualities which so-called civilized societies share with so-called, if mis-called, barbarous societies, andcomes to the conclusion that "neither asense of the rights of property, nor candour,nor cleanliness, nor belief in God, thefuture life and eternai justice, nor chivalry,nor chastity, nor patriotism even areamongst the distinguisriing characteristicsof civilization." He then attempts to discover the qualities common to the mostgenerally recognized civilized epochs,Athens of the fifth century, Italy of thefifteenth, and France of the eighteenth. Heeliminates Rome because in his opinion theRomans "were incapable of passionate love,profound aesthetic emotion, subtle thought,charming conversation, or attractive vices."He finalìy raises the question whether thereis any chance of evolving a civilization inthe near future, and offers a solution whichwe should, but won't, take seriously.Mr. Bell comes to the conclusion thatthe primary qualities of a civilized societyare Reasonableness and a Sense of Values,and that from these "may spring a host ofsecondaries; a taste for truth and beauty,tolerance, intellectual honesty, fastidious-ness, a sense of humour, good manners,curiosity, a dislike of vulgarity, brutality,and over-emphasis, freedom from super-stition and prudery, a fearless acceptanceof the good things of life, a desire for complete self-expression and for a liberal edu-393394 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcation, a contempt for utilitarianism andphilistinism : in two words — sweetness andlight." He also attempts to prove "that acivilized society is nothing but a society thathas been coloured by a group of civilizedpeople."This hasty summary will give the readeran entirely inadequate idea of the clarity,grace, and wit with which Mr. Bell hascarried out his purpose. In his structuralfirmness, fondness for what we nowadayscali slogans, his irony and allusiveness, heis reminiscent of Matthew Arnold. Hehas, moreover, a touch of Arnold's prig-gishness. Chesterton said that Arnold fre-quently talked as though culture were ahuman being, and he were it; Mr. Belloccasionally suggests that modem civilization is to be identifìed with himself and hisbrilliant playmates in Bloomsbury. Butafter ali he is a Georgian and not a Vic-torian; consequently, he is more emanci-pated, more aesthetic, less provincial andethical than the great exponent of culture.Various criticisms might be made of Mr.Bell's method and his conclusions, but themost interesting problem that suggests itself is whether or not there is any immediate likelihood of our developing inAmerica such an aristocratic civilization ashe defines. By this time we are ali familiarwith the reasons for our imperf ect culture :youth as a pioneering nation, the instabilityof our leisure class, a comparative sever-ance from racial and national traditions,geographical and numerical grandeur, de- votion to creature comforts, our "noble"democratic experiment, the standardizationthat results from mass-production. Such anarray of influences might well convince usof the impossibility of our achieving even ademocratic civilization.If civilization in Mr. Bell's sense existsanywhere in America, it is likely to befound in like-minded groups in our greatercities or at colleges and universities. Ofthe first sort, perhaps, are the New Republic and the Dial coteries. The first mighthave to be discarded on account of its doc-trinaire politics, the second, for its aestheticabsurdities, but they are probably the bestwe have to offer. The problem of civilization in our colleges and universities de-mands a book and not a half-paragraph.This elusive entity is more likely to be de-tected in the college than in the university,for the latter is, as it should be, the refugeof the specialist, and, as Mr. Bell says,"the specialist is never completely civilized.*Probably our colleges could, if they sawtheir way clearly, produce relatively cuj-tivated human beings. For nowhere elsein America except in the college do wefind that broad margin of leisure, which,creatively used, is the indispensable con*comitant of civilization.But I must put an end to these naiveplatitudes. The book must be turned overto a young philosopher who is busy «(n*structing an ideal society. He is not, h<àr*ever, likely to find it useful, for he stili |e-lieves in democratic culture, at least as |utideal.THIS monthly budget of athleticnews is written as the outdoor season is just about ready to get underway. As a piece of sports writing it mustbe an attempt to prophesy about conteststhat will have been decided before themagazine is published a month from now.The track team is the only one that hasbeen particularly active in the last month,for it has engaged in the Texas, SouthernMethodist, and Kansas relays, with satis-factory results on the whole. At Texas,the mile and medley teams were winners,and the next day at Southern Methodist,the two mile combination carne through towin in its first start of the year. The mileteam never was in the race in this meet forLivingston, leadoff man, was bumped offthe track at the turn. The runners hadhigh hopes of winning three events atKansas, but had to be satisfied with anothertwo-mile victory, and thirds in the medleyand mile. The two mile team, withWilliams, Letts, Teitelman, and Gist,loafed through easily enough. In the mile,Root ran well up to start, but Livingstonlet a man cut in on him at the turn, andlost more than h\e yards right there. Al-though Schulz followed with an 0:50 race,fine time considering conditions, Giststarted thirty yards back and remained thatfar away from the Missouri anchor man.Wexman ran his first half mile top fastin the three-quarters of the medley, andblew up in the final quarter. Letts, run-ning the anchor mile, started 40 yards be-hind, and did not ever threaten theleader. His time was over 4:40 for themile, nearly twenty seconds slower than hecan run it.The showing was disappointing toCoach Merriam, who had hoped for betterthings, but there are some explanatory factors. The mile and medley were run on a track ankle deep in water, and the Chicago team is too slight to run well underthose conditions. Wexman, for example,weighs about 135 pounds, and Root andSchulz are not heavy enough to stand push-ing around, nor have they the strength torun well under punishing conditions. Har-old Haydon, a fine quarter miler as wellas hurdler, hurt an ankle broad jumpingon Thursday evening, and could not makethe trip, weakening the mile and medleyteams. And perhaps there was also aslight tinge of overconfidence on the partof some of the men that will be missingwhen they run Friday and Saturday atPennsylvania.When the relayracing is completed, theteam will get in two good meets, a trian-gular competition with Purdue and Indianaon May 11, and the quadrangular, withWisconsin, Ohio, and Northwestern, onMay 18. The Chicago team should winthem both. Klein, a 45 foot shotputter,who has been ineligible, probably will bein good standing in a week or two. AlienEast, a sophomore, got into the finals atKansas in the 100, but drew the muddylane and was shut out. He ran 0:09 8/10in a time trial before the Kansas meet.Haydon will be out of the hurdles for acouple of weeks, and may not get his bestform until the quadrangular event. Roothas been running beautifully in the 100and 220. At this early date, it is possibleto figure that Merriam's team could winthe conference meet, but that is highly un-likely, for every man would have to be atthe top of his form.Rather disheartening news has beenpassing around about the football materialon exhibition in Spring training, and personal inspection verifies the reports. Thosewho saw the team last season may not thinkit possible, but the 1929 football team will39539^ THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEbe just as weak as the Maroon team of1928, if not more so. Good linemen arevery scarce, and the line from tackle totackle will lack weight and experience.Straus, a good center substitute last year,and certain of the position this season, hasgone to Harvard, and Cushman, a regulartackle, may not be eligible. The backfieldwill not be bad, but it will have a hardtime going anywhere unless the line turnsout to be fìfty per cent better than it nowpromises to be.The tennis team, now that the season isabout to start, is not in actuality what itpromised to be a month ago. WilliamBudd is out of school ; Scott Rexinger isineligible, and Léonard Nelson has droppedout of residence. With George Lott andCapt. William Calohan, Chicago is a cer-tainty for the conference singles and doubleschampionships, but as a team it may havedifEculty in dual meets.So far the baseball team has played oneconference game, losing that to Indiana,5 to 3. Mr. Crisler's boys got enough hitsTHE average Alumnus is inclined tojudge the achievements of the Ath-letic Department according to thecalibre of its Varsity teams. WinningVarsity teams are considered the essentialingredient of success; hence, whenever theAthletic Department suffers a lean year ofvictories òn the Intercollegiate battlefields,many Alumni run to the wailing post tolament the ebbing tide of athletic prowess.There is, however, a great realm of ath-letics within the University that does notcommand the sport pages of the daily news-papers, or arouse the approbation or rep-robation of the Alumni. The reason nodoubt is that it does not cater to spectators,but to participators. Its ideal is to haveevery student taking part in some gameevery day of the school year.Figures perhaps are boring, but they area good indication in this instance of the f to win, and their pitching was good enough1 also, but they tossed away the game through) inexperience. It will take until the middleof June to get the team going, by which, time the season will be at an end, but that5 is the usuai story of Chicago baseball. Ther pitching this season will be fairly goodl with William Urban, a sophomore rightl hander; George Lott, who is somewhat5 rusty after three years out of the game, andr Capt. Bob Kaplan, a steady little left-hander. Urban is a very good shortstop5 when he is not pitching, and Lott is used: at the position when Urban is on the mound.1 Kaplan doubles as an outfielder. The in-> field as a whole is inexperienced, and thel team does not give promise of being effec-[ tive in hitting.Archie Winning, 118 pounder, a con-; sistently good wrestler in the season just: closed, has been elected captain of the teamfor next year. The basketball team will: be led by Harry Changnon, forward, aChicago boy, who was the only member of; the squad to get a new letter this year.popularity of our Intramural games. In1928 out of a possible enrollment of 1400male undergraduates, 906, or 68%, par-ticipated in Intramurals. Each man par-ticipated on the average in one Intramuralsport per quarter. When we take intoconsideration the hundreds of undergraduate men who are unavailable for any kindof athletic competition because of outsidework, outside activities, physical handicaps,and living a long distance from the campus,the participation figures are most grati-fying.Touchball, a variation of football, is thefavorite sport of the Fall Quarter. Lastyear 446 men took part, playing in 40teams. The 1928 championship, decidedlast fall, witnessed the dethronement of aperennial champion, Psi Upsilon, and theinstallation of a new titleholder. Psi Upsilon, although led by the scintillatingIntramural Athletics at ChicagoBy W. E. NisslaATHLETICS 397George Lott, was put out in the quarterfinals, and the championship won by PhiKappa Psi.Basketball takes the limelight during theWinter Quarter. Last winter, 533 menparticipated, playing in 60 teams. Thegames were played in Bartlett on Monday,Tuesday, andThursday eves.Three courtswere utilizedand four gameswere played oneach court eachevening. TheMacs, an or-ganization ofi n d e p e n d-ent men, wonthe UniversityChampionship.Pia ygroundball is the major sport of theSpring Quarter.This springabout 400 menare taking part,playing in 42teams. TheAlpha DeltaPhi's are the de-fending cham-pions.Each quarteris climaxed bya Carnival. Atthe end of theFall Quarter,is held, andactivities are Dr. C. O.IntramuralCarnivalQuarters'the Out-a Swimmingthe Springended withdoor Track and Field Carnival. The galaevent of the Intramural year is the WinterCarnival, which is held at the end of theWinter Quarter. This Carnival closes theIntramural program for the winter. Itincludes the finals of the wrestling and•boxing tournaments, the finals of thebasketball tournament, the indoor trackmeet, a number of novelty races, exhibitionfencing by the Varsity Fencing team,specialties by the R.O.T.C. Corps, music by the U. of C. Band, and vaudeville numbers by stars from the Mirror and Black-friar productions. It closes with an informai dance on the gym floor. On noother occasion is the campus offered such adiversity of entertainment, and no othercampus affair gives so many participantsan opportunityof performingbefore an appre-ciative audience.Nearly 300 menparticipated inthe 5th AnnualIntramur-al Carnival lastMarch beforean audience ofover 1500 people, who paidfifty cents towitness the spec-tacle. An addedattractionbrought theUniversity girlsin a body to thecarnival. Eachclub was invitedto enter a relayteam. Everyclub on thecampus entereda team and themembers of theclubs turnedout in a body tocheer theirteams to victory. The Quadranglerswon the race. It should be noted here thatthe girls themselves did not run person-ally, but by proxy.Last spring the Alumni honored theIntramural Division by asking it to holdthe Intramural Outdoor Carnival in con-junction with the Alumni Reunion. Withthe cooperation and financial assistance ofthe Alumni Reunion Committee, the Carnival assumed gigantic proportions. Al-though the prelims were run off on a daywhich was cold and rainy and the weatherwas not ideal the day of the Carnival, 109MolanderAdvisor398 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEdifferent men competed. An added featurewas the spectacular R.O.T.C. mountedgames. It was, no doubt, the first timethe Alumni as a body had an opportunityto get acquainted with the activities ofthe Division and those present expressedkeen interest in ali of the events. TheCarnival was a fitting climax to the Divisione most successful year.The minor sports sponsored by the Division of Intramural Athletics are : Horse-shoe-pitching, Cross-country Run, Wres-tling, Golf, Bowling, Handball, FoulShooting, Boxing,Water Polo, andTennis. Of thesesports, Tennis andHorseshoe pitchingare the favorites asfar as numericalparticipation is con-cerned. Last fall260 men participated in the Horse-shoe-pitching tourna-ment. About 225men are striving forfirst place honors inthe tennis tourna-ment this spring.Each fall the Division sponsors aclass rush betweenthe Freshman and Sophomore classes. Lastfall one hundred weary but happyFreshmen, in various stages of undress, leftGreenwood Field after they had decisivelyIntramural Touchball teams use the huddledefeated the representatives of the Sophoimore Class. The struggle between thèclasses ended with the great sixfoot inflaterfball within a few yards of the Sophomoregoal and with the Freshmen having on*goal to their advantage against nothing fottheir opponents.The Division of Intramural Athletiqtalso sponsors the following mounted gamesfor the University R.O.T.C, which ara;played on Greenwood Field.1. Polo: 3 mena»on either side, eachman mounted andarmed with a polomallet; the ball fethrown in at thècenter and each sideattempts to carrythe ball to their goalat either end of thefield.2. P ushball:Played with 3 ormore on a side. Thegame is to push thesix-foot bali acrossa line at either endof the field.3. MountedWrestling : 3 0 rmore men on a side,men mounted bare-back. Horses areplaced in a largecircle. The game is to dismount the op»posing side, without leaving the ring. Alsoon as any part of the man's body toucheithe ground the man is disqualified andAn Intramural Relay Race Playground ballATHLETICS 399immediately leaves the ring with his horse.4. Rescue Race : A team is composed of2 men ; one mounted bareback and the other^ismounted. The men are at opposite ends0f the field. At the signal, the mountedman rides to the dismounted man, whomounts in rear. They return to the start-jng point, jumping any obstacles that aredesignated. The team arriving first at thestarting line with both men on the horseis the winner.From this brief résumé it should benoted that the achievements of the Athletic Department should not be judged solely bythe Varsity squads it develops, but shouldbe judged according to the way it providesopportunities for every student to get physical exercise, recreation, healthy rivalry,good sportsmanship, a permanent interestin sports, group spirit, wide social con-tacts, and the thrill of athletic competition.IntramuralAthletics, as a Division of theAthletic Department, is doing its part inmaking loyal Alumni who will credibly re-flect to the world the training received attheir Alma Mater!95 men ran in the IntramuralCross-Country Race last November 54 men competed in Intramural Boxing, 1929.THE ALUMNI COUNCIL OFTHE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGOChairman, Walter L. Hudson, '02Secretary, Charlton T. Beck, '04The Council for 1928-29 is composed of the following DelegatesiFrom the College Alumni Associations, Te'rm expires 1929: Elizabeth Faulkner,'85; Harry N. Gottlieb, '00; Herbert P. Zimmermann, '01; Paul H. Davis, '11;William H. Kuh, 'n; Mrs. Marguerite H. MacDaniel, '17; Term expires 1930:Grace A. Coulter, '99; Frank McNair, '03; Earl D. Hostetter, '07, J. D. '09; Mrs.Margaret Haas Richards, '11; William H. Lyman, '14; Arthur C. Cody, '24; Termexpires 1931: John P. Mentzer, '98; Walter L. Hudson, '02; Mrs. Martha LandersThompson, '03; Henry D. Sulcer, '06; Harold H. Swift, '07; Mrs. Phyllis FayHorton, '15.From the Association of Doctors of Philosophy, W. H. Osgood, Ph.D. '18; Wm. S.Gray, '13, Ph.D. '16; Herbert E. Slaught, Ph.D. '98; D. Jerome Fisher, '17, S.M.'20, Ph.D. '22; T. V. Smith, Ph.D. '22.From the Divinity Alumni Association, Rev. W. D. Whan, A.M. '09, D.B. 'io;James B. Ostergren, A.M. '18, D.B. '23; Charles T. Holman, D.B. '16.From the Law School Alumni Association, Thurlow G. Essington, J.D. '08; WalterP. Steffen, 'io, J.D. '12; Charles F. McElroy, A. M. '06, J. D. '15.From the School of Education Alumni Association, Logan M. Anderson, A.M. '23 ;Wilbur Beauchamp, A.M. '23 ; Jessie M. Todd, '25.From the Commerce and Administration Alumni Association, Frank H. Anderson,'22; Donald P. Bean, '17; John A. Logan, '21.From the Rush Medical College Alumni Association, Frederick B. Moorehead,M. D. '06; George H. Coleman, '11, M. D. '13; Ralph C Brown, '01, M. D. '03.From the Chicago Alumni Club, Harry R. Swanson, '17; Arthur C. Cody. '24:Frank H. Whiting, '16.From the Chicago Alumnae Club, Mrs Nena Wilson Badenoch, '12; Mrs. SusanneFisher, '14; Mrs. Hiram Jason Smith, '19.From the University, David H. Stevens, Ph. D. '14.Alumni Associations Represented in the Alumni CouncilThe College Alumni Associations: Pres- F. McElroy, A. M., '06, J. D., '15, 1609ident, Walter L. Hudson, '02, Harris Westminster BIdg, Chicago.Trust and Savings Bank Chicago; ScH00L 0F Education Alumni Associa.Secretary, Charlton T. Beck, '04 Uni- „™~. D • * * *> t t ™_ tCversity of Chicago. Tiox: President, R L. Lyman, Ph.D.,17, University of Chicago; Secretary,Association of Doctors of Philosophy: Evangeline Calburn, '25, 5728 Black-President, Henry Gale, '96. Ph.D. '99> stone Ave., Chicago, 111.University of Chicago; Secretary, Her- ~ » ¦„bert E. Slaught, Ph.D. '98, University Commerce and Administration Alumniof Chicago. Association: President, Frank H._ . . _ Anderson, '22, Hamilton Bond & Mtge.Divinity Alumni Association: President, Co^ So. DearborI1 St Chicago;Roy Barrett, D. B., '09 548 Forest, Reno, Secretary, Hortense Friedman, '22, 230Nevada; Secretary R. B Davidson, So. Clark St., Chicago.D. B. '97, 508 Kellogg Ave., Ames, „ .,. '_ 6.Iowa. Rush Medical College Alumni Association: President, Samuel R. Slay-Law School Association: President, maker, M.D. '92, 517 W. Adams St.,Thurlow G. Essington, J.D., '08, 231 So. Chicago; Secretary, Charles A. Parker,LaSalle St., Chicago; Secretary Charles M. D., '91, 7 W. Madison St., Chicago.AH Communications should be sent to tta Secretary of the proper Association or to the AlumniCouncil, Faculty Exchange, University of Chicago. The dues for membership in any one of theAssociations named ahove, including subscription to The University of Chicago Magazine, are $2.00per year. A holder of> two or more degrees from the University of Chicago may be a memberof more than one Association; in such instances the dues are divided and shared equally by the Associations involved.4.00®i)e Umbergttp of Cfncago iWapjmeEditor and Business Manager, Charlton T. Beck '04Advertising Manager, BROCKWAY D. Roberts '25EDITORIAL BOARD: Commerce and Administration Association — Rollin D. He-mens, '21; Divinity Association — C. T. Holman, D.B., '16; Doctors' Association — D. J.Fisher, '17, Ph.D., '22; Law Association— Charles F. McElroy, A.M., '06, J. D., '15;School of Education Association — Lillian Stevenson, '21 ; Rush Medicai Association —Morris Fishbein, 'ii, M.D., '12; College — Roland F. Holloway, '20; Allen Heaid,'26; Wm. V. Morganstern '20, J.D., '22; Faculty — Fred B. Millett, Department ofEnglish.Donald P. Bean, '17, Chairmanerev^Ts & comme^ctATTENDANCE at the University ofl\ Chicago for the Spring Quarter totals6,030, according to the officiai figures com-piled by the Bureau of Records. The attendale this year represents an increase of 140over the same period last year. The undergraduate enrollment in the Colleges of Arts,Literature, and Science is 2,414, and thegraduate total is 1,190. The attendance inthe professional schools totals 1,253. Students in the down-town University Collegemake up the rest of the registration.wwwPUBLICATION last week of the rollof University of Chicago fellows forthe academic year 1929-30 revealed one ofthe largest lists of departmental and specialfellowships in the University's history.Awards ranging in value from $210 to$1,200 were granted 118 advanced students to aid them in their graduate workin 37 departments of the University.Most of the fellowship winners are nowstudying in colleges and universitiesthroughout this country and Canada, 83different institutions being represented onthe list by graduates. Cornelius Osgood,daring University of Chicago student whois at present living with the HareskinIndians in Arctic Canada, has been given ananthropology fellowship pending his re turn. The newly established CatherineCleveland Fellowship in History is awardedto James Lea Cate of the University ofTexas.ANNOUNCEMENT is just made-^\from the Presidente Office at the University of Chicago of the Committee ofAward in the tenth annual competition forthe John Billings Fiske Prize in Poetry.Professor Robert Morss Lovett, actinghead of the Department of English, ischairman of the committee; and the othermembers are Jessica Nelson North, associate editor of the magazine Poetry andauthor of The Long Leash, and RobertHerrick, novelist and critic. Officiai an-nouncement of the judges' decision will be*made at the June Convocation.In this year's competition, which is opento ali graduate and undergraduate studentsof the University, there are some forty con-testants — the largest number in the historyof the competition. Among the winners ofthe prize have been Sterling North, jointauthor of The Pedro G orino; George Dil-lon, author of Boy in the Wind; Bertha TenEyck James, who wrote Japanese Print s,and Elizabeth Madox Roberts, author ofThe Time of Man and My Heart and MyFlesh.401FORERUNNERS of the University ofChicago's annual research migration,two paleontologists, Dr. Alfred S. Romerand Paul C. Miller, left Chicago Aprii ion a nine^month expedition into SouthAfrica, in an effort to forge more stronglyone of the weaker links in the known chainthe animai evolution. Attempting to clearup certain obscure points in the structuralprocess by which mammals first appearedin a world dominated by reptiles, about200 million years ago, they will explorea thousand-mile stretch of Upper Permianand Triassic strata in the Karroo Desert.Beds rich in fossils of extinct types intermediate between reptiles and mammals,known to exist in Cape Colony, OrangeFree State, and the Transvaal, have neverbeen systematically exploited, though thespecies are satisfactorily preserved no whereelse in the world. Miller, regarded by hiscolleagues as the most painstaking "sdentinedigger" in the country, will bring histwenty years of experience to the delicatetask of recovering specimens."The University already has in its mu-seum the fìnest collection of late amphibianand early reptile fossils available anywhere,representing the period when life firstcrawled out of the water," said ProfessorRomer. "But the evolutionary story tem-porarily tapers off in America at this pointwith the 'playing out' of the strata, andthe next chapter seems to be best told in theKarroo Desert. In outlining the important steps by which animai life developedwarm-blooded creatures with hair replacingscales and with dentition and skeletal struc-ture altered ; with legs drawn up under thebelly rather than sprawled at the sides ; andwith the mothers hearing and nursing theiryoung rather than laying eggs, there remainsmuch to be done." ANOTHER University of Chicago re-l search worker, Miss Dena Shapiro,twenty-one-year-old graduate student inanthropology, left early in February forPalestine to spend a year gathering material for a Doctor of Philosophy thesison the ethnology of the Holy Land. Because Jerusalem and its environs have be-come the center for an influx of mixed ra-cial and cultural strains during the pasteight years, largely due to the Zionistmovement, University anthropologists be-lieve that the district provides a rare opportunity for a study of what happens whenestablished groups with varying culturescome in contact with one another and ex-change ideas and customs.Professor Robert E. Park of the Department of Sociology has left Chicago for ayear of research work and observation inthe Orient. He has been invited to studythe reconstruction problem in China. Enroute he will lecture before the PacificSdentine Conference at Java in May on"The Marginai Man."TWO international authorities on theproblems of population, Shiroshi Nasu,of the University of Tokio, and CoradoGini, of the Royal Statistical Institute,Rome, will be the principal speakers at thesixth summer Institute conducted at theUniversity of Chicago under the NormanWait Harris Foundation. Organized forthe purpose of "promoting a better under-standing on the part of American citizens ofother peoples of the world," the Institutehas sponsored lectures and round-table dis-cussions on pressing international problemsduring the first term of the Summer Quarterat the University for the past Rve years.This year's Institute is announced for June17-28, with "Population and Migration"as the centrai theme.402UNIVERSITY NOTES 403Italy and Japan are the two countrieswhich at present face the most urgentpopulation problems and Professors Giniand Nasu are the leading authorities onthe movements of peoples and populationstatistics in their respective nations. ThreeAmerican authorities whose names are notyet announced will complete the lecturepersonnel, while fifteen other Americanexperts from every region in the countrywill lead the round-table discussions.Announcement is also made that theprogram of courses offered by the Univer-sity's School of Education during the Summer Quarter will be supplemented by anInstitute for Administrative Officers ofInstitutions of Higher Education. Speciallectures and conferences on the problemsof the college president and ali his officerswill be held during the week of July 15.THREE of Europe's most distinguishedscholars arrived in Chicago last monthto teach at the University of Chicago during the Spring Quarter. They are ProfessorWerner Heisenberg, theoretical physicistof Leipsic University, Germany; ProfessorPaul Haensel, until this year lecturer ineconomics and dean of the faculties at theUniversity of Moscow, Russia; and Professor C. Delisle Burns, of London, Stevenson Lecturer in Citizenship at GlasgowUniversity, who will teach in the Department of Philosophy at Chicago.According to Professor Arthur H.Compton, University of Chicago NobelPrize winner, Heisenberg's work in for-mulating theories has been more importantin its effect on metaphysical beliefs than thatof any physicist since Newton, not excludingEinstein. "The new 'quantum dynamics/originated by Heisenberg, is now attractingmore attention among physicists than anyother development in the field of physics,"said Professor Compton. "Though he hasbased much of his work on Einstein's for-mulations, Heisenberg's work is now con-sidered more important than that ofEinstein, both in physics and philosophy.Only twenty-eight years old, Heisenberg has already thrown serious doubt upon thehitherto widely accepted belief in the ab-solute determinism of nature. His workhas indicated that we may never be able topredict results with absolute accuracy inphysics, first because we shall never be ableto measure things with the required absoluteaccuracy, and secondly because there seemsto be suggested an element of indefinitenessabout nature itself." Professor Heisenbergdeveloped some of his theories on the basisof Compton's discoveries.Professor Haensel, who will teach"Russian Economie Institutions" and"Contemporary European Finance," wasa member of the board of directors of theImperiai State Bank and a representativeof the ministry of finance in Czarist timesand under the provisionai government following the Russian Revolution. He haspublished twelve books, most of them de-voted to public finance, locai taxation, andthe history of taxation, ancient and medieval.Professor Burns will offer two courses,one "Medieval Philosophy," the other"International Affairs." He is the English editor of the International Journal ofEthics, which is published by the University of Chicago. He is described by Professor T. V. Smith, of the University'sDepartment of Philosophy as "a liberalthinker, an animated and stimulatingteacher, and a voluminous writer on politicai problems and social theory."wwwSOLOMON'S stables, discovered lastsummer by the Megiddo Expeditionof the Orientai Institute of the Universityof Chicago, soon are to be destroyed in thesearch for further evidence of lost civiliza-tions. Beneath the level at which thestables of the biblical king were foundunder the field directorship of P. L. O.Guy, lie the vestiges of stili earlier times.According to James Henry Breasted, director of the Institute, the stables have beencarefully surveyed and everything of valueto science has been obtained.Solomon was not only a great Orientaisovereign, but likewise a successful mer-404 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEchant whose dealings extended into thekingdoms neighbor to Palestine. Hismarriage to the daughter of a Pharaoh ofEgypt gave him connections which enabledhim to secure the finest Egyptian horses.Among Solomon's customers were theHittite kings, in whose territory the Orientai Institute is now operating.Below the city of the early Hebrewmonarchy will be found the earliest city ofthe wealthy Canaanite kings, it is believed.The entire site of Megiddo has been takenover by the Egyptian government and isopen to excavations by the Institute, whichhitherto has been limited to a small seg-ment of the area rented from nativeowners.wwwFARM boys and newly arrived immi-grants are the state's best "risks" forparole from prison, and seem to make themost satisfactory social adjustments afterrelease, while hobos, ne'er-do-wells fromthe city, and older drug addicts are ali liableto become parole violators, according to astudy completed by Professor E. W. Bur-gess, of the Sociology department, who hasapplied twenty-one tests to the records of3,000 men paroled from Illinois prisonsduring the past Rve years. The gangster,interestingly enough, has a parole violationrate a little under the average.Of the 25.7 per cent who violated paroleby failing to observe the requirements orby committing new crimes, the men withprevious criminal records, classified by Bur-gess as "riabituai" or "professional" crim-inals, were by far the worst violators, committing five times as many new crimes asthe "first offenders" or "occasionai offend-ers," who proved most amenable to socialrehabilitation."According to Dr. Burgess," men paroledfor murder, man-slaughter and sex offensesshow a low rate of violation, while mencommitted for fraud, forgery and burglaryhave a high rate."The youth who has embarked impul-sively upon a career of crime is most amenable to supervision. Men under 25 makethe best subjects, the next best group being those over 40, men who are beginning tolearn the lesson that 'crime does not pay.5The worst risks are men around 30."RURAL dictatorship over urban com-^ munities will come to an end in theUnited States because of the sweeping trendtoward concentration of population in thecities, Charles E. Merriam, chairman ofthe Department of Politicai Science at theUniversity of Chicago, has predicted."For half a century, since the beginningof the modem urban movement, cities havebeen harshly treated by the states of whichthey were parts," Professor Merriam says."The tendency toward home rule for citiesis steadily advancing, and it is very signifi-cant that constitutional amendments arebeing proposed granting broad powers oflocai self-government to Chicago and NewYork. Whether these particular measuresprevail or not, it is likely that others willpass, as the general sweep is in that direction."Most of . the cities have been refusedadequate representation in the commoncouncils of the state. They have been delib-erately deprived of proportionate representation by bare-faced denial of equalityin representation."But it is clear that the future of theUnited States will be dominantly urban.More than half our population is alreadyin cities. and the curve sweeps steadily up-ward. We might as well recognize nowthat the tendencies, attitudes, aptitudes, thepoliticai standards of America, will be pre-dominantly and characteristically those ofthe city in the near future."The combination of wealth, numbers,and prestige in the cities makes this situa-tion inevitable. If these new urban groupsreally prove to be constitutionally incapableof self-government, America also will be 'incapable of self-government unless wesuppose that politicai leadership is evolvedfrom something else than the social, economie, and cultural material of which oursociety is made up."THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 405pliiiiiiiliiiH| -UTILITIES- |I INDUSTRIALS I| Organization ||| Financing ||j Design ||| Construction 11| Management ||| Reports ||| Appraìsals ||I Stone 8c Webster IIALUMNI A F F A I R SKansas City Is Heard FromDear Mr. Beck:March 15r.l1 was Stagg Day in KansasCity. It began auspiciously with breakfast at the Union Station, which our committee and newspaper reporters enjoyedwith the Old Man. The Kansas CityStar featured his visit with a front pagewriteup of "Mr. Stagg, The Man," stress-ing the personal qualities which made himpre-eminent among coaches.Westport High School was then favoredwith one of Mr. Stagg's impressive talksto preparatory students. The boys fromthe other high schools had the opportunityof meeting him informally in the afternoonat the University Club.Our annual Alumni Club dinner waswell attended despite a downpour of rainali day. It was a stirring, happy reunion— our best to date. "C" men dating backto Theodore L. Neff, '96, and includingFrank Goodenow, Alex Squair, ThomasE. Schofield and Bill McConnell, werein reminiscent mood. A quartette lustilysupported the Old Man in leading theSongs of the Midway. This reminded himthat his last visit to Kansas City waswith the Yale Glee Club forty years ago!James Naismith, inventor of basketball andnow athletic director at Kansas, an intimate, old time friend, was at Mr. Stagg'sside. A letter from Judge George T. Me-Dermott, 'io, of the Kansas Federai bench(about to be promoted to the United StatesCircuit Court of Appeals), paid fitting trib-ute to the man who has given Chicagoathletic prestige in the Missouri Valley.The Old Man's talk was a thriller. Hisvivid reminiscences carried us back to thecampus. He then inspired our group withan account of University activfaies andplans, giving reassurance as to the future ofthe undergraduate school. Our club was "pepped up"— much as his teams are between halves. You can look for moreKansas City freshmen from now on.At the dose of the dinner, new officerswere elected: J. Frank Goodenow, '00,President; Florence Bradley, '15, Vice-President; Louise Kem, '24 Secretary-Treasurer.Sincerely,John S. WrightA Letter from St. LouisDear Mr. Beck:The St. Louis Alumni of The University of Chicago found themselves thoroughlymixed up but comfortably situated withknees under the table at the CoronadoHotel March 14, somewhere near 7:30p. m.While the menu was tempting enoughto bring out the most conscientious ad-vocate of orange juice and brown bread,the real treat was even more appetizing —Mr. Amos Alonzo Stagg was our guest.Aitilo' Mr. Stagg had previously appearedbefore two crowded assemblies at SoldanHigh School, he was stili in good spiritsand led several songs of which, "In 1893"was probably enjoyed most by the youngerAlumni. The enthusiasm shown over Mr.Stagg's visit to Soldan is best expressed intheir own words thru the "Scrippage," acopy of which is enclosed.The meeting at the Coronado, while pri-marily of a social nature, took on enoughof a business aspect to elect officers for thenext year.For the entire membership here, I wishto thank Mr. Stagg for the time he gaveus and hope that the Alumni Council canpersuade him to come often.Sincerely yours,K. S. BatesSecy.-Treas.,The St. Louis Alumni406THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 407Interior, St. Qeorge's School, Chapel, Newport, R. I. Cram & Ferguson, Architects.L. D. Willcutt, & Sons Co., Builders. Built of Indiana Limestone.Architecture's Ideal MediumIs Naturai StoneTHE architect's finest work practically to both exteriors and interiors. Modemwithout exception has been executed production methods and quantity producin naturai stone. No other building material tion make it moderate in cost. Let usso completely does justice to the design, send you an illustrated booklet showIndiana Limestone is the naturai stone ing many collegiate and school buildingsmost widely used by leading architects built of this beautiful naturai product.for the finest buildings of ali types. It Address Box 819, Service Bureau, Bedford,has such variety in texture that it is suited Indiana.INDIANA LIMESTONE COMPANYQeneral Office*-. Bedford, indiana Executive Ofikes: Tribune Tower, Chicago408 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEA Letter From theTwin CitiesDear Mr. Beck:The University of Chicago Twin CitiesAlumni Club held its annual banquet in theGold Room, Hotel Radisson, Friday Eve-ning, Aprii I9th, with Dean C. S. Boucherof the College of Arts, Literature andScience, of the University as honor guest.We had planned to have acting President Frederic C. Woodward, as our honorguest but on account of an unanticipatedbut imperative cali to New York, he for-tunately sent Dean Boucher to substitutefor him. I do not believe that a more ableand pleasing substitute could have beenfurnished. It was my privilege togetherwith that of Mr. E. S. Woodworth to meethim at the station and have breakfast asthe guest of Mr. Woodworth's togetherwith the Dean and Superintendent ofSchools, Mr. Webster, at the MinneapolisClub. Then I had the pleasure to act aschauffeur for the Dean with SuperintendentWebster as escort and we visited several ofthe High Schools. He made several praise-worthy addresses including especially theone at the banquet and to my surprise, eachwas better than the one preceeding. Every-one of the one hundred or more presentat the banquet thought he was a "marvel"and seemed to fall in love with him. Itindeed deepens one's pride to feel that heis an alumnus from a University that cansend out such able representatives as em-bassadors of the University. It was myfirst experience to preside at a banquetwhere such intellectuals were present andto my surprise, ali survived. I had every-one present who had formerly attended theUniversity stand up and give their nameand class beginning with those who hadattended the University between the yearsof 1870 and 1880. Our beloved andactive alumnus, Mr. C. N. Patterson, ofthe class of 1879 was the lead-off man.The following were elected officers ofthe Association: For President F. W. Luehring, University of Minnesota.For Vice-president, Minneapolis, Mrs.E. S. Woodworth, 2222 Stevens Ave.,Mpls.For Vice-president, St. Paul, Dr. Jas.J. Swendson, Lowry Bldg., St. Paul.For Secretary-Treasurer, Miss PrudenceCutright, Board of Education, Mpls.Retiring Secretary Mrs. Dorothy AugurSiverling, read the telegram from theFounder of the University acknowledginggreetings on his birthday. The Association adopted the following resolution pro-posed by Dr. E. P. Lyon and Mrs. F. B.Garver:"Resolved that the Association thanksPresident Albert J. Johnson and the otherofficers for their work in behalf of theUniversity of Chicago and the Twin CityAlumni Association."May I now thank you for your splendidcooperation which did so much to makeour event a complete success.Cordially yours,Albert J. JohnsonMEMBERS of the Chicago AlumniGroup of Omaha were very fortunate in having a visit from Acting PresidentWoodward the fifth of Aprii. At a banquet at the University Club about fìftygathered to meet Dr. Woodward andlearn from him of the growth and progressof the University. Dr. Woodward's talknot only renewed pleasant memories butinspired those present with new interest inand hopes for our Alma Mater.While in the city Dr. Woodward spoketo senior students at three of our highschools. In the afternoon Dr. Woodward'sparty drove to Lincoln to see the nationallyfamous State Capitol of Nebraska, whosebeauty, like that of the new UniversityChapel, is a monument to the genius ofBertram Goodhue.Isabel McMillan, SecretaryALUMNI AFFAJRS 409Mother IndiaWilliam H. Wiser, '15, and Charlotte Viali Wiser, J14, Delve after Her SecretsTO MAKE a true record of life in aNorth India village, without the sen-sationalism of prejudice which are thetempters of the casual visitor in India —this is the task we have set for ourselves.We have been at it for three years, andhope for another year or two before wetrust the record to print. After our firstfew months in the village, we had an im-posing array of facts ready for the world,and thought we had mastered the techniqueof such a study. But in the testing proc-ess which followed we learned that ourmaterial, though impressive, was not trueto fact. And as for technique — it wasfrustrated. Our village friends had beentelling us, and doing for our benefit, eitherwhat they thought we wanted, or what theyknew would make the desired impression,should the information be used for deter-mining taxation. Experience has made themwary of any visitor, either of their ownrace or ours, and they are masters of self-protective deception.We could hope for nothing reliable until we had the confidence of the villagers.This we set out to win, and the price hasbeen high. It has involved living in tentsin ali kinds of weather — sitting huddled insteamer rugs or lying on the ground insearch of a breath of air, trying to missthe rain that leaks down from above andsneaks in around the sides, or bracing aquaking pole while roof and flaps heave sky-ward in the dust-laden gale. It has meantsitting up with sick .and dying babies,damaging a day's work to take an emergencycase to the Manipuri hospital, or being will-ing to listen patiently and ministering toa rheumatic veteran, just when interruptionseems intolerable. It has demanded thatwe overcome our f ears of eczema, whooping-cough and smallpox, while our sons sharetheir out-of-door playthings with villageyoungsters. It has meant risking the Fordsprings over crossfield roads while carryingsome proud father in his son's wedding pro-cession. And it has meant hours upon hours spent as good neighbors, I visiting with thewomen, and Bill accompanying the villageband with his fiddle and sharing the latestgossip with the men.We have won their f riendship, and inso doing they have won ours. We havelearned the joys of simple living, and wouldbe quite content to turn peasant and liveamong them long after our Survey is for-gotten. As proof of their acceptance, theyno longer cali us by name, as they do out-siders. A man refers to members of his ownfamily as "of my house." And in the village,Bill has become "the Sahib of our house,"and I, "the Memsahiba of our house." Thevillage elders come to us for help whenknotty problems are to be worked out, andin return they are prepared to share withus whatever facts are at their disposai.Having won their confidence to thepoint where they will not deliberately de-ceive us, we stili have to guard againsthabits of inaccuracy. The village has noclocks, nor any definite notion of time.Most records are kept in heads, not onpaper. There are three systems of weightin current use — short, long, and officiai.Payment within the village is in kind, some-times sheaves of grain, sometimes harvestedgrain, or, perhaps, vegetables. And thescales used are the balance variety, on whichstones or scraps of old jars may be sub-stituted for proper weights. These casualarrangements present no problems to thepeasant with his neighbor-to-neighbor deal-ings. But they can ruin the disposition ofthe survey or who aims at accuracy. Hemust check from every possible angle, seewith his own eyes, time by his own watch,weigh with his own scales, and at the sametime keep his puzzled subjects cheerful.On one occasion, the youth who had beenrepeating a certain process, checking andrechecking, finally clicked his tongue invillage fashion and exclaimed, "Wah, Sahib,now my stomach is completely empty."He was worn out. But he returned to thetask patiently a few hours later.4io THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEWe went into this survey with the sanc-tion of our Mission, the financial help offriends in Fourth Presbyterian Church,Chicago, and the active interest of theUnited Provinces Christian Council, withthe idea that a dose study of Christians intheir village environment would lead to abetter understanding of their economieneeds. We soon discovered that it wasimpossible to study this limited group ofouteastes apart from the community towhich they belong. Thus it was that weenlarged our investigation to a study ofevery phase of life in the village. The titleof our survey as we are now working on it,is "An Introduction to the Study of theEconomie and Social Life of a North IndiaVillage." This larger outlook has attractedthe interest and cooperation of governmentofficials, who along with missionaries andsocial workers, anticipate benefit from ourstudy.We are daily grateful for the opportunityof making this study at this particular time.We are in a conservative section of thecountry, where few changes have been in-troduced since the days of the Ramayana.We stili cut our crops by hand and carrythe sheaves to a community grove, wherebullocks tread the grain on threshing floorsof swept earth, and where the winnowingis done by scattering grain and chaff frombaskets. before the breeze. Our oilsmith makes whatever oil is needed for frying orlighting, in an ancient type of press, andthe potter squats before his big wheel andtwirls it by hand. The carpenter hews outplow and cart with his adze, and the grain-parcher pops corn and puffs rice in hot sand.The housewife gins her cotton and grindsflour for the day's bread in the seclusion ofher high-walled courtyard. But innova-tions are working their way into thisstronghold of orthodox methods. Kerosenelanterns are replacing the open, saucer-shaped mustard oil lamps, the garmentmakers have adopted Singer sewing-ma-chines, and metal sugar presses are beingrented from the nearby government experiment farm. The Mainpuri AgriculturalExhibition yearly displays improved seedsand implements. Three village boys attendschool in the nearest large town, and arejust now beginning to learn English. Several youths of the village have heard allur-ing tales from friends in cities, and wouldbe glad to leave the drudgery of field workand payment in kind for white collar jobsand regular monthly wages in cash. Andthus the old order, which for centuries haswithstood invasion and oppression, is nowweakening before the friendly overtures ofpropaganda and education. To get a pie-ture of the village before the old has com-pletely yielded to the dead level of the newis not a grind. It's romance.Back to the Midway on June 8*THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE 411Permanent Teaching Positions at Better PayWe help you to more lasting tenure, larger opportunities and better pay. The years of experience of our personnel as teachers and executives in public schools and colleges adds to the necognizedefficiency of this organization an understanding of the needs of both teachers and officials. The resultis better qualified teachers in positions of more opportunity — greater efficiency and fewer changes.^ Our more than forty years of nation wide experience in placing college teachers and executives, superin*endents, principals and secondary teachers promotes the satisfaction and progress of bothindividuai and schools. Write for InformationC. E. GOODELL, President and General Managerjp""5L M TEACHERS 28 éast Jackson blvd.Clàtk-BrewerTeachers Agency47 th YearFor College Vacancies, write toour College Department.Teachers (with A. M. or Ph. D.)wanted. Salaries ^2500-^4000Direct calls.64 E. Jackson Blvd.Lyon and Healy Building ChicagoNew YorkPittsburghChicago Write for "TheTeachers andThe Teachers'Agency," full ofkeen suggestionsabo ut job getti ng. MinneapolisKansas City .Spokane,Wash.For one registration you join alioffices permanently Albert Teachers' AgencyCollege Division25 E. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago535 Fifth Ave., New York CityFor forty-f our years at the headof College and State Teachers'College placement service. Professore and Instructors sent byus to every State University. Menand women with advanced degreeswill find here what they want.Send for College booklet andCollege blank. Better stili, caliat our office.THE YATES- FISHERTEACHERS' AGENCYEstablished 1006Paul Yates, Manager6l6-6lO SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUECHICAGO THE J. M. HAHNTEACHERS AGENCYA Western Placement BureauElementary, Secondary, CollegeAlways in quest of outstanding educatorsfor important positions. Teachers with high-er degrees in demand. Doctors of Philosophy urgently needed for college anduniversity positions now listed.J. M. Hahn and Bianche TuckerManagers2161 Shattuck Ave. Berkeley, CaliforniaNEWS OFTHE CLASSESAND ASSOCIATIONSSocial ServiceFerri Chase is the director of research inthe Women's Cooperative Alliance in Minneapolis.Marian Hathway, M.A. August 1927,is an instructor in the Department of Soci-ology in the State University of Washington.Several former students have taken positions with the Jewish Social Service Bureau: Sophie Holdengraber, Ph.B., 1927?MA., 1928; Mina Walk, Ph.B., 1928;Nellie Rubenstein, Ph.B., 1928.Dr. Helen Russell Wright, Ph.D. inPoliticai Economy 1922, has been appointedAssociate Professor in Social Economy inthe Graduate School of Social Service Administration. Dr. Wright is giving courseson Methods of Social Investigation, Legaiand Economie Status * of Women, SocialControl of Modem Industry and Individuai Research. Pauline Parr has become the director ofthe social service department of the Louis-ville City Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky.Theodate Soule has taken charge of thesocial service department of the SpringfieldHospital, Springfield, Massachusetts.Marion Barnett Smith is taking the position of social worker with the South SideChild Guidance Clinic in Chicago.Helen Younggren is to be the socialworker of the Chicago Home for theFriendless.Assistant Professor Earl D. Myers ofthe faculty of the School of Social Servicehas been granted a fellowship by the LauraSpelman Rockefeller Memorial, enablinghim to study for a year in Europe. He andhis family sailed the last of December forEngland where they will stay for sixmonths, the remainder of the year to bespent on the Continent.DivinityH. B. BenninghofI, A.M., '07, who ison f urlough from his work in Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, has been teachingBible in Hillsdale College, Hillsdale,Michigan, during the past academic year.He will return to Japan this coming summer.Kiyoshi Yabe, A.M., '13, D.B., '14, ispastor of the United Brethren Church inOtsu, Japan, which dedicated a new building November i8th last under unusualcircumstances. The mayor of the city, theson of a Buddhist priest, and a representa-tive of the governor, expressed congratu-lations on behalf of the city and theprefecture.Jan Hendrik Jacobus Greyvenstein, A.M., '17, Ph.D., '19, is pastor of theGreat Dutch Reformed Church of Bloem-fontein, the capital of the Orange FreeState, with a membership of about 3000.The church operates a great many educational and recreational features.John H. Carstens, D.D., is pastor ofFirst Baptist Church, Danville, Illinois,which celebrated its centennial Aprii 9~I4-The church has recently been entirely re-decorated and largely remodelled. A weekwas given to celebration in which the community largely participated.Charles Clayton Morrison has com-pleted twenty years as editor of TheChristian Century. On February 27 about150 men and women representing the con-412NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONSstructive liberal thinking of the city ofChicago gave a lundheon in honor of Dr.Morrison in the Palmer House. Dr. Mor-rison was presented with five attractivelybound volumes containing nearly fourthousand personal letters of congratula-tions from friends and readers of TheChristian Gentury ali over the world.Jesse J. Runyan, formerly AssociateMinister of the Second Baptist Church,St. Louis, is now pastor of the SouthwestBaptist Church, St. Louis. Over thirtynew members were received by the churchon Easter Sunday.Alfred E. von Stilli has just accepted acali from Ali Souls Unitarian Church ofTulsa, Oklahoma and has settled on thefield.College'80— David B. Cheney '80, D.B. '83, ispastor of the First Baptist Church atHempstead, Long Island, New York.'01 — Mrs. Sylvan Hirschberg (AlmaYondorf), 175 Hazel Avenue, Glencoe,Illinois, is Chicago representative of Wil-kinson Sisters, makers of hand-quilted com-forters. Mrs. Hirschberg's daughter, Jane,is taking a course in bacteriology, at theUniversity of Chicago.ex-'o8— Ada McCormick of Williams-port, Pennsylvania, has an article: "TheTerrors of Getting Engaged" in the Apriiissue of the Catholic World. She has beenlecturing to boarding schools and collegeson marriage, and the article in the CatholicWorld was the first lecture in the series.'11— Mrs. Harriette Taylor Treadwell,principal of Scanlan School, Chicago, iswriting a new set of school readers.'12 — Horace E. Whiteside, professor oflaw at Cornell University, will teach thesubject of agency during the first summerterm at George Washington University,Washington, D. C.'I2 — Uriah L. Light is Superintendentof Schools in Barberton, Ohio.'14 — Anne B. Grimes is chairman of theexecutive board of the Womafl's BondClub of New York City. She is leading"man'' in the sales department of Lynch Science andA SteerMost people regard thesteer that comes to marketas meat. And of course itis.But, thànks to science, thesteer also plays a much larg-er part in our daily life thanthat.Science has evolved help-ful medicines from animaiglands— insulin, adrenalin,thyroid extract, and manyothers.Ghie, from bones and sin-ews, sizes your rugs, helpsto hold your furniture together and enters into yourlife in many ways.Gelatin coats the motionpicture film.Ear hair makes the artist'sbrush.Automobile seats rideeasier because of hair up-holstery.Ali in ali, science and thesteer play large parts in ourcomfort and well-being.Swift & Company is doingits share in the developmentof new uses for animai prod-ucts.Swift &, Company414 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEBOOKS"Get Read yl"TYPEWRITERS"Get on Your Mark"TENNIS GOODS"Get Set"Kodak Supplies"Snap Outoflt"Meet You at theU. of C. Bookstore5802 Ellis AvenuePaul H. Davis, 'u Herbert I. Markham, Ex. '06Ralph W. Davis, '16 Walter M. Giblin, '23PaalRDavis&CfoMEMBERSNEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGECHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE37 South LaSalle StreetTelephone Rand. 6280CHICAGOUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEThe downtown department of The University of Chicago, 116 S. Michigan Avenue,wishes the Alumni of the University andtheir friends to know that it offersEvening, Late Afternoon and Saturday ClassesTwo-Hour Sessions Once or Twice a WeekCourses Credited Toward University DegreesThe Spring Quarter begins Monday, Aprii 1, 1929Registration Period, March 22 to 30, 1929For Information, AddressDean, C. F.Huth University College,University of Chicago, Chicago, 111. and Company, 120 Broadway, with whomshe has been employed for the past ten.years.'14 — Mildred Peabody is director ofphysical education at Greenwich AcademyGreenwich, Connecticut.'17 — Joseph L. Samuels is vice-presidentof the Douglas Lumber Company, 2700West Roosevelt Road, Chicago.'19 — Helen E. Loth, instructor in Latinat Superior State Normal, Superior, Wisconsin, is on leave of absence and is working toward a Doctor of Philosophy degreeat the University of Chicago.'20 — Philip H. Salzman is treasurer ofthe Salzman-Peisert Company, 4030 El-ston Avenue, Chicago.'25 — Edward S. Lewis is executive secretary of the Kansas City Urban League,Kansas City, Missouri.'26 — Thomas H. Robinson, A.M., isassistant professor of sociology at ColgateUniversity, Hamilton, New York.'26 — Etta E. Lambert, A.M., is head ofthe social studies department, South HighSchool, Grand Rapids, Michigan, andchairman of the curriculum committeegrades seven to twelve, for the city.'26 — Vernon L. Beggs, now of OakPark, Illinois, has been elected superintendent of the grade schools at Elmhurst,Illinois.'27 — William E. Lewis, A.M., 917Chicago Avenue, Oak Park, Illinois, isrepresenting Doubleday, Doran & Co.Inc., Educational Department, in Illinois,Iowa, Minnesota and Wisconsin.MARRIAGESBIRTHS, ENGAGEMENTSDEATHSMarriagesMary Prince, '16 to Amos Richardson.At home Edinburg, Illinois.Helen Dresser Page, '22 to Dr. LarusArthur Sigurdson. At home Winnipeg,Manitoba, Canada.NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS 4V5EngagementsHorace Dawson, J.D. '23 to Frances J.Ledlie of Des Moines, Iowa. 'BirthsTo Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Whit-man (Gertrude W. Bissell) '20, a son,Russell Allan, December 25, 1928.To Emile O. Bloché, '24, J.D. '26, andMrs. Bloché (Florence Rice) '26, adaughter, Florence Joan, March 24, 1929,at Oak Park, Illinois.DeathsChauncey P. Smith, M.D. '95, in theAutumn of 1928 at his home in MasonCity, Iowa.Herschel V. Hibbard, '98, December 12,1928, at Tucson, Arizona, where he wasa geological engineer.Joseph F. Dvorak, M.D. '99, Aprii 4,1929, at Fairfax, Iowa, after an illness ofseveral months.George P. McNaughton, M.D. 'oo,August 21, 1928 at Detroit, Michigan.William C. Bickle, '13, suddenly ofpneumonia, September 15, 1928, at hishome in Chicago. January 4, 1929, twinsons, William Copley and Richard Harry,wère born to Mrs. Bickle. Mr. Bicklewas a member of Psi Upsilon.Grace Enos '20, August 17, 1928, atAlton, Illinois.Karl Louis Hiss '21, M.D. '22, December 6, 1928, at Toledo, Ohio.Paul H. Kanai, '24, July 22, 1928, atChicago. Mr. Kanai, whose home was inHawaii, was a medicai student at Northwestern University.Clyde S. Noyce, A.M. '24, December12, 1928, of pneumonia. He was Directorof Religious Education in Pilgrim Congre-gational Church, Duluth, Minnesota, atthe time of his death.Mabel A. Lewis Reed, wife of ClarkScammon Reed, 'oo, January 16, 1929, atGlencoe, Illinois. Stephens CollegeColumbia, MissouriA Junior College forWomenFully Accredited by theUniversity of ChicagoLet Us Teli You About theFour Year Junior CollegeCourse for Your DaughterJAMES M. WOODPresidentWOODWORTH'SBOOK STORE" A Big Friendly Store Built toServe a University "1311 E. 57th St. H. P. 1690MOSERSHORTHAND COLLEGEA business school of distinctionSpecial Three Months' IntensiveCourse for university graduatesor undergraduates givenquarterlyBulletin on RequestPaul Moser, J. D., Ph.B.116 S. Michigan Ave. Chicago4i6 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEALUMNIPROFESSIONALDIRECTORYInsuranceJohnJ. Cleary, Jr.,'14175 W. Jackson Blvd., Wabash 1240Eldredge, Carolali, Graham & ClearyReal EstateJ. Alton Lauren, '19J. Alton Lauren and Co.139 N. Clark St. Randolph 2068JENNINGS SEMINARYAURORA, ILLINOISA High School tor Girls, with Home PrivilegesCourse fully Accredited — Terms Reasonable.Write for GatalogAbbie ProbascoCAMP NIKWASIFranklin, N. C. In the heart of the Western NorthCarolina mountains. For recommended girls. College-trained counsellors. Expert dietitian. Ali camp sports.Illustrated booklet. Camp for business women, June llthto 26th.LAURA M. JONES128 Forest Road, RALEIGH, N. C- ¦ JOHN HANCOCK SERIES •Declaration of •• Independence\Y/E have issued an offi-** cially approved facsimile parchment copy ofthe famous Declaration,suitable for f raming.You may have one ofthese, Free of charge, uponwritten application toINQUIRY BUREAULife Insurance Company^of Boston, Massachusetts197 Clarendon St., Boston, Mass.Please send me FREE facsimile ofthe Declaration of Independence. (Ienclose 5c. to cover postage.)Name Address — SIXTY-FIFTH YEAR OF BUSINESS THE FRANCESSHIMER SCHOOLHigh School and Junior College for GirlsCatalog on ApplicationW. P. McKee, President Mt. Carroll, IH.THE FAULKNER SCHOOL FOR GIRLS4746 Dorchester Avenue (Co-operative with the University of Chicago) Telephone Oakland 1423A DAY SCHOOL FOR GIRLS OF ALL AGESThe school is a member of the North Central Association of Shcools and Colleges and prepares its graduates for ail colleges and universitieswomen. The College Board Examinations are given at the school. The college preparatory work is under the direction ofMISS ELIZABETH FAULKNER, PrincipalBoys are admitted to the Kindergarten Department, which is under the direction ofMISS GEORGENE FAULKNERBack to the Midway on June 8*e %\Q Kiowa RaidIn June 1900, the nation's press rang with theaccount of how one Mrs. Carrie A. Nation, em-battled W. C. T. U. jail evangelist of MedicineLodge, Kansas, had single-handed wrecked asaloon in the neighboring town of Kiowa, oper-ated in disregard of state laws, unenforced because of public officiate' venality. As TIMEwould have tòld the story, had TIME beenissued June 18, 1900 :. . . Her arms stacked high with bricks and stones,a sharp hatchet beneath her arm, Mrs. Nation thenwalked boldly into Dobson's back-room saloon. Bar-flies and roustabouts stàred, open-mouthed. EyeingOwner Dobson who stood serene among his cronies,she bawled in a loud voice: "I told you last spring todose this place and you didn't do it. Now I havecome down with another remonstrance. Get out ofthe way I don't want to strike you, but I am goingto break this place up !" Then, striding to the bar,behind which stared one Hank O'Brien, she cried :"Young man, come from behind that bar. Your motherdid not raise you for such a place." As Hank O'Brienstupidly gazed, she threw a brick against the heavy mirror — which did not break. Then, warming to hertask, she hurled bricks and stones right & left. Bottles,.decanters, glasses, lewd pictures crashed to the floor.The bar-flies scattered, blaspheming loudly The mirror remained intact. Seeing a Ione billiard ball on thetable, she seized it with a fervent "Thank God!" andshattered the mirror Owner Dobson cursèd; Bar-tender O'Brien crouched monkey-like bthind his bar.A crowd was gathering before the door. Finally, am-munition exhausted, Carrie A. Nation bounded for thebar, hatchet upraised. Again and again she hacked themahogany as whiskey and rum coursed to the sawdust.At last, invincible, with the strength of ten, shepushed away the irate Dobson and strode to the Street,announcing in firra tones : "I have destroyed your place'of business and if I have broken a statute of Kansas,put me in jail. If I am not a law-breaker your mayorand councilmen ali are. You must arrest one of us,for if I am not a criminal, you are." . . .So too would TIME have noted Carrie A.Nation's claim to divine guidance. -Nor wouldTIME have neglectedto report her sensationalraids in many another city, her numerous in-carcerations in locai bastilles, her way of ad-dressing judges as "Your Dishonor."Cultivated Americans, impatient with cheap sensationalism and windy bias,turn ìncreasingly to publications edited in the historical spirit. These publica-tions, fair-dealing, vigorously impartial, devote themselves, to the public wealm the sense that they report what they see, serve no masters, fear no groups.TIMEThe Weekly NewsmagazineNEW YORK . CHICAGO205 East 42nd Street, New York Cityìo-dayeven the edgeof the crowdcan hear -A few hundredsheard LincolnAT present-day inaugurations ofx\_ Presidents of the United States,everybody in the vast crowd assem-bled at Washington is able to hearevery word of the ceremony. A Western Electric Public Address System,with its loud-speaking horns abovethe speaker 's stand and at strategiepoints in the crowd, makes thispossible.This apparatus amplifies sound anddistributes it to ali parts of a citypark or square or an indoor auditorium. In convention halls of hotelsit brings the speaker 's voice loud andclear to people in the rear séats. The Public Address System has agrowing use in hotels, in amusementparks, in hospitals, where music orother -entertainment can therebv bedistributed from a single source -toany number of places orrooms. Thsequipment is adapted to a wide range of reqnirements ... Athe telephone art, the Public jSystem is electrically andcally dependablc. It is made Ierti Electric and sold by <Electric — two names that meity and service in things elèeWesternPUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMSDitlributed by GRAYBAR Ekliric Company