L \-,\VOL. XX NUMBER 8JUNE, 1928lVlto For President?(Beginning a Series of Campaign Articles)1. The Pre-Convention CampaignBy Jerome G. KerwinCO-OPERATION AMONG ANIMALSBy W. C. Allee.THE UNIVERSITY OVERSEASInvestigators Write from London, Berlin, Rome, Jerusalem.H. L. MENCKEN'S STOCK IN TRADEBy Fred B. MillettUnLISIIED BY TIlE ALUMNI CO UNCILThe University of Chicago Press (JesusA NEW BIOGRAPHYBy SHIRLEY JACKSON CASE"Fairness, simplicity, precision, scholar­ship, mark his candid chapters.-Time."... a book of the first importance ...the best book now available on the Efeand teachings of Jesus."-The Nation.$3.00The Nature of theWorld and of ManBy SIXTEEN SCIENTISTSat the University of ChicagoCritics have united in calling this one ofthe finest and most engrossing popular-,izations of current science in existence. '$5.00 )New Essays iby Oliver Goldsmith�.. \,Edited by RONALD S. CRANE \"... a major event in literary publi- \cation." -Chicago Daily News. 'These eighteen essays are now publishedfor the first time under Goldsmith's name.Clot!l, $3.00First printing in Leather, $10.00T Childbirth <IIBy WILLIAM G. LEE, M:D. tRe liable and practical infor- "marion for the person most (concerned with the process Iof being born-the mother.It is cased on the sound medical practiceof a clinician and teacher of obstetrics ofwide experience. $3,00Aesthetics of ThEf 'Novel iBy VAN METER AMEMr. Ames, believing that litera y criticismcannot be sound unless placed( on a philo­sophical basis, in this book: successfullycorrelates both subjects. / $2.50CHICAGO5750 ELLIS AVENUEChinese PaintingBy JOHN C. FERGUSON"... a comprehensive and well writtenaccount of Chinese painting through thecenturies ... splendidly illustrated."-Chicago Tribune.$12.50FeudalGermanyByJAMES WESTFALLTHOMPSONThe heart of the Middle Ages is hererevealed. It is the only work in Englishon this subject that has been publishedfor twenty-five years. $5.00SuicideBy RUTH SHONLE CAVAN"... enough melodramas and Americantragedies for a five-foot shelf of fiction."-Oakland Tribune.$3.00Current ChristianThinkingBy GERALD B. SMITH"... an excellent survey of the state ofreligious thinking in the United Statestoday. His sections on Fundamentalism,Modernism and the controversy overevolution are especially good."-The American Mercury.$2.00Problems of the PacificEdited by J. B. CONDLIFFEIn Honolulu last summer the represent­atives of nine diverse civilizations con­fer red upon matters of mutual concern.The proceedings of this second Confer­ence of the Institute of Pacific Relationsare complete in this book. $3.00THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE fll 413f!tl'm glad you 'phoned me, jim !"Of course he is happy about it. And any classmate of yours will be de­�ghted to have you phone him when you are in his town and have sometime to kill. Particularly if you have not seen each other for years ...This is only one of the pleasant things that the Intercollegiate AlumniHotels make possible. At each of these hotels is an index of the residentalumni of your college. When you are travelling and have a moment tospare, this index is a treasure trove of information for reviving friend­ships that mean much to you ... Stop at Intercollegiate Alumni Hotelswhen you travel. You will enjoy the experience. And you will behelping the Alumni Office in furthering the work which it is doing.INTERCOLLEGIATE ALUMNI HOTELSAmherst, Mass., Lord JefferyBaltimore, SouthernBerkeley, ClaremontBethlehem, Pa., BethlehemBoothbay Harbor, MaineSprucewold Lodge {summer only)Boston, BellevueChicago, BlackstoneChicago, WindermereChicago, Allerton HOllseC/n-eland, Allerton HouseColumbus, Neil HouseFresno, CalifornianKansas City, MuehlebachLincoln, LincolnMadison, ParkMinneapolis, Nicollet Montreal, Mount Royal HotelNew Orleans, MonteleoneNe.w Yerk, RooseveltNew York, Waldorf-AstoriaOakland, OaklandPhiladelphia, Benjamin FranklinPittsburgh, SchenleyRochester, SenecaSacramento, SacramentoSan Diego, St. JamesSan Francisco, PalaceSeattle, Ol'ympicSyracuse, OnondagaToronto, King EdwardUrbana, Ill., Urbana-LincolnWashington, D. c., New WillardWilliamsport,. Pa., Lycoming INTERCOLLEGIATEALUMNI EXTENSIONSERVICE, INC.18 E. 41st St., New York, N. Y.Mail this coupon to the Alumni 0ffic��------�------------.�I I1 Kindly send me an Introduction Card to the I: managers of Intercollegiate Alumni Hote!s. II II, "l'{ame............................................ Class....... ...... 1I II clfddress.. .... ........ .. ...... ...... ......... .• .... ....... ... ....... .... II Ii_��='='�':_:':_=='�'��S:���:� .��.� JTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAn organization of almostfifty people, with specialists in all branches of advertisingMember: American Association of Advertising Agencies C!f National Outdoor Advertising BureauVANDERHOOF&' COMPANY GeneralclldvertisingVANDERHOOf BUILDING :-.-.,.... 161 B.ONTARlO ST •. CHICAGO. @H� .HENRY D. SULCER, '05, PresidentN. s . T. A.�r()W The Hundred MillionV '-=., Dollar Advertising Mindundertakes the responsibility ofincreasing enrollments for theNational Salesmen's TrainingAssociation.To this task we bring 100 milliondollars of advertising experiencecon fi den t t hat the res u 1 t s willspeak for themselves .•THE ALUMNI COUNCIL OFTHE UNIVERSITY OFCHICAGOChairman" HERBERT P. ZIMMERMANN, '01A cting Secretary, ALLEN HEALD, '26The Council for 1927-28 is composed' of the following Delegates:FROM THE COLLEGE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONS, Term expires 1928: John P. Mentzer, '98;Clarence W. Sills, ex-toj ; Hugo M. Friend, '06, J. D. '08; Harold H. Swift, '07;Mrs. Phyllis Fay Horton, '15; Mrs. Barbara Miller Simpson, '18; Term expires1929: Elizabeth Faulkner, '85; Harry N. Gottlieb, '00; Herbert P. Zimmermann,'01; Paul H. Davis, 'II; William H. Kuh, 'II; Mrs. Marguerite H. MacDaniel,'17; Term expires 1930: Grace A. Coulter, '99; Frank McNair, '03; Earl D.Hostetter, '07, J. D. '09; Mrs. Margaret Haas Richards, 'II; William H. Lyman,'14, Arthur Cody, '24.FROM THE ASSOCIATION OF DOCTORS OF PHILOS�PHY, Henry G. Gale, '96, Ph.D. '99; B.L. Ullman, '13, Ph.D. '08; Herbert E. Slaught, Ph.D. '98; John F. Norton, Ph.D.'II; D. J. Fisher, Ph.D. '22.FROM THE DIVINITY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, Charles T. Holman, D. B. '16; Orvis F.Jordan, D. B. '13; Edgar J. Goodspeed, D. B. '97, Ph.D. '98.FROM THE LAW SCHOOL ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, John W. Chapman, '15, J. D. '17;William J. Matthews, J. D. '08; Charles F. McElroy, A. M. '06, J. D. '15.FROM THE SCHOOL OF EDUCATION ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, R. L. Lyman, Ph.D. '17 j W.C. Reavis, A. M. 'II, Ph.D. '25; Logan M. Anderson, A. M. '23.FROM THE COMMERCE AND ADMINISTRATION ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, Frank H. Anderson,'22; Donald P. Bean, '17; John A. Logan, '21.FROM THE RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION, Frederick B. Moorehead,M. D. '06; George H. Coleman, 'II, M. D. '13; Ralph C. Brown, 'or, M. D. '03.FROM THE CHICAGO ALUMNI CLUB, Roderick Macf'herson, ex-'I6; Harry R. Swanson,'17; Sam A. Rothermel, '17.FROM THE CHICAGO ALUMNAE CLUB, Mrs. Nena Wilson Badenoch, '12; Suzanne Fisher,, 14; Helen Canfield Wells, '24.FROM THE UNIVERSITY, David H. Stevens, Ph. D. '14.Alumni Associations Represented in the Alumni CouncilAll communications should be sent to the Secretary of the proper Association or to the AlumniCouncil, Faculty Exchange, University of Chicago. The dues for membership in anyone of theAssociations named above, including subscription to The University of Chicago Magazine, are $2.00per year. A holder of two or more degrees from the University of Chicago may be a memberof more than one Association; in such instances the dues are divided and shared equally by the As­sociations involved.THE COLLEGE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONS: Pres­ident, Herbert P. Zimmermann, '01, 73 IPlymouth Ct., Chicago; Secretary, AllenHeald, '26, University of Chicago.ASSOCIATION OF DOCTORS OF PHILOSOPHY:President, Henry Gale, '96. Ph.D. '99,University of Chicago; Secretary, Her­bert E. Slaught, Ph.D. '98, Universityof Chicago.DIVINITY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION: President,J. W. Hoag, D. B., '04, 24 Winder,Detroit, Mich; Secretary, R. B. David­son, D. B. '97, 508 Kellogg Ave., Ames,Iowa.LAW SCHOOL ASSOCIATION: President, Wil­liam J. Matthews, J. D., '08, 29 So.LaSalle St., Chicago; Secretary, Char­les F. McElroy, A. M., '06, J. D., '15,1609 Westminster Bldg., Chicago. SCHOOL OF EDUCATION ALUMNI ASSOCIA·TION: President, R. L. Lyman, Ph.D.,'17, University of Chicago; Secretary,Mrs. R. W. Bixler, A. M. '25, Uni­versity of Chicago.COMMERCE AND ADMINISTRATION ALUMNIASSOCIATION: President, Frank H.Anderson, '22, Hamilton Bond & Mtge.Co., 7 So. Dearborn St., Chicago;Secretary, Hortense Friedman, '22, 230So. Clark St., Chicago.RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE ALUMNI Asso­CIATION: President, Dallas B. Phemister,'17 M. D., '04, 950 E. 59th St. Chicago;Secretary, Charles A. Parker, M. D.,'91, 7 W. Madison St., Chicago.415THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEAllerton HouseAn Ideal Reszdence For Summer Students6 FLOORSFOR WOMEN 15 FLOORSFOR MENALLERTON HOUSEChicago, IllinoisMICHIGAN AT HURON - CHICAGOSUMMER STUDENTS who take up residence at ALLERTONHOUSE will be pleased with the very reasonable cost and manyopportunities afforded for social pleasures.The Monday night programs by ALLER­TON HOUSE Glee Club; the Wednesdaynight complimentary dances; the bridge,riding and swimming parties, lectures,movies and other activities, all combine tomake ALLER TON HOUSE a happyplace of residence. ALLERTON HOUSE is just an easy walkfrom Chicago's loop district and its largemusic schools,Rooms may be had weekly by two personsfor $8.00 each. Music practice room forguests 25C an hour.Cafeteria and a la carte service in' thebeautiful dining room.Seven clay tennis courts.Ample parking facilities adjoining.Booklet Upon Request.WEEKLY RATES PER PERSONSingle .. � $12.00.-$20.0.0 Double - .- $8.0.0.-$15.0.0.Transient - - $2.50.-$3.50.Come and see - or ask for leafletCHICAGO CLEVELAND NEW YORKIN TH I�Ic.//UEWe grow a little weary, these days, ofhearing about the Struggle for Existence.If we show surprise that a public officialhas accepted a bribe, we are told that hewas only struggling to exist. If we try to:find a way of avoiding war, we are told thatnations, as well as senators, must play thegame, and knife or be knifed. "Consider theanimals," our two-fisted realist commands."Don't· they fight over their food, theircaves, their mates?"Haunted by pictures of so murderous aworld, we welcome the news that co-opera­tion, as well as strife, has an importantplace in the law of the jungle. ProfessorWARDER CLYDE ALLEE of the Departmentof Zoology supports this conclusion with theevidence of recent experiments in his ownlaboratory. Social animals like' ants, bees,and men, he finds, are not the only creaturesthat co-operate; the trick is no invention oftheirs. Lower forms of life=-marineworms, starfish, the bugs that live underdamp boards-are often compelled to de­pend on each other's aid.And the more highly organized animals,it appears, can be taught to co-operate onstill a larger scale. In an experiment thathas brought peace between hostile coloniesof ants, Professor Allee finds a prescriptionfor our own international hatreds.Governor Smith is the only entry atHouston, and. at Kansas City SecretaryHoover has left the corn-fed dark horses farbehind. In order to bet our money intel­ligently on the November derby, it will bewell to study these preliminary heats.Professor Kerwin's article on the pre-con­vention campaign gives us some tips.Even Governor Al Smith comes in forsome advice at MR. KERWIN'S hands. Mr.Coolidge's celebrated silence, the professorthinks, may have had its day as a politicalpolicy; with changing economic conditionsa bit of judicious noise may be the Demo­crat's cue. A member of the Political Science de­partment will write a survey of the cam­paign's progress for each issue until elec­tion-time.� � �Professor Kerwin was offered a positionrecently on the faculty of Dartmouth C�l­lege, his alma mater. Students who haveworked with- him signed a petition askingPresident Mason to use every possiblemeans to retain him at the University. Pro­fessor Kerwin has declined the Dartmouthoffer.� � �Mr. Harry F. Sinclair and his colleaguesare not the first gentlemen to mix politicsand big business. The racket was wellknown in the Middle Ages. Fortunes weremade by those who financed a. victoriousking; and Edward III mortgaged most ofhis internal revenue to a Florentine banker.Professor JAMES WESTFALL THOMPSONcites some precedents that Mr. Sinclair'sattorney overlooked.�. � �Miss El.OISE T ASHER, '28, and Mr.WINFIELD FOSTER, '29,. both majoring inEnglish, have reviewed books by two inter­esting and little-understood writers.Miss GLADYS CAMPBELL of the Schoolof Education, has reviewed a book of poemsfrom which several selections have appearedin this magazine.� � �H. L. Mencken displays his disgust withAmerican life in a show-case that no passer­by can miss. When he clips an item fromthe eminent Hamiicar (Minnesota) Times­Bugle, or gives the Kiwanis Club the bird,or proclaims the discovery of a new Dreisermore honest than the first, the whole streetturns to watch.What wares are on sale inside? Supposewe enter the well-oiled revolving door,brave the haughty floorwalker, and go shop­ping with FRED B. MILLETT along- thecounters of Mr. Mencken's mind.PEACEAnts of three different species, normally enemies, live and work to­gether as a result of an experiment described in the accompanyingarticle.VOL.XX No.8m:beWnibersitp of C!Cbicago�aga?ineJ U N E, 1928Co-operation Among AnimalsBy W. C. ALLEEEVEN though one should admit that theproper center of the study of mankindis man and his works, yet even slight con­templation of the results produced by toogreat limitation of attention to this one in­teresting animal justifies the contention ofthe general physiologists that one cannotunderstand the physiology of man withouta knowledge of the general physiology of allanimals and much of that of plants as well.The comparative psychologists concludesimilarly that one cannot understand theworking of the human nervous system with­out knowing how other nervous systemsfunction. Similarly many of us are con­vinced that without a knowledge of generalsociology we are likely to regard the socialtraits exhibited by man as being peculiarlyhuman when many of them are merelyhuman variations of social traits common toanimals in general.When the social or group relations ofanimals are approached from this point ofview, we find two fundamental principlesrunning through the whole social structure:the Darwinian principle of the struggle forexistence and the less spectacular butequally important principle of co-operation.A quarter of a century ago Kropotkin wroteof the latter, none too critically indeed, under the title of "mutual aid." More re­cently Patten has placed this principle atthe pivotal point in his "Grand Strategy ofEvolution" and William M. Wheeler, aremarkably clear thinking observer, hassummarized the state of knowledge as itexisted a few years ago as follows: "Allliving things are genetically related as mem­bers of one great family, one vast livingsymplasm, which though fragmented intoindividuals in space, is nevertheless abso­lutely continuous in time. In the greatmajority of organic forms each generationarises from the co-operation of two individ­uals. Most animals and plants live inassociations, herds, colonies or societies andeven the so-called 'solitary' species are ob­ligatory, more or less co-operative membersof groups or associations of individuals ofdifferent species. Living beings not onlystruggle and compete with one another forfood, mates and safety, but they also worktogether to insure to one another these sameindispensable conditions for developmentand survival."I t is easy to recognize in the social insects,or in flocks of birds, or herds of mammals,that co-operation is an important element indetermining the survival of the species,and frequently of the individual as well.419420 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThe conditions existing in closely integratedsocial groups are. well illustrated by thefollowing extract from a letter recently re­ceived from Mr. John Phillips stationed inTanganyika Territory in East Africa. Inwriting about the social habits of baboons hequotes from Sclater who says that theseanimals associate in troops of varying num­bers up to about one hundred individuals;when moving from place to place, the oldmales are usually seen on the outskirts andalways form a rear guard; also when restinga sentinel or two is always placed on. top ofa rock, in order to warn the troop of ap­proaching danger. Phillips comments:"This is entirely correct; the sentinel is.exceedingly sharp and detects the least noise,scent, or appearance of man or leopard ..In East Africa I have often seen anotherspecies of baboon behaving in the same man­ner."The sentinels are often the largest,strongest males, that is, with the exceptionof the real leader of the group; they winremain faithfully at their post 'waughing'(the typical note of danger is 'waugh,waugh,' very guttural and somewhat alarm­ing) despite the proximity of danger. Uponthese notes of warning reaching the earsof the leader, he will immediately assemblethe members of the group, marshalling themales at the rear, and along the sides, thefemales and the young at the forefront, orwithin the cordon of the males; he himselfwill alternately lead or bring up the rear,according to the plan of flight or the degreeof danger, When things get too hot for thesentinels, they scamper off a 'Short distance,mount some high position and give furtherwarning to the leader. In times of slaugh­ter, the young are protected by their parents,often with great danger to the latter." Thecomparison with certain aspects of humanbehavior of which we are justly proud istoo marked to need emphasis.These highly organized social groups willfight for their members and frequently..win·attack foreigners when their presence is de­tected. Such attacks are well known amongthe highly social ants. If a strange ant iswet, that is, an ant from a different colony,even if from the same species, she will be attacked as soon as she is discovered.These reactions on the part of well organ­ized social groups as those of baboons, antsor men migh t be expected and have obviousvalue. The question arises as to the survivalvalue of co-operation ir; groups less highlyorganized. Until recently the evidence hasindicated and the conclusion has been gen­erally accepted that the crowding of manyanimals into relatively small space producedharmful results almost uniformly, with thebreeding season, hibernation and aestivationpossibly excepted.Snails grow more slowly and remaindwarfed if crowded. The same is true oftadpoles, flatworms, hydra and echinodermlarvae. Such widely unlike animals,. as pro­tozoa, fruit-flies, beetles, chickens and men,reproduce less rapidly under crowded con­ditions. Some slight advance has been madewith the analysis of the harmful effects ofcrowding. With some animals, food short­age alone is the limiting factor. With foodcontrolled, the presence of body wastes maybe important, or in animals like fish ortadpoles, the major limiting factor is fur­nished by the nervous tension produced bythe more frequent collisions in a dense pop­ulation or in a restricted area. Furthercrowded conditions of possible food animal�favor the growth of predators whether thelatter be lions or bacteria.Recently a more careful examination ofsome of these aggregations has shown thatif the crowding be not too great, it mayproduce conditions having marked surviv�lvalue not only for the race, but for themajority of the individuals concerned aswell. Thus the individual animals forminga collection of land isopods in the dry sum­mer season retain water longer and so resistdeath by drought better than if they arescattered. The common brittle starfish ofthe New England coast will undergo cha r­acteristic fragmentation of the arms muchmore rapidly if isolated into glass dishes ofsea water than if allowed to collect ingroups of ten or more under similar con­ditions. Marine flatworms will withstandtransfer to fresh water �uch better if manyare present than if they are scarce, and thisafter all of them have been carefully washedCO-OPERATION AMONG ANIMALSRight: Gulls on Hat Islands inGreat Salt Lake where they collectin great numbers during the breed­ing season, neglecting apparentlyequally desirable islands nearby.The great numbers present giveprotection from birds of prey. 421Below: A colony of young pelicans retiring from an invader whose presence was originallydetected by only a few members of the group.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEso that the degree of protection is not theresult of the transfer of varying amounts ofsea water.Paramecia, flatworms and spermatozoaof sea urchins, in fact all organisms thathave been so tested, can withstand theharmful effects produced by exposure to ul­traviolet radiation much better if many arepresent than when similarly exposed singly.Protozoa are reported to withstand heat andother adverse conditions much more effec­tively if present in numbers than if keptisolated.H. S. Jennings summarizes the experienceof workers with isolated paramecia when hestates that "long continued cultivation onslides does produce a depressed condition.There are some stocks that will not standW. C. ALLEEit at all, although they live perfectly in massculture."Three types of influences, not necessarilymutually exclusive, are known to be at workin allowing the greater survival value ofsuch groups. In the first place, the animalsof the group may furnish protection merelyby supplying a more or less satisfactorysubstitute for some element of the normalphysical environment. Thus brittle star­fishes usually live among eel grass on tideflats. There they crawl over the blades ofthe grass, finding their food and shelter. When removed to laboratory aquaria lack­ing such grass, they will survive longer ifsome substitute is arranged over which theycan crawl. Thus glass rods will be partiallysatisfactory though not so good as the pres­ence of other starfishes. Under these con­ditions the animals collect in close aggrega­tions with their long snake-like anps tightlyin tertwined.Somewhat similar results are obtainedwhen men, under new conditions such asare furnished by a strange environment, areable to collect in communities containingpeople from the same original locality.Here the individuals with the same generalbackground become partial substitutes forthe missing physical elements of the ac­customed environment.Another factor that sometimes makes forthe greater survival of the group is theactive conditioning of the environment sothat it becomes more favorable. Such con­ditioning may be of two sorts, the additionof missing elements, or the fixation of harm­ful ones. Thus marine animals suddenlytransferred to fresh water, or, similarly,fresh water animals transferred to distilledwater apparently give off some, substanceswhich cause the conditioned medium to bemore favorable to the survival of the trans­ferred individuals. The results may bedirectly due to the leaching out of body saltsor to the secretion of some organic materialwhich lessens the harmful effect of the newmedium.Here again the animals in a very prim­itive manner are conditioning their new en­vironment somewhat as a group of for­eigners add elements of their own culture,or make possible the securing of accustomedfood, both of which are definitely favorablefor the individuals of the community andwhich it would be impracticable for isolatedindividuals to provide.The fixation of harmful material bythe mass of animals is one of the most im­portant methods of group conditioning ofthe medium. This can well be illustratedby treating isolated or massed aquatic an­i�als with a suspension of colloidal silver.These suspensions are decidedly toxic. Whenmany individuals are present in a relativelyCO-OPERATION AMONG ANIMALSsmall space, a much higher concentration ofthe toxic colloidal silver is necessary to pro­duce death, because the toxic agent is scat­tered among so many individuals that it isremoved or fixed and no one animal receivesa lethal dose. The removal of poisonoussubstance may be made by animals or otherspecies that are present or, frequently, evenby plants .. Here we come upon an interest­ing illustration of the widespread applica­tion of the principle of co-operation. Thepresence of predators in an aquarium orpond may help fix toxic material so thateven their ordinary prey is benefited by theirpresence in the same limited amount ofwater.Under some conditions the death anddisintegration of some members of a groupgives the survivors a distinctly better chancefor continued existence. Under other con­ditions, the presence of such dead animalsis notably injurious. Thus marine flat­worms placed in fresh water are distinctlyaided by the death and disintegration of the,,"eaker, less resistant members of the group.l\1aterials are released in this manner thatrapidly condition the medium so that thosestill alive have their chance of ultimate sur­vival greatly increased. Similar condition­ing, but less rapid, results from the presenceof other living animals. On the other hand,when similar worms are exposed to theaction of ultraviolet radiation, the presenceof products of decomposition is harmful tothe survivors.There is nothing in this recent workwhich displaces the earlier conclusion thatover-crowding is harmful. This new evi­dence does show that under 'Proper condi­tions and entirely apart from breeding orhibernation, beneficial results may followthe aggregation of many organisms of thesame or different sort, within a limitedspace. In other words, there is natural co­operation effective long before the physo­logical or nervous organization of animalshas reached a level of development that willallow the type of co-operation which occursin the groupings usually called social.Such unconscious co-operation was un­knO\vn to Kropotkin who was so much im­pressed by the evidence of mutual aid among 423the larger animals and among the insects.I t was unknown to Wheeler who was ledto the conclusion quoted above by studies onants and other social insects. The knowl­edge that such general co-operation existsamong loosely organized or even among un­organized sets of animals living in the samegeneral region, gives us much clearer evi­dence that co-operation is one of the majorbiological principles and that its roots ex­tend far below the level of well integratedsocial activity.� � �If the foregoing analysis be sound, asit appears to be, then the first step towardthe development of social life is the appear­ance of a physiological tolerance for thepresence of other animals in a limited areawhere they have collected as the result oftheir individual reactions to the conditionsobtaining within their environment, ratherthan to the working of a social drive orinstinct. Frequently, indeed, such collec­tions occur as a result of forced movementsin which the animal reacts apparently me­chanically to the environmental forces oper­ating upon it.A first advance is made when these group­ings serve to promote the welfare of the in­dividuals forming them, either by the effectof the group on the individuals oomposing itor upon the environment in which it is lo­cated. The last advance in the same seriescomes when individuals cease to react asseparate units and respond only as membersof a group; when, as in the case of ants ortermites and sometimes with men, they arewholly group centered rather than self­centered. Many of the so-called altruisticdrives in man apparently are the develop­ment of these innate tendencies toward co­operation which find their early physiologi­cal expression in all sorts of simpler animals.With the development of the nervoussystem, greater co-operation becomes possibleand larger areas are affected. There is muchreason for thinking that many of the ad­vances in evolution have come about throughnature's selection of co-operating groupsrather than through the selection of indi­viduals. This implies that the two greatnatural principles of struggle for existenceTHE UNIVERS.ITY OF OHICAGO MAGAZINEand co-operation are not wholly in opposi­tion but that each may well have reactedupon the other in directing the trend ofanimal evolution;As a result of the working of these twoprinciples" man has developed social groups,the scope of whose organization has beenconstantly extended until at present weare confronted with the problem of nationalversus international organization. Now,as in each stage of social evolution of man,the proponents of the narrower organiza­tion maintain that the type of organizationthey desire satisfies the natural, traditional,instinctive drives of man, while the moreinclusive grouping is an unnatural gropingfor an idealistic utopia. So might the con­servative paramecia, flatworms, isopods,ants, and what-not have argued, at eachstage of their co-operation evolution, whichwas brought about not by conscious effort,but by the natural working out of these twogreat fundamental principles of struggleand co-operation.The most highly organized animals areslowly learning how they can voluntarilyassist the process of co-operation and forthose who wish to promote the tendency, theexperience of Miss Fielde in developingmixed colonies of ants is enlightening. Ashas already been said, adult ants have thecolony spirit so well developed that theyattack and kill a strange ant if his presence is detected. Many of these ants are blindand must rely mainly on the combined sensesof touch and smell for information concern­ing the world in which they live. For thisreason, tactile and olfactory, rather thanvisual or auditory education was necessaryto produce mixed colonies artificially. Therecipe worked out by Miss Fielde was asfollows: "If one or more individuals ofeach species to be represented in the futuremixed nest be sequestered within twelvehours after hatching and each ant touch allthe others with its antennae during threeensuing days, these ants will live togetherpeaceably thereafter, though from differentcolonies, species, genera, or sub-families,"which under ordinary conditions attack eachother on smelLSimilarly with human animals, the prac­tical method of securing a broader base forco-operation whether it be inter-racial, inter­sectional, or international, lies in exposingchildren of different races, sections, or na­tions to each other during early impression­able years when thought habits are beingformed. Then if they become thoroughlyaccustomed to each other, new co-operativeunits will develop as in the case of MissFielde's ants. There, as in human circles,similar contacts between older animals tendto produce friction rather than mutualunderstanding and co-operation. In this re­spect, as in many others, human nature inessentials seems not far removed from antnature or from animal nature in general.CO-OPERATION AMONG ANIMALSBunching protects land isopods from lossof moisture. In" I" the animals are in adarkened room on a background of dryfilter paper. In "2" all other conditionsare similar but the filter paper has beenmoistened.. Ant weavers: These South Americanants cannot spin but their larva- can!Some adult members of the colony, holdleaves near together while others pass a spinning larva back and forth until theleaves are woven together to form the nest.The upper picture shows an adult ant hold­ing a spinning larva.The Pre-Convention CampaignTile First of a Series of Comments �y Political Scientists upon theProgress of the I928 CampaignBy JEROME G. KERWINTHE pre-convention campaign of 1928has been unusual because of the re­sounding silence of the candidates on thegreat issues. I t is now convention time andwe find that we are favoring opposing can­didates without, having heard where thesecandidates stand. The great public ques­tions which we may assume will be theissues, such as farm relief, the tariff, foreignrelations, regulation of power trusts, pro­hibition, have been avoided as if loadedwith dynamite. The candidates seem tohave learned their lessons under the tute­lage of Calvin Coolidge. His silence hasbeen his success.Perhaps candidates for the nominationare presuming too .much. Calvin Coolidgeheld the presidency at a time when silencewas popular, People were prosperous andthey wanted their minds diverted from polit­ical affairs. President Coolidge was indu­bitably responsible for directing the mindsof people from their government. But theelectorate do not always want silence.Generally after an administration of silence,they want noise. They again want to feelthemselves as part of the government 'andthey are' again in the mood to be stirred togreat heights of idealism by a leader in thepresidential chair. It is not altogether un­likely that economic distress among certainclasses of people, and discontent with cer­tain forms of public policy will bring abouta demand for a president who not onlyspeaks but who acts as well.The candidates for the Republican nom­ination, however, are in a more favoredcondition with regard to their lack of pro­nouncements on public questions. This isordinarily a Republican country. The Re- PROFESSOR KERWINpublican party and' Republican candidatesknow' that ordinarily they start off with amajority and their chief business is to holdtheir ranks intact. They know, further­more, that those people who supply themeans for' campaigns are largely withintheir ranks, and that those people as a ruleprefer silence on great public questions.The Democrats, on the other hand, area minority party. They must make inroadsin the Republican ranks. They must capi­talize current discontent. They cannot inthe nature of things be the silent conserva­tives. I t is therefore necessary, it wouldseem, for Democratic candidates to declarethemselves with greater force upon theproblems confronting the country. Yet, upto this time, the Democratic candidateshave been as silent as the Republican can-WHO FOR PRESIDENTdidates-with the possible exception ofSenator Reed.In 1904 Judge Alton B. Parker wasgroomed for the Democratic nominationbefore the meeting of the convention, andJudge Parker remained silent. After hisnomination he spoke-and lost the elec­tion. We cannot, however, reason withaccuracy frorn events as far in the past as1904. Perhaps the Democratic candidatewill be a leader of such vigor and such per­sonality that he will make up for all pre­convention silence.Among the hopefuls in the Republicancamp have been Herbert Hoover, Frank O.Lowden, Senator J ames Watson andSenator Charles Curtis. Then there are thedark horses, President Coolidge and Vice­President Dawes. Senators Curtis andWatson may be placed in the "favoriteson" category. Both of these gentlemen havecampaigned as friends of the farmer, asgood, stand-pat conservative protectionists,and as unquestionable faithfuls of theorganization. They are orthodox in everysense of the word. Their main hope has beenthat a deadlock would result in the con­vention and that the leaders would in­stinctively turn to one of them as safe andsane standard bearers. H the 1928 situationrurns out to be similar to the 1920 situa­tion, the fondest hopes of one of thesegentlemen may be realized. That means ofcourse that the nomination will be made ata secret conclave of the party chiefs in someroom in a Kansas City hotel. But 1920situations cannot be repeated too often. Thememories of the Harding regime are toofresh in the minds of the people.I f a vote were taken in the ranks of theRepublican party, it is likely that HerbertHoover would receive the majority of thatvote. He is a man who has stirred thepublic imagination. During the pre-conven­tion campaign, however, the opposition tohirn on the part of the farmers has becomeincreasingly stubborn, and in certain sec­tions the agricultural elements have beenwhipped up into a fury by the veto of theMcNary-Haugen Bill. Mr. Hoover, fol­lowing the tactics of the other candidates,has said nothing 'on any subject except pro- hibition. In that one pronouncement Mr.Hoover showed that he had learned a greatlesson in politics since 1920. He said thatprohibition was a noble experiment. Hegained the support of the drys by sayingthat prohibition was noble; he gained thesupport of many wets by saying that prohi­bition was an experiment. From the verystart most of the organization leaders havebeen suspicious of Mr. Hoover. The lead­ers do not think he will listen to "reason­able" orders from party headquarters.Quite likely he would not. It is true thatnot all of the leaders have shown themselvesto be in opposition to Mr. Hoover; we findsupporting him some of our Old Guardfriends, such as C. Bascom Slemp, former'secretary to the President, expert gathererof Southern delegate votes; Rush Holland,former assistant to Harry Daugherty;George Lockwood, former Secretary of the­Republican National Committee. We findthese men and other organization faithfulssupporting Mr. Hoover. It is altogetherlikely that they have settled themselves inthe Hoover camp because they see in Mr.Hoover a victor: He cannot be held re­sponsible for their past records. If he winsthe nomination he will have accomplished amost remarkable result. He will have beennominated in defiance of the farmers whoare generally Republican in politics, and. despite the organization leaders.Frank O. Lowden during the campaignhas presented himself to the Republicanparty as a progressive and as a friend of thefarmer, mainly the latter. He has deter­mined support in the Middle-West. Innominating Frank O. Lowden the Re­publicans would be repudiating PresidentCoolidge, who has declared his unfalteringopposition to farm relief along those verylines advocated by former Governor Low­den. It is poor politics to repudiate theparty leader when the party must run on hisrecord. Mr. Lowden is also 68 years old.He may be in vigorous health, but for polit­ical purposes he is too old to be candidatefor president. Mr. Lowden's candidacy,however, has been a disturbing element tothe Republican Leaders.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEVice-President Dawes is likely to in-. herit whatever strength Lowden possesses.Mr. Dawes is an available candidate inthat he seems to be in favor with thefarmers, the bankers, big business elements, .and on prohibition no one knows where hestands. He is a likely candidate, althoughhe has not proclaimed himself in the run­ning. He has remained as silent, if notmore silent, than all the other candidates.Looking back over the pre-conventioncampaign and events leading up thereto, onemay safely predict that Calvin Coolidgewould accept the nomination if things lookauspicious. He is not definitely out; he isnot definitely in. He is just snugly in aposition where he may fall upon the nomina­tion in case the Republicans become des­perate.On the Democratic side, Senator Reedof Missouri started out as a whirl-windcampaigner. Of all the candidates, he hasspoken the most. In fact, he has spoken morethan all the rest combined. He has securedvery little for all his effort. He lost out. very definitely in the primaries in Cali­fornia, Oregon, and West Virginia. Thegreat weakness of his position has been his. lack of favor with the Wilsonian Democratswho have not forgotten his attitude towardPresident Wilson on foreign affairs. He"lost considerably also because, although byhis record known as a wet, he tried to. disguise himself as a camel. "Thundering"Jim Reed without his issue of state's rightsand personal liberty is just simply not JimReed.Senator Walsh of Montana-dry, Me­Adoo, Catholic, Progressive, Democratic­was the white hope of the Democratic Drys.Mr. Mc/sdoo thought he had made a wisemove in putting forward Mr . Walsh whobecause of his aridity and his Catholicism would attract votes from two very powerfulclements of the party. His hopes for the suc­cess of Mr. Walsh were rudely blasted inthe California primaries. This has left butone outstanding candidate among the Dem­ocrats=-Governor Alfred E. Smith of NewYork. Governor Smith, picturesque gov­ernor of the State of New York, who hasinspired tremendous loyalty among thou­sands of Democrats, will without· doubtbe the nominee of the Democratic party.Despite his silent campaign, he has madeinroads in the battle for delegates even insuch dry states as Iowa, Colorado, and theDakotas. From his past record there is nodoubt that he is anti-prohibition, that heis progressive, even to the point of beingcharged with socialism by N ew York StateRepublican leaders, and that he is possessedof unusual executive ability. His nomina­tion will challenge an established tradition-the nomination of any other than a mem­ber of the Protestant faith for the office ofPresident. It will also bring to the fore thequestion whether a man born in the cityslums shall have the same right to thehighest office in the land as the man bornin a log cabin on the farm. In the Smithcandidacy there is bound up one of theever-recurring struggles of history, thestruggle between the farm and the city;between agricultural groups and the urbanmasses. Since the time of Andrew Jacksonthis struggle has not been more pronouncedthan at the present.We await impatiently the results of thetwo great quadrennial shows and the firingof the opening gun in a campaign that willbe unsurpassed in popular interest, intensefascination, and unusual significance.(A survey of the campaign to date willappear in each issue of the Magazine untilelection-time-Editor.)OutpostsWhat Professors Do on Leave of AbsenceAt President Mason's request, several members of the University have written thefollowing brief reports for the alumni upon the studies that have taken them to remoteparts of the world.2 Bedford Place,London, W. C. 1., May I, 1928Dear Mr. President:We find that here, as well as at home,if you wish to get access to a jealouslyguarded collection it is essential to have theright sort of friends. A few of our recentexperiences will explain what I mean.Helmingham Hall, in Suffolk, has a rarelibrary, including a MS of Chaucer, a rzthcentury Bible, and the oldest MS of KingAlfred's Orosius (loth century). Nevereasy of access, it has since the War. beendoubly difficult, because the owner, LadyTollel:nache, is living abroad. But a letterfrom a friend enabled us to spend a wholerooming in undisturbed study of its treas­ures.Every student of Shakespeare knowsabout the Stationers' Company, whose earlyrecords of the publishing business are price­less, and who apparently had control ofthe trade in MSS before the invention ofprinting. It is commonly believed that inthe past hundred years only two scholarshave been permitted to examine their earlyrecords. Thanks, however, to a friend,Professor Rickert and I have been givenunrestricted access to all their books andpapers.Even the College of Heralds, which forcenturies has controlled the grants of coatsof arms and determined the order of royalcelebrations, has been hospitable. No out­sider is admitted to their records, but oneof the pursuivants is now searching themfor us and will allow us to have photostatsof all records of interest for our subjects.Chance also works or us. A few weeksago excavations around Westminster Abbeyrevealed some mysterious vaults, which maywell have been the cellar of the house inwhich Chaucer spent the last year of hislife. The Clerk of the ,W orks-Chaucer's successor in office-was much interested inrecords we, had recently found, giving moredefinitely than had been known before the,location of the house. He brought our rec­ords to the attention of the Speaker of theH ouse of Commons-an office held long agoby Chaucer's son-and the Speaker invited'us to his official residence and showed uswhat is being done to restore the ancient'glories of the Parliament buildings.Thursday I am going to Oxford, partlyto study the MSS there, and partly to hearMr. Flexner's lectures. He is going totalk about the Ideal University-what itis and where, if at all. I have urged himto fix his attention on Chicago, but hethinks we are trying to do too many thingsthat interfere with the pure ideal of in­creasing and disseminating knowledge. Iunderstand, his point of view, but I amsure, at least, that we have the right spiritat Chicago in all our work, and I believethat what we have done is only a hint ofwhat we can do and shall do.Answering your request for pictures, Iam sending photographs of our staff ofworkers in the English records.Sincerely yours,JOHN M. MANLYLondon, 17 April, 1928Dear Mr. Mason:Your request finds me in London com­pleting a book to be called July 1914 andpublished, I hope, in the autumn. I havepreferred to write the book abroad ratherthan in Chicago because here it is possibleto talk with many people who were behindthe scenes in pre-war days or were them- ,selves actors in the tragic drama. Docu­ments and memoirs, I have discovered, aremuch more intelligible if one can learnsomething of the character and personalityof their authors, either by personal inter-430 THE UNIVERSITY 0F CHICAGO MAGAZINEviews or from conversations with personswho know them. Persons in London haveproved most helpful, and I have been prom­ised the' same kind of assistance in othercapitals which I expect to visit shortly.I t would be incorrect to say that thequestion of responsibility for the wararouses any lively general interest at pres­ent; but there is in every country a smallgroup of students who are trying honestlyto ascertain the truth, and it is a hopefulsign that these scholars are able to discussthe problem more or less dispassionately. Imyself have accepted an invitation to ad­dress the Hungarian Society of ForeignAffairs in Budapest on the subject earlyin June, while a German writer, who knowsthat I do not agree with many of his views,has invited me to pay him a visit.I am deeply beholden to the Universityof Chicago for the opportunity to make solong a sojourn in Europe and thus finishmy study in such favourable circumstances.Cordially yours,BERNADOTTE SCHMITTVatican, April 23rd) 1928.Dear Mr. President:I have just received your letter of March30th. My researches in the Vatican Li­brary follow lines somewhat different fromthose of other members of the faculty here,e. g. Professor Beeson. It is possible, how­ever, that they may interest a number ofalumni, because the reorganization of theLibrary on which I am endeavoring to as­sist should, if carried out successfully,facilitate the work of future scholars whowill have occasion to consult the resourcesof this institution.Aided by the Carnegie Foundation forInternational Peace, the authorities hereare attempting to introduce, for the printedbooks, a more modern system of catalogingand classification than the one now in use,There are at present three librarians fromAmerica, one from Sweden and one fromNorway, endeavoring to assist the locallibrary staff in planning and laying thefoundations for a new organization, est i- mated to be completed in from ten to twelveyears.We Americans arrived in the latter partuf Februrary and began work about March.Accomplishments to date may be summa­rized as follows:I. A code of Cataloging rules adopted,following closely the Anglo-American agree­ment of 1907, this being also the basis forthe Italian code of 1922;2. Library of Congress plan for subjectheadings and classification accepted as aworking basis, I talian or Latin being sub­stituted in part for English;3. Author, title and subject catalogsunder way;4. Union Card Catalog of the Libraryof Congress, about 1,500,000 cards orderedand to be in place by May I;5. Several hundred reference books ofprime importance ordered and in part re­ceived and installed.It is not impossible that out of the pres­ent reorganization may grow a system oflibrary co-operation, similar to the onewhich, during the past 30 years has grownup around the Library of Congress. It is,therefore, a pioneer effort in internationalco-operation on which we are engaged andI am deeply indebted to yourself and theBoard of Trustees for the generous policyand broad outlook on educational affairswhich has made it possible for me to par­ticipate. Needless to say, His Holiness,Pope Pius XI, himself an old librarian andformer prefect of the Vatican Library, ISkeenly interested.Yours very sincerely,J. C. M. HANSENKuriiirsten damm 75)Bertin-Haiensee, Germany,April 30, 1928.Dear President Mason:The center of interest in physics in Ger­many this year undoubtedly lies in the at­tempts to reconcile and unite two greatfields of modern theory-the quantum me­chanics and relativity. The great problemat present is to bring order and physicalmeaning into the very significant formalrelations recently discovered between thesetwo theories. In Berlin one is particu­larly well situated at present, since bothEinstein and Schrodinger are working here.Besides some participation in these moreg_tn''eral questions, I have myself been en­g..aged also in interpreting into the newwave mechanics one of the questions which, was' very puzzling in the old quantumtl�eory-that of the polarization of the(resonance radiation. As in so many othercases, fundamental difficulties for the oldertheory disappear in the new.Very truly yours,FRANK C. HOYTA merican School of Oriental Research,] erusalem, Palestine,I9th April, 1928.My dear President Mason,Jerusalem is the center around which allthe Old Testament literature and thoughtgathers. By the kindness and generosity ofthe President and Board of Trustees leaveof absence was given me that I might servefor a year as Annual Professor in the Ameri­can School of Oriental Research in J eru­salem. This institution corresponds in or­ganization and function to the AmericanSchools of Archaeology in Rome andAthens. I started the year by reading apaper on Gen. I :1-3 before the Society forOld Testament Study at the University ofOxford, England, last September. ThatSociety later elected me to one of its hon­orary memberships. I expect to end theyear's academic activity by reading anotherpaper on "The Chosen People" at the In­ternational Oriental Congress which con­venes at Oxford next August. Meantimemy teaching work has been carried on hereat the School where a small group of grad­uate students have been studying the Psalmsand the Prophets with me. Incidentallythree or four of these students have alsostudied at the University of Chicago.The year has been one of invaluable ex­perience and observation for me. The land,the skies, the climatic conditions, the eco-OUTPOsts 431nomic situation and the social relations arefor the most part essentially the same to-dayas they were in the days when the greatliterature of the Hebrews arose, TheArab, who constitutes half or more of thepopulation of Palestine, is temperamentallyand constitutionally just as his ancestorswere. The Jew, who is everywhere onhand, likewise keeps up the ancient racialtradition. The term "Unchangeable East"is a bit of exaggeration, but it contains alarge measure of truth.So I have welcomed every opportunityto see the various parts of the land and tocome in contact with the life of the people.The thing to be done here was not to sitat my desk and pore over Hebrew textsand the like as in Chicago, but rather toget out and see and hear the stir and humof present-day life. Therefore, constantrambles in Jerusalem, the scene of Isaiah'sand Jeremiah's ministry, the site of the suc­cessive temples and the center of all Jewishhopes are of never failing interest and in­struction. Visits of the greatest interestand profit have been made to Bath-shean,where the University of Pennsylvania isconducting an excavation; to KirjathSepher, where the American School andXenia Theological Seminary are diggingtogether; and to Megiddo, where the U ni­versity of Chicago's Oriental Institute iscarrying on a great excavation. A side tripup the Nile Valley furnished the opportunityto see the majestic survivals of Egypt'sglory and to observe at close range the workof the Oriental Institute at Chicago House,Luxor. Here a staff of skilled workers isbusily engaged both in excavating and inmaking a permanent record of the greatmonuments of the Nile Valley with theirinscriptions. I also stopped at Cairo whereI looked in upon the work of ProfessorAlan Gardner and Dr. de Buck of theOriental Institute, who are engaged incopying and translating the coffin texts ofancient Egypt which constitute the oldestreligious literature now known to man.All in all this has been my annus mt­rabilis.Yours sincerely,J. M. POWIS SMITHThe New Alumni SecretaryA Man of Long Experience in Business and Social ServiceEnters a New Educational FieldM R. CHARLTON T. BECK tookoffice. on June 9 as Secretary of theAlumni Council. He was elected at a specialmeeting on April 2. His recommendationby the Council's committee was the resultof more than a year's consideration of can­didates.The Council believes that Mr. Beck isespecially qualified to lead the alumniorganization in new and profitable li-nesof activity. His record in the administrationof various enterprises for social servicepromises success in alumni work.He helped to meet his college expenses byteaching at the John Dewey School and atthe Chicago Latin School. In 1903-04 hewas a Master at the latter institution; thenhe gave up educational work to go intobusiness. From 1904 to 191 I he served theMiddleby Oven Manufacturing Companyas Manager of its St. Louis and N ew Yorkbranches. In 191 I he became PhiladelphiaManager for the Federal Electric Company.Since 19 I 3 he has been Manager of theDetroit district for that concern.He has taken a particularly prominentpart in the work of, institutions havingpublic service for their aim. He has servedas Secretary and as President of the Elec­trical Club of Detroit, and as Chairman ofthe Organization Committee of the De­troit Electricial Extension Bureau. He is amember of the Ingleside, Adcraft and Ex­change Clubs, having served as President ofthe last-named organization.Work with boys, especially the BoyScout movement, has enlisted his activeinterest for the past sixteen years. Amongthe numerous capacities in which he hasserved thatorganization are membership onthe Executive Board of the Detroit ScoutCouncil for the past ten years, presidencyof the .Board for two years, and member­ship in the National Council of the Boy Scouts of America. He has served for nineyears on the Committee of Management ofthe Detroit Central Y. M. C. A.-for sevenyears as Chairman. He is also a member ofthe Detroit Y. M. C. A's MetropolitanCommittee of Physical Education. For twoyears he served as Vice-Chairman of theHighland Park, Michigan, Welfare Com­mission-his only political office.He has been President of the DetroitAlumni Club, and acted as Michigan StateChairman in the Development Campaign.Mrs. Beck was formerly Lenice Oet­tiker of Platteville, Wisconsin. She at­tended the Wisconsin State Normal Schooland Northwestern University. One son,Robert, 17 years old, is just finishing highschool.The Council has been at work upon theselection of a Secretary, and the relatedproblems of policy, almost continuouslysince Mr. Adolph G. Pier rot's successfulterm of office came to an end in the autumnof 1926. Mr. Beck's appointment is theresult of this study.432Early Banking and Big BusinessA n address given before the conoentton of the American Bankers' Association last fallat Houston.By JAMES WESTFALL THo�PSONPRESENT day business practice owesa much larger debt to the MiddleAges than the average business man reauzes.1 'he Italian Renaissance of the four­teenth and fifteenth centuries was just asr rury an economic revolution as it wasa new literary and artistic movement.I talian spirit, Italian initiative, found newexpression in business and banking quite asoriginally as it found expression in the artsand in literature. The spirit and the prac­tice of the new age were essentially capital­istic in nature. "Capitalism is much olderthan we have ordinarily thought. Nodoubt its operation in modern times has beenmuch more engrossing than in the MiddleAges or in the Renaissance. But that isonly a difference of quantity, not a differ­ence of quality; a simple difference of in­tensity, not a difference of nature."Capitalism has developed through thecenturies from medieval to modern timesby a series of "lifts." Before the eleventhcentury, when the Crusades stimulatedcommerce and trade, when the towns beganto rise, the capitalist class in Europe wascomposed of the great landed feudal aristoc­racy, nobles and clergy; for the Church,,-as the greatest landowner of all. It wasan age of "natural economy," not a "moneyeconomy," in which the proprietary classproduced little beyond its own wants andconsumed hardly anything not locally pro­duced. As individual property increased,and along with it differences in the amountof private property owned by each de­veloped, the rich tried to derive advantagefrom their riches, consisting mainly inlands, either by sustaining men of no means(serfs) upon their estates, or by allowingmen of lesser substance to utilize part ofth�ir lands or share their prerogatives-asmarket rights, imposition of tolls, coinage_in a: subordinate capacity in return forcertain obligations in the form of dues andthe performance of military service forthem. In the latter case such landholders become liegemen ( or vassals) of the over­lord (suzerain). This was the economicbasis of the feudal system.This rich proprietary class also possessedanother sort of wealth in addition to landin the form of family plate, church plate,bullion, hoarded coins, jewels, etc. TheChurch especially was rich in this kind ofwealth. But it was idle wealth, immobile,not mobile, unproductive, not productive."The revenues which the landowners col­lect from. their serfs or from their tenantsare directed to no economic purpose. Theyare scattered in alms, in the building ofmonuments, in the purchase of works ofart or of precious objects which serve toincrease the splendor of religious cere­monies. Wealth, capital is fixed,motionless, in the hands of an aristocracy,priestly and military." It was necessaryfor all this immobile and locked up capitalto becom� fluid and to be invested so thatwealth might produce wealth before realcapitalism could emerge.Various theories have been propoundedto explain this transformation. Sombart'stheory is that the revolution was broughtabout by the monetization of ground rentsformerly payable in produce, followed bythe conversion of much hoarded bullionand plate into currency. But this is onlyhalf an explanation. The root of the changelay in the new necessity and developmentof a money economy. This was forced for­ward by the revival of commerce in theeleventh and twelfth centuries which waspartly independent of, and partly stimu­lated by, the Crusades. This change, inturn, stimulated the rise of the towns andthe formation of the bourgeoisie. Towns,trade and capitalism emerged together inEurope. Merchandizing, manufacturing,banking, business technique, credit, all areof urban origin. Then capital came tohave a new sense; it was a value hatchinga new value, or as Karl Marx put it:"Mehrwert heckenden Wert." Instead ofbeing immobile, as formerly, \�ealth now433434 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEbecame fluid, mobile. Production was con­sidered in terms �f value in money as ameans of gaining greater values. Serviceswere no longer required of vassals andserfs, but were converted into money pay­ments. Paid labor paid better than com­pulsory services. Free workmen werefound more productive than servile work­men. Business contracts replaced the oldfeudal and manorial ties. The accumulationof previously rural ground rents, nowmonetized, was increased by new urbanrents. The towns became commercial andindustrial centers, the greatest of themhaving international commercial relations.I taly was the earliest country in Europein which a capitalistic regime and a capitalistic society appeared. The reason is two­fold. In the first place owing to Italy'sgeographical position and peninsular shapethe cities of I taly were able to tap the richLevantine trade, a commerce essentially inluxuries like silk, spices, rare dyes, preciousstones from the Orient, which returnedenormo�s profits upon little bulk. AVenetian galley plying between Venice andAlexandria commonly paid one thousandper cent dividends upon a round trip, takingout iron and timber to ironless and timber­less Egypt and returning laden with silkand spices.In the second plate, the papacy drewdown into Italy the enormous ecclesiasticalrevenues of all western Christendom de­rived from Peter's pence, the census, tithes,indulgences, fees for appellate causes, etc.The annates alone represented the entireincome of a diocese during the first yearof a new bishop and were exacted as a feefor investiture. What these sums meantmay be appreciated when it is said that thepapal revenue out of England in 1252 wasthree times the revenue of the crown. Theincome of the Lateran in the thirteenth cen­tury must have far exceeded the income ofall the princes of Europe taken together.Rome was not only the ecclestiastical capi­tal of Europe; it was also the financial capi­tal of Europe. In .the thirteenth century thefinancial power of the papacy was like thatof the great international banking housesof today. Banking seems to have begun among theLombard Jews first as a pawnbrokingbusiness. Gradually this branched out intomoney-changing and loans at interest se­cured by real collateral, and later by com­mercial products, manufactured or im­ported articles of commerce. In time thenotes and warehouse receipts of thesetransactions developed into commercialpaper. Naturally it was not long beforethe Italian merchants, having fared profit­ably, also began to invest their surpluswealth in these forms of investment and inthe thirteenth century full-fledged privatebanking houses are found, the earliest ofthem appearing in Siena and Florence. .From the pontificate of Gregory IX(I227-4I) the important banking firms ofthe Italian cities had agencies in Rome andabroad, in France, Flanders and England.Thei r chief function was to collect and totransmit the Peter's Pence and otherecclesiastical revenues to Rome. Thesepapal clients united papal authority withtheir own fiscal influence to promote andto protect their own business operations.If an Italian merchant from Florence orMilan was robbed in France or England,or outrageously imposed upon by somenoble, or could not collect a foreign debt,the pope intervened in his behalf andusually papal pressure was successful."International banking derived itsstrongest impulse from the Church, whoserevenues in Peter's pence and the censuswere collected in distant countries, in acurrency often depreciated and sometimeseven in kind. The local branches of Italianbanks, after satisfying the papal represen­tative of the exact amount collected andthe sum that would be payable in Rome,were able to remunerate themselves by us­ing the money in their hands in ordinarylocal business. They seem, however. tohave charged the Church for their troubleand expenses, sums of whose amount weknow surprisingly little... Schneiderfound only two instances in which thesesums were stated, one being about 1271 %and the other 25 % of the amount paid overin Rome. It cannot be doubted that theloans granted to popes and the college ofEARLY BANKING AND BIG BUSINESScardinals were, in spite of the Church'sthunders against usury, very profitable tothe bankers." The Roman curia alwaysprotected the bankers against losses and sodebts due the papacy or papal obligationswere the safest form of banking activity toengage m.The I talian banking houses not only in­vested their own profits in business andhandled the collection of papal revenues.They acted also as agents of the Holy Seeto invest its enormous surpluses. No Italiancity was so successful as Florence in itsfiscal relations with the Holy See. It wasin the thirteenth century that the founda­tions of the great banking houses of Flor­ence were laid-the Albertini, Albizzi,Ardiccioni, Bardi (the father of Boccacciowas a trusted agent of the Bardi), Belli­cozz i, Ildobrandini, Borge, Filippi, Gual­fredi, Scala, Cerchi, Rimbertini, Fresco­baldi, Acquerelli, Leoni, Monaldi, Rocci,Scotti, I Marcoaldi, Tedaldi, Spigliati, TheFlorentine banking houses steadfastly sup­ported the popes in their long politicalstruggle with the emperor Frederick II andgot their reward. Their loans to papal par­tisans in neighboring cities which werepolitical and commercial rivals of Florenceundermined these places. This is conspic­uously true of Siena where the bankruptcyof the Gran Tavola ruined the city.For Siena made the blunder of backingthe wrong political horse in supporting theemperor against the pope. Until sheadopted this fatal policy Siena (and notFlorence) had been the headquarters ofpapal banking. The chief Sienese bankinghouse was that of the Buonsignori, calledthe Magna Tavola or Gran Tavola, thename being derived from the table of themoney-changers. In I289 its capitalamounted to the then large amount of 35,-000 florins. It loaned money to popes,emperors, feudal princes, cities. But whenSiena espoused the imperial cause and for­sook the papacy the popes removed theirfunds to Florence and left no stone un­turned to discomfit Siena. In November,126o, all the Sienese banking firms wentto the wall in the crash of the Gran Tavola. 435The tourist may still see in Siena a me­dieval house built in 1234 by one of theearliest of Sienese capitalists, AngliereSolafica, on the front of which may be readthe inscription: Campsor Domini papaeGregorii IX.Between the years I260 and 1347 Flor­ence rode the crest of the wave of prosperityand there were eighty banking houses inthe city, the greatest of which were theBardi and the Peruzzi. The financial deal­ings of these two houses were especiallyintimate with the Angevin kings of southernItaly and with England. In 1268 theylooked upon the expedition of Charles ofAnjou for the conquest of the kingdom ofNaples and Sicily as a profitable specula­tion and liberally financed it, in return re­ceiving the right to collect porto ria and tomanage the mines and salt pans as security.But in 1282 the success of Aragon in pro­moting the Sicilian Vespers, which ruinedthe French domination in Sicily, seriouslycrippled them, in particular the Bardi whowere heavily involved. Fortunately forthem it was to the interest of the popesto supportthe Angevin dynasty, and so thepapacy rushed the Guelph bankers intoSouthern Italy to the rescue of its pro­teges. The Florentines were in the van­guard of the rescue corps and by the endof the thirteenth century had done theirwork so well that Charles II was com­pletely in their power. The Neapolitanking surrendered part of his revenue andgranted monopolies to cover the advancesmade by the bankers.Whether the kingdom was at peace orat war, the result was the same: if atpeace the rulers needed money for internalimprovements or for keeping up theirmagnificent court; if at war cash wasneeded to pay. the troops. In either casethe Florentines reaped the benefit. Sucha good thing soon became widely knownand numerous houses sent their agents topartake of the rich profits which were tobe made directly or indirectly out of theroyal patronage. Of these, the Bardi werethe most important.(Continued next month.)The Story of the University of ChicagoBy THOMAS WAKEFIELD GOODSPEED(Reprinted by courtesy of the University Press)XV PROGRESS UNDER PRESIDENT JUDSONAT THE time of President Harper's number of eminent men suggested to it.death Dr. Harry Pratt Judson was But Dr. Judson had conducted the affairsperforming the president's duties. of the University with such wisdom, ability,Dr. Judson had been one of the men sum- and success that his election was a logicalmoned to the president's assistance in the necessity of the situation. One week aftersummer of 1892 to assist in the general its appointment the committee submittedwork of organizing the University. He had the following report:exhibited such practical wisdom, such or- Your committee appointed to nominate aganizing skill, and such genius for adminis- president of the University respectfully report:tration that as dean of the faculties he had That the committee heartily and unanimouslyrecommend to the hoard that Mr. Harry Prattfrom the beginning been the second officer Judson, now acting president, be elected presi-in the University. When the president was dent of the University.absent Dean Judson performed his duties. The recommendation was unanimouslyIf a proposed policy was questioned he was adopted and Dr. Judson having been calledcaBed in to advise with the trustees. When into the board room made a brief addressthe first foreshadowings of President accepting the position. Thus simply was theHarper's illness sent him abroad for rest great question settled and the Universityin 1903, Dr. Judson was "requested" by once more had a president. The installationthe trustees "to assume the responsibilities of the new president took place in connec­of the president's office during President tion with the Sixty-second Convocation onHarper's absence." In 1904 and 1905, March 19, 1907. In accordance with hiswhenever the president could not do so, earnest request there were no elaborateDr. Judson attended. the board meetings ceremonies, only a simple announcement ofin his place and presided at faculty meetings his election by Mr. Ryerson, president ofand Convocations. During the closing the board of trustees, as simple an accept­months of 1905 he was virtually president ance on his part, and President Judsonof the University. When in December quietly entered upon his great duties.President Harper wrote to the trustees He conceived the first of these duties tothat he was' at last ready to accept the be to bring the finances under completesix months' vacation they had been pressing control and end the struggle with theon him for two years, he recommended that, annual expenditures deficit by overcoming"as usual," during his absence the admin- it. It required a high quality of courage,istration be placed in the hands of Dr. J ud- but this President Judson possessed. Heson. This was done as a matter of course. displayed it so conspicuously as to call forthTen days after the death of President from the Founder an unparalleled succes­Harper the trustees appointed Dr. Judson sion of contributions. These included great"acting president to serve until the appoint- gifts for current expenses, lands, buildings,ment of a permanent president." and endowments. In 1906 and 1907, Mr.No committee on the nomination of a Rockefeller provided for the estimatedpresident was appointed for more than a deficits of those years. In January of 1906vear .. Meantime the work went on with he gave. $1,100,000 for endowment, andincreasing prosperity. The attendance of in December of the same year he contrib­students in the Summer Quarter of 1906 uted $2,700,000 to the permanent endow­'was greater than ever before. The Nom- ment funds. On December 30, 1907, heinating Committee was finally appointed made another endowment contribution ofFebruary IS, 1907. The Committee had a $1,4°0,000 and in January, 1909, still an-436THE STORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOother for the same purpose of $862,125. Itis ··not to be wondered at that with suchextraordinary offerings the annual deficitsof fifteen years were brought to an end.But this does not tell half the story. It wasduring these years that Mr. Rockefellergave to the University the lands frontingnorth and south on the Midway Plaisanceextending east from Washington Park and,with the grounds before owned, giving theinstitution a frontage of ten blocks on bothsides of' the Plaisance. This gift of land,enlarging the original site to about onehundred acres, as already told, had costthe donor $3,229,775. Then came In 1910what is known as Mr. Rockefeller's finalgift Q,f $10,000,000. The reader will wantto see the letter of gift, which was asfollows:26 Broadway, New YorkDecember 13, 1910To the President and Trustees of the Universityof Chicago:Dear Sirs: I have this day caused to be setaside for the University of Chicago from thefunds of the General Education Board whichare subject to my disposition, income-bearingsecurities of the present market value of ap p rox­ima te ly ten million doll ars ($ 10,000,000), thesame to be delivered to the University in tenequal annual instalments beginning January I,1911, each instalment to bear income to theuniversity from the date of such delivery only.A list of these securities is appended. In aseparate letter of even date my wishes regardingthe investment and uses of the fund are morespecifically expressed.It is far better that the University be sup­ported and enlarged by the gifts of many thanby those of a single donor. This I have recog­nized from the beginning, and, accordingly, havesought to assist you in enlisting the interest andsecuring the contributions, of many others, andat times by aiding you by means of uncondi­tional gifts to make. the Uriiversity as widelyuseful, worthy and attractive as possible. Mostheartily do I recognize and rejoice in the gen­erous response 'Of the citizens of Chicago andthe West. Their contributions to the resourcesof the University have been, I believe, morethan seven million dollars. It might per­haps be difficult to find a parallel to generosityS'O large and S'O widey distributed as .thisexercised in behalf of an institution so re­cently founded. I desire to express my appre­ciation also of the extraordinary wisdom andfidelity which you, as president and trustees,have shown in conducting the affairs of the 437PRESIDENT HARRY PRATT JUDSON"University. In the multitude of students soquickly gathered, in the high character of theinstruction, in the variety and extent 'Of originalresearch, in the valuable contributions to humanknowledge, in the uplifting influence of the'University as a whole upon education through­out the West, my highest hopes have been farexceeded.It is these considerations, with others, thatmove me to sum up in a single and final gift,distributing its payments over a period of manyyears to come, such further contributions as Ihave purposed to make to the University. Thesum I now give is intended to make provision,with such gifts as may reasonably be expectedfrom others, for such added buildings, equipment,and endowment as the departments thus farestablished will need. This gift completes thetask which I have set before myself. The found­ing and support of new departments, or the de­velopment of the varied and alluring fields ofapplied science, including medicine, I leave tothe wisdom of the trustees, as funds may befurnished for these purposes by other friends ofthe University.In making an end to my gifts to the Univer­sity, as I now do, and in withdrawing from theboard of trustees my personal representatives,whose resignations I inclose, I am acting on anearly and permanent conviction that this greatTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEinstitution, being the property of the people,should be controlled, conducted, and supportedby the people, in whose generous efforts for itsupbuilding I have been permitted simply to co­'Operate; and I could wish to consecrate anewto the great cause of education the funds whichI have given, if that were possible; to presentthe institution a second time, in so far as I haveaided in founding it, to the people of Chicagoand the West; and to express my hope thatunder their management and with their gener­ous support, the University may be an increas­ing blessing to them, to their children, and tofuture generations.Very truly yours,JOHN D. ROCKEFELLERIn the letter of designation Mr. Rocke­feller said:It is my desire that at least the sum of onemillion five hundred thousand dollars ($1,5°0,-000) be used for the erection and furnishing ofa University Chapel. As the spirit 'Of religionshould penetrate and control the University, sothat building which represents religion oughtto be the central and dominant feature of theUniversity group. The Chapel may appropri­ately embody those architectural ideals fromwhich the other buildings, now so beautifullyharmonious, have taken their spirit, so that allthe other buildings on the campus will seem tohave caught their inspiration from the Chapel,and in turn will seem to be contributing oftheir worthiest to the Chapel. In this way thegroup 'Of University buildings, with the Chapelcentrally located and dominant in its architec­ture, may proclaim that the University, in itsideal, is dominated by the spirit 'Of religion,all its departments are inspired by the religiousfeeling, and all its work is directed to thehighest ends.Apart from what may be required for theChapel, the remainder of the fund may be used,in the discretion of the Trustees, for land, build­ings, or endowment, . but no part of the prin­cipal sum shall be used for current expenses.No doubt other donors will offer the Universitymany, if not all, of its needed buildings. Lega­cies now written in' wills, or to be written,will become available from time to time forthese and other purposes. I hope, therefore,that this final gift from me may be used ·f'Orendowment as far as practicable.Meantime there had been other lessercontributions from Mr. Rockefeller. Suchis the incredible story of this hitherto un­heard-of munificence. In the brief period ofless than six years after the beginning ofDr. Judson's administration, Mr. Rocke­feller had given the University more than $20,000,000, bringing his total gifts up toa trifle less than $35,000,000.Soon after the beginning of the adminis­tration of President Judson a new move­ment was begun which turned out to be amost important step in expansion. TheCollege of Commerce and Politics wasorganized in response to the growing de­mand for courses which should fit studentsfor careers in the practical professions ofthe various branches of business,. philan­thropic work, and public service. I t quicklydeveloped into the College of Commerceand Administration and ranked as a separateprofessional school. It grew in attendanceand expense. Its demands became so greatand at the same time so imperative as to bea burden on the budget. They were becom­ing a source of serious anxiety to Pres­ident Judson when one day in 1916 an in­quiry reached Wallace Heckman, the busi­ness manager, over the telephone and froma stranger, asking to whom a deed shouldrun of an important piece of property, theincome of which should be devoted, so faras necessary, to instruction along these par­ticular lines. The inquirer was Hobart W.Williams, of Cheshire, Connecticut, son ofone of the Chicago pioneers. He had beenbrought up in Chicago and was deeplyattached to it. He immediately deededto the University the Williams Block, asix-story building, 1 60xI 7 I feet, standingon the site occupied in the middle of thelast century by the Williams family home­stead at the southeast corner of WabashAvenue and Monroe Street. The smallestvaluation placed on the property was $2,-000,000, and it is now worth nearer $3,-000,000. This made Mr. Williams thelargest contributor, after Mr. Rockefeller,to the University's funds, during the firstquarter-century of its history.The next great giver to emphasize thefinancial progress made under PresidentJudson was La Verne Noyes, a Chicagobusiness man. He had become interested inthe University through his acquaintancewith President and Mrs. Judson. Havinglost his wife, to whom he was deeply at­tached, he decided a year later, on theTHE STORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOsuggestion of Mrs. Judson, to make a me­morial" of her in connection with the Uni­versity in a building for women students.The result was a gift from Mr. Noyes of$500,000 for the building of Ida NoyesHall. But he did not stop with this. Stirredby the great world-war, in 1918 he gave tothe University properties worth about $2,-000,000 as an endowment for scholarshipsfor soldiers of the war and their descend­ants, though 20 per cent of the income maybe devoted to the salaries of professors. In1923-24 the income of the Noyes Founda­tion was $98,76I.The year 19 I 6- 1 7 was made memorableby the great step taken in advancing theplans for the Medical School which hadbeen projected twenty years before. In thelater weeks of 1916 the general EducationBoard and the Rockefeller Foundationagreed to give $ 1 ,000,000 each toward afund qf $5,300,000 for a medical school. 439The fund was raised in an astonishinglyshort time. The first great gift was oneof $500,000 from Mr. and Mrs. JuliusRosenwald. For the Albert M. BillingsMemorial Hospital $1,000,000 was contrib­uted by C. K. G. Billings, Charles H.and Albert Billings Ruddock, and Dr.Frank Billings. Mr. and Mrs. FrederickH. Rawson gave .$300,000 for a medicallaboratory. Martin A. Ryerson contributed$250,000, J. Ogden Armour $200,000, Dr.Norman Bridge $130,000, R. T. Crane,Jr., and Charles R. Crane $125,000 each,and Mrs. G. F. Swift, Charles H. Swift,and Harold H. Swift gave $100,000 each.Mr. and Mrs. Max Epstein gave $100,000for the erection of a Dispensary in con­nection with the Hospital. Edward Morris,N. M. Kaufman, A. D. Thomson, DavidB. Jones, and Thomas D. Jones each gave$50,000. Frank G. Logan gave $47,500,and John G. Shedd and Frederick T.BOND CHAPEL CLOISTERTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEHaskell $25,000 each. Charles F. Greygave $20,000, and F. A. Hardy and lVlrs.George M. Pullman $10,000 each. Therewere sixteen other coatributions rangingfrom $5,000 to $500, and the total amountof the fund was $5,461,5°0. Such wasthe liberality and interest of the contribu­tors that this great sum was subscribedwithin six months after the campaign wasbegun.In the same year with this great achieve­ment, $200,000 was given for the erectionof a Theology Building by an anonymousdonor and later the sum was increased to$300,000 by the same generous friend.In 1916-17 also Mrs. Joseph Bond gaveto the University stocks which later soldfor about $70,000 for the building of theDivinity School chapel as a memorial of herhusband, who had been a trustee of theSchool and the first president of the Amer­ican Radiator Company.In 1918 Andrew MacLeish, who hadbeen a member of the board of trusteesfrom the beginning in 1890 and vice-pres­ident of the board from 1892, gave theUniversity $IOO,OOO for the erection of abuilding, with an expression of preferencefor an administration building. At the timeof the publication of this book this fund hadgrown by accretions of interest and the in­creased value of the securities to about$200,000.In 1919 John D. Rockefeller, J r., gavea fund to establish for a trial period of fiveyears the Oriental Institute of the U niver­sity for exploration and research in theOrient. The results were so encouragingthat he has increased the fund to some$400,000. A building has been erected byDr. Breasted, head of the Institute at Luxoron the Nile, for the permanent work of theInstitute in Egypt.I end. this recital of special contributions'made to the University during PresidentJudson's administration with the HarrisMemorial. In the very last days of thatadministration, Mr. and Mrs. M. Haddonl\1acLean and the sons of Mr. Harris,Albert W. Harris, Norman D. Harris,Hayden B. Harris, and Stanley G. Harris, gave the University $150,000 for the en­dowment of the Norman Wait HarrisMemorial Foundation, in memory of Nor­man Wait Harris, for many years one ofthe leading business men of Chicago andhead of the Harris Trust and Savings Bank.The fund was given in the name of Mrs.N. W. Harris. The income of this endow­ment was to be expended for the "promotionof a better understanding on the part ofAmerican citizens of the other peoples ofthe world, thus establishing a basis for im­proved international relations and a moreenlightened world-order." The first con­ferences under the Harris Foundation wereheld at the University during the SummerQuarter of 1924. Lectures were deliveredby eminent men of other countries and heardwith great interest.In this review I have indicated only thelarger gifts to the University made duringthe administration of President Judson.There were hundreds of smaller contri­butions which the limits of this book do notpermit me to speak of in detail. Many ofthem were interesting and important andall marked steady progress in the develop­ment of the institution. The aggregate ofall these gifts, large and small, was extraor­dinary. When President Judson assumedoffice in 1906 the assets of the Universitywere about $18,000,000. At the close of hisadministration in 1923 they exceeded $50,-000,000, an increase of $32,000,000. Whilesome of this increase must be attributed toenhancement in value of some of the assets,it is safe to say that the actual contribu­tions of those seventeen years aggregatednearly or quite $30,000,000. Such was thefinancial progress made during PresidentJudson's administration.But this was only a single element of theprogress achieved. The growth of the U ni­versity in the attendance of students wasquite as remarkable. In 1905 the totalattendance was 4,598. In 1923, whenPresident Judson's administration ended, itexceeded 12,600.One of the important progressive stepstaken under President Judson was the for­mal adoption by the trustees of the systemTHE STORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOof Retiring Allowances and Allowances forWidows. This important subject had beenbefore the trustees for ten years or morebefore the system was finally matured.Both presidents had strongly urged it.During the earlier years in which the planwas under consideration the University wasvery hard pressed for funds to carryon itsexpanding work, and it was simply impos­sible to set aside a Retiring AllowanceFund. The rapid passing of the yearschanged this, and on February 13, 1912, thematured plan was adopted and made astatute .of the University. Its provisionswere most liberal, assuring to professors,associate and assistant professors annual al­lowances of from $1,000 to $3,000 aftertheir retirement at the age of sixty-five orseventy. In 1922 the plan was changed toa Contributory Retiring Allowance Plan, inaccordance with' which the University con­tributed for the purchase of an annuitypolicy an amount equal to 5 per cent of theregular salary paid to the professor by theUniversity up to a maximum amount of$300 per annum and the professor contrib­uted an equal amount for the same pur­pose. This assured to the beneficiaries thepossibility of a larger income after their re­tirement than the earlier plan provided.The first plan remained in force for allthose appointed prior to the time the new.plan was adopted. The retiring age wasfixed in 1924 at sixty-five instead of seventyIyears.This is a quite inadequate record' of theprogress made by the University underPresident Judson. He was not allowed to 441retire when he reached seventy years of age,but was continued in office till he wasseventy-three, when he resigned and broughthis work to an end on February 20, 1923.In the President's Report for ;[922-23 hissuccessor in office, President Burton, afterdetailing the great advance that had beenmade in assets and in the annual attendanceof students, went on to say:To these figures which only partially reflectthe real progress of the University under Presi­dent Judson's administration, there should beadded as achievements of that period: a steadydevelopment of the work of research in variousdepartments of the University; a marked de­velopment of the libraries of the University,involving the increase of the staff from about30 to about 100 and the increase of the booksfrom about 400,000 to nearly 1,000,000; theconversion of the University Press from a bur­den on the financial resources of the Universityinto a self-supporting institution, without abate­ment, and indeed with increase, 'Of its educa­tional value; and a marked improvement in theUniversity's provision for the physical andsocial welfare of the women students in connec­tion with the erection of Ida Noyes Club House.After mentioning the great work lookingto the establisment of the Medical Schooland the adoption of the retiring allowancesystem, of both of which I have spoken,President Burton concluded as follows:"Such a record of solid achievement fur­nishes both the foundation for a substantialadvance and an imperative challenge tomake it."Dr. Judson continued his residence inChicago after his retirement and was stillknown as President Judson, the trusteeshaving, by special vote, conferred on him thetitle of President Emeritus for life.442President Mason ResignsPRESIDENT MAX MASON has re­signed to accept an appointment asDirector of the newly created Division ofNatural Sciences 0 f the RockefellerFoundation of New York. In his newposition, Dr. Mason will have general direc­tion of the activities of the Foundation inco-operating with universities and researchinstitutions in advancing the natural sci­ences, a work of international scope andimportance.His statement on his resignation has beenwidely circulated by the newspapers: "Thedecision to resign from the presidency ofthe University and to accept the positionwith the Foundation was made with greatdifficulty. The generous welcome given meon the part of the University of Chicagoand City of Chicago, the friendships whichhave been established here, the inspiringfuture of this great University, form tieshard to break."Trustees and faculty form a united,friendly, and able group, and my associa­tions with them have been of unmixedhappiness and satisfaction. My regret atsevering the connection with them and themany friends and supporters of the U ni­versity is too great to be expressed."Harold H. Swift, '07, president of theBoard of Trustees, said: "We greatly re­gret losing Mr. Mason from our presidency.H is three years tenancy has been one ofinspiration and accomplishment. We shallmiss him more than we can say but weheartily congratulate the RockefellerFoundation and understand that the op­portunity for nation wide and world wideservice as presented by the RockefellerFoundation is one which could not berefused."During the nearly three years of Presi­dent Mason's administration he has givenhimself with enthusiasm to the welfare anddevelopment of the University. In anamazingly short time he made himselffamiliar with its past achievements, itspresent conditions, and its future needs.He studied the work being carried on inclass rooms and laboratories, and made' the acquaintance of great numbers of the severalfaculties. In the arduous task of beingthe representative of a great university, hedelivered an almost unbelievable numberof addresses on educational subjects, par­ticularly upon the ideals and hopes of theUniversity. He was highly successful inbringing about close relationship betweenthe University and the City of Chicago.He stimulated the imagination of gen­erous men and women so that greater use­fulness of the University in the service ofhumanity has been made possible throughconsiderable additions to endowments andbuilding funds. A number of foundations,particularly in the field of medical research,have been, created, the usefulness of whichwill be realized for many decades to come.The building program which was under wayat the time he assumed the presidency hasbeen carried out, including the great U ni­versity Clinics and the Chapel.New buildings provided for since Mr.Mason assumed the presidency include theBernard A. Eckhart Laboratory for mathe­matics, physics, and astronomy; a newSocial Science building; the George HerbertTones Chemistry Laboratory; the BobsRoberts Memorial Hospital for Children,the Nancy Adele McElwee Memorial,the Charles Gilman Smith Hospital, andthe Gertrude Dunn Hicks Memorial.The guiding motive of President Masonin his educational policy was that oppor­tunity and not compulsion 'should be thespirit of the University. He broughtabout a change in the undergraduatecollege whereby the first two years of studyare to be devoted to general work andorientation, and the final two years tospecialization in a field of interest. Hisbelief that participation in research madethe process of learning more enjoyable andexciting led to an extension of under­graduate opportunity to participate in theproductive work of the University. At thepresent time, a comprehensive study of theentire educational method is in progresswhich is expected to lead to a new typeof college.4+3James Stephens AwakesEtched in Moonlight) By James Stephens. New York) The Macmillan Company. $2.50.TONG, long ago James Stephens woveL his leprecaun dances over the mistymoorlands of the Land of the Shee, splashedhis fancies with beauty, life and love, whilea dream-heavy army of readers throngedafter him in his quest for the Crock ofGold. But now he has forgotten the twoPhilosophers; he no longer thrills to thesilver of the pipes of Pan. J ames Stephenshas conquered another world, the world ofreality, yearning, and despair. It lies beforeus, vivid, haunting,-etched in moonlight.The title etching is a symphony of ebonshade and moonlight overhung by a pallof silence. There is the silence of sleep,for the whole story is a dream. There is thesteady pelt of silent desire, of love sup­pressed, but ever-there. Everywhere thereis the silence of night and a blotted, breath­ing world. There is the choking silence ofterror and faraway silence of God. For amoment the old James Stephens almostappears painting poetry with moonlight, buttoo soon it greys to shadowed symbolism.A man once had a will. It paled whileothers won his battles for him. One dayhe awakes-to despair and truth.There is no symbolism in the etching,Hunger. There is only the piercing sim­plicity of a great artist. There is only hun­ger and a woman clinging to life. Hungertakes two of her children from her, and thenher husband; hunger drives her to thestreets. But she does not complain. Dazed,she rallies the mind that is dying within her.Mute, she contemplates the smug who passher by. James Stephens' words, misery­charged, cut the pages with their starkness.The Wolf is a delightful contrast toH unger. Here is the quiet laughter of theJ ames Stephens who made the Thin Woman and her thousand maledictions.The Wolf is a man whose ears are put on sounhandily that you would swear he haddone it himself. His wife hits him on thehead hard and often until he wearies of herand revolts. He is drunk as a lord for onenight. Conversing with stones and treeshe staggers home taking two steps to theleft and then two to the right and thenone forward. A ditch claims him, andputting his cheek carefully on a soft pieceof mud, he goes peacefully asleep. Forawhile, at least, he is free.Another subtly titled story is Darling.Two people, conventionally married, livein a world that is a slab of nonsense. Everynight there is for him the little, bittermonotone of her voice. It drones and dronesand drones him' out of his home, his position,his mind. He is left alone with his spectaclesand the hope that some day he will see Godthrough them. Just as psychologically per­fect is Schoolfellows) the persistent tragedyof a life that failed.Much less pointed is the story-etching ofThe Boss. James Stephens was never meantto discuss business etiquette, for his quaintcharm falters in an office. Even the"challenge of wills" of the employee andemployer fails to arouse him to his pre­established technique. However, character­istically enough, the.last paragraph justifiesthe preceding pages.The most powerful of last paragraphs isthat of the story Desire which points boththe tale and title. A forty-eight year oldman wishes to be forty-eight forever. Thatnight his wife dreams a dream wherein allis bitter cold and she is alone. The wordsfreeze on the page; their whiteness is blind­ing. I t is a masterpiece of a dream, for444GOD INCOGNITOtnough James Stephens dreams, we live.When the woman awakes, her husband isdead, but more than that, the dream isexplained, the title justified. 445These are James Stephens' seven etchings-by moonlight, cold moonlight that fallsquickly on a waiting, weary world.ELOISE T ASHERGod IncognitoMr. Weston's Good Wine by T. F. Potoys. New York, The Viking Press, $3.50MR. POWYS has cheered up. Althoughhe still injects into the allegory ofhis latest novel much that is horrible, muchthat is depraved, he has nevertheless leav­ened it with the yeast of humour. Into histale of the English peasant in all of hisbrutality and depravity there glide God andthe Angel Michael, in a Ford deliverytruck, and two very philosophical peoplethey are, to be sure. God is at present travel­ing incognito, under the name of Mr. Wes­ton, selling his Good Wine, which may bethe vintage of Truth, Death, or Light, andMr. Powys brings to Folly Downs, theSodom and Gomorrah of 1928. The ensuingevents, transpiring in a few hours, coverthree hundred pages of the book, and maybe summed up as being an. orderly, philo­sophical Walpurgisnacht. People run in andout of doors; men stand in the stillness ofa November lane and cough portentously;a group of prominent citizens quaff ale at[he inn; an indecently mature corpse isexhumed, whether figuratively or actuallyri�atters little; and through it all Mr. Wes­ton and Michael wend their way, dispensingjustice. The squire's two sons, young rakesif young rakes ever were, are forced to doright by two girls they have wronged; ahusband finds relief from a domineeringwife, and the only two pure girls left inthe village are mated off, to Michael and toa modern prototype of St. Francis of As­sisi- This done, God and Michael ( thelatter's mating has been merely spiritual)touch a figurative match to the gas tank of their allegorical Ford, and vanish in thesmoke.Powys is not so bitter as his first sixbooks would show him. In laying aside hisanger at the doltishness of the peasant, hehas uncovered an unusual power for in­jecting glamour into his words. Because heomits nothing, often bringing in and de­scribing a character who does not figure inthe story, we have a sense of omnisciencethat is most pleasurable. It is as though theroofs of all of the houses in Folly Downswere lifted off, and we could see into thelives and thoughts of every inhabitant. Awish inherent in most of us is answered;curiosity is awakened and satisfied.Obviously, the book sh�uld be interesting.It is enthralling; without the too obviousand Paphian seduction of a detective tale,it holds us by the few glimpses we get ofgreat powers working behind the actionsof the characters. Our intelligence is notinsulted, nor is it strained by any far-fetchedallegory. The book is equally valuable as aview of country life, a Story about God,an intricate and amusing narrative, or ahalf-humorous, satyric sketch. If Mr.Powys has achieved a frame of mind fromwhich he can be merely amused at all ofthese happenings, it looks promising for hisfuture books. All of his books have beenimportant; it is to be hoped that this bookand those to follow may enjoy a widerreading.WINFIELD FOSTERPoetry of the EastNine Dragons, by Bertha Ten Evck James, '24, Harold Vinal, New York, 1927.44 pages. $1·50.THE oriental connotations of the titleof Miss James' book of poetry, andthe decorative gold dragon sliding downthe black boards of its cover, strike the notewhich gives this poetry that unity which asmall book of verse needs, and suggests thesource of much of its charm. The poems arenot chiefly oriental in subject, although thenine dragons of hill, sea, sky, water, rain,marsh, forest, earth, and cloud appear in thefirst pages, and Li-Po's Philosophy later. Itis rather in images, designs, color, and work­manship that one feels the spirit of the Eastpervade the book. The verses, whether theybe about Africa or the Indiana dunes, arelike the bright-colored, exquisitely-shapedlittle glass trees from China, or show theprecise design of Japanese gardens.Here is one called Africa, which might beembroidered III silk, so vivid and clear arethe designs:AFRICAAgainst a cold clear ,sky that waits the sun,Disturbed from some deep-hidden jungle pool,Great waterbirds float westward, one by 'One.Their startled cry snaps short the spell of night,Dark shapes against the brightening sky. ThenlastA rose-flamingo bathed in golden light.One finds the same quality in Ducks Rising:The water is like milk, and liesStill, under feathered cloudy skies,Beyond a plain of quiet sand.The sea is flatter than the landAnd there is nothing curving, moreThan the long languid curves of shore,Or here and there a duck that goesHarrowing water with his toes.Although most of the forty-one poemsare pure images like those just quoted, a fewcarry the decoration on a background of ideaor situation. One of the best of these is thesonnet Eve and A dam which ends the sestetwith a rath�r subtly humorous parenthesis:Then the defiant Eve was caught by fear;Perhaps she turned and reached for Adam'shand And leaned against his shoulder to be near,Not caring that he could not understand,Feeling him marvelously strong and good.(I think that Adam never understood.)In these poems, decoratively objective,one finds little emotion. This truth appearsin Nine Dragons not as a defect, and hardlyas a limitation, since the author has so ob­viously confined her choice to the descrip­tive work. One cannot combine extremerichness of decoration with intense feelingwithout becoming maudlin or confused.Miss James has chosen to express what shesees, and hears, and what she feels with theflesh rather than with the spirit. Andthough, as a result, the poems are never in­tense with emotion, they are always pleasant,clear, and unsentimental. In Freedom shesays:I have stilled myself from eagerness, I feelThe sweet unquiet strength of love no more,I watch marsh-pods as colorless as steel,Or a bird blown along a lonely. shore.While it is to the eye of the imaginationthat the poems appeal chiefly, there is a soft­ness and delicacy of melody and movementof phrase that gives them a sound characterdifferent from most imaginistic poetry. Andwhen certain sounds and images are com­bined in words and re-created for us, anemotion is awakened also, and we feel whatthe poet felt when the impulse for expressionfirst came. This is surely true in the bestlyric of the book. Here rhythm, melody, andan image combine to produce a single effect,which is emotional:WILD-GEESE CALLINGIt is so sad, to hear the wild-geese calling,The wild-geese beating southward from thesnow;After the melancholy pale leaves fallingAbove the withered sedge the wild-geese go,And like the shadows of a dead leaf blownFar over icy water and cold stoneAre these bird-shadows in faint sunshine dying.It is so sad, to hear the wild-geese crying;Forever seeking something beyond snow.GLADYS CAMPBELL446• • •In lilY 01)1J110nBy FRED B. MILLETT� Assistant Professor of EnglishIT is as impossible for anyone living inAmenca to ignore Mr. Mencken asnot to heed the ring of the telephone orthe monologue of the radio. Almost nozone of silence remains undisturbed by hisnoisy ballyhooing. And the echoes havebeen multitudinous. A devout editor whoenjoys literary flytings has gathered theloudest of these echoes in an impressiveSkimpflexicon� (Knopf, 1928), the un­relieved unintelligence of which must bringdelight and reassurance to the Bad Boyof Baltimore. There is no need to joinin the vituperation which has assailed Mr.Mencken's triumphant progress to thethrone of the High Priest of Americanletters. But a few notes on His Eminencemay corne this side of both idolatry andblasphemy.Fortunately, Mr. Mencken himself hasfurnished us the key to his critical pro­cedure, as well as his view of the functionof the critic in these times. He tells usquite frankly that he, as critic, "is tryingto arrest and challenge a sufficient body ofreaders, to make them pay attention tohim, to impress them with the charm andnovelty of his ideas, to provoke them intoan agreeable (or shocked) awareness ofhim, and he is trying to achieve therebyfor his inner ego the grateful feeling ofa function performed, a tension relieved,a katharsis attained which Wagner achievedwhen he wrote 'Die Walkure, and a henachieves every time she lays an egg." Thus,bv his own account, any consideration ofMencken must begin with a sorting outand arranging of the novel and charmingideas with which he delights and shocks(sic) his readers.,Mr. Mencken's ideas of life in Americaare the basis of his critical judgments.These ideas, like most people's, turn outto. be merely strong repulsions and attrac- tions. In his case, the antipathies are easierto come upon than the enthusiasms. Forinstance, Mr. Mencken hates democracydespite the fact that it offers him the end­lessly delightful contemplation of his ownaristocratic supenonty. The eternal femi­nine moves him to a slight disgust, althoughhe yields a reluctant admiration to itsingenuity in getting what it wants froma man-made world. Above all, he hatesthe ways and means of the middle class,its ideas o.f comfort and culture, its stand­ardized language and manners, its religiousbigotry, and its habit of inflating its egoby joining clubs with esoteric titles andparaphernalia.If we inquire what sort of life Mr.Mencken admires, we are forced to seekan answer in those literary mirrors ofAmerican life to which he would attractthe public gaze. Aside from the literatureof satire and vituperation, of exposure andmuck-raking (which makes one number ofThe American Mercury quite indistin­guishable from another), the literature ofwhich Mr. Mencken approves celebratestwo cults. One is the Cult of Naturalism,writing like Mr. Dreiser's or Miss Suc­kow's, which stresses the mean and unlovelyasoects of American life and character.The other is the Cult of th� Disreputable.(For by his hatred of the respectable.Mencken has worked himself into the falseposition of acclaiming the disreputable.)Among his favorite new writers, it is notsurprising to find ex-pugilists, unprofes­siunal tramps, "boot-leggers," and bankrobbers. He is almost ready to. announcethat the Great American Novel has justbeen written by a murderer who. hasfortunately turned to literature in the en­forced idleness of a life-sentence to SingSing.I t is not easy to. come to a satisfying447THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEconclusion as to the influence of Mr. Menc­ken upon American life and letters. Thatit has been tremendous, especially since thefounding of The American Mercury, goeswithout saying. That it has been neitheran unmixed evil or good is also apparentto one not completely at the mercy of hisprejudices. The good can be descried inhis sponsoring of Sinclair Lewis, SherwoodAnderson, Willa Cather, and TheodoreDreiser, (whose fame is due primarily toMencken's persistent advertising). Onthis side of the ledger, belong likewise hisinfluence in the exploiting of unfamiliarbut significant aspects of American sceneand thought, in records of American folk­ways in song and legend, in Miss Suckow'shonest if uninspired pictures of the horrorsof life in Iowa, and in the garish life- stories of tramps and circus-followers andpetty criminals. On the other hand, hisinfluence on style seems thoroughly bad.His drum-thumping, his tasteless and cheapeffects, are widely admired and as widelyimitated. What is more serious, however,is that his determined turning outward ofthe seamy side of American character andlife encourages young writers and readersin the belief that decency and graciousnessare neither existent nor desirable. Butthere is evidence at hand that the monot­onous repetition of his views and theirincreasingly mechanical expression, withthe fatal limitation of his enthusiasms tothe ugly and destructive, are tending tolimit his influence to the callow, the super­ficial, or the constitutionally cantankerous.SimplicityBy EULALIE BEFFEL(Reprinted from The Forge)I ASK no thingWhen I am dead.No prayers be sung,No songs said.N a flowers heapedAbove my bier,I only askOne still, bright tear.I only askThe smell of wetWild dogwood andOf violet.And do not nailThe coffin down.I may get upAnd come to town!I know I shallBe sad to stayWhen roots creep deepAnd tell me "May."�be mnibersitp of <tbicago JMaga�ineEditor and Business Manaaer, ALLEN HEALD, '26Advertising Manager, CHARLES J. HARRIS, '28EDITORIAL BOARD: Commerce and Administration Association-DoNALD P. BEAN,'17; Divinity Association-C. T. HOLMAN, D. B., '16; Doctors' Association-D. ].FISHER, '17, Ph.D., '22; Law Association-CHARLES F. McELROY, A.M., '06, J. D., 'IS;School of Education Association-LILLIAN STEVENSON, '21; Rush Medical Association­MORRIS FISHBEIN, 'r r, M.D., '12.ef/eJ\(T S � COM MeJ\(jThe sentimentalist faced in a monthwith graduation inevitably begins to takea last long look around him at this timeof the year. That is because later in hislife, when he is teaching school in EastTroy or, managing a foundry in NorthChicago, he will want to take an occasionallong swill of college memories to satiatethe thirst of his sentimentality. His mind then will probably not linger long on theaddress of the captain of industry at con­vocation, and it will probably just as quicklypass by the flat hours of Econ ro r . Maybeit will turn to autumn days when therewas a smell of burning leaves as fraternityfreshmen raked them out into the street.Maybe it will fly back to winter nights andfamiliar voices saying familiar thingsaround an eternal hearthfire. But surely itcannot forget the new greenery of the cam­pus trees in the last month of the lastSpring. To the brightness of these newlyexploded buds, surely, will the nostalgiaof later days turn in its seeking for a reliefthat no one finds. Certainly the phenom­enon of the new bright foliage is thesymbol of these fast-running final days ofsenior year. It is so universal and so recur­rent a thing. It-or the rebirth that itperennially represents-is, possibly, themost universal thing of all. And to youthit is the most significant. William McFeefound in the murmur of the wind in theSpring leaves an exhortation of "Youth. . . youth . . ."-not driving youngmen on to anything, but simply forevercalling to them. So, if you would have agood mental cry in the after years, lookwell on the leaves now.GEORGE MORGENSTERN, '29�449ALUMNIALUMNUS, INVENTORS, AND PHYSICISTCharles L. Sullivan, President of the DaytonAlumni Club, Orville Wright, Professor Comp­ton, and Charles Kettering.Professor ARTHUR H. COMPTON, oneof the two winners of the Nobel prize inphysics for 1927, addressed the DaytonAlumni Club and the Dayton EngineersClub the evening of May 21. His subjectwas "What Things Are Made Of." Hediscussed the problem of the nature ofmatter, and the bearing which recent studiesof light waves have upon that problem.Orville Wright, prominent in the de­velopment of the airplane from its infancy.and Charles Kettering, president of the A F FA I RSGeneral Motors Research Corporation andthe inventor of the Delco Light, the elec­tric refrigerator, etc., were among theaudience.The Memphis Alumni Club entertainedROWLAND . HAYNES, Secretary of the U ni­versity, at a luncheon June 7. Mr. Haynesreported some late developments in con­structive scholarship at the University.DEAN SHAILER MATHEWS of the Di­vinity School met with the alumni of Wich­ita, Kansas, at a tea on Sunday, May 27.He discussed the University's progress ingeneral, and reported in particular on theJunior College Scholarship project.The Alumni Club at Ames, Iowa, haselected the following officers for the comingyear:President, Miss Dora TompkinsVice President, Dr. D. L. HollSecretary-Treasurer, Miss Ruth Bazell.MARIAN E. DANIELLS, SecretaryThe San Francisco Alumni Club met onMay 15 for a luncheon at the Fishermen'sCave, Fish Grotto, 123 Powell Street.Two travel talks made up the program:"Across the Atlantic" by H. G. Shaw, '09,and "Across the Pacific"-glimpses of theOrient, the Antipodes, and the South Seas,by Kenneth A. Mather, 'Ig.THE Magazine is published at 1009 Sloan St.,Crawfordsville, Ind., monthly from November to July,inclusive, for The Alumni Council of the Universityof Chicago, 58th St. and Ellis Ave., Chicago, Ill. Thesubscription price is $2.00 per year; the price of singlecopies is 20 cents.Postage is prepaid by the publishers on all orders fromthe United States, Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, PanamaCanal Zone, Republic of Panama, Hawaiian Islands, Philip­pine Islands, Guam, Samoan Islands.Postage is charged extra as follows: For Canada, 18cents on annual subscriptions (total $2.18), on singlecopies, 2 cents. (total 22 cents): for all other co:m�riesin the Postal Union, 27 cents on anaual subscriptions(total $2.27), on single copies, 3 cents (total 23 cents);Remittances should be made payable to the AlumniCouncil and should be in the Chicago or New York exchange, postal or express money order. If local check isused. 10 cents must be added for collection.Claims for missing numbers should be made within themonth following the regular month of publication. Thepublishers expect to supply missing numbers free onlywhen they have been lost in transit.Communications pertaining to advertising may be sentto the Publication Office, 1009 Sloan St., Crawfordsville,T nd., or to the Editorial Office, Box 9 Faculty Exchange.The University of Chicago.Communications for publication should be sent to theChicago Office.Entered as second class matter December 10. 1924, atthe Post Office at Crawfordsville, Indiana, under the Actof March 3, 1879.Members of Alumni Magazines Associated.450NE"'S OF THEQUADRANGLES.A n ApologistIn this age of academic strenuousness,few people have a kind word for the fratboy. He is stamped an idler and a wastrel,and with that people try to forget him.We say "try" advisedly, for the lad withthe jeweled social price tag on his coat isomnipresent and irrepressible. He fillsthe nocturnal quiet with the clangor ofhis klaxon, which, as Thomas Jeffersonremarked of the Declaration of Independ­ence, rings out like a fire-bell in the night.He stamps about at debutante parties,religiously lowering the level of the waterline in the punch bowl. He whistles inthe movies when the flag goes by or ClaraBow appears in her teddy. He harriesprofessors with a persistent impenetrability.He disturbs the rich by hacking their golfcourses to pieces with mismanaged niblicks,and he shows his disrespect for the poorby penetrating the confines of Kelly's Placeand the Trianon alike. He is a sort ofuniversal Peck's Bad Boy, and a damnedgripe besides. Condemned from all sides,then, it is pleasant to encounter an indi­vidual who, like Saint Francis of Assisiand Walt Whitman, has a great enoughlove for all humanity to even include thefrat boy in it. Such a person has beendiscovered in the Dean of the GraduateSchool, Gordon Laing, who in a recentutterance listed these advantages of thefraternity man:a) He is the only economic factor knownto result in the lowering of rents. (Thelowering takes place on the house nextdoor.)b) In the course of a year a fewthousands of him consume enough ham­hurger loaf to maintain the figure of percapita per year consumption of hamburgerloaf in the United States at 5.2 pounds.Thus, countless millions are enabled to forego consuming hamburger loaf, althoughthe per capita figure remains the same andnational disgrace is accordingly averted.c) So many of him engage in games ofindoor ball on University Avenue throughthe day that the stream of wheeled trafficis, of necessity, forced to take to otherthoroughfares. This naturally makes theprogress of pedestrians crossing the streetsafer-provided said persons take pre­caution to guard themselves against flyballs, slipping bats and outfielders in fullcareer.Dean Laing had several other defencesfor the fraternity lad, but we forget them.Maybe it is because we are not so human­itarian as the Dean is when frat boys areconcerned, and lack the breadth of hissympathy.GEORGE MORGENSTERN, '29451NEWS OF THE CLASSE SAND ASSOCIATIONSCollege'oo--Earl C. Hales, 439 West 62dStreet, Chicago, is Master in Chancery ofthe Superior Court of Cook County., I 3- James A. Donovan has been ap­pointed Manager of the Bond Departmentof the Boulevard Bridge Bank, WrigleyBuilding, Chicago.'13-0scar A. Tingelstad, formerly onthe faculty of Luther College, Decorah,Iowa, on August I, 1928 will assume hisduties as President of Pacific Lutheran Col­lege, Parkland (Tacoma), Washington.'14-Mrs. James Pearce (Lydia Lee)writes "Keeping out of mischief by mother­ing three children, managing my home andteaching at the Kenwood-Loring School forGirls." Her address is 1327 East 52dStreet, Chicago.'rs-Mrs. Herbert Burkhart (EllaBurghardt) teaches Mathematics in theMorgan Park High School, Chicago.'Is-Andrew P. Juhl, A.M., Route "F",Box ro8, Fresno, California, completes hiseleventh year as a teacher in the Wash­ington Union High School at Fresno.'I6-Denton H. Sparks is Vice-Presidentof A. C. McClurg & Company, 333 E.Ontario Street, Chicago., I 8-Robert B. McKnight IS Directorof Public Relations of the National As­sociation of Ice Industries, 163 W. Wash­ington Street, Chicago.'IR-Mrs. Edward A. Wicher (Ida L.Oberbeck) will tour Europe this summerwith her husbartd and four children. Inthe latter part of September they will ar­rive in Jerusalem where Mr. Wicher hasbeen appointed as the annual professor atthe American School of Oriental Research.'2o--Mav A. Kliople, A.M., 400 N.McKinlev, Muncie, Indiana, teaches Eng­lish in the Indiana State Normal School,at Muncie. 'zo-e-Alfred W. Philips is Head of theDepartment of Mathematics at KansasState Teachers College, Emporia, Kansas.'z r-s-Hurfcrd H. Davison has been ap­pointed Assistant Merchandise Manager toDivisional Merchandise Manager for theMain Floor Departments of Lord &Taylor, New York City.'21-E. S. Hoglund, formerly located atCopenhagen, Denmark, can be reached incare of General Motors N ordiska, Stock­holm, Sweden.'22-Walter H. Dehning, 422 West 61stPlace, is Assistant Cashier of the 63d andHalsted State Savings Bank, Chicago.'22-Ethel A. Rumney is Assistant Pro­fessor of Mathematics at Kansas StateTeachers College, Emporia, Kansas.'23-Arthur E. Frankenstein, J. D. '25,has opened a law office at 1220-1222 NewMasonic Temple, 32 W. Randolph Street,Chicago.'23-Alice E. Sanford, 70 FairmontApartments, Salt Lake City, Utah, plansto tour Europe this summer, traveling byway of the Panama Canal.'24-Ferol E. Potter, 6060 KimbarkAve., Chicago. teaches Home Economics inthe Winchell Continuation School, Chicago.'25-Leo E. Donnelly, 7033 ClydeAvenue, is a salesman for the Home LifeInsurance Company, 120 S. LaSalle Street,Chicago.'25-Harry B. Ebersole, A.M. is a Pro­fessor in the Department of History at theNorthern State Teachers College, Mar­quette, Michigan.'25-Mrs. Gordon R. Mirick (Helen F.Cook) teaches Mathematics in the NewYork Training School for Teachers at NewYork City.'2s-Lillian D. Robbins is Director ofGirls' Activities at the U niversitv Settle­ment. New York Citv. Her address IS184 Eldridge Street, N ew York.452NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS'26-Louis E. Steinman, 1203 HydePark Boulevard, is General Manager ofDavis, Horwich & Steinman, Inc., Manu­facturers, with offices at 2256 S. LaSalleStreet, Chicago.'27-H. G. Brenke, who is a Public Ac­countant, is located at 1005 Hi-PointePlace, St. Louis, Missouri. 453'27-Mary L. Gordy teaches in the De­partment of Clothin.g and Textiles of theEast Tennessee State Teachers College,Johnson City, Tennessee.'27- John L. Tilley is teaching Reli­gious Education at Shaw University,Raleigh, North Carolina.Commerce and AdministrationChild Labor and the Tower of BabelSome Experiences of MOLLIE RAY CARROLLJ '15It is a pleasure to write of what I havebeen trying to do, because I owe whateversuccessful work I may have been able toaccomplish so very largely to the soundguidance of Mr. Marshall and of thoseinto whose classes he directed me. Thereis no blind loyalty in my belief that theUniversity of Chicago education is thesoundest that we have yet achieved; ratherthat belief is based on constant testing ofthe equipment which it gives one. Againand again I have been able to meet situa­tions or have been helped to a new graspof problems because of the sound and con­tinuing guidance of Mr. Marshall, MissAbbott, Mr. Hoxie, Mr. Merriam, andothers. Still I turn to them for help, whichis never denied.Almena Dawley and I were the firstones to receive the Master's degree in C.& A. That was in 1915. To each of us:Mr. Marshall gave endless time andpatient guidance. Each of us wrote athesis under the direction of Miss Abbott.Each felt the weight of the world on ourshoulders as we took the first Master's ex­aminations in C. & A. She went on toBedford Hills for research and has donebrilliant work in social investigation eversince. I stayed on in the graduate schoolunder the tutelage of Mr. Marshall. Thatyear my interests turned in the direction oflabor problems, which have been my mainfield of interest ever since.In 1917-18, I was with the Child LaborDivision of the Federal Children's Bureau,assisting in the enforcement of the first federal Child Labor Law. I shall neverforget June 3, 1918, the day that first lawwas declared unconstitutional, In onelarge cotton mill we had found and proved29 separate cases of children employed inviolation of the law; and were ready, thatday, to prove our case. That fall I wentto the Chicago School of Civics and <Phil­anthropy, which has now become the Grad­uate School of Social Service Administra­tion in the University. For two years Iwas staff lecturer there in industrial serv­ice. In 1918, as part of the School'sservice to the Federal Government, I hadcharge of the government preliminarycourse in employment management.In the fall of 1920, I went to the De-.partment of Economics and Sociology ofGoucher College, where I' have been eversince. In 192 I, I was made chairman ofthe Department, and in 1922, full profes­sor. At Thanksgiving time in 1920, Ireturned to Chicago for the Doctor's ex­amination, taking the degree at the Christ­mas convocation. My Doctor's thesis on"Labor and Politics" was published in theHart, Schaffner & Marx Prize Essayseries. In 1923 I became Miss Abbott'sVice-chairman in the Committee on Wom­en in Industry of the National League ofWomen Voters, and again found my Chi­cago friends leading me to rich, new con­tacts. When she was too busy to continue,I succeeded her, and later became one ofthe vice-presidents of the organization.This meant wide, practical experience in454 THE STORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOthe field of social legislation. In Baltimore,too, I have had, in seven years, rich op­portunity in the field of social work andsocial legislation. In the summers of 1926and 1927 I had the good fortune to teachat the University in Social Service Admin­istration with Miss Abbott and Miss Breck­inridge. This year I am blessed of thegods, having a Guggenheim FoundationFellowship for the study of present dayunemployment insurance in Germany. Itisn't easy, and I often think of the old Bib­lical story of the Tower of Babel, but Idaily appreciate more thoroughly the neces­sity of such exchanges if we are to havereal international understanding. Here inGermany, too, my Chicago friends count,for I came with letters of introduction toall the necessary people. Everywhere,therefore, I have received the most cordialand generous cooperation in my work.What I should like to tell, but this ac­court is already too long, is the way inwhich at every turn Chicago people havepried me out of a rut, as Mr. Merriamdid in making me consider the necessity ofa year off to study; have shown me thenext step or have offered rich, new oppor­tunines, Probably the story would be re­dundant, as it must be the experience of allChicago alumni.Rush'90-0. C. Neier, formerly of 5504 E.Washington Street, Indianapolis, is locatedat 20 Johnson Avenue, Indianapolis, In­diana.'gI-Carl G. Swenson is located at 447Fullerton Parkway, Chicago.'g6-M. R .. Miley is "still practicingMedicine" at Beecher, Illinois.'03- Josephine A. Jackson's book "Out­witting Our Nerves," published by the. Century Company in May 1921, is nowselling in its ninety-first thousand.'oo=-Arrie Bamberger, 1341 MadisonPark, is practicing Surgery at 30 N. Mich­igan Avenue, Chicago.'IO-George M. Crabb is Director andChief Surgeon at the Park Hospital Clinic,:Mason City, Iowa. 'II-Lee C. Gatewood has removed hisoffices to Suite 1308 Peoples Trust andSavings Bank Building, 30 N. MichiganAvenue, Chicago.. 'Is-Lyman A. Copps is specializing inOphthalmology at the Marshfield Clinic,Marshfield, Wisconsin,�I 7-Lee R. Woodward is on the staffof the Department of Internal Medicine atthe Park Hospital Clinic, Mason City,Iowa.'2o-William E. Cary, who practices In­ternal Medicine at 104 S. MichiganAvenue, has been appointed Clinical In­structor in Medicine at the University ofChicago.'23- Thorald E. Davidson is an Assist­ant in Surgery at the Park Hospital Clinic,Mason City, Iowa.'24-Heyworth N. Sanford specializesin Pediatrics at 820 Tower Court, Chicago.'26-Willard Sumner, who is in generalpractice at Edgerton, Wisconsin, is asso­ciated with the Shearer Clinic at Edgerton.'27- James W. Shaw is Assistant Sur­geon-in-Charge at the Santa Fe Hospital,Mulvane, Kansas.'28-John P. Wood, formerly located atWaco, Texas, is now stationed at the U. S.Naval Hospital, Norfolk, Virginia.EducationSCHOOL OF EDUCATION ALUM­NI REUNION AND DINNER-Thursday evening, July 12, at the U ni­versity. Reserve the date, notify otheralumni, ask the Association Secretary, Mrs.R. W. Bixler, Faculty Exchange, Schoolof Education, to reserve a place for you.Doctors of PhilosophyI n Education'04�In view of the wide interest whichhas been taken during recent years i�moral education, Dr. W. W. Charters'book, The Teaching of Ideals, has meta genuine need. Dr. Charters is Pro­fessor of Education at .the University ofChicago.NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS'15-Walter S. Monroe and Ollie Asherare the authors of a very helpful and muchneeded volume in Bulletin No. 36 of theUniversity of Illinois, A Bibliography ofBibliographiesJ issued through the Bureauof Educational Research of which Dr.Monroe is Director. Dr. Monroe's recentbook, Directing Learning in the HighSchool, is a comprehensive discussion ofmethods of instruction and of the organiza­tion of high school work.'15- The history book for use in juniorhigh schools, on which Dr. R. M. Tryonhas been at work for the past five years, waspublished in May, 1927, in collaborationwith Charles R. Lingle. The success ofthis book, which is entitled The A mericanPeople and Nation, is indicated by thefact that it has to date been adopted foruse in 840 school systems.'16-As a result of information securedfrom Board of Education in various sec­tions of the country, George S. Counts,Ph.D., Associate Director of the Interna­tional Institute of Teachers College, hasbeen able to complete one of the most ex­tensive studies of the practices of boardsof education which has thus far been pub­lished. The volume, which is entitled TheSocial Composition of Boards of Education,is Monograph No. 33, published by theDepartment of Education of the Universityof Chicago.'16-Professor L. V. Koos, of the Uni­versity of Minnesota is in California wherehe is making a survey of the j unior collegesof the State of California.'zo-e-Further application of the lab­oratory technique, which has been developedso well by Dr. G. T. Buswell of the Uni­ersity of Chicago, has been applied by himto the study of the problems of learningto read modern foreign languages. The re­sults of a recent study appear in the publica­tions of the American and CanadianCommittees on Modern Languages, Vol­mpe, 2, Macmillan Co., New York, as ALaboratory Study of the Reading of ModernForeign Languages. 455'zo=Martin J. Stormzand is Professorof Education at Occidental College, LosAngeles, California.'zo-e-Paul W. Terry, formerly of theUniversity of North Carolina, in Sep­tember, 1927, took up his duties as Professorof Educational Psychology at the U niver­sity of Alabama.'22-A new book by Associate ProfessorKarl J. Holzinger of the University ofChicago, Statistical Methods for Studentsin Education, has just been published byGinn and Company.'22-F. Dean McClusky, as AssistantDirector of the Scarborough School, Scar­borough, N ew York, is in practical chargeof the School, which is under the generalsupervision of Dr. F. McMurry.'22-Vard L. Tanner's present addressis 78 E. First Street, North, Salt Lake City,Utah.'23-Nelson B. Henry, Jr-. who was forthree years secretary of the Committee onFinance of the Chicago Board of Education,in September, 1927, returned to his formerposition as Professor of Education at LewisInstitute, Chicago.'24- The survey of the schools of WestVirginia, which was started last September,is under the general supervision of Dr.Lorimer V. Cavins, Director of the Re­search Department of the State Departmentof Education of West Virginia.'24-Homer P. Rainey, who took uphis duties as President of Franklin College,Franklin, Indiana, in the summer of 1927,is one of the youngest men now serving asa college president.'24-Eston V. Tubbs resigned his posi­tion as Professor of Education in LewisInstitute, to become Principal of the ChaseSchool, Chicago, Illinois.'25-Nelson Louis Bossing is AssociateProfessor of Education, University ofOregon, in the Extension Department atPortland, Oregon.'25-Professor Carter V. Good, MiamiUniversity, Oxford, Ohio, following thecompletion of a series of scientific studiesof extensive and intensive reading, has pub­lished for the use of teachers a volume456 THE UN I VERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcalled The Supplementary Reading Assign­ment.In Hygiene and Bacteriology'o7-Dr. P. G. Heineman is director ofthe Cook Laboratories, Chicago.'oS-Dr. R. E. Buchanan, Dean of theGraduate School and Head of the Depart­ment of Bacteriology at Iowa State Col­lege, has recently published the first volumeof a very important monograph on GeneralSystematic Bacteriology.'I2-Dr. Ernest E. Irons in his officialcapacity as Dean of Rush Medical Collegeis playing an important part in the organi­zation of the Medical School of the U ni­versity of Chicago.'I6-Dr. William E. Cary is investigat­ing outbreaks of food poisoning for the De­partment of Hygiene and Bacteriology ofthe University of Chicago. He is alsoassociated with the University Clinics.'I6-Dr. Emery R. Hayhurst's book"Personal Health" was published in June,1927. The treatise "Industrial Health,"of which he is co-author with Dr. Kober,has had a wide circulation. He is Pro­fessor of Hygiene and Chairman of the De­partment of Public Health at Ohio StateUniversity, Secretary' of the Section onIndustrial Hygiene of the American PublicHealth Association, and co-editor of theIndustrial Hygiene department of the"American Journal of Public Health."'I7-Dr. E. E. Ecker spent the summerof 1927 working at Cambridge University,England, on the coronary flow duringanaphylactic shock, and on skin reactions.He has now returned to Cleveland wherehe and Dr. Karsner are preparing for thesecond edition of their "Principles of Im-munology." .'IS-Dr. Walter G. Sackett is chiefbacteriologist at the Agricultural Experi­ment Station at Fort Collins, Colorado.'I9-Dr. Ida A. Bengtson of the UnitedStates Public Health Service has done not­able work on Botulism. She is now sta­tioned at Rolla, Missouri.'I9-Dr. Benjamin J. Clawson, Pro­fessor of Bacteriology in the University of Minnesota Medical School, is an active in­vestigator.'2o--Dr. Bernard W. Hammer is Pro­fessor of Dairy Bacteriology at Iowa StateCollege.'2I-Dr. Paul R. Cannon, of the Depart­ment of Pathology of the University ofChicago, is doing his main research on Ex­perimental Anemia.'2I-Dr. John E. Gordon is medical di­rector of the Herman' Kiefer Hospital, De­troit, a position which he took early in 1927.'2I-Dr. Ivan C. Hall is head of theDepartment of Bacteriology and PublicHealth of the University of ColoradoSchool of Medicine, Denver.'22-Dr. William B. Sharp, Professor ofBacteriology and Preventive Medicine atthe University of Texas School of Medicineand associated with the Student HealthService at the University of Chicago dur­ing the Summer Quarters, has had his book,"The Foundation of Health," come to asecond edition.'22-Dr. Harry M. Weeter is head ofthe Department of Bacteriology of the U ni­versity of Louisville.'23-Dr. Sara E. Branham has been do­ing research work at the medical school ofthe University of Rochester, N. Y., sinceOctober 1927.'23-Dr. W. E. Gouwens, who receivedhis M.D. degree from Rush in 1926, isworking in the University Clinics of theUniversity of Chicago and also practicingmedicine on the South Side.'23-Dr. N. Paul Hudson is a memberof the West African Yellow Fever Com­mission of the Rockefeller Foundation atLagos, Nigeria. They have been studyingsince the summer of 1927 the epidemic ofyellow fever at Larteh on the Gold Coast.The results of their experimental work in­dicate the successful transmission of the dis­ease to monkeys.'23-Dr. Leland W. Parr, of the Amer­ican University, Beirut, is investigating theepidemic of dengue which has recently beenprevailing in Syria. Some of the earliestwork on this disease was done in the sameregion by Graham.NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS'23-Dr. Robb S. Spray is Associate Pro­fessor of Bacteriology at the University ofWest Virginia.'23-Dr. 'W. A. Starin is head of the De­partment of Bacteriology of Ohio StateUniversity.'24-Dr. John T. Myers is head of theDepartment of Bacteriology at the U ni­versity of Nebraska Medical School.'2S-Dr. Allan F. Reith is in charge ofthe research work of the Department ofPreventive Medicine, the A. O. Smith SteelProducts Corporation, Milwaukee.'26-Dr. Lee M. Roderick is researchpathologist at the Agricultural ExperimentStation in Fargo, North Dakota.'26-Dr. Casper 1. Nelson is head of theDepartment of Bacteriology at State Col­lege, Fargo, North Dakota.'27-Dr. George W. Bachman is in­structor in the Department of Hygiene andBacteriology of the University of Chicago.'27-Dr. Gail M. Dack is instructor inthe Department of Hygiene and Bacteri­ology of the University of Chicago.'27-Dr. M. A. Jacobson and Dr. LloydB. Jensen are directors of the bacteriologyand serology departments of the ChicagoLaboratory.'27-Dr. Thurston L. Johnson is As­sociate Professor of Bacteriology at theUniversity of Arkansas.In Physiolo_qical Chemistry'I6-Maud L. Menten, has been extend­ing her investigations on changes in thepancreas and during the past summerstudied in particular the fish pancreas atthe United States Fisheries Station, BoothBay Harbor, Maine. She is at present As­sociate Professor of Pathology at the U ni­versity of Pittsburgh as well as consultingpathologist of the Children's Hospital ofPittsburgh.'I8-Lloyd K. Riggs, is now director ofresearch and Professor of Physiology atRutgers University, Newark, New Jersey.He has associated with him Miss Margue­rite Davis who at one time was an assistantin this department at, Chicago.'Ig-Esther M. Greisheimer, recently re- 457turned from a year abroad as a Guggen­heim Fellow. She spent considerable timewith Professor Cremer in Berlin and Pro­fessor Lovett Evans in the University Col­lege, London.'I9-Roger J. Williams, is AssociateProfessor of Chemistry at the University ofOregon. He is continuing his researcheson determining the chemical character ofbios, the yeast growth stimulant. Duringthe past year he completed his text book,"The Introduction to Organic Chemistry,"which appears to have been very favorablyreceived in many institutions.EverythinginLeather GoodsGifts of Luggage or Leatherare always appreciated for inmost cases they last a life time�As Near As YourMailb�x!WOODWORTHSThe Mail OrderBOOK STORE1311E. 57th St. NEARKIMBARK AVE.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEPaul H. Davis, 'II Herbert 1. Markham, Ex. '06Ralph W. Davis, '16 Walter M. Giblin, '23Paul I�LDl\vts & eo.MEMBERSNEW YORK STOCK EXCHANGECHICAGO STOCK EXCHANGE37 South LaSalle StreetTelephone Rand. 6280CHICAGOTHE YATES - FISHERTEACHERS'AGENCYEstablished I906PAUL YATES, Manager616-620 SOUTH MICHIGAN AVENUECHICAGO.Other Offict; 9II-I2 Broadway BuildingPortland, OregonMOSERSHORTHAND COLLEGEA business school of distinctionSpecial Three Months' IntensiveCourse for university graduatesor undergraduates givenquarterlyBulletin on RequestPAUL MOSER,]. D., Ph. B.u6 S. Michigan Ave. ChicagoUNIVERSITYCOLLEGEThedowntowndepartment of THE U NIVER­SITY OF CHICAGO, 116 S. MichiganAvenue,announcesPUBLIC LECTURESDowntown 6:45 - 7:45 P. M.April 3 to JuneTues: International RelationsThurs: Religions and CivilizationsFriday: Nature of World and of ManADMISSIONCourse Ticket $3.00 Single Soc '2I-H. B. van Dyke has been appointedAssociate Professor of Pharmacology atChicago. Prior to his appointment he spenttwo years in research in Edinburgh, Brusselsand Freiburg as foreign fellow of the N a-tional Research Council. .'23-W. C. Austin, Professor of Phys­iological Chemistry at Loyola UniversityMedical School, is on leave of absence asa National Research Fellow and is con­ducting investigations in carbohydratechemistry with Dr. C. S. Hudson at theBureau of Standards, Washington, D. C.'23-Eloise Parsons, M.D., 1925, afterspending a number of years at the MayoFoundation, Rochester, Minnesota, has re­turned to the campus and is at presentClinical Assistant in our new Departmentof Medicine. She is also conducting re­searches in the Department of Surgery.'24-Ida Kraus (Mrs. O. B. Ragins),has continued her studies on the estimationof tryptophane in proteins, together withstudies up on the rate of liberation oftryptophane from various proteins byenzymes.'2S-R. G. Gustavson, Professor ofChemistry at the University of Denver, waswith us during the summer quarter as aspecial Douglas Smith Fellow investigatingthe absorption spectra of the female sexhormone preparations. On returning toDenver he has continued his researches onthe female sex hormone in collaborationwith Dr. Robert T. Frank, and he is alsoco-operating with the department here inthe fractionation of irradiated cholesterol.'2s-Charles W. Saunders, left ThielCollege, Greenville, Pennsylvania, lastautumn to accept the deanship and headof the Department of Chemistry at SouthGeorgia Agricultural and Mechanical Col­lege, Tifton, Georgia. He has under wayfurther studies upon the production ofanemia by synthetic rations.'2S-H. C. Goldthorpe, bio-chemist atthe Presbyterian Hospital, Chicago, hasunder way interesting studies on the rela­tion of blood calcium to amenorrhea andmenorrhea, as well as to the fluctuation indaily calcium values in man and dogs asaffected by temperature and humidity.NEWS OF THE CLASSES AND ASSOCIATIONS'26-Martha Belle Farnum, has justcompleted her interneship at the MethodistEpiscopal Hospital, Gary, Indiana.'26-W. R. Tweedy, Assistant Profes­sor of Physiological Chemistry, Loyola U ni­versity, School of. Medicine, is continuinghis studies on the fractionation of the para­thyroid plasma calcium raising principle andbiological application thereof.'27-L. C. McGee is continuing his re­searches upon extracts of the testis in co­operation with the Sex Research Investiga­tion group in the Department of Zoologyat the University of Chicago.'27-0. M. Helmer has been with theRockefeller Institute since September 1927.MARRIAGESBIRTHSDEATHSMARRIAGESEdna Louise Clark, '20, A.M. '22, toChester K. Wentworth, '19, December 12,1927. At home, Joliet, Illinois.Marion Rubovits, '20, to Milton j. Ret­tenberg, April 4,1928. At home, 127 'Vest79th Street, N ew York City.Joseph M. Reich, ex '25, to Belle Weiss,December 18, 1927. At home, 843 East49th Street, Chicago.Osborne Williams, Ph.D. '26, to Max­ine Fletcher, July 19, 1927. At home, 326S. Roper Avenue, Gainesville, Florida.Nancy Lee Farley, A.M. '27, to John C.Wood, March 3, 1928. At home, 1021South r ath Street, Lincoln, Nebraska.BIRTHSTo William D. Dalgety, '17, and Mrs.Dalgety (Alice Holder) ex '19, a daughter,Jean, February II, 1928, at HighlandPark, Illinois.To Robert Valentine Merrill, Ph.D. '23,and Mrs. Merrill (Letitia Fyffe) '14, ason, John Fyffe, March 28, 1928, at Chi­cago.To Lewis A. Woodworth, '25, and Mrs.Woodworth (Dorothea Clinton) Ph.D.'24, a son, Douglas Rand, April 14, 1928,at Los Angeles, California. "I have had notice of my appoint­ment at ------- University and haveaccepted. You may rest assured Ishall endeavor to merit all you havesaid in my favor. I f I need good serv­ice again, I know where to get it."The man who wrote the above re­ceived his Ph. D. in 1926. Throughother means he accepted a minorposition. It remained for The Al­bert Teachers' Agency to secure forhim his real job in 1927.Hundreds of University of Chi­cago graduates and graduate stu­dents have been equally fortunate.They are in Colleges, NormalSchools, City and SuburbanSchools,Private Schools-veverywhere. Weinvite correspondence or a call.Forty Third Year.The Albert Teachers' Agency25 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago535 Fifth Avenue, New York City.---- JOHN HANCOCK SERIES ----The Worker'sWifeTtIIS advertisement is about Group1 !nsurance, a matter which is sureto come up for the consideration ofmodern business executives. Group in­surance will not settle all employeeproblems, but it will help tremendously.Consider only one angle: the Worker'sWife. In case of death or disability toher husband it is she and her childrenwho benefit by group insurance. Thismeans that she is going to help you inthe matter of the man' 5 contentment andco-operation in his job.This is only one angle of the problem. .For full details read "Management,Men and Motives," issued by this com- .pany. Your local John Hancock officewill be glad to send it to you or it canbe obtained by writingINQUIRY BUREAUA.G.SIXTY.FIFTH YEAR OF BUSINESS 459THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEA few Noteworthy BooksJust OutLincoln or Leeby Wm. E. Doddse.io postpaidPrinciples and Problemsof Right Thinkingby E. A. Burtt$3.15 postpaidAesthetics of the Novelby Van Meter Ames$2.60 postpaidAll New Books Obtainable,on Order from the.U . of C. Bookstore5802 Ellis Ave.TEACHER PLACEMENTSERVICEFISK TEACHERS' AGENCY28 E. Jackson Blvd., Chicago.For many years a leader among teachers'agencies. Our service is nation wide.AMERICAN COLLEGE BUREAU310 South Michigan Ave, Chicago.A professional teacher placement bureau,limiting its field to colleges and univer­sities.EDUCATION SERVICE811-823 'Steger Bldg., Chicago.A bureau chiefly concerned with theplacement of administrative officials,such as financial secretaries, businessmanagers, treasurers, registrars. directorsof Red Cross work, etc.The above organizations are under the man­agement of C. E. Goodell. ,for nine yearspresident �f Franklin College. Ind., and I:iMrs. Bertha Smith Goodell, for thirteen yearssupervisor and teacher of English in the HighSchool of Oak Park, Ill. DEATHSReune R. Coon, '74, D.B. '77, at GrandIsland, Nebraska, April 29, 1928. Mr.'Coon, who was a prominent Baptist church­man and writer for several denominationalpapers, was one of the oldest Baptist min­isters in the State of Nebraska.George Warren Hall, ex, May 3, 1928,at Chicago.Edward D. Moorhead, M.D. '90, April2'6, 1928, at Chicago. Dr. Moorhead, whowas chief of staff of the Mercy Hospitaland a founder of St. Anthony de PaduaHospital, became Head of the Departmentof Surgery at Loyola University in 1920.'For many years he was a director of theCatholic Hospitals . Association of theUnited States and Canada.Lorenzo Dow Inskeep, ex '98, at Berke­ley, California, March 25, 1928.Elmer Cummings Griffith, Ph.D. '02,Professor of Economics and Business Ad­ministration at Kalamazoo College, Feb­ruary 21, at Kalamazoo, Michigan.John E. Schwendener, M.D. '02, March28, 1928, at Bryant, South Dakota, wherehe had practiced Medicine since 1905. Atthe time of his death, Dr. Schwendener wasCounty Coroner, a member of the Boardof Health, Surgeon for the MilwaukeeRailroad and Vice-President of the BryantState Bank.William T. Hughes, S.M. '08, M.D.'09, May 18, 1928, at Oak Park, Illinois.Dr. Hughes was formerly associated withDr. Arthur D. Bevan but recently had beenin private practice at 127 N. Oak ParkAvenue, Oak Park, Illinois.Catherine C. Cleveland, Ph.D. '14,March 6, 1928, at Chicago.Jerome H. Raymond, Ph.D. '15, Febru­ary 22, 1928, at Evanston, Illinois.Gladys Cameron, ex '25, February 26,1928. Miss Cameron who was a memberof the Executive Council at the WorldConference of The Federation of U ni­versity Women, was the first New Zealandwoman to be awarded the Rockefeller In­ternational Fellowship,CJ!ie NATION'S BUILDING STONELibrary Screen, Harper Memorial Library, University of Chicago.Select Gray Indiana Limestone.For Noble Architectural MemorialsILLUSTRATED above is an example ofthe beautiful effect obtainable with aninterior of Indiana Limestone. Whetherfor elaborate carving, delicate tracery, orsmooth, uncarved surfaces, there is no build,ing material quite equal to this for the in'teriors of fine limestone buildings.More than 65% of the building stone ofall kinds used in the United States is Indi­ana Limestone. 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It is a national enter­prise in research, engineering and manufac­ture so that every telephone user may havethe best that concentration and quantityproduction can achieve.There are twenty-four operating com­panies devoting their energies to telephoneproblems throughout the United States­for example, the Northwestern Bell TelephoneCompany operating throughout Iowa, Min­nesota, Nebraska, North Dakota and SouthDakota. It has I 1,000 men and women­friends and neighbors of the other people intheir towns - working to maintain in its territory the best standards in teleph­ony now known.InNew York,in the American Tele­phone and Telegraph Company andthe Bell Laboratories, are 5000 persons, incl ud­ing scientists, engineers and consultan ts in man­agement, engaged in inventing better appa­ratus and discovering better ways to do things.The Northwestern Company with i tsI 1,000 employees has the use of all that thisgroup of 5000 in N ew York discover andperfect. Likewise the other twenty-threeoperating companies. They are regional or­ganizations adapted to local conditions, bu tbehind every telephone in ci ty or hamlet isthe national organization for the develop­men t of the telephone art.L