UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEUNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO, ILLINOISBgentsTHE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANYNEW YORKTHE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESSLONDON AND EDINBURGHUniversity of ChicagoMagazineEDITED BYCyrus Leroy Baldridge, ' I I Frank W. Dignan, '97Harry Arthur Hansen, '09 David A. Robertson, '02James Weber Linn, '97andHorace Spencer FiskeVOLUME IVNovember, 191 i— July, 1912Continuing The University Record, Volume XIII, and The ChicagoAlumni Magazine, Volume IITHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO PRESSCHICAGO, ILLINOISNovember, 191 1January, February, March, April, May, June, and July, 191.ELDRIDGE BOURNEProfessor of History, College for Women, Western Reserve UniversityConvocation Orator, September i, ignUniversity of ChicagoMagazineVolume IV NOVEMBER, IQII Number iTHE LIBERATION OF GOOD WILL1BY HENRY ELDRIDGE BOURNE, D.B., L.H.D.Professor of History, College for Women, Western Reserve UniversityYOU who today complete the period of your formal educationseem in a new sense to face the world. We frequently describeyour situation by saying "Life is before you" — as4f you had not alreadybegun to live. The cartoonist seizes a fancied contrast between anuntried confidence, born of cloistered successes, and the skepticism ofthe great world beyond the university walls, and pictures the younggraduate, with thesis in hand and upraised gesture of instruction, confronting the wearied countenance of the old round earth. We knowthat your minds are less likely to be occupied with thoughts of approaching intellectual and moral conquests than with the modest perplexitiesof finding a place in the line of applicants for success in the vocationyou have chosen. Even if by temperament students are inclined to anattitude of assurance, such exuberance can hardly survive three orfour years of life in the chilling atmosphere of university criticism.Moreover, the newer studies of the curriculum, especially history, economics, politics, and sociology, make them better acquainted with theformidable problems of the modern world. From the street come thecries of the muck-raker, the accusations of rival politicians, the noise andconfusion of daily controversy and conflict. These are almost enoughto render impossible an attitude of overconfidence, and to replace it bya premature feeling of cynicism and world-weariness.But if you face the world provided with no formula for the cure ofall its ills, you have at least a right to demand of it, "What are the1 Delivered on the occasion of the Eightieth Convocation of the University, heldin the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall, September i, 1911.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEprospects of life in our day?" By this I do not mean the chance ofyour own individual success. For you the business of life includesmore than efforts to realize the dream of a career, which may fade intothe soberer problem of earning a living. Your lives have larger relationships. You are citizens of the community and are interested inits welfare. The community passes through crises when burdens growheavier, evil seems on the increase, and dangers appear more menacing.Again there come times when progress ceases to be a laggard, when greatprinciples become watchwords, and crusades are victorious. I do notthink it would be a spirit of idle curiosity which would prompt you to askwhich of these descriptions is likely to fit the period of your activecareers. Are the problems of society bound to become more bewildering in their complexity? Or have paths been struck along which weshall move toward a better scene, so that some day we may look backupon these beginnings as Wordsworth looked back upon the days ofhis youth —Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,But to be young was very heaven!.... the whole earth,The beauty wore of promise, that which setsThe budding rose above the rose full-blown.If there is promise of salvation in the consciousness of need, surelya great day of deliverance is at hand. We can easily enumerate theevils which should be removed, for there has been no lack of prophetsto point them out. Never was the cry for reform louder or more insistent. Like the church in the later Middle Ages, we evidently need"reform in head and members."Just now the sense of need generally borrows the terminology of theeconomist and points to inefficiency and waste as our special dangers.We are told that our railroads and manufacturing enterprises, evenour schools and colleges, are administered inefficiently. Our educational system is criticized on the ground that it often fails to fit the pupilto take a successful part in the tasks of production. From much of thelanguage which is used we might infer that our highest ambition is toutilize completely every resource and to win still more astonishingsuccesses in harnessing to our service the powers of Nature. We awaitwith breathless interest the census returns in order to learn how bigwe are and what has been the rate of growth. If the serious ills ofmodern life are mentioned, the amount of social wreckage, the numberLIBERATION OF GOOD WILL 3of idlers, of tramps, and of criminals, we find it convenient to measurethe evil by the size of the budget of police and judicial expenditure.In the same fashion we often reckon the failures of democratic government in amounts of public money wasted; the cost of strikes in termsof the loss of wages and of profits; and the burdens of militarism inpercentages of income demanded, with the possibility of the morewanton and terrible ruin which war itself brings.The argument from loss is sound and often persuasive against theevils of strikes, because it is generally the desire of gain either on thepart of the employer or the employee that brings on the strike. It isperhaps the strongest argument with the tax-payer to discredit thepolicy of heaping up armaments as insurance against the risks of war.But mere lessening of waste or increase of efficiency would not of themselves announce the dawn of an era which we should feel inclined tohail in the lines of Wordsworth.In the sphere of social development the dominance of industrialideals may be positively mischievous. For too long a time, as a people,we were controlled by the notion that nothing must be done whichwould retard our industrial development. If we were reminded thatin certain industries the conditions of life imposed upon the employeewere physically weakening and morally bad, we replied that changewould increase the cost of production. Great establishments werecrowded together in huge cities because this was economically advisable, although the practice might compel the workmen to live in quarters almost as narrow, and surroundings as dreary, as those of a prison.To the man of initiative who had a practical plan for facilitating thegrowth of our cities or opening new lands for settlement we were lavishwith franchises and privileges, tying up in a sort of perpetual entail asprivate property rights which should have remained under the controlof the community.If you are to see the dawn of a better era, I repeat, it will not bebecause you may witness new triumphs of genius in the production ofriches. There have been times and places which might be describedwith sufficient exactness in Goldsmith's familiar line,Where wealth accumulates and men decay.No — if such an era comes, it will be, rather, because the child, andespecially the children of the cities, will have a better chance for anormal and harmonious development. In that era the city will ceaseto resemble the camp some temporary industrial enterprise has gatheredTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEabout it, and become a place where the natural activities, interests, andaspirations of life find completer expression than ever was to be hadin the small town or village. In that era there may be the waste ofstrikes, but a method will have been perfected through which thenatural good will and common-sense of employers and employees mayusually succeed in preventing them by reasonable compromises. Wemay be distressed by wars, but the chance of war will be lessened.Men are learning that having spent millions in organizing for victoryor defense against the time when the expected quarrel shall occur, itwould be wise to spend thousands in organizing a machinery of goodwill, of sober second thought, of national restraint, and of the spiritof justice.The dawn of such a day would be hailed as a deliverance. Itscharacteristics could be summed up adequately in the words of mysubject, "The Liberation of Good Will." The good will in the child,the impulse to healthful, useful activity does not have to be created:it only needs to be liberated by furnishing more favorable environmentand more intelligent direction. Good will exists in groups of working-men and associations of employers, but is too often crowded back byunreasonable suspicions, traditions of struggle, blind passion of conflict.Nations also in all ordinary matters seem filled with good will towardone another, in spite of the fact that they watch their frontiers, armedto the teeth. All that is necessary is to liberate and organize thesefundamental impulses, and two-thirds of the danger of war will instantlyvanish.In using the phrase "Liberation of Good Will," I am not indulginga love of fanciful analogy. If we study the conditions under which thechild of the great city grows to manhood or womanhood, we mustbecome convinced that in many cases Nature's gift of powers, instincts,and impulses has slight opportunity to develop into trained capacity,sound habits, and elevated character. The child is a delicate mechanism which may easily be thrown out of gear. The clogging of oneinstinct checked continually destroys the balance of action in the whole.The overemphasis or distortion of another instinct may be equallydangerous. Even when most of the conditions are favorable, we cannot always feel assured that the boy or the girl will grow into the manor the woman of our dreams; lessen the favoring conditions and hopeseems almost ready to vanish. I do not mean that children in unfortunate surroundings are in grave danger of becoming positively bad. Theirparents are often able, in spite of wrong conditions, to turn the scaleLIBERATION OF GOOD WILL 5in favor of right doing. But their lives may be only half developed,their capacities stunted, and their existence more likely to be a burdenthan a joy. It is true that Nature has her miracles. The man ofunusual powers, of energy, of purity of character, emerges from a squalidenvironment. We hail the self-made man — we cannot know what anextraordinary endowment of healthful impulses Nature bestowed uponhim. All we do know is that he had little nurture. But for the others,the weaker ones, upon whom Nature lavished no especial gifts, whenfirst this and then that favoring condition is subtracted, the chancesare becoming fewer that the higher good will prevail over the lowergood, possibly not even over the bad and vicious. Some children seemborn to worthlessness, much as Calvinism taught that many were foreordained to a hapless doom. The election is as unconditional in the onecase as in the other.This was indelibly impressed upon my imagination not long ago,as I was entering a college campus situated in the comfortable residencequarter of one of our large cities. Walking along the path toward mewas a boy of a type I had never seen before in that part of the town.His appearance and air were in sharp contrast to the quiet surroundings, the close-clipped lawns, the stately buildings, where everythingsuggested studious ease, refinement, elevation of thought. His clotheswere misshapen, ragged, dirty; his shoes torn. But he was not a weakling; he was strong, quick in his motions, yet with the sort of waryalertness which said plainly that he was a truant, perhaps already a pettythief, with a spirit more than commonly venturesome. The suggestionsof that campus world were not for him; and its strangeness, its largespaces, filled him with vague fear, and he hastened away, glancingabout as he went. I walked on, feeling that this boy and hundreds likehim must be rescued, their better nature liberated, if we were not tofind them later among our mass of idlers, enrolled in the army of hoboes,or behind our prison walls.It is a sobering reflection that with all our astonishing success inorganizing industry and in producing wealth, the waste of human lifeseems relatively as great as ever. Modern society has lengthened theworkman's bill of fare, improved his clothing, and brought within hisreach many new forms of excitement, but it has often forced him intoconditions of living dangerous to his physical health and moral welfare,and especially harmful to the normal development of his children. Theevil is mainly the consequence of the way in which population, increasing from decade to decade by enormous percentages, has been outgrow-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEing the older framework of civilized life which was suited to the smalltown or the country village. The change came so rapidly that we haveonly begun to form adequate plans for the organization of life in largecommunities. Tenement house commissions and Pittsburgh Surveysexhibit to us, in statistics of persons per acre and in descriptions of typicaldwellings, what is meant by congested population. It may be thatfrom the windows of an elevated train we have gained, as it were, acomposite photograph of the narrow, monotonous, dreary, squalid conditions under which life is carried on and the impression was so strongthat we were nearly sick with distress.What do these things mean in the moral history of men and women,more especially in the development of children ? They mean thatthe family life is maintained at the maximum of disadvantage, andthe ordinary sheltering and restraining influences of the home areseriously weakened. For play the child must resort to streets andalleys, where the panorama of life may stimulate a precocious alertness,but is not elevating. If he is old enough for his play to take the formof organization, the result is the gang, which finds its quest for adventuresatisfied by the thrill of petty depredations. Sometimes the early history of the race is typified in fierce battles of gang with gang, fightingfor a better frontier in a deserted lot or a wild gully. These are casesof the play instinct misdirected.The search for pleasure and for companionship takes the young menand women to the moving picture show, the cheap vaudeville, and thepublic dance hall — too often the annex of the saloon. Here they findlittle to refine the natural impulse which moved them to come, andmuch to pervert and degrade it.The dangers of youth are increased when the boy or the girl tooearly joins the army of workers in shop and factory. The child is frequently compelled to undertake tasks beyond his powers of endurance.He has not the skill of hand nor the continuity of attention to do his worksucessfully. He soon becomes weary of the never changing monotony.He fails; seeks employment elsewhere, fails again; and so the storyruns, until if he develops into something better than a tramp or a drudge,it will be contrary to the rules of chance.In our overcrowded cities it is not the children of the poor who arethe only sufferers. The children of the well-to-do, who live in apartments or even in houses without yards, have no good playground butthe street and little opportunity to express their impulses in somehealthful form of activity. It is true the street is cleaner and theLIBERATION OF GOOD WILL 7saloon or the five-cent theater more remote, but the lack of outlet foryouthful energies turns the children into searchers after excitement,which the parents must indulge, in order to secure that peace of themoment more precious to them than the vague advantage of a harmoniously developed youth.The conditions which interfere with the harmonious development ofthe child add to the burdens of men and women. For the sane and healthful progress of these lives also something more stimulating is neededthan the "dreary round, the common care." They too should breathethe atmosphere of play and have a fair balance on the side of joy againstdays of trial and suffering. These supporting influences are so oftenlacking in multitudes of lives that we have reason to wonder at thepatience and good will which commonly characterize them. Sometimesthe result is the starving of power and impulse. The unrelieved strainmay also become a spring of bitterness which, at the beginning of socialconflict, will burst forth in a torrent of destructive rage. The distancebetween the haunts of anxious poverty and the streets of superciliouswealth is often inconveniently short.Is it not apparent that there is before us a work of liberation asgreat as quickened the zeal of reformers in other days ? A similar workis needed in the industrial world. We have learned that there is apsychology of the group and of the social class as well as a psychologyof the individual. The group has its controlling ideas and its characteristic modes of action. Its special dangers are a narrow conceptionof its rights, class jealousies, and the fighting spirit. This fightingspirit may raise persons who, under ordinary circumstances, are inoffensive and perhaps estimable, to heights of heroism, or sink them to thelevel of savages. A prominent labor leader has asserted, "It is difficultto underestimate the gain from a righteous labor uprising, and thereare few forms more uplifting than the strike spirit that cements a vastarmy of crude men." He might have added that the strike spirit, misdirected, is capable of atrocities which would disgrace a battlefield.The struggles of nation with nation are also uplifting. We could hardlyspare from the annals of mankind the stories of self-sacrifice, courage,and splendid leadership to which these struggles have given occasion,and yet there is nothing the nations of the earth more ardently desirethan an honorable way of settling their disputes elsewhere than on thebattlefield.The obstacles to human progress often seem as unlikely to be brokenthrough as those walls of vested wrong which the poet Sill describes.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThey had been centuries in building, and were as smooth as porphyry,without crevice or chink where an assailant might open a breach.But by and by, earth shakes herself, impatient;And down, in a great roar of ruin crashWatch-tower and citadel and battlements.We do not hope at once to stand like Sill's Reformer, untroubled by theills which now confuse our vision, but signs there are which indicatethe approach of a better day. Notwithstanding the rumors of war,the heralds of peace are sounding their message more constantly thanever before. In the industrial world we are obliged to strain eye andear a little to believe that the forces of common-sense and good will aregaining strength, but even on this field the omens are not all unfavorable. It is, however, with the problems of childhood and youth in ourgreat cities that the most significant progress has been made.In the first place we understand the child better. The scientificinquiries of the last thirty years have been illustrating in terms ofobserved fact the brilliant guesses of Rousseau's sympathetic genius.We are beginning to abandon the easier line of the repressive "don't"to search for the best ways in which the natural impulse to "do" maygain full expression. We have learned that play is something morethan time-filling diversion; that it is a happpy method of growth andtraining. We have discovered that many children have more vacationthan they know how to use, especially if it means "unmitigated sidewalk, day in and day out." Play is an art which they cannot masterunaided; although each generation of children transmits to the generation following games as old as Homer. But children also feel the impulseto construct, or to create, or to collect, or to care for plants and animals. As they grow older the instinct for companionship and association takes many forms. Later it is the pleasures of the drama or thedance that make the strongest appeal. Of all these tendencies of childhood and youth we have learned to be something more than spectator — delighted when everything goes well and is nai've and idyllic,alarmed or indignant at outbreaks of selfishness, brutality, or sinisterpassions. We are beginning to understand that these instincts andinterests must be utilized and directed in order that the child maydevelop harmoniously and that the best in him, rather than the lessergood or the evil, may be fully liberated and become his distinguishingcharacteristics.Our change of attitude concerns also the child in school. Some ofLIBERATION OF GOOD WILL 9us find one reason why more than half the children do not complete theelementary grades in the fact that the traditional rudiments have leftmany incipient powers unexpressed and undeveloped. Simple-mindedparents have felt instinctively that the work of the school had slightrelation to the real tasks of the industrial world. The older theoryalso ignored the danger to character of so separating labor and education that labor is left meaningless, its monotony unrelieved by thethought of scientific principles which it is putting into usable form, orof the art which should add beauty to the product, or of the commerceto which it is contributing.The new analysis of the problem began to result about twenty yearsago in practical measures. The ancient ills were no less menacing andthe shadows they threw across the pathway were still dark, but a betterapproach had been discovered, a sounder strategy. In the two decadessince the first steps were taken public opinion all over the country hasbecome alive to their importance and several communities are supporting them with a joyous enthusiam.In some ways the social settlement was the pioneer enterprise, forin the settlements were gathered sensitive and prophetic spirits whoprotested against the industrial ideal and who thought that the dogmaof laissez faire might well be laid beside certain other dogmas which nolonger had a work to do for mankind. Often from the settlement groupscame the suggestion of specific remedies, suggestions adopted as a partof the philanthropies of the community or accepted by the municipalgovernment as a civic duty.The movement to establish playgrounds which were more thanopen lots, and where play should be directed and organized, beganstill more recently, although Chicago had set a good example in theWashington Park playground as early as 1876. Even in 1897 a NewYork committee on small parks reported that New York had not "asingle municipal playground, and not a school playground worthy ofthe name." Two years later began the work of Chicago's special ParkCommission which was to establish recreation centers for the congested districts of the city, centers which might be used by men andwomen as well as by children. Within the last twenty years, also, havecome the beginnings of the "home gardens" or child gardens, and thevacation schools. The changes in our educational system have beenequally significant. To the year 1897 belongs the first public appropriation, in this case made by the state of Pennsylvania, for a distinctively trade school.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThese are only a few of the enterprises undertaken recently, whichshow that the newer conception of the problem has already resulted inpractical measures. The churches and the religious associations foryoung men and women have discovered the meaning of the movementand are broadening the scope of their work to include its methods.These efforts have not been limited to the welfare of the child whois never delinquent; they have sought to save to the control of his betterself the child who has broken the laws and has been arrested. He hasbeen separated from the ordinary criminal and his case referred to aspecial juvenile court. The state is ceasing to treat him as an enemyand has adopted the attitude of a parent or guardian.Considered together such efforts are significant of our newer thoughtof the city. We are not content to regard it as an aggregation of factories, shops, railway yards, and houses, the inevitable consequenceof blind economic forces. Nor do we feel that we have done enoughwhen we have emphasized its general dreariness by the pretentiousarchitecture of a few public buildings or by parks remote from thecrowded quarters. We are beginning to talk about planning cities, andthis should mean something better than squandering millions uponmunicipal palaces. The city which is intelligently planned shouldmake possible for its inhabitants complete living — work under wholesome conditions, education, play, recreation, and artistic enjoyment.There would be no significance in emphasizing beginnings and inmentioning dates, if there were not encouragement in the fact thatnearly all are recent. They suggest that the phrase, "dawn of a betterday," may be something more real than a figure of rhetoric. Theeagerness with which the pioneer enterprises have been imitated inmany communities also indicates that we are in the presence of a well-defined movement. If the social settlement was ever chiefly a reminderof an obscured ideal of human brotherhood, it has long since becomean indispensable instrument for affording expression to the manifoldimpulses of a hundred neighborhoods.The leaders in city life were slow to discern the necessity for playgrounds. But a year ago the Playground Association of America reportedthat more than one-third of the cities in the United States maintainsupervised playgrounds, and that of such playgrounds there were actuallyabout 2,000. Chicago alone has expended ten million dollars on recreationcenters. Statistics are commonly not thrilling, but can we escape a feelingof joy at the thought that in this city, in one year, oven five million persons used the ten recreation centers of the South Side ? This does notLIBERATION OF GOOD WILL 1 1mean that they walked in the parks or dozed placidly on the benches.It means that they joined in the work of the gymnasiums, or swam inthe pools, or met with their associates in the club-rooms, or shared inthe pleasures of social gatherings in the assembly halls. It means thatfive million hours of healthful expression of natural impulses replaced fivemillion hours where the same impulses were repressed or found expression in ways less useful.It is already possible to measure gains in moral values. Carefulinvestigation has shown that in the neighborhood of the recreationcenters in Chicago cases of juvenile delinquency have decreased over25 per cent. In the social settlement or civic center many a gang hasbecome a club where the qualities of shrewdness, brutal courage, andeagerness for excitement, have, under the discipline of team work andcommon tasks, given way to higher qualities of leadership, skill, intelligence, readiness to strive for a victory that will belong to all, and loveof fair play. The policeman and the school-teacher have found thatwith such training boys have become more erect, self-respecting, easierto manage, less inclined to acts of petty depredation, and more willingto work. Similar gains are to be found in the records of every characteristic enterprise in this movement.If this work for the liberation and development of the best that isin childhood and youth, and, indeed, in all, young and old, is to goforward successfully, there must keep pace with it work for social peaceand for peace between the nations of the world. To borrow for themoment the economic mode of statement, it is only by ending the wasteof industrial warfare and of overgrown military expenditure that resources can be found for a stronger fight against the extraordinarywaste of humanity caused by bad conditions of living. And to promotepeace in industry or between nations is also to liberate good will.I have said that the good will exists. You recall the story of thethreatened strike at the iron works of Abram S. Hewitt. The millshad been running at a loss, and although the wages of the men hadbeen reduced, the losses still continued. The men did not understandthe real situation, and, becoming suspicious of the company's goodfaith, demanded a restoration of the old scale of wages. Mr. Hewittexplained to them that it was impossible, and asked them to employan accountant to examine his books, promising to abide by the report.The result was that the men saw the true condition of affairs andactually asked that their wages be reduced by 10 per cent more. Employers and employees often are separated by greater differences thanTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthis, but the strike and the lockout are most frequently the consequence,not of fundamental disagreements, but of misunderstandings, antipathies, memories of conflict, and class hatreds. It is through theelimination of these unessential causes that peace must come. Partof this will be accomplished by improvement in the conditions underwhich men and women often work. For too many there is only a stepbetween the place where they stand and want or utter ruin. Accident,illness, or lack of employment occurs, and the narrow margin of securityis gone. The strong and thrifty may still be fairly safe, but others withdifficulty struggle out of the slough toward firmer ground. No wondermen fight bitterly when a single defeat may mean complete overthrow.To take away this haunting fear is, therefore, one means of giving goodwill a chance of control. Another means is the establishment of boardsof conciliation, like that in the north of England, which for a generation has prevented strikes in the iron and steel trade. A similar workwas done in this country after the great coal strike, nine years ago, bythe Anthracite Board of Conciliation. In such efforts the first aim is tosubstitute knowledge for prejudice, and to give each of the groups inconflict an understanding of the way in which the case appears to theother. It has been said that "when the representatives of each sideget their feet under the same table, and cigars are lighted," the controversy generally results in an agreement or compromise. The Canadian law of 1907 embodies another factor, recognizing the right of thegreat third party, the Public. This law requires an investigation andan effort at conciliation before a strike or a lockout may legally beinaugurated in trades, like mines, railways, and steamship lines, whichimmediately concern the welfare of the community. If, after the specialcommittee of conciliation makes an award, the decision is not accepted,the appeal is to the Public through a full report, and without the moralsupport of public sympathy it is difficult to win victories in industrialwarfare.Just now the prospect of the liberation of good will in the affairs ofnations is especially bright. Membership in peace societies has ceasedto be made up of "ideologists" and visionaries. The list of arbitrationtreaties is growing so rapidly that their successsful negotiation betweenany save the great peoples no longer receives comment. A presidentof the United States has had the courage to propose an agreement toarbitrate all differences, even those which appear to involve nationalhonor, and two powerful nations across the Atlantic — Great Britainand France — have accepted his overtures. Nor are results altogetherLIBERATION OF GOOD WILL 13of the future. There is an international court of justice at The Haguebefore whose bar nations have already appeared and whose decisionsthey have accepted. It is true that the cases have not been of the firstmagnitude, but the way to the rule of good will often lies through theelimination of minor causes of misunderstanding, offering a clearer headand calmer feelings for the settlement of important matters. All thesethings have been accomplished within fifteen years. Although armaments are still being pushed forward with feverish haste and the billof expenses is constantly growing, we have a right to hope that a betterday is at hand.Even if these causes of human betterment meet occasional defeatin your day, there is no ground to despair of final success. The assurance is the more certain because in each case the analysis of the problemis sound and the method of approach wisely considered. The measuresare practical. Our leaders do not propose to make the mistake, whichFrederick the Great ascribed to Emperor Joseph, of always taking thesecond step before taking the first.This is a work in which every one, or in Wordsworth's phrase, the"meek or lofty," may have a share. All arecalled upon to exercise their skill,Not in Utopia, subterranean fields,Or some secreted island, Heaven knows where !But in the very world, which is the worldOf all of us — the place where in the endWe find our happiness, or not at all!And this work makes a special appeal to you whose active careers nowbegin. The work of liberation in our cities needs the aid of youthfulenergies and ideals. It is not all a question of appropriations in citycouncils. Much depends upon the time and interest of public-spiritedmen and women. From the work of liberation in industry and amongnations most of us seem to stand somewhat remote. But we have ourpart in the making of public opinion, even if our efforts never becomemore direct. It is not in the mood of an idle dreamer, therefore, that Iwould encourage you to hope for a life less haunted by the ills of whichI have been speaking — a future which the historians may one day findreason to describe as "The Era of the Liberation of Good Will."IDEA OF RESEARCH1BY HARRY PRATT JUDSON, A.M., LL.D.President of the University of ChicagoONE of the most whimsical facts in our educational history is thegreat variety of meanings given in different parts of the countryand at different times to the term "university." We are all familiarwith the thriving frontier town, one of whose prominent citizens boastedthat it was growing in population and business very rapidly, had twonewspapers, three banks, six saloons, two universities, and was justplanning for a third. Of course in the town in question a university wasany institution of learning other than a common school. This is a typicalcase. Throughout the country at times the term "university" has beenattached to a great variety of institutions, with the vaguest possibleconnotation. It has the advantage of sounding bigger than " college " or" school " or " academy." Again, in other parts of the land it apparentlyhas been considered that a university differs from a college merely inbigness, and therefore that any college if sufficiently large may properlybe called a university. Here at once there is a line of connection thatruns through the previous consideration, the essential idea being thatof magnitude. In quite a different sense the term has been used asapplied to a group of colleges. Here we are reaching firm ground. Thisis essentially, of course, the English idea. The University of Oxfordconsisted of a federation of more or less independent colleges. It is inthis sense, I suppose, that the state universities have been organized; andwhile in their incipiency perhaps the name "university" was ratherindicative of hope and ambition than of realization, still, as time haspassed on and organization has become more definite and standardshave become better, the state university is very properly a group ofcolleges.Within the last generation, however, another step has been taken inthe development of universities, and two new ideas have appeared. Thefirst is that of the so-called "graduate school," which essentially is simplyan organization for training those who have taken their baccalaureatedegree in some specialty — geology, chemistry, political economy, law.1 Delivered on the occasion of the inauguration of George Edgar Vincent aspresident of the University of Minnesota, October 18, 1911.14IDEA OF RESEARCH 15Accompanying this is the idea of research. This implies that one essential function of the university is the pursuit of new truth. Of course thegraduate-school idea and the research idea are to a very considerableextent conjoined, as the specialist must himself be an investigator.Therefore the university professor is engaged primarily in investigation,and at the same time he is training the graduate student in investigativemethod.The definition adopted by the Association of American Universitiesmay perhaps be considered as indicative of the present trend of thoughtin that direction. In accordance with this definition the American university should have a strong graduate school, and if it has professionalschools these must be essentially graduate in character. Now I put thestatement in this form, understanding distinctly the present limitationin the regulations of the association whereby "at least one of the professional schools must have a combined course, graduate and collegiate, ofnot less than five years." Of course the expectation is that ultimatelyall professional schools will be of such character that the professionaldegree will be given only after a baccalaureate degree has been obtained,thus making the school essentially graduate. But the graduate ideaimplies both specialization and research, so that research may be regardedas the heart of the university idea at its present stage of development.The purpose of university investigation is merely to ascertain newtruth in the various fields of knowledge. The advance of science hasof course resulted from the activities of the many men who have beeneager to extend the boundaries of knowledge beyond what exists. Onthe brilliant results which have followed these activities it is needless todwell. Few things are more fascinating than the researches now underway in many parts of the world in the various fields affecting humanhealth. The discoveries which have made it possible to eliminatemalaria and yellow fever in the way of preventive medicine are familiarto all; the discoveries which have made it possible to cure in nearly allcases cerebro-spinal meningitis and other virulent diseases have alsoyielded large results. The foundation of the Rockefeller Institute ofMedical Research, and many other endowments for this purpose in thiscountry and abroad, are certain to be of benefit to humanity beyondthe power of words to describe. In like manner investigations on thepart of science have revolutionized agriculture, and enormously multiplied the possibilities of the soil. These are the merest suggestions ofwhat investigation, properly conducted, has already yielded to theadvantage of human power. Every university should have, therefore,THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEas an essential part of its purposes, the prosecution of investigation inorder to encourage the advance of knowledge.But it should not be forgotten that the immediate beneficial resultsof investigations can seldom be forecast. On the other hand, discoveryof new truth in any line may easily lead to utterly unforeseen results ofgreat practical value. Men of science, therefore, should be encouragedin their investigations in as many fields as possible, with the confidencethat after all what we need is truth and sound knowledge. Applicationsare sure to follow.The question at once arises as to whether it is not better for university men who are engaged in research to give their whole time to thissubject, and to be released altogether from teaching. There may becircumstances which would warrant such a procedure. I am satisfied,however, that in the great majority of cases an investigator is benefitedrather than injured by a reasonable amount of teaching. He is able inthis way often to test what he is doing, and the contact with those whoare learning is in itself a stimulus to his mind. On the other hand, ofcourse he ought to be a far more fruitful and inspiring teacher from thefact that he is not giving information that he has acquired in a routineway, but that he is always speaking and working from the point of viewof one who is himself a productive scholar. One may be an excellentteacher who is not a good investigator; one may be an excellent investigator who is not a good teacher; but in the long run each of these applications ought to be of great benefit to the other. As a rule it follows,therefore, that research and teaching should be combined. It mayeasily be wise in case of a given investigation of large purpose to releasethe investigator for a given time from any other employment. This,however, should as a rule be wholly temporary.At the same time it is obvious that no one can carry on an investigation satisfactorily if all his strength is absorbed in teaching. Thereforethe proper relation of investigation and teaching should be kept carefullyin mind, and a good investigator should be relieved from overmuchteaching if the best results are to be obtained.There is a wide variety of teaching ability in any faculty. Some areteachers by nature; some are teachers by experience; some are notteachers at all. The same considerations absolutely apply to researchaptitude. Some men are created to investigate; some men learn toinvestigate and to do it reasonably well; others have no fitness for itat all. It should not, therefore, be presumed that everybody shouldbe engaged in investigation, or that all who are so engaged should beIDEA OF RESEARCH 17engaged to the same extent. Where the research idea has becomedominant oftentimes it has resulted in a great amount of useless workby unfit people who have the impression that everybody must be aninvestigator. All that is quite needless. But the university should beso adjusted as to encourage research on the part of those who arequalified to carry it on with success.It does not at all follow that any one institution is under obligationsto carry on research along all lines of human knowledge, or even along alllines in which the institution in question gives instruction. On the otherhand, better results will probably be obtained if research is providedin a limited number of fields; in this way it will be prosecuted moreeffectively and far more fruitfully. Investigations may easily be costly.The mere fact that investigators should be relieved from the full quota ofteaching in itself involves additional cost to the institution. Therefore,not merely should investigation be encouraged only among those who aregood investigators, but also only in those subjects for which the university can make adequate provision. Obviously some institutions mayprosecute successfully certain lines of research activity, and others quitedifferent lines. In this way, taking the country at large, the field ofhuman knowledge should be adequately covered.A fair question is whether an institution supported by the state shoulddevote itself largely to research. Why not ? It is the purpose of thestate, of course, to educate its young men and women in order to makethem better and more effective citizens. It is also the purpose of thestate in its educational work to provide such knowledge as is needed, notonly by the young but by all parts of its population. To this end ourstates have already done a great deal of enormously valuable work inagricultural investigations, with the purpose, of course, of securingpractical results which may be placed in the hands of the agriculturalcommunity. This has had a very great practical and financial value,and bids fair to have in the future even larger results in these ways.The State Geological Survey is a piece of investigation of large importance, and in its nature is essentially a part of university work. Thewhole question of conservation of such natural resources as a state maypossess involves investigation, scientific in character and essentiallyclosely connected with the university. In short, the state owes it toitself, to its great body of citizens, and to their welfare in all fields, tofollow out so far as possible all investigations along lines which willbenefit the public. Surely nothing is more vital than public health, butthe health of the state on the moral and spiritual side is quite as vital8 THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEto good citizenship and progress as physical health itself. Investigation,therefore, in such lines of social activity as are connected with the careof the feeble-minded and the delinquent classes, for instance, is a legitimate subject for the expenditure of state money. The state establishesand maintains a great university. It has in mind the higher educationof its youth, in general culture and in specific professions. It has inmind also the discovery and dissemination of new truth which will aidthe people of the state to make their lives safer and more prosperous.In short, it aims to do its part toward adding to the sum total of humanknowledge for the benefit of all mankind.EDUCATIONBY FRANCIS WAYLAND SHEPARDSON, PH.D., LL.D.1Associate Professor of American HistoryFRANK R. WHITE, a graduate of the University of Chicago in1 901, is director of education in the Philippine Islands. He isbuilding on foundations laid or strengthened by his immediate predecessor, David P. Barrows, who received the degree of Doctor of Philosophyfrom the University in 1897, having also held for some time a fellowship.Those are two substantial reasons why Chicago men and womenought to be interested in the surprising work which is being accomplishedin the domain of Philippine education by brave-hearted and broad-minded American teachers. If the interest is once aroused, admirationfollows quickly, and the admiration gives place, in turn, to a feeling ofintense pride in American citizenship, as the accomplishments andpossibilities of pioneer American teachers are recognized and realized.The Baguio Teachers' Camp is a splendid vantage ground forobservation. It is located upon a mountain top, nearly a mile abovethe sea, amid natural surroundings of transcendent beauty. Here thewide-awake, ambitious, and energetic teachers come together for restand recreation, for pleasant association with their fellows, for interchange of experiences and ideas, and for some measure of instruction.They need the rest and recreation, for the climate of the lowlands issometimes wearing and the strain of teaching where one must keep athigh tension all the time in order to succeed is severe. They need theassociation with their fellows because many of them live for monthsisolated from white people and perhaps without even a sight of one oftheir own race and country and language. The interchange of experiences and ideas is extremely profitable, because the problems theyhave to face often are perplexing and unusual. Each finds his courageincreased and his faith strengthened because he learns that others, too,meet difficulties and discouragement and disappointments. Theinstructional features of the camp impress even the instructors as lessimportant, although some profit by the opportunity to improve their1 Professor Shepardson was one of the two lecturers sent by the University ofChicago to give courses during April and May, 191 1, before the Teachers' VacationAssembly in Baguio, the summer capital of the Philippine Islands.19THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcommand of Spanish, others are glad to receive needed training in manualarts now becoming somewhat popular in the schools, and all enjoy thelectures and informal talks of those who come from the outside to bringnew light on old questions and to interpret the movements of thoughtand life in the home land.The first impression gained by the outsider is that this company isone of unusual strength and of high character. Not many weaklingsare visible. Earnestness of purpose is everywhere evident. Thereis the consciousness of a worthy task in hand — a man's job for a man.There is obvious pride in accomplishment. There is vision of the possibilities ahead. And there is a well-settled conviction that honor andintegrity and the highest type of Americanism are required in orderto the attainment of success in a difficult undertaking. It does nottake an outsider long to discover that there has been careful sifting ofcharacter on the part of American educational administrators.When the dragnet was first thrown out to get teachers for the Philippines the haul was a miscellaneous one. Some went out in search ofadventure, finding in this call to service a good chance to see strangesights at government expense, keeping in the background the highpurpose absolutely essential to success. Some had failed at home andwent to the islands with the thought that anybody could make it gowith wild people. Some went without the stamina needed to work sofar from home and mother. A good many responded who had no ideawhatever of the problems they would have to solve, and that too, often,without a single adviser anywhere near. Some crossed the Pacificbecause of unhappy love affairs and others because they thought theymight have freedom for irregular love with attractive maidens of aweaker race. Some had no graces of figure, face, or soul.Teachers of this type were missing from the Baguio Camp. Theadventurers have nearly all left the teaching force to find somethingeasier. The failures in America quickly found a harder task than theyhad ever tried at home. The homesick and lonesome who lacked gritand the power of adaptability to changed environment have mostlygone back to the protecting shelter of the paternal roof. The immoralhave found no peace in the presence of an American administration whichwill not tolerate open immorality on the part of anyone charged withthe responsible duty of giving instruction in the highest ideals of American citizenship to a people whose constant improvement is the controllingmotive. As fast as these offenders are discovered they are given transportation back to the States. With the misfits and failures and immoralEDUCATION 21ones largely banished, the residue make a fine impression on one whosees them in their summer vacation camp.No one but a strong character can win success in Philippine education.There must be a good deal of the pioneer spirit. There must be physicalstrength and an abundance of good common sense. There must bepersonal courage and skill in adaptation to circumstances. Self-reliance,temperance, faith, and fidelity must be well entrenched. In other words,the service demanded by American education in the Philippines callsfor the best elements of strong manhood and womanhood. It is wellworth noting, too, that the rewards are commensurate with the strictdemands. For the American teacher of ability not only commands agood salary in the islands, but in the higher rewards that come to aneducator he finds his life constantly gladdened and enriched as he seesthe results of his earnest efforts in tangible shapes. To teach a peoplea common language, to help to bring them into oneness of thought andpurpose, and to inspire them with civilization's best ideals is a workworthy of the best endeavor of the most promising American youngmen and young women.The Baguio teachers were a likable lot. They were live, up-to-dateAmericans. Manila, in mail service, is four or five weeks away fromthe United States. But the teachers were reading the Century, theOutlook, the Literary Digest, the American Magazine, the World To-Day,and similar standard publications. Several told of correspondencecourses through the University of Chicago or the International School.A considerable number were anxious to learn about graduate workhere and elsewhere, to which they were looking forward. Some describedinteresting original materials for thesis purposes. Some were collectingfolk tales or native songs. They maintained a uniformed baseballteam that held its own with all comers. They played tennis on finecourts provided on the athletic grounds. They gathered around thepiano to join in the old familiar songs " How Can I Bear to Leave Thee, ""Nellie Was a Lady," and "The Good Old Summer Time." Theyhad interesting pony excursions along the mountain trails. They hadlively discussions in committee meetings and in general conferences.They had joyous times around the table on "stunt nights" or at statereunions. Forty of them organized a Masonic club. Many of themwere among the fifty who joined in an interfraternity banquet. Allof them were interesting narrators as they told their personal experiencesout in the "bosky" or in the more desirable positions in Manila, Cebu,Iloilo, and other larger places.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThe administrative side of Philippine education is as instructive asthe teaching side. For example, it is no easy task to distribute theteaching force. Success in that requires an intimate knowledge oflocal conditions and an ability to make quick judgments of men andwomen. It is a big undertaking to estimate properly the number oftextbooks needed, to get those textbooks from distant America, and todistribute them in season to principals who sometimes are in not easilyaccessible parts of the islands. With a multiplicity of demands fromevery side, financial ability of no mean quality is required to keep withina budget, which is inadequate at best. The handling of the pay-roll,the planning and construction of schoolhouses, and the proper controlof an army of ten thousand teachers and half a million school childrenis a work which requires a trained force of administrators and a goodsupply of brains in the central office. A little excursion through thebuilding of the Bureau of Education in the old walled city in Manila isattended by constant astonishment on the part of the observer. Incidentally, when he finishes his inspection, there is renewed admiration forthe quiet but effective Chicago alumnus who is the captain of all thisindustry.There is a most interesting story about the preparation of suitabletextbooks for the schools. The account of the solution of the problemof schoolhouse construction would prove attractive. The narrativeof the co-operation of the people of community after community withthe insular government to secure education for their children would bealmost pathetic. The tales of difficulties and dangers surmounted bycourageous teachers are romantic in the extreme. But space will permitaccount of none of these. It will be enough to record that the achievements of the Bureau of Education in the Philippines make as bright andinspiring a chapter of history as was ever written. If for no otherreason, the United States government has just ground for satisfactionand pride in what has been accomplished educationally in the islandsin a dozen years.The people of the Philippines need several things before they canbecome an independent nation. Three of these stand out prominently.All three will be furnished through the Bureau of Education. One is acommon language to take the place of the Babel confusion of a half-hundred tongues that now prevent easy intercourse. That languagewill be English, which will be spoken freely and fluently by the cominggeneration of Filipinos. Another is interchange of ideas through morefrequent intercourse. That is being hastened by the bureau by means ofEDUCATION 23baseball and other athletic sports, which are extremely popular andwhich not only are breaking down the walls of the provinces and barriosbut also are calling attention away from the cockpit and the gamblingattendant thereon. The third is a common national feeling, which willbe manifested only when education has furnished the common languageand completed the demolition of long-existent tribal barriers.It ought to be a great pride of the University of Chicago that some ofits sons and daughters are having prominent place in this nation-buildingmovement. No one in fact could find better reason for satisfaction thanto have had even a small part in so notable an undertaking. No outsider sees what has been done and catches a vision of the possibilitieswithin reach without hearty indorsement of the insular government'splea for two million dollars annually from the United States to supplement its educational fund. Nor does he fail to wish that some large-hearted American of wealth would appreciate the wonderful opportunityfor the establishing of a Philippine Education Trust of ten or twentymillions of dollars whose wise administration would bring more substantial results in the course of a few years than the world has ever seenfrom the expenditure of the same amount.UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE"A GARDEN OF PARIS"UNDER this attractive title A. C. McClurg & Company of Chicagoissued in September a volume by Elizabeth Wallace, Assistant Professor of French Literature in the University of Chicago. The book, of200 pages, sets forth in an intimate way phases of the home and sociallife of an unusual French family, with incidental comment onFrench manners and literature, and reflections inspired by the spiritof a rare old garden in the heart of the city.Among the chapter headings are "The Gray House of the Garden,""The Heart of the City," "Tante Placide," "The Vanity of Learning,""The Shadows in the Garden," "Futility," "The Loneliness of Bleu-bleu," "Philosophy and Poetry," "Dramatic Reflections," "La PetiteGrand'mere," "Dinners and Doubts," "The Chateau," "When EastMeets West," "The Romance of Mademoiselle Donatienne," and"Evening in the Garden."In the chapter on "Futility" is this sketch of an old frequenter of theBibliotheque Nationale:At the table where I was working was an old man. I had seen him before. Hewas short, round, and red-cheeked, with bleary blue eyes and a white fringe of hair allabout his face. His clothes were shiny and frayed and he had a greasy scarf around hisneck. Every morning when he came in he wore an air of jaunty cheer and flimsyenergy, which was pathetically and obviously an assumption. He always gathered alarge number of volumes about him, and he had an incalculable number of soiled slipsof paper covered with notes written in a microscopical hand, which he arranged ceremoniously on the table before him. From time to time he would exchange low jocularremarks with his neighbor and then with pursed lips and an air of great importance hewould begin his work. This seemed to consist in copying from the books about him.He would begin with apparent vigor, then, in an incredibly short time, his pen woulddrop from his hand, his head would fall forward on his chest and he would dream awayand nod until a more violent nod than usual would arouse him. Then he would lookfurtively around, pick up his pen in a casual way; but before he had well commencedagain to copy, the pen had fallen from his poor old nerveless fingers and his mind wasfar away in another land.They told me he had been a brilliant journalist and that a great part of his life hadbeen spent in the library. He could no longer control his mind but the library habitwas so strong that he could be happy nowhere else. When the attendant's voice rangout at closing time with the sonorous cry "On ferme!" the ex- journalist would arousehimself and with a visible effort become again the busy, bustling old worker of themorning. He would gather his notes together in a critical, judicial fashion, as thoughsumming up the work of the day, shake his head like a strong man dissatisfied withstrenuous but insufficient effort, then throwing off his annoyance would turn to hisneighbor, exchange greetings and farewells and then trot out with the short, shufflingstep of the aged.OF THE OLD SOUTH" 25The volume is illustrated by sixteen line drawings, which wouldhave been more effective if they had been suitably printed. Amongthese illustrations are those of Notre Dame, Fontainebleau, Shadows inthe Garden, The Bibliotheque Nationale, the Comedie, The Chateau,and Across the Sea. The book is attractively bound in cloth, stampedin white and purple."STATESMEN OF THE OLD SOUTH"UNDER the title given above the Macmillan Company has recentlyissued a volume by Professor William E. Dodd, of the Departmentof History. The book, of 240 pages, has the subtitle " From Radicalismto Conservative Revolt," and contains the substance of popular lecturesdelivered at the University of California, Indiana University, the University of Chicago, and at Richmond and Randolph-Macon colleges.It is hoped by the author that the point of view and the interpretation ofcertain facts and conditions of the Southern and national evolution mayjustify the publication of these studies, which consider the careers ofthree southern statesmen — Thomas Jefferson, John C. Calhoun, andJefferson Davis.The present political significance of Thomas Jefferson is thus referredto in the opening paper:Thomas Jefferson is a name to conjure with in the United States. Extreme individualists, who desire to exploit the resources of the nation and re-establish feudalismin the world, make pious pilgrimages to Monticello. Radical democrats who feel thatthe principles of the Declaration of Independence are about to perish from the earth,regard the great Virginia leader as their patron saint; and socialists appeal to the writings of Jefferson for grave opinions to justify the "r6gime of the future."The opening paragraph on Calhoun contains the following:No political party looks back to Calhoun as its founder or rejuvenator, no groupof public men proclaim allegiance to his doctrines, no considerable group of individualsoutside of South Carolina profess any love for his name and ideals. While all partiesseek to find in Jefferson's writings justification for their programs, none dare admit theirpresent policy to be even remotely descended from the teaching of the great Carolinian;yet Calhoun had the approval while a young man of the great Virginian and died morebeloved by a greater number of Americans than even the Sage of Monticello.The discussion of the career of Jefferson Davis begins thus:To speak kindly of Jefferson Davis, even a half-century after the events which hehelped to bring about, is an exceedingly risky thing. Somehow or other, mankindrequires scapegoats; somebody must be punished for the mistakes of the race or thenation Jefferson Davis was a scapegoat Keeping this idea in mind Ithink we may profitably study the remarkable career of the man who headed thegreatest revolt in human history and whose work came nearer to success than thatof any other who finally failed.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEcussion followed the reading of the paper. The guests were informallythe guests of the University at the Quadrangle Club for luncheon. Atthe second session President Harry Pratt Judson presented on behalfof the University of Chicago the following paper: "How Can theTeaching Time of Professors Be Most Advantageously Distributedbetween College Work (Both Elementary and Advanced) and GraduateWork ? " The third session, on Friday morning, was addressed by President A. Lawrence Lowell, of Harvard University, the subject of hispaper being "Disadvantages of the Current American Practice of Conferring Degrees (with the Exception of the Ph.D.) on the Accumulationof Credits in Individual Courses, Rather than as the Result of Comprehensive Examinations upon Broad Subjects." On Friday afternoon an informal conference of deans and similar officers of graduateschools discussed administrative questions connected with such schools.The presence of so many distinguished educators involved, of course,many social functions. President Harry Pratt Judson at his residenceentertained at dinner Thursday evening the presidents of universitiesin attendance on the meetings. At nine o'clock the same evening, at thePresident's house, President and Mrs. Judson held a reception for thedelegates and the members of the Board of Trustees and the UniversitySenate. On Friday the delegates were entertained by the Universityat luncheon at the Quadrangle Club. Through the courtesy of theofficers of the Quadrangle Club and the University Club delegates weregiven cards in both of these organizations. The Hamilton Club ofChicago invited all the delegates to the meeting for President Taft atthe First Regiment Armory Friday evening, and the Irish Choral Societysent invitations to its reception and ball for President Taft. Othersocial invitations were received by the delegates but because of theadjournment on Friday they were unable to accept these additionalcourtesies.The following attended the meeting:University of California, President Benjamin Ide Wheeler; Catholic Universityof America, Dean Daniel William Shea; Columbia University, Dean William HenryCarpenter and Professor Frederick James Eugene Woodbridge; Cornell University,Dean Ernest George Merritt; Harvard University, President A. Lawrence Lowelland Dean Charles Homer Haskins; University of Illinois, Dean Evarts Boutell Greeneand Dean David Kinley; Indiana University, Dean Carl H. Eigenmann and ProfessorJames Albert Woodburn; State University of Iowa, Dean William C. Wilcox andProfessor Seashore; University of Kansas, Chancellor Frank Strong; Leland StanfordJr. University, Professor Wesley N. Hohfeld; University of Michigan, ProfessorE. H. Kraus and Dean John Oren Reed; University of Minnesota, President GeorgeEdgar Vincent and Dean Henry Turner Eddy; University of Missouri, President AlbertUNIVERSITY RECORD 29Ross Hill and Dean Isidor Loeb; University of Nebraska, Dean Lucius Adelno Sherman; University of Pennsylvania, Dean George Egbert Fisher and Dean HermanVandenburg Ames; Princeton University, Dean Andrew Fleming West and ProfessorEdwin Grant Conklin; University of Virginia, President Edwin Anderson Alderman,Dean James Morris Page, and Dean Richard Heath Dabney; University of Wisconsin, Dean Edward Asahel Birge and Professor George Cary Comstock; YaleUniversity, Dean Hanns Oertel; The University of Chicago, President Harry PrattJudson, Dean James Rowland Angell, Dean Albion Woodbury Small, Dean Rollin D.Salisbury, Dean James Parker Hall, Dean Leon Carroll Marshall, Professor RobertRussell Bensley, Professor Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin, Professor Ernst Freund,Professor Ludvig Hektoen, Professor Frank Rattray Lillie, Professor Andrew Cunningham McLaughlin, Professor Eliakim Hastings Moore, and Associate Professor ForestRay Moulton.REPRESENTATIVES OF THE UNIVERSITY AT THE INAUGURATION OFPRESIDENT GEORGE EDGAR VINCENTThe delegates from the University of Chicago to the installation ofGeorge Edgar Vincent as president of the University of Minnesota werePresident Harry Pratt Judson; Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, President of theUniversity Board of Trustees; Professor Albion W. Small, Dean of theGraduate School of Arts and Literature; Mr. Wallace Heckman, Counsel and Business Manager of the University; and Associate Professor J.Paul Goode, of the Department of Geography.On the morning of October 18, 1911, was held a symposium on thesubject of "Leading Ideas of Higher Education," "The Idea of Culture"being presented by President Albert Ross Hill, of the University ofMissouri; "The Idea of Vocation," by President John Houston Finley,of the College of the City of New York; "The Idea of Research," byPresident Harry Pratt Judson, of the University of Chicago; and "TheIdea of Service," by President Charles Richard Van Hise, of the University of Wisconsin. On the afternoon of the same day occurred theinstallation, when the governor of Minnesota extended greetings onbehalf of the state, and President Vincent gave the address. Hisfather, Bishop John H. Vincent, chancellor of Chautauqua Institution,pronounced the benediction.President Vincent received his Doctor's degree from the Universityof Chicago in 1896. In the same year he was made Assistant Professorof Sociology, and four years later Associate Professor, when he was alsoappointed Dean of the Junior Colleges. In 1904 he became Professorof Sociology, and in 1907 Dean of the Faculties of Arts, Literature, andScience. His connection with the University of Chicago lasted nineteenyears. In 1892 he was a Fellow and in 191 1 Dean of the Faculties.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEThe University of Chicago felt very deeply the loss of Mr. Vincentbut congratulates the University of Minnesota on getting so resourceful,attractive, and effective a man and administrator.THE DEATH OF LEON MANDELOn November 7 occurred the funeral of Mr. Leon Mandel, one of theforemost merchants of Chicago and one of the University's generousfriends.The service at the funeral was conducted by Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch,Professor of Rabbinical Literature and Philosophy in the University,who gave an appreciation of his friend, speaking in particular of hisgenerosity toward the Jewish Training School and the Michael ReeseHospital, and of his gift of the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall to theUniversity of Chicago. Not only the building and its equipment weregiven but also the pipe organ was donated by Mr. Mandel, and theauditorium has been in almost daily use since it was completed in 1903.Among the honorary pallbearers at the funeral were President HarryPratt Judson and Mr. Andrew MacLeish, first vice-president of theUniversity Board of Trustees.SCIENTIFIC LECTURES AT THE ART INSTITUTEA course of lectures discussing some • of the great questions ofmodern science is being given by members of the scientific departmentsof the University of Chicago at the Art Institute, Chicago, beginningNovember 2 and continuing on successive Thursday evenings.The opening lecture of the course was by Associate Professor ForestR. Moulton, of the Department of Astronomy, who discussed the subjectof "Recent Theories of the Origin of the World." On November 9Professor Rollin D. Salisbury, Head of the Department of Geographyand Dean of the Ogden Graduate School of Science, discussed thesubject of "Salient Points in the Earth's History." Professor RobertA. Millikan, of the Department of Physics, gave a lecture November 16on "New Proofs of the Kinetic Theory of Matter and the Atomic Theoryof Electricity," and on November 23 Professor Herbert N. McCoy, ofthe Department of Chemistry, discussed "Some Recent Advances inChemistry, with Special Reference to Radio-Activity and the Natureof Matter."In December Professor John M. Coulter, Head of the Departmentof Botany, lectures on "Plant Breeding — the Relation of Heredity toCrops," and Associate Professor William L. Tower, of the DepartmentUNIVERSITY RECORD 31of Zoology, discusses "Heredity: Recent Developments and TheirApplication in Animals and Man."In January Associate Professor Henry C. Cowles, of the Departmentof Botany, will discuss "The Growth and Preservation of Forests — theScientific Basis of Conservation"; Professor Edwin 0. Jordan, of theDepartment of Pathology and Bacteriology, will consider the subjectof "Invisible Microbes"; Professor Charles J. Herrick, of the Department of Anatomy, will discuss "The Evolution of Brains," and Professor James R. Angell, Head of the Department of Psychology, will givethe closing address of the series, his subject being "The Evolution ofMind — the Growth of Intelligence in Man and Animals."The lectures are given without remuneration to the lecturers and theproceeds will go to the benefit of the University of Chicago Settlement.THE UNIVERSITY ORCHESTRAL ASSOCIATIONUnder the auspices of the University Orchestral Association thethird season of concerts in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall began onTuesday afternoon, October 31. The program was the first of a series ofsix to be presented by the Theodore Thomas Orchestra. The dates forthe remaining orchestral concerts are December 5, January 9 and 30,February 20, and April 9. Monday afternoon, November 20, theKneisel Quartet gave a concert of chamber music. On the afternoonof February 6, a concert will be given by an eminent young Germanpianist, Wilhelm Bachaus, who will this season make his first appearancein America; and on March n Mr. Alessandro Bonci, the Italian lyrictenor, will give a song recital.The season was opened most auspiciously with the following program:Overture, "Coriolanus," Opus 62 BeethovenSymphony No. 8, B Minor (Unfinished) SchubertLegend, "Zorahayda," Opus n Svensden(Born Sept. 30, 1840. Died June 14, 191 1)Children's Dance from "Die Koenigskinder " Humperdinck"Margaret" (Andante) from a Faust Symphony LisztSymphonic Poem, "Les Preludes" Liszt(Born Oct. 22, 1811. Died July 13, 1886)The last two numbers were included in the program in celebration ofthe one-hundredth anniversary of Franz Liszt.The sale of season tickets has been so unusually large that comparatively few people seeking admission to any single concert can be accomodated. Many were turned away from the opening concert.The Kneisel Quartet will, in the concert of November 20, make itsTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEfirst appearance at the University. This organization is a favorite withlovers of chamber music. The program to be presented by them is:i. Quartet in F Minor, Opus 95 Beethoven2. a) Andante Cantabile from the Quartet in D Major, Opus nTschaikowskyb) Presto from the Quartet in D Minor Raff3. Le Desir (Fantasie for Violoncello) Franqois Servais4. Andante con moto (Death and the Maiden) from the Quartet in DMinor, Opus Posthumous Schubert5. Quartet in C Major HaydnA special program committee for the orchestral concerts has beenappointed, consisting of Mr. James R. Angell, Mrs. CD. Buck, and Mr.James A. Field. Requests that special numbers be included in theprograms from time to time will be received by the committee andforwarded to the conductor, who will present as many of them as practicable during the season.THE FACULTIESProfessor Charles E. Merriam, of the Department of PoliticalScience, gave an address on July 17 at Chautauqua, N.Y., his subjectbeing "City Government."At the invitation of the President of the University, the Brotherhoodof St. Andrew will hold its next annual meeting at the University ofChicago in September, 191 2.Professor Emil G. Hirsch, of the Department of Semitics, contributes to the July number of the American Journal of Semitic Languagesand Literatures critical notes on "Deuteronomy, Chap. 33.""The Social Significance of Equal Suffrage" was the subject of anaddress on October 20 before the Arche Club of Chicago, by AssociateProfessor Herbert L. Willett, of the Department of Semitics.Professor Addison W. Moore, of the Department of Philosophy, gavetwo courses of lectures in philosophy at the Leland Stanford JuniorUniversity through the semester from January to June, 191 1.Professor Luther Anderson, of the Imperial University at Peking,China, gave a series of three University public lectures on October 16,18, and 19, the general subject being "The Awakening of China."On September 27 announcement was made of the election of sevenadditional members to the Simplified Spelling Board, Professor NathanielButler, of the Department of Education, being one of the number.UNIVERSITY RECORD S3Professor Albrecht Kossel of Heidelberg University, the winner ofthe Nobel prize in medicine in 1910, gave on October 20 a Universityopen lecture in the Botany Building, under the auspices of the BiologicalClub."Is the Belief in the Historicity of Jesus Indispensable to ChristianFaith?" is the subject of a critical note by Professor Shailer Mathews,of the Divinity School, in the October issue of the American Journal ofTheology.The first volume in the "Social Service Series," edited by ProfessorShailer Mathews, Dean of the Divinity School, has been announced.It is entitled The Citizen of Tomorrow and the author is Dr. W. B.Forbush.Professor Shailer Mathews, formerly editor of the World To-Day, whichhas been sold and is now published in New York City, continues his connection with the magazine by editing the department entitled "TheReligious World."Professor T. Atkinson Jenkins, of the Department of RomanceLanguages and Literatures, gave an address on August 14 before theFriends' Summer School for Religious and Social Study held at Richmond, Ind., the subject being "Quakerism and Scholarship.""The Economic and Legal Basis for Obligatory Industrial StateInsurance for Working-Men" was the subject of a University publiclecture in the Law Building on October 18, by Mr. James HarringtonBoyd, formerly connected with the Department of Mathematics in theUniversity of Chicago."Chicago Housing Conditions, V: South Chicago at the Gates of theSteel Mills," is the subject of the opening contribution in the Septembernumber of the American Journal of Sociology, by Assistant ProfessorSophonisba P. Breckinridge, of the Department of Household Administration, and Miss Edith Abbott.Among the members of the Chicago committee of the Drama Leagueof America is Associate Professor S. H. Clark, of the Department ofPublic Speaking. On October 16 at the Stratford Hotel, Chicago,Mr. Clark was one of the speakers at the meeting of delegates fromsixty affiliated clubs of the Drama League.Among the notes and discussions in the July issue of ClassicalPhilology is one by Professor Henry W. Prescott, of the Departments ofGreek and Latin, on the subject of "Marginalia on Apuleius' Meta-THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEmorphoses,K, and one on "Emendations of Porphyry De Abstinentia" byProfessor Paul Shorey, the managing editor.The Healer is the subject of the latest novel by Professor RobertHerrick, of the Department of English, the publishers being theMacmillan Company of New York. One of the three new Americanplays to be presented by the Chicago Drama Players during the coming season is by Mr. Herrick, and is entitled The Maternal Instinct.Professor William Gardner Hale, Head of the Department of Latin,closes, in the November issue of the School Review, a symposium on"Reform in Grammatical Nomenclature in the Study of the Languages,"there being also six other contributors to the symposium, who presentvarious points of view— general linguistics, Romance languages, English,and German."The Children of the Chapel Royal and Their Masters" is the titleof the contribution of Professor John M. Manly, Head of the Departmentof English, in the sixth volume of the Cambridge History of EnglishLiterature. Mr. Manly also contributes part of the general article on"English Literature" in the new eleventh edition of the EncyclopaediaBritannica.President Harry Pratt Judson gave an address on the subject of"The University and the State" at the installation of the new presidentof the University of West Virginia on November 3, and also an addressat the inauguration of Elmer Ellsworth Brown, former United StatesCommissioner of Education, as chancellor of New York University onNovember 9."An Approach to Boyhood" was the subject of a contribution inthe November number of the Biblical World, by Associate ProfessorAllan Hoben, of the Department of Practical Theology. In the samenumber is a contribution by Assistant Professor Shirley J. Case, of theDepartment of New Testament Interpretation, on the question "ToWhom Was 'Ephesians' Written?"" Pestalozzian Formalism — Degenerate Object-Teaching" is thesubject of the opening contribution in the November number of theElementary School Teacher, by Associate Professor S. Chester Parker,Dean of the College of Education. In the same issue is a contributionby Dr. John F. Bobbitt, of the School of Education, on "A City Schoolas a Community Art and Music Center."The closing contribution in the July number of Modern Philology isby Dr. Paul H. Phillipson, of the Department of German, the title beingUNIVERSITY RECORD 35"The Last Days of Joseph Christian von Zedlitz." The opening contribution in the October issue of the same journal is by Associate Professor Francis A. Wood, of the Department of German, on the subjectof "Iteratives, Blends, and ' Streckformen. ' ""New Requirements for Entrance and Graduation at the Universityof Chicago" is the subject of a contribution in the September number ofthe School Review, by Professor James R. Angell, Dean of the Facultiesof Arts, Literature, and Science. In the same number of the journalis "A Report on the Teaching of Secondary Mathematics in France,"by Professor George W. Myers, of the School of Education."The Place of Concrete Pictures in the Teaching of ElementaryScience" was the subject of an address before the Northern OhioTeachers' Association at Cleveland, October 27, by Professor Robert A.Millikan, of the Department of Physics. Mr. Millikan also gave asecond address before the same association, on "The Demonstration ofthe Kinetic Theory of Matter, and the Atomic Theory of Electricity."Mr. Frank W. Henicksman, Lecturer in the Law School on Practiceand Bankruptcy, died in Chicago on September 24, 1911, after a longillness. Mr. Henicksman received from the University of Chicago thedegree of Doctor of Law in 1906, began the practice of law in Chicagoin the same year, and was made lecturer in the Law School in 1907.Mr. Henicksman's alma mater was Indiana University, where he graduatedin 1901.Associate Professor Stuart Weller, of the Department of Geology,contributes to the July-August number of the Journal of Geology a discussion of "Genera of Mississippian Loop-bearing Brachiopodia," thearticle being illustrated by seven figures. "Physiographic Studies inthe San Juan District of Colorado" is a contribution in the same number by Associate Professor Wallace W. Atwood, of the Department ofGeology.A History of the United States for Schools is the title of a new bookissued by D. Appleton and Company of New York, the authors beingAndrew C. McLaughlin, Head of the Department of History, and Professor Charles H. Van Tyne of the University of Michigan. ProfessorMcLaughlin is also one of the authors of a joint report recently publishedby the Macmillan Company, on "The Study of History in SecondarySchools."Dr. Tiemen de Vries, Lecturer on Dutch Institutions in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures, gave a University publicTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINElecture in Cobb Hall on October 17, his subject being "The Influenceof the Nations of Europe, Especially the Netherlands, on the Development, the Character, and the Institutions of America." On October 24Dr. de Vries gave a second lecture on "Dutch and American History:A Comparison."President Harry Pratt Judson was one of the speakers at the inauguration of George Edgar Vincent as president of the University of Minnesota, on October 18, 1911. The presidents of the University ofWisconsin, the University of Missouri, and of the College of the City ofNew York also delivered addresses. President Judson's address wasentitled "The Idea of Research" and appears elsewhere in full in thisnumber of the Magazine.At the forty-ninth annual convention of the National EducationAssociation held at San Francisco from July 8 to 14, a report of the Committee of Fifteen on a syllabus of geometry was made by the chairman ofthe committee, Associate Professor Herbert E. Slaught, of the Department of Mathematics. Associate Professor Otis W. Caldwell, of theDepartment of Botany, was also a representative at the meeting of theassociation in San Francisco.Associate Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, of the Department ofBotany, contributes the opening article to the August number of theBotanical Gazette, entitled "The Adult Cycad Trunk." In the same number is the one hundred and forty-seventh contribution from the HullBotanical Laboratory, by Mr. George D. Fuller, of the Department ofBotany, on the subject of "Evaporation and Plant Succession," thearticle being illustrated by six figures.Professor Charles R. Henderson, of the Department of Sociology,who is president of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality, presided at the second annual meeting of theorganization held at the LaSalle Hotel, November 16 to 18. ProfessorHenderson was recently the representative of the federal government onthe International Prison Commission and also a delegate to the International Congress of Juvenile Courts, held in Paris.Among those interested in the movement to organize a Three ArtsClub in Chicago are President Harry Pratt Judson, of the University ofChicago, and President Abram W. Harris, of Northwestern University.Others interested in this movement to provide favorable conditions forstudents of art in Chicago are Miss Jane Addams, Mrs. Ellen Henrotin,Superintendent Ella Flagg Young, Mrs. Minnie Maddern Fiske, andUNIVERSITY RECORD 37Dean Walter T. Sumner. The first meeting to further the project washeld at the Blackstone Hotel, Chicago, on October 31.Cases on Administrative Law is the title of a new volume of 680pages by Professor Ernst Freund, of the Faculty of the Law School.It was recently issued by the West Publishing Company of St. Paul,Minn. Volume XI in the series on "American Law Procedure," entitledPleading, is the work of Professor Clark B. Whittier, of the Law School.The book of 160 pages was published by the DeBower-Chapline Companyof Chicago. Mr. Whittier is also the author of Cases on Common LawPleading, Part I, which was recently issued by the West Publishing Company of St. Paul.Among the members of a new Republican organization that has forits purpose the purification of Illinois politics and the support of honestcandidates is President Harry Pratt Judson, who was elected firstvice-president of the organization; the second vice-president is President Abram W. Harris, of Northwestern University; the chairman ofthe executive committee is Robert R. McCormick; and the chairmanof the committee to draft a declaration of principles and submit a listof candidates for offices is Mr. Wallace Heckman, Counsel and BusinessManager of the University of Chicago."The Scribes' Interpretation of the Old Testament" is the subjectof a contribution in the July number of the Biblical World, by AssistantProfessor Shirley J. Case, of the Department of New Testament Literature. Mr. Case has also a contribution in the August number of thesame journal, entitled "The New Testament Writers' Interpretation ofthe Old Testament." In the October number Mr. Case discusses thesubject of "Jesus in the Light of Modern Scholarship," and AssociateProfessor Allan Hoben, of the Department of Practical Theology, writesupon the subject of "The Call of Boyhood."Professor Nathaniel Butler, of the Department of Education, gavetwo addresses on October 13 and 14 before the Southern Wisconsin StateTeachers' Association — one on "Some Common Errors Regarding Education," the other on " Some Important Aspects of the School." Mr. Butleralso gave an address on October 17 before the State Federation ofWomen's Clubs of Wisconsin, at Green Bay, the subject being "WhatClub Life Has Done for Woman." Mr. Butler was also a speaker at abanquet of teachers at Colorado Springs on November 3, his subjectbeing "The Place and Function of the Public School."The opening contribution in the October issue of the Journal ofPolitical Economy is by Assistant Professor Robert F. Hoxie, of theTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEDepartment of Political Economy, his subject being "The Rising Tideof Socialism: A Study." In the same number is a contribution byAssistant Professor Sophonisba P. Breckinridge, of the Department ofHousehold Administration, and Miss Edith Abbott, on the subject of"Women in Industry: The Chicago Stockyards." The closing contribution is by Professor James Parker Hall, Dean of the Law School,who discusses the subject of "The New York Workmen's CompensationAct Decision."Mr. Frank N. Freeman, of the Department of Education, has theopening contribution in the September number of the ElementarySchool Teacher, entitled "Some Issues in the Teaching of Handwriting."Dean S. Chester Parker, of the College of Education, discusses "Pesta-lozzian Industrial Education for Juvenile Reform" and Director CharlesH. Judd, of the School of Education, begins a series of " Studies of Educational Principles," the first study being upon "Types of Correlation."Mr. Judd contributes to the October issue a second study of educationalprinciples, on "The Concrete in Education." In the same numberMr. Frank N. Freeman continues his discussion of "Some Issues in theTeaching of Handwriting."On October 7 Director Charles H. Judd, of the School of Education,and Dean S. Chester Parker, of the College of Education, attended ameeting of the Illinois Schoolmasters' Club at Peoria. At Cambridge,Mass., on October 13, Director Judd discussed "The Changes in theEntrance Requirements at the University of Chicago and the PrinciplesUnderlying These Changes." The program of the association wasdevoted to the general topic of "Admission Requirements," PresidentA. Lawrence Lowell, of Harvard University, presenting the new Harvardplan. On October 26 Mr. Judd spoke before the high-school sectionof the Minnesota Teachers' Association, discussing "Methods of Determining the Efficiency of the High Schools through the Study of TheirStudents in College." On October 27 he also spoke at the NorthernIllinois Teachers' Association at Dixon, his morning address being on"Recent Changes in the Courses of Elementary Schools" and his afternoon address on the subject of "Theoretical and Practical Education."In the first week of November, Mr. Judd spoke at the Montclair NormalSchool in Trenton, N.J., and also at Summerville, Elizabeth, andCamden in the same state on the subject of "Methods of TeachingReading" and on "Teachers' Readings." At the meeting of theMissouri State Teachers' Association at Hannibal, Mr. Judd gave twoaddresses, one on "The Scientific Study of Education" and the otheron "Theoretical and Practical Education."AND COMMENTAN ALUMNUS' IMPRESSIONS OF DR. VINCENT'S INAUGURATIONAlthough Dr. George E. Vincent was elected to the presidency ofthe University of Minnesota nearly a year ago and left Chicago to assumethe duties of that office at the end of the Winter Quarter, 191 1, theofficial and formal exercises of his inauguration occurred as recently asOctober 17, 18, and 19. If considered in the light of a perfunctoryceremony, Dr. Vincent's installation would signify but little; for hehad already taken up his duties with characteristic vigor six monthsbefore. His inauguration had more importance than that simply attaching to a customary formality, and it is this deeper meaning that makes theoccasion of interest to University of Chicago graduates.No one who understands anything at all of Chicago's developmentcan fail to appreciate Dr. Vincent's great contribution to this University.He helped mold liberal and progressive academic policies; he institutedmany methods relating to the executive and administrative work ofthe University, and worked untiringly to create a spirit among thestudents, alumni, and faculty that should have a unifying influence. Dr.Vincent can now contribute in a corresponding manner to the enlarging life of the University of Minnesota.Minnesota is just entering on a new era, and happily Dr. Vincent'saccession as president coincides with this change. The real significanceof his inauguration, as Dr. Vincent himself suggested, is not so muchto note the " coming of a new man, as the beginning of a new phase inthe life of the university."For twenty-seven years President-emeritus Cyrus Northrop hadguided the University of Minnesota, from the time it was a small, obscure,academic college until it became one of the largest universities in thecountry. His leadership was largely of a personal nature, based onsympathy, earnestness, harmonizing ability, and wisdom — all of whichfound expression in a great spirit of affection, loyalty, and venerationfor Dr. Northrop. With these personal attributes he succeeded inleaving the university well grounded in the fundamentals upon which thefuture is to be built. Minnesota has passed beyond the stage of purelypersonal leadership. An institutional period is at hand, when organization, system, and co-operation will be more emphatically the keynote.The various exercises incident to the inauguration fittingly marked39THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEthe university's advent to a new regime. A most distinguished gathering of educators assembled, representing colleges, universities, andlearned societies from all parts of the country. The University ofChicago was officially represented by President Harry Pratt Judson, Mr.Martin A. Ryerson, Professor Albion Woodbury Small, Mr. WallaceHeckman, and Professor J. Paul Goode; while many Chicago peopleattended in a personal capacity. There was given an appropriate program of morning exercises on October 18 when the presidents of fouruniversities in their respective addresses presented a symposium on"The Leading Ideas of Higher Education." Of these addresses, "TheIdea of Research" was set forth by President Judson. At the afternoonexercises, the chairman of the Board of Regents presiding, representativesof state universities, of the state secular colleges, of the university faculties, alumni and student bodies, and of the various branches of the educational system of the state responded with greetings of felicitation andassurances of co-operation. In his address Dr. Vincent gave an interpretation of the practical ideal of the state university, declaring that theservice of the part of everyone connected with it was the basis of itsworth. The close of the exercises with the benediction by BishopVincent was peculiarly appropriate.The torchlight parade and fireworks display which occurred the nightpreceding the inauguration was a most spectacular and picturesque affair.Over three thousand students and alumni marched about the campus,bearing torches and lanterns. The university's band and ingeniousfloats added to the occasion. Later the paraders adjourned to theathletic field where they performed evolutions for the entertainment ofabout ten thousand spectators — whose presence in the bleachers on theoccasion of a football game would have made any coach happy. Forming themselves into monstrous "flaming letters" on the field the torchbearers spelled the name "Vincent." Pain's fireworks did the rest.The significant fact of the night's celebration was the display of anunprecedented spirit of loyalty and enthusiasm for both the universityand President Vincent by this tremendous gathering of students andalumni.A formal reception given by President and Mrs. Vincent the nightfollowing the inauguration to the visiting delegates, guests, faculty,alumni, students, and friends, concluded the three days' ceremonies.Although Dr. Vincent urged that the university has passed the timewhen its leadership is based on one man's personal influence, and gaveemphasis to the idea that it is now beginning its truly institutionalAND COMMENT 41period — still it is hard for those who know him to believe that hisown personality will not be the dominating influence of the Universityof Minnesota for many years to come. As the old University of Minnesota was "but the lengthening shadow of one man," so the new, institutionalized university will be but the lengthening of his shadow.Harvey B. Fuller, Jr., '08IN THE ALUMNI LIBRARYMany downtown business men who gave up reading stories when they completedrequired English have a book of fiction on their desks these days. Its title is TheShadow Men, and its author is Donald Richberg, '01. The subject, no less than theauthorship of the book, inspires the interest of Chicago alumni. For here is a talewhich seems woven out of the fabric of contemporary life. But yesterday we werereading these episodes in the daily papers. There were names and dates attached toindictments for perjury and the misuse of corporate funds. Men of good standingin society were suspected of criminal collusion with crafty subordinates who had robbedthem. The opprobrium merited by some fell upon all and the term "the man higher up"came to express the public's idea where blame should be placed. "The shadow men"is in many ways a synonym for this phrase. The book deals with the adventures ofthe scapegoat who is accustomed to take on himself the punishment merited by hisunscrupulous superiors. Crafty, cunning, and resourceful, he becomes a match forthe men who profited by his energies, but the expected denouement with a specificarraignment of men high in public esteem does not come, for the reason that thescapegoat is animated by an unusual sense of honor and a deep love for a girl. Ratherare the real culprits pictured as the shadow men, working obscurely and in darkness,taking more than they give, pitting brother against brother, friend against friend,"unmindful of the reproachful silence of the dead, unheeding the despairing cries ofthe wounded," in their insatiable greed. By an abundance of incident and wealthof detail the author has built up a strong indictment against the abuse of money andpower. The book in itself is evidence of the social awakening of the last decade. Itwarns the captains how closely their deeds are scrutinized; it warns the workers in theranks what watchfulness is necessary to protect the rights of those who have no friendsat court. Although the scene of the story is Chicago the action could take place in ascore of American cities and yet apply to local conditions. It is to be hoped thereception which the public accords the book will ably second Mr. Richberg's delightin preparing the manuscript at odd hours after a lawyer's fatiguing day, and that hewill follow up his first book with others of equally commendable aims.Eugene Parsons, '83, who has already shown his love for his state in his writings,notably The Making of Colorado, has just published A Guidebook to Colorado, whichwill open the eyes of many to the wonders of this "Switzerland of America." Ascomprehensive as Baedeker and as entertaining as a novel, Mr. Parsons' book tells ofthe state by counties, giving history and traditions, local features, distances, rates, andoutlining excursions so that whether one goes for a day or longer he may know how toequip himself and may select his vantage points with comfort and ease. The book willTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEappeal to thousands who visit the state regularly, while to those who may never seeits wonders, no better work descriptive of them is in print.Charles W. Collins, '03, is another alumnus whose work appears between the coversof a book for the first time this fall, although his name has become well known for hisdramatic criticism. Great Love Stories of the Theater is romance, history, and biographyin one. We get a glimpse of the wide range of his narrative from the chapter headings:"Nell Gwyn and Charles II"; "Marie de Champmesle and Racine"; "ElizabethBarry and Thomas Otway"; "Anne Bracegirdle and William Congreve"; "AdrienneLecouvreur's Lost Illusions"; "Margaret Woffington and David Garrick"; "TheFavarts and Maurice de Saxe"; "'Perdita' Robinson and Her Prince"; "Mile.Georges and Napoleon"; "The Follies of Becky Wells"; "Dora Jordan and theDuke of Clarence"; and "Marie Dorval and Alfred de Vigny." James O'DonnellBennett says of Mr. Collins: "The hand of this Chicago writer is skilled and the product of his toil is a narrative at once authentic and engaging. His style is graceful,his reflections demure, witty, and sympathetic, and his estimates of character just,without failing in generosity."Mr. Collins was active in the literary life of the University during his studentcareer. He was associated with the old University of Chicago Weekly for two years,and in time became its managing editor. He was one of the men who in the fall of1902 converted the Weekly into daily and monthly publications — the Daily Maroonand Monthly Maroon — and was identified with the editorship of the latter. Afterseven years' newspaper work in Chicago, during part of which time he was dramaticcritic of the Inter-Ocean, Mr. Collins is now engaged in independent literary andjournalistic work.At this season of the year the attractive gift book which bears the title The TwelfthChristmas comes most appropriately to hand. This is one of two interesting books ofpoems by Marjorie Benton Cooke, '99, the other being To Mother, both published byForbes & Co. The Twelfth Christmas is a poetic dialogue between Mary, the motherof Jesus, Marah, a little child, and the Christ child. The second book containstwenty-five sonnets, each an eloquent tribute to motherhood. One of the sonnetsfollows:If on this path which leads from dark to light,You meet one soul who knows and understands,Who sees the work you mean to do, demandsThat you live up to what in love's clear sightYou're meant to be — what matters else beside ?Others may chance along your road, and praise,Or scoff and scorn, then go their various ways —Your one soul stays, content but to abide.Not critic, but appreciating friend,Whose loyal faith is like a lambent fireTo touch with flame the slumbering desireIn each of us to shape life to some end.This much I know, whatever else may be,Mother, thou hast been that one soul to me.AND COMMENT 43RECENT BOOKS BY ALUMNIThe Shadow M en, by Donald Richberg, '01. Chicago: Forbes & Co. 312 pages,octavo, cloth. $1 . 25 net.The Education of Women in China, by Margaret E. Burton, '07. Chicago:Fleming H. Revell Co. 232 pages, octavo, cloth. $1.25 net.Dr. David, by Marjorie Benton Cooke, '99. Chicago: A. C. McClurg & Co.365 pages, octavo, cloth. $1.35 net.To Mother, by Marjorie Benton Cooke, '99. Chicago: Forbes & Co. 50 centsnet.The Twelfth Christmas, by Marjorie Benton Cooke, '99. Chicago: Forbes & Co.50 cents net.Great Love Stories of the Theater: A Record of Theatrical Romance, by Charles W.Collins, '03. New York: Duffield & Co. 327 pages, octavo, cloth.Variations of an Old Theme, by Johanna Pirscher, '02. Boston: Richard G.Badger. 41 pages. 30 cents net.Growth without End, by Johanna Pirscher, '02. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell& Co. 42 pages. 30 cents net.A Guidebook to Colorado, by Eugene Parsons, '83. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.390 pages, with map. $1 . 50 net.ALUMNI ACTIVITIESCHICAGO MEN AT NANKINGMore or less by chance the Universityof Nanking, at Nanking, China, hassecured for its staff five recent graduatesof the University of Chicago. These areWilliam F. Hummell, A.B., '08; AmaraA. Bullock, S.M., '09; Frederick G.Henke, Ph.D., '10; Guy W. Sarvis, A.M.,'10, and Mrs. Pearl T. Sarvis, A.B., '10.The fact that this number of Chicagograduates has come, not alone to China,but to a single missionary institution,may be of sufficient interest to thealumni of Chicago to warrant a fewwords about this new institution, andabout Chinese schools in general.The present institution, only two yearsold, draws its new vigor and growth fromthree old roots of twenty or more years'standing. It is a union of three denominational schools. There is a widespreadmovement toward union among theseschools in China, principally for the sakeof efficiency. The valuation of theUniversity represents about $130,000 andits student body numbers slightly under450. This number includes those inprimary, intermediate, high-school, andcollege departments. Formerly degreeswere offered in the departments oftheology, medicine, and letters, but sincethe union the first two have been withdrawn. Through affiliation with otherstrong colleges that are growing up in Nanking these degrees will, in all probability,be offered again. The staff, all told,includes about fifteen American collegemen and forty Chinese graduates ofvarious kinds — ancient and modern.From this account it is clear that theterm "university" is decidedly ambitiousand misapplied. No one is more awareof this than the instructor who is daily intouch with it. This is a common problem,especially in the Far East. There is somuch to do, and it must be done soquickly that the present misnomer maytomorrow be in accord with the facts.Missionary and government schools alikehave grown with great rapidity in thelast five years, both in numbers and insize, and it requires no great foresight tosee that the present line of extension willgrow into the larger, more inclusive, andcomplete institution of the future. The Chinese are becoming more andmore aware of the fact that there is agreat disparity between their own andthe western nations and they are diligently trying to minimize this disparity.Differing widely from the temperamentof the West, with educational idealsantagonistic to our own, and adhering tosocial usages that are strange and oftenrepulsive to the westerner, the Chineseare nevertheless members of the genushomo, so that what has been found mosthelpful to other nations will likewise proveof the most help to the Chinese people.Slowly but surely China will grow institutions and ideals that can handle hereducational needs, but at present it cannot be claimed with any degree of accuracy that she has them. With the exception of a few Chinese and foreigners inthe government employ, aside from themissionaries there are no men in Chinawho are addressing themselves to theproblem of education with competency.The fact that the mission schools are sowell attended, in the face of high tuition,strict discipline, and rigid standards, isthe best answer to the question whetheror not the Chinese value the missionaries'work. The University of Nanking isable to grow in spite of the keen competition of great government institutions.A recent Chinese teacher, writing in aShanghai paper, asks: "I should like toknow why most of the officials send theirsons to mission schools. Among themare even presidents of the governmentschools themselves."_ The missionary holds that the education of the whole man is the full messagethat he has been sent out to teach, andthis of necessity includes all grades ofschool work. He thus finds a place forschools of every type.China must have trained teachers, professional men, and engineers of good character and intellectual training who canmeet the present problems of the land.Both from reasons of duty and opportunity the missionary educators can andwill supply training of this sort. TheUniversity of Nanking represents just thisattempt. It is well on the road toachievement, and is abreast, if not wellahead, of every other school in the city.If fifteen American trained college men44ALUMNI ACTIVITIES 45can maintain this lead there is no doubtof our ultimate success. The principalneeds in this as in all educational enterprises in China are funds and men.Amara A. Bullock, S.M., '09Nanking, China, July 17, ignTHE ALUMNI COUNCILAt the first meeting for 1911-12 of theAlumni Council, held on October 1 2 in thesecretary's office in Ellis Hall, three newmembers were present: Professor JamesR. Angell, who will represent the University on the Council, succeeding DeanGeorge E. Vincent; Charles S. Winston,'96, president of the College Alumni Association; Fred Merrifield, '01, secretary ofthe Divinity Alumni Association. Mr.Abells presided until the new officers werechosen, these being Mr. Charles Winston,'96, chairman; Harry A. Hansen, '09,secretary, and Rudolph E. Schreiber, '06,treasurer.In his closing talk to the Council Mr.Abells declared that the interests of thealumni in the University could beenhanced a great deal by the election ofan alumni trustee, and said that he hopedthat the Council would bring his proposalbefore the alumni, so that the Universitymight choose an alumnus when next anew member is to be placed on the Boardof Trustees. Mr. Abells also recommended the eventual establishment of amonthly magazine.The secretary gave a resum6 of thework of the year and told in detail whathad been done during the summermonths, when the Council was not insession. He pointed out that more subscribers had been secured for the Magazine than in any previous year and that atotal of $184 had been turned over to theUniversity, this sum representing fiftycents paid for every subscriber above the500 mark. He also stated that it costthe Council about fifty cents to get onesubscriber, which took a large part of theincome. The biggest sums have beenspent in the circularization of alumni,large amounts going for postage. Theresults achieved with different circularsand letters has enabled the secretary todetermine what forms are the most effective for promotion work. A special postcard receipt has been printed and is nowbeing used to acknowledge subscriptions.Geographic cards have been filed for allgraduates of 1910-n. The treasurer reported that on October1 his books showed a balance of $185. 21in the bank.The chairman suggested that in orderto insure a full attendance at every Council meeting the alumni associations shouldappoint as delegates only those men whofound it possible to attend regularly.The secretary reported that the class of191 1 had taken the most interest inalumni work of any recent class, contributing no less than 100 subscriptions,and maintaining its class organizationintact. He expressed the opinion thatthe alumni meetings of 1910-n, to whichthe Seniors were invited, had not a littleto do with this interest and recommendedthat the Seniors be allowed to take anactive part in all future meetings of thealumni. The secretary also reportedthat many members of the class of 19 10had failed to redeem their pledges to thealumni and that he hoped members ofthat class who had incurred obligationswould not hesitate to meet them in thefuture, as the membership applicationswould be kept on file.COUNCIL COMMITTEESCharles S. Winston, '96, chairman ofthe Alumni Council, has appointed thefollowing alumni to serve on standingcommittees of the Council:On Alumni Clubs: William J. McDowell,'02, chairman; Thyrza Barton, '07, GeorgeFairweather, '07, Allen T. Burns, '98.On Alumni Meetings: L. Brent Vaughan,'97, chairman; James W. Linn, '97; John L.Hopkins, '07.On Athletics: Donald Richberg, '01;Preston F. Gass, '09, Charles F. Axelson, '07.Finance Committee: Herbert E. Slaught,Ph.D., '98; Stacy Mosser, '97; AinsworthClark, '99.CHICAGO ALUMNAEA meeting of the Chicago AlumnaeClub was held on Saturday, October 7,in the College Club rooms at the FineArts Building. It was the regular, fallluncheon and business meeting. Overfifty attended, the largest gathering sofar recorded for any of the fall meetings.The reports of the secretary, treasurer,and chairman of the committees showeda gratifying record for the past year andan interest which promises well for thecoming year. A new constitution wasadopted and the name of the organizationbecame the Chicago Alumnae Club of theTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEUniversity of Chicago. Heretofore itsofficial name has been the Alumnae Association. Several new members wereenrolled and the membership is now about150, larger than it has ever been. Thefollowing officers were chosen for the newyear:President — Marie Ortmayer, '06.Vice-President — Josephine Allin, '99.Secretary — Thyrza Barton, '07.Treasurer — Hazel D. Kelly, '08.Executive Board — Alice Greenacre, '09, andShirley Farr, '04.Miss Barton the new secretary, residesat 5307 Lexington Ave., and will be gladto receive the names of alumnae who areinterested in the work of the club.Hazel D. Kelly, '08SecretaryOctober 10, ignDINNER TO DEAN TALBOTOn October 20, 1911, the members ofthe faculty of Mount Holyoke Collegewho have been students at the Universityof Chicago gave a dinner to Dean MarionTalbot at South Hadley, Mass. Thereare twenty-six in all, of whom seven havetaken the Doctor's degree at the University: Cornelia M. Clapp, biology;Helen M. Searles, Sanskrit and comparative philology; Amy Hewes, sociology;Alma G. Stokey and Anna M. Starr,botany, and Anna J. Pell, mathematics.Dean Purington of Mount Holyoke andthe registrar, Miss C. B. Greene, werepresent as guests. Miss Vivian Small, aChicago Master of Arts and a formermember of the college faculty, now president of Lake Erie College, was also aguest.Dean Purington gave a short addressof welcome, speaking of the close relationbetween the University and MountHolyoke. Miss Talbot replied givingvarious items of news about the University and explaining the new entrance requirements, in which there is muchinterest. After a brief speech from MissSmall there followed an informal discussion of points raised by Miss Talbot.This was the second annual dinner andit is hoped that each year a member ofthe University faculty may be welcomedto Mount Holyoke.Helen M. Searles, '98Chairman of CommitteeMount Holyoke, November 7, ignTRIP BY THE PRESIDENTPlans are being made for a visit byPresident Harry Pratt Judson to a number of alumni clubs in the east during theweek of January 20, 191 2. The date forthe meeting at New York City will beJanuary 27. The President will alsoattend the meeting of the General Education Board in New York on January26. Meetings will probably be held inPittsburgh, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C.GRADUATES OF LEWIS INSTITUTESince 1896 the University has grantedno degrees to students who were alsograduates of Lewis Institute, Chicago.In addition to this number Lewis has sentto the University a number of studentswho did not take their degree, and somewho are still undergraduates. This is alarge number to come from one institutionand as the number grows the alumni ofthe institute and the University cannothelp feeling an interest in each other'swelfare. The alumni number of theBulletin of the institute published thenames and addresses of its graduates, aswell as a resume of the principal eventsin the academic year, 1910-n, printingin full the address delivered by PresidentHarry Pratt Judson at the college commencement on June 16, 191 1.ASSOCIATION OF DOCTORS OFPHILOSOPHYHerbert E. Slaught, Ph.D., '98, SecretaryNEWS NOTESFrank H. Pike, '07, has been appointedassistant professor of physiology atColumbia University. Professor RussellB. Opitz, '06, will have charge of theinstruction of the medical students andProfessor Pike of the work in generalphysiology.Professor George D. Birkhoff, '07, ofPrinceton University, spent the pastsummer in and near Chicago. He gavean address before the MathematicalClub of the University on the solution oflinear homogeneous differential equations.Aurelio M. Espinosa, '09, is instructorin Romance languages at Leland Stanford Jr. University.George H. Shull, '04, is botanical investigator at the station for experimentalevolution, Cold Spring Harbor, LongIsland. This station is maintained bythe Carnegie Institution of Washington.Andrew F. McLeod, '06, is instructor inchemistry at Beloit College, Wisconsin.Charles Brookover, '10, has an articlein the Journal of Comparative Neurology,Vol. XXI, No. 3, entitled: "TheOlfactory Nerve and the NervousTerminals of Ameiurus." Dr. Brookoveris professor of biology at Buchtel College.Emory S. Bogardus, 'n, has beenappointed assistant professor of sociologyand economics in the University ofSouthern California. He was marriedlast summer to Miss Edith Pritchard,of Geneseo, 111.Ethel M. Chamberlain, who receivedthe Doctor's degree in psychology andphilosophy at the March Convocation,191 1, was married to Gail Q. Porter at herfather's home in Galesburg, 111., lastsummer. Her present address is 23South Walnut St., East Orange, N.J.M. Lyle Spencer, '10, is professor ofEnglish in the Woman's College of Alabama. He has recently edited withintroduction and notes, The Yemassee,a romance of Carolina by William Gil- more, published by the B. F. JohnsonPublishing Company of Richmond, Va."Why Go to College?" is an interesting, attractive, and suggestive monograph of seventy-five pages by GeorgeF. Reynolds, '05, published as a bulletinof the University of Montana, where heis head of the department of English."Play Activities as a Measure ofMental Development in Child andRace" is the title of a paper publishedin the London journal, The Child, forSeptember, 1911, by L. Estelle Appleton,'09. Dr. Appleton is acting professor ofphilosophy and psychology at Milwaukee-Downer College for the present year.Elmer C. Griffith, '03, professor ofhistory and political science at WilliamJewell College, Liberty, Mo., is thefaculty advisor of the Debate Council ofthat institution. The arguments in oneof the debates conducted under hisdirection, in which the team won theunanimous decision against Baylor University, were published in full in theCongressional Record for August, 191 1.Professor Herbert M. Burchard, of theDepartment of Greek in Syracuse University, died suddenly on August 21,1911, after a severe operation five daysbefore. He took his Doctor's degreeat the University in 1900 and had been inhis present position since that time. Hewas a most successful teacher and wasgreatly beloved by all who knew him.He was president of the Schoolmasters'Club of Syracuse and prominent in manyfields of educational work."Cement Resources and Possibilities"is the title of an article by Charles H.Gordon, '05, in the August number of theResources of Tennessee, a monthly journalpublished by the State Geological Surveyof Tennessee. Professor Gordon hasalso published a monograph on the"Marbles of Tennessee."Allen D. Hole, 'n, is in charge of theDepartment of Geology of EarlhamCollege, Richmond, Ind. He was recently appointed assistant geologist onthe Indiana Geological Survey.47DIVINITY ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONFred Merrifield, 'oi, Secretary-TreasurerAlexander Blackburn, '73, who is pastor of the South Baptist Church atBoston, Mass., resides at 788 E. Broadway, South Boston.At the Autumn Convocation held onSeptember 1 in the Leon Mandel Assembly Hall the degree of Bachelor ofDivinity was conferred upon Ernest N.Armstrong, George W. Carter, John F.Catlin, Adrian A. Holtz, John W. Stock-well, and Clarence A. Wood.Willis T. Howard and Miss EmmaDarby, both members of the DivinitySchool in the summer of 19 n, weremarried at the home of the bride's parentsin Chicago on August 1. They are making their home at Florence, Ala.Irving G. McCann, a former memberof the Divinity School, and Miss FannieLeroy Sands, of Little Rock, Ark., weremarried at Little Rock on June 5.Winifred L. Chappell, who has donespecial work in the Divinity School since1907, has been made assistant principalof the Chicago Training School.Egbert L. Dakin, 'n, has been madeassistant pastor of the Memorial ChurchPreston D. Richards, '08, is now assistant solicitor in the Department of Stateat Washington, D.C.Harold L. Ickes, Ph.B., '97, J.D., '08,and Mrs. Anna Wilmarth Thompson weremarried at Lake Geneva, Wis., on September 16, 191 1. Mr. Ickes was campaign manager for the Republicancandidate, Professor Charles E. Merriam,in the last mayoralty campaign. AfterJanuary 15, 1912, Mr. and Mrs. Ickeswill be at home at 1415 Elinor Place,Evanston, 111.William Kixmiller, '10, may be addressed at 6040 Ellis Ave.Edgar J. Phillips is now residing at6220 Ellis Ave.The business address of Guy VanSchaick, '09, is Room 1400, First NationalBank Building. His home address is5804 Jackson Ave. of Christ on Oakwood Boulevard,Chicago.John W. Stockwell, 'n, has resignedthe pastorate of the Kenwood Church ofthe New Jerusalem, Chicago, and hasentered upon ministerial work in NewYork City. He has also become editorof Business Research.Claude E. Boyer, '09, and Miss BelleValentine Henning, of Piano, 111., weremarried at the home of the bride'smother, Mrs. Gilbert D. Henning, onSeptember 27. They are making theirhome at 1655 South Central Park Ave.,Chicago.Joseph G. Meadows, at one time astudent in the Divinity School and laterassistant pastor in the Immanuel BaptistChurch, died on July 16 at the BaptistHospital, Chicago, from a disease contracted in China. Mr. Meadows waswell known at the University, as also isMrs. Meadows, who was Dorcas Merriman, '00, before her marriage. Mr.Meadows was a missionary in China forsix years, being stationed at Wu Chow.Besides his wife, five children survive.The address of David S. Eisendrath,'09, is 703 Bedford Building.The October luncheon was held at theCollege Inn on Friday, October 27.Twenty members were present.The membership committee of theAssociation for the year 1911-12 is asfollows: Henry P. Chandler, '06, chairman; David S. Eisendrath, '09, Ora P.Lightfoot, '05, Harry J. Lurie, '05, andPaul M. O'Donnell, '09. The LawSchool Committee consists of Samuel D.Hirschl, '04, chairman; John R. Cochran,'04, James W. Simonton, '08, Claude P.Tallmadge, '05, and Erwin J. Walker.The address of Clyde C. Colwell, '06,is 610 Portland Block, Chicago.The secretary-treasurer, Rudolph E.Schreiber, 105 W. Monroe St., is ready toreceive the annual dues for the year1911-12.THE LAW SCHOOL ASSOCIATIONRudolph E. Schreiber, '06, Secretary48COLLEGE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONNEWS FROM THECLASSES1881C. W. Naylor, ex, is connected with theretail engineers' division of MarshallField & Co.189sDr. T. J. Woofter, ex, who attended theGraduate School in the early nineties, isat present dean of the School for Teachers at the University of Georgia. He isone of the educational leaders in Georgia,having been appointed recently by Governor Smith to serve on the new stateboard of education.1897James W. Linn has written a practicaltext on English composition for use inEnglish I. The book is published byCharles Scribner's Sons.Waldo P. Breeden practices law inPittsburgh, Pa., with offices in theBerger Building.1898Dora Wells, formerly a teacher in theChicago Normal School, is now principalin the School of Mechanical Arts forGirls, Wabash Ave. and Twenty-sixthSt. Her home address is 10 Loomis St.,Montpelier, Vt.1899Mrs. William J. Weber, who was PearlHunter before her marriage, has movedfrom Independence to Hillsboro, Ore.Roy B. Tabor, member of the realestate firm of White & Tabor, whose newnumber is 115 S. La Salle St., is presidentof the Chicago Real Estate Board.1900Ellen Yale Stevens, principal of theBrooklyn Heights Seminary, sailed thisfall for Rome, where she will investigateschool conditions.Minnie M. Paisley, who taught in thehigh school at Dinuba, Cal., has commenced graduate work in the Universityof California. She resides at 2237 HasteSt., Berkeley, Cal.Lee J. Frank, residing at 3976 LakeAve., has changed the address of his lawoffice from 160 W. Washington St., to112 S. Dearborn St. 1901Herman E. Bulkley is departmentmanager of the McNeil & Higgins Co.,3 S. State St.1902Dr. Herbert V. Mellinger announces achange in his downtown location to suite505, 36 W. Randolph St., hours 2 to 4 p.m.1903Milton Sills, connected with DavidBelasco of New York, played a leadingpart in a drama, "The Rack," during thelate summer in New York City.William J. McDowell, 6 131 GreenwoodAve., is with the Chicago office of theGeneral Vehicle Co., 417 the Rookery.1504Harry E. Walsworth, recently with R.R. Donnelley & Sons, has gone into business with his father at St. Johns, Mich.,under the title firm of P. E. Walsworth& Son.Murray Schloss, connected with theWayside Tales Publishing Co., lives atthe National Arts Club, Gramercy Park,N.Y. Mr. Schloss is a frequent visitorin Chicago, stopping here at the IllinoisAthletic Club.190sRobert K. Nabours, formerly Assistantin the Department of Zoology in theUniversity, is now on the faculty ofthe Kansas State Agriculture College atManhattan, Kan. He is specializing inevolutionary research.Enoch C. La vers has changed hisaddress from Pen Argyl, Pa., to 293Academy St., Jersey City, N.J.Artemas L. Day, formerly a teacher inthe high school at Cebu, P.I., is now livingin Manila.Dr. T. Harris Boughton, who was amedical practitioner in Chicago followinghis graduation, has been appointed professor of bacteriology and pathology inKansas University.Jaroslav J. Zmrhal lives at 1869Millard Ave.igo6Leonard E. Gyllenhaal, an instructorat Bryn Athyn, Pa., received the degreeof Master of Arts from Pennsylvania onJune 21.Helena M. Bassett has moved to 331South Normal Parkway.49THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINEC. Arthur Bruce, fomer practicingattorney in Kansas City, is now affiliatedwith the A. O. Smith Co., Milwaukee.W. F. Luebe has been appointed assistant professor of German in the State University at Iowa City, la.Cora E. Gray, S.M., '09, instructor inhome economics at the University ofIllinois, resides at 805 South LincolnAve., Urbana, 111.1907Edith B. Chandler, ex, is head of theDepartment of Modern Languages atTabor College, Tabor, la.William A. McDermid, ex, the representative of the Frank A. Munsey Company in Michigan for the past two years,has joined the western advertising staff ofMunn & Co., publishers of ScientificAmerican and American Homes and Gardens. Their Chicago offices are in thePeoples Gas Building.Charles F. Axelson, with the Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co., wasgeneral chairman of the Delta Tau Deltaconvention held in Chicago on August 23.Jessie Solomon is teaching algebra andgeometry in the High School at Elgin, 111.1908Esther Chapin, ex, is teaching modernlanguages at Shurtleff College, UpperAlton, 111.Nellie B. Green, formerly on the staffat the Methodist Hospital at Indianapolis, is now living at 413 N. Main St.,Fairfield, la.Paul V. Harper is attending the Harvard Law School. He resides at 204Craigie Hall, Cambridge, Mass.Olga Vondracek has moved from 1704Park Ave., to 15 10 Fourth Ave., CedarRapids, la.Hugh A. Owen has been elected supervising principal of the high and grammarschools at Orosi, Cal.Eugene B. Patton, A.M.; Ph.D., '09,addressed the Municipal Club of Jackson,Tenn., on October 24. Mr. Patton_ isprofessor of economics at the Universityof Rochester, and has been recentlyengaged in special statistical work for thestate of New York.1909Herbert A. Kellar, a recent graduatestudent in the History Department atLeland Stanford Junior University, hasbeen given a teaching fellowship at theUniversity of Wisconsin. John W. Baumgardner, Ed.B., '10, hasremoved from Manila to Bacolod, Occ.Negros, where he is principal of theProvincial Trade School.Harold Iddings, ex, is director ofathletics at Simpson College, Indianola,Iowa.1910Herman Deutsch, Ph.M., 'n, is in thebiology department at Bethany College,West Virginia.Paul P. B. Brooks, formerly instructorin McLean College, Hopkinsville, Ky.,has been elected to the physics andchemistry department of BlackburnCollege, Carlinsville, 111.Isaac N. Warner has moved fromNormal, 111., to Platteville, Wis., wherehe teaches in the State Normal School.H. S. Richards has changed his addressfrom Bellevue, Ohio, to 1506 Arch St.,Philadelphia, Pa., where he will beengaged as special investigator for theChildren's Aid Society of Pennsylvania.Oscar Worthwine, who lives at 109East Bonnock, Boise City, Idaho, isathletic director in the high school ofthat city.Orville R. Post is Latin instructor inAllen Academy at Bryan, Tex.Elizabeth Willson now lives at 322North Seventh St., Muskogee, Okla.Lenore Shanewise, ex, has recently beenelected head of the Department of Expression in the State Normal School atWinona, Minn. Miss Shanewise wasformerly an instructor in the Departmentof Public Speaking at the Iowa StateTeachers College.Francesco P. Ventresca, Ph.M., 'n, amember of the faculty at the StateCollege of Washington, in Pullman,Wash., has been promoted to be assistant professor of modern languages inthat institution.Ethel H. Nagle, ex, is living at 811Troost Ave., Kansas City, Mo.1911Mollie Carroll is taking graduate workin the University.Jack Reddick has a position with theChicago Tribune.S. Edwin Earle has a position with theNorthern Bank Note Co.Conrado Benitez received his Master'sdegree from the University at the SummerConvocation, and sailed for the Philippines on September 8, to teach there.Esmond Long is a research assistant inthe Department of Chemistry.ALUMNI ACTIVITIES 5*William Kuh is teaching and takinggraduate work in chemistry.George Sutherland is teaching chemistry in Ames College, la.Dana Atchley is studying medicine atJohns Hopkins University, Baltimore,Md.Paul Davis is in the bond departmentof the Colonial Trust & Savings Bank.Ali Mostrom has a position with theWestern Trust & Savings Bank.William Timblin is a student in RushMedical College.Laura Wilder is traveling in Europe.Hilmar Baukhage left in October for ayear's stay abroad.Norman Baldwin, "Bunny" Rogers,and William Crawley are traveling inEurope. William Crawley is conductinga popular skating rink in Paris.Phil Comstock is teaching mathematicsin the high school at Spokane, Wash.Edith Prindeville is teaching botany inthe University.Nat Pfeffer is exchange editor on theChicago Evening Post.Dorothy S. Buckley is teaching inRochester, N.Y., residing at 1487South Ave.Marx Holt, who is working for theMaster's degree, lives at 9 HitchcockHall.Sam N. Levinson has joined the realestate firm of Willis & Frankenstein, 25N. Dearborn St.Dr. Edward DeBoth, ex, is assistingArthur Hoffman, ex-' 10, director ofathletics at Ripon College, Ripon, Wis.Roy Baldridge and Herman Kern arein the employ of Jahn & Oilier Engraving Co. Mr. Jahn is an ex-'oo. Thisfirm will do the engraving work for theCap 6" Gown of 1912.Among the members of the class attending the Harvard Law School areCalvin O. Smith, J. Arthur Miller, TylerHenshaw, and Vallee Appel. Otheralumni at Harvard are Gilbert A. Bliss,S.B., '97, Paul Harper, '08, William F.Merrill, ex-' 12, who won the scholarshipawarded by the MacDowell club of NewYork City for the best dramatic production submitted by a student who did nothave the means to study in HarvardUniversity; Paul O. Karsten, ex-'i3, andWayne Wellman, ex-' 14.1913Emily R. Orcutt, ex, whose permanentaddress is 1014 Monroe St., Charleston,111., is living at Brigham City, Utah. ENGAGEMENTS'06. Grace M. Viall, associate professor of domestic science in the Iowa StateCollege, and Charles Gray, Iowa, '04.Mr. Gray is secretary of the AmericanAberdeen-Angus Breeders' Association.'06. Evelyn R. Adams, ex, andAbraham M. Schwab, both of Chicago.Miss Adams' brother, Franklin PierceAdams, is a newspaper and magazinewriter in New York City.'09. Charles Sheets Lee, ex, 6423Stewart Ave., and Mary Florine Thielens,daughter of Mrs. E. H. Thielens, 67 nStewart Ave. Announcement of theengagement was made on August 10.Mr. Lee is located in business in Detroit.MARRIAGES'95. James Westfall Thompson, Ph.D.,and Martha Landers, '03, daughter ofMrs. Franklin Landers of Indianapolis,on Tuesday, August 15, 1911. Mr.Thompson is a professor in the Department of History at the University.Mr. and Mrs. Thompson reside at 5616Kimbark Ave.'01. Charles Goettsch, Ph.D., '06,and Louise Hoberg, daughter of Mrs.Emma Hoberg, on Wednesday, October25, 191 1. Mr. Goettsch is Assistant Professor of Germanic Philology in the University. They are at home at 1 1 70 E.Sixty-first St.'02. Phoebe Ellison and Warren D.Smith. Their home is in Manila, whereMr. Smith is employed in the Bureau ofScience.'03. James Garfield Randall, A.M.,'04; Ph.D., 'n, and Edith Laura Abbott,'04, at the bride's home, 6034 InglesideAve., on July 18, 191 1. Dr. Randallwas at one time in the Department ofHistory at Syracuse University, but isnow acting professor of history at ButlerCollege. They reside at 5535 JulianAve., Indianapolis, Ind.'04. Walter Kean Earle, ex, andHenrietta Holmes Robertson, daughter ofMr. and Mrs. Marshall F. Holmes, 360Normal Parkway, on Thursday, October5, 191 1. The ceremony was held at thehome of the bride, the Rev. Herman Pageof St. Paul's church officiating. Mr.Earle is a member of Phi Delta ThetaFraternity. The home of the couple willbe in Chicago.THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO MAGAZINE'05. Mary Elton Barker, daughter ofDr. and Mrs. Milton R. Barker, for manyyears Chicago residents living at 4625Greenwood Ave., and Frank C. Vincentof Ames, la. The wedding took place atRockford, 111., the home of the bride, onThursday, August 24. Miss Barker is amember of the Wyvern Club. Theirhome will be in Everett, Wash.'05. Clarence Sills, ex, and RuthHartwell, ex-'io, on September 16. Mr.Sills is a member of the Delta KappaEpsilon Fraternity. The couple are livingat 5514 East End Ave.'05. Victor J. West and HelenAndrews, daughter of Mr. and Mrs.John Walter Stevens of St. Paul, Minn.Mr. West is a member of Phi GammaDelta Fraternity. Following his graduation he gave courses in the Departmentof Political Science and is now instructorin politics at Northwestern University.The couple will reside in Evanston, 111.'06. Albert Sherer and Ethel LindaVanNostrum on September 26 at theresidence of Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W.Adgate, Wheaton, 111. Renslow P.Sherer, '09, was best man, and HaroldH. Swift, '07, an usher. Mr. Sherer is amember of Delta Kappa Epsilon Fraternity. He is connected with the advertising department of the Associated Sunday Magazines.'07. Elizabeth Miner and Mr. J. A.Armstrong. The bride was formerlyhead of Kelly Hall. They reside at 5314Kimbark Ave.'07. Naomi Catherwood, ex, daughterof Mrs. Cornelia H. Catherwood, 5225Washington Ave., and Nels M. Hokan-son, '10, on August 5. The ceremonytook place at St. Paul's EpiscopalChapel in Kenwood, following which areception was held at the home of thebride's mother. John Schommer, '09,acted as one of the ushers. Mr. Hokan-son is a member of the Phi Kappa SigmaFraternity, and during his universitycareer specialized in social settlementwork. He was a member of the University Band during the year 1910-n.At present he is general director of ArdenShore Camp at Lake Bluff, where he willreside.'07. Dr. Charles Newberger and RoseGoldberg on Wednesday, October 18.Miss Goldberg is a graduate of theUniversity of Illinois. Dr. Newberger isresident physician of St. Joseph's Hospital, Garfield Ave. and Burling St.'07. Arthur C. Trowbridge and Susie Estell Busse, an alumna of NorthwesternUniversity, on August 29, in Minneapolis.Mr. Trowbridge has been appointed professor of geology at the State Universityof Iowa, Iowa City, where the couplereside.'08. Earle Scott Smith, ex, and EdithRohr, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. LouisH. Rohr, on Wednesday, September 6.Mr. Smith is a member of Sigma ChiFraternity, and while an undergraduatecomposed two of the Blackfriar plays.They are residing at 1037 West WoodruffAve., Toledo, Ohio.'10. Luella Healey, daughter of Mr.and Mrs. W. J. Healey, 1230 Bond St.,Los Angeles, Cal., at the home of thebride's parents. Mr. Healey is managerof a large mercantile firm in Los Angeles.DEATHSWilliam Dana Taylor, chief engineerof the Chicago & Alton, and Toledo, St.Louis & Western railroads, died at hisresidence, 7810 Bond Ave., on August 26.Mr. Taylor was graduated from the civilengineering department of the AlabamaPolytechnic Institute in 1885, and enteredthe Graduate School in 1896. Heoccupied important positions with severalrailroads, and a chair of railway engineering at the University of Wisconsin.'01. Grace Holstead died on June 9,1910, at Tama, la. She had been engaging in missionary work at the IndianReservation of the Musguskie Indianswhich is located near Tama.'03. Mrs. Martha Greer Wisner, neeGreer, died during the summer monthsat her home, 4464 Lake Ave. Mrs.Wisner entered the University fromAsbury College, Wilmore, Ky., in 1900,and received the degree of Bachelor ofScience at the August, 1902, convocation.Following her graduation she was headof the Department of English and American Literature of Arkadelphia MethodistCollege, Arkadelphia, Ark., for one year,and then was married to Carl V. Wisner,a Chicago lawyer. During her residencein Chicago she was an active member ofthe College Alumni Association. She issurvived by her husband and twochildren.'03. Carl William Eisendrath died onApril 20, 1910. Mr. Eisendrath, uponleaving the University, engaged in theleather industry, and at the time of hisdeath was president of the MonarchLeather Co.