\� . � �'l r» � � n·. \l� j C", " 'I � .. ;-\I • Uc.:t.,t ",- ,;"1 .' x, � 1• .� _�... f,� t.! :', 1 �� r (; � !U ��Medicine on the Mid rovti f: :,: �i � O':ti ; 01. 33 No. 3LJ'" -:: �r !..-.. 11.1 ?t.-, ... � � -, l�; �� � 'j. �.<� .. i t� ,. -,' i� �.. d L! �:;: � r� .' .." Y iii '1<;.,'1::..' If.,""" � .__ ,. I,Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association 0F!he University-,bf G�icagoDivision of the Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School of Medicine..Cover:Dr. Anthony P. Amarose , Associate Professor in the Department ofObstetrics and Gynecology, and a laboratory technician perform a pre­liminal}' chromosome examination checking for prenatal chromosomeabnormalities. Chromosome checks are a standard part of the labora­tory work following amniocentesis-s-a method of prenatal diagnosis.Dr. Amarose, who directs the University's highly specializedCytogenetics Laboratory where amniocenteses are handled, discussesthis relatively new technique. (Story on page 4.)Photo by John WellsMedicine on the MidwayVolume 33, No.3 Spring 1979Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association of TheUniversity of Chicago Division of the BiologicalSciences and The Pritzker School of Medicine.Copyright 1979 by the Medical Alumni AssociationThe University of ChicagoEditor: Christina West WellsContributing Editors: James S. Sweet, KathleenMarshPhotographers: John Wells, Dick KatschkeChairman Editorial Committee: Robert W. Wissler('48)Medical Alumni AssociationPresident: Joseph H. Skom (,52)President-Elect: Frank W. Fitch (,53)Vice President: Louis Cohen ('53)Secretary: Sumner C. Kraft ('55)Director: Katherine Wolcott WalkerCouncil MembersRichard H. Evans ('59)Herbert B. Greenlee (' 55)Abbie R. Lukens ('50)Charles P. McCartney (' 43)Julian J. Rimpila ('66)Benjamin H. Spargo ('52)Francis H. Straus, 11('57) ContentsAmniocentesis: Some Questions About a 4New Technique with a Promising FutureA cytogeneticist discusses this relatively newtechnique and questions about its safety, availabilityand alternative methods.Profile-The 1978 Entering ClassThe Dean of Students profiles the entering classduring a year when applications were down, butcompetition was keen.Joseph CeithamlThe Amorality of the GeneA biologist argues against the sociobiologists' claimthat the social behavior of man and non-humancreatures can be explained using the same evolution­ary model.Arnold W. RavinMedical Alumni Questionnaire ResultsFocus on OtolaryngologyAn interview with new section chairman, Dr. Greg­ory Matz.A Case of Filicide and the CourtA University psychiatrist discusses what has cometo be viewed as perhaps the most horrific of allmurders-the killing of older children-and apsychiatrist's dilemma in the courtroom.Dr. Lawrence Z. FreedmanMemoirs of an Art CollectorA pediatrician and alumnus, Dr. Burton Grossman('49), spends his spare time collecting art.The Flying RadiologistFor years, this alumnus spent as much time in the airas on the ground in the service of medicine.Dr. Walter Francke ('48)One Last LookA rare collection of prehistoric cycads leaves theMidway for sunny California.News BriefsIn MemoriamDepartmental NewsAlumni News 611161921242729353839413Dr. Anthony P. Am arose discusses new findings on amniocentesis. (Inset) He counts chromosomes, which are stained, photographed and enlarged/orexamination.Amniocentesis:Some Questions About a New Technique with a Promising FutureAmniocentesis is not a household word yet, but it seemsheaded in that directionMore than 200,000 American infants are born with achromosome abnormality or genetic disorder each year.These birth defects account for about one-third of allpediatric hospital admissions and nearly forty percent ofinfant mortality. Almost none of these defects are cur­able, but entail long-term, extensive medical care whichplaces heavy emotional and economic burdens on thefamily.Using amniocentesis, it has now become possible todiagnose every type of chromosome abnormality andmore than sixty inherited genetic disorders. Performed asa corollary to genetic counselling, amniocentesis canrelax anxieties about childbearing for couples who run ahigh risk of producing affected children. When followedby selective abortion, it can provide an important step in4 reducing the number of children born with severe birthdefects.While amniocentesis is a valuable procedure, medicalprofessionals are beginning to express their concernabout its rising popularity. Before it becomes a standardpractice in obstetrics, cautions Dr. Anthony P. Amarose,the director of the University's Cytogenetics Lab, thepotential health risks and questions about who shouldreceive amniocentesis, and why, need to be addressed.The procedure involves inserting a needle through awoman's abdomen into the amniotic sac and withdrawingfluid containing sloughed-off fetal cells. It is usually per­formed between the fourteenth and sixteenth weeks ofpregnancy. The amniotic fluid is sent to laboratorieswhere diagnostic biochemical tests are performed andchromosomes are checked for abnormalities.In addition to the important and complex ethical issuesraised by the procedure, recent medical studies offercontradictory information about its safety.Safety QuestionsIn January, researchers at a California medical centerreported on their eight-year study of 3,000 amniocen­teses. They concluded that it was a "safe, highly reliable,and extremely accurate" method of prenatal diagnosis.The largest study to date, their conclusions support thoseof a previous collaborative study published in 1976 by theNational Institute of Child Health and Human Develop­ment.Across the Atlantic, however, British researchers .re­cently completed a major assessment of the procedure'shazards, linking it with increased rates of spontaneousabortion in mothers, and respiratory difficulties andmajor orthopedic deformities in infants."Although these findings need to be investigatedfurther," comments Dr. Amarose, an associate professorof obstetrics and gynecology, "I believe clinicians andpatients must be made aware that amniocentesis is not aninnocuous procedure. It involves risks for both motherand fetus."Both American studies also cited increases in spon­taneous abortion rates for women who had received am­niocentesis. They concluded, however, that the increasewas not significant when compared to rates for controlwomen (study women who did not receive amniocen­tesis).While these short-term effects may be in question, thelong-term effects are unknown. Amniocentesis is a rela­tively new procedure and studies on its long-term con­sequences are not yet available.Given the real and potential risks, the British suggestedthat obstetricians use a costs/benefits model to decidewho should receive amniocentesis.Down Syndrome QuestionsHow does a physician measure costs and benefits? Inthe case of Down Syndrome (mongolism)-the mostcommon chromosomal abnormality-the British scien­tists reasoned that only women over forty warranted am­niocentesis. Down Syndrome affects 1 in 680 infants. Forwomen over forty, the risk jumps to 1 in 65. The likeli­hood of producing a Down Syndrome child, they argue, ishigh enough to outweigh the potential health risks of theprocedure.In the United States, amniocentesis is usually offeredto women over thirty-five since they, too, run an in­creased risk of bearing a Down Syndrome child.Deciding what the cutoff age should be has been com­plicated by a new worldwide trend in childbearing.Today, 65-80 percent of the infants with Down Syn­drome are born to women under the age thirty-five.The new findings do not disprove the increased risk forolder mothers. What they do indicate, however, is that,by offering amniocentesis to older women only, the vastmajority of today's Down Syndrome fetuses will go un­detected.The result of the new findings-reported in the U.S.,British Columbia, Japan and Denmark-has led a promi- nent Massachusetts researcher-physician to describe thepresent focus on mothers over thirty-five as "in­adequate." Yet, Dr. Amarose believes the proposal toextend amniocentesis to women under thirty-five is notrealistic."Right now, laboratories cannot handle all of the olderwomen who have strong indications for amniocentesis,"he says. "Of the more than 5,000 infants born with DownSyndrome in the U. S. each year, only two percent of thecases are diagnosed prenatally, and that is already anoverload. "legal QuestionsA recent legal ruling seems likely to tax the overloadfurther. In January, the New York Court of Appealsruled that physicians who fail to offer patients geneticcounselling can be held liable for the costs of lifetime careof an infant born with an inherited disorder that couldhave been predicted before birth.The repercussions of the court's decision, suggests Dr.Amarose, will be an increased likelihood for obstetriciansto suggest amniocentesis in order to avoid a malpracticesuit.Obstetricians may already be wary. Several womenhave come to the University Medical Center in recentmonths seeking obstetrical care because other obstetri­cians were reluctant to accept them as patients after thewomen refused to undergo amniocentesis."This is not only unnecessary, it is unwarranted," de­clares Dr. Amarose. "If a woman does not wish toundergo amniocentesis after being informed about it, aphysician need only state in the patient's medical recordthat genetic counselling was given and that amniocentesiswas offered and refused. I advise clinicians to have thepatient read the statement and then sign it."While some women do not wish the procedure, othersrequest it. "The usual indications for amniocentesis in­clude: advanced maternal age, previous birth of a defec­tive or mentally retarded child, a family history ofchromosome- or gene-transmitted abnormalities, and areproductive history of miscarriages and stillbirths,"explains Dr. Amarose. "Now there is anothercategory-maternal anxiety."In the case of "maternal anxiety" a woman does nothave any of the usual indications which would lead aphysician to suggest amniocentesis. Instead, she requeststhe procedure to relieve her anxiety about the possibilityof bearing an infant with birth defects."It is up to the physician to decide whether the anxietywill be alleviated by amniocentesis or exacerbated," saysthe University cytogeneticist. "It may turn out to be likeopening Pandora's Box: She requests the procedurewanting to diminish her anxiety, but it may have just theopposite effect. She may be unprepared for the strains apositive diagnosis can put on the family."Other MethodsAmniocentesis may not be widely available, but it isnot the only method of prenatal diagnosis. Ultrasoundtechniques can be used to view the fetus as it moves inthe womb by passing sound waves through the body and5visualizing them on a computer screen. A tiny fiberopticendoscope can be used to reach into the uterus throughthe vaginal canal, allowing blood to be withdrawn andexamined for fetal biochemical and blood disorders.Indirect methods of diagnosis not involving the fetusare also available. Maternal blood serum, for example,can be used to diagnose severe fetal neurological defor­mities called "neural tube defects," the most commonabnormality in the United Kingdom.Despite recent advances, however, "there 'is wide­spread concern that prenatal diagnosis seems to be avail­able only to a small proportion of the families who mightbe expected to benefit," declares Dr. Amarose.He suggests that clinicians need to become more in-Dean Joseph Ceith aml talks with a student at the Freshman Wine andCheese Party. (All other photographs in this section were also taken atthe Freshman Wine and Cheese Party.)6 formed about prenatal diagnosis. "For this to happen,"he suggests, it is incumbent upon the medicalsocieties-the American Medical Association, theAmerican Association of Obstetricians andGynecologists-and the Department of Health, Educa­tion and Welfare to provide physicians with brochuresand data on birth defects and what can be done aboutdiagnosing them."Birth defects are not rare. Some of the more seriousones occur in 1/500 or even 11100 of all live births. Pre­natal diagnosis, if approached thoughtfully and carefully,he concludes, can offer an invaluable addition to geneticcounselling and the prevention of severely defective in­fants.Profile-The 1978 Entering ClassJoseph CeithamlFor the second consecutive year there was a marked de­crease in the total number of completed applications foradmission into the entering medical class of the Univer­sity of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine. Whereastwo years ago there were 4,939 applicants and last yearthere were 4,247 applicants, for the 1978 entering classthere were 3,638 applicants.The high water mark for applicants for admission intoour medical school was the 1975 entering class which hada total of 5,428 completed applications. Since then thenumber of applicants has fallen each year. This reductionin number of applicants reflects a national trend and is theresult of several factors including a smaller collegepopulation, improved career prospects for young scien­tists with Ph.D. degrees, and attractive job opportunitiesfor college graduates with baccalaureate degrees in en­gineering or the sciences.Although the number of applicants for the 1978 enter­ing class was reduced, the quality of the applicant poolremained as high as ever, with lesser qualified applicantsaccounting for the bulk of the reduction in numbers. The1978 entering medical class consists of 22 women (3 mar­ried) and 82 men (9 married). Of the married students,two of the male students each had one child at the timethey began their medical studies. Eight members of theentering class were selected for the Medical ScientistTraining Program (MSTP) which normally leads to boththe M.D. and the Ph.D. degrees in six calendar years.The MSTP trainees began their studies on our campus inthe summer quarter of 1978. The remaining 96 students inthe entering class began their medical studies in the fall of1978.All of the entering students possess at least a bac­calaureate degree. Four also have Master's degrees andone holds a Ph.D. degree in psychology. Included in theclass are five students from minority groups, as well asfour foreign students (two from Hong Kong and one eachfrom Haiti and India). See Table I.The average age of the entering students was 22 yearswith 90 percent of the students being 21 or 22 years old atthe time they began their medical studies. The age rangeof the class actually was 20 to 31 years with the youngeststudent having just received his B A. degree from theCollege of the University of Chicago and the oldest stu­dent a man who holds M.S. degrees in both physics andmedical physics.Table II lists the 43 different colleges and universitiesrepresented in this year's entering class. As usual theCollege of the University of Chicago provided the largestnumber of students (22). Also as in the past several years,the University of Illinois, Urbana was next (10). Thencame the University of Notre Dame (7) and Northwest­ern (5). Carleton College, Johns Hopkins University,Loyola University and the University of Michigan eachcontributed 4 students, while 3 each came from EmoryUniversity, Haverford College, and Yale University.Table III shows the geographic distribution of the 104entering medical students by their states of residence.Illinois as always leads the roster with 42, followed byNew York with 10, Michigan with 6 and Minnesota with5. Maryland, New Jersey, Ohio and Wisconsin eachcontributed 4 while Indiana, Massachusetts and Penn­sylvania each provided 3. Thirteen other states and oneforeign country are represented by 1 or 2 students each.(The students from Haiti and India have now becomepermanent U.S. citizens and claim Illinois as their homestate .)The academic credentials of the entering class are asfollows. The average cumulative grade point average(GPA) was 3.75 on a scale where 4.0 equals A and 3.0equals B. The class achieved a slightly higher scienceGPA (3.78) than non-science GPA (3.69). The 1978 en­tering class was the first to have taken the new and re­vised Medical College Admission Test (MCA T). Con­sequently, it is not possible to compare the performanceof this class with that of its predecessors. The newMCAT is scored from 1 to 15 with 15 being the highestscore. The entering class averaged lIon the six subtestsof the new MCAT which placed the average member ofthe class somewhere within the top 10 to 15 percentiles ofall applicants to U.S. medical schools last year. The classas a whole did particularly well in the knowledge subtestsof biology, chemistry and physics, as well as in the sub­test in scientific problem solving. The class did onlyslightly less well in the subtests in reading comprehensionand in data analysis.The academic disciplines in which the entering stu­dents had majored in college are shown in Table IV. It isevident that most of the students majored in the sciences,especially Biology (42 percent) and Chemistry (23 per­cent). Less than 10 percent of the entering class had cho­sen non-science majors.Since each applicant is considered strictly on his or herown merits by our Committee on Admissions, the com­position of the class in terms of the family educationalbackgrounds is heterogeneous. For example, 8 membersof the class come from families where one or both of theparents have had less than a high school education. Onthe other hand, 21 of the students come from families in7which one or both parents have achieved either an M.D.or a Ph.D. degree. A total of 60 students come from fami­lies where one or both parents are college graduates. Fourmembers of the entering class come from University ofChicago alumni families (four fathers and one mother); inone instance both parents are alumni. All four of thealumni fathers graduated from the College and one alsowent on to receive his Ph.D. degree at the University ofChicago while another also received his M.D. degreefrom the University. The one alumna mother attendedthe College.The occupations of the parents reflect their educationalbackgrounds and include representatives of the profes­sions, business, industry, and labor. Included among thefathers are ) 2 merchants and/or shop owners, 11 physi­cians, 9 engineers, 7 business executives, 5 teachers and4 manual laborers. Also included are 3 each of attorneys,pharmacists and administrators and 2 each of farmers,mail carriers and firemen. Among the other fathers are auniversity professor, minister, policeman, printer, movieproducer and journalist. Five of the fathers are retiredand five are deceased.Of the mothers, 43 are identified as being primarilyhomemakers while the rest have additional careers. Inthis latter group are 11 school teachers, 5 secretaries, 4bookkeepers, 3 office clerks, and 2 each of high schoolcounselors, music teachers, business women, pharma­cists, office managers, realtors and lab technologists.Also included among the mothers are a nurse, restauran­teur, university professor, social worker, minister,sculptress, insurance broker, beautician, librarian andlegislative research director. The mothers of three of theentering students are deceased.The current entering class already shows every pro­mise of holding its own in comparison with the excellentclasses which have preceded it at the University ofChicago. We have great expectations for the members ofthis class, and we have every confidence that they willfulfill these expectations.Joseph Ceithaml is Dean of Students in the Division ofthe Biological Sciences and The Prit rker School ofMedicine and Professor in the Department ofBiochemistry .8 Table I: Entering Medical Class, 1978Single menMarried menMarried men with children Entering ApplicantsClass739(2)Total Men 82 2,799Single women 19Married women 3Married women with children (0)Total women 22 839Ph.D.'s 1American Oriental students 2Black students 2Mexican American students 1Foreign students 4Hong Kong (2)Haiti (I)India (I)Total students 104 3,638Table II: Undergraduate College DistributionUniversity of Arkansas (I)Boston College (I)Brown University, Rhode Island (I)Bucknell University, Pennsylvania (I)Calvin College, Michigan (I)Carleton College, Minnesota (4)Carroll College, Montana (2)University of Chicago (22)Coe College, Iowa (I)Cornell University, New York (I) University of Missouri (I)Muhlenberg College, Pennsylvania (I)New York University (I)Northwestern University (5)Notre Dame University (7)Oberlin College, Ohio (1)University of Pennsylvania (1)Drew University, New Jersey (I)Emory University, Georgia (3)Franklin & Marshall College, Pennsylvania (I)Harvard College (1)Haverford College, Pennsylvania (3)Johns Hopkins University (4)University of Illinois, Urbana (10)University of Illinois, Circle Campus (1)University of Indiana (I)University of Iowa (I) Princeton University (I)Purdue University (2)Rensselaer Poly tech Institute, New York (2)Roosevelt University, Chicago (1)Saint John's University, Minnesota (I)St. Olaf College, Minnesota (I)College of St. Thomas, Minnesota (I)University of South Carolina (I)State University of New York at Stony Brook (I)State University of New York at Oneonta (I)Syracuse University, New York (I)Washington & Jefferson College, Pennsylvania (I)Yale University (3)Lawrence University, Wisconsin (I)Loyola University, Chicago (4)University of Michigan (4) Number of Schools: 43Table III: Geographic Distribution Table IV: Academic Major Distributionof Entering ClassMajor Men Women TotalArkansas I Minnesota 5 Biochemistry 8 I 9California I Missouri I Biology 33 13 46Connecticut 1 Montana 1 Biomedical Engineering 2 0 2Florida I New Jersey 4 Chemistry 22 3 25Georgia I New Mexico I Chemical Engineering I I 2Idaho I New York 10 English 0 1 IIowa I Ohio 4 Human Nutrition 0 I IIllinois 42 Pennsylvania 3 Mathematics 1 0 IIndiana 3 South Carolina 2 Natural Sciences 4 0 4Kansas 1 Washington I Philosophy I 0 IMaryland 4 Wisconsin 4 Preprofessional Studies 4 I 5Massachusetts 3 Physics 2 0 2Michigan 6 Hong Kong 2 Psychology 4 I 5Sociology I 0 IZoology 4 I 5Number of States: 24 Totals: 87* 23* 110*Number of Foreign Countries: 1 *5 of/he men and I of the women had double majors.9Professor Arnold RavinONTHE ORIGIN OF SPECIESBY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION,on THEPRESERV ATION OF FAVOURED RACES IN THE STRUGGLEFOR LIFE.By CHARLES DARWIN, J\'[.A.,fELLOW OF rus ROYAL, GEOLOGIC,\I" LINN..€AN, ETC., SOCIETJES;AUTHOR or' JOURNAL OF RESBARCHES DURING II. l'tf. S. BEAGLE'S VOYAGEROUND THE WORLD.'LONDON:JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.1859.Thl! right of Tramlation i. �Original title p ag e of Darwin's The Origin of Species. pub­lished ill London in 1859.Illustration of the four major types ofbeaks Darwin found among species offinch on Galapagos. Each type wasadapted to a particular feeding habit.10 JThe Amorality of the GeneArnold W. RavinEarly in his life the human being comes to make a dis­tinction between what is external to him and what isinternal, between the "I" and the "something beyondmyself. " Corresponding to this distinction are the twoways in which the concept of nature is eventuallyemployed.We speak, on the one hand, of the nature of the physi­cal universe-that world outside of ourselves-and wespeak, on the other hand, of the nature of man. The an­cient and vexing problem that keeps re-emerging is: Towhat extent are these two natures related or continuous?For if in fact they are really continuous, may we notsuppose that the nature of man, as reflected in his be­havior, is dictated by that greater nature of which he is apart?These questions have been raised again in recent yearsby the controversy over the sociobiology of Edward O.Wilson and others, which proposes to unify the study ofman with the study of other living things within atheoretical evolutionary model that accounts at once forthe social behavior of non-human animals and that of thehuman species. I hope to show that resolution of theseAnalogies provide new ways of "seeingthings" and engender new avenues of re­search: they help us get from "here" to"there" in science ... but they also createdifficulties for us.questions is of great importance to us all, for in the finalanalysis, the very meaning of humanity is at stake.Sociobiology, insofar as it pertains to man, is in realitya recrudescence of an older evolutionary ethics whichclaimed that we can find in cosmic and biological evolu­tion the rules by which men act. Evolutionary ethicistsimply that these rules alone determine men's actions, orat least ought to guide them, and that there is no need topostulate the operation in mankind of a set of criteria inaddition to, or exclusive of, the laws of the non-humanuniverse.Analogies Cause DifficultiesTo clarify the sociobiological controversy, we mustfirst, in my view, consider the robustness of an analogy,in this case the analogy between human and biologicalevolution. As we shall see, we should distrust analogieseven if we cannot get along without them. One of thecommon strategies in scientific explanation is to think, atleast temporarily, in terms of analogical models: the solarsystem as a model of the atom, the lock and key as amodel of the enzyme and its substrate, the electrical switchboard as a model for the central nervous system.There are great advantages in the use of such models,which I will not detail here. In summary, they providenew ways of "seeing things" and engender new avenuesof research: they help get us from "here" to "there" inscience. I shall not justify their use any further; but theydo create difficulties for us.The analogy that is at the root of the problem we arediscussing here is due to none other than Charles Darwin.In the first edition of Darwin's On the Origin of Species,the first chapter is devoted to "Variation Under Domes­tication." In that chapter Darwin considers the causes of"the vast diversity of the plants and animals which havebeen cultivated by man" in contradistinction to thehomogeneity of the individuals of a given species as theyare found in nature. He comes to the conclusion that ofall the "causes of Change ... the accumulative action ofSelection ... is by far the predominant Power." In thischapter Darwin is speaking of the selection of traits byman-what we have come to call "artificial selection."In artificial selection humans preferentially breed ani­mals or plants with desired characters, thereby increasingthe numbers of individuals with such characters and eventhe extent of expression of those characters. By carryingon such selection for a wide variety of characters indifferent SUb-populations of a domesticated species, agreat diversity of types is obtained. In this way, the origi­nal phenomenon-the variety within domesticatedspecies-is satisfactorily explained.Why does this account of "artificial selection" comefirst in a book concerned with the origin of species innature? Obviously, Darwin was preparing the reader foran analogy that had already struck him. In his case, how­ever, the question of the origin of species in nature pre­ceded his thoughts about human selection of domesti­cated plants and animals and the relevance of such selec­tion to the origin of species. The analogy was betweenartificial selection and a process that leads to new speciesin nature.If variations arise among the individuals of a speciesfor any reason whatsoever, and if resources for themaintenance of life and reproduction are limited, as in­deed they appear to be, a competition will ensue in whichunequal numbers of descendants will arise from theexisting members of the species. By definition, those in­dividuals leaving relatively larger numbers of descen­dants are more fit, or more adapted to their environmen­tal situation, than those leaving fewer numbers or no de­scendants.By analogy with artificial selection, the more fit arebeing selected insofar as the competition for resources isan adequate analog of the discrimination manifested byhumans in their breeding of animals and plants for traitsdesired by the breeders. Speaking analogically then,something has to take the place of man in the context of11biological evolution, and this thing is called "nature."That Darwin did in fact reify and anthropomorphize"nature" may be easily seen in On the Origin ofSpecies He says, for example, in Chapter IV (p. 82):... as man can certainly produce great results by adding up in anygiven direction mere individual differences, so could Nature, butfar more easily. from having incomparably longer time at her dis­posal.Or again (p. 82):Man can act only on external and visible characters: Nature caresnothing for appearances. except insofar as they may be useful toany being. She can act on every internal organ, on every shade ofconstitutional difference, on the whole machinery of life. Manselects only for his own good; Nature only for that of the beingwhich she tends.Or (p. 84):Can we wonder, then, that nature's productions should be far"truer" [i.e., meaning "adapted"] in character than man's pro­ductions ... ?Or (p. 87):Now, if nature had to make the beak of a full-grown pigeon veryshort for the bird's own advantage, the process would be veryslow ...And finally to show that Darwin was consciouslythinking on the basis of analogy, I quote from page ]] 2:Here, then, we see in man's productions the action of what may becalled the principle of divergence, causing differences, at firstbarely appreciable, steadily to increase, and the breeds to divergein character both from each other and from their common parent.But how, it may be asked, can any analogous principle apply innature? I believe it can and does apply most efficiently, from thesimple circumstance that the more diversified the descendants fromanyone species become in structure, constitution, and habits, byso much will they be better enabled to seize on many and widelydiversified places in the polity of nature, and so be enabled toincrease in numbers.Now, of course, Darwin was not alone amongnaturalists to speak in these anthropomorphic tonesIt is a misnomer to apply the term "selec­tion" to the world of unconscious crea­tures. It is all too easy to see in themetaphor of "nature" a guiding, select­ing, winnowing entity choosing amongpossibilities ...about nature. It was for them a "manner of speaking,"and to the extent they were conscious of it-as I believeDarwin was-they could correct or prevent unjustifiedexcesses. The important point, after all, is that by think­ing analogically in this fashion Darwin was able to per­ceive a process to account for the origin of new speciesand so avoid the difficult doctrine of unique, special andindependent creation of species."Selection" a MisomerBut it is a misnomer to apply the term "selection" tothe world of unconscious creatures. It is all too easy tosee in the metaphor of "nature" a guiding, selecting,winnowing entity choosing among possibilities and even12 creating the possibilities themselves. My point is thatthere is no selection in the domain of non-human crea­tures, certainly not of the sort we associate with choiceand that is practiced by man.I am not quarreling with the Darwinian mechanism as aplausible explanation of the origin of diversity and speci­ation; nor can I hope that, at this late date, the widelyaccepted metaphorical term "natural selection," withwhich this mechanism is labelled, can or will be droppedfrom general usage. I am concerned, however, with anaive use of the metaphor that results in loss of any dis­tinction between biological and human evolution. If, in­deed, human selection amounted to the same thing asnatural selection, except for a difference in agency­humans selecting where nature otherwise would-therewould be every reason for believing that biological andhuman sociocultural evolution were entirely coincident.Grounds for this belief vanish, however, as soon as oneis clear about what is being claimed for natural selection,namely, that the variations that arise and compete forlimited resources are beyond the control of the selectingmechanism. The variant entities arise in a random way,adaptively unrelated to the environment in which theyappear. Natural selection consists uniquely in a change inproportion of these entities on the basis of their fitness,which is nothing more than their relative rates of repro­duction. What determines the outcome is the relativecapacity to survive and multiply. No other criterionexists, and there is no need to postulate an agency that isdoing any selection.The change in proportions of variants occurs, in a realsense, by itself as a consequence of the different rates ofreproduction in a given environment. that is to say, thereis no intermediary between the variant beings and theenvironment imposing conditions for survival andreproduction-at least in the "natural" or non-humansituation.But man intervenes, is an intermediary, in the evolu­tion of other creatures. And his choices are not merelybased upon the standard of reproductive rate; he hasother criteria for selection: what strikes him as estheti­cally pleasing or useful or whatever. Morever, man inter­venes in his own evolution and does so because of hisconscious interpretations of his situation.This very consciousness is, in fact, the heart of thematter. While it is true that man, like all other creatures,must contend with the problems of existence and genera­tion, he differs from all of them in having acquired thecapacity, undoubtedly as a consequence of biologicalevolution, to codify in oral and written language themental representations of his experiences, to formulate insymbolic language such abstractions as "organisms,""environment" and "nature."These representations or metaphors are the basis of hischaracteristic activity of constructing myths, explana­tions or hypotheses that account for the experiences hehas abstracted and represented in symbolic form. In as­suming as I do that man's unique powers are the con­sequence of biological evolution, I do not thereby sup­pose that the laws or processes that explain biologicalevolution are adequate to explain human evolution.Homo sapiens is a very different animal. His unique dif­ferences make possible modes of evolution that were notpossible, and were not necessarily preordained in the"working of nature," prior to his appearance.Knowledge and ValuesWhat evolutionary modes become possible with man?The answer resides, it seems to me, in the coupled use ofknowledge and values. I take knowledge to be the veryexplanatory hypotheses man uses to account for his ex­periences. They guide his conscious and deliberate actionby predicting the different outcomes of alternativecourses of action. But the explanatory hypotheses do notsuffice. The human being's choice or selection of a par­ticular course of action depends upon another humancharacteristic, an awareness of the "rightness" of things,a sense of values. Without values, there is no rationalway of choosing or selecting between alternatives.It is an interesting idea, suggested by the late ConradWaddington, that knowledge and values both owe theirorigin to the sociogenetic mode of cultural transmissionin man: it is through parental restriction of infantile be­havior that the infant acquires a realization of somethingbeyond itself, an external authority or order that has"reasons" for behavior within specified limits. Be that asit may, it is nevertheless clear that knowledge and valuesare closely coupled in human actions.We have had many instances in recent years of sci­entific change and new technological capacities causingus to alter our ethical standards. Yet if science affectsmoral and religious thought, the relationship is recip­rocal. We have considerable historical evidence of therole that metaphysical, subjective and religious ideashave on "... the vision of the scientist as he seeks tointerpret the shadows dancing on the wail."The coupled use of knowledge and values makes pos­sible human selection among alternative courses of ac­tion, and the consequence of human selection is evolu­tion. For it is to change some painful or distressing situa­tion or to advance some condition that men act. Ofcourse, what is regarded as painful, distressing or worthyof advance depends upon value judgements. Neverthe­less, change ensues. Were our knowledge of the systemin which we find ourselves a perfect one-that is, if manwere omniscient-our choices should eventually end in afinal configuration, the preferred one. For if ourexplanatory hypotheses were not subject to correction orreplacement, that is, if we could be finally certain ofthem, we should be able to arrange a world in accordancewith our values that needed no further amelioration orremoval of distress. It would be final and perfect. But,alas, while man intervenes in his evolution -as well as inthe evolution of other beings-he cannot ultimately con­trol that evolution for, lacking certainty about hisexplanatory model of the cosmic system, he cannot besure that the course of action he does pursue will notgenerate new distressful problems even while removingold ones.Indeed, the history of modern science, for all itsvaunted prowess in contributing to the material well­being of man, has provided ample evidence of the essen- Spanish Fowl, Polish Fowl. "How does a hen de­termine which is the most beautiful cock?" Illus­tration from The Variation of Animals and Plantsunder Domestication.13tially open-ended nature of the scientific enterprise. Thescientific view of nature has changed, and we may as wellexpect it to change again. The changes have resultedfrom our ability to correct or replace hypotheses whenpredictions fail to conform with experience. We are un­able to give other than a limited and contingent credenceto hypotheses whose predictions remain empirically suc­cessful.The imperfection of human knowledge leads to the oc­currence of unforeseen events in human evolution. Whatthis means is that we have no warrant for anticipatingother than a continuity of problems facing the existenceand generation of human life. Yet we have no means todeploy for the solution of these problems but the creationof knowledge and the application of values; unless, ofcourse, some new type of creature evolves with thecapacity for certain knowledge, in which case evolutionmight very well come to an end in Teilhardian fashion.We have no grounds for such a prediction.There is nothing in either cosmic, biological, or culturalevolution that guarantees an end, or human or other per­fection. The condition of man seems to involve unremit­ting use of knowledge and values in the conscious, delib-We really understand precious littleabout sociocultural evolution, particu­larly the roles therein of moral tradition,conscience and human altruism.erate (i.e., non-random) intervention in his own evolutionwithout certainty of absolute or ultimate control. In thispicture of the human state, who or what can be said tocontrol human destiny?In a sense, the open-endedness of human evolution issimilar to that of biological evolution. Perhaps this simi­larity accounts for current tendencies to analogize cul­tural with biological evolution. While it seems to me in­teresting and worthwhile to compare biological and cul­tural evolution, we must be on our guard against the pos­sibly misleading results of such analogy. We really un­derstand precious little about sociocultural evolution,particularly the roles therein of moral tradition, con­science and human altruism (as opposed to what passesfor the animal variety), to make strong claims of ananalogical kind: that biological evolution is a suitablemodel for human change.The dangerous consequence of treating biologicalevolution as a suitable model for human evolution is ac­ceptance of the view that genetic survival-the only thingthat counts in the long run in natural selection-is alsothe ultimate value in human affairs. It is not fortuitous,for example, that Edward O. Wilson opens and closes hisSociobiology with a reference to Albert Camus. At thevery outset of the opening chapter, curiously entitled"The Morality of the Gene," Wilson refers to Camus'sclaim that the only serious philosophical question issuicide. Wilson goes on to argue that this claim is wrong14 in that, in evolutionary terms, "the individual organismcounts for almost nothing."What does count is the continuity of genetic materialand this may be achieved through the continuity of agroup or population in time despite, and in some caseseven because of the sacrifices of the lives of individualmembers. Indeed, an analogy with human altruism isseen in kin selection in animals, in which continuity of thegroup's genotype is promoted by sacrificial acts ofgenetically-related kin. So compelling does the analogybecome that such behavior in animals comes in fact to becalled altruistic, and human altruism in tum comes to beseen as the working of natural selection. Wilson in factsuggests:... that a science of sociobiology, if coupled with neurophysiol­ogy, might transform the insights of ancient religions into a preciseaccount of the evolutionary origin of ethics and hence explain thereasons why we make certain moral choices instead of others atparticular times. Whether such understanding will then produce theRule [of Righteousness] remains to be seen. For the moment,perhaps it is enough to establish that a single strong thread doesindeed run from the conduct of termite colonies and turkeybrotherhoods to the social behavior of man.Despite the mild caution interpolated in these remarks,a strong warrant is given to the assumption that the nameof the game in human affairs as in animal societies issurvival of a genotype like one's own. In doing so, onesupposes that man has no other judgement about what isworth survival and continuity, no idea of what the humanspecies should be like as opposed to what it is. Yet manhas the unique power, among all living creatures, to af­fect the outcome of evolution by choosing among statesand qualities that are to survive. He may choose un­wisely, on the basis of inadequate knowledge, or act insuch a way as to bring about the demise, against his in­tent, of conditions he preferred or to propagate condi­tions he sought to eradicate. But such results cannot beentirely prevented, and must be risked, so long as manlacks omniscience of that ultimate reality called nature.Survival is Not AllThe meaning of choice based upon values that arecherished-which is what I take to be the essence ofhumanity-is the acceptance of risk; risk to the survivalof what we hold dear and of ourselves as the bearers ofthat value. This puts the matter of survival in a differentperspective: survival not for its own sake, as the ultimate"goodness," but survival of what we regard as "good"prior to its being applied in a set of circumstances, the"natural" context.Have we not already had sufficient example in humanhistory of this radical reconstruction of the idea of sur­vival? I am reminded particularly of those religious andpolitical martyrs who have risked or sacrificed their ownsurvival for the sake of some good they held to be dearerthan their lives: There were either some acts they couldnot perform despite the penalty of death in non­compliance or some acts they had to perform despite thehigh risk of death in performance.In the preference for death under intolerable condi­tions, scant attention was paid to the perpetuity of genes.It does not follow, of course, that such behavior had noeffect upon the frequency of genotypes, insofar as be­havior has some genetic correlate. On the other hand,one is hardly moved to describe such behavior as man­ifesting deliberate concern with genic survival, ratherthan with the survival of the idea of humanity, of what agroup's behavior should be like to be worthy of the name"human," genes come what may.It might be argued, however, that the sacrifices ofmartyrs are isolated examples in human experience, thatthey are hardly typical of the human species, and thatwhatever genes contribute to the heroic acts of such indi­viduals are rapidly on the way to being eliminated as aconsequence of the very sacrifices of their bearers. Thecynical citizen of the twentieth century might in fact as­sert that, in human life today, it is every man for himself(or his closest genetic relatives) and that ideals come last.That cynic might even suggest that survival is typified inthe concentration camp of modern times: In the campdedicated to human extinction it is not the angel or herowho lasts, but the brute best fit for sheer survival. Ter­ence des Pres, who has made a close study of the oral andwritten records of survivors of Nazi and Soviet deathcamps, seems to say as much when he remarks:If by heroism we mean the dramatic defiance of superior individu­als, the the age of heroes is gone. If we have in mind glory andgrand gesture, the survivor is not a hero.But even des Pres informs us that the death camp sur­vivor is not interested in survival for its own sake. Thesurvivor is, he says:· .. anyone who manages to stay alive in body and in spirit, enduringdread and hopelessness without the loss of will to carryon inhuman ways.I wish to stress "in human ways." Further on des Presremarks:Extremity requires an attitude that allows men and women to act,and thereby to keep faith in themselves, as something more thanvictims.In short, I say, the survivors have to believe in some­thing worth surviving, or as des Pres says: "Survivaldepends on staying human." Des Pres summarizes asfollows his analysis of survival under the extremities ofthe concentration camp: the survivor's· .. energies burn with the pointed fury of an extreme tensionbetween the will to live and the will to remain pure-between analmost mystical thirst for life and an unwavering refusal to capitu­late, sell out, or in any way become accessory to a system whichreduces men to puppets or meat.The survivorhas squarely faced the basic problems of existence in extremity.The first is how not to despair. The second, how to keep moralsense and dignity intact.Indeed des Pres's book The Survivor provides manymemorable and moving accounts, in the survivors' wordsthemselves, of such behavior. In des Pres's terms, this is· .. the survivor's predicament:he must be prepared to run riskswhich keep him alive by bringing him closer to death .... Byvirtue of the extraordinary demands made by men and women inextremity, their struggle to live humanly involves a process of be­coming more-essentially, firmly-human. Not the humanness ofrefinement and proliferation, of course, but of the fundamentalknowledge of good and evil, and of the will to stand by this know­ledge, on which all else depends. Very often the first to die in concentration camps arethose who have come to accept that the world as a wholehas become one with the camp, that in fact evil hasIf humankind is not conscious of othervalues than that of survival of individualor group genes how can it be distin­guished from non-human life?triumphed, and that there is no point in living. The har­diest are those who must somehow prevent that conclu­sion, and survive doing so.I claim that there is nothing in this analysis of humansurvival under the most extreme of conditions faced inmodern times to suggest that bare physical survival andgenetic continuity are all. I claim that human life, far frombeing a submission to the rules of nature, is characterizedby an active, rationally considered contribution to theshape of that nature but it is tolerable only when pursuedwithin moral bounds. If mankind is not conscious of othervalues that often override that of survival, whether it beof individuals or a group's genes, how can it be distin­guished from non-human life?The Amorality of the Gene was originally given as a WoodwardCourt Lecture Jan. 25, 1977.A cartoon ridiculing Darwin that appeared immediately after hispublication of the Descent of Man in 1871. (Cornell UniversityLibrary.)15Medical Alumni Questionnaire ResultsIn the years following medical school or housestaff training, manythings influence an alumnus's continued relationship with theUniversity. Daily contact with the Medical Center in the school ortraining years often gives way to less frequent contact associated withspecial events: a class reunion, the annual Medical Alumni Day,professional meetings in Chicago co-hosted by a Universitydepartment, or continuing medical education courses offered at theMedical Center.In an attempt to determine the degree of ongoing relationshipbetween University of Chicago medical alumni and the University ofChicago, the Medical Alumni Office undertook a survey in 1978.Questionnaires were mailed out in June to all graduates of both theUniversity of Chicago and Rush Medical Schools since the year 1900,and to all former University of Chicago housestaff for whom addressesexisted at the Medical Alumni Office, and who lived within aneight-state radius of Chicago.A total of 4,969 questionnaires were sent out and nearly thirtypercent (1,427) of those queried responded. Respondents weregenerally representative of the entire queried population with respectto age, area of residence and time elapsed since training. The results ofthe survey follow. (Note: All figures are percentages unless otherwiseindicated. Not all respondents answered every question and whenapplicable figures for respondees are given.)Characterization ofRespondents AgeUnder 4546--65Over 65Not listed 31.335.532.6.5Year medical school, internship, residency, fellowship completed<'20s'20s'30s'40s'50s'60s'70s Med School1.47.419.816.420.720.114.0 Internship2.010.518.516.117.720.614.5 Residency.94.98.013.023.521.727.9 Fellowship14.19.814.117.440.2The number of respondents in each category was: 1317 medical schoolgraduates, 248 former interns, 323 former residents and 92 formerfellows.16Principal specialty and board certificationMedicineSurgeryPathologyPediatricsPsychiatryOb/GynRadiologyAnesthesiologyEmergency MedOther Training32.320.610.010.06.14.53.22.0.710.0 BoardCertification41.426.67.811.510.03.95.01.5.38.0The percentages of board certifications reflect the fact that somerespondents hold multiple certifications.Current professional statusActive 78.7Semi-retired 7.5Retired 12.3Division of professional time% of PatientTime Careo 7.51-10 4.411-50 25.151-90 32.691-99 14.2100 16.2 Teaching32.135.730.21.5 Research61.515.016.94.4.4.5 Admin49.226.218.33.8.41.0.2Of those answering the question regarding division of professional time(82% of the sample), 63% devote at least half their time to patient care,while a comparable portion spend less than 10% of their time teaching.About 75% of the respondents spend less than 10% of their time onresearch or administration.Approximately two-thirds of those answering the questions on settingand practice characterized their practice as "urban," another fifth as"suburban;" together these designations account for 86% of theresponses. Another question asked for respondents to tell how manyactive patients they presently have, how many they typically see in amonth and how many they hospitalize in a month.Characterization ofSetting and PracticeCharacterization of Practice070 of Time __ Hospitalized/Mo.......... Patients/Mo .. _._. Active Patients50- •20- "'. ._'_._._. .....• •10- � •. .::::. ::::::-.:��-._.. --'::'.:':':':'::.!:::::':':':':":':.::.::.:.':=:._._.-.-.0-12.5No. of Patients 25.0 50.0 100 200 300 70017Referrals to U of CMed ical Center Of the 1,427 physicians who answered the questionnaire, only 395indicated a practice within 500 miles of Chicago. These physicianswere asked to complete the portion of the questionnaire regardingreferral of patients to the University of Chicago Medical Center.Sixty-seven percent of these physicians indicated that they referredless than 25 patients' 'to another specialist or group of specialists permonth. "At least 144 of these physicians do sometimes refer patients to theMedical Center: one-quarter refer between 6 and 25 patients a year,three-quarters refer fewer than that. It can be conservativelyestimated, based on these responses that this group of physicians isresponsible for approximately 600 patient referrals to the MedicalCenter per year.The physicians who do not refer patients to the Medical Center had avariety of reasons for not doing so, but three reasons appeared withconsiderable regularity: distance (30%), the belief that local personnelare adequate to the task (46%), and a preference for a more familiarhospital (7%).A broad question followed which asked for respondents to note whatchanges might "strengthen the University of Chicago's ability toaccommodate and treat referred patients." Only 171 respondents(16%) answered this question, but most suggested more than onechange.Suggested Ways to Better Accommodate and Treat Referral PatientsRelocate facilityAdd living quartersAdd parkingImprove OPD physical plantIncrease cleanlinessIncrease securityImprove schedulingPersonalize careImprove communication with referring MDEmphasize patient careImprove publicity, imageGenerate community programsDevelop educational activitiesOther 3.34.9.42.43.73.76.910.635.411.83.71.63.78.1The three improvements mentioned by 83% of the respondents andaccounting for nearly sixty percent of the suggestions were:personalize care, improve communication with referring physician andemphasize patient care.One hundred eleven physicians indicated that they would be moreinterested in referring patients if the improvements they suggestedwere made, and twenty-nine responded that they would not. The lattergroup again mentioned the problems of distance, neighborhood and thecompetence of local care.Career Achievement andCurrent Relationshipto University18 A total of 804 respondents indicated having faculty or academic title ata school of medicine. Of these, 46 were at the Univetsuy of Chicago,43 at the University of Illinois and 52 at Northwestern Universit':{.Three-quarters of those having titles gave them as being assistantprofessor, associate professor or professor, and 36% of them havefull-time positions. Of those responding to the question, however, only185 indicated they had tenure, while 520 did not.The recent contact of respondents with departments and sectionswithin the Medical Center followed the general pattern of the size ofthe section and the proportion of respondents who received theirtraining there. The most frequent types of contact were for social oralumni affairs (27%) and for continuing education and professionalmeetings (24%).A question at this point in the survey regarding the single "mostimportant improvement" needed at the Medical Center drew a verysimilar response to the earlier question about changes necessary inorder to better handle referrals.On a scale of 1 to 5 (5 is the highest) the largest group of respondentsgave the alumni publications and seminars a "4", with the "5" groupslightly smaller in each case. Approximately one-third of therespondents, however, rated each of the publications and otherofferings as mediocre or worse (1-3). The most common improvementssuggested included shortening the publications, publishing fewermagazines of higher quality, increasing the level of interest of thefeatures while reducing the degree of chauvinism, and widening thedistribution. Improvements suggested in the continuing education areaappeared to center on sensitivity to local physician needs.On the final question of the survey, 75% of the entire 1,427-personsample stated that the University of Chicago would still be their choicefor professional training. Of those who said it would not,approximately one-third cited the weakness of clinical medicine; asixth stated that the surroundings have deteriorated; and close toanother sixth cited weaknesses in various specific academicdepartments as reason for choosing another medical center.Future Plans Both the Dean's Office and the Medical Alumni Office plan to use thesurvey results to help guide improved relations with alumni in thefuture.Focus on OtolaryngologyAn Interview with Dr. Gregory MatzDr. Gregory Mat; is Professor and Chairman of the Sec­tion of Otolaryngology of the Department of Surgery. Hebecame chairman in January 1979 and was interviewedshortly thereafter by the editor of Medicine on the Mid­way.MOM: Dr. Matz, the Section of Otolaryngology has beena part of the Department of Surgery since the opening ofthe Medical Center in 1927. Can you briefly describe itshistory?MAll: Our otolaryngology section is almost as old as thespecialty itself. Dr. John R. Lindsay, the first chairman,arrived here from Canada in 1928 and continued as headof the section until 1965. He was one of the first otolaryn­gology specialists in the United States. At 80 years old, and a world authority on histopathology of the ear, hestill does research and publishes in the field. Dr. Lindsaytrained many of the country's leading specialists practic­ing today, and early established a small but distinguishedresearch group here in otolaryngology. Dr. Ralph Naun­ton succeeded him as chairman, serving from 1966 untilJanuary of this year, when I was named to head the sec­tion.MOM: How have your research interests changed overthose fifty years?MAll: Research has taken a number of different direc­tions. We have maintained a temporal bone research facil­ity-originally established by Dr. Lindsay-for the studyof temporal bone anatomy and pathology. This research is19Dr. Gregory Mat ;now being conducted by Dr. Lindsay and Dr. RaulHinojosa, a research associate. In the early 1950s, Dr.Cesar Fernandez, a neurosurgeon, arrived and began re­search here in otoneurology. Currently, Dr. Fernandezworks with Dr. Jay Goldberg doing single-cell recordingon the brain pathways of the balance system. A thirdresearch thrust commenced in the 1960s when Dr. RobertButler began work on the physiology of the ear andStanley Zerlin did electrical recordings of the human au­ditory system. Later Dr. Naunton and Zerlin were amongthe first researchers to do electrocochleographic record­ings of the cochlea and evoked response recordings of theinner ear and brain system. In the late 1960s and early1970s, I became interested in the effect of drugs,specifically the antibiotic aminoglycosides, on loss ofinner ear function. The final area of major research in­volves studies of cancer chemotherapy for the treatmentof head and neck cancers. We have one of the first head­neck cancer chemotherapy protocols in existence in theUnited States. I collaborate in these studies with Drs.Miller, Hoffman and Gordon of the Department ofMedicine.MOM: Your cancer chemotherapy research involves the20 development of drugs or a combination of drugs that canbe used either separately or in conjunction with othertherapy techniques, is that correct?MAll: Yes. For patients with far advanced cancer, wehave found that chemotherapy initiated following raditiontherapy, surgery, or both, produces remission of cancerthirty-five to forty percent of the time. The life expec­tancy of these patients can also increase. We can pre­scribe these drugs on an outpatient basis and, we think,improve the patient's quality of life.MOM: Some of your research involves a somewhat un­usual tool-the electron microscope. How is it used?MAll: There are perhaps five or six centers in the UnitedStates that do electron microscopy studies of the innerear. In 1963, Dr. Hinojosa was one of the first to use ascanning electron microscope and a standard transmis­sion electron microscope to study inner ear mechanisms.In particular he is examining the nerve endings(synapses) of the vestibular system.MOM: How many faculty members do you have Inotolaryngology, including clinicians and researchers?MAll: We have eight faculty members who do research,clinical work and teaching, and two researchassociates-Dr. Hinojosa and Stanley Zerlin. Currentlywe have six residents in training and although we have asmall program, we attract very good applicants. Our pre­sent cadre of residents is from the University of Chicago,Johns Hopkins, Cornell, Iowa and Northwestern.MOM: Do you draw your residents for clinical care orresearch primarily?MAll: Both. I inherited a superb faculty research groupand we intend to maintain our strength in research, but Ihope to build on the clinical side of our section. We wantto expand our clinical base, which means more patients inthe outpatient clinic as well as more inpatients. We willbe moving into the Surgery-Brain Research Pavilion soonwhere we will have a specially-designed operating roomfor ear surgery and another for head and neck surgery.We are going to add a new clinical faculty member in Julyand we will probably add another full-time researcher toour facultyMOM: How do you plan to expand your clinical base?MAll: We have started a program of conferences onMondays and Tuesdays at the Medical Center whichfeatures invited lecturers and staff members speaking onotolaryngology topics. I have invited all the private prac­titioners in the South Side of Chicago to attend. Theseconferences will be approved for postgraduate educationcredit and can be used to meet requirements for relicen­sure in the State of Illinois. In addition, I am personallycommitted to going out into the community to meet withprivate practitioners and to foster good relations betweenthem and the Medical Center.MOM: In the Medical Alumni Survey recently tabulatedby the Dean's Office (See survey results this issue), somerefering physicians complained that they were not kept ap­praised of their patient's treatment program at the Medi­cal Center and that patients were often inconveniencedby long delays and reported receiving inadequate atten­tion to their needs. In light of these comments, do youfeel you can recommend referrals to the section ofotolaryngology in your meetings with private practition­ers?MAll: Yes. I have established a system of personallyattending to those patients who are referred here forotolaryngology treatment. Physicians call my secretary, arrange an appointment, and I see the patient. The pa­tient is on my service, under my direct care. I often seecancer patients and I do the pre- and post-operativecounselling together with a social worker and cancernurse. My medical notes and operating room findings onthe patient are typed up and sent to the referring physi­cian. We communicate directly·and I usually get to knowthese physicians very well. They are often the ones whoattend our education programs.MOM: Do you feel your anticipated move to theSurgery-Brain Resarch Pavilion will have a positiveinfluence on referrals?MAll: Yes. The facility is excellent and the ambiancecreates a very positive impression. It is a place where aphysician can feel very good about referring a patient.A Case of Filicide and the CourtOr. Lawrence Z. FreedmanTwenty-five years ago, Dr. Lawrence Z.Freedman, an expert on criminal pathology,helped draft a model penal code which wasadopted by the State of Illinois in 1962. Itincludes a formula for determining whetheror not a defendant is to be held"responsible" for criminal conduct.A crucial part of this formula rests ondetermining the defendant's state of mindwhen the crime was committed. Often,psychiatrists are called in to examine thedefendant. They do not, as is popularlybelieved, find a defendant "legally sane" orlegally insane;" instead, they fit theirpsychiatric diagnosis to the sociolegalformula to help the court decide whether thedefendant is "responsible" or"irresponsible" for his actions, and whetherhe should be punished or treated.There are problems with this system, saysFreedman, and his objections were strongenough to keep him out of court if it meantresponding to the "responsibility formula."Until 1978, that is, when he became involvedin an extraordinary case-a mass filicide. Murder is a rare crime. It accounts for 3 percent of allpolice arrests. It occurs most frequently betweenintimates-friends, lovers, family members. Of thesedeaths, a small percentage are designated "infanticide,"the killing of infants whose ages, according to the widelyvarying definitions of social observers, may range fromminutes to three years. While the greatest attention, andindeed the greatest incidence, of homicide within familiesis infanticide, it is curious, and possibly significant, thatthe killing of older children by the mother or father(filicide) is rarely reported.Filicide: A PerspectiveInfanticide is rich in historical, economic, and an­thropological literature. The young, unmarried girl whofatally disposes of her unwanted neonate is such a com­mon phenomenon in large cities that it attracts littlemedia attention. In contrast, the crime of filicide is rarelymentioned by contemporary moralists and hardly alludedto in the legal codes or apparent in our popular con­sciousness. When it does occur, society reacts to it as themost extraordinary, terrifying, and sensational of events.One of the basic theories of the development of humanpersonality is that a child will hate-love the parent of thesame sex and love-hate the parent of the opposite sex.This is classically portrayed in the Sophoclean drama ofthe marriage of Oedipus to his mother, Jocasta, and theslaying of his father, Laius. It is curious that, in this verycentral hypothesis concerning the dynamics of humaninteraction, no attention is paid to the fact that Laiusejected young Oedipus nor to the lifelong disconcernmanifested by the failure of father and son to recognizeone another when they do meet fatally.There are in Greek mythology many more examples offilicide than of attacks by offspring against their fathers21(patricide). In the line of Zeus and Cronos, there are re­peated episodes of jealous gods killing and often eatingtheir young. Indeed, there is hardly a religion or culturalmythology in which the ritualistic or aberrant slaying ofthe king's son or the firstborn does not playa significantrole.In the Western Judeo-Christian tradition, Abraham isvenerated by Jews as their religious father and Moses astheir religious and moral emancipator; Jesus is, forChristians, the enduring symbol of the relation betweenman and the godhead. Abraham placed his son Isaac inthe Akedah preparing to sacrifice him to God. Moses washimself condemned to death by Pharaoh as a firstborn. Solater were the firstborn of Pharaoh and his subjects by anavenging Jehovah. The nexus of the Christian faith isGod's sacrifice of his son in human form. In culturesmore remote in time and usage, one finds a repitition ofthis theme in the myths, legends, and the historical re­constructions of yet older civilizations.The twentieth-century psychology of man stresses thehatred of the child for his parent and denies, except inpathological extremities, the reciprocal hatred of the pa­rent for his or her offspring. This denial, common sensetells us, may spring from the relative infrequence of itsexpression. But at least as persuasive, and psychologi­cally more plausible, is a massive repression of a dynamictension which threatens the immortality of each parent,and in the sense of evolutionary adaptation, the continu­ation of the species.Current literature presents few studies which presumeto classify the motives for filicide and to characterize theassailants. So, recently, when I was offered the rare op­portunity to examine in depth a patient who had com­mitted a mass filicide, I agreed to be the defense psychiat­rist in the case.A Case History: The Crime, The Trial,The Court's DecisionJohn Paul Wilson* murdered his six children in theearly morning hours of January 7, 1978 while they slept inthe family home in Brockton, Illinois. The children, twodaughters and four sons, were aged three to twelve years.Their father stabbed and beat them to death.Wilson then left the house, and drove to an out-of-statehotel where his estranged wife and her lover were stay­ing. He asked to see a priest and when none could befound, shut himself in the bathroom and attempted tocommit suicide. When he emerged unsuccessful, heturned to his wife saying, "I think the children are deadand it's your fault." He then sprang at his wife and wasstopped only by the arrival of the police.So began the case of a mass filicide which disrupted asmall midwestern city, reverberated through the state,and raised moral, legal, social and psychological ques­tions which will challenge us for a century.The horrifying news went out to local newspapers, na­tional news syndicates, and television stations. Wilsonwas arrested, arraigned, and subjected to an extraditionhearing under the bright lights of media cameras. He was"John Paul Wilson is a pseudonym as is Brockton, /1/.22 returned to Brockton for incarceration while awaitingtrial. By the next day, he had amnesia for all events of theprevious day up to his arrest.1 began to examine John Paul Wilson in the Brocktonjail. He was a tall, articulate, soft-spoken man, who hadlost forty pounds by the time I met him. He recalled onlythe events leading up to the slaying of his children, thetrip from his home to the hotel room, and his arrest.He was transferred to Chicago where I examined himdaily for two hours, interviewed all his living relatives,had projective, intelligence and psychological tests per­formed, and carefully studied every official and inves­tigatory document available. The most striking event inWilson's developmental history was the suicide of hisfather, twenty years earlier, which took place on hismother's birthday. Scattered around his father's roomwere notes saying that no one loved him.On April 26 Wilson's amnesia gave way to recall,though the imagined perpetrator of the crime was hisfather and not himself. While Wilson lay unable to moveon the cellar floor of his home, his father, holding a Bowieknife (the murder weapon), entered the rooms of Wil­son's children and slew them. Wilson, terrified, cried out,"Daddy, stop. Someone stop him."By the time these images appeared to Wilson, he hadundergone a profound Christian conversion experience.His amnesia yielded to this horror only when he had be­come certain that his innocent children were in heaven,that Jesus had forgiven his sins, and that he, his children,and his wife would be reunited in afterlife.At the trial, the public defender pleaded temporary in­sanity. The prosecution sought to prove premeditation,malice aforethought, mens rea (guilty mind), and actusreus (guilty deed). The prosecution case consisted of ascenario in which the defendant had murdered his chil­dren to revenge himself on his wife for having an affairwith another man. It produced two psychiatrists and apsychologist to attest to his sanity.In a melodramatic confrontation, the psychologist sud­denly waved a book found in Wilson's house calledAnatomy of a Murder in which a man shoots his wife'srapist and is acquitted on the grounds of irresistible im­pulse and dissociated state. He accused Wilson of plot­ting his children's murders weeks in advance and of plan­ning the insanity defense described in the book.Wilson was found guilty, but the jury could not agreeon the death penalty. Instead, he was given five sen­tences of 100 to 200 years to be served concurrently.The Responsibility Formula-A Psychiatrist's DilemmaIn a sense, my relationship to the case of John Paul Wil­son began twenty-five years ago when I served as amember of the criminal law advisory committee to theAmerican Law Institute which drafted a model penalcode. That code became the Illinois Penal Code shortlyafter its completion in 1962. It is interesting to remembernow the opening statement concerning responsibility:No problem in the drafting of a penal code presents larger intrinsicdifficulty than that of determining when individuals whose conductwould otherwise be criminal ought to be exculpated on the groundthat they were suffering from mental disease or defect when theyacted as they did.A decade before this, as chairman of the Committee onPsychiatry and the Law of the Group for the Advance­ment of Psychiatry, I had participated in drafting a reporton responsibility in which we had pointed out that "acommon objection among psychiatrists to the presentchief criterion of Responsibility (i.e., the M'NaghtenFormula) is that it is couched in ethical terms."I cite these brief allusions to historical events to reflectthe centuries-old dilemma of society, law, and those de­signated as "experts" in discriminating between caseswhere a punitive-correctional disposition is appropriateand those in which a medical-custodial disposition is theonly kind the law should allow.This historical consideration has an immediacy of im­pact because it was the American Law Institute's Re­sponsibility Formula which was operative in the Wilsontrial. Essentially, the rule requires that a person be heldirresponsible for criminal conduct if "as a result of men­tal disease or defect he lacks substantial capacity eitherto appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conformhis conduct to the requirement of the law."At the time this formula was drafted, I pointed out tomy colleagues that the phrase-"lacks substantialcapacity either to appreciate the criminality"-was es­sentially meaningless. If a crime is not simply a harmfulact which is in conflict with the law but also requires astate of mind capable of malicious intent, then this phrasesays that the indicted person must have "substantialcapacity" to know that his state of mind is so disorderedthat he cannot commit a crime. In other words, he knowsthe mental equilibrium of his mind as it would beassessed in a court of law. Mildly disturbed persons, afteryears of psychoanalysis, are rarely capable of makingsuch a SUbjective assessment of their own psychologicalstability.Although I participated in writing this rule, I had not, inthe sixteen years since its adoption, been willing to re­spond to that formula in a court of law. I had two reasons;the first I have just described. The second applies moregenerally to all such formulas, except that of the State ofNew Hampshire, the so-called Doe-Rae Rule, in whichthe clinician states as medical opinion his diagnosis of thedefendant and it is accepted or rejected by the jury as aquestion of medical fact. These are legal formulasthrough which society asserts the thresholds of mentalcapacity at which defendants should be punished ortreated.I submit that any such formulas, even those draftedwith greater clarity, are not within the competence ofmedical-psychological experts to answer. They reflectsocial, philosophical, ethical, and legal values and rules.All of these impinge on psychiatric diagnosis. Indeed, theLaw of Responsibility is not interested in diagnosis. It isinterested in establishing limits of socio-legal responsi­bility.Why then did I make an exception in the case of JohnPaul Wilson? Surely a father's killing of his own childrenis the most unnatural and seemingly heinous assault pos­sible for a human being.I did so because, after a professional life substantiallyinvolved in the interface of psychiatry and-law, I had Dr. Lawrence Z. Freedmannever been confronted with the opportunity to study soextraordinary an event. I agreed to the public defender'srequest only on the basis of a promise, which was kept,that I would have unlimited access to study John PaulWilson and surviving persons in his immediate environ­ment until the actual day of trial. I made no promises asto what my conclusions would be.Wilson was suffering from severe amnesia for the timein which the children were killed. It was not until a monthhad elapsed after my first interview with him that therepressive mechanism yielded and he experienced a re­living of the events of those tragic moments in what mightbe called a "pure state." That is, the mnemonic matrix ofrecall had been held like a fly embedded in amber untilreleased in its original form.I was aware that my reservations concerning the Il­linois Responsibility Law still held. I realized also thatmy disinclination to use my psychiatric expertise to re­spond to a question related to sociolegal values was noless well-founded. Yet it seemed important to me that thisunusual state of mind be introduced to the judge and thejury for their consideration. I was reinforced by two fac­tors: 1) I had devoted hundreds of hours to the study ofthis case, and 2) Professor Samuel Beck, the world's out­standing expert in the Rorschach test, and his wife, whoagreed to do the psychological testing, had come to thesame psychological conclusions I had.The jury found Wilson "guilty" of what modern soci­ety has come to view as one of the most horrific crimes,and yet, reflecting the conscience of the community asthey were intended to, they voted less than the death23penalty-acknowledging his "emotionally driven" state.SummaryThis has been a study of a rare crime-the killing of hischildren by a father. Although the theme of filicide per­meates the my tho-poetic and religious literature of virtu­ally every culture, it is astonishingly absent frompsychological and criminological investigation. Whenfilicide does occur; it excites enormous public interest,generated by an explosion of media coverage.Psychiatrists are called upon to assess the mental stateof the alleged offender and are reported to have found thedefendant "legally sane" or "legally insane. " No psychiatrist does either. The clinician attempts to makeas meaningful a diagnosis of the mental state of the offen­der as his professional competence permits. He thentransmutes that clinical impression into a response to theResponsibility Formula, which is not a psychiatric but asociolegal measure.Until the inherent contradictions are resolved, thecrime of filicide, because of its power to evoke enormoussocial resonance, will remain a striking example ofpsychiatric ambiguity and of the tragic absence of mean­ingful communication between the medical professionand the legal system in the courts and through the courtsto society.Chess set carved from walrus ivory by a King Island Eskimo.Memoirs of an Art Collector"[ know, and I have been told, that I was a rather ac­quisitive child. One of my major triumphs before the ageoften was the acquisition of over two thousand marbles,which I coun ted at least once a week,' Dr. BurtonGrossman ('49)Bookshelves line the wall behind Dr. Burton Grossman'slarge teak desk. They are filled with the medical texts andreference volumes an academic pediatrician might be ex­pected to have. In front of the books, however, and on24 theother walls of his study are things which evidenceanother interest: art collecting.Wood, glass, stone and ivory objets d' art sit on everyflat surface in the room. A small gallery of Toulouse­Lautrec lithographs ending with a signed print of a singer,face Dr. Grossman's desk. Another Toulouse-Lautrec,framed against the Sogi screens covering the windows,hangs above two dancing figurines and a modernsculpture work in metal and glass.In the other rooms of his Hyde Park apartment, there.are prints by Old Masters and works of art-oil paintings,sculpture, ceramic works, glassware and prints-by ar­tists from Scandinavia, Western Europe and the UnitedStates.How did a pediatrician with a busy patient load at LaRabida Children's Hospital as well as pressing researchconcerns find his way into the art collecting world? Hewas led there by another pediatrician."In 1949, Dr. Helmut P.G. Seckel, my teacher, mentorand later friend on the pediatric faculty at the University,urged me to purchase my first work of art," recalls Dr.Grossman. "It was a signed wood block print by theGerman artist Karl Hofer, who wrote the title of the work'Der verwundete Hund'-the wounded dog-across thebottom of the print." This piece, still in Grossman's col­lection, hangs just outside the door to his study."I paid forty dollars for it," Grossman smiles, "anenormous sum in those days when I was an intern atBillings earning no salary."A few years later, with greater means and a piquedinterest in art, Dr. Grossman began collecting art in ear­nest. During the summer of 1951, while stationed a� anAir Force pediatrician at an Alaskan base, he chanced tofly to Nome. He arrived while the King Island Eskimoswere in town trading their ivory carvings for food to lastthrough winter."I asked about an ivory chess set and was taken tomeet one of their finest carvers, an old Eskimo. I boughta chess set from him and a walrus tusk cribbage boarddecorated in a very handsome, unusual manner-withsmall animals embossed on the surface," he explains.Eskimos usually decorate ivory by etching it, a methodcalled scrimshaw. Embossing is to cut figures in relief, atechnique which according to the pediatrician betrays thework of a "very fine ivory carver."Less novel, but no less handsome, the ivory chess setis now lodged on one of Dr. Grossman's bookshelves:two smart rows of seals (pawns), growling polar bearswith bared teeth and red maws (knights), stately walruses(bishops), flat-topped igloos (rooks), and two Eskimohunters and their wives each with a child strapped to herback (kings and queens).Dr. Grossman also acquired other traditional Eskimoart objects-carved stone animals-and what turned outto be a very unusual collection of colored drawings."During my Alaskan stay, I met an Eskimo, RobertMayokuk, a heavy drinker who frequented the streets ofFairbanks selling his drawings for enough money to buyhis next drink," recalls Dr. Grossman. "At the time Iwanted a polar bear skin with head to bring back homewith me and I was told that Robert Mayokuk had such askin. I found him on the street and he took me to his roomin the old Northern Hotel in Fairbanks."Immediately on entering the room, I was struck by amost unusual, strong and unpleasant odor," saysGrossman flinching. "As Mayokuk pulled the polar bearskin out from underneath his bed multiple insects andflies rose from it. The odor became more intense until Iwas nearly overcome by the smell: the skin had beencured with human urine."Needless to say," continues the pediatrician, "I did Dr. Burton Grossman ('49) at home.not add the skin to my collection, but in order to escapefrom his room and still maintain an aura of politeness, Ipurchased a dozen small works he had in the room:drawings of dogs, Eskimo children, sleds, and polarbears. I also bought a dozen larger pieces depicting vari­ous scenes of Eskimo life. The small drawings cost meabout fifty cents apiece, and the larger about one to twodollars each."Several years later Dr. Grossman learned that theseinexpensive childlike drawings, which he had absentlystashed in a desk drawer at home, were valuable."While attending a meeting of the American PediatricSociety in Canada, I was invited to the home of HarryMedovy, the chairman of the Pediatrics Department atWinnepeg. His wife, a collecter of Eskimo art, had twoEskimo paintings hanging in a prominent position in theliving room. Dr. Grossman walked over to take a closerlook. He was followed by Mrs. Medovy who commentedon his "eye" for art."She remarked that I was looking at two of the mostimportant pieces in her collection. I looked again, and tomy surprise noted they were by Robert Mayokuk."She informed me that he was one of only a few Alas-25kan Eskimo painters, that his works were very highlyregarded, and that a book had been written about himafter his 'untimely death.'.. Imagine my surprise to learn that the Mayokukpieces, languishing under paper in my drawer at home,had real artistic value and merit," laughs the pediatrician.Two of Robert Mayokuk 's drawings were swiftly sal­vaged from the obscurity of the dresser and now hang inDr. Grossman's study.In the years after Dr. Grossman returned to the Uni­versity in 1953, he made many purchases, often from theUniversity's Renaissance Society gallery on campus.These prints include works by Ludwig Meidner, EdwardManet, a cliche verre by the French impressionist JeanCorot, and a signed lithograph by Belgian expressionistJames Ensor. Dr. Grossman made the acquaintance ofProfessor Edward Maser during these years. A scholar ofBaroque art of Austria and Germany and a member of theUniversity's art history faculty, Professor Maser also di­rects the University's Smart Art Gallery.Dr. Grossman made the Gallery a rather unusual gift ofa seventeenth century oil painting which was restored ina special manner. The painting was divided into fourparts, each showing a different step in the restorationprocess, and it is now used for teaching purposes in theart department.Art collecting is a pastime that for enthusiasts like Dr.Grossman can be, pursued nearly everywhere. From1956 to 1957, Dr. Grossman was studying in Copenhagen.In February 1957, the city celebrated the 20th anniver­sary of the Queen's dedication of Den Permanente, alarge store where Danish artists, artisans and craft com­panies sell their wares. A special exhibit featuring thefinest works of major Danish artisans and companies washeld in honor of the occasion. Dr. Grossman walked by toNiels Thorsen's Danish blue fish vase.26 Wooden bear carved by a Lapland artist.have a look. "Royal Copenhagen was showing a vase byNiels Thorsen with a very high blue glaze, decorated withfish in a lighter, blue-green hue," recalls the physician.As he speaks, he reaches for the vase amidst a collec­tion of ceramic and glass pieces in his living room andholds it up to the light. The color of the vase changesfrom dark to translucent blue and the fish appear to becirculating in water: layer upon layer offish, swimming inthe deep blue cast of the Copenhagen glaze.The vase came into his possession through persistence."When the exhibit was over, the display pieces wereavailable for purchase. I asked to buy the Thorsen vaseand was told to my dismay that it.had already been sold,"he says with a trace of regret, still. He must have lookeddisappointed then as well, because the saleswoman di­rected him to an outlet store on the main shopping streetwhere she thought there was another vase ... At the shop,the salesperson disappeared in search of the Thorsen fishvase for more than three-quarters of an hour. She re­turned, covered with soot, her hair in disarray, buttriumphantly carrying the most beautiful vase I had everseen," he says, delighted.In time, Dr. Grossman became interested in collectingoil paintings, but found those painted by the great artistswere "all beyond [his] ability to acquire." Instead, hebegan to purchase paintings by contemporary Europeanand American artists.His collection does not include abstract modern paint­ings, nor very many landscapes. As with his profession, itis people who concern him. Along the far wall of hisliving room, the paintings of a Dutch artist are mostprominent. The subjects are fishermen at work and at restStone seal with fish carved by an Eskimo artist.on the docks. They are solemn, almost Biblical portraitsof common men. The artist, Professor Wilhelm Vanden­berg, was the court painter for Queen Wilhelmina andQueen Juliana of the Netherlands for many years. Hiswork adorns both the chapel ofthe Dam Palace in Amster­dam and the pediatrician's Hyde Park apartment.Graphic art-etchings, engravings, lithographs, woodcuts-by great artists is more accessible to the averagepurse, and Dr. Grossman has acquired valuable prints byartists like Rembrandt, Zorn, Rouault and Toulouse­Lautrec."Today my collection covers a variety of periods, subjects and artists. Some works are more valuable thanothers, but all were acquired for the same reason-I likedthem. I like them enough to look at them over and overagain and still be thrilled," he says.Dr. Grossman collects pieces to live with, not sell, andhis apartment has become a small art gallery open to hisfriends. "It has been a great personal joy and a great dealof fun for me to put together my art collection," he exp­lains, "and it gives me pleasure to show it to otherpeople." One suspects it is akin to the pleasure 10-year­old Burt Grossman must have felt when he showed his2,000 marbles to appreciative chums.The Flying RadiologistWalter Francke ('48)"Billings Tower to 7318Y----expedite your landing. Thereis an NW 727 jet on a long landing approach on yourdesignated runway.""Roger, Billings Tower, 7318Yacknowledging."I cut my base leg short, made a steep vertical descent,landed smoothly and taxied off the runway.Years of flying had taught me how to respond. Mypassengers, an internationally-known professor ofradiology and his wife, were less fortunate. She could notretain her gastric contents, he was not pleased, and I wasglad I was no longer a medical student in radiology.It was not too long after graduation from medicalschool, however, that I found the avocation which wouldland me in a cockpit.During the Korean War, I was stationed aboard theU.S. hospital ship Haven. I had completed my radiologyresidency and was in charge of the ship's x-ray depart­ment. I volunteered to take helicopter trips into the fieldto help evacuate the wounded to our flight deck andmedical facilities anchored in Inchon Harbor. My lifethen was like a chapter out of M* A * S*H*. The helicop­ters were a part of the medicine we practiced: theybrought in the patients.In 1955, the war over, I settled in Billings, Montanaand installed a new x-ray department at St. Vincent's Hospital. At the same time, I took flying lessons andeventually managed to solo in a Piper Cub. (Landing thissmall aircraft with a stiff crosswind is like flying and con­trolling a kite in a windstorm.) I shortly joined a flyingclub, obtained a twin-engine rating and became part­owner of a Piper Twin Apache. Three years later, Ipurchased a single-engine Cessna 172 of my own.What does this have to do with practicing radiology?Everything, only this time the doctor did the travelling.Sheridan, Wyoming, located 140 miles south of Bil­lings, was without a radiologist. The medical staff re­quested consultations whenever I could get away. Theonly way to get up there was to fly. Business boomed andbefore long I had dozens of requests for consultationsthat could only be met by a flying radiologist.In 1962, Dr. Colvin Agnew (' 55) joined me in thewide-open country of Montana. During the next twelveyears we accepted consultation requests from many smalltowns in Wyoming and Montana. Although we hadnumerous twin aircraft, we settled on a twin-engine tur­bocharged Piper Comanche which trued out around 200-220 miles per hour.We alternated weeks and visited two and occasionallythree small hospitals daily. To the northeast, we flew 300miles to Sidney, Mont. Along a route due north 450 miles27to Plentywood, we landed at Glasgow, Malta, Wolf Point,and Lewistown, Mont. We covered the Browning PublicHealth Service Hospital (a reservation of the BlackfootIndian) near Glacier National Park-another 450 milesfrom Billings.Our longest trip was about two hours, pending windconditions.Sometimes we had passengers. We were the onlycivilian aircraft authorized to land at the Glasgow AirForce Base where the hospital was without a radiologist.Dennis Morgan, a former movie actor, had a sonstationed there and I flew Dennis and his wife to the airbase on many occasions. June Allyson and her formerhusband Glen also accompanied me on several trips.Most of the trips were exhilarating experiences, flyingin the early spring, summer and fall mornings through the"Big Sky" of God's country. The flight to Worland,Wyo., 150 miles south of Billings, offered a beautifulview along a valley between the towering Bighorn andBeartooth mountain ranges.Winters were another story. Staying overnight at thosesmall towns, none of which had heated hangar facilities,posed a big problem. Imagine trying to keep on schedulewith 30 below zero weather, a stiff wind, and a frozenplane. With the help of butane heaters-a must at everyhangar-the engines would thaw. With a prayer, theairplane would fly. Of course, if the aircraft heater mal­functioned then the pilot would also have to be thawedand defrosted before the flight.On a typical day in all seasons, I would check airportweather at 6:00 a.m.-noting cloud layers and windconditions-then eat a quick breakfast of coffee and rollswith the other pilots. We would make "hangar talk"while the" gas boys" pulled the planes out of the hangar.After personally checking out the airplane for gas, oil,and engine stability, I would file a typical flight plan­"altitude 8,000 feet, a 10° degree north heading, windconditions desirable"- and head off over the MissouriRiver.By 8:00 a.m. I was at work doing fluoroscopies at Glas­gow, consulting with physicians about film findings, sur­gical indications, etc. Often there was no time for lunchsince I had to be in Wolf Point, 50 miles to the east, byearly afternoon. It was a quick hop, a fifteen-minuteflight, and then more of the same. I would usually finishby late afternoon and be back in the air going to Sidney,100 miles to the east. After a meal, I would give a talk tothe staff physicians and review x-ray films. The next dayI would be up early for work at the hospital where pa­tients came in from miles around.By noon, I would be off to Glendive, 60 miles south,for IVP's, cystograms, myelograms, upper GI and colonexams, and copious film-reading sessions. By late after­noon I was headed back to Billings, 200 miles southwest,usually bucking a headwind. Home by dusk, I wouldclose the flight plan and return to my family, ready towork at St. Vincent's Hospital the next day.On several occasions I would fly critically ill patients toBillings for specialized procedures not available in asmall town.Although I was not a pioneer in this field, many regard28 Dr. Walter Francke ('48) and his Cessna 310.me as the first flying doctor in the state. Since the mid-50s, numerous physicians have begun flying and con­sulting in Montana. The National Flying Physicians or­ganization, of which I am a member, has grown tremend­ously over the years.In the early years, our function was to provide generalradiology services, mostly with outmoded equipment.We were an x-ray salesman's dream. Patients weregrateful, as well, not to have to drive hundreds of miles toradiologic facilities, and the local doctors were pleasedwith the upgrading of their medical practice. It was notunusual to do forty fluoroscopies a day plus heavy filmreading sessions and consultations with the local MDs.During the past twenty-five years, radiologicaltechnology has advanced tremendously. This includessubspecialties, CAT scanners, nuclear medicine labs,catheterization labs and image intensifiers, etc. All of thesmall hospitals I have flown to have been upgraded andnow, after an influx of radiologists into Montana, all havelocal coverage.I reminisce with mixed emotions about the past, thetremendous workloads, red goggles for night accomoda­tion, the airborne hours in beautiful balmy weather ac­ross the Missouri River in Montana, the majestic moun­tains and even the desolate areas in the eastern part of thestate. Just as vividly I remember the hectic hours ofstorms, turbulence, ice, cold, and engine problems. Overthe years I logged about 5,000 hours of flight time in theU.S. .and Mexico.Considering the whole, it has been an unforgettableexperience for a general radiologist with an ambition tofly. I am still on many hospital staffs on a consultationbasis, but now I have three partners and stay close to ourhospital and office practices in Billings. For a time I waslike the obstetrician with the same vocation andavocation-a flying physician.Dioon edule , female plant with cone . (Overleaf) Dwarfbanana, ... at Greenhouse #6The dwarf banana, giant lemon, palms and a rare collec­tion of cycads-a gymnosperm family with prehistoricorigins-are leaving Greenhouse #6.Their home for decades, the glass greenhouse is now indisrepair and the University has decided to move theplants out rather than risk their spending another winterin the building. The Chamberlain Cycads Collection willbe transferred to the Los Angeles County Arboreta andBotanical Gardens in May where it will be planted out­doors.Cycads, which date from the Mesozoic period, survivein the tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and NewWorlds. Professor Charles J. Chamberlain, a botanist onthe faculty of the University from 1901 to 1929, collectedthese cycads during his years as an emeritus professor intravels to Mexico, Central America and South Africa.He studied the morphology and life history of cycadsand wrote what is still considered the essential mono­graph on these plants.Although no botanist is currently studying cycads atthe University, cuttings of each species will be kept toensure that the basic gene material is preserved for futureresearch.The greenhouse, located on 57th Street between Ellisand Ingleside Avenues, is already partly emptied of itscharges. In May, a team of specialists from Los Angeleswill package the cycads and move them out to Californialeaving the greenhouse to weather the next Chicagowinter alone.30 Ceratozamia rnexicana, male plant with cone.Palm leaf.East island of Greenhouse #6, with trunk of Cycas circinalis (center).31The center of Greenhouse #6, looking out onto 57th Street.Stangeria eriopus, male plant with cones.32The spring, the summer,The childing autumn, angry winter, changeThei r wonted liveries.Midsummer Night's DreamName Graduation YearHome Address TelephoneCity, State, ZipBusiness Address TelephoneCity, State, ZipTitleNew address?New position?New medical practice?military assignment?civic or professional honor?book?Please tear out; fold, staple, or tape; and drop in the mailbox. Thanks!Medical Alumni Association1025 East 57th StreetChicago, Illinois 60637Fold this flap in first 1- - _. � .. - - --II II II Place II II Stamp II II Here II I� JNews BriefsTaylor Heads BiologyEdwin Taylor (Ph.D. '57), was namedProfessor and Chairman of the Depart­ment of Biology, January I, 1979. Hesucceeds Acting Chairman ArnoldRavin, the Addie Clark Harding Profes­sor in the Department of Biology. Dr.Ravin currently directs the Morris Fish­bein Center for the Study of History ofScience and Medicine.Taylor, formerly a Professor in theDepartment of Biophysics and Theoreti­cal Biology, is Master of the BiologicalSciences Collegiate Division, AssociateDean of the College and Associate Deanof the Division of the Biological Sciencesand the Pritzker School of Medicine.His research interests are varied, butfocus on biological motile systems. In1978, he was elected a Fellow of theRoyal Society of London and cited "forisolating the protein which forms rnic­rotubules and for analysing the chemi­cal events in muscle contraction."Born in Toronto, Canada, Prof. Taylorreceived his B.S. in Physics andChemistry in 1952 from the University ofToronto, and his M.S. degree in PhysicalChemistry from McMaster University inOntario in 1955. He received his Ph.D. inBiophysics from the University ofChicago in 1957.He has held a teaching position at theUniversity since 1959, when he was aninstructor in Biophysics. In 1969 he be­came Professor in the Department ofBiophysics. For three years, from 1972to 1975, he was professor of biology atKings College, University of London,and assistant director of the CellBiophysics Unit.Prof. Taylor belongs to the AmericanSociety for Biological Chemists and theBiophysical Society. He is on the edito­rial board of the Biophysical Journal andthe Journal of Supramolecular Struc­ture.When asked to comment on the de­partment's past, present and future,Prof. Taylor made these remarks:"The Department of Biology is thelargest academic unit among the basicscience departments of the division. Ithas a long history of important contri­butions to cell and developmental biol­ogy, genetics, population and field biol­ogy, plant biology and animal behavior."Recently, the old Botany Buildinghas undergone renovations to be com­pleted this year and is now occupied bythe cell biology group. Further renova­tions are in the planning stages to bring Dr. Gregory Matztogether faculty members in populationand field biology."In the future, we hope to maintainthe past excellence of the department.Biology is a very broad subject, andwhile we cannot achieve excellence inevery area, we must avoid narrowspecialization in a few popular topics. Inthe past, the department has been amajor contributor to college teaching andwe will continue that commitment to un­dergraduate education."Matz Chairs OtolaryngologyDr. Gregory Matz has been namedChairman of the Section of Otolaryngol­ogy in the Department of Surgery. Theappointment, effective January I, 1979,was announced by Robert B. Uretz,Dean of the Division of Biological Sci­ences and the Pritzker School ofMedicine.A noted surgeon, clinician, instructor,and researcher, Dr. Matz achieved na­tional recognition for his study ondrug-induced hearing loss. He is cur­rently publishing guidelines for surveil­lance and prevention of ototoxicity inadults from aminoglycoside antibiotics.He attended Chicago's De Paul Uni­versity, and graduated with honors fromthe Loyola University Stritch School ofMedicine in 1962. After completingintern, resident and fellow's training inotolaryngology at the University ofChicago, he spent two years at the U.S.Air Force School of Aerospace Medicinein Texas. Dr. Matz returned to the Uni­versity in 1970 as an associate professorin the Department of Surgery. He waspromoted to Professor of Surgery(Otolaryngology) this year. Professor Edwin TaylorDr. Matz is an associate member of themedical staff at LaRabida Children'sHospital, a member of the AmericanCollege of Surgeons, a Diplomate of theAmerican Board of Otolaryngology, anda member of the American Academy ofOphthalmology and Otolaryngology andthe American Society for Head and NeckSurgeons.Donald Rowley Directs LaRabidaDr. Donald Rowley ('50), Professor inthe Departments of Pathology andPediatrics, was appointed director ofLaRabida Children's Hospital and Re­search Center by the Hospital's Board ofTrustees. The appointment was effectiveJuly 1, 1978.Dr. Rowley had been Director of Re­search at LaRabida since 1973. "Duringthese f ve years, he has brought toLaRabida outstanding scientists in thefield of immunology and under hisleadership research at LaRabida hasgreatly advanced," said Board presidentJames G. Costakis, who made the an­nouncement.Dr. Rowley's current research on theimmunologic network involves isolatingfunctional molecules and cells in thenetwork in order to: find ways to preventrejection of organ transplants, cause im­mune rejections of cancers, and turn offunwanted immune reactions in asthma,rhematoid arthritis and other "autoim­mune" diseases.He received his undergraduate andgraduate training at the University ofChicago (B.S. 1945, M.S. 1950, M.D.1950). Following medical school, Dr.Rowley interned in the U.S. PublicHealth Service and spent three years as a35research scientist at the National Insti­tute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.He returned to the University in 1954to work with Drs. Albert Dorfman andEarl Benditt at LaRabida. He became anassistant professor in the Department ofPathology in 1957, an associate profes­sor in 1961 and a professor in 1969. Since1973 he has also been a professor in theDepartment of Pediatrics.He is a member of many organizationsincluding the American Association ofImmunologists, the American Society ofExperimental Pathology, the AmericanAssociation of Pathologists and Bac­teriologists, and the American Heart As­sociation's Council on Arteriosclerosis.Dr. Donald Rowley (50)Student Researchers HonoredTwo students affiliated with theSpecialized Center of Research (SCOR)in Atherosclerosis have been honoredfor their work by the American Societyof Clinical Pathologists (ASCP). Dr. RickHay ('78), a resident in Pathology at theUniversity, has won the Sheard-SanfordAward for his senior scientific paper en­titled' 'Translation in vivo and in vitro ofProteins Resembling Apoproteins of RatPlasma Very Low Density Lipopro­teins." He presented the paper at theASCP meeting in New Orleans in March.Dr. Albert S. Leveille ('78), a residentin Ophthalmology at the University, re­ceived an honorable mention for hissenior scientific paper entitled "AorticSmooth Muscle Cell ProliferationStimulated by Cyclopropenoid Com­pounds. "Dr. Hay's research was conducted andcontinues under Dr. Godfrey Getz of theSCOR-Atherosclerosis. Dr. Leveille,now associated with the Department ofOphthalmology, conducted his senior re­search with Dr. Katti Fischer-Dzoga ofthe SCOR-Atherosclerosis.36 Herpes Simplex Viruses "Fingerprinted"University of Chicago scientists have"fingerprinted" variant genetic strains ofherpes simplex viruses. There may bethousands of such variants. "The newtest permits the scientists to trace theorigin of herpes infection from person toperson by matching viral isolates,"comments University of Chicago vir­ologist Bernard Roizman."The test provides a new method topinpoint the source of potentially fatalinfection with herpes simplex virus,especially in newborn nurseries. It couldbecome an important new epidemiologi­cal tool because it can be applied to all.�Professor Bernard Roizman (left) and fellowresearcher, Timothy Buchman, an M.D.!Ph.D. student.five known herpes viruses that infecthumans. "The test is attracting international at­tention.The Chicago group, headed by Roiz­man, employed the test following thedeath of a child from herpes encephalitisin a Louisville hospital to trace the prog­ress of the disease among nurses andanother child in the hospital's intensivecare nursery. It has also been used inother hospitals to study the course ofherpes infections."It has been long thought, but notproven," Roizman said in an interview,"that the source of herpes infections inespecially susceptible patients-thenewborn, cancer patients, and those onimmunosuppressive drugs-could beother patients or hospital personnel.These studies provided this proof. "The fact that hospital personnel cantransmit the virus and the virus can betraced to its source has many legal impli­cations. It means that hospitals must sc­reen hospital personnel in contact withsuch patients to be certain that they haveno active lesions in which viruses arepresent. Patients with active lesionsmust be isolated, and hospital personnelin contact with these patients must betrained to ensure that they do not trans­mit the virus to other patients."The test is based on studies of morethan 80 isolates of herpes simplex virusshipped to the University of Chicagofrom different parts of the world."These studies showed that virusesisolated from epidemiologically unre­lated individuals were different," Roiz­man said. "These differences appearwhen the DNA of these viruses is cutwith restriction endonucleases­bacterial enzymes that recognize andcleave (divide) viral DNA at specific en­zyme cleavage sites."The test involves agarose gel elec­trophoresis. The DNA is removed fromcoded samples, purified, and treated withfive restriction enzymes, each of which"recognizes" a specific DNA base sequ­ence. (All DNA is made up of fourchemically different molecules or"bases" which are" strung together" invarious distinctive two-stranded sequ­ences. The enzymes can "recognize"specific base sequences. When they do,they "snip" the DNA apart at specificcleavage sites.) The separate isolates areplaced in agarose gel which is placed inan electric field. Different molecules willtravel across the gel at different speeds,creating identifiably different band pat­terns in the gel. Identical herpes strainswill create identical band patterns­establishing that the infection was pre­sumably caused by the same herpessource.In the Louisville test, the University ofChicago investigators showed that twodistinct strains of herpes simplex viruswere introduced into the pediatric inten­sive care unit at about the same time, andthat the virus spread from patients tohospital personnel, as well as from hos­pital personnel to patients. (Journal ofInfectious Diseases, October 1978)Chemotherapy Helps Brain Tumor Pa­tients; Researchers Seek CombinedTherapy TreatmentsA medical treatment utilizing two anti­cancer drugs, BCNU and VM-26, hasadded months to the life expectancy ofvictims of malignant gliomas, the mostfatal of brain tumors.BCNU is widely used in cancerDr. Javad Hekmatpanahtherapy, but the BCNU-VM 26 combi­nation used at the University ofChicago's William and Margaret HooverFay Brain Research Institute is unique.It gives better results than BCNU alone,says Dr. Javad Hekmatpanah.In addition to chemotherapy withBCNU (a nitrosourea compound) andVM-26 (a podophyllin derivative),surgery and radiation are used at theUniversity to obtain life-extending re­sults. Among other possible new treat­ments, says Dr. Hekmatpanah, is neut­ron therapy, still in its early stages.Malignant gliomas affect mostlymiddle-aged people in the 50 to 55 yearage range.Hekmatpanah and other Chicago-areaglioma specialists are cooperating to de­termine which combination of treatmentmethods prolongs survival most effec­tively. Dr. Hekmatpanah is working on aproposed test protocol for localspecialists. The University is participat­ing in a three-institution cooperative ap­proach to the problem. It sponsored asymposium for the local group last June."BCNU has been shown to increasethe median survival of people with glio­blastoma, the most severe form ofglioma, from about 10 months to about14 months," says Hekmatpanah. "Now,in our institution here, we have been us­ing BCNU and another medicine calledVM-26 and data show that the mediansurvival has gone up to 22 months."There is progress, but it is a matter ofmonths, not years. That still is importantto us because it may be like the earlyprogress that the hematologists made inlymphomas and leukemias."BCNU and VM-26 interfere with cellreproduction, both in cancer and normalcells. However, the cancer cells repro- Dr. Donald Sweetduce much more frequently. The drugskill most of the reproducing cancer cellsbefore they destroy all the normal cells.The theory of chemotherapy is that if allthe cancer cells die out, the treatmenthas succeeded.The brain is made up of two types ofcells: neuron nerve cells and glial cells,the supporting cells for the neurons.They are intermixed, and cancerousglial-type cells cannot be removed with­out removing the nerve cells.Unlike some other cancers, saysHekmatpanah, widely spread tumors ofthe brain cannot always be completelyexcised. After removing affected non­vital parts of the brain, the alternative isto use more conventional treatments onthe remaining tumor.Assisting Hekmatpanah in the treat­ment program are Dr. Donald L. Sweet,Assistant Professor in the Department ofMedicine (Hematology/Oncology), whodirects the chemotherapy, and Dr. Mel­vin L. Griem, in charge of radiationtreatment. Dr. Griem is Professor in theDepartment of Radiology, and Directorof the Chicago Tumor Institute.Genetics May Explain Kidney StonesA new genetic condition, which mayexplain the clustering of kidney stonesamong members of certain families, hasbeen discovered by a team of three re­searchers at Michael Reese Hospital andMedical Center, Chicago.The condition, reported in a recentissue of the New England Journal ofMedicine, is known as "familialidiopathic hypercalciuria."According to Dr. Fredric L. Coe('61), director of the Renal Division, De­partment of Medicine, the condition is inherited in the same manner as browneyes. Technically, the method of inheri­tance is known as autosomal dominant.In practical terms, if one parent hasthe hypercalciuria, each of his or herchildren has a 50-50 chance of having it,too.Dr. Coe explained that this kind of in­heritance "usually means there issomething passed on which activatesphysical changes. In this case, it seemsto be an enzyme in the intestines whichpermits too much calcium to be absorbedfrom digested food."In affected persons, the overabundantcalcium is eliminated into the urinethrough the kidneys. The calcium is ofthe oxalic acid form, an insoluble crystal.As a result it tends to accumulate in thekidney, forming a stone over manyyears. A kidney stone makes its resenceknown by pain and fever, which resultwhen it blocks the flow of urine in thekidney or in the ureter which drains thekidney.The findings of Dr. Coe and his col­leagues, Joan H. Parks and Dr. Eddie S.Moore, are based on their detailed studyof 73 relatives in the families of nine pa­tients with kidney stones who werefound to have unusually high concentra­tions of calcium in their urine.Urinalyses revealed that 26 of their rela­tives had hypercalciuria, or high levels ofcalcium. The conditon was equally dis­tributed between the sexes, and, presentin both older and younger relatives.Older relatives with hypercalciuria,however, were more likely to have kid­ney stones. Their average age was 49years. Also, all were first-degree rela­tives: parents, offspring, brothers, orsisters. Dr. Coe explained that the agefactor is counted for by the years it takesto form stones in the kidney.Ted BerlandScience Writer, Michael ReeseDr. Fredric Coe ('61)37Professor Heinrich KluverIn MemoriamWilliam Burrows (Ph.D. '32), 1908-1978William Burrows, Professor Emeritus ofMicrobiology and an internationally­known bacteriologist and expert on chol­era, died as the result of an automobileaccident near his Cobden, III. homeNovember IS. He was seventy.Professor Burrows joined the facultyof the Department of Bacteriology (nowMicrobiology) in 1937, five years afterreceiving his Ph.D. from the University.He was promoted to the rank of profes­sor in 1947 and remained an emeritusprofessor after his retirement in 1963.His early education included a B.S. de­gree from Purdue University in 1928 andan M.S. degree from the University ofIllinois in 1930.At Chicago, Burrows was the last stu­dent of Dr. E. O. Jordan, the founder andfirst chairman of the Department ofBacteriology. He and Dr. Jordan col­laborated on the still popular Textbook ofMicrobiology, and Burrows continued tobring out the textbook, now in its 20thedition, alone.Professor BUITows is best known forhis research on enteric diseases, espe­cially cholera. He was the first to reportthat antibodies to cholera and other in­fectious agents could be identified in thehuman bowel and urine. His expertisewas sought by international organiza­tions interested in controlling epidemicsand he served as an expert adviser onnumerous infectious disease panels. Hewas a member of the World Health Or­ganization (WHO) and an adviser to thePakistan-SEATO Cholera ResearchLaboratory.During his academic career, ProfessorBurrows was honored many times. Hewas awarded the Howard Taylor Rick-38 Dr. Bertha Klienetts Prize in 1932, the year he receivedhis doctorate. Only last year, in June1978, he was presented with the GoldKey of the Medical Alumni Associationin recognition of his abilities as a teacher.Among his professional affiliations, heheld a charter membership to the Ameri­can Academy of Microbiologists and wasa fellow of the American Association forthe Advancement of Science (AAAS).He was the author of over 100 originalresearch papers and the coeditor of theJournal of Infectious Diseases.Professor Burrows was born in NewHaven, Conn., but lived most of his lifein the Hyde Park community of Chicagonear the University campus. He is sur­vived by his wife Margaret Pound Bur­rows, a daughter, Mrs. Mary Eveleigh,and two grandchildren. Upon request ofthe family, no memorial service was heldat the University.Bertha Klien, 1898-1978Dr. Bertha Klien , Professor Emeritus inthe Department of Ophthalmology, diedDecember 28 in Tucson, Ariz. She waseighty.Dr. Klien, a renowned ocularpathologist, served on the University'sDepartment of Surgery (Ophthalmology)faculty from July 1955 until June 1964when she became an emeritus professor.Previous to her appointment at Chicago,she taught at Rush Medical College from1926 to 1946, and then was successivelya member of the faculty of NorthwesternUniversity (1946-52) and the Universityof Illinois (1952-55).Dr. Kliens major research effortsconcerned the correlation of clinicalsigns of eye disease to underlyingpathology, investigations of the pathol­ogy and histochemistry of the eye, andthe treatment of clotting disorders in the (Professor William Burrowseye. Her work won her all three scientificmedals (gold, silver, bronze) of theAmerican Medical Association, makingher the only woman to be so honored.She belonged to many scientific or­ganizations including the AmericanAcademy of Ophthalmology andOtolaryngology. She was president ofthe Chicago Ophthalmological and theVerhoeff Society. She edited the RetinaReview for three years, and was on theeditorial board of the American Journalof Ophthalmology and Ophthal-111010gica. She was the author of numer­ous scientific papers and book chapters.Born in Borgo , Austria (now Italy),Dr. Klien received her medical degree in1925 from the University of Vienna, andcompleted three years of residencytraining at the university's Eye Clinicbefore leaving Europe for the U.S.Dr. Klien is survived by her husband,Dr. William Moncrieff, and a brother.Heinrich Kluver, 1897-1979Heinrich Kluver, renowned neuro­psychologist and the Sewell L. AveryDistinguished Service ProfessorEmeritus in the Division of the BiologicalSciences, died in an Oak Lawn, III. con­valescent center February 8. He waseighty-one.A memorial service was held for Pro­fessor Kluver in Bond Chapel March 27.Speakers at the service were John T.Wilson, President Emeritus of the Uni­versity of Chicago; Dr. Paul Bucy , pro­fessor emeritus of neurosurgery, Nor­thwestern University and formermember of the neurological surgery fa­culty at the University of Chicago; andDr. Detlev Ploog, Director of the MaxPlanck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich,West Germany.Kluver might be termed "the Einsteinof biological psychology," said an as­sociate, Dr. Sidney Schulman ('46), theEllen C. Manning Professor of BiologicalSciences. "Between 1925 and 1940, heraised all the general questions thatneuropsychologists are continuing tostudy. "Born in Holstein, Germany, Kluverserved in the German army in World WarI and, following studies at Hamburg andBerlin, received his Ph.D. from StanfordUniversity in 1923. After teaching at theUniversity of Minnesota, he joined a re­search organization in Chicago with KarlLashley, another neuropsychologist, in1928. He joined the University's facultyin 1933 and retired in 1963 as an emeritusprofessor. He continued to visit hislaboratory in Culver Hall daily until oneyear before his death.Professor Kluver received many hon­ors for his work including honorary M.D.degrees from the Universities of Baseland Kiel and an honorary Ph.D. fromHamburg. He was a member of the Na­tional Academy of Science, the Ameri­can Philosophical Society, the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences, andmany other organizations.In addition to research reports, Kluverwrote books on the ability of the mind toretain visual images (1926), mescaline(1928), behavior mechanisms in monkeys(1933), and mescal and the mechanismsof hallucinations (1966).In 1939 he reported on an experimentin which he and Dr. Bucy removed thetemporal lobes of monkeys, impairingtheir recognition of the meaning of ob­jects (visual agnosia). "This was the firsttime that visual functions were estab­lished for the temporal lobe," com­mented Dr. Schulman.Kluver is survived by his wife HarrietSchwenk Kluver and two nieces who livein Germany.Contributions for a Heinrich Kluvermemorial lectureship may be fowardedto the Dean, Division of the BiologicalSciences, University of Chicago, 950East 59th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637.Alumni Deaths'13. Ralph McReynolds, Quincy, Il­linois, January 12, 1979, age 94.'21. Samuel J. Fogelson, Chicago, Il­linois, November 12, 1978, age 81.'21. William A. Smiley, Fort Dodge,Iowa, October 11, 1978, age 85.'22. Walter H-. Maddux, Indianapolis,Indiana, August 16, 1978, age 88.'23. Harold /. Meyer, Chicago, Il­linois, January 21, 1979, age 81.'26. Douglas B. Bell, Honolulu,Hawaii, October 9, 1978, age 77. '26. Robert L. Ladd, Ipava, Illinois,November 1978, age 81.'27. William L. Spencer, Spokane,Washington, January 25, 1976, age un­known.'28. Robert C. Hetherington, PortCharlotte, Florida, October 26, 1978, age79.'30. James W. Duncan, Moorehead,Minnesota, March 28, 1977, age 75.'31. Edgar L. Nefflen , Elkins, WestVirginia, April 30, 1978, age 77.'31. James L. Poppen, Brookline,Massachusetts, December 8, 1978, age75.'33. Arthur L. Cooper, Somerset,Kentucky, July 22, 1975, age unknown.'33. Erma A. Smith, Wichita, Kansas,date unknown, born 1892.'33. Winton F. Swengel, Monterey,California, October 13, 1978, age 70.'40. James W. Paulus, Fargo, NorthDakota, October 25, 1978, age 64.'42. Kl aire V. Kuiper, Lakewood,Colorado, October 15, 1977, age 61.'43. Glen M. Whitesel, CoeurD'Alene, Idaho, September 15,1978, age61.'46. Richard R. Tavlor, McLean, Vir­ginia, November 8, 1978, age 55.Division Alumni Deaths'44 Ph.D. Lamont Cook Cole, Ithaca,New York, June 3, 1978, age 62.'55 Ph.D. Charles W. Fishel, Tampa,Florida, December 21, 1977, age 61.Former StaffWilliam Burrows, (Microbiology, Profes­sor, '32-'73, Professor Emeritus, '74),Cobden, Illinois, November 16, 1978,age 70.John J. Fahey, (Surgery/Orthopedics,Resident, '33-'36), Skokie, Illinois, De­cember 4, 1978, age 72.Harry D. Lai Kaye, (General Surgery,Intern, '43-'44), Louisville, Kentucky,date unknown, born 1918.Bertha A. Klien, (Ophthalmology, As­soCiate Professor, '55-' 64), Tucson,Arizona, December 28, 1978, age 80.Heinrich Kluver, (Division of Biologi­cal Sciences, Professor, '33-'69; Profes­sor Emeritus, '69), Chicago, Illinois,February 8, 1979, age 81.Robert D. Moore, (Surgery/Orthopedics, Resident, '41-'42, Assis­tant Professor, '42-'48, Associate Pro­fessor, '58-'67), May 6, 1976, age 64.Henry L. Schmitz, (Internal Medicine,Instructor and Assistant Professor,'28-'34), St. Petersburg, Florida, June27, 1978, age 80. Departmental NewsAnatomyRonald Singer, the Robert Bensley Pro­fessor in the Departments of Anatomyand Anthropology, was the recipient ofthe national Americanism Award of theChicago Chapter of the National Societyof the Daughters of the American Re­volution February 24. This award isgiven only to a naturalized American,who has helped his fellow immigrantsand has served humanity in somesignificant way.Professor Singer is involved in re­search on the earliest humans in GreatBritain, an exploration of the largestMiddle Stone Age site on the Africancontinent, and investigations into the de­velopment of man's erect posture.He became a U.S. citizen in 1969 andwas named "The Outstanding New Citi­zen of 1969" by the Citizenship Councilof Metropolitan Chicago.Ben May LabEugene DeSombre, Associate Professorin the Ben May Laboratory and Re­search Associate in the BiomedicalComputation Facilities, was appointedchairman of the breast cancer task forceof the National Cancer I nstitute andnamed to the advisory committee onbiochemistry and carcinogenesis of theAmerican Cancer Society.BiochemistryDr. Donald F. Steiner (,56). Professorand past Chairman of the Department ofBiochemistry, received the 1979 PassanoAward April 23. The award is given inrecognition of outstanding contributionsto the advancement of medical science,particularly those having immediateclinical value or which promise practicalapplications in the near future.Dr. Steiner, a pioneer in hormone pre­cursor research, discovered proinsulin(the precursor of insulin in the body) andthe precursor to p ro i n su l i n , pre­proinsulin.Eight previous recipients of the Pas­sano Award, first given in 1943, havesubsequently been awarded the NobelPrize.BiologyArnold W. Ravin, the Addie ClarkHarding Professor in the Departments ofBiology and Microbiology, was ap-39pointed director for the Fishbein Centerfor Study of History of Science andMedicine.MedicineA search committee has been establishedto conduct a broad search for a newchairman in the Department of Medicine.The committee is chaired by Dr. JarlDyrud, Professor in the Department ofPsychiatry and Associate Dean for theFaculty. Dr. Alvin R. Tarlov ('56) hasserved as chairman since 1969. His pres­ent term expires on June 30, 1979.Dr. Joseph B. Kirsner, the Louis BlockProfessor of Medicine, served as chair­man of the National Commission on Di­gestive Diseases' Advisory Committee.The Commission presented its final re­port to the United States CongressJanuary 31. The Commission was estab­lished to prepare a national program forthe diagnosis and treatment of digestivediseases.Dr. Kirsner spoke at the 30th annualmeeting of the Spokane, WashingtonSociety of Internal Medicine, March 2.On March 6-7 he was a discussant at theInternational Symposium of ColorectalCancer in New York, and on March16-18 he participated in an internationalmeeting in Hemmenhofen, Germany oninflammatory bowel disease sponsoredby a European multi-center study groupon bowel disease.Dr. Leon Resnekov, Professor in theDepartment of Medicine, Director of theSpecialized Center of Research in Is­chemic Heart Disease, and Joint Direc­tor of the Cardiology Section, was re­cently elected president of the AmericanCollege of Chest Physicians.Dr. Leon O. Jacobson ('39), Professorin the Department of Medicine and theJoseph Regenstein Professor of Biologi­cal and Medical Sciences, was elected aLaureate of the Lincoln Academy of Il­linois. He will be presented with theOrder of Lincoln by Governor JamesThompson May 5. The Order of Lincolnhonors living Illinoisans who have madesignificant contributions to the progressand betterment of humanity.OphthalmologyThe Department of Ophthalmology heldits Annual Alumni Day at the campus onMarch 7. The guest speaker was Dr. Al­bert M. Potts ('38 Ph.D.), chairman ofthe department of ophthalmology at theUniversity of Louisville. The faculty andhousestaff participated in an all-day sci­entific program. Dr. Potts was a memberof the department here from 1959-1975.40 Pharmacological and PhysiologicalSciencesDr. Leon I. Goldberg, Professor ofMedicine and Pharmacology and Chair­man of the Committee on Clinical Phar­macology, was the William D. Stuben­bord Visiting Professor at Cornell Uni­versity in January. The title of Dr.Goldberg's lecture was, "Constants onCreativity in Medical Science: PossibleSolutions. "PsychiatryLeading specialists in infant psychiatrymet in Lake Bluff, Ill. February 15-18 toreview current concepts in child de­velopment and pathology. Among thosewho attended were Dr. Joseph Marcus(background), who organized thegathering, and Dr. Justin Call (fore­ground) from the University of Californiaat Irvine. Among the other participantswere: Dr. Sally Provence, Yale; Dr.Peter Wolff, Harvard; Dr. HerbertLeiderman, Stanford; and Irving Harris,Trustee, University of Chicago.RadiologyAppointment:Dr. David M. Squicquero-I nstructor/Trainee.Mortimer M. Elkind, Professor in theDepartment of Radiology, received theErnest W. Bertner Memorial Award.The award was presented at the 32ndSymposium on Fundamental Cancer Re­search at the University of Texas, heldfrom February 27 to March 2.The Ernest W. Bertner MemorialAward is conferred annually on a physi­cian or scientist who has made distin­guished contributions to cancer re­search.Professor Elkind was cited fortwenty-five years of work in the field ofradiation biology. His research clarifyingradiation cellular mechanisms, accordingto the citation, "has helped form thebasis for much of our understanding inclinical radiotherapy."Previous recipients of the award in- elude Dr. Charles Huggins, the WilliamB. Ogden Distinguished Service Profes­sor in the Ben May Laboratory. Spon­sored by the University of Texas SystemCancer Center M.D. Anderso_n Hospitaland Tumor Institute, the Bertner Awardis a bronze medallion which symbolizesthe twin goals of cancer research: pre­vention and cure.Kunio Doi, Professor of Radiology andDirector of the Kurt RossmanLaboratories for Radiologic Image Re­search, presented an invited lecture en­titled "X-Ray Imaging Research in theUnited States" at the annual meeting ofthe Radiological Society of Japan inTokyo March 27. He presented anotherlecture April 6 to the Japanese Society ofRadiological Technology.Lawrence Lanzi, Professor of Radiol­ogy, has been invited to give two talks atthe University of Virginia in connectionwith their resident training program inradiology and radiotherapy.SurgeryFive members of the Department ofSurgery received awards from the Edu­cational Foundation of the AmericanSociety of Plastic and ReconstructiveSurgeons: Dr. Martin C. Robson, Profes­sor in the Department of Surgery (Plasticand Reconstructive); Dr. Edward DelBeccaro, Resident in the Department ofSurgery; and John Heggers, ResearchAssociate (Associate Professor) in theDepartment of Surgery (Plastic and Re­constructive) were awarded first prize inBasic Science for their essay, "The Ef­fect of Prostaglandins on Dermal Mi­crocirculation after Burning and Its Pre­vention by Specific PharmacologicAgents. "Dr. David H. Frank (,71), Chief Resi­dent in the Department of Surgery, re­ceived the Senior Residents Award onBurns for his paper, "Treatment of Ex­posure Hypothermia by Immersion Re­warming without Mortality" and Dr.Raphael Pollock, Resident in the De­partment of Surgery received a one-yearresearch grant.Dr. Frank P. Stuart, Professor in theDepartment of Surgery and Director ofthe University's organ transplantationprogram, and Dr. Dimitrios Emmanouel,Assistant Professor in the Department ofMedici ne (Nephrology), recently re­viewed the status and problems of kid­ney dialysis and transplantation inGreece with Dr. Spiros Marketos, De­puty Minister of Health. A proposal willprovide for some Greek citizens toundergo cadaver kidney transplantationat the University of Chicago Hospitals.A team of Greek physicians and sur-geons will join the nephrology-transplantprogram at Billings Hospital. Also, ajointeffort has been made to establish an in­tegrated medical-surgical team inAthens.Section of Otolaryngology speak on "The Non-Hodgkins Lym­phomas. "Zoller Dental ClinicFrank J. Orland (,49 Ph.D.), Professor inthe Zoller Dental Clinic and at the Fish-At the Lindsay honorary dinner (left to right)were otolaryngologists: Drs. Cesar Fernan-Dr. John R. Lindsay (right) talks with Dr.Karl Siedentop at a dinner honoring Dr.Lindsay's fifty years with the University'sOtolaryngology Section.Dr. Ralph Naunton, Professor in the De­partment of Surgery, is the author of abook, Evoked Electrical Activity in theAuditory Nervous System, published byAcademic Press, 1978.UC Cancer Research CenterDr. John E. Ullmann, Director of theUCCRC, was a visiting professor at theUniversity of Pennsylvania School ofMedicine February 7. He gave a presen­tation entitled" Progress in the Manage­ment of Hodgkin's Disease" duringMedical Grand Rounds. He was also theAlpha Omega Alpha lecturer invited bythe university's medical honor society to dez: Ralph Naunton , John Frederickson. andRobert Eberle.bein Center for the Study of History ofScience and Medicine, was elected vicepresident and president -elect of the Soci­ety of Medical History of Chicagofounded in 1909.Alumni News1927Arnold Lieberman is now retired andliving in Ocala, Florida. Over the yearshe has written medical articles and onebook.1930H. Ivan Sippy received a distinguishedservice award from the medical depart­ments of Northwestern UniversityMedical School and NorthwesternMemorial Hospital last September. He isassociate professor emeritus of North­western University. Dr. Sippy is re­tired and living in Rio Rancho, NewMexico.1931Jack P. Cowen received a certificate ofaward from the American Academy ofOphthalmology for his scientific lecturesand lecture-demonstrations in ophthal­mology at universities in Europe andAsia over the past twenty years. Dr.Cowen has written a glossary ofchromosomal and genetic terms for theAcademy. He is a professorial lecturer inthe eye department at the University of Illinois Medical School and an ophthal­mological consultant to the IX NavalDistrict. Dr. Cowen is a commander(Medical Corps Reserve). From 1968 to1979 he served as secretary of theChicago Academy of Sciences.1934John H. Darst writes that he is retiring.He will continue to live in Greeley. Col­orado where he has practiced at theGreeley Clinic.1935Arthur H. Rosenblum received theChicago Pediatric Society's distin­guished service award last spring and anaward from Michael Reese Hospital for"long and devoted service to the care ofchildren, teaching and research." Dr.Rosenblum is co-director of pediatric al­lergy and immunology at Michael ReeseHospital. In 1977 he was recertified bythe American Board of Allergy and Im­munology.Physician's PrayerWallace Byrd ('35)Dear loving father, creator of life, andGiver of every good and perfect gift,Who holdests all thy creatures in the'palm of thy handAnd watches tenderly the death of even asparrow.Abide with me today, make my touchgentleAnd my judgment good.Open my eyes to thy lawsAnd quicken my thoughtsTo perceive the disorders of my trustingpatient.Grant, if it may be, that he (she) may berestored to health.If it may not, then I prayThat I may pass on to him (her)Some measure of thy great strength andcomfort.This I ask in the name of thy dearly be­loved sonWhose gentlesness, courage, and single­ness of purposeHave not been equalled,Who taught us to love thee with all ourheart, soul and mind,And to love each other as ourselves.Amen.1937Joseph Post has been elected president of41the New York Academy of Medicine fora two-year term. He continues to dividehis time between the practice of internalmedicine and gastroenterology and re­search in tumor cell biology at New YorkUniversity School of Medicine, where heis professor of clinical medicine.John E. Sheedy writes, "years aremoving on for me but I still sail now andthen. We only have four American FlagShips left-all little ones-accom­modating a hundred passengers aroundSouth America." Dr. Sheddy is with thePrudential Lines, Inc.Elaine M. Thomas is assistant clinicalprofessor of pediatrics at the MedicalCollege of Wisconsin. Dr. Thomas hasbeen appointed a member of the Cabinetof the University of Chicago Alumni As­sociation for 1978-1981.1938Lewis L. Robbins is vice president of theAmerican Psychiatric Association andpresident-elect of the National Associa­tion of Private Psychiatric Hospitals. Dr.Robbins is psychiatrist-in-chiefemeritus of Long Island Jewish-HillsideMedical Center in Glen Oaks, NewYork.Herman M. Serota is now a traininganalyst at the San Diego PsychoanalyticInstitute, as well as clinical professor ofpsychiatry at the University of Califor­nia, San Diego Medical School, and at­tending psychiatrist at University Hos­pital in San Diego.Clark K. Sleeth retired June 30, 1978from West Virginia University aftermore than forty years as a teacher, re­searcher and dean of the medical schoolfor the decade in which the universityawarded its first M.D. degrees. He wasthe first acting chairman of the depart­ment of family practice. In recognition,the Order of Vandalia, the highest honorWest Virginia University bestows forextraordinary service to the universityand the state, was awarded to Dr. Sleeth.In retirement Dr. Sleeth hopes to retainsome ties with medical education and toupdate the last history of the faculty ofthe West Virginia University medicalschool.Jonathan M. Williams became clinicalprofessor emeritus of neurologicalsurgery at George Washington Univer­sity School of Medicine in June 1978. Heis now chief of neurology at St.Elizabeth's Hospital, Division ofH.E.W., in Washington, D.C.1939Ruth Moulton still maintains an active42 practice in psychoanalysis andpsychotherapy. Dr. Moulton is nowtraining young psychiatrists. She is in­terested in the psychology of women andparticularly extra stress placed on pro­fessional women who also are raisingchildren. She has written twelve paperson the subject in the past fifteen years.The most recent was "Divorce in theMiddle Years" delivered in December tothe American Academy ofPsychoanalysis. Dr. Moulton practicesin New York.Arthur H. Downing discontinued hisprivate practice December 31 to accept aposition as chief of ophthalmology at theVeterans Administration Medical Centerin Des Moines, Iowa. He is also clinicalprofessor of ophthalmology at the StateUniversity of Iowa with responsibilityfor teaching residents in ophthalmologyduring their three month rotation throughthe service at the Des Moines VeteransMedical Center.1943Walter B. Cox has announced he will re­tire in Missoula, Montana.1945Louis B. Thomas has retired as chief ofthe laboratory of pathology, NationalCancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland,and moved to Fort Collins, Colorado.1946Edward O. Lukasek has been on themedical staff at the Veterans Administ­ration Hospital in Tomah, Wisconsinsince 1973 "doing general medicine, sur­gical consults and occasional autopsies."He has just passed the certifying exami­nation for the Academy of Family Prac­tice.Lt. Gen. Richard Taylor, the ArmySurgeon General before retiring in 1977,died of cardiac arrest November 11,1978. General Taylor joined the U.S.Army in 1947, commanded a medicalbattalion in Korea in 1953, and served asstaff surgeon in Thailand during themid-1960s. He was command surgeon atthe military assistance headquarters inVietnam (1969-70). He then moved toWashington, D.C. as head of the Army'sMedical Research and DevelopmentCommand. In 1973, he was promoted tothe rank of lieutenant general and ap­pointed surgeon general. Lt. Gen. Taylorwas a fellow of the American College ofPhysicans and the American College ofChest Physicians. He received manymilitary honors and the Distinguished Service Award of the Medical AlumniAssociation.1948Jane N. Spragg of Hillsboro, NewHampshire writes that she is now acountry doctor. After thirty years inurban clinics she is developing a newmodel for the delivery of family planningservices to adults and teenagers forManchester Family Planning, Inc. Heroffice is "in a renovated mill building onthe Contoocook River with eighteenwindows and six waterfalls!" She saysshe has never worked harder.1950Ernest Beutler has been appointedchairman of the department of clinicalresearch at the Research Institute ofScripps Clinic in La Jolla, California.Since 1959 Dr. Beutler has been chair­man of the division of medicine and di­rector of the department of hematologyat the City of Hope Medical Center inDuarte, California. He is president-electof the American Society of Hematology.1953Alexander Breslow will be a visiting pro­fessor in the department of surgery at theUniversity of Sydney March 19 to April 6while consulting on a project concerningprognosis in melanoma. He also reportsthat he is now a grandfather. Dr. Breslowis a professor of pathology at GeorgeWashington University Hospital inWashington, D.C.Richard S. Homer's entry missed theclass newsletter. For the benefit of hisfriends, he is a diplomate of the Ameri­can Board of Dermatology and assistantclinical professor at UCLA School ofMedicine. His wife, Diana (M.A. '54) is aschool psychologist. His children are incollege: Jack is at MIT, Loren at Stan­ford, and Wendy at UC Santa Cruz.Robert S. Levine of Grand Rapids,Mighigan is president-elect of theTransplantation Society of Michigan1955Saul M. Siegel says he has shifted frommany years as part-time director ofpsychiatry out-patient services atMichael Reese Hospital, Chicago, tosenior consultant in the department ofpsychiatry in order to devote more timeto teaching and research. The hospital'sannual prize for the best research doneby a graduating resident in psychiatrywas increased and renamed "The SaulM. Siegel, M.D. Research Prize."John R. Benfield returned to UCLA toresume his positron as professor ofsurgery and to become chairman ofsurgery at the City of Hope MedicalCenter in Duarte, California. He hadbeen serving as chairman of surgery atBoston University.Leonard Sagan has left the practice ofindustrial medicine at the Palo AltoMedical Clinic to join the Electric PowerResearch Institute in Palo Alto as pro­gram manager of biomedical studies. Dr.Sagan is developing a research programin occupational health problems found inthe utility industry, i.e., electric fields,ionizing radiation, noise, and chemicalcarcinogenesis.Jesse W. Tapp, Jr. left the Universityof Arizona College of Medicine where hewas professor and acting head of the de­partment of family and communitymedicine, to join the "public sector"January 1. He is now chief of physicianservices for the Seattle-King County De­partment of Public Health, in Seattle,Washington.1956Edward H. Kolner, a physician at theOdand Medical Center in Madison, Wis­consin, is pursuing a residency in diag­nostic radiology.1960Donald Gordon Miller returned to theUnited States in December after twoyears in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where hewas in hospital practice. He is living inSanta Cruz, California.Charles Mittman was appointedexecutive medical director of the City ofHope Medical Center in Duarte, Califor­nia last spring. He succeeded Dr.Rachmeil Levine who was a professoriallecturer at the University of Chicagountil 1960. Dr. Mittman commented thatCity of Hope continues to attract manyU. of C. alumni. Recent additions to thestaff include John Archambeau (Internand Resident, '54-'58), director of radia­tion oncology, and John Benfield ('55),chairman of surgery.Edward A. Wolpert and his wife Gloria(Dept. of Psychiatry, '58-'61) presentedthe results of their ten-year followup ofmanic-depressive patients treated withlithium carbonate at the II World Con­gress of Biological Psychiatry held inBarcelona, Spain last September. Dr.Wolpert is clinical professor ofpsychiatry at Michael Reese Hospital,Chicago.1963Horst R. Konrad has been appointed as- sociate professor of otolaryngology andhead of the section at Southern IllinoisUniversity School of Medicine in Spr­ingfield.Peter H. Morse has returned to theUniversity of Chicago Department ofOphthalmology as a tenured professor.He had been on the faculty at TulaneUniversity.1965Barry Kahan is at the University ofTexas Medical School at Houstonwhere he is professor of surgery, directorof the division of organ transplantation,and director of their end-stage renal dis­ease center. In addition, he has been ap­pointed director of the program in im­munology in the graduate school ofbiomedical sciences. Dr. Kahan servedas visiting professor and received theRecognition Award of the Japan Trans­plantation Society in October 1978. Hishundredth original scientific article hasrecently been published.Edward Tarlov has been a member ofthe neurosurgical staff of the LaheyClinic in Boston since September 1977.The Dr. Tarlov family, includingSuzanne Roffler Tarlov (Ph.D. '67),Nicholas 6 and Katy 4, live in Boston.1966Mike Shelanski writes he has left Harvardto become professor and chairman of thedepartment of pharmacology at NewYork University Medical School.1967William Stell was appointed associate di­rector of the Jules Stein Eye Institute atUCLA Medical Center, where he isprofessor of ophthalmology andanatomy.1968William Murphy finished his residencyand Ph.D. work in general surgery at theUniversity of Minnesota in June. In Oc­tober, while serving as ship's surgeon onthe USS Enterprise during maneuvers inthe Sea of Japan, his first son, WilliamPedro, was born in Alameda, California.Dr. Murphy expects to be assigned to theOakland area until July 1980.Diana Woo has returned to the Univer­sity of Chicago as Assistant Professor inthe Department of Pediatrics. She is pre­sently a Ph .D. candidate at the U niver­sity of London.1970David Karlin was appointed assistant professor in the department of medicine,gastroenterology section, at the M.D.Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institutein Houston.Robert Karp wrote he is just starting aprivate practice in urology in Tampa.Paul Margulies has completed amedicine residency and an endocrinol­ogy fellowship, both at New YorkHospital-Cornell University MedicalCollege. He also served two years in theU.S. Army Medical Corps. For the pasttwo years he has had a private practice inendocrinology, and been attending atNorth Shore University Hospital. Dr.Margulies is currently a clinical assistantprofessor at Cornell University.1971Michael Brown is a pediatrician withRutgers Community Health Plan in NewBrunswick, New Jersey.Theodore Ingis served in the PublicHealth Service for two years in SanDiego. In 1977 he completed his eye re­sidency at the Manhattan Eye, Ear andThroat Hospital. He was board certifiedin 1978, and is now in private practice inSpringfield, Massachusetts. Dr. Ingislives in Longmeadow with his wife Judyand two daughters, Elizabeth, 4l1z, andRebecca, 2.Dorothy Davies Johnson and her hus­band Henry have just adopted a IOV2-month-old baby boy, Charles. Dr.Johnson is working as a pediatrician inSan Diego.Neil Nathan has changed from being asolo family practitioner to being assistantdirector of the family practice residencyprogram at the University of MinnesotaDuluth School of Medicine. Dr. Nathanand his wife Harriett have a four-year­old daughter and are expecting a secondchild soon.MaryAnn Polascik and her husbandDr. Joseph Elie traveled to Haiti withtheir daughter Laura, 2 liz , to visit theElie family on the Caribbean. Dr. Polas­cik is an ophthalmologist in private prac­tice in Dixon, Illinois with her otolaryn­gologist husband.Maija Russell recently became as­sociate to a pathologist in San Diego. Sheand her husband Dennis have two chil­dren, Richard, 7, and Jolen, 3.Mike Ziegler and his wife Carole had adaughter born last summer. Dr. Ziegler isa clinical pharmacologist in the depart­ment of pharmacology and toxicology atthe University of Texas Medical Schoolin Galveston. Dr. Ziegler and his wife arerenovating their 19th century home.1972Robert Chevalier has joined the faculty of43the University of Virginia School ofMedicine in Charlottesville as assistantprofessor of pediatrics (nephrology).Lawrence Schuster has established aconsultative practice in endocrinologyand metabolism in Minneapolis. Dr.Schuster is a diplomate of the AmericanBoard of Internal Medicine in medicine(1975) and in endocrinology andmetabolism (1977). In 1978 he earned aPh.D. in medicine from the University ofMinnesota.Jose Velazquez and his wife announcedthe birth of their first child, Lori Nicole,on July 26, 1978. Dr. Velazquez prac­tices in Palm Harbor, Florida.Mary Weinstein is board certified inneonatology and her husband Stephenhas completed his urology residency.They have two children, Deborah. 2Y2,and Rebecca, 9 months. Both are withthe University of Iowa in Iowa City.1973Richard Gaeke was appointed AssistantProfessor in the Department ofMedicine. Section of Gastroenterology,at the University of Chicago Hospitalslast July.Jeffrey Gordon is senior assistant resi­dent in the department of medicine atBarnes Hospital, St. Louis.Betsy (Reid) and Arlen Holter are theparents of Matthew. born December 14.Dr. Reid is now assistant professor ofneurology at the University of Connec­ticut and Dr. Holter is doing a chief resi­dency in cardiothoracic surgery atYale-New Haven Hospital. They areenjoying life temporarily in Hamden,Connecticut.Vernon Horn began a private cardiol­ogy practice last June in Dallas, Texas.where he is associated with St. PaulHospital and the University of TexasSouthwestern School of Medicine.Daniel Knowles was appointed assis­tant professor of pathology at ColumbiaUniversity, College of Physicians andSurgeons July I, 1978. He is an attendingpathologist in the surgical pathology di­vision where he is establishing an im­mu nopathology laboratory.Dennis Lardent was appointed chief ofpsychiatry and medicine last July at theBrockton Multiservice Center,Brockton, Massachusetts.James Madden has been with theLansdale Medical Group, a multispe­cialty group, in Lansdale, Pennsylvaniasince July 1976. He completed a three­year residency in internal medicine atTemple University Hospital in Philadel­phia. Married since July 1975, Dr. Mad-44 den and his wife Maryellen expectedtheir first child in December.Jeffery Semel is chief of the section ofinfectious diseases at Saint Joseph Hos­pital in Chicago.Barry Wright was promoted to assis­tant professor of ophthalmology at theAlbert Einstein College of Medicine,New York. Dr. Wright received theaward for the" Best Paper of the Sectionon Ophthalmology" at the AmericanMedical Association National Conven­tion in 1978 in St. Louis.1974Charles Eil married Adele Geffen (B.A.'68) on July 9, 1978. She is an attorneywith the Securities and Exchange Com­mission in Washington, D.C. Dr. Eil is atthe National Institutes of Health through1980.1974Robert Kaufman is assistant professor ofradiology and of pediatrics at the U ni­versity of Cincinnati College ofMedici ne. He was certified by theAmerican Board of Radiology in June1978. Dr. Kaufman and his wife Elaineare the parents of daughter Jennifer Erin,born April 17. 1978.1975Harris Barowsky will be starting a fel­lowship in endocrinology at MichaelReese Hospital in July 1979.Ron Fitzgerald is a staff psychiatrist atKaiser Permanente Medical Group inFontana, California.Mary Ellen Gaeke began a fellowshipin hematology-oncology at the U niver­sity of Chicago Hospitals in July 1978.Lisa Kaplowitz is completing a fellow­ship in infectious disease at the Univer­sity of North Carolina.1976Paul Kaplowitz is a third-year pediatricsresident at the University of NorthCarolina. In July 1979, he will begin atwo-year fellowship in pediatric endo­crinology. He and his wife Lisa will be atthe university until 1981.Ronald Sokol has been appointedpediatric chief resident for 1979-80 at theUniversity of Colorado Medical Centerin Denver.1977David Simon has moved from San Diego,where he was a resident at the Universityof California, to Pueblo West, Colorado, where he is associated with the ParkviewHospital.Richard Walker is a surgery resident atUCLA and is planning an orthopedic re­sidency at Stanford in July 1979.1978Peggy Barron and Juri Strobos have an­nounced their engagement and willmarry in June 1979. Peggy will leavepediatrics at Moffitt Hospital in SanFrancisco to do a residency at Mt. Sinaiin New York. Juri will stay at New YorkUniversity in general surgery.Divisional Alumni NewsBernard E. Conley (Pharmacology,Ph.D., '56) has written a book entitledSocial and Economic AspeCTS of DrugUtilization Research, Drug IntelligencePublications, Hamilton Press, Hamilton,Illinois, 1976. Dr. Conley is chief of thedrug utilization studies program at theNational Center for Health Services Re­search in Hyattsville, Maryland.David F. Costello (Botany, Ph.D. '34)is the author of Seashore World undercontract with Harper & Row. Dr. Cos­tello lives in Fort Collins, Colorado.Bo Ock Lee Lum (Clinical Nutrition,S.M. '73) has a private practice as a con­sulting clinical nutritionist in Chicago.James A. Miller (Zoology, Ph.D. '37) isacting chairman and professor of the de­partment of anatomy at the University ofSouth Florida, a position he assumed lastJuly. In October at the annual meetingsof the Southern Society of Anatomists,which Dr. Miller started eighteen yearsago, he was elected honorary presidentfor life' 'for contributions to the Societyand to Anatomy."Lawrence M. Palladino (Biochemistry,S.M. '74) is a resident in family medicineat the University Hospital of Cleveland.V. B. Slotnick (Microbiology, S. M.'55) is director of clinical research,Medical Research and Services, McNeilLaboratories. Fort Washington, Penn­sylvania.Alan Spector (Biochemistry, S.M. '65)obtained a Ph.D. at Northwestern in1969 and an M.D. in 1974. From 1969 to1972 he had a U.S. Public Health Servicepostdoctoral fellowship at Harvard.Having finished his residency at Nor­thwestern Memorial Hospital, he hasstarted a practice in obstetrics, gynecol­ogy and infertility in San Diego, Califor­rua.Duke Tanaka, Jr. (Anatomy, Ph.D.'71) is associate professor in the depart­ment of anatomy at Howard UniversityCollege of Medicine in Washington, D.C.William C. Taylor (Zoology, S.B. '67)is assistant professor in genetics at theUniversity of California at Berkeley.Former StaffSamuel Balderman (Surgery, resident,'72-'74) is assistant professor in car­diovascular surgery at State Universityof New York in Buffalo and attendingsurgeon at the Buffalo V.A. Hospital.Heitor Luiz Conceicao (Pediatrics,intern/resident, '72-'74) has a privatepediatrics practice in Rio de Janeiro,Brazil with a subspecialty in pediatricallergy.Paul Dinsmore (Medicine, intern,'58-'59) went to Cuba in January 1978with a multidisciplinary health caregroup to visit polyclinics, general andspecialty hospitals. His particular inter­est was the Hospital Psiquiatrica de laHabana.Paul Farrell (Pediatrics, intern/resident, '74-'76) is the ambulatorypediatric clinic director at MonmouthMedical Center in Long Branch, NewJersey, in addition to being in privatepractice with the Ocean Pediatric Groupin Oakhurst, New Jersey.William Hopkins (Ophthalmology,intern/resident, '47-'51) is an ophthal­mologist in Pueblo, Colorado.Frederick Malkinson (Medicine, resi­dent, faculty, '50-'73), was named editorof the AMA journal, Archives of Der­matology. He will also serve on theeditorial board of the Journal of (heAMA. Dr. Malkinson is professor andchief of dermatology at Rush­Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Centerin Chicago. Aroop Mangalik (Medicine, resident,'62-'64) is an assistant professor ofmedicine at the University of ColoradoMedical Center. He writes that he isplanning to join the All India Institute ofMedical Sciences in the department ofhematology.James L. Meyerhoff (Psychiatry, resi­dent, '67-'70) has been appointed re­search professor of psychiatry at theUniformed Services University of theHealth Sciences. He continues to serveas chief of the neurochemistry andneuroendocrinology branch of the divi­sion of neuropsychiatry at Walter ReedArmy Institute of Research,Washington, D.C.Edgar M. Moran (Medicine, instruc­tor. assistant professor, associate pro­fessor, '69-'76) was appointed professorof medicine at the University of Califor­nia, Irvine in January 1978. He also as­sumed responsibilities as chief of thesection of hematology-oncology at theLong Beach Veterans AdministrationMedical Center. In September 1978, atthe invitation of the Hellenic Society ofHematology, he lectured at the Univer­sity of Athens School of Medicine on"Treatment of Histiocytic Lymphoma,Considerations of the Natural History ofthe Disease in the Design of TherapeuticTrials. "Robert A. Orlando (Pathology, intern/resident, instructor, '65-'71) has beenappointed chairman of the pathology de­partment at the College of Medicine ofthe Pacific in Pomona, California.Fredric J. Pashkow (Medicine, resi­dent, '71-'74) was appointed assistantclinical professor in the department of medicine, cardiology, at the Universityof Colorado. Dr. Pashkow is in his thirdyear of private practice at the AspenMeadow Clinic in Loveland. He waselected a fellow of the American Collegeof Physicians.H. J. Rannow (Psychiatry, resident.'69-'71) has a private psychiatry practicein Ulm/Donau, Germany.Robert M. Russell (Medicine, resident,'67-'69) has been appointed associateprofessor of medicine at the Universityof Maryland School of Medicine. He wasalso awarded a clinical investigatorshipby the Veterans Administration.Brian Salmen (Radiology, resident,'72-'74) is assistant clinical professor ofradiology at the University of Californiaat San Francisco.William Schneider (Medicine, intern,'63-'64) has been appointed assistant di­rector of the department of medicine atthe Montefiore Hospital and MedicalCenter in New York City. Dr. Schneideris assistant director of medicine andcommunity health at the Albert EinsteinCollege of Medicine.Jonathan G. Solomon (Psychiatry, re­sident, '66-'69) holds a fellowship in theAmerican Psychiatric Association andhas authored a dozen articles onmedicine and psychiatry. Dr. Solomon,who lives in Hampton, Virginia, writesthat the national chess library of the Is­rael Chess Federation in Tel-Aviv wasnamed after him, in appreciation of hisbook donations.Mas V. Wisgerhof II (Medicine, endo­crinology, resident, '72-'75) is assistantprofessor of medicine at Wayne StateUniversity in Detroit, Michigan.New Class Chairmen1970Dr. Calixto Romero, Jr.Medical Park Clinic100 Memorial DriveDenison, Texas 750201971Dr. Mary Ann PolascikMcNichols Clinic, Ltd.101 W. First StreetDixon, Illinois 61021 New Address1959Dr. E. H. Given1562 Red Hill North Dr.Upland, California 91786 50th AnniversaryA special issue co ntairu ngmany of the invited lecturesdelivered at the 50th Anniver­sary of The University ofChicago Medical Center hasbeen published in Perspectivesin Biology and Medicine, Vol.22, No.2, Part 2, Winter1978-79. It is available fromJournals, University ofChicago Press, 5801 South EllisAvenue, Chicago, Illinois60637. The price is $3.60 percopy prepaid.45CalendarTuesday, May 15Reception in conjunction withthe American Psychiatric As­sociation Meeting at the PalmerHouse, Wabash Parlor,Chicago, 5:30-7:30 p.m.Wednesday, May 30Senior Scientific Session, Bil­lings Hospital, P-I17, 9:00a.m.-5:00 p.m.Tuesday, June 12Senior Skit (call MedicalAlumni Office, 947-5443, fortime and place.)Thursday, June 14Frontiers of Medicine program(6 hours), 9:00 a.m.-5:00 p.m.P-117. Practical Cardiology;Progress in Cancer Manage­ment.Medical Alumni Banquet,Drake Hotel, 6:30 p.m. (Detailsthrough Medical AlumniOffice.)Friday, June 15Medical Alumni Day Events:Dean's Breakfast honoringCentury Club members andclass chairmen.Scientific program by alumnireceiving Distinguished Ser­vice Awards.Awards Luncheon. Presenta­tion of Distinguished ServiceAwards and 50-year Citationsto Class of 1929. Frontiers of MedicinePrograms" Reunion Classesand Chairmen:46 June 14 (6 hours)Selected Recent Advances inClinical Medicine at the Uni­versity of Chicago: NewerConcepts-Practical Cardiol­ogy 1979 1929: Paul J. Patchen1939: Leon O. Jacobson1944: J. Alfred Rider1949: Mary Carroll1954: Dorothy Windhorst1959: Everett H. Given, Jr.1969: Vicky Schauf-AndrewJ. Aronson1974: Pamela and John Gal­lagherProgress in Cancer Manage­ment 1979*A continuing medical educa­tion program granting hour­for-hour credit in Category I ofthe Physician's RecognitionAward of the American Medi­cal Association.Medicine on the MidwayThe University of ChicagoThe Medical Alumni AssociationThe Pritzker School of Medicine1025 East 57th StreetChicago, Illinois 60637• ArchivesJoseph Regenstein LibraryUnlv. of CbicagoChicago, Ill. b0637Address corrections requestedreturned postage guaranteed NON-PROFIT ORG.U.S. POSTAGEPAIDPERMIT NO. 9666CHICAGO, ILL.YOUR MONEY WORKS FOR YOU... and for the University of Chicago Medical Center, too!We have a Plan whereby youcan transfer to the MedicalCenter cash, securities, orproperty which has ap­preciated. The University willmanage the investment ofthese assets and will pay you,or your designated beneficiar­ies, income for life. In addition,you may receive significantcapital gains tax savings, acharitable income tax deduc­tion, and possible estate taxand probate cost savings. Andat the same time, you'll be sup­porting private medical educa­tion and research at the Uni­versity of Chicago MedicalCenter.For more information, pleasewrite or call:Ted Hurwitz or Bob McCormickOffice of Gift and Estate PlanningThe University of Chicago5757 Woodlawn AvenueChicago, Illinois 60637(312) 753-4930