Medicine on the Midway Vol. 32 No.3Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association The University of. ChicagoDivision of the Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School of MedicineCover:A view of the nave ofRockefeller MemorialChapel during the 365thConvocation incelebration of the 50thAnniversary of theMedical Center,Monday, November 14.Photo by Don RockerInside:This issue is devoted entirely to the50th Anniversary Celebration. Photo­graphic features of the major activitesand some historical photos of laborato­ries and architecture are presented aswell as historical sketches of the de­partments, the Franklin McLeanMemorial Institute, the Lying-in Hospi­tal, the Zo'ler Dental Clinic and TheUniversity of Chicago Cancer ResearchCenter.These histories were prepared byfaculty members of the respective academic units - in most cases by thechairman or director. At the close ofeach history, we have included a tabu­lation of chairmen and departmentalorigins, when applicable. Dates weretaken from the Official Publications ofthe University and other existing rec­ords.Class remembrances were solicitedfrom Class Chairmen, and though notall classes are represented, those re­ceived cover the period from 1942 to1973. The issue concludes with aninterview with Dean Robert B. Uretz.Medicine on the MidwayVolume 32, No.3 Winter 1978Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association of theUniversity of Chicago Division of the BiologicalSciences and The Pritzker School of Medicine.Copyright 1978 by the Medical Alumni AssociationThe University of ChicagoEditor: Christina West WellsContributing Editor: James S. SweetPhotographers: Chuck Bloom, Joe Peldun, Ken Love,Aurelia Jackson, Don Rocker, John Pontarelli, JimSweet, Dick Katschke, Patricia Evans, Wayne Sorce,Mike ShieldsChairman Editorial Committee: Robert W. Wissler('48)Medical Alumni AssociationPresident: Charles P. McCartney ('43)President-Elect: Joseph H. Skom (,52)Vice President: Frank W. Fitch ('53)Secretary: Sumner C. Kraft ('55)Director: Katherine Wolcott WalkerCouncil MembersHoward Bresler (' 57)Richard H. Evans ('59)Herbert B. Greenlee ('55)Julian J. Rimpila ('66)Randolph W. Seed ('60)Benjamin H. Spargo ('52)Asher J. Finkel (' 48) Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony and Dedication ofthe Surgery-Brain Research Pavilion 664Contents50th Anniversary Week in Review365th Convocation Address: "The Cultivation ofExcellence' ,Dr. Charles B. HugginsDepartmental HistoriesClass RemembrancesA Look Forward: An Interview with DeanRobert B. UretzDr. Charles P. McCartneyPhoto FeaturesThe Seven Honorary Degree RecipientsMedical Alumni LuncheonReception and Civic Dinner Honoring OriginalFaculty MembersDonors Luncheon and Department of SurgeryLuncheon50th Anniversary Benefit ConcertDallas B. Phemister and Walter L. Palmer Lectures 50A Quarter Century of Medical Complex Building 51685364101834384450thSInni\1rrsar� ([clrbrationThe 50th AnniversaryCelebration Week in ReviewSunday, November 13An Open House was held from 10:00 A.M. to 4:00P.M. featuring tours of the hospitals, the Surgery­Brain Research Pavilion, the Franklin McLeanMemorial Research Institute, the Zoller DentalClinic, Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laborato­ries, and the Departments of Radiology, Respiratoryand Physical Therapy. In addition, several depart­ments prepared exhibits and displays detailing prog­ress in patient care over the past fifty years, theevolution of today's health care system, how spe­cialized equipment and facilities operate, and possi­ble future developments in medicine.Monday, November 14A 50th Anniversary Convocation was held in Rocke­feller Memorial Chapel at II :00 A.M. Seven honor­ary degrees were awarded in recognition of distin­guished achievement in the field of medicine.The recipients were:• Robert M. Chanock, M.D., a graduate of TheUniversity of Chicago School of Medicine, and cur­rent Chief of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseasesat the National Institute of Allergy and InfectiousDiseases. In the mid-1950s, Dr. Chanock was thefirst in vestigator to recover the four para-influenzaviruses and respiratory syncytial (RS) virus frommen. Subsequently, he showed that these viruses ac­count for approximately fifty per cent of the serious lower respiratory tract disease in infants. He deviseda widely used technique for vaccination againstepidemic adenovirus disease.• Roger C. L. Guillemin, M.D., Ph.D., Professorand Resident Fellow of The Salk Institute, and oneof the three 1977 Nobel laureates for Physiology andMedicine. An international authority on endocrinol­ogy, Dr. Guillemin received the Nobel Prize for hisextensive research on endorphins, a brain hormonebelieved to be a key to mental illness.• Eugene P. Kennedy, Ph.D., an alumnus of TheUniversity of Chicago, and Professor of BiologicalChemistry at the Harvard Medical School. ProfessorKennedy is one of the nation's leading specialists inmembrane function, lipids, phosphoproteins and themechanism of enzyme action.• Stephen W. Kuffler, M.D., Professor at the Har­vard Medical School. Dr. Kuffler is a specialist inthe organization of the nervous system. He has con­centrated his forty-year career in medicine on theneurochemistry of nerve ending excitation and inhib­ition, the visual physiology system, and the controlmechanism of muscle nerves.• Norman E. Shumway, M.D., Ph.D., Professorand Chairman of the Department of CardiovascularSurgery at Stanford University Medical Center. Dr.Shumway is among the world's leading authoritieson human heart transplantation. He has performedmore human heart transplant operations than anyother surgeon.• Ernest Winocour, Ph.D., Professor of CancerResearch at Israel's Weizmann Institute of Science.Professor Winocour has received international hon­ors for his research in viral oncology. In his studieshe has observed apparent homology between DNAfrom polyoma virus and both normal mouse synthe­tic RNA and DNA from mouse cells.Dr. Charles B. Huggins, the William B. OgdenDistinguished Service Professor in the Ben MayLaboratory at The University of Chicago, gave theConvocation address. Dr. Huggins, the 1966 Nobellaureate for Medicine, was a member of the originalfaculty of the medical school on the midway campusof the University.An Alumni Luncheon was held at 12:00 P.M. inIda Noyes Hall. Dr. Joseph H. Skom ('52),President-Elect of the Medical Alumni Association,gave the welcoming remarks.The afternoon concluded with a 50th AnniversaryConvocation Symposium held from 2:00 P.M. to 4:00P.M. in the Quantrell Auditorium of Cobb Hall. Theseven honorary degree recipients presented the fol­lowing topics: "Genetic Manipulation of Viruseswith the Intent of Preventing Disease", Dr. RobertM. Chanock; "The Cell Biology of Reproduction inthe Male", Dr. Don Wayne Fawcett; "Peptides ofthe Brain in Physiology and Medicine", Dr. RogerC. L. Guillemin; "Biochemical Aspects of Mem­brane Structure and Function", Prof. Eugene P.4Kennedy; "In Pursuit of Synaptic Transmission­and Some Recollections", Dr. Stephen W. Kuffler;"Two Decades of Experimental and Clinical HeartTransplantation", Dr. Norman E. Shumway; and"Recombination Events Between Simian Virus 40and Host Genome", Prof. Ernest Winocour.A reception and civic dinner were held at the HyattRegency Chicago Monday evening to honor the firstfaculty members of The University of ChicagoSchool of Medicine. Plaques were presented to: Dr.Paul C. Hodges, Professor Emeritus in the Depart­ment of Radiology; Dr. Charles B. Huggins, theWilliam B. Ogden Distinguished Service Professor inthe Ben May Laboratory; Dr. Louis Leiter, formerProfessor in the Department of Medicine; Dr. C.Phillip Miller, Professor Emeritus in the Departmentof Medicine; and Dr. Walter L. Palmer, the RichardT. Crane Professor Emeritus in the Department ofMedicine.Dr. Paul R. Cannon, Professor Emeritus in theDepartment of Pathology, was unable to attend thedinner, but was presented the plaque at his home byDr. Robert W. Wissler, the Donald N. Pritzker Pro­fessor in the Department of Pathology and Chairmanof the 50th Anniversary Committee.Tuesday, November 15A dedication of the Surgery-Brain Research Pavilionfollowed by a ribbon-cutting and reception highligh­ted the day's activities. Dedication ceremonies beganat 10:30 A.M. in Quantrell Auditorium, with RobertB. Uretz, currently Vice President for the MedicalCenter and Dean of the Division of Biological Sci­ences, presiding.John T. Wilson, President of the University; Dr.Clarence C. Reed; Mr. William E. Fay, Jr.; Dr.David Skinner; Dr. John Mullan; Dr. Paul SnowdenRussell; and Dr. Douglas Buchanan were guestspeakers. Both Mr. Fay and Dr. Reed are benefac­tors of the new pavilion.The ribbon-cutting ceremony was held at noon infront of the Surgery-Brain Research Pavilion and aprivate luncheon followed for major donors to theBrain Research Institute. Illinois Governor James R.Thompson and Chicago Mayor Michael Bilandic at­tended the luncheon.A Department of Surgery Luncheon was also held,in conjunction with a Surgical Symposium whichbegan in the early morning and concluded with theDallas B. Phemister Lecture in late afternoon.The Phemister Lecture headed the day's academicactivities. Dr. Marshall R. Urist, Professor of Sur­gery (Orthopedics), U.C.L.A. Medical School, and1937 graduate (M.S.) of The University of Chicago,spoke on "Bone Morphogenesis andTumorigenesis". The Phemister Lecture honors Dal­las B. Phemister, who established the Department ofSurgery at the University's School of Medicine In1925 and served as chairman until 1947. Earlier in the day, Bernard G. Sarnat ('37), M.D.,D.D.S., Professor of Plastic Surgery, U.C.L.A., pre­sented the Orthodontics Lecture on "Growth of theMandible: Some Experimental and Clinical Consid­erations" .An all-day Neurosciences Symposium was held inthe Anatomy Building. Eminent physicians and re­searchers, many of whom served residencies at theUniversity, discussed topics ranging from the de­velopment of psychosurgery to language and com­munication disorders.In the evening, a 50th Anniversary Benefit Concertwas performed at Orchestra Hall by the ChicagoSymphony Orchestra, Carlo Maria Guilini, conduct­ing. They played Beethoven's Symphony No.7 andMoussorgsky's Pictures at an Exhibition to an en­thusiastic audience.Wednesday, November 16The Walter L. Palmer Lecture was delivered at 11 :00A.M. by Dr. Charles F. Code, Professor of Physiol­ogy and Medicine, U.C.L.A. Medical Center andAssociate Director of CURE (Center for Ulcer Re­search and Education). His topic was "The Gas­trointestinal Interdigestive Housekeeper". ThePalmer Visiting Professorship honors Dr. Walter L.Palmer, the Richard T. Crane Professor Emeritus ofMedicine, and an original member of the Univer­sity's medical school faculty.A two-day Symposium on Aneurysms, ArteriovenusMalformations, and Carotid Cavernous Fistulae con­vened in the morning. Revolutionary new surgery forbrain aneurysms and fistulae were discussed by someof the world's leading neurosurgeons specializing inthese disorders.Thursday, November 17Donald W. Enlow, Ph.D., Professor of Anatomy andOrthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, de­livered the Orthodontics Lecture on the "Basics ofFacial Growth". Later in the afternoon, the LouiseJarabak Memorial Lecture was given by Dr. WilburD. Johnston, President of the American Associationof Orthodontists and Professor of Medicine at YaleUniversity. He discussed "The Future of Orthodon­tics". The Jarabak Lecture is named in honor of thewife of Dr. Joseph R. Jarabak, Clinical Professor ofOrthodontics at The University of Chicago.Friday, November 18The George W. Barnhart Memorial Lecture highligh­ted the Zoller Dental Clinic Symposium, exhibits andtour. Captain Dorsey J. Moore, D.C., U.S.N., Chief,Maxillofacial Prosthetics, Naval Hospital, GreatLakes, discussed "Some Aspects of MaxillofacialProsthetics". This was the first Barnhart Lecture,presented in memory of George W. Barnhart, MasterDental and Maxillofacial Prosthetics Technician atThe University of Chicago's Zoller Dental Clinic.5The Cultivation of ExcellenceThe 365th Convocation AddressDr. Charles B. HugginsThe pearl of the day is taken from the gospel accordingto St. Luke, the blessed physician:For unto whomsoever much is given,of him shall be much required:And to whom men have committed much,of him they will ask the more.[Luke 12: 48]This is a felicitous occasion-the festival ofThanksgiving is upon us. The University of Chicagogives special thanks:For the lives of so many fine men and women whohave served her without stint;For a half century of a House called Billings on thebeautiful campus of the University, where those whoare sick in body and mind are cared for and where theQuiet Art of research is courted ardently;For the christening of two new hospital facilities: TheMargaret Hoover Fay and William E. Fay, Jr. BrainResearch Institute; The Clarence C. Reed Surgery Cen­ter.Billings Hospital was the gift of the Family Billings inhonor of a patriarch, A. M. Billings (1814-1897). In fiftyyears Albert Merritt Billings Hospital (AMBH) hasministered unto a million sick folk. Thousands of medi­cal students have been exposed to excellence in themedical sciences; hundreds of embryo biochemists,hopeful pathologists, tyro physiologists and otheryoung scientists have been taught and received theDoctorate of Philosophy in the House of Billings.Through the benefaction of his family, A. M. Billings,financier, born one year before Waterloo, will be re­membered through the ages as Albert Merritt Billings,Patron of Scholarship, Friend of Man. Donors to theUniversity perform a service to humanity which is im­possible to overemphasize.The spirit of The University of Chicago is a deep andfar-reaching commitment to excellence in enquiry. It isa stimulus; it furnishes esprit de corps.Character is the Sire of Excellence. The high accom­plishments of mankind are achieved exclusively by menand women of noble character who do nothing mean,small or degrading. They give more than they take. Ev­erything human, which is good and fine, derives fromcharacter-a moral force.In the year of our Lord 1892, on Saturday, I October,the work of The University of Chicago began. It hadbeen determined that the faculty should be the world'smost eminent scholars provided that they were young.It was decided to forego opening exercises but in theirinitial meeting students and teachers alike had thesense of rendezvous with destiny.The University of Chicago is the lengthened shadow6 Dr. Charles B. Huggins addresses the 365th Convocation.of William Rainey Harper (1856-1906), the first presi­dent, whose age was thirty-six when the Universityopened. While the University, age one year, was still inswaddling clothes President Harper wrote:From the inception of the enterprise thoseconnected with it were filled with an ambitionto organize a work which, in the course oftime, should not be surpassed anywhere. It isproposed in this institution to make the workof investigation primary, the work of giving in­struction secondary.This is the essence of the University which re­maineth. Mr. Harper sowed the seeds of excellence forcolleagues and successors to cultivate.And it came to pass that the clinical professors ofAmerica in every medical college were for the mostpart private practitioners of medicine: true, the mostfamous medical doctors in the cities, but not speciallycompetent in medical education. These physicians werein great demand in community service and they wereincredibly busy and highly successful. There was littletime or inclination for original study; only the most su­perficial sorts of investigation were carried out. It wassaid that those who cure do not know and that thosewho know cannot cure (F. Sauerbruch).President Harper quickly saw the spots of decay inthe tapestry of medicine. Long-range and elaborateplans were made to build a new school of medicine onthe grounds of The University of Chicago in continguitywith the science departments, for nothing cements likebrick and mortar (H. G. Weiskotten).With the completion of AMBH, the administrationentrusted the medical school to the Division of Biologi­cal Sciences with the implication: Our fine hospital isready; it embodies the hopes and prayers of manypeople; with thoughtfulness and devotion of your youngphysicians and surgeons the third great revolution inmedical education in America will be underway. Gen­tlemen, do with it as you will.In the year of our University 35, on Saturday, 1 Oc­tober 1927, the work of AMBH began; classes met andsome methods of procedure were explained; work wasassigned; white coat, stethoscope and reflex hammerwere purchased. The new school was launched; it wasunderway.AMBH was the creation of young men in a younguniversity singing in the West; everywhere the pioneerspirit of a new medical school, full of energy, full ofconfidence, sure that it would succeed, certain that itwould be great.Bliss was it in that dawn to be alive,But to be young was very heaven!Wordsworth, The Prelude, Book XITwo young men planned the intellectual life ofAMBH, they were wise and full of enthusiasm, theGod within, which drives the world. It is filial piety toacknowledge my debt to them.F. C. McLean (1888-1968), Professor of Medicine,age thirty-nine, made many revolutionary key contribu­tions. He selected one of the most brilliant groups of young professors of medicine ever assembled in anydepartment; [recognized that] in full flower, medical re­search is biochemistry applied to functional pathologyin living creatures; [supported] the full-time system ofemployment wherein remuneration does not depend onthe number of office calls; and [established] an abun­dance of well-equipped research laboratories for basicinvestigation in close proximity to the wards.Dallas B. Phemister (1882-1951), Professor of Sur­gery, age forty-five, had remarkable qualities of schol­arship which had a profound influence on academicsurgery worldwide. He possessed absolute honesty andsterling integrity. He was fascinated by the surgical art.He adored discovery and innovation. His philosophywas Confucian-the aim of cultivated man is the at­tainment of excellence in life, in work. He possessedthe friendship, respect and trust of the world's mosteminent surgeons. He lived for his work-circle of youngmen whom he regarded as more important than himself.Throughout the world the Phemister School was greatlyenvied and widely copied as a model of academic sur­gery at its best. At 8:05 each morning, seven days eachweek, Professor Phemister would ask his young people,"What have you discovered today?" For us, it was aspur to work harder and more thoughtfully.The delight of discoveryWhat are the rules for discovery? I suspect there arenone. I guess that Einstein and Mozart, Michelangeloand Shakespeare themselves did not understand theprocess of creativity or what mystique possessed themduring their sublime creative moments.One works along at the lab bench without haste andwithout rest. Time has no meaning; every day some­thing will be done, something will be found out. It istotal commitment to the task at hand. It requiresSpartan self-discipline. These are happy days, one fol­lowing another hopefully without end, so great is thedelight of discovery.Always, the students are present-not many of thembecause, with Paul Ehrlich, I belive that great creativethings do not emerge with too many pigeons flyingabout the room. The students are necessary. Discus­sion is useful in originating new ideas and in bringingout the strength and weakness of the protocol. Both theeye and the ear are useful in designing the great plan,and at the end of the experiment, in admiration of ele­gant results. The student provides zing-he has thatgreat self-confidence and energy of youth; and alwaysthere is the carrot, never the stick.In the biological sciences research is the Quiet Art, acottage industry done in the stoa where one can workwith his pupils in serenity 10+ hours a day with anabiding faith that the world's most vexatious medicalproblems can here be solved, and very soon.Science is not cold and unfeeling. In scientific inves­tigation one becomes emotionally contained in his prob­lem. Head, heart and hand-the 3 H's ofexperimentation-all are involved in creativity in themedical sciences and the combination enables us torecognize a solvable problem. Science is ruled by idea7and technique which are welded to form a wheel whichrevolves and gains momentum. Activity arouses ideawhich. in turn. begets technique. With blood on myhands I can discover; seated at my desk I have nochance. Progress in science is progress in methods.This is the philosophy of activism which governs sci­ence.Ours is being designated the age of the second rate.Is it true? What about all this mention [of! discovery?Is it language alone. or is there something substantiveabout it?It is the latter: Science is flourishing as never in his­tory. One places an order for an atomic bomb and paysfor it with his credit card. One buys a ticket to themoon. American man. because of his disinclination to walk, takes along a moon buggy.In the medical sciences astounding triumphs are re­ported with such velocity that they are taken forgranted. Thanks to the virologists, two drops of at­tenuated vaccine given to a child on a lump of sugareliminate the great crippler, poliomyelitis. The tuber­culosis sanitaria are closed and for sale. The human lifespan has been lengthened by two decades. Some of theblind are enabled to see again by corneal transplants.Pneumonia, the captain of the men of death. has beenconquered by antibiotics. Malaria is gone thanks toDDT. All of these achievements come from the QuietArt, often to be published on the front pages of ourfinest newspapers. With pride. we can say that this isthe Age of Science. Science is the redemption of manin the age of the shoddy.The Department of AnatomyThe Department of Anatomy began as part of the De­partment of Biology. When the University was foundedin 1892. two appointments in Biology went toanatomists: Henry H. Donaldson and Franklin P. Mall.They belonged to a group of distinguished scientistsbrought to Chicago from Clark University by PresidentWilliam Rainey Harper.In 1893. Professor Donaldson was named professorof neurology in the newly-formed Department ofAnatomy at Chicago. He later served as dean of theOgden School of Science at the University until 1898.In 1900. Lewellyn F. Barker joined the departmentand as early as 1902, he advocated the organization ofclinical departments on a university level and the ap­pointment of full-time. full-salaried faculty members tocarry out teaching and research.The University of Chicago had established an affilia­tion with Rush Medical College in 1898. By 1901. Rushstudents received their first two years of instruction atthe University. As a result. the Department ofAnatomy was enlarged to take care of added teachingneeds. Basil Harvey. future dean of medical students.and R. R. Bensley. future department chairman. bothjoined the Anatomy faculty at that time.While chairman. Professor Bensley built up a de­partment of unique scientific reputation and many dis­tinguished scientists joined the department during histenure. Among them were: C. Judson Herrick, GeorgeW. Bartel mez , Alexander Max irno w , Norman L.Hoerr. and William Bloom.Professor Bensley'S own scientific contributions wereof exceptional importance. His histological observa­tions on the functional identity of the islets ofLangerhans later made possible precise determinationof the effects of duct ligation. In collaboration withHarvey. he studied the mechanism of hydrochloric acidsecretion in the stomach. He also pioneered in the iso­lation of mitochondria from liver cells.8 Prof. Leonard B. Radinsky. acting chairman.Bensley emphasized the functional aspects of struc­ture rather than a purely morphological description. Heonce noted, "One cannot tell how far a frog will jumpby looking at it."C. Judson Herrick, who came to the department in1907, is considered one of the major forces in establish­ing functional comparative neurology. His brother,Clarence, founded the Journal of Comparative Neurol­ogy in 1891, and, for fifty-four years, Herrick served asits editor or board chairman.His scientific reputation and international fame some­times embarrassed him. On the subject, he commented,"There are three ways of getting famous in science: 1)work in a field that nobody else works in, 2) becomeeditor of a journal, 3) write a book. I have done allthree."George W. Bartelmez received his Ph.D. degree fromthe Department of Zoology at The University ofChicago in 1910, and joined the Anatomy faculty thesame year. He combined an interest in neurologicalproblems with early human embryology, and laterpioneered work on the primate menstrual cycle. Formany years he directed the neurology course for medi­cal students. Many great scientists, particularly in thefield of neurology, began their scientific careers as Bar­telmez' graduate students.Alexander A. Maximow left Russia in 1922 and wasappointed professor of anatomy and head of medicalhistology at Chicago. Maximow made many importantcontributions to the histogenesis of inflammation andthe knowledge of blood cell formation. Central to hiswork were studies on the multiple potencies of thelymphocyte. He was one of the major proponents ofthe unitarian theory of blood formation.At the time of his death in 1928, he was working onthe Textbook of Histology, completed by WilliamBloom. When this book came out in 1930, it was im­mediately and widely accepted as the most authorita­tive text in the field.Norman Hoerr and William Bloom joined the facultyof the Department of Anatomy in 1926. While Hoerrwas closely associated with Bensley, Bloom was aco-worker of Maximow's. As a result, Hoerr's workdeveloped largely along histochemical lines. He workedwith Bensley on mitochondrial preparations and cellfractionations, while continuing his own work in thearea of blood and connective tissue. Both Hoerr andBloom went on to head anatomy departments: theformer at Western Reserve University in 1939, and thelatter here at the University in 1941.Steven Polyak came to Chicago in 1930 via the U ni­versity of California. He received his first appointmentin clinical neurology and it was not until 1937 that hejoined the Department of Anatomy. Polyak's health didnot permit him to participate fully in departmentalteaching. He was instead a solitary scholar, a man ofexceptional kindness. He worked exclusively on thevisual system and wrote two monumental books: oneon the retina and one on the visual system in general. Both were largely based on his own work.The survey of the early faculty cannot omit referenceto Sylvia Hupton Bensley, Melvin H. Knisely and FritzWassermann. They were scholars of international re­pute as well as inspiring teachers.The war yearsDuring World War II, Peter P. De Bruyn andWilliam L. Doyle were added to the faculty. De Bruynwas chairman of the department (1946-61) and WilliamDoyle served as associate dean of the Division of theBiological Sciences (1958-61). De Bruyn conductedstudies into various aspects of blood structure. Anemeritus professor, he is currently investigatingleukopoi e tic mechanisms using the techniques oftransmission and scanning electron-microscopy, amongothers. Doyle did research in cytology and, as anemeritus professor, is investigating cytological aspectsof the transport of fluids and electrolytes. He spentmany years associated with the Mt. Desert IslandBiological Laboratory where he was director and laterpresident. Lorna Straus, one of Doyle's students, iscurrently associate dean of the College and teachesanatomy in the department and the medical school.Dr. H. Stanley Bennett joined the department in 1961following a distinguished career at Harvard, MIT andthe University of Washington. Dr. Bennett specializedin cell biology and for a time served as dean of themedical school and the Division of Biological Sciences.In 1961, Dr. Ronald Singer, a surgeon and anatomistfrom Cape Town, South Africa, was appointed chair­man. His interests in human variability, human pre­history and evolution, and human biology in general,were new to the department. He also resurrected theteaching of gross anatomy to medical students, a taskgiven to faculty in evolutionary morphology.Since then the Department of Anatomy has graduallybecome a department of functional and evolutionaryanatomy. This has occured at a time when evolutionarymorphology has escaped from the bonds placed on itby a generation of comparative anatomists and as theChicago area has become the focus of world attentionin evolutionary biology. These developments will,hopefully, result in morphological studies here whichreach towards physiology, ecology and behavior. Inlight of the department's beginnings, this turn of eventsreemphasizes the ties that exist between anatomy andbiology.Department established: 1893Chairmen since 1927: Robert R. Bensley (1905-31)Committees (1931-41)William Bloom (1941-46)Peter P. H. DeBruyn (1946-61)Ronald Singer (1961-77)Leonard B. RadinskyActing chairman (1977-)9The Seven Honorary Degree RecipientsErnest Winocour, PhD. Eugene P. Kennedy (right), PhD. (,49), with President John T. Wilson.Norman E. Shumway, MD., PhD. Stephen W. Kuff/er, M.D.10Roger Cuillemin (leit), M.D., PhD., and Don Wayne Fawcett, MD. Robert M. Chanock (left), MD. ('47), one of the degree recipients, talkswith Dr. Bernard Roizman (center) and Prof. Robert Ashenhurst.The Department of AnesthesiologyUntil 1969, Anesthesiology was a division in the De­partment of Surgery. A faculty position in Anesthesiol­ogy was established in that department in 1928, whenDr. Huberta M. Livingstone came to The University ofChicago together with her husband, Dr. William E.Adams, professor of Surgery. Dr. Livingstone remainedat the University as director of anesthesia until 1952.During her tenure, she was instrumental in establishingthe first recovery room.In 1933, Anesthesiology at the University was recog­nized as an all-physician section, and became the firstgraduate training department in Illinois approved by theAmerican Medical Association. An active residencytraining program in anesthesiology has been maintainedsince then.Several distinguished anesthesiologists succeeded Dr.Livingstone. From early 1953 until 1958, Dr. ErnstTrier March was the section head, followed, in May1959, by Dr. Duncan A. Holaday, who headed the sec­tion until November 1968. By that time, University ofChicago anesthesiologists had pioneered in the de­velopment of respirators, in the involvement of anes­thesiologists in intensive pulmonary care, and in estab­lishing a school of respiratory therapy at the Univer­sity.In October 1968, the University invited Dr. Merel H.Harmel to head the section. Dr. Harmel was successfulin seeking departmental status for Anesthesiology andthe new department was formed in April 1969, with Dr.Harmel as chairman. Expansion of space and active re­cruitment of faculty marked his tenure in the new post.When he left the University in 1971, the departmenthad eighteen members on its faculty.Drs. Harry Lowe and Thomas MacKreli served asacting chairmen until Dr. Donald W. Benson, the pre­sent chairman, was appointed in January 1975. Dr. Ben­son received his B.S. and M.D. degrees from the University and is a specialist in automated artifical re­spiration in severe crushing injuries of the chest,neuropharmacology, and anesthesiology problems inheart and plastic surgery.The department has been continuously productivenot only in its scientific contributions, but also in pro­viding outstanding basic medical care in anesthesiology.Its members have helped to establish the role of anes­thesiologists as consultants in fields such as intensivecare, oxygen therapy, the recovery room, and inhala­tion therapy.From a one-member section in 1928, Anesthesiologyhas grown to a twenty-two member faculty; the de­partment includes fourteen residents and eight nurse­anesthetists. Faculty members are active nationally andinternationally in their field, and former trainees of thedepartment hold prominent academic positions in theUnited States and throughout the world.The department is located in part on the sixth floorof the S corridor in Albert Merritt Billings Hospital andalso on the seventh floor of the Goldblatt Hospital.Department established:Section of the Dept.of Surgery (1928-69) 1969Chairmen: Huberta Livingstone (1928-53)Ernest T. March (1953- 58)Duncan A. Holaday (1959-68)Merel H. Harmel (1968-71)HarryJ. LoweActing chairmanChairmanThomas MacKreliActing chairmanDonald W. Benson (1971)(1971-73)( 1973-74)(1975- )Dr. Donald W. Benson ('50), chairman.11The Department of BiochemistryThe last quarter century has witnessed an explosion ofknowledge in the biological sciences, a phenomenonalmost without parallel in the history of science. Itbegan with the elucidation first of the structure of pro­teins and then of DNA, and has culminated in the isola­tion, analysis and synthesis of the genes of higher or­garusms.Biochemistry has played a central role in this de­velopment. Widespread application of the discipline'straditionally chemical orientation to biological problemsled to this harvest of knowledge. New disciplines werecreated by fusion with other branches of traditionalbiology: with genetics and biophysics to yieldmolecular biology, with anatomy and histology to yieldcell biology, and most recently with pharmacology andanatomy to yield neurobiology. The role of ourbiochemistry department has been one of bridging andcatalyzing the development of these new basic sciencesand of making the new biology available to medical sci­entists.In the years ahead we can anticipate that theemergence of new biomedical disciplines will lead tofurther reorganization and to productive interdiscipli­nary juxtapositions within the division.The evolution of the Department of Biochemistry atThe University of Chicago followed a rather tortuouspath. As early as 1895 a committee consideringfacilities for biological laboratories recommended thatthere be a building for Physiology and PhysiologicalChemistry. However. the University never had a de­partment by that name. Until 1916 the Department ofPhysiology was made up of three branches, Physiology,Pharmacology and Physiological Chemistry, under thechairmanships of Jacques Loeb (1892-1903), G. N.Stewart (1903-1907) and Albert P. Mathews (1907-1916).In 1916 a division into the Department of Physiology onthe one hand and the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry and Pharmacology on the other was insti­tuted. Both departments were housed in the PhysiologyBuilding, later named Culver Hall.!A. P. Mathews was professor of PhysiologicalChemistry and chairman of the new department. He isremembered as the author of a textbook highly re­garded in its day which ran through six editions from1915 to 1939. In 1918 Professor Mathews left for theUniversity of Cincinnati. Fred C. Koch, who had re­ceived his Ph.D. at the University in 1912 and joinedthe faculty soon thereafter, became acting chairman, aposition he held until 1926 when, at long last, he wasmade chairman.In that same year the two departments moved to thenew and much larger Physiology Building, located justnorth of the Albert Merritt Billings Hospital. The De­partment of Physiology, chaired by A. J. Carlson, oc­cupied the basement and the first four floors of theeastern half of this building, while the physiologicalchemists occupied the corresponding western half. Thepharmacologists were located on the fifth floor, and the12 top, sixth floor, housed the animal quarters."The Department of Biochemistry became autono­mous in 1935 when the Department of PhysiologicalChemistry and Pharmacology was divided into a De­partment of Biochemistry and a Department of Phar­macology. Professor Koch remained as chairman ofBiochemistry. His most important work was in the fieldof sex hormones. He was the first to demonstrate, withLemuel C. McGee and later Thomas F. Gallagher, thatextracts of bull testes exhibited androgenic activity.This research, in collaboration with Professor Carl R.Moore, Department of Zoology, is an early example ofinterdisciplinary work."When Professor Koch retired in 1941, Earl A. Evans,Jr., was appointed acting chairman. He had been a stu­dent assistant to Professor Abel in the pharmacologydepartment at Johns Hopkins, received this Ph.D. fromColumbia University in 1936, and had joined the de­partment in 1937. In 1942, at age thrity-two , he wasmade professor and chairman, the youngest personever to head a University department. He served inthat capacity for the next thirty years.Faculty recruitmentIn his first years as chairman, Professor Evans had torecruit a new staff. A. Baird Hastings had been a pro­fessor of physiological chemistry in the twenties. IdaKraus-Ragins , who had taught in the thirties, had left in1938. Felix Saunders, one of the first to study bacterialgrowth factors, left in 1941. Thomas F. Gallagher, whohad returned to the University from Adolf Butenandt'slaboratory in Germany, joined the Sloan-Kettering In­stitute in 1947. Only Martin Hanke, who had receivedhis Ph.D. in chemistry at the University and co­authored a well-known textbook of practical biochemis­try with Professor Koch, continued teaching and re­search at the University until his retirement in 1964.Professor Evans used the criteria of intelligence, in­dustry and personal compatibility rather than fields ofinterest to select his faculty. He kept teaching loadslight and set a sterling example of intellectual gener­osity towards the members of the department. He suc­ceeded in developing the Department of Biochemistryinto one of the finest departments in the country. Hisfirst appointment was of Birgit Vennesland , who had re­ceived her Ph.D. under Martin Hanke and had com­pleted post-doctoral work at Harvard with A. BairdHastings. Joseph J. Ceithaml, a student of F. C. Koch,joined the faculty in 1942 and later became dean ofstudents in the Division of the Biological Sciences, aposition he still holds.Within the next few years Konrad E. Bloch, and Dr.Herbert S. Anker, both from Columbia University,joined the department. Dr. Anker, a versatile and help­ful scholar and a skilled craftsman, built a mass spec­trograph soon after his arrival which facilitated thework of Konrad Bloch and many others. He also de­signed a preflushed windowless gas flow planchetcounter which was later produced industrially as thestandard commerically available model. At the sametime, Albert L. Lehninger received a joint appointmentin the Ben May Laboratory and in the Department ofBiochemistry. Dr. Thomas B. Coolidge came on a jointappointment with the Zoller Dental Clinic. Crawford F.Failey, who had been associated with the Departmentof Pharmacology, joined the Department of Biochemis­try in 1945 and served as acting chairman from 1947 to1948.Others appointed in those early years were: HansGaffron, who had worked with Otto Warburg in Ger­many and who had been at the University since 1939 asa research associate in the Department of Chemistry;and Dr. Albert Dorfman, who had obtained his Ph.D.degree in biochemistry here and then his M.D. degree,became a member of the Biochemistry Department andthe Pediatrics Department (later its chairman).James W. Moulder and John Speck were the firststudents to receive their Ph.D. degrees under EarlEvans. James Moulder soon accepted a joint facultyappointment in Microbiology. Later he became chair­man of that department. Frank Putnam joined theEvans bacteriophage group in 1947. He went on to leaddepartments in Florida and Indiana, and established re­search in protein chemistry.A number of later appointments all derived from onegroup of remarkable students who received their Ph.D.degrees at about the same time: Eugene Goldwasser,Eugene P. Kennedy, Ray Koppelman and Lloyd M.Kozloff.Further appointments during the thirty-year period ofDr. Donald F. Steiner ('56), chairman. Professor Evans' chairmanship were those of John L.Westley, Donald F. Steiner, Tokumasa Nakamoto,Herbert C. Friedmann, Robert L. Heinrikson, Dr. IraG. Wool, Richard W. Mintel and Marguerite Volini, allof whom had received their degrees at the University.Samuel B. Weiss, who had been a post-doctoral stu­dent with Eugene Kennedy at the University, John H.Law, Ferenc J. Kezdy , Dr. Wolfgang Epstein andNicholas R. Cozzarelli were appointed from outside theUniversity.In 1972 Dr. Donald Steiner became acting chairmanand shortly afterwards was appointed chairman of thedepartment. During his tenure Dr. Theodore L. Steck,Howard S. Tager and Kan L. Agarwal have joined thefaculty.Major discoveriesIn its long history the Department of Biochemistryhas generated many major scientific discoveries andwork of high quality in a large number of diverse areas,among them the pioneering research on male sex hor­mones. In 1964, Konrad Bloch, then a professor atHarvard, received a Nobel prize for his work oncholesterol biosynthesis performed at The University ofChicago. A fundamental contribution to lipid metab­olism was made by Eugene P. Kennedy and Albert L.Lehninger in the late 1940s when they demonstratedthat fatty acids are oxidized in the mitrochondria, andthat these organelles are also the site of the tricar­boxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.In the mid-1950s Kennedy, Weiss and coworkerselucidated the pathways of phospholipid biosynthesis.Other fundamental studies include: the first demonstra­tion of carbon dioxide utilization by mammalian tissues(Evans and Louis Siotin); the mechanism of action ofthe pyridine nucleotide coenzymes (Vennesland andFrank Westheimer, Dept. of Chemistry); the discoveryof RNA polymerase, the enzyme responsible for form­ing ribonucleic acid (Weiss); the biosynthesis of com­plex polysaccharides and elucidation of the metabolicbasis of several diseases of mucopolysaccharidemetabolism in children (Dorfman); the isolation andcharacterization of erythropoietin (Goldwasser); andthe discovery of proinsulin, the precursor of the hor­mone insulin (Steiner).Professor Evans extended joint appointments whichbroadened the scope of research and promoted newdevelopments in many areas. Over the years, joint ap­pointments have existed with the Departments ofMedicine, Surgery, Pediatrics, Pathology, Biophysicsand Theoretical Biology, Chemistry, and the Ben MayLaboratory, Argonne National Laboratory and theAmerican Meat Institute Laboratories.Lack of space has periodically challenged the de­partment. In 1929, Professor Koch noted that for manyyears efficiency had been seriously hampered bycramped departmental facilities. He stated that "theexcellent modern laboratories ... in the new Physiol­ogy and Physiological Chemistry Building have been agreat comfort and help in improving our instruction andadvancing our research activities."13Fred C. KochPhysiol. Chem. and Pharm.BiochemistryEarl A. Evans, Jr.Acting chairmanChairmanDonald F. SteinerActing chairmanChairmanBy the mid-1960s the department had expanded farbeyond the confines of crowded Abbott Hall, and theneed for more space and better facilities once again be­came acute. A new building was planned for the jointuse of Biochemistry and the Departments of Mi­crobiology and Biophysics. Plans for an eleven-floorbuilding were drawn up, but when the initial lengthyplanning was completed, any chance for federal supporthad disappeared. It is a tribute to then Dean LeonJacobson and the University administration that thedecision was made to go ahead with the building asoriginally planned, using funds from private sources.The main contributor was Mr. Nathan Cummings. Inits new setting, the Cummings Life Science Center, thework of the Department of Biochemistry continues withvigor and vitality.Notes1. The building was named after Helen Culver, an early benefactor ofthe University. She was a relative and business associate of Charles J.Hull of Hull House fame, and his principal beneficiary. Her donationsin the 1890s made possible the construction of four buildings, knownas the Hull Biological Laboratories. They formed the biology nucleus ofthe University, and the center for preclinical teaching of medical stu-Department established: 1935Origins:Physiology (1892-1916)Physiological Chemistryand Pharmacology 0916-35)Chairmen since 1927: dents. The Anatomy Building and Culver Hall are still used for medicalinstruction. The 1924 edition of "The Cap and Gown" shows thesophomore medical class photographed in front of Culver Hall. The in­scription over the door, however, read "Physiology" and not, as at pre­sent, "Culver Hall, Hull Biological Laboratories". On October 13, 1927the name "Culver Hall" was adopted, and the name was changedabove the door.2. Many of us still remember Mr. A. J. Hoffman, not only as thelongtime stockroom keeper of the biochemistry department who retiredin the late 50s when he was about 80 years old, but as a living link tothose early days. He was one of the workmen who participated in theconstruction of the 1926 building.It will surprise most readers to learn that the name "Abbott MemorialHall" was not used for the first fourteen years. This name was decidedupon at a December 1939 meeting of the Board of Trustees, and itsofficial use dates to a special 1940 dedication ceremony and establish­ment of the $2 million Abbott Memorial Fund for the Endowment ofResearch in the Biological Sciences. Half of this fund was bequested byClara A. Abbott to perpetuate the memory of her husband, Wallace C.Abbott, MD., the founder of Abbott Laboratories.3. A memento of this basic work graced the corridor of the third floorof Abbott Hall for many years until the department moved to its newquarters across the street: a glass cage containing two of Dr. Koch'smounted castrated cockerels, one of which had received androgenicmaterial, the other not. The famous cock's comb test for androgenic ac­tivity was in fact developed by Gallagher and Moore.(1926-35)(1935-41)(1941-42)(1942-72)( 1972-73)(1973- )The Department of BiologyAs Gertrude Stein might have said, the Department ofBiology was "the mother of us all." In 1892 PresidentWilliam Rainey Harper induced Charles Otis Whitmanto leave Clark University and become the first headprofessor of the Department of Biology. Before its firstyear of existence passed, the newly formed departmenthad been subdivided into five sections: Zoology,Anatomy and Histology, Physiology, Neurology, andPaleontology. Four years later, in 1896, the Departmentof Botany was formed with Dr. John Merle Coulter asits head professor.In 1968, Zoology and Botany were reunited to consti­tute the present Department of Biology. Anatomy (sansHistology), Physiology (Pharmacological and Physiolog-14 ical Sciences) and Neurology still exist as departments.Paleontology has disappeared although paleontologistsare still to be found in the current Anatomy and Biol­ogy departments.Zoology and Botany each became distinguished de­partments well before their merger. Charles Whitmanbegan the recruitment of zoologists who were to bringfame to themselves and their discipline. Among Whit­man's recruits were Jacques Loeb (who later joined theRockefeller Institute for Medical Research), WilliamMorton Wheeler (who left in 1900 to head the Depart­ment of Zoology at the University of Texas), and FrankLillie, and Charles M. Child (both of whom becamechairmen of Zoology at Chicago).Prof. Arnold W. Ravin, acting chairman.Lillie brought the following people to Chicago:Carl Moore (later chairman), Benjamin Willier(chairman of Zoology at Rochester in 1933 and of Biol­ogy at Johns Hopkins in 1940), W. C. Allee, SewallWright, Alfred Emerson, Thomas Park, Paul Weiss(another eventual emigre to Rockefeller), and LibbyHyman (who joined the staff of the American Museumof Natural History in 1937). Other prominent biologistswere added to Zoology's rolls in succeeding years:Burr Steinbach, Hewson Swift, Aron Moscona andRichard Lewontin. Swift and Moscona remain in thecurrent department and figure prominently in teachingand research. Botany enjoyed its share of eminentbiologists including Coulter, Charles Barnes, CharlesChamberlain, Charles Olmsted and Lawrence Bogorad.The merger of Botany and Zoology in 1968 was pre­cipitated by the rapid development of the basic biologi­cal sciences in the latter half of this century. Newunderstandings regarding development, heredity, evolu­tion and ecology required the cooperation, within acommon academic enterprise, of scientists investigatingplant, animal and microbial species.Present research within the department maintains acontinuity with the past. Current interest inmechanisms of development is linked to the classicwork of Lillie, Child and Weiss; in animal behavior tothe famous studies of Wheeler, Allee and Moore; inecology to the distinguished contributions of Emerson,Park and Olmsted; in evolution to the fundamentalstudies of Wright and Chamberlain; in plant physiologyto the seminal work of Barnes and Bogorad. Cell biol­ogy and molecular genetics enjoy major roles within thedepartment, in response to recent exciting develop­ments in biology and earlier departmental studies.Much of the department is still housed in two of theoriginal buildings in the Hull Court complex. Additional facilities have been created in Whitman, Barnes andAllee Laboratories.The present department is involved in undergraduateteaching in the College, and graduate and medicalteaching in the Division of Biological Sciences. It con­sists of twenty-four faculty members, some of whomhold joint appointments in other departments of the di­vision, including Anatomy, Microbiology and Pathol­ogy, as well as in such Committees as EvolutionaryBiology, Genetics, Developmental Biology, andVirology. They are aided by nine research associatesand a staff of fifty-six, and direct the studies of oversixty graduate students.Department established:Origins:Botany (1896-1968)Zoology (1893-1968Chairmen since 1927: 1968BotanyHenry C. CowlesEzra J. KrausJohn M. Beal (1925-34)(1934-47)Acting chairman (1948-49)Chairman (1949-53)Charles E. Olmsted (1953-68)ZoologyFrank R. LillieCharles M. ChildCarl R. MooreH. Burr SteinbachBiologyWilliam K. BakerHewson H. SwiftArnold RavinActing chairman (1910-32)(1932-34)(1934-57)(1957-68)(1968-72)(1972-77)(1977- )15The Department of Biophysics andTheoretical BiologyBiophysics at The University of Chicago owes its ori­gins to A. H. Compton, director of the Metallurgical­Laboratory during World War II. Compton had or­ganized the physics and chemistry sections of the Lab­oratory, which were devoted to studies of uranium fis­sion for the purpose of building an atomic weapon. Hethen assembled a group of biologists to study the ef­fects of radiation, particularly of neutrons, on livingsystems.After conducting a personal search, Compton invitedRaymond Zirkle, then at Indiana University and ex­perienced in radiobiology, to join the group. In thesummer of 1942, he moved to Chicago, where hejoined Kenneth Cole and Leon Jacobson as the biologicalteam on the Manhattan project.At the conclusion of the war, the University createdthree research institutes to provide a peace-timeframework for continuing the basic research activitiesof those scientists who had gathered on the campus forthe war effort.Institute for Radiobiology and BiophysicsTwo of these institutes were in the Division of Physi­cal Sciences: the Institute for Nuclear Studies, now theFermi Institute; and the Institute for the Study of Me­tals, now the James Franck Institute. The third,founded on October I, 1945, was the Institute forRadiobiology and Biophysics (lRB) organized withinthe Division of Biological Sciences with a director re­porting to the dean of the division.The Institute's first director was Raymond Zirkle,who had been studying the biological effects of neu-Prof. Robert riesetkom, chairman.16 trons, x-rays, and alpha particles on cells. Thesestudies were continued here in collaboration withWilliam Bloom, professor of Anatomy, and resulted ina classic series of time-lapse films of mitosis and theconsequences of irradiation of specific intracellulartargets on cell division.Other original members of the institute were KennethCole, who studied the biophysics of the nerve impulse;Konrad Bloch, who used radioactive isotopes in thestudy of biosynthetic pathways; and Aaron Novick andLeo Szilard, who studied the genetics of bacterialviruses. Later, James Franck, Hans Gaffron, BernardStrehler and Arnold Maremont joined the staff. One ofthe institute's original instrument designers, Lyle Pac­kard, subsequently left to form the instrument companywhich bears his name.The institute was housed in two building, at 6200Drexel and 6125 University Avenue, until 1949, whenthe Research Institutes building at 5640 Ellis Avenuewas completed. The IRB moved into the south wing,which was occupied by the IRB successors until 1973when they moved to the Cummings Life Sciences Cen­ter.The IRB was not an academic unit. Zirkle was con­vinced that the institute's research programs would re­main vigorous only if its staff comprised a properteaching faculty engaged in training graduate students.At this urging, a curriculum leading to the Ph.D. inBiophysics was established in 1947 under the adminis­tration of a Committee on Instruction in Biophysics.The Committee was initially composed entirely ofmembers of the faculty holding primary appointmentsin existing departments of both science divisions. Itsfirst chairman was Kenneth Cole, the other memberswere Earl Evans, James Franck, Franklin McLean,Marshall Stone, William Taliaferro, Edward Teller andRaymond Zirkle.In the fall of 1948 Cole resigned due to "recentchanges of objectives and of anticipated support forbiophysics in the University." The Committee wasthen reconstituted, with a chairman appointed annuallyfrom its membership, until 1952 when Raymond Zirkletook the reins. He and William Bloom convinced theadministration that the division and the Universityneeded an independent academic unit in which thetools and approaches of physical science could bebrought to bear on biological problems. In 1954, theCommittee on Instruction in Biophysics became theCommittee on Biophysics, with a separate budget andauthority to make faculty appointments ..The first appointment was of Robert Uretz, one ofthe committee's first Ph.D. graduates, as instructor.Next Peter Geiduschek, a physical chemist, was recruitedas an assistant professor because Zirkle was convincedthat the committee could provide the campus focus of"molecular biology" only if it had an outstanding pro­gram in the physical chemistry of nucleic acids.In 1959 another of the committee's graduates, EdwinTaylor, was appointed. His interest was in contractileproteins. Robert Haselkom, who did research on thestructure of viruses and protein synthesis, joined thecommittee in 1961. A few years later, Kwen-ShengChiang, who studied the molecular mechanism ofmeiosis and of uniparental inheritance 10Chlamydomonas, was hired.As a consequence of these appointments, by the timeWilliam Bloom and Raymond Zirkle retired, the com­mittee's research program had changed from radiobiologyto what was known elsewhere as molecular and cellbiology. In 1964, when the Board of Trustees approved aname change from Committee to Department of Bio­physics, some consideration was given to includingmolecular biology in the new title.In the mid-1960s the faculty attempted a further, sig­nificant expansion in the areas of molecular and cellbiology in the belief that structural studies neededto be represented in its programs. Robert Langridgejoined the department briefly. Then, Paul Sigler, G. N.Ramachandran, Albert Crewe, Elmar Zeitler andGeorge Holzwarth were appointed. Sigler crystallizedtransfer RNA and set out on the determination of itsstructure. Crewe and Zeitler built better scanning elec­tron microscopes. Holzwarth constructed a device tomeasure circular dichroism in the infra-red.In 1967, after guiding the department for fifteen yearsof its existence, Zirkle retired and Robert Uretz wasnamed chairman. When Uretz was appointed associatedean in 1969, Haselkorn succeeded him to the chair­manship of Biophysics. Peter Geidushek left for LaJolla shortly thereafter, prompting offers of joint ap­pointments to compensate for his loss. Nicholas Coz­zarelli and Wolfgang Epstein, who work in DNA rep­lication and bacterial transport, respectively, and Ber­nard Roizman, who studies herpes viruses, were addedto the staff at that time. Eventually, Lucia Rothman­Denes, a researcher in bacteriophage transcription, wasappointed to replace Geiduschek.Structure studies were bolstered by the appointmentof Marvin Makinen, who works in spectroscopy andthe kinetics of heme-containing proteins, and of RobertJosephs, and electron microscopist interested in suchbiological structures as sickle cell hemoglobin fibers.Theoretical BiologyTheoretical Biology, like Biophysics, evolved out ofa committee devoted to research. A section within theDepartment of Physiology until 1948, MathematicalBiology became a separate committee under NicolasRashevsky's guidance. In 1971 the committee gaineddepartmental status as Theoretical Biology. During a1973 reorganization of departments in the division,Biophysics and Theoretical Biology merged to form thepresent unit.At the time of their merger, Jack Cowan, chairman ofTheoretical Biology, had moved that department in adirection permitting links with the experimental world. Theoretical biology research in the current departmentincludes that by Cowan and Hugh Wilson, who are de­veloping models of the vision process in the humanbrain. Studies in population genetics, formerly con­ducted by Richard Lewontin and Richard Levins, con­tinued under Montgomery Slatkin and are now carried outby Thomas Nagylaki; and a developmental biology group,led by Anthony Robertson, continues the study of slimemold aggregation.The era of sustained growth in federal support forgraduate training is long gone. The two major means ofdepartmental support for graduate students, theBiophysics Training Grant and the Theoretical BiologyTraining Grant, are in their 20th (final) and 9th (penul­timate) years, respectively. We now have more modestinterdepartmental training programs in Cell andMolecular Biology and Genetics and Regulation. Thedepartment has traditionally been strong in these areasand we therefore look forward to continued ability toattract the best graduate students and to fostering dis­covery and scientific excitement.Department established: 1973Origins:Committee on Instructionin Biophysics (1947-54)Committee onBiophysics (1954-64)Department ofBiophysics (1964-73)Section of MathematicalBiophysics in the Dept.of Physiology (1938-48)Committee on MathematicalBiology 0948-71)Department of TheoreticalBiology (1971-73)Chairmen: Nicolas RashevskySect. Math. Biophys. ( 1938-48)Comm. Math. Bioi. (1948-66)Herbert D. LandauActing chairmanComm. Math. Bioi. (1966-67)Jack D. CowanComm. Math. Bioi. (1961-71)Dept. Theoret. Bioi. (1971-73)Kenneth ColeComm. Instr. Biophys. (1947-48)Annual chairmenComm. Instr. Biophys. (1948-52)Raymond ZirkleComm. Instr. Biophys. (1952-54)Comm. Biophysics (1954-64)Dept. Biophysics (1964-66)Robert B. U retzDept. Biophysics (1966-69)Robert HaselkornDept. Biophysics (1969-73)Dept. of Biophys. &Theoret. Biology (1973- )17Randolph Seed (left), class chairman ('60), and Joseph Skom ('52) chat with a guest.MedicalAlumniLuncheonPaul Talalay, former faculty member and Chrm. Dept.Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins, and Dorothy Windhorst,class chairman ('54).18 Stewart F. Taylor, class chairman ('45), and Mrs. Taylor.Cerald Letos, Prof. Dept. Surgery (Orthopedics) and Mrs. Allan Lorincz.Mary D. Carroll (left), class chairman (,49), and Janet Rowley (,48), Prof. Dept. Med.The Franklin McLean Memorial Research InstituteThe Franklin McLean Memorial Research Institute(FMI), formerly the Argonne Cancer Research Hospi­tal, was conceived during World War II as a facility forthe application of ionizing radiations to biological andmedical research.The origin of the Argonne Cancer Research Hospitalgoes back to the wartime Metallurgical Laboratory (apart of the Manhattan Project) under which the world'sfirst controlled nuclear chain reaction was achieved atthe University on December 2, 1942. University scien­tists recognized the enormous potential for biologicaland clinical applications of radioactive substances madeavailable by the fission process; they were determinedto consolidate the information and experience gainedfrom the Manhattan Project and to apply them topeaceful uses, namely, fundamental biomedical re­search, particularly on cancer.Isotope hospitalA plan for a hospital and research laboratories wasprepared in 1946 by Dr. Leon O. Jacobson, who wasthen an assistant professor of medicine at the Univer­sity and director of the Division of Biology andMedicine for the Metallurgical Laboratory. He submit­ted the plan to Dr. Lowell T. Coggeshall, then dean ofthe Division of the Biological Sciences, for his supportin seeking aid from private sources for an "isotopehospital. "Congress, meanwhile, had appropriated funds forcancer research and facilities using atomic energy anddirected the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), whichhad just been formed, to begin a program of cancercontrol. Approval was obtained in 1948 for the con­struction of a cancer research hospital and associatedlaboratories, at government expense, under a contractbetween the AEC and the University.Originally, the hospital was to be located at the Du­Page County site of the Argonne National Laboratory.Walter Zinn, then director of the laboratory, expressedhis view that such a hospital should be located nearother hospital facilities and recommended that it shouldbecome a part of The University of Chicago MedicalCenter. This led to the selection of the present site onEllis A venue between 58th and 59th Streets.Ground was broken for the Argonne Cancer Re­search Hospital in June 1950, and the building was of­ficially opened three years later. From 1950 to 1974, itwas operated by the University under a contract withthe AEC. The contract has continued under the suc­cessor to the AEC, the Energy Research and Develop­ment Administration, and now under the Department ofEnergy.Many of the scientists associated with the ManhattanProject were on the faculty of the University. Some ofthem formed the core of the research staff when thenew hospital opened. One of these scientists, Dr.Jacobson, became the first director of the ArgonneCancer Research Hospital in 1951. He retained the post until 1967, when he was named dean of the Division ofthe Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School ofMedicine. Dr. Jacobson was succeeded as director byDr. Alexander Gottschalk, professor of Radiology, butresumed the position in 1974. He served until July1977, when Robert N. Beck, professor in the Depart­ment of Radiology, was named director.In 1973, the Argonne Hospital was renamed theFranklin McLean Memorial Research Institute.Franklin McLean (1888-1968) had achieved great dis­tinction as an administrator, physician, and basic scien­tist, particularly during the early years of the Univer­sity Medical Center. The first chairman of the Depart­ment of Medicine, as well as director of the UniversityClinics (1927-32), he later joined the Department ofPhysiology and became interested in applications ofradioisotopes to the study of bone.A 1955 publication of The University of ChicagoCancer Research Foundation, entitled "Atomic Hospi­tal", cites several staff members who helped to shapeearly research projects in the facility. A number ofthese investigators are still on the staff of the FranklinMcLean Memorial Research Institute: Dr. Jacobson,Dr. Eugene Goldwasser, Dr. Eric Simmons, Mr.Donald Charleston, Mr. John Stupka, Dr. Paul Harper,Prof. Robert N. Beck, director.19Dr. Lester Skaggs, and Dr. Lawrence LanzI.According to the publication, Dr. Jacobson was ac­tive in "clinical and basic research on the blood, onproblems pertaining to the mechanism of radiation in­jury, and on protection against radiation injury." Dr.Goldwasser is continuing the studies on formation ofred blood cells and the hormone erythropoietin whichhe and Dr. Jacobson had begun. On the Institute'ssixth floor, Dr. Simmons maintains his work on prob­lems related to blood formation and carcinogenesis.Mr. Charleston heads the FMI electronics shop whereequipment used in nuclear medicine studies, for exam­ple, is designed and built; and Mr. Stupka still super­vises the Institute's excellent machine shop.Diagnostic imaging studiesDr. Harper was cited in the same publication as hav­ing "developed radioactive beads for implantation di­rectly into tumor tissue and ... using radioactive so­lutions to cause tumor destruction." This work led tohis current studies on diagnostic imaging with a widerange of substances made radioactive in the FMI cyc­lotron. These studies are conducted in collaborationwith Mrs. Katherine Lathrop, Mr. Beck, Mr. Charles­ton, Dr. Kunio Doi, and others."A fantastic array of complicated atomic machines"was designed and built by Drs. Skaggs and LanzI.These were employed for radiation therapy and re­search and included a cobalt therapy unit and an elec­tron linear accelerator. New developments have re­sulted from these early projects, among them studieson neutron sources and their biomedical applications.Recent studies at the FMI have included the de­velopment, by Dr. Samuel Weiss, of an assay for thedetection of carcinogenic hydrocarbons; a model forthe study of aplastic anemia, which Dr. Clifford Gurney is applying in experimental animals; and research onprotein synthesis, tumor immunology, andchromosomal aberrations in malignancies.Looking back on the history of the Argonne Hospitaland FMI, Dr. Jacobson commented:"The peaceful uses of atomic energy, including pene­trating radiations and radioactive isotopes, in basic andclinical research was the central theme for the facultyand staff when the hospital opened in the early 1950s.The safety measures built into the construction of thehospital floors, laboratories, and high-energyradiotherapy areas remind one of the current laboratorycontainment necessary for research on potential viraloncogenesis."With the advent of the energy crisis ... the Insti­tute has rather rapidly shifted from an atoms-for-peacemandate to one in which the peaceful as well as the po­tentially harmful effects of all energy sources, includingsolar, fossil, as well as atomic energy, must be pro­grammed into our research. The biological and clinicalresearch that is needed as the energy crisis is met in­volves hazards to man and his environment that arechallenging and of fundamental importance."The FMI intends to play an important role by usingits scientific and technical expertise and its facilities toexplore those problems that have relevance to this ex­panded horizon."Institute established: 1953Originally the ArgonneCancer Research CenterRenamed in 1973Directors: Leon O. Jacobson (1951-67)Alexander Gottschalk (1967-74)Leon O. Jacobson (1974-77)Robert N. Beck (1977-)The Department of MedicineIn 1923, thirty-one years after the founding of the U ni­versity , a committee of the University Senate advisedPresident Ernest DeWitt Burton:"It is believed that The University of Chicago is ina peculiarly favourable position for forwarding re­search and training investigators in the medicalsciences .... [and] a University of Chicago Medi­cal School should be founded, having for its chiefaim the advancement of medical sciences."The idea of a medical school was not new. In 1897,President William Rainey Harper spoke to theEighteenth Convocation of "an institution which shalloccupy a place beside the two or three such institutionsthat already exist in our country, one whose aim itshall be to push forward the boundaries of medical sci­ence, one in which honour and distinction will be foundfor those only who make contributions to the course ofmedical science, one from which announcements may20 be sent from time to time so potent in their meaning asto stir the whole civilized world."The University of Chicago Medical Center became areality in 1927 and the Department of Medicine wasamong the first departments established. Its offices,classrooms and laboratories were located in the FrankBillings Medical Clinic, a wing of the University's newhospital. The clinic was named after Dr. Billings, a pro­fessor of Medicine, whose personal efforts were largelyresponsible for the success of a 1917 campaign to raise$5.3 million for a program in Medicine.The department was divided into clinical chemistry,dermatology, internal medicine, neurology, psychiatryand radiology. Radiology remained a section within thedepartment until 1953 and psychiatry did not gain de­partmental status until 1955.Franklin C. McLean, the first chairman, emphasizedthe importance of scholarly research during his tenure.He recognized, in addition, the need for quality teach-ing and patient care. Under McLean's leadership thesubspecialty system evolved;The original faculty was made up of young clinician­teacher-scientists including Emmett B. Bay, RobertBloch, Louis Leiter, C. Phillip Miller, Walter Palmerand Oswald Robertson. Each of these faculty had aspecific subspecialty interest which they were encour­aged to develop.The founders believed that the organization into sub­specialty units would allow each faculty member tomaster a field in great depth, provide the most favor­able learning opportunities in the major branches ofinternal medicine, bring extraordinary expertise to pa­tients with well-categorized clinical problems, and fos­ter clinical and laboratory investigations. Well-roundedtraining and research programs were encouraged bydepartmental clinics, conferences, seminars and weekly"bedside" grand rounds.Russell M. Wilder succeeded McLean in 1929.Wilder, a clinician recruited from Mayo with a particu­lar interest in diabetes and metabolism, continued tofoster the growth of the subspecialty system.Metabolic, renal-vascular, gastrointestinal, chest andcardiac sections were organized in addition to those al­ready in existence. The formal subspecialization ofinternal medicine in the department antedated by twodecades the national movement in this direction.George Dick, who became chairman in 1933, en­dorsed the SUb-specialty concept also. At the same timehe identified himself as a general internist and estab­lished the "Professor's Service", essentially a generalmedical service. During his tenure as chairman, ten­sions grew between the subspecialty services and thegeneral internal medicine service. These tensions cen­tered on the size of the general service which by 1945made use of about one-third of the beds assigned to thedepartment. Some faculty members felt house staffwere given unreasonable latitude and discretion in med­ical decisions on the general medicine service. Follow­ing Dr. Dick's retirement in 1945, the faculty voted todisband the general internal medicine service and real­located beds to the other sections.The subspecialty system was further strengthenedafter World War II due in large measure to the expand­ing research support provided by the National Insti­tutes of Health. The categorical institutes allocated fed­eral funds to support research, to pay faculty salariesand to provide training opportunities for young physi­cians in the subspecialties of internal medicine. Awhole new generation of faculty appeared, each thor­oughly trained in laboratory investigation and in sub­specialty medicine.There was much to recommend this development,but there was also a growing realization that training ingeneral internal medicine, so essential for medical stu­dents and house staff, was dwindling steadily. The gen­eral medical service was revitalized in 1962 underChairman Leon O. Jacobson. He established a smallservice which was subsequently enlarged by his suc­cessor Hans Hecht. Although a small nucleus of facultymembers contributed greatly to the general internal Dr. Alvin R. Tar/ov ('56), chairman, with a patient.medicine effort during this period, the service did notgain broad departmental support in the 60s.Some university centers met the vacuum in generalinternal medicine training by creating substitute pro­grams in family and general practice. Many medicaleducators, including Dr. Alvin Tarlov, the presentchairman, did not view such substitute programs asproper replacements. Instead he advocated re­establishing high quality programs in academic generalinternal medicine.Its renascence at The University of Chicago becameimminent in 1969. A faculty committee, consideringways to improve our medical student and house staffprograms, concluded that a vigorous effort in generalinternal medicine was needed to complement the sub­specialty organizations.Several external factors entered into the decision toredress the imbalance. These were: the changingcharacter of the University neighborhood, the disap­pearance of physicians from the community and fromthe south side of Chicago, the introduction of Medicareand Medicaid, federal legislation to increase thenumber of physicians capable of providing general med­ical care, and a general debate on health care delivery.Following the final report of the departmental Com­mittee on House Officer Training in 1970, the facultyagreed that the general internal medicine inpatient ser­vice should be greatly strengthened and enlarged inorder to provide each medical intern and resident witha more substantial training experience. They also21agreed that continuous experience in ambulatorymedicine was essential to a first-rate training programin internal medicine. The department reaffirmed itssupport of the subspecialty organization, but recom­mended it be complemented by a parallel effort in gen­eral internal medicine within the same hospital and de­partment.In the past seven years, inpatient, outpatient andconsultation services in general internal medicine havebeen established with a faculty primarily responsible tothe section.In 1973, general internal medicine became a sectionwithin the Department of Medicine analogous to the tenalready-existing subspecialty sections. Like the otherservices its clinical facilities are geographically lo­calized. In 1970, 66 of the 204 internal medicine bedswere allocated to general medicine in three 22-bed un­its. Outpatient care emphasizes comprehensive long­term health services for patients and a longitudinal out­patient experience for trainees. An advanced trainingprogram now prepares the trainee for a career inacademic general internal medicine, health care re­search and evaluation methodology.Faculty roleThe faculty has accepted broad departmentalfunctions to direct house staff training and coordinatestudent training programs within the Department ofMedicine. It also provides the initial contact withcommunity hospitals south of the University in order todevelop continuing medical education programs inthese hospitals and establish referral patterns fromcommunity hospitals to the University hospital.General internal medicine has gained broad facultysupport. Forty years of debate on its role have culmi­nated in harmonious coexistence and mutual enrich- ment between the general internal medicine service andthe ten subspecialty services. This innovative programallows the department to adjust to socio-economic de­velopments and to respond to some contemporary chal­lenges in American medicine (e.g., the need for an in­creased number of general internists), while the sub­specialty services continue to preserve the traditionalvalues expressed in the original charter.In 1931, Franklin C. McLean outlined the objectivesof the School of Medicine. In the intervening forty-sixyears the fundamental concepts have remained un­changed: scientific, clinical, and experimental investiga­tions, a superior quality of medical education and thebest possible practice of medicine constitute the three­fold function of the clinical departments. These threeactivities-research, teaching and the practice ofmedicine-are mutually dependent. Teaching and thepractice of medicine are best carried out in an atmos­phere of research. Research, in turn, is inextricablybound with the problems encountered at the bedsideand in the clinics.Department established: 1927Chairmen: Franklin C. McLean (1927-29)Russell M. Wilder (1929-31)Oswald H. RobertsonActing chairman (1931-33)George F. Dick (1933-45)Lowell T. Coggeshall (1946-49)Wright Adams (1949-61)Leon O. Jacobson (1961-65)Hans H. Hecht (1965-68)Alvin R. TarlovActing chairmanChairman (1968-69)(1969- )The Department of MicrobiologyIn 1952, Stewart Koser, then a member of the Depart­ment of Bacteriology and Parasitology, published a his­tory of "Bacteriology" at The University of Chicago.In it he reported that in the academic year 1893-94 theDepartment of Zoology offered: "Sanitary Biology -The sanitary problem. The methods, objects and resultsof the examination of drinking water; the examinationof air, soil, milk, ice, etc. Sewage disposal and watersupply. The filtration and precipitation of sewage. Thenitrification of organic matter. Lectures and seminarwork. Spring Quarter. Prerequisite: Chemistry." Theinstructor was Edwin Oakes Jordan.Jordan taught general and special bacteriologycourses. Around 1901, at the time the Universityaffiliated with Rush Medical College, he became an as­sociate professor of bacteriology in the new Depart­ment of Pathology and Bacteriology headed by LudvigHektoen. Howard Taylor Ricketts was a member of22 this department in 1909 when he discovered the class ofmicroorganisms which bear his name. He was thevictim of these same organisms the following yearwhile investigating typhus in Mexico.In 1913 Jordan was made chairman of a new De­partment of Hygiene and Bacteriology, and in 1914 thisdepartment and a sister Department of Pathologymoved to the new Ricketts Laboratory. This structurewas completed at a cost of under fifty thousand dollarsand was designed to be "semi-permanent". It stillstands and houses a U.S. Post Office substation andthe offices of the Dean of Students in the Division ofBiological Sciences. In 1927, Koser is reported to haveasked the chairman for some minor renovations costinga few hundred dollars only to be told that the depart­ment would soon be moving to new quarters makingchanges unnecessary. The move finally came in autumn1974 and again in 1977 when most of the departmentreassembled in the Cummings Life Science Center andthe Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories.A second one-story brick building, Ricketts Labora­tories South, was constructed in 1922 and housed thework in Parasitology led by William H. Taliaferro. Re­search in parasitology and immunology became a majoreffort. Taliaferro became chairman following Jordan'sretirement in 1933, and four years later the departmentchanged its name to Bacteriology and Parasitology.Taliaferro served as chairman (1933-60) and simultane­ously served as associate dean, and then dean, of theDivision of the Biological Sciences from 1931 to 1940while continuing his research program.PublicationsDuring this period the Journal of Infectious Diseaseswas published as a departmental effort. Hektoen, Jor­dan and Taliaferro served as editors-in-chief. The jour­nal was edited by James Moulder (1957-69), but wasfinally transferred to the Infectious Diseases Society asthe interests of the departmental faculty changed fromconcerns directly related to infectious disease. In addi­tion to the journal's influence on the development ofmicrobiology, many generations of medical studentslearned the science from a textbook first published byJordan in 1908. Microbiology, which was republishedby Jordan and Burrows, appeared in the 20th edition asBurrows Textbook of Microbiology.Koser's history ended in 1942. During the war yearsmost department members were involved in the malariaproject. Gail Dack, then a full member of the depart­ment, was safety director at Ft. Detrick. Many of theprecautions in the National Institute of Healthguidelines for recombinant DNA can be traced to hisefforts at Detrick where the biological activities of thechemical warfare service were housed. Dack formedthe Food Research Institute after the war, and he andCharles Niven of the Meat Research Institute continuedto playa departmental role. These two adjunct profes­sors plus Taliaferro, Burrows, Lewert, Koser andMoulder made up the department in the early 1950s.The name had been changed again, in 1954, to Mi­crobiology.Although progress was made by individual facultymembers, the mid-1950s represented a difficult time.Aron Novick had a joint appointment in the departmentuntil his departure in 1968 but notwithstanding the con­tributions he and Leo Szilard made in Biophysics andthe contributions of Earl Evans and the group workingon bacteriophage in Biochemistry, there is a generalfeeling that the University "missed out" on the explo­sion of activity in bacterial genetics and molecular biol­ogy taking place at that time throughout the country.This work involved microorganisms but was notconfined to departments of microbiology. It representeda new interdisciplinary effort, and the Universityseemed to have neither the resources nor the space tocope with these changes. It was during this period thatthe University decided to take the lead in renewal ofthe Hyde Park-Kenwood area.Taliaferro retired in 1960 but continued his work at the Argonne Laboratory until his death in 1976. He wassucceeded as chairman by James Moulder, who serveduntil 1969. The department enlarged its membershipand its needs began to exceed the capacity of Rickettslaboratories. Faculty were housed in the Research In­stitute, in the "Meat Institutev=-renarned ExperimentalBiology-and at the La Rabida Institute. Much ofMoulder's tenure as chairman was spent in the hunt forspace and in planning the Microbiology laboratories ofthe Cummings Life Science Center.During the 1960s, this department and others at theUniversity quickly entered the new fields of molecularbiology. Several appointments in bacterial geneticswere made and Professor Roizman arrived to lead workin basic virology. By the late 1960s most student appli­cants wanted to work in genetics, then there was a shifttowards virology. This year most of our applicantswant to work in areas of immunology, a return to theinterests of the past.The current entering class of thirteen graduate stu­dents attend a two-quarter series of lectures in whichour faculty and faculty research associates discuss theirwork. There are nineteen lecturers, and we have notincluded everyone on campus doing microbiological re­search. The specialties of our current full-time facultymembers include: biochemistry, cellular immunology,clinical microbiology, genetics, immunology, infectiousdisease, medical microbiology, medicine-mycology,parasitology, physiology, somatic cell genetics andvirology. Our graduate students can and do work withProf. Bernard 5. Strauss, chairman.23faculty from other departments and many of our facultyare members of one or more interdepartmental commit­tees, particularly the Committees on Genetics, Im­munology, Virology and Developmental Biology.The Department of Microbiology and the infectiousdisease unit of the Department of Medicine have a jointtraining program in infectious disease which supportsthe work of both predoctoral Ph. D. candidates andpost-doctoral M.D. and Ph.D. trainees. It is our hopethat this plethora of interdepartmental committees andprograms makes it less likely that we will miss new anddeveloping areas solely because the subject matter doesnot fit into established departments.The department's physical facilities are currently ex­cellent, particularly when one thinks of the laboratoriesin which microbiological work at the University began.The Cummings Life Science Center has turned out tobe a very good place to work, and first impression ofthe new Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories is thatthis too will be a first class facility for carrying out thevery specialized work for which it was designed. Thedepartmental faculty remain separated, two in Kovler,and three at the La Rabida Institute which now has thecharacteristics of a major center for immunological re­search.Ph.D. studentsNotwithstanding our teaching responsibilities to themedical classes and to the College, graduate depart­ments such as ours inevitably judge their success bythe research achievements of their faculty and of thePh.D. students who received their degrees at Chicago.We have records of 188 students who received Ph.D.degrees. The vast majority have had productive careersin science, and some have been very distinguished.It is no secret that the financial rewards for Ph.D.graduates are, in general. less than for medical prac­titioners, and, in consequence, it has become tra- ditional for departments everywhere to support goodstudents throughout their graduate work. Findingsources of such financial support is our major problem.The character of a university department (as opposedto one serving a particular professional school) is de­termined by the quality of its graduate students, and weneed to remain competitive with other universities ifgood students are to continue to come to Chicago. Be­cause the interests of many of our faculty are relevantto problems of general importance (e.g., car­cinogenesis, both viral and chemical and DNA recom­bination studies) our research support is still good.However, student support remains a critical problem.It is almost certain that with fourteen faculty mem­bers there are at least fifteen ideas as to future goals. Itis our hope that the department can maintain its tra­ditional interest in basic science and disease processes.In the best of all worlds, the newer knowledge ofmolecular mechanisms will be applied increasingly tothe problems of medicine in general and medical mi­crobiology in particular. We are still of the opinion thatincreases in basic knowledge do benefit society. Wehope to provide additional evidence that this is so.Department established: 1913Origins:Pathology andBacteriology (1901-13)Hygiene andBacteriology (1913-37)Bacteriology andParasitology (1937-54)Chairmen since 1927: Edwin O. Jordan (1913-33)William H. Taliaferro (1933-60)James W. Moulder (1960-69)Bernard S. Strauss (1969-)The Department of Neurology and Division ofNeurological SurgeryWhen the Departments of Medicine and Surgery wereorganized in 1927, each contained a section in the neu­rological sciences. Two years later, a section ofNeurology and Neurosurgery was established under Dr.Percival Bailey, with representation from bothMedicine and Surgery, and later Pediatrics. This closeassociation of neurology and neurosurgery had impor­tant consequences for American medicine and has con­tinued ever since.Bailey, who was trained in neurosurgery by HarveyCushing, received his B.S. and Ph.D. degrees from theUniversity and an M.D. from Northwestern. He taughtat Harvard before returning to Chicago where he joinedthe surgery faculty and worked with Dr. Roy Grinker ,then head of Neurology in the Department of Medicine,24 to establish the combined section.Fortunately, there was a group of scientists studyingthe nervous system at the time whose experienceBailey could draw upon. This group was probably themost distinguished in the country and their names readlike a roster of neurological experts: C. Judson Her­rick, Ralph Gerard, Nathaniel Kleitrnan , Frank Lillie,R. S. Lillie, Carl Moore, Karl Lasley and HeinrichKluver.Early members of the neurological faculty includedDr. Paul Bucy , a surgeon who was Dr. Bailey's firstassistant and close friend, and Dr. Stephen Polyak, aneuroanatomist.Polyak came to the University from Yugoslavia afterWorld War I and remained at Chicago the rest of hisNeurologyRoy GrinkerPercival BaileyRichard RichterSidney SchulmanDouglas N. BuchananActing chairmanDept. NeurologyBarry G. ArnasonDept. Neurologylife. He devoted himself to studies of the human cortexand to the primate visual system. Under his guidance,Dr. Earl Walker began his renowned studies of thestructure of the human thalamus.Bailey left the University in 1939 for the Universityof Illinois and later took part in establishing the IllinoisNeuro-Psychiatric Institute. Bucy succeeded to thechair of the Neurosurgery division but departed in 1941to join Bailey. Later, Bucy became head of theneurosurgical group at Northwestern.While at Chicago, Bucy became involved with re­search Heinrich Kluver was conducting on the effectsof mescaline on monkeys. Dr. Kluver, a psychologistand world authority on monkeys, had become in­terested in the role of the temporal lobe as it effectedmonkeys' reaction to mescaline.He asked Bucy to operate on a particularly bellige­rent rhesus female to remove the left temporal lobe.After the operation, the animal became docile. This un­expected change in behavior persisted and, a month la­ter, Bucy removed the right lobe. This study of the ef­fects of bilateral temporal lobectomy opened up interestin the relationship of behavior to specific regions of thebrain.The first real efforts towards establishing pediatricneurology in this country were carried out by Dr.Douglas Buchanan, who joined the neurological facultyat Chicago in 1932. He organized a section of pediatricneurology devoted to research and teaching. Many ofhis former students have become professors and chair­men of departments in medical schools across thiscountry and abroad., When Dr. Bucy departed, Walker was appointedchairman of Neurosurgery, a position he held until 1948when he joined the faculty at Johns Hopkins Hospital.Theodore Rasmussen, from the Montreal Neurologi­cal Institute, succeeded Walker. In 1954, Dr. Rasmus­sen returned to Montreal to head the institute and Dr.Joseph Evans was named chairman of the section ofNeurosurgery.Evans was one of the early surgical residents trainedunder Dr. Bailey, and prior to his appointment atChicago, was director of the Division of NeurosurgeryDepartment established:Section of the Dept.of Medicine (1929-75)Chairmen:Dr. Barry C. W. Amason, chairman. at the University of Cincinnati Medical School.Currently an emeritus professor in the Department ofSurgery, Evans developed a clinical research programin head injuries before stepping down as chairman in1967. He was succeeded by Dr. John F. Mullan, thepresent chairman. Mullan, who is also the director ofthe Brain Research Institute, has developed treatmentsfor intractable pain and for cerebral aneurysm.NeurologyThe first chairman of the section of Neurology, Dr.Roy Grinker, wrote a comprehensive textbook on thesubject, but, after a few years, his interest shifted to­wards psychiatry. He left the University for a period ofanalysis with Freud and returned as chairman of thesection of Psychiatry. Later he joined the staff ofMichael Reese Hospital where he built a large and veryactive psychiatric center for treatment, training and re­search.In 1940, Dr. Richard Richter became chairman ofNeurology. His clinical skill and wisdom were un­equalled and his writings in neuropathology wereknown and respected throughout the neurologicalworld.Dr. Sidney Schulman, an alumnus and Dr. Richter'sbest student, chaired the section after him. He built afaculty of active and very bright young scientists whoenhanced the section's reputation. Currently on theChicago faculty, Dr. Schulman elected to spend sometime at Harvard in neuropathology and the divisionhere was subsequently reorganized.Though Neurosurgery remains a division of the De­partment of Surgery, the section of Neurology attaineddepartmental status in 1975. Dr. Buchanan returnedfrom his retirement in England to help organize thenew department and served as acting chairman until1976 when Dr. Barry G. Arnason was appointed chair­man. Amason is a specialist in neurological diseasesand tumors of the nervous system. He was a memberof the faculty at Harvard before coming to Chicago.Current research in the department focuses on theimmunology and virology of neurologic diseases, withparticular emphasis on multiple sclerosis, amyotrophiclateral sclerosis and myasthenia gravis.1975(1929-31)(1932-39)(1940-67)(1967-75) NeurologicaL SurgeryPercival Bailey (1929-39)Paul C. Bucy (1940-41)A. Earl Walker (1941-48)Theodore R. Rasmussen (1948-54)Joseph P. Evans (1954-67)John F. Mullan (1967- )(1975-76)(1976- )25The Department of Obstetrics and Gynecologyand the Chicago Lying-in HospitalThe story of Chicago Lying-in Hospital begins with ayoung, recently graduated medical student namedJoseph Bolivar DeLee. It is a saga of a man dedicatedto making childbirth safe for mothers and babies. Dr.DeLee was a man whose boundless and single-mindedenergies were devoted to providing proper maternitycare for his patients. His primary aim was to teach clin­ical obstetrics to medical students, doctors and nurses.He saw medical students graduating with no practicaltraining in obstetrics and many physicians refusingmaternity cases, leaving these patients in the hands ofrelatively untrained, unclean mid-wives. As an intern inCook County Hospital, Dr. DeLee saw unmarriedmothers turned away without money or a place to carefor their babies.He was determined to change this.In January 1895, with $200 from the Young Men'sHebrew Charity Association and $300 from several in­dividuals, he rented four small rooms at Maxwell Streetand Newberry Avenue for $12 a month. There heopened the Chicago Lying-in Dispensary, Chicago'sfirst outpatient clinic, which provided maternity carefor needy women and trained medical students.Dr. Arthur L. Herbst, chairman.26 By the end of the first year the dispensary had made204 deliveries and struggled along on a mere $1200. Thefollowing year, in April 1896, larger and cleaner quar­ters were obtained across the street and a trainingschool for obstetrical nurses was established. By theend of 1896, fifty-two students and twelve physicianshad been instructed in practical obstetrics. Operatingcosts were now $2000 a year.As his work load grew, Dr. DeLee recognized theurgent need for a maternity hospital. His original con­cept was ambitious. He envisioned three hospitals, oneon each side of the city with branch dispensaries andprenatal clinics in densely populated poor sections.While much of the financial support for the dispen­sary had come from Dr. DeLee's own private funds, henow sought help from other sources to raise money fora more realistic goal. In September 1899, he opened asmall, 15-bed hospital in a remodeled house on AshlandBoulevard.The next step in Dr. DeLee's dream was realized in1901 when a $20,000 three-story building was built onthe corner of Maxwell and Newberry to house dispen­sary workers. In 1908, Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank becamepresident of the Women's Board of Directors at thehospital, and under her vigorous leadership a group ofleading women citizens supervised, managed and raisedfunds for the new institution. Dr. DeLee devoted histime to building the reputation of the hospital as a cen­ter for obstetrical learning.Meanwhile, a group of women, The Mothers' Aid,founded in 1904 by Dr. DeLee's sister, Mrs. IdaNeuman, accepted the challenge to raise $30,000 for ahospital given solely to the isolation of infectious cases.The Mothers' Aid Pavilion was opened in November1914 and served as the maternity hospital until the mainbuilding opened three years later. This unique isolationfacility, the only one of its kind at the time, cost thegroup $85,000 before it was completed.The Mothers' Aid has continued to help and supportChicago Lying-in over the years with contributions,pledges and endowments amounting to well over $1.5million. The group has supported their monetarypledges through two gift shops and the sale of "OurBaby's First Seven Years", originally published in1928.With the opening of the first Chicago Lying-in Hospi­tal in 1917, and the Mothers' Aid Pavilion, the renownof Dr. DeLee and of the hospital was firmly estab­lished. Chicago Lying-in became the model for mater­nity hospitals throughout the world.On-campus facilitiesIn 1924 overtures began for an affiliation of theChicago Lying-in Hospital with The University ofChicago School of Medicine. On January 1, 1927, anagreement was reached which took effect two years la-ter. Dr. DeLee was to have a new hospital andMothers' Aid Pavilion built on a square block of landadjacent to the medical school. He would be able toconsult with the architects on design in order to pro­vide the ideal in maternity care, teaching and research.In addition, Dr. DeLee became professor and chairmanof the new Department of Obstetrics and Gynecologyat The University of Chicago and chief of the ChicagoLying-in Hospital.The Board of Directors, under President Mrs. Kel­logg Fairbank, set about raising money for the newbuilding. It was officially opened in May 1931 and onMay 25, Dr. DeLee delivered the first baby in the newhospital. In these two events Dr. DeLee realized hisdream. His unflagging energy and personal sacrificehave established a tradition at Chicago Lying-in Hospi­tal.Dr. DeLee was succeeded by Dr. Fred Adair, whowas concerned with obstetrics and gynecology andself-evaluation programs for perinatal problems. Whilechairman, he recruited Drs. Edith Potter and WilliamDieckmann to Chicago Lying-in where they developedsignificant research in toxemia.Dr. Edith Potter evolved perinatal pathology exam­inations of newborn infants to reveal the mechanism ofdeath. The acknowledged dean of this specialty, she re­tired from The University of Chicago faculty in 1967.Dr. Dieckmann, the third chairman of the departmentwas the first to hold the Joseph Bolivar DeLee Profes­sorship. In 1947, the Mothers' Aid had provided a fundfor the establishment of a Joseph Bolivar DeLee Pro­fessorship in memory of Dr. DeLee who died in 1942.Dr. Dieckmann was vitally interested in toxemia, oneof the major complications of pregnancy causing manydeaths in mothers and infants. His studies resulted inthe publication of several books on the subject. Oncethe leading cause of maternal deaths in this part of thecountry, toxemia of pregnancy is now relegated tonumber three.Dr. George L. Wied joined the staff on Dr.Dieckmann's invitation and developed the cytologiccancer screening program at the University. Dr.Dieckmann's own research efforts were continued byDr. Charles McCartney, who described the first kidneylesion of toxemia of pregnancy, and by Dr. BenSpargo, in the Department of Pathology.The fourth chairman of Chicago Lying-in Hospital,Dr. M. Edward Davis, was renowned for his surgicalabilities and his work in infertility. The second DeLeeProfessor, he was primarily known for his studies ofaging which spanned some thirty years.The next chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Dr. Frederick P. Zuspan, was thethird DeLee Professor. When Dr. Zuspan left theChicago Lying-in Hospital in 1974, Dr. George L. Wiedbecame acting chairman, until Dr. Arthur L. Herbst,the fourth DeLee Professor, was appointed in 1976. Dr.Herbst and his co-workers at Harvard were the first todescribe the effects of diethylstilbestrol (DES) ondaughters whose mothers had taken the estrogenic sub­stance during early pregnancy. Dr. Herbst and his as­sociates are continuing their research on the effects ofestrogens.Concomitant with the tremendous physical changefrom the 12-room Maxwell Street dispensary to thepresent 112-room Chicago Lying-in Hospital, therehave been great changes in the field of obstetrics andgynecology. Yet, the basic philosophy espoused by Dr.DeLee continues and grows: provide the best medicalcare in the world for all women regardless of financialmeans, race, color or creed.Future orientationWe must recognize that a new orientation is develop­ing in obstetrics and gynecology. The changing patternof medical practice in the United States has delegatedthe function of "primary physician" to this specialty. Itis no longer concerned only with normal deliveries andreconstructive surgery; it encompasses the broad fieldrelating to women and their health. We must developprograms relating to community medicine, especially inrecognition of the social problems that exist in theneighborhoods around the University.It is important that this University lead in implement­ing changes related to reproductive medicine, as well asin producing academic leaders for U. S. and foreignmedical schools. The restructuring of our goals shouldin no way alter the preeminence of clinical training forour intern and resident staff, nor should it interferewith our concern for excellence in teaching at both thegraduate and undergraduate levels. New goals shouldenhance our research programs as we seek to solvecurrent problems and to meet the needs of the future.Department established: 1929Chairmen: Joseph B. DeLee (1929-32)Fred L. Adair (1932-42)William J. Dieckmann (1942-54)M. Edward Davis (1954-66)Frederick P. Zuspan (1966-74)George L. WiedActing chairmanArthur L. Herbst (1974-76)(1976- )27The Department of OphthalmologyOphthalmology was organized in 1927 as a division ofthe Department of Surgery. Prof. Edward Vail LathamBrown, an internationally known ophthalmologist fromRush Medical College, headed the division. In 1912 hehad translated Maximillian Salzman's Anatomy of theEye and several editions of the Textbook of Ophthal­mology by Ernest Fuchs. At the time of his appoint­ment to the University staff Professor Brown waseditor of the Year Book of Ophthalmology.All of the initial senior staff were part-time appoin­tees, a pattern which continued in part until 1955. Pro­fessor Brown maintained a large private consultingpractice during his years with the University, as didAssoc. Prof. Louis Botham. In addition, Botham co­edited the Year Book of Ophthalmology and sub­sequently wrote an early stereoscopic atlas of fundusphotographs.Peter C. Kronfeld joined the division in 1928 afterserving at the first eye clinic in Vienna. He pioneeredin glaucoma research and performed the initial studieswhich led to tonography, now a standard diagnosticmethod.Ophthalmic pathology was managed by ProfessorBrown. He was the first to describe the breaks in theelastic lamina of the eye which underlie a disciform de­generation of the macula.Bertha A. Klien , later one of the world's leadingpathologists, joined the staff in 1929. Her major con­tributions were in the correlation of clinical signs withtheir pathogenic basis and the effective management ofclotting disorders involving the eye. She left the Uni­versity for a position at Northwestern University butreturned in 1957. She is now a professor emeritus ofThe University of Chicago.Arlington C. Krause, M.D., Ph.D., came to Chicagofrom Johns Hopkins University's Wilmer Institute in1935. His book on the chemistry of the eye remains astandard reference source. He was also associated withretino-encephalo-dysplasia studies during the tragic eraof retinal injury caused by excess oxygen therapy. Dr.Krause was named head of the Division of Ophthal­mology in 1942 and carried it through the difficult waryears with limited and changing personnel. WilliamMoses Jones, a part-time appointee, carried an enor­mous clinical burden during this period.The current chairman of the Department of Ophthal­mology, Frank W. Newell, came from NorthwesternUniversity. He was appointed head of the section in1953 and was subsequently named chairman of the de­partment when the section became autonomous.In 1959, Albert M. Potts was made professor ofOphthalmology and director of ophthalmic research.His work covered a wide spectrum of ophthalmology,from biochemistry and toxicology of the retina to elec­trical circuitry of the eye. He also edited the text, As­sessment of Visual Function, a standard referencework. In 1974 he left to direct the Lions Research Insti-28 tute and head the Department of Ophthalmology at theUniversity of Louisville.Alex E. Krill, a research associate in 1962, wasrapidly promoted to professor. He was killed in an air­line crash December 8, 1972, just after the publicationof volume 1 of Hereditary Diseases of the Retina andChoroid. The second volume, which he had begun, wascompleted by former University of Chicago colleagues,Professor Desmond Archer and Professor AugustDeutrnan , and published in 1977.Currently, Prof. Ramesh Tripathi, formerly of theUniversity of London, heads departmental pathology.Professor Tripathi has carried out fundamental studieson the mechanism by which fluid enters and leaves theeye and the brain.Other members of the department include:• Associate Professor Joel Pokorny, head ofpsychophysics, and Assistant Professor VivianneSmith, who have pioneered in the application of colormeasurement techniques to clinical situations and rankamong the world's leading psychologists in their field,• Assistant Professor Karl Fritz, a specialist in com­puter technology, who trained in ophthalmology at theDr. Frank W. Newell, chairman.University and provides consultation in computer ap­plications and radioactive isotopes,• Assistant Professor Frederick Mausolof, whoseparticular skill is ophthalmic plastic and reconstructivesurgery,• Research Associate John Trimble, who is studyingthe brain's electrical response to stimulation of the eyeby light, and• Research Associate Brenda Tripathi who is exam­ining the cell culture of tissues removed from patientswith hereditary eye disease.Through the years the department has trained anumber of leading figures in world ophthalmology: Des­mond Archer, Blakemore professor and chairman,Queen's University, Belfast; Ouk Choi, chairman, Na­tional University, Korea; August Deutman, chairman,Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Terry Ernest, professor,University of Wisconsin; Tibor Farkas, professor, Mt.Sinai Medical School; Bruce Fralick, chairman, Uni­versity of Michigan; Steven Kramer, chairman, Univer­sity of California, San Francisco; Peter Kronfeld,chairman, Peking Union and University of Illinois;Shinji Kurimoto, chairman, Sangyo Medical School;Mohammad Lashkari, professor, University of Tehran;Peter Morse, chairman, Ochsner Clinic, Tulane Univer­sity; Albert Potts, professor and chairman, Universityof Louisville; Roger Weekers, chairman, Luvanne,Belgium. Major scholarly work within the department includesassociate editorship of Investigative Ophthalmology,Experimental Eye Research, and the American Journalof Ophthalmology. Professor Newell was foundingeditor of the Survey of Ophthalmology. He edited fivevolumes of the Macy Foundation Glaucoma series, andhas been editor-in-chief of the American Journal ofOphthalmology since 1965.A chronic shortage of research space was correctedwith the assignment of the present Experimental Biol­ogy building to Ophthalmology. Dr. and Mrs. JulesStein donated $1 million for the rehabilitation of thisarea. He is a graduate of the College and a 1921graduate of Rush Medical School. Other donors areproviding additional funds to complete remodeling ofthe laboratories which is due to start in 1978.Department established:Section of the Dept.of Surgery (1927-70)Chairmen: 1970Edward V. L. Brown (1927-42)Arlington Krause (1942-53)Frank W. NewellSectionDepartment (1953-70)(1970- )The Department of PathologyThe Department of Pathology has long occupied astrong intellectual position on this campus between theclinical and preclinical branches of medicine. Its re­search programs have emphasized investigations intothe etiology and pathogenesis of many importantpathological processes such as cancer and cardiovascu­lar disorders and into the nature of many infectious andimmunological disease processes. Pathology was one ofthe first three clinical departments established whenThe University of Chicago Medical Center opened in1927. Yet, like many of the preclinical disciplines, ithad existed as a department since the early years of theUniversity.Teaching of medical students has long been one ofthe recognized strengths of the Pathology faculty. Since1903, when H. Gideon Wells received the first Ph.D.,the department has also offered substantial graduatework leading to the doctorate degree. Between thattime and the early 1940s, a period when very few otherpathology departments in the U. S. offered bonafidegraduate work, thirty-five Ph.D.s were awarded here.Scholars and leadersMany of these biomedical scholars became leaders invarious branches of medicine and biology. Some out­standing examples are: James Simonds, who went on to chair Pathology at Northwestern University; Robert Ja­son, who was successively professor and chairman ofPathology, dean of the medical school and vice presi­dent for development at Howard University; and Es­mond Long, who was a longtime faculty member atThe University of Chicago and who later became direc­tor of the Phipps Institute in Philadelphia.Russell Wilder achieved recognition as a brilliantbiomedical scientist through his work on bile acidmetabolism. He was chairman of Medicine at The Uni­versity of Chicago before moving on to head InternalMedicine at the Mayo Clinic. Louis Leiter, an out­standing renal vascular scientist, left the University'sMedicine faculty to become chairman of that depart­ment at Montefiore Hospital in New York.More recently, John Fox helped develop the first ef­fective yellow fever vaccine and Jack Weir gained re­nown for his wise administration of the medical pro­grams at the Rockefeller Foundation. Olaf Skinsnes,who was a pathology professor for ten years on thiscampus, is currently professor and acting chairman ofPathology at the University of Hawaii. Using definedmedia, he recently achieved the first successful growthoutside the body of the bacillus which causes leprosy.When The University of Chicago Clinics opened in1927, H. Gideon Wells was chairman of the depart-29Or. Werner H. Kirsten, chairman.ment. He pioneered the application of chemical meth­ods to the study of pathology and during his tenure,from 1925 to 1940, Esmond Long and Florence Seibertconducted the earliest research on the chemistry oftuberculosis which led to the development of purifiedprotein derivative (PPD). Other departmental work atthe time included early investigations of the genetics ofcancer by Maude Slye and Wells, and innovativestudies of the lipid chemistry of atherosclerotic plaquesby Edwin Hirsch and Sidney Weinhouse.Paul R. Cannon, who succeeded Wells as chairman(1940-57), was one of the few pathologists to be electedto membership in the National Academy of Sciencesduring those years. He is best known for his pioneeringstudies of cellular immunity and for his brilliant investi­gations of protein and essential amino acid nutrition.During World War II most members of the Pathologyfaculty worked together under Cannon's leadership ongovernment funded studies of protein nutrition and pro­tein metabolism related to infection resistance, woundand fracture healing, parenteral nutrition and metabolicreactions to physical and emotional stress. They also30 contributed to studies of emergency diets developed tofeed the liberated populations of Europe and Asia,many of whom suffered from prolonged protein depri­vation.Dr. Earl P. Benditt, one of the outstanding scholarsparticipating in this program, received much of hispathology training and research experience in the de­partment. During his fourteen years on the staff he wasa house officer, then a faculty member and finally di­rector of research at La Rabida Institute. He has goneon to a distinguished career in academic pathology atthe University of Washington in Seattle where he hasbeen chairman of the department for many years. Hehas achieved distinction because of his investigations ofthe chemical aspects of cardiovascular disease,amyloidosis and diabetes.Several members of the faculty participated in theearly elucidation of the cellular mechanisms by whichionizing radiation depresses the immune system. Theyalso contributed substantially to the development ofknowledge leading to the use of several radiomimeticdrugs for effective treatment of lymphomas andHodgkin's disease, a use pioneered by Leon Jacobsonand other members of the medical center staff. Paul E.Steiner performed his most significant work on chemi­cal carcinogenesis and researched the geographicpathology of cancer during Cannon's chairmanship.Surgical pathology became a strong and effective unitunder Paul Cannon. Eleanor M. Humphreys, whoheaded the section, was widely acclaimed and recog­nized not only for her skill in interpreting pathologicalprocesses in surgical and autopsy specimens, but forher astute clinical-pathological correlations. Her stu­dents include many outstanding young physicians likeNancy Warner, who is now chairman of Pathology atthe University of Southern California, and F. LamontJennings, for many years the chairman of Pathology atthe University of Texas in Galveston. Jennings is nowsetting up the Department of Pathology at the newly es­tablished Wright School of Medicine in Dayton, Ohio.Robert W. Wissler was selected as the third chair­man of the Department of Pathology. During his chair­manship (1957-72) the department expanded its under­graduate teaching program to all of the four curricularyears and developed a balanced graduate medical edu­cation program strong in hematopathology as well assurgical and renal pathology. The clinical laboratorieswere combined academically, but not physically, into acoordinated group. Intellectual direction and residenttraining leadership in the following areas was providedby the Pathology faculty: chemical pathology, mi­crobiology, clinical microscopy, hematopathology andthe blood banking. During Wissler's tenure approxi­mately eighty young pathologists received training inthis program and at least an equal number of Univer­sity of Chicago medical students selected pathology astheir specialty, most of them, as physician-scientists.The Ph.D. program was also strengthened. Between1957 and 1972, twenty-five Ph.D.s were awarded ascompared to eight in the previous fifteen years. Theseyoung scholars selected their areas of concentrationfrom those subjects in which the departmental facultyexcelled: oncogenic virus research led by WernerKirsten; immunopathology with important contributionsby Drs. Fitch, Hunter, Kohler, Rowley, Skinsnes andWissler; chemical pathology as it applies to themolecular pathology of mitochondria, nucleic acids,membranes and enzymes as developed by Drs. Getz,Borensztajn, and Wong; and cardiovascular pathologyunder the leadership of Glagov, Borensztajn and Wis­sler.Clinical hematopathology studies, directed by Dr.Henry Rappaport, were supported by the first nationaltraining grant awarded for work concentrating in thisfield. Between 1965 and 1974, fourteen resident-traineeswere thus supported. Almost all of these young physi­cians have gone on to contribute significantly to thedevelopment of clinical hematopathology at medicalschools across the country.Research accomplishmentsOutstanding research accomplishments of the Pathol­ogy faculty during this period include the discovery ofnew oncogenic viruses and important advances inunderstanding the mechanisms by which they convertnormal cells into cancer cells, by Dr. Kirsten and hisgroup; work on methods of regulating the immunemechanism in ways that can be used to control thetransplantation reaction or to enchance tumor immunity(Drs. Fitch, Hunter, Kohler, Rowley and Wissler); sig­nificant work on the mechanisms by which electrolyteimbalance injures the renal tubules (Drs. Spargo,Straus, Getz, et al.); new concepts of the adapt ion ofthe artery wall to its work load in animals of widelyvarying size and under many pathological conditions(Glagov, Wolinsky, et al.); new knowledge about thecellular aspects of atherogenesis and new animalmodels useful for the study of this important disease(Wissler, et al.); a more definitive understanding of therole of microbodies in health and disease (Hruban); andthe immunopathology of leprosy (Skinsnes, et al.).Between 1957 and 1972 several new leaders inacademic pathology emerged who had received muchof their definitive training and experience in the de­partment. They include Dr. Donald Cannon, now chairman of Pathology at the University of Texas inHouston; Dr. Martin Flax, now chairman of Pathologyat Tufts; Dr. Robert Priest, professor at Emory; Dr.Richard Tracy, professor at LSU; and Dr. George Mar­tin, professor at the University of Washington.Since 1972 the department has been chaired by Dr.Werner Kirsten. Under his leadership Pathology hasstrengthened its involvement in college biology teach­ing, substantially increased the output of pathologyPh.D.s, and fostered the development of the Spe­cialized Center of Research in Atherosclerosis and in­terdisciplinary basic pathobiology and cardiovasculartraining grants in which several senior faculty, includ­ing Drs. Getz, Glagov and Wissler, participate. Dr.Kirsten has also contributed greatly to the developmentof the Cancer Research Center at The University ofChicago and the new Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncol­ogy Laboratories.Autopsy pathology and surgical pathology have re­mained strong under the leadership of Drs. Peter Daw­son, Seymour Glagov and Martha Warnock.A cadre of creative young faculty members are ad­ding innovative research approaches to the depart­ment's ongoing investigation of neoplastic disease, car­diovascular pathology and immunopathology.The Pathology department is facing the future withconfidence that it can maintain and strengthen its lead­ership in academic pathology and continue to providean environment in which teaching, graduate study andgraduate medical education are highlighted. Here, someof the most important research problems of disease arestudied with the help of many young scholars who areeager to learn and to contribute.Department established:Origins:Pathology andBacteriology (1901-13)Chairmen since 1927: 1914H. Gideon Wells (1925-40)Paul R. Cannon (1940-57)Robert W. Wissler (1957-72)Werner Kirsten (1972-)31The Department of Pediatrics and theLa Rabida-University of Chicago InstituteThe Department of Pediatrics opened in the BobsRoberts Memorial Hospital in 1930. Colonel and Mrs.John Roberts donated $1 million to establish the chil­dren's hospital in memory of their son who had died ofscarlet fever. Their gift and General Education Boardcontributions made possible excellent pediatric inpa­tient and laboratory facilities. A beautiful outpatientrotunda was also opened and decorated with murals byMaxfield Parish.The first chairman, Dr. Frederic W. Schlutz, assem­bled a staff which included Drs. Douglas N. Buchananin neurology, H. E. Chamberlain in psychiatry, KatsujiKato in hematology and Walfred W. Swanson andBengt Hamilton in metabolism. These appointmentslaid the groundwork for subspecialties which were laterextensively developed.Dr. Kato was the first to perform bone marrowstudies of children in the United States. He and Dr.Eleanor Humphreys of the Department of Pathology,also described Type II glycogen storage disease. Drs.Donald E. Cassels and Minerva Morse conducted anearly series of physiological studies of cardiac and pul­monary function in children. Subsequently, pediatriccardiology became a specialized service under Dr. Cas­sels, and some of the earliest cardiac catheterizationstudies were performed. Dr. Helmut P. G. Seckel, whooriginated the interest in pediatric endocrinology, pre­pared his now classic monograph on Bird-headedDwarfs while at the University.When Dr. Parker Dooley and Dr. F. Howell Wrightjoined the department, there was an increased emphasison patient care and teaching and they developed a theninnovative program for well baby care. Dr. Dooley alsoestablished a microbiology laboratory, laterstrengthened by Dr. Horace Gezon. The use of throatcultures to monitor respiratory infections, which muchlater became universal practice, placed the newlyemerging antibiotic therapy on a scientific base.During World War II, the department was short ofstaff and concentrated its efforts on the increasing de­mand for patient care and the teaching of medical stu­dents on an accelerated program. By this time, thegroundwork had been laid for a major emphasis on stu­dent teaching which has been the hallmark of the de­partment ever since. The department has consistentlybeen a national leader in percentages of students choos­ing pediatrics as a specialty.After the war, Pediatrics expanded and diversified.Dr. Mila I. Pierce established a hematology programwhich emphasized the study and care of leukemia. To­gether with other American centers, its findings led tothe use of chemotherapeutic agents. A laboratory wasopened for work in the viral etiology of malignancy.Here Dr. Kirsten and his colleagues conducted their in­ternationally recognized studies on the role of virusesin oncology. The clinical program, continued by Dr.32 Audrey E. Evans and later by Dr. John W. Moohr, ispart of a national effort which has led to amazing suc­cess in treating childhood malignancies. Dr. Marc O.Beem continued the program in microbiology and de­veloped a virus laboratory which identified the re­spiratory syncytial virus responsible for bronchiolitis.In more recent work there, Chlamydia was isolated asa major cause of respiratory disease in children.Pediatricians gradually increased their care of thenewborns at Chicago Lying-in Hospital in the postwaryears. No longer merely tolerated as consultants to theobstetrician, they became specialists with primary re­sponsibility for the nurseries. This change was aug­mented by Dr. Edith Potter's rise to international prom­inence for her studies on the pathology of the newborn.La RabidaIn 1950, a research affiliation was established be­tween the Department of Pediatrics and the La RabidaJackson Park Sanitarium, a hospital for the care ofchildren with rheumatic fever. Dr. Albert Dorfman, amember of the department faculty, was named directorof research at the sanitarium. The associate director,Dr. Earl Benditt of the Department of Pathology,helped develop laboratories at La Rabida. Clinical in­vestigations on treatment of rheumatic fever withACTH and cortisone were begun and completed as partof an international cooperative study, one of the firstcontrolled clinical trials.In 1957, the Department of Pediatrics assumed com­plete responsibility for research, medical care andteaching at the newly formed La Rabida-University ofChicago Institue. The Institute grew out of a programfor the study of connective tissue biochemistry startedby Dr. Dorfman in collaboration with Saul Rosemanand Martin B. Mathews.After the affiliation, the La Rabida research unit wasenlarged and became an international center for con­nective tissue research. Medical director, Dr. Burton J.Grossman, extended the clinical program to include avariety of connective tissue and other chronic diseases.When the Silvain and Arma Wyler Children's Hospitalwas built, the connective tissue group returned to cam­pus and served as a nucleus for the Joseph P. Ken­nedy, Jr. Mental Retardation Research Center. The LaRabida laboratories broadened their interests in im­munology and now constitute a major research centerunder the direction of Dr. Donald A. Rowley. With thedecline in rheumatic fever incidence, the clinical pro­gram now emphasizes work in asthma under Dr.Richard W. Newcomb and in renal diseases under Dr.Andrew J. Aronson.By 1962, it became apparent that the department hadoutgrown its facilities and plans for new hospital wereinitiated. Largely through the efforts of Dean Lowell T.Coggeshall, Mr. Ray E. Brown, hospital adminstrator,and Mrs. Katherine Trees Livezey, representing theBoard of the Home for Destitute Crippled Children, theHome agreed to underwrite the operation of a newchildren's hospital. The $8 million project was financedby funds from the Country Home endowment, federalmatching funds and the generous gift of Mrs. ArmaWyler in memory of her late husband, Silvain Wyler.The Kennedy foundation gave support to incorporatelaboratories of the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Mental Re­tardation Research Center. The hospital was completedand occupied during the great snowstorm of 1967.During the preceding and following years, thenumber of faculty and house staff increased greatly.Various subspecialties were expanded and new onescreated. Pediatric neurology, which had become na­tionally recognized under Dr. Buchanan, continuedunder Dr. Robert Yates Moore. His research onbiogenic amines achieved world recognition. He hassince been succeeded by Dr. Peter R. Huttenlocher.Dr. Rene S. Arcilla enlarged the section of cardiologyand, in collaboration with Dr. Robert L. Replogle inSurgery, it is now a major center for diagnosis andtreatment of congenital heart disease.A vigorous clinical and research program in endo­crinology was evolved by Dr. Robert L. Rosenfield andDr. Richard M. Rothberg developed clinical programsin immunology and cystic fibrosis. The hematology sec­tion broadened its interests in oncology under Dr.Moohr's direction. Dr. Robert R. Chilcote joined thesection and is conducting research on erythrocytes.The research program in connective tissuebiochemistry, which started at La Rabida and is nowsituated in Wyler Children's Hospital, has moved intothe field of medical genetics through discovery of theenzyme defects of mucopolysaccharidoses. One of thefirst applications of tissue culture to human genetic di­seases was made by Dr. Reuben Matalon. More re­cently this group has develped a major program in thestudy of differentiation.Clinical research has been immensely aided by theClinical Research Center funded by the National Insti­tutes of Health. The department has fostered a highlysuccessful M.D.-Ph.D. training program supported bythe first training grant of the National Institute of ChildHealth and Human Development, awarded in 1964.Though research and SUbspecialty work has surged inthe past fifteen years, child health and training inpediatrics has remained the central focus of the de­partment. In 1967, the Woodlawn Child Health Centerwas opened to serve the health care needs of the localindigent population. Dr. John D. Madden, its first di­rector, instituted new and imaginative means of deliver­ing pediatric care. The center, originally housed in aconverted butcher shop on 63rd Street, now has moreelegant quarters in the University's Social ServicesCenter. Under the current director, Dr. Alice M.Stratigos, the center continues to playa key role in theWoodlawn community.The Lying-in nurseries, directed by Dr. Madden, op­erate a maze of modern equipment for the intensivecare of premature and sick newborns, though the facil- ity is inadequate for present needs. The intensive carenursery is a State of Illinois center for the south me­tropolitan area.Emergency care is provided by Wyler Hospital'semergency room under the direction of Dr. Janis Men­delsohn. It currently handles nearly 200 patients a day.In non-emergency care, the outpatient department,headed by Dr. Jay Berkelhamer, has attracted wide­spread attention to its team concept of medical care. In1976, the ambulatory care section was designated asthe outstanding teaching program in the United Statesby the Ambulatory Pediatric Association.The department has extended formal relationshipswith community hospitals in the past years, beginningwith the Little Company of Mary Hospital and extend­ing to the Methodist Hospital in Gary, Ind. It alsomaintains an affiliation with the Michael Reese Hospitaland Medical Center pediatric service, headed by Dr.Samuel P. Gotoff and staffed by individuals appointedto The University of Chicago.In 1972, Dr. Samuel Spector was named chairman ofthe Department of Pediatrics. Long recognized as anoutstanding pediatric clinician and teacher, he has fur­thered clinical services and house staff training duringhis tenure.Department established: 1930Chairmen: Frederick W. Schlutz (1930-44)F. Howell Wright (1945-62)Albert Dorfman (1962-72)Samuel Spector (1972-)Dr. Samuel Spector, chairman, and a patient.3315(1) Dr. Charles B. Huggins (center), theWilliam B. Ogden Distinguished Service Prof.Ben May Lab and one of the original medicalfaculty members, listens as Dr. Harry W.Schoenberg (left), Prof. Dept. Surgery(Urology), engages Dr. Clarence Hodges ('40)in conversation.(2) Dr. Bernard C. Sarnat ('37) and Dr. VidaWentz, class chairman ('35), talk overmedicine and their alma mater.(3) Dr. Henry T. Ricketts (right), Prof. Emeritus34 63 4- Reception and Civic Dinner Honor Original Faculty MembersDept. Medicine, and Mrs. Ricketts enjoy theevening with Dr. Victor Levine (Rush '29)(center), and a guest. Richard T. Crane Prof. Emeritus Dept. Medicineand one of the original medical faculty, iscongratulated by longtime friend, Dr. Leon O.Jacobson ('39), Prof. Dept. Medicine andformer dean.(4) Dr. Louis Leiter (left), one of the originalfaculty members Dept. Medicine (Rush '27),receives his plaque from Dr. Robert W.Wissler (,48), the Donald N. PritzkerDistinguished Service Prof. Dept. Pathologyand Chairman of the 50th AnniversaryCommittee. (6) Sitting around the table from left to rightare: Mrs. C. Phillip Miller; Dr. Lowell T.Coggeshall, former dean; Mrs. Paul C.Hodges; Dr. C. Phillip Miller (Rush '78), oneof the original medical faculty members; Mrs.Henry P. Russe; Dr. Paul C. Hodges, anoriginal medical faculty member; Dr.(5) Dr. Walter L. Palmer (Rush '27) (left), the Catherine Dobson (Rush '32); Dr. Henry P.Russe ('57); Mrs. Lowell T. Coggeshall; andDr. H. Stanley Bennett, former dean.(7) Dr. Paul C. Hodges, Prof. Emeritus Dept.Radiology and an original medical facultymember, comes to the podium as Dr. H.Stanley Bennett, former dean, looks on.(8) From left to right: Dr. and Mrs. Leon O.Jacobson and Dr. Lowell T. Coggeshall joinPresident and Mrs. John T. Wilson during thereception.7 835The Department of Pharmacological andPhysiological SciencesThe Department of Pharmacological and PhysiologicalSciences was organized in July 1973 as part of an ex­tensive consolidation of disciplines in the Division ofthe Biological Sciences. This reorganization to someextent restored the original concept of the division.Biological study at this University began with the or­ganization of the Ogden Graduate School of Science in1894. The School of Biology at that time was dividedinto only five departments. In 1897, new buildings werecompleted for Zoology, Anatomy, Botany and Physiol­ogy in the Hull Biological Laboratories complex, whichwas supported by a grant from Miss Helen Culver inmemory of Charles J. Hull, a Trustee of the originalUniversity of Chicago.The original Department of Physiology was housed inCulver Hall and was chaired by Jacques Loeb (1892-1903). Its faculty included two appointments inphysiological chemistry and one assistant, WaldemarKoch, in pharmacology. George Neil Stewart (1903-07)and Albert Prescott Mathews (1907-16) followed aschairmen of the Department of Physiology. Among thedistinguished scientists with broad interests in phar­macology and physiology who trained during this pe­riod were Franklin C. McLean, Samuel A. Mathews,Maurice Seevers, Carl A. Dragstedt, Arthur L. Tatumand Harry B. Van Dyke.In 1916, a sub-group separated from the Departmentof Physiology as an independent Department ofPhysiological Chemistry and Pharmacology under thechairmanship of A.P. Mathews, with a staff of five fac­ulty in physiological chemistry and three in pharmacol­ogy. Professor Fred Koch became chairman ofPhysiological Chemistry and Pharmacology in 1926. In1935, this department was again split; Professor Kochbecame chairman of the newly named Department ofBiochemistry and an independent Department of Phar­macology was formed with Eugene M. K. Geiling,chairman. The three departments were all housed inAbbott Memorial Hall after 1926. They continued tohold joint seminars, shared various facilities and muchformal and informal collaboration in research andteaching occurred.During Professor Anton J. Carlson's chairmanship(1916-39), the Department of Physiology had a distin­guished history. Listing only the major accom­plishments of that group, one must include the redis­covery of ethylene as a useful anaesthetic by Arno Be­nedict Luckhardt and D. Lewis in 1924, and R. S. Lil­lie's "iron-wire model" of nerve in the early 30s whichmimicked many properties of the nerve axon.Nathaniel Kleitman, who established the sleep labo­ratory, demonstrated many important findings in thatarea. In 1934, Franklin C. McLean and A. B. Hastingsused the isolated frog heart's sensitivity to calcium ionsto measure calcium ions free in solution. Other meth­ods had calculated total calcium, both free and bound.36 This advance in turn led to measurements of calciumion-calcium proteinate equilibria essential for the in­terpretation of later studies of bone calcification byMcLean and William Bloom.During this period, a new focus of intellectual activ­ity in mathematical biology arose in the Department ofPhysiology under Nicholas Rashevsky. This grouppioneered in the mathematical description of diffusionin three dimensions. A mathematical apparatus was de­veloped which was used in the early 1940s to handlethe behavior of slow neutrons in atomic piles. Themathematical biology group became a separate commit­tee and ultimately a department within the division(now part of the Department of Biophysics and Theo­retical Biology).Following Professor Carlson's retirement in 1939, theDepartment of Physiology was administered by anexecutive committee of Luckhardt, McLean andGerard. Luckhardt chaired the committee and servedas de facto departmental chairman. This arrangementlasted until 1946 when John O. Hutchens was ap­pointed chairman of the Department of Physiology anddirector of the Toxicity Laboratory.PharmacologyConcurrent with developments in Physiology similarprogress was made in the Department of Pharmacologyunder its new chairman, Eugene M. K. Geiling. Geilinghad worked with John Jacob Abel at Johns HopkinsUniversity and was closely associated with the crystal­lization of both insulin and the pituitary hormones. Hiswork on the pituitary of the whale was a most excitingand well-known series of studies which were continuedat The University of Chicago.The impact of Geilings work in toxicology is of sin­gular import. He and Paul Cannon in Pathology estab­lished that it was the solvent in an elixir of sul­fanilamide which caused the deaths of some seventy­five people who had taken the medication. The findingwas significant in leading to early legislation relating tothe Food and Drug Administration. It is particularly in­teresting that Geiling ' s first graduate student, FrancesOldham Kelsey, was honored by President Kennedy in1962 for her singular role in preventing thalidomidefrom being marketed in the U.S. and producing thetragic teratologic disasters which were so widespread inEurope.In addition, Geiling played a major role in establish­ing the Toxicity Laboratory during World War II. Fol­lowing the war, Geiling quickly turned his attention tothe possibility of using radioactively labelled drugs forbiological research. He was the first to expose growingplants to radioactive carbon dioxide. Labelled digitalisobtained in this manner was used to examine the drug'sbehavior in the body. Digitalis is an important drug incardiac failure therapy. Perhaps Geiling 's major con-tribution, however, was to establish one of America'sfirst graduate degree programs in pharmacology. Duringhis tenure as chairman, sixty-five graduate degrees inpharmacology were granted.The war years brought many members of the De­partments of Physiology and Pharmacology together inthe Toxicity Laboratory, the primary civilian testingagency for chemical warfare agents. E.M.K. Geilingwas Principal Investigator under an OSRD-NDRC con­tract and Franklin C. McLean was director of the Tox­icity Laboratory. The staff of the laboratory drew heav­ily not only from Physiology and Pharmacology, butfrom Anatomy, Biochemistry, Pathology, Medicine andDermatology. From 1941 to 1946, the staff of the Toxic­ity Laboratory screened several thousand possiblechemical warfare agents and investigated severalhundred of the more potent compounds, some of whichare of continuing interest. Clarence Lushbaugh (Pathol­ogy) discovered the radiomimetic effect of nitrogenmustards; a major finding. Leon Jacobson (Medicine)subsequently established their value in the treatment ofHodgkin's disease and leukemia.The laboratory was also a center for investigation ofcompounds later used as pesticides, including acetyl­cholinesterase inhibitors, monofluoroacetic acid, DDTand alpha naphthyl thiourea. Pesticide research wascontinuned in the postwar period, most notably byK.P. DuBois. The laboratory pioneered in examiningthe toxicity of a wide variety of airborne substances.Techniques for dispersal, characterization and meas­urement of retention were developed. Many of theseprove useful today in studying environmental hazards.In particular, Herbert Landahl calculated and measuredthe retention of aerosols in the human respiratory tract,and in recent years, John Hutchens extended thesestudies to laboratory animals.In 1957, Lloyd J. Roth succeeded Geiling as chair­man of the department. He and Geiling shared an inter­est in using labelled isotopes to trace pharmacologicalsubstances. His efforts over the next two decades ledto many important developments in localizing phar­macological agents at the tissue and cellular levels.Most notable during the late 50s and early 60s were thejoint activities organized by Roth and Howard Hunt,then chairman of the Department of Psychology. Thetwo departments established strong educational and re­search programs in the areas of neuro- andpsychopharmacology. During this period, collaborativestudies were conducted by A. Heller, J. Harvey, R.Y.Moore and, subsequently, L. Seiden. Using centralnervous sytem lesions and anatomic and neurochemicalanalysis, they fiirst demonstrated the association ofspecific neurotransmitter substances in the centralnervous system with particular neuronal pathways.The Department of Physiology under Chairmen JohnO. Hutchens (1946-58) and Dwight J. Ingle (1958-70)moved forward in metabolism and endocrinology (In­gle, Krahl, Wool) and in neurophysiology (Gerard,Kleitman, Tobias). Added strength was derived frommembers of the Michael Reese Hospital staff: SamuelSoskin, Rachmael Levin and Maurice Goldstein in en- Dr. Alfred Hefler ('60), chairman, talks with Dr. Leon Goldberg (right).docrinology, Louis N. Katz in cardiology and HeinrichN echeles in gastrointestinal physiology.Major contributions in this era included developmentby Gilbert Ling and Ralph Gerard of microelectrodeswhich permit measurement of the electrical potentialsof single cells, the discovery by Nathaniel Kleitmanand Eugene Aserinsky of the rhythmic eye movementsduring sleep, and the extensive studies of John Hutch­ens and his colleagues of the thermochemical propertiesof amino acid peptides and proteins.Consolidation and synthesisIt was against this background of developments inthe biological sciences, that the current Department ofPharmacological and Physiological Sciences was estab­lished in 1973. Pharmacology as a discipline had splitoff from Physiology because there was a clearly definedneed for an analytical attack on the effects of drugs inthe most general sense. Compounds were studied withrespect to their activity in evoking gross responses ofparticular systems: cardiovascular, renal, gastrointesti­nal, etc. These reponses were studied to answer suchquestions as the relationship of the magnitude of re­sponse to the dose and the compounds' mode of action.At this point it seemed appropriate to have a period ofconsolidation and synthesis of knowledge.The combined Department of Pharmacological andPhysiological Sciences was formed to promote the inte­grative aspects of the disciplines. The initial approach37Donors LuncheonMayor Michael Bilandic of Chicago addresses the Donors Luncheon. Seated at the head table areCo vernor James Thompson of Illinois (left) and Clinton Frank, Pres. of the Brain Research Foundation. A view inside the Donors Luncheon tent.Department of Surgery LuncheonMr. and Mrs. M. L. Pierce at the Surgery Luncheon.He was the first patient operated on in BillingsHospital; Dr. Dallas B. Phemister was (he surgeon.38 ,.1Dr. J. Carrott Allen (second from left) is greeted by Dr. John R. Benfield ('55) following Dr.Allen's luncheon speech. Dr. David Skinner (left), Chrmn, Dept. Surgery, and Dr. Paul S. Russell('47) the John Homans Prof. Dept. Surgery, Harvard Medical School, look on.in the development of the department has been to in­clude under its intellectual, scholarly and teaching re­sponsbilities the various branches of mammalianphysiology, pharmacology and the new, particularlyimportant, area of clinical pharmacology.In 1974, Dr. Leon Goldberg was recruited to join thisnew department, head its activities in clinical phar­macology and to form the Committee on Clinical Phar­macology. A strong base and interest in the rapidly ex­panding field of nervous system physiology and phar­macology pointed to a major role for the department inadvancing neurobiology at the University. During thelast four years, significant steps have been taken in thisarea to recruit faculty who would provide the divisionand the Univeristy with strong leadership. In this re­gard, R. W. Guillery has recently joined the faculty toinitiate an interdisciplinary Committee on Neurobiol­ogy.The department has provided an intellectual and edu­cational focus for many activities in the University bothat the collegiate and divisional levels in the fields ofphysiology and pharmacology and neurobiology. Par­ticular subdivisions under these disciplines have beenchosen for emphasis and the faculty has grown steadilysince 1973. The department's present organization ap­pears on historical grounds to be a natural developmentof the original traditions of the division and the Univer­sity. Department established: 1973Origins:Physiology (1892-1973)Physiological Chemistryand Pharmacology (1916-35)Pharmacology (1935-73)Chairmen since 1927: PhysiologyAnton J. CarlsonCommitteeJohn O. HutchensDwight J. IngleDaniel P. AginActing chairmanRobert B. U retzActing chairmanEdwin W. TaylorRobert B. UretzActing chairmanPhysiological Chem.and PharmacologyFred C. Koch (1916-39)(1936-46)(1946-58)(1959-68)(1968-69)(1969-70)(1970-72)(1972-73)(1926-35)PharmacologyEugene M. K. Geiling (1935-57)Lloyd J. Roth (1957-73)Pharmacological andPhysiological Sc.Alfred Heller (1973- )The Department of Psych iatryAs a department, Psychiatry is twenty-three yearsyoung. Its origins in the medical school, however, datefrom Franklin McLean's interest in a biological andpsychological view of man, one comprised inpsychoanalysis and evolutionary biology, as em­phasized here. The strong social and political sciencesat the University were also important to Psychiatry'sdevelopment as was the influence of biopsychologists,physiologists and neuroscientists, like Kluver, Halsted,Herrick, Hunt, Gerard and Kleitman. Though the fo­cused discipline of a department was long delayed atthe University, the medical faculty provided a rich en­vironment for psychiatry students.The vigorous developments of the past couple ofdecades are too recent to recount as history. Instead,Drs. Nathaniel Apter, Harry Trosman and John F.Kenward, the senior members of the department, hererecall the evolution of Psychiatry and its early years.Their remembrances have been incorporated into ex­tended notes prepared by Dr. Kenward, whose careerspans forty years of association in the College, medicalschool and Departments of Pediatrics and Psychiatry.John F. Kenward recalls"My first remembered exposure to psychiatry was in1939 in Arno Luckhardt's physiology class. He read a letter from Paul De Krief vigorously denouncing Freud­ian psychology and the 'laughable, ludicrous and dis­gusting' idea that any boy would have fantasies ofwanting to possess his mother. Coming from a physiol­ogy professor, this seemed rather strange, but I learnedlater that it was an indication of the feud that existedbetween a good part of the medical faculty andpsychiatry."Robert Hutchins, intrigued by Freud's ideas, hadassented to Franklin McLean inviting Franz Alexanderto become our first (and only) Professor ofPsychoanalysis in 1928. Alexander was not well re­ceived and at one of his lectures Dallas Phemister,chairman of Surgery, left the room taking the audiencewith him. Alexander left for Boston in 1930, but re­turned to Chicago in 1932 and established the free­standing Institute for Psychoanalysis, which flourishesstill."Eventually, Psychiatry did manage to gain a foot­hold in the Department of Medicine. Roy Grinker, thena neurologist, was chosen in the early 30s to study withFreud for a year in Vienna. When he returned, he andhis colleague in surgery, Dr. Percival Bailey, began col­laborative work. Disagreements arose between thechairmen of Medicine and Surgery, however, which ledto Dr. Grinker's departure for Michael Reese, to found39the Psychosomatic & Psychiatric Institute, and Dr.Bailey's departure for the University of Illinois, wherehe later founded the Illinois State Psychiatric Institute."I was not personally introduced to psychiatry until1942 when I was a sophomore medical student attend­ing a medical psychology course given by Dr. DavidSlight. He was the chairman of Psychiatry, then a sec­tion within the Department of Medicine. Slight washighly psychoanalytically oriented and his staff in­cluded Jules Masserman, Charlotte Babcock, JoanFleming, Heinz Kohut, Tom Szasz and Henry Brosin."During my junior year, we spent two weeks on S-3North, the l l-bed psychiatric ward . Not only did wemake ward rounds with Drs. Slight and Masserman,but we would listen as Dr. Slight interviewed patientsat the Cook County Psychopathic Ward. In addition,Dr. Masserman spent four hours, five days a week, inteaching sessions with us. We had the opportunity toassist in patient therapy and as seniors we workedclosely with outpatients."Though psychiatry intrigued me during clerkship,my chief interest was with children in other settings.As a sub-intern I had helped Howard Hatcher in Or­thopedics during a polio epidemic and become thor­oughly committed to pediatrics."Although the child psychiatrist, Dr. Adrian Van­derVeer, had his office in Bobs Roberts Hospital, therewas little communication with pediatricians, whotended to handle disturbed children themselves withoutrequesting consultation. Moreover, child psychiatry,which had never been large, formed a somewhat iso­lated and separate section staffed by one psychiatristand several social workers and psychologists."When I completed my pediatric residency, I be­came a chief resident and then an instructor. I soughtout Douglas Buchanan, hoping to acquire some of hisknowledge and skill at managing problems of childrenand parents. I was given priviledged access to Dr.Buchanan's three- and four-hour sessions with parentsduring which he explained their child's disease andhandled their emotional response."Each Wednesday he would also conduct a clinic atChildren's Memorial Hospital. One day, when we werereturning, he said, 'Now, John, don't slug me, but howwould you like to become a psychiatrist?' Dr. Vander­Veer had left and a replacement had not been found.Later, driving down the Outer Drive, the insight sud­denly struck me that, yes, this was what I wanted todo."I was sent to Dr. Brosin, who had been appointedchairman of the section after Dr. Slight. Nearly all thestaff had left, and within six months of the start of mytraining, Dr. Brosin departed for the University ofPittsburgh. Dr. Nathaniel Apter, who still volunteerssignificant teaching time to the department becamechairman in 1950. Of those times he writes:Between 1950 and 1954, I was head of an activeDivision of Psychiatry in the Department ofMedicine, assisted by William Murray, recruitedfrom Neurology, and two instructors, Roy Whitman40 Dr. Daniel X. Freedman, chairman.and Harry Trosman. They supervised in- and out­patient services, teaching medical students, residenttraining .and provided occasional consultations.Research ties with the Department of Medicine hadbeen established as a result of my work with WardC. Halsted, an experimental psychology professor.He and I collaborated on alterations of cerebalfunctions in brucellosis, hypertension and pheo­chromocytoma. As a consequence, Dr. Charles Hug­gins and Dr. Delbert Bergenstal sought our coopera­tion to extend their work with bilaterally adrenalec­tomized patients to an investigation of possible rela­tionships between adrenocortical functions andschizophrenia.With Lowell Coggeshall's support, we obtained agrant from the Commonwealth. The entire psychia­tric staff participated in screening the chronicschizophrenic population at Manteno State Hospitalfor possible concomitant carcinoma of the breast orprostate. For six months, S-3N, then the psychiatricunit, was given over to eight such chronic schizo­phrenic patients. Multidisciplinary studies were donebefore during and after surgery.A by-product of that era is a still flourishing re­search training relationship between the Universityand the State Hospital. Dr. Richard Reilly, who laterbecame professor of Medicine, was among the firstmedical students to serve as a research assistant atManteno, and John Kenward was our first residentthere. Since 1950, junior medical students at TheUniversity of Chicago have spent one or two dayswith me during psychiatric clerkship at the StateHospital to widen their experiences with schizo­phrenic patients, and I continue to see the originalpatients of Huggins's research.Kenward continues"After two years at the Institute for Juvenile Re­search and with Margaret Gerard at the University ofIllinois, I returned to Chicago in 1954. Dr. Apter hadresigned and practically no psychiatric section re­mained. As Harry Trosman reminds me, 'the psychiat­ric training programs were given up and the number ofmembers of the division was drastically reduced. Infact, the responsibilities of the division were carried outby four psychiatrists and two psychiatric social work­ers. Dr. David Dean Brockman and I ran all clinicalservices, and did the medical school teaching. Dr.Kenward ran the child psychiatry operation by himselfand Dr. Clifton Rhead did what he could in the studentmental health clinic. If that wasn't bad enough ...after three months of trying to run the section in thismakeshift way, I received a mandatory 'request' and inOctober, 1954, departed for the Navy, leaving the busysection in the hands of Drs. Brockman, Rhead andKenward.'"In the same year, Dr. Wright Adams, appointed acommittee to review psychiatry. The majority were notparticularly friendly to the discipline, but there werejustifications. The residents influenced by psy­choanalysis were apt to take on six cases in what theyconsidered analytic therapy, yet when called upon for aconsultation or to treat a patient they would tell othermedical people they did not have the time. Moreover,consultations, when given, were handled by the resi­dent and no attending man was involved."The committee interviewed the nation's prominentpsychiatrists. Their verdict was that psychiatry at thisUniversity ought, as was the case in all other major in­stitutions, to be a separate and independent depart­ment."The decision was not easily arrived at. 'Many feltthat psychiatry might have a mystical base or tendencyto softness,' recalls Harry Trosman. 'There was alsosome concern that, with independent status, psychiatricresponsibility to the hospital at large might be short­changed. Among those who fought for the departmentalnotion, Drs. Coggeshall, Apter and Halsted are to beparticularly remembered. The issue produced a gooddeal of heat and passion.'"Knight Aldrich was chosen to head the new de­partment primarily because of his interest in workingwith other medical departments. He believed that atleast two senior people should head consultation serv­ices, inpatient and outpatient services and community psychiatry. He also gave psychiatric education an out­standing role in the medical curriculum."Still, in 1954, the senior class had had no exposureto psychiatry. They asked me to set up a program.Elective and off-quarter time was combined to providesix months of full-time study with Thomas Cummingsin child psychology, Helen Frazee Parks in social workand myself. The next few years were exciting andprofitable times for patients, students and teachers."A look aheadThe department has been identified with major dis­coveries in the psychophysiology of sleep and dream­ing. It is known for investigations in the biology of themajor psychoses in which measurements of endocrineand peripheral neuromuscular coordination and func­tion at the synaptic, membrane and biochemical levelreflect CNS changes in disease states; leading advancesin basic and clinical pharmacology and toxicology ofpsychoactive drugs; and in the mechanism and treat­ments of addiction, stemming from our clinical and be­havioral science laboratories. The long-term observa­tion of school performance, adaptation, symp­tomatology and family structure of children in theWoodlawn Community represents a major socialpsychiatric study, as do the epidemiological researchesand public health programs in drug use and abuse.New measures are being developed to detect infantsat risk for later developmental dysfunctions because ofgenetic or maternal health factors. Undoubtedlypsychological medicine in the range of chronic medicaldiseases, in the aged and in primary care areas, will re­ceive enhanced focus as our clinical and behavioral sci­ence investigative capacity grows.For the death in life that severe mental illnesses rep­resent, and for the suffering and distress the healthymay endure, a commitment to inquiry is a serviceworthy of University-based scientists, and far tran­scends the real but passing problems of departmentalentities.Department established: 1955Section of the Dept.of Medicine (1934-55)Chairmen: Roy GrinkerDavid SlightHenry BrosinNathaniel ApterC. Knight AldrichRobert S. Daniels (1935-36)(1936-46)(1946-50)(1950-54)(1955-64)Acting chairman (1964-66)Daniel X. Freedman (1966- )41The Department of Rad iologyWhen The University of Chicago hospitals were estab­lished, an attempt was made to give each clinical de­partment its own radiology, pathology and bacteriologysections. For many reasons, this plan was never en­tirely implemented. Instead, all radiologic services wereprovided by the Department of Medicine's Section ofRadiology headed by Dr. Paul C. Hodges.Hodges first met Franklin C. McLean in Kyoto,shortly after Dr. McLean had been appointed directorof the Peking Union Medical College. In 1919, whenHodges was serving as a radiologist at Ft. Sheridan,Mcl.ean offered him a position in radiology at the col­lege. Hodges promptly accepted and spent the greaterpart of the next eight years in China.Dr. McLean, in the meantime, left for The Universityof Chicago to head the Department of Medicine, and inspring 1927 he cabled Hodges and offered him the"Headship of Radiology". Coincident with this offer,Dr. Hodges had been named professor and head of theDepartment of Radiology at Peking.Undecided on a course of action, he agreed to take asabbatical leave from the college and accepted a one­year appointment as a visiting associate professor atChicago. During that year Dr. Hodges organized theSection of Radiology but did not much concern himselfwith its unusual arrangement within the Department ofMedicine. Towards the end of Hodges' sabbaticalleave, however, Franklin McLean once again steppedinto the picture and with some difficulty was able topersuade Dr. Hodges to accept a permanent appoint­ment in The University of Chicago's new medical school.While Chairman McLean was willing to provideHodges with a radiology department in all but formaltitle, he balked at making it a separate academic unit.(Radiology did not achieve full departmental statusuntil 1953 under Dean Lowell T. Coggeshall). Despitethis fact, Hodges accepted the position with the under­standing that he would receive a full professorship,have a seat on the Executive Committee, and be pro­vided with an independent budget.A lasting influenceAfter fifty years, the stamp of Paul C. Hodges is stillclearly evident in the Department of Radiology. Heearly saw the need for machine shop facilities in thedepartment and established a part-time service in thePhysics shop. Later he organized 'the Clinics MachineShop, which eventually became the Radiology Shop.Though severely threatened during the Great Depres­sion, this basic facility survived and much of modernradiologic equipment was developed there by Hodgesand his colleagues from 1930 through the 1950s.42 Dr. John J. Fennessy. chairman.A great amount of the department's original radio­graphic equipment was also made or modified in theshop. A prototype of the skull unit still used in the De­partment of Radiology was built there, and a specialapparatus was developed which enabled the Universityto perform routine spot film examinations of the gas­trointestinal tract long before it became popular in theUnited States.Though the innovations by Hodges and his col­leagues were many, the first practical phototimer de­veloped by Russell Morgan had perhaps the greatestimpact on the practice of radiology. A motor-driven,reciprocating grid system was also designed to replacethe conventional grids which were incompatible withphototiming. Since both the photo timers and the recip­rocating grid were funded under federal governmentgrants, it was necessary to patent them. In return fortheir efforts Drs. Morgan and Hodges each received asingle dollar bill.Over the years, the Department of Radiology de­veloped or perfected procedures and apparati forroutine examinations of the body, techniques for x-raypelvimentry and fetometry, electronic amplification ofthe fluoroscopic image, and the application of televisionto fluoroscopy.In addition to these accomplishments, Hodges andhis colleagues published widely on the radiographicdiagnosis of skeletal diseases in collaboration with Dal­las Phemister and Alex Brunschwig from the Depart­ment of Surgery. Fred Templeton, who pioneered workon the radiology of the gastrointestinal tract, publishedhis findings in the classic textbook, X-ray Examinationof the Stomach.After Dr. Hodges' retirement in 1959, his protege andsuccessor, Dr. Robert D. Moseley, continued the inves­tigative thrust of the department into the late 1960s. Dr.Moseley established the Section of Radiological Sci­ences to examine factors affecting the quality of theradiographic image and appointed the late ProfessorKurt Rossmann to head it. With Dr. Moseley's sup­port, Kurt Rossmann established the first Center forDiagnostic Image Research at The University ofChicago. Under his direction the section and the centerformed the major image research laboratory in NorthAmerica.The earliest studies in the measurement of x-rayspectra and the physical factors affecting radiographicimage quality were done at the center. Researcherssought to discover new radionuclide image agents andprocedures, and studied the in vivo distribution ofradionuclides. Much work was also carried out to findnew imaging systems in nuclear medicine and diagnos­tic radiology. The extraordinarily high research prod­uctivity of the Section of Radiological Sciences and theCenter for Radiologic Image Research coincided withoutstanding work on vascular radiology done by Dr.Klaus Ranniger and the introduction of other new clini­cal techniques into the specialty.In the mid-1960s the department was enlarged, partlyrebuilt, and much new equipment was installed. WithBob Moseley's support and direction from AlexGottschalk, the Section of Nuclear Medicine was ex­panded and new radionuclides were introduced intoroutine clinical use. Nuclear medicine research was fur­ther supported by the appointment of Dr. Gottschalk ashead of the Argonne Cancer Research Hospital, nowthe Franklin McLean Memorial Research Institute.When Dr. Moseley resigned as chaiman of the de­partment in 1970, Dr. Gottschalk assumed the position.A most energetic and innovative investigator himself,Alex Gottschalk continued a strong research emphasis,especially in nuclear medicine. Under his chairmanshipthe size of the department was increased by the acqui­sition of much needed space for a departmental library,teaching file, conference room, and offices. Unfortu­nately, Dr. Gottschalk's tenure was brief and, after heresigned in 1972, the department entered a period ofserious decline.Between 1972 and 1974, two acting chairmen, Drs. J.R. Williams and Paul B. Hoffer, struggled to maintain the viability of the department and in particular theSection of Diagnostic Radiology, which was mostthreatened. The departmental instability had wide­ranging and serious effects on the morale of the facultyand upon their research and teaching endeavors. Fa­culty recruitment virtually ceased, and the quality ofapplicants for post-graduate training in the clinical spe­cialties deteriorated. The Section of Radiological Sci­ences, however, maintained its superb investigativework and the M.S.-Ph.D. program, directed by Drs.Skaggs and Rossmann, continued to attract outstandingstudents.ChallengesThe current chairman, Dr. John J. Fennessy, wasappointed in June 1974. He was faced with the task ofessentially re-equipping the Sections of DiagnosticRadiology and Nuclear Medicine and of restoring theirfaculty. Fortunately, the Section of Radiation Therapyhad been entirely rebuilt under Dr. Melvin L. Griemwith funding from the Cancer Center, directed by Dr.John Ultmann.Since 1974, much of the department's old equipmenthas been replaced, a result of liberal support from theUniversity and hospital administrations and the gener­osity of private donors. The number of faculty has alsobeen greatly increased and now totals thirty-eight. Re­search productivity is again at a high level in the clini­cal as well as the "basic science" sections.The new Kurt Rossmann Laboratory effected thelong-awaited interaction between clinical radiologistsand physicists. This unique laboratory, directed by Dr.Kunio Doi, professor in the Section of RadiologicalSciences, investigates various factors impinging uponthe quality of the radiographic image. Dr. Rossmannoften expressed the hope that a close relationship be­tween clinician an physicist would develop, and it is afitting tribute that the new laboratory is named afterhim.For the future, the Department of Radiology remainsdedicated to the goals established by Paul Hodges fiftyyears ago. The department is and will continue to be"academic" without neglecting clinical responsibilities.It is the objective of this department to be a leader inits field and to train leaders in all areas of academic andclinical responsibility. In this respect, it is hoped thatthe next fifty years will prove as productive as the first.Department established: 1953Section of the Dept.of Medicine (1927-53)Chairmen: Paul C. Hodges (1927-59)Robert D. Moseley (1959-70)Alexander Gottschalk (1970-72)J. R. WilliamsActing chairmanPaul B. HofferActing chairmanJohn J. Fennessy (1972-73)(1973-74)(1974- )43Prof. Joseph Ceithaml, Dean of Students in the Div. Biological Sciencesand the Pritzker School of Medicine, and Mrs. Ceithaml (standing) at­tend the concert with his sister, Josephine Ceithaml, and MarieMuench. 50th AnniversaryBenefit ConcertDr. Walter B. Eidbo, class chairman ('56), and Mrs. Eidbo.Dr. and Mrs. Henry Ricketts converse with Mrs. Robert Eldridge (left), the former Betsy Palmer.44 Trustee Robert S. Ingersoll.The Department of Su rgeryA longer version of the following history was deliveredby Dr. 1. Garrott Allen at the Department of SurgeryLuncheon in Swift Hall on Nov. 15, during the 50thAnniversary Celebration. Dr. Allen limited his remarksto the period of time when he was at the University,from 1939 to 1959.The University of Chicago School of Medicine wasthe vision of President Harper in 1890, realized and im­plemented by Dr. Dallas B. Phemister, beginning withhis appointment as chairman of the Department of Sur­gery in 1926. The greatness of the school and the de­partment are thus the lengthened shadows of two greatmen who lived in different eras.Dr. Phemister had an excellent background in surgi­cal training and experience gleaned from PresbyterianHospital and study in Berlin, Vienna and London. Yet,perhaps more important was his broad, self-taughtbackground in the humanities. As chairman he was ableto develop a school of surgery keyed to his own taste.There were many "musts" that characterized his planand the reasons became evident as the programs insurgery moved forward at a steady pace.One of his precepts was to elevate surgical pathologyto divisional status within the Department of Surgery.No longer would he tolerate the repeated difficultiesover who got the specimen first, the pathologist or thesurgeon. To be doubly safe, surgical pathology was in­stalled on the sixth floor, adjacent to Dr. Phemister'soffice. He ran the section until Alexander Brunschwigwas trained to take over, but Phem, as we often affec­tionately referred to him when out of earshot, neverlost active interest in the laboratory. Pathology became a vital part of the student'sworkup at Chicago. A surgical pathology conferencefor all was held each Tuesday morning from 8:00 to9:00 while Dr. Phemister was chairman.A special toneHe set a very special tone which those who knewhim will never forget. That tone persists. It was evidentin his gentle conduct in the operating room-no throw­ing of instruments or swearing nor would he permit amore senior surgeon to displace a junior staff member.Dr. Phemister remembered only too well those painfuldays at Presbyterian when he, the operating table andpatient were moved into the dimly-lit hall as Dr. Bevanarrived to start his cases at 9:00 A.M. sharp.The years at Billings with Dr. Phemister and his staffwere glorious, and the rewards were great. One couldnot help but observe that it was better to "grow one'sown" staff than to import ready-made illustriousnames. From a simple beginning, his small coterie ofdisciples grew and all achieved international stature.Neurosurgery, for instance, was staffed by PercivalBailey, Paul Bucy , Earl Walker and Bill Sweet. Theywere without doubt the ablest collection of neurosur­geons the world could corral in one room. With onlyten beds among them, or 2Yz apiece, never had somuch brain power been focused on so few.In Orthopedics there were Ed Compere and HowardHatcher. Nowhere were bone tumors better classifiedor bone pathology more carefully studied. Dr. Phernis­ter had a special interest in this area, one which wasfurther developed by Hatcher.Dr. David B. Skinner, chairman, goes over esophageal function recordings with Dr. Ching-I Wang (right).45Each faculty member within the department had aclinical specialty as well as a general interest. De­partmental discoveries included Dr. Phemister'sconfirmation in 1927 that traumatic shock was due tohypovolemia and inadequate tissue perfusion. This putthe skids under the neurogenic theories. Dr. Blalock,then at Vanderbilt, concurred the following year. In1937, Dr. Phemister and Bill Admas performed the firstprimary resection for carcinoma at the lower end of theesophagus and the patient survived for twenty-twoyears.Dr. Phemister invited Dr. Charles Huggins to becomean instructor in surgery, and, after a year, he becamechief of urology. Dr. Huggins is the best example ofwhy postgraduate education is a personal matter. For awhile it appeared as if he would go into orthopedics.Then, in 1936, he demonstrated how to grow bone inthe bladder and lightening struck when he demon­strated that some cancers are hormonally dependent.The discovery opened up the entire field of cancerchemotherapy.Dr. William Adams was a mild-mannered, excellentclinical surgeon whose research interests were in thefield of cardiopulmonary diseases. His research coveredmany areas, including calcium and citrate metabolism.In 1932, Dr. Phemister sent him off to spend a yearwith Dr. Evarts Graham, whom he assisted in the firsttotal pneumonectomy for cancer. When he returned toBillings, Dr. Adams was made the chest surgeon in agrowing division. Pulmonary tuberculosis and bron­chiectasis were more commonly encountered then thanlung cancer.Dr. Hilger Perry Jenkins was the greatest clinicalteacher of them all. I had occasion to test his talent fordetail on the Dragstedt-Jenkins service when I was anintern in 1939. C. W. Vermeulen, then a first-year resi­dent, and I were chewed out by Perry for falling be­hind. At the time, there were thirty-nine patients on theservice. On Tuesday afternoon we remembered a pa­tient on M-4 who still had a time-honored "whistletube" in place, three days after we had performed thehemorrhoidectomy. We hastened to remove the tube,passing Dr. Jenkins en route to the patient's room.Once there, I quickly reached under the bed covers,palmed the fouled tube, stuck it in the pocket of mywhite coat and avoided another confrontation with Dr.Jenkins. The next morning, however, his comment inpassing was "My doctor, you smell better today."When Bob Zollinger and Ed Ellison first presentedtheir cases of recurrent gastric bleeding, after higherand higher resections, it was Dr. Jenkins who sug­gested the cause. In a recorded discussion of the Cen­tral Surgical Association he proposed that the underly­ing defect may have been an islet cell tumor of thepancreas. Subsequent events bore this out.Though anesthesiology is no longer a division of theDepartment of Surgery, it played an important role inearlier days. Much of that credit goes to Dr. HubertaLivingstone who possessed clinical acumen in determin­ing a patient's progress which exceeded what the mostdelicate of monitoring devices can tell us today. She46 and her husband, Bill Adams, frequently worked to­gether on research projects in cardiovascular and pul­monary physiology.A need for bloodWhen I went on the Brunschwig-Adams service inJuly 1942, Alex Brunschwig was busily performingpancreatoduodenectomies. To keep up with demandsfor blood, we started the blood bank, something whichhas become a special side interest of mine. Once theblood bank was in operation, the patient's 48-hour sur­vival rate improved rapidly and Dr. Brunschwig felt weshould make generous use of the bank's services.Seventy-five years earlier, it might have been Dr.Brunschwig, not Spencer Wells, who invented themodern hemostat. Certainly he invented the need forthem-a gross at a time.Dr. Brunschwig deserves credit for being the firstsurgeon to make an uncompromising and persistent at­tempt to surgically separate a patient from his cancer.Nothing pleased him more than to show a surgical au­dience a post-operative patient who had arrived on hisdoorstep ten years earlier off a Chicago-Northwesterntrain, having been told his case was hopeless.In 1946, after leaving Billings for Memorial Hospitalin New York, he developed the "North American Op­eration". He quickly extended it to the "All­American", then the "Pan-American" and finally the"Trans- World Operative Procedure". During the pre­sentation of a successful pancreatoduodectomy, im­mediately followed by a left pneumonectomy for aseparate carcinoma, Dr. Phemister asked, "Alex, don'tyou think that's a bit much?" "No sir," he replied,"we had enough blood."Dr. Dragstedt joined Dr. Phemister in 1926 as aphysiologist. During the two years while Billings Hospi­tal was being built, he learned surgery in Vienna. Theshort training period was facilitated by his natural tal­ents and the modest state of the art. Cholecystostomywas performed more often than cholecystectomy, andgastroenterostomy more often than partial gastrectomy.These procedures plus Mikulicz' resection for cancer of.the colon, thyroidectomy and radical mastectomy werethe dominant operations of the day, aside from herniasand hemorrhoids. Whole clinics were built onthyroidectomies-Boston, Cleveland, Rochester andHalstead in Kansas.Dr. Dragstedt was basically a physiologist with agreat aptitude for clinical surgery. Vagotomy tells hisstory best. However much time may have changed thefacts, when Dr. Dragstedt and Ted Owens operated onMr. James Brett for his duodenal ulcer in early January1943, there was no back-up experimental evidence tosupport the nascent belief that bilateral vagotomywould reduce gastric secretion and allow the duodenalulcer to heal. It was a great idea, if it worked. And itdid. Mr. Brett and the next 143 patients were, in shortorder, to provide all the evidence needed.The first 144 patients could not have a gastroenteros­tomy or any other drainage procedure because thephysiologic effects upon duodenal ulcer of vagotomyhad to be clinically demonstrated first. Dr. Keith Grim­son later intiated routine gastroenterostomy with vag­otomy to facilitate drainage.Though general surgeons did not rotate throughOtolaryngology, one cannot omit reference to thisunique service. Under John Lindsay's directionOtolaryngology was characterized by exceptional teach­ing and research, as well as by the development of newoperations. Who can forget Heinie Kobrack's movie,"See the Ear Hear", which showed this organ respon­ding to the stirring beats of a march. John Lindsayproduced more outstanding men, now in leadership po­sitions in otolaryngology, than any other man of hisera.The department as a whole has no peer in the historyof American surgery. Three of its full professors weremembers of the National Academy of Science, one of whom was to win the Nobel Prize. Noting the accom­plishments of each man in the department to Dr.Phemister in 1949, I inquired, "How do you explainit?" "Pick able young men," he replied, "leave themalone, and they will do for themselves what no chair­man can make them do."Department established: 1927Chairmen: Dallas B. Phemister (1925-48)Lester R. Dragstedt (1948-59)William E. Adams (1959-65)Rene Menguy (1965-70)John F. MullanActing chairmanDavid B. Skinner (1970-72)(1972- )The University of Chicago Cancer Research CenterDr. John E. Ultmann, director, with a patient. The University of Chicago Cancer Research Center(UCCRC) began as a concept: that progress in cancerresearch can be made only through the collaboration ofskilled researchers from many basic science and clinicalareas. When Congress passed the National Cancer Actof 1971, the members of our scientific community feltthat, based on the University's long history of pioneer­ing cancer research, we could compete successfully foravailable funds.In January 1972, an Advisory Committee was con­vened composed of deans, administrators, clinical andbasic researchers from the Division of Biological Sci­ences and the Pritzker School of Medicine, theFranklin McLean Memorial Research Institute, the BenMay Laboratory and the Michael Reese Hospital. Thiscommittee analyzed the resources available for estab­lishing a federally-funded Cancer Research Center atthe University. Task forces studied the strength andweaknesses of the submitted plans.After many months of writing proposals, preparingbudgets; editing, and review by experts within andwithout our institution, a 1215-page grant proposal wasproduced and submitted to the National Cancer Insti­tute (NCI). Our efforts were rewarded in spring 1973.The NCI awarded the University a $4,291,352 matchinggrant for construction and renovation of Cancer Centerfacilities and a three-year $4,313,750 operational grantfor the Center's research projects.With the grant, we were able to establish the CancerResearch Center and implement our ideas. The purposeof the UCCRC, according to the original grant propo­sal, is to establish at The University of Chicago a mul­tidisciplinary Cancer Research Center which incorpo­rates clinical and basic research programs; expandedefforts in patient care, focusing on the population of thesouth side of metropolitan Chicago; and increased edu-47cational acuviues in oncology. The emphasis rests onmultidisciplinary research.The first principal investigators, from fields as di­verse as developmental biology, physical chemistry,radiation physics, and neurosurgery, organized a cohe­rent research program around the solution of cancerproblems.Present researchToday, the research encompasses virology, cell biol­ogy, tumor immunology, carcinogenesis, radiationphysics and clinical studies. Its multidisciplinary natureis most visible in clinical research projects. Efforts toimprove cancer treatment involve teams of physicians,surgeons, radiation therapists, nurses, dieticians, socialworkers and other medical specialists.Working together stimulates the medical team to trynew ways to coordinate various methods of treatingcancer-surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy andimmunotherapy. Better total care for the patient, in­cluding emotional support and help with cancer-relatedpsychological, social and economic problems, has re­sulted from expanding the medical team to nurses, so­cial workers and dieticians. The team also coordinateswith statisticians and tumor registrars who keep patientrecords for outcome analysis; and with basic scienceresearchers who use patient specimens to study cellstructure, chromosome abnormalities, hormone levelsand blood composition. Basic research results oftenlead to improved methods of early detection, gaugingextent of disease and choosing effective therapy.The construction and renovation grant enabled us toimprove our research and patient care facilities. De­velopmental biologists are now located on the sixthfloor of the new Cummings Life Science Center, wherethey continue their studies on the growth, develop­ment, differentiation and neoplastic transformation ofcells. The facilities for cell biology in the ExperimentalBiology building have also been modernized to accom­modate the increased research on RNA, DNA and sub­cellular organelles. The virologists have recently moved into the newMarjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories, alimited-access containment facility for research onviruses which may cause human cancer. This facility,with its special filtered air supply, exhaust system, andairlocks, is the first of its kind in an American univer­sity. Our researchers have been working on the linksbetween human cancer and the herpes simplex,Epstein-Barr and Type-C viruses.In each of these facilities, the grouping of scientistswith common interests has encouraged collaboration,stimulated new ideas and promoted the efficient use ofcommonly needed equipment. Patient care has alsobeen improved in the renovated and expanded Radia­tion Therapy Facility.The UCCRC directs the attention of researchersthroughout the University-in biological, medical,physical, social, and health sciences-to the problemsof cancer. The result has been new cancer research inall these fields. Summaries of most of the studies arepresented in the UCCRC's Annual Report of CancerResearch at the University of Chicago, available uponrequest.When the time came to renew the UCCRC grant in1976, we chose not to request one large "umbrella"grant covering all research areas and support facilities.Instead, we submitted four separate program applica­tions which were subsequently awarded: ClinicalCancer Research Program, Cancer Biology Program,Viral Oncology Program, and Cancer Center SupportProgram.All UCCRC members-over 200 doctors, research­ers, administrators, technicians, and others-are en­couraged by the continued support of government andprivate donors to our Cancer Center. This supportallows us to expand research and unravel the mysteriesof cancer.Center established: 1973Director: John E. Ultmann (1973-The Zoller Dental ClinicThe Walter G. Zoller Memorial Dental Clinic is part ofThe University of Chicago Medical Center, and is oper­ated by the University as a non-profit privately sup­ported center. It is dedicated to three main tasks: pa­tient care, teaching and research in the health sciencesthrough the Division of the Biological Sciences and thePritzker School of Medicine.The dental facilities are designed to give patients thebenefit of group practice methods which make use ofspecialists in both dentistry and medicine. Oral care forhospitalized patients, outpatients with serious prob­lems, and individuals with oral problems needingtreatment in a hospital environment is emphasized.48 The Zoller Dental Clinic was established in 1936 inmemory of Walter G. Zoller, a Chicago businessmanwho lived near the University until his death in 1933.In his will, Mr. Zoller bequeathed $3 million to TheUniversity of Chicago for a dental clinic. He was wellaware of dentistry's needs and patients' problems. Hewrote, "It has become quite generally recognized, thata vast portion of the ills and ailments of people istraceable to infections and diseases of the teeth andgums and that very limited opportunity is given thepoor people to receive proper dental treatment anddiagnostic aid at the hands of experienced and compe­tent dental surgeons and diagnosticians ... "Through Mr. Zoller's magnanimity, it was possible tobuild a clinic to study and treat the dental ills of pa­tients who had some systemic disease and were unableto provide adequate dental care for themselves. De­veloping better methods of treatment and prevention ofdental disease meant establishing laboratories and in­ternships in the University. Specific research programsin oral disease were funded by the National Institutesof Health, the Office of Naval Research and otheragencies.In September 1936, Dr. J. Roy Blayney was ap­pointed director of the new clinic. He had been thechairman of a department at the University of Illinoisand had received his S.M. degree in pathology from TheUniversity of Chicago in 1928. His work as directorbegan with the organization of clinical and laboratoryfacilities. On December 1, the dental clinic opened topatients. Soon after, the faculty grew and research lab­oratories were set up in different departments of theUniversity. Clinical facilities, however, were limited toa few rooms, largely in the old Billings Hospital. Dur­ing a University building program in the 1950s, the clin­ical facilities were enlarged to include a new prostheticlaboratory and space for intraoral and extraoralroentgenological examinations.The academic program Dr. Blayney envisioned pro­vided education, clinical experience, and research op­portunities for the young men and women who ac­cepted staff appointments. One-year rotating general in­ternships were established for dental graduates. Inaddition, Zoller fellowships were offered which entailedfurther clinical experience and supervision of others,but also enabled the individual to work toward an S.M.or Ph.D. degree in a basic science department at theUniversity.In 1954, J. Roy Blayney retired and Frank J. Orlandwas appointed director. In a few years, the expansionof facilities permitted greater space for Zoller clinicsand laboratories. By 1961, at the time of the clinic's25th Anniversary, the full-time academic staff num­bered twenty-one. Over one hundred persons hadserved internships and a total of twenty-two differentgraduate degrees were earned in the Biological Sci­ences Division by Zoller fellows.During this time, special sections existed within theZoller Dental Clinic. These included a general restora­tion clinic in Billings, a prenatal dental clinic at theLying-in Hospital, and an oral surgery and diagnosticclinic. A newer dental facility had opened at La Rabidaand clinical laboratories existed in pathology, pros­thodontology and roentgenology.Research laboratories were housed in various de­partments throughout the University, i.e., anatomy, an­thropology, biochemistry, microbiology and electronmicroscopy.Two special projects were conducted away from theUniversity setting. In the Evanston Dental Caries Pro­ject, fluoride ions were added to the communal watersupply of Evanston school children to determine the ef­fect on dental caries incidence. This intense and com­prehensive study was conducted to ascertain the nature Dr. Robert C. Likins, director.of dental caries prevention by chemical means. Begunin 1946, the project was planned and carried out almostentirely by Dr. Blayney, later assisted by Dr. Iden N.Hill.The second project was a gnotobiotic animal dentalcaries study, started by Dr. R. W. Harrison, then incharge of the Zoller bacteriology laboratory. The pro­ject was arranged in collaboration with LOBUND, thegerm free facility at the University of Notre Dame.Starting in the summer of 1946, a series of dental cariesexperiments using germ free animals were conductedwhich proved conclusively that tooth decay was a bac­teriological disease. A streptococcus was found to bethe primary causative microorganism, though lac­tobacilli also caused some caries activity in the animalsstudied.Dr. Orland, who actively participated in the secondproject, was also editor of the Journal of Dental Re­search (1958-69). The Journal was printed and pub­lished by The University of Chicago Press from 1960through 1966. It is the official publication of the Inter­national Association for Dental Research, the onlyglobal scientific society concerned with promoting re­search in the oral field. Dr. Orland was president of thesociety from 1971 to 1972.When Dr. Orland resigned at the end of 1966, Dr.Albert Dahlberg became acting director. He enlargedthe staff and served in the interim period until Dr.Robert C. Likins was selected as director in 1968. Over49the past decade Dr. Likins has overseen a program ofmodernization in clinical and staff facilities.Currently the full-time and part-time academic stafftotals twenty-two. Dr. Likins noted recently that thefuture goals of the Zoller Dental Clinic are the exten­sion of graduate education and research in the specialareas in which Zoller has pioneered.{II Clinic established:Directors: 1936J. Roy Blayney (1936-54)Frank J. Orland (1954-66)Albert DahlbergActing Director (1967-68)Robert C. Likins (1968- )The Dallas B. Phemister andWalter L. Palmer LecturesDr. Charles F. Code of u.c.L.A. gives the Walter L. Palmer Lecture. Dr. Marshall R. Urist of u.c.L.A. delivers theDallas B. Phemister Lecture.An informal gathering after the Palmer Lecture. Front row (tei: toright): Drs. John E. Dooley, Sumner Kraft ('55), Walter L. Palmer (Rush '21),Joseph B. Kirsner, Howard F. Raskin. Back row (tei: to right): Drs. Erf50 Dordal ('56), Boyd Hayward, William E. Ricketts, J. Alfred Rider (,44),Manuel Sklar, Charles Clayman, B. H. Gerald Rogers ('62).A Quarter Century of Medical Complex BuildingThe Chronic Disease Hospital completed in 1961. Renamed the Clarissa A.Peck Pavilion. The Franklin McLean Memorial Research Institute opened in 1953.51Wyler Children's Hospital completed in 1966. The Marjorie B. Kovler Viral Oncology Laboratories completed in 7977.52The Ben May Laboratory facility as seen when it opened in 7971, on the four floors above the Clarissa C. Peck Pavilion.The Class of 1945Dr. Stewart F. Taylor, Class ChairmanThe Class of 1945 is the only class in the MedicalSchool's history which passed its entire tenure underthe siege of war. We started seven months after PearlHarbor and finished two months before the surrenderof Japan. Most of us were placed in uniform during oursophomore year as members of Army or Navy pro­grams. Though half a world away from any combatzone, unbeknownst to us, we were only a few hundredyards from the first sustained nuclear chain reaction.On December 2, 1942, as we dissected in Anatomyunder the tutelage of Professors Swift, Bloom and Wasserman, Fermi and his colleagues achieved successunder the windowless west stands of Stagg Field.We were a small class by modern standards withonly 57 members in our graduating class, but we wereproductive in more ways than one. At the time of our30th reunion, the 15 members present had a total of 78children, or 5.2 per member. Many had gone on toacademic positions including Anderson, Brooks,Fineberg, Fischer, Horner, Kittle, Langdon, Maher,McGrath, Miles, Mindell, Moulder, Partridge, Pizzaand Storer.The Class of 1946Dr. Edward R. Munnell, Class ChairmanThe Class of 1946 gathered in early 1943, during thewar years. We faced rationing and the military in addi­tion to school, and within a few months of matricula­tion nearly all of us went off to induction camps.Our immediate objective was to return to the Mid­way; yet instead we were treated to calisthenics, Cap­tain Weiskopf and GI issue. The Army shoes and coatswere too big for Phil Graff and Bob Mac Duffee, andtoo small for John Hogness and Bud Oleson. The Navyfellows fared better.As the press of military obligations gradually fell off,we were able to concentrate on our medicaleducation-but not without happenings. To list a few:• Buel Morley's flashy tie was cut in half early on inanatomy lab.• Peter Paul De Bruyn found himself on the wrongside of the locked door one Saturday morning outsideDr. William Bloom's 8:00 lecture.• Left-handed John Schaeffer got into the right­handers line for a rectal exam on a patient-a situation solved by a sort of up and back hook maneuver of theleft hand and wrist.• Howard Owen, with five balls in the water atJackson Park, proceeded to break his golf club. (He'sstill trying to play.)• Paul Francke encountered a moribund patient histhird year, and ran, with white flying, into WalterPalmer's waiting room yelling for a "real" doctor.We became real doctors, finally, but not before a fewgreat fraternity parties, an outing at the Indiana dunesand a withering celebration after senior finals. Theliquid refreshment at that party melted the varnish onJohn Kahouri's apartment floor, as well as a few 78r.p.m. records.Today, the Class of '46 represent all manner ofmedicine: administrative (a university president), edu­cational (professors of medicine), military and gov­ernmental (generals, colonels, Indian Affairs and PublicHealth officers), research and, most importantly, clini­cal. Our class has made a most creditable showing.53The Class of March, 1947Dr. Henry Deleeuw, Class ChairmanJanuary I, 1944 came upon us with a sure suddeness. Itwas the day we entered The University of Chicago Med­ical School. Our class was rather varied and includedstudents from all parts of the country. We were on asemi-accelerated program in practice during the yearswhich involved America and many other nations inworld war.Our class members were well chosen, however, andwe began our studies with grim determination. One ofour professors was somewhat astonished at the extremeseriousness with which we undertook our studies.Neither the world situation nor the Chicago winter de­terred our efforts and, as we proceeded, things beganto look brighter.World War II ended before we finished our medicaleducation and the military programs which had in­volved nearly all the male members of our class werediscontinued. We finished as civilians; a more desirableend despite the loss of benefits afforded us by militaryprograms.After graduation, most of us entered internshipsaround the country, many of which were the "rotat­ing" variety. The majority of our class subsequentlyentered specialty training. A need for physicians arose during the Korean War,and the doctor draft law was passed. Since we had re­ceived educational funds through medical student mili­tary programs, we were the most eligible group for thedraft. Many of us did enter the military and some sawcombat. Though there were certain disadvantages toour duty, several people received their specialty train­ing in the service and many of us gained work experi­ence.Our graduating class had about sixty members whowere distributed amongst the following fields: pediat­rics, psychiatry, surgery, plastic surgery, urology,pathology, roentgenology, internal medicine, obstetrics,neurology, anesthesiology, dermatology, orthopedics,proctology, virology, medical researchers and medicalexaminers. Many have become medical school profes­sors and others hold part-time teaching appointments.Several have attained national recognition in their fieldsof endeavor.We look upon our class with a sense of accomplish­ment and are indebted for the opportunity we had tostudy with the great men of medicine at The Universityof Chicago Medical School. They were an inspiration tous then and continue to be.The Class of 1949Drs. Charles R. Bacon and Mary D. Carroll, Class ChairmanThe Medical Class of 1949 began studies in June 1945.The war in Europe had just ended and the energies ofthe allied forces were then directed in the Pacific. Ourclass was made up of a very strange mixture of militarymen, medical rejects (4-F), wounded veterans, andchildren (one of our classmates was just 17 years oldwhen he entered medical school).The campus was literally an armed camp at the time,with barbed wire barriers and military guards totingmachine guns. The area around the Physics buildingand Stagg Field resembled a military bunker. It was notuntil August that we realized this was the birthplace ofthe atomic bomb.The sixty-five members of the Class of 1949 were fairlyevenly divided among the Army ASTP program, theNavy V-12 program and a non-military group. The lastincluded seven women, double the number of womenaccepted in any previous class. We were a youthfulclass-a reflection of accelerated pre-medical programs.Very few were married and the married students in54 the military programs lived in pre-fabs on campus.We attended classes without vacations until the endof the fifth quarter, in autumn 1946, when we deceleratedby taking the quarter as vacation. Thereafter three­fourths of the class were registered each quarter andone-fourth of us graduated in December 1948, the restfinished in March 1949.Most of us had entered medical school on an accel­erated program, and during our clinical years it was notunusual to be "on vacation" for six months in anacademic year. It was possible to be away from someof our classmates for more than a year due to thesestaggered and lengthy break periods.We began with only sixty-five in our class and welost approximately one third by graduation, due less toacademic pressures than to an emotional letdown thatcame with the end of the war.Over ten per cent of our classmates had Ph.D.s andserved as our instructors in their particular field. Thisagain was an anomaly of the war.We were, like the classes preceding, much influencedby World War II and the postwar years. The armedforces had participated in the selection of class mem­bers some of whom had served in various theaters priorto being chosen for the medical program. The attritionrate was high in the first year, and most were relievedto be in the group allowed to continue. The loss ofthese classmates was felt most in our junior year whenfewer people were available on a service and one per­son was responsible for all admissions work-ups. Later,practice was interrupted when those committed to themilitary fulfilled their obligations.On the lighter side, money was scarce and by theend of a month, almost non-existent. I remember whena dollar pizza frequently provided sustenance for an en­tire group. Automobiles were also rare and usually inpoor repair. In our free time we wandered the campusand its environs, went downtown on the I.C. (20 centsthe roundtrip), had an occasional picnic on the lake­front, and visited the University Theater and Jimmy's.The south side campus was an exciting place to live.Sixty-third Street was wide open and bustling with ac­tivity 24 hours a day. There were restaurants, movietheaters, dance halls, and uncountable bars.More importantly, we remember the fine teachersand clinicians who awed us and set high goals forachievement: Drs. William Adarns , Brunschwig,Buchanan, Cannon, Davis, Dieckmann, Dragstedt,Hatcher, Huggins, Humphreys, Kirsner, Palmer,Phemister and Walker, to name a few. We rememberbeing encouraged to specialize and continue researchand never to lose an inquisitive mind.Our class was fortunate to have had the best of theold and the new in medical education. In our years weenjoyed Drs. Bensley, Swift, Bloom and Wassermannin anatomy, all distinguished men of University history.We also benefited from Drs. Anton Carlson, ArnoLuckhardt, L. B. Katz, and Morris Fishbein inphysiology, and Dr. Geiling in pharmacology.We were in the last week of internship when the Ko­rean War began in June 1950. Nearly everyone in theclass served during this war, many in combat withindays after the completion of their internships.When we graduated the rotating internship wasstandard. We sought "good" internships and werehappy with room and board in payment. Most of theclass completed training in the specialties after intern­ship. Some entered practice directly as general prac­titioners and completed their education in the field. Thegeneral practitioners at that time were members of alarge group unhampered by forms and extensive rec­ords. They found hospital beds in communities scarce.It was still the era of the simple office, the black bagand the house call.As we have grown old in our practices, the medicalfield has undergone many changes. Unbelievable prog­ress has been made in knowledge and techniques withan accompanying increase of complicated paperwork.Legal implications and patient awareness have in- creased. The status of women has been upgraded. Thesimpler era has gone.Currently, all classmates contacted are still practicingmedicine or engaged in research. They find themselvesbusier each passing year with academic duties, patientloads, family and community responsibilities.Retirement time is nearing, and though some areeager, others feel they will have to be carried out atmandatory retirement age.A representative list of class member accom­plishments follows:• Robert Wissler, Ph.D., M.D., Donald N. PritzkerDistinguished Service Prof. Dept. Pathology, TheUniversity of Chicago; internationally known inatherosclerosis and cardiovascular research; recentlychairman of the 50th Anniversary Celebration.• Nancy Warner, M.D., Prof. and Chairman Dept.Pathology, University of Southern California; Directorof Laboratories at LA County USC Medical Center;Associate Dean for Academic Affairs of the School ofMedicine USC; Chairman Scientific Advisory Board ofthe Armed Forces Institute of Pathology; and recipientof a Distinguished Service Award from The Universityof Chicago Alumni Association.• Janet Rowley, M.D., Associate Professor Dept.Medicine, The University of Chicago; accomplished inthe field of chromosome analysis.• Albert Sjoerdsma, M.D., Ph.D., Senior Vice Presi­dent and Director Merrell Research; and first recipientin August 1977 of the Harry Gold A ward for excellencein teaching and research in clinical pharmacology bes­towed by the American Society of Pharmacology andExperimental Therapeutics.• James Smith, M.D., general surgery, board cer­tified and fellow; president of Health Planning Associa­tion of Southwestern Ohio, and recipient of a citationfor public service from The University of ChicagoAlumni Association.• Robert Dowben, M.D., active in research andteaching programs in biophysics at the University ofTexas Health Science Center, Dallas.• Ernest Siegfried, M.D., retired from the U. S. Pub­lic Health Service; currently employed by the State ofArizona as superintendent of the Arizona PioneerHome.• Walter Francke, M.D., board certified AmericanRoentgen Ray Society; Fellow American College ofRadiology; airborne radiologist in Montana and Wyo­rrung.• Hubert Bardenwerper, M.D., board certified familypractice; chief-of-staff in a community hospital.• Robert Ambrose, M.D., general surgeon, Chief ofSurgery Grosse Point, Michigan.• Ronald Thompson, M.D., board certified familypractitioner.We are saddened to note the loss of classmatesHarold Deering, Clara Lowell, Charles McKeen, Clif­ford Peasley, Harold Steffee and James Tyson.55The Class of 1953Dr. Frank W. Fitch, Class ChairmanThe early 1950s were years of transition, and the Classof 1953 reflected many of the changes taking place. Theseventy-two students who arrived on the Midway in au­tumn ranged from nineteen-year-olds fresh from collegeto "old men" of thirty-three whose education had beeninterrupted by military service. For the first time inmany years, a large number of students were neitherpresent nor previous members of the armed forces.Still, more than half of the group were veterans. Twohad been officers, but most boasted of distinguishedcareers as enlisted men.For those who served, military experiences wereoften a major influence on the choice of medicine as acareer. Years as medical corpsmen or pharmacists'mates introduced future students to the medical field.For a few, hospitalization for combat wounds provideda first-hand knowledge of what medical care could ac­complish.Our stated reasons for wanting to attend medicalschool were the same as those given by applicantssince the time of Aesculapeus. An interest in scienceand a desire to serve our fellowman were often ex­pressed; "serving society" and fulfilling ourselves werealso common themes. Some of us were honest (ornaive) enough to state that the prospect of a comfort­able life was attractive. Only a few of us presented adetailed philosophical basis for our decision, but alengthy self-analysis was apparently not expected inthose days since only half a page was made availablefor a statement.Outside activitiesSome of the extracurricular activities we listed seemrather quaint in these days of social activism: DebateTeam, Latin Society, German Club, Biology andChemistry Student Organizations. We thought frater­nity life important and many of us participated insports. These were usually of the intramural rather thanthe intercollegiate variety. Many claimed interest inmusic and art, and several had rather impressive cre­dentials. After completing his first novel, a buddingwriter concluded that a medical career offered a morepromising future.We grew up in an era before volunteer work wascommon. Assisting with college orientation and partici­pation in student government constituted the greatmajority of "service" activities. Only one applicationlisted hospital volunteer efforts. Expression of religiousfeelings seemed easier in those days; several had con­sidered the ministry as an alternative career. For abouthalf of us, an interest in research was cited as a majorreason for attending The University of Chicago. For afew, this interest seemed to be of finite duration, be­ginning with reading in the medical school catalogabout research emphasis at Chicago and ending with56 the letter of admission. For many more, research inter­est was sustained longer; about two-thirds of us par­ticipated in research ventures while in medical school.We came from many places: Honolulu; New YorkCity; Tucson; Brookline, Mass.; Council Bluffs, Iowa;Miles City, Mont.; Peoria, Ill. Some of us were bornabroad (Panama, Puerto Rico, Canada, Austria, andGermany) and more were children of immigrant par­ents. We were from varied social and economic back­ground; offspring of college professors, dude ranchowners, telegraphers, merchants, maintenance men,executives, mill workers. Only nine were the children ofphysicians. We had attended colleges large and smallbut significantly twenty-nine of the seventy-two had at­tended the College.Our years at Chicago were times of transition for theUniversity. After our first quarter, Joe Ceithaml be­came the Dean of Students and in 1951, LawrenceKimpton became Chancellor of the University afterRobert Maynard Hutchins retired. The first new con­struction in the Medical Center in over two decadeswas completed with the opening of the Goldblatt andArgonne Cancer Research Hospitals. Radiology,psychiatry, and neurology were still divisions of theDepartment of Medicine, and anesthesiology andophthalmology were divisions of the Department ofSurgery.We were fortunate to have many of the original fac­ulty of the School of Medicine in residence. And,"young turks" were gaining prominence: Robert Ebert,Leon Jacobson, Clayton Loosli, Matthew Block,Richard Landau, Sidney Schulman, Dwight Clark,Roger Baker, Albert Dorfman, Joseph Kirsner, F.Howell Wright, Robert Wissler and Earl Benditt.Class remembrancesAmong our shared memories are: the "Do-it­yourself' approach for three quarters in gross anatomy(now covered in one quarter), the tremendous feeling ofrelief after the last exam of the first year, the build upof anxiety as we approached our first real patient, thetwo-cubicle emergency room on A-4, the revisions ofcareer decisions that came with each clerkship experi­ence, the junior and senior comprehensive exams (nowreplaced by National Board Part II), the internshipinterviews, the flurry of parties in the final weeks ofsenior year, the Senior Skit (four-letter words were notan accepted part of theatricals then), and the bit­tersweet moment following convocation as the crowddispersed from Rockefeller Chapel.The group that graduated in 1953 was not the sameone that entered in 1949. We had gained a few and losta few and finally numbered sixty-seven. More than halfwere married by graduation (only two or three weremarried when we arrived). Six of us were women. Wewere the second class to participate in the InternMatching Plan and though most of us intended to spe­cialize, two-thirds of us sought rotating internships be­cause state licensing boards had not yet modernizedtheir requirements in line with trends in post-graduatemedical education. Several of us chose not to serve aninternship in order to pursue basic research im­mediately.What has happened to the Class of ' 53 in the quartercentury since graduation? We are nearly as widely scat­tered as before, but the distribution is different. Therehas been a great migration to the West Coast; onlyeight of the graduates came from that region, buttwenty-six of the class now live there. Harvey Zartmanpractices medicine further north than anyone (pediat­rics in Anchorage, Alaska) and Roderick Esquivel is the farthest south (in Panama). There are contendersfor other records: Clarence Young seems to have deli­vered more babies than anyone in the class, more thanfive hundred last year alone; and Ed Lyon has fatheredmore babies than anyone, twelve. Clay Edisen appearsto hold the record for grandchildren with four.Twenty-nine of the sixty-seven graduates have servedon the faculty of twenty different schools of medicineor public health and at least twenty-two were full-timefaculty members. This includes three associate or as­sistant deans, three department chairmen, one actingchairman, two vice or associate chairmen, and at leastthree division or section heads.Society appears to have been well served and a feel­ing of self-fulfillment seems justified. Clearly, we haveat least achieved our modest aspirations of twenty-fiveyears ago.57The Class of 1955Dr. Sumner C. Kraft, Class ChairmanIn late September, 1951, seventy-two eager studentsreported for orientation as the Class of 1955 at TheUniversity of Chicago School of Medicine. Their agesranged from nineteen to thirty, they came from all overthe United States, and their educational backgroundsvaried from three years of college to the Ph.D. degree.Although this was the first post-World War II classwithout a majority of military veterans, several hadserved overseas. Only a few were married, but themajority were to follow suit by graduation. A veryheterogeneous group, the class included a professionalbassoonist, a high school teacher, a psychologist, acytochemist and a beer truck driver.The academic activities of the Class of 1955 wererather typical, but one remembers: looking up from thecadavers to see the Los Angeles Rams practicing onthe original Stagg Field for a weekend game against theChicago Bears; placing second in the intramural softballleague as freshmen; the addition of former StanfordAll-American and Bears All-Pro receiver Bill McColl tothe class after the 1952 football season; and the mem­ber who started his junior rotations on obstetrics, foundhimself alone with a patient undergoing precipitous de­livery, and took off screaming "Somebody call a doc­tor!" This was the last Chicago class to learnneurosurgery from Dr. Rasmussen and one of the firstto enjoy Dr. Vermeulen's excellent pyelogram confer­ences.On March 14, 1955, Dean Ceithaml announced theresults of the fledgling National Intern Matching Plan tothe first class he had selected. The sixty-seven gradu­ates were soon scattered from Boston to Seattle andfrom Montreal to the Canal Zone, with implants inNew York City, Philadelphia, Cleveland, New Orleans,Minneapolis and Denver. What is the follow-up?Twenty years later, eighteen of the Class of 1955 at­tended an extremely enjoyable reunion at the Pent­house of the Hampshire House in Chicago. It provedan all-too-brief opportunity to reminisce, to reflect onsuccesses and failures, and to share joys and, unfortu­nately, sorrows. Two members had passed away:Robert F. Johnson died in Yosemite Park on May 28,1956 and Robert H. Lundquist died in Chicago on July2, 1963.In preparation for the reunion, the class committeereceived responses from everyone of the remainingsixty-five members and the updated biographical infor­mation was distributed in an IS-page supplement enti­tled "The Class of 1955 Twenty Years Later." Geo­graphically, the group was spread from Massachusettsto Hawaii and from Minnesota to Texas, with clustersalong the East Coast and in the Midwest; sixteen hadsettled in California and one each in Canada and Eng­land. Indicative of the enthusiasm generated by this re­union, the eighteen participants came from California,58 Arizona, Colorado, Massachusetts, Maryland, NewYork, Minnesota, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois.Not surprising for graduates of The University ofChicago, all sixty-five persons had received specialtytraining (see Table); fifty-seven were board-certified.Specialties of the Class of 1955Internal Medicine 17(Gastroenterology 5)Psychiatry 15Pathology 7Surgery 5Family Medicine 4Obstetrics/Gynecology 3Pediatrics 3Dermatology 2Nuclear Medicine 2Public Health 2ENT, Ophthalmology, Orthopedics,Radiology, Urology 5Total 65More impressive was the finding that forty-five (69per cent) held, or until recently had held, academicappointments-twenty-one of them on a full-time, ten­ured basis at the following medical schools: AlbertEinstein, Duke, George Washington, Harvard (2),Johns Hopkins, Loyola, McGill, Stanford, Tufts (2),University of Arizona, UCLA (3), University ofCalifornia-San Francisco (2), University of Chicago,University of Miami, University of Texas-San Antonio,and Yale.Still others held full-time directorships at major hos­pitals or public health organizations in Nashville; Nor­folk, Va.; Washington, D.C.; Newark; Dallas; and Oak­land, Calif.Class members reported some unusual accom­plishments as well in 1975. Bill McColl had beenselected one of the Ten Outstanding Men of the Nationby the U.S. Chamber of Commerce in 1964; receivedthe National Pro-Football Hall of Fame's Scroll ofAchievement in 1966 for his medical missionary workwith orphans and leprosy patients in Korea; waselected to the National Football Foundation and Hall ofFame in 1973; and was nominated twice as a candidatefor Congress from California.Jane Elchlepp had earned a North Carolina real es­tate broker's license and enjoyed living on twenty-twoacres of forest when not diverted as an assistant vice­president of Duke University. Bob Bell had reached theSouth East Regionals in raquetball and Ron Meyer hadco-developed a ski area in western Colorado. LenSagan remained active in the world fight against politi­cal prisoners in conjunction with Amnesty Interna-tional. Ralph Stephens showed horses professionally.Ron Wemple received a Ph.D. in fluid mechanics fromNorthwestern University in 1966 and was spendingthree months a year raising cattle in Colorado.Our 25th reunion may include a continuing educationprogram. The enthusiastic response to a recent ques­tionaire about reunion plans typifies the class. We ex­pressed a similar interest in the 1976 Alumni Fund.Thirty-five class members (54 per cent) participated in the drive, making us one of ten postwar medical classesto surpass the 50 per cent goal.The Class of 1955 has spanned more than half of themedical school's lifetime, from September 1951 throughthe 50th Anniversary celebration in November 1977.We are very grateful for a fine medical education re­ceived at The University of Chicago, and we are happyto salute our alma mater on the occasion of its sem­icentennial.The Class of 1956Dr. Walter B. Eidbo, Class ChairmanTwo members of the Class of 1956 received Distin­guished Service A wards for basic research this year:Don Brown, who is on the staff of the Carnegie Insti­tute of Washington in Baltimore, for work in geneticsand genes; and Dr. George Brewer, for work in thetreatment of sickle cell anemia. The former succeededin transplanting genes from one animal species toanother. The latter found that zinc has a beneficial ef­fect on the condition of sickle cell disease. Currently,Dr. Brewer is on the staff of the University of Michi­gan Medical School, Ann Arbor.Several members of the Class of 1956 are engaged inteaching and research at The University of Chicago in­cluding Don Steiner, who is chairman of the Depart­ment of Biochemistry, and Al Tarlov, chairman of theDepartment of Medicine. Zdenek Hruban, of thePathology Department, serves on the Board of theChicago Zoo. Other members of the class include: Eugene Balterpracticing radiology at hospitals in Chicago and Gary,Ind.; Erl Dordal, professor of clinical medicine atNorthwestern University and chairman of Medicine atColumbus-Cuneo-Cabrini Medical Center; Deno Panos,a general practitioner in Bluffton, Ind.; Arnie Gom­biner, in dermatology in Chicago; and Morton Pastor,an anesthesiologist in Coronado, Calif. Selwyn Pereirais in private practice in Huntington, N.Y., as are BillOdell in Rancho Palos Verdes, Calif., Gene Andersonin Kankakee, Ill., and Ted Levine in Morristown, N.J.Walt Eidbo, a general surgeon in Des Moines, Iowa, isalso state advisor to the Multiple Sclerosis Society.Larry Savage practices general surgery in Yankton,S.D.The Class of 1956 is starting a fund to endow a pro­fessorship and hopes to have it in full swing by our25th Anniversary in 1981.59The Class of 1959Dr. E. H. Given, Class ChairmenAre we very different from those classes before orsince our own? I think not. But perhaps we occupied aplace in time that was somewhat unique when consid­ered from the purview of fifty eventful years in the lifeof a truly remarkable institution.Chronologically, we parallel the age of the medicalschool and we were present at the time when a loftyand prestigious group of early faculty members retired.The names are too numerous to mention, and an in­complete listing would do a serious injustice. Undeni­ably, however, those giants of medicine left an indelibleimprint on both the school and its students.Medicine in my boyhood was mostly a subjective en­tity revolving around the imposing personality or auraof the family physician. In any community, he occupiedthe position of highest respect, represented those withthe most formal education and, in general, "lived in thebig white house at the end of the street."Unbelievably, in fifty years, physicians have allowedthemselves to be stereotyped as a cold, special interestgroup which has single-handedly upset the nationalbudget, priced itself out of the reach of the commonman, reserved its positions only for favored groups andgenerally behaved in a fashion to make it the envy ofMachiavelli. Its students usually entered school with idealisticvisions of helping mankind, procuring a fashionablestandard of living, and all within the best tradition ofour free enterprise, work ethic system: life's chosen en­trepreneurs.We now find ourselves perhaps grudgingly admiredas technicians but treated, as a group, on a spectrumranging from tolerant suspicion to thinly veiled hostil­ity. We feel hounded by our professional colleagues ofthe bar, regimented by bureaucrats, impugned by thirdparty insurance carriers, audited by the IRS and envied(alas, without cause) by the public, who imagine us richbeyond comprehension.The scorecard for medicine and its practitioners israther sorry over the past half century.What then of our alma mater? How has it changed?Surprisingly, not at all, in my view.If one considers President Harper's vision of theideal medical school quoted in Storr's Harper's Univer­sity, one realizes that Harper not only achieved justsuch an institution in its inception, but that his descrip­tion of the school's personality applies equally well to­day. It is still and always has been an inquisitive place,one of intellectual curiosity and intellectual honesty.The Class of 1961Dr. Dennis K. WentzTwenty-one years have passed since the seventy-twomembers of the Class of 1961 sat as freshmen in Abbott101. We listened to Dean Ceithaml tell us that we werea most select group, that grades were unimportant (wecame to wonder at both of those over the next fouryears) and that we had come to a very fine medicalschool and University. Only eight of us had come fromthe state university system, the rest were from privatecolleges and universities across the country. Even so,we were a motley group and the individual personalitiesof that class would soon be apparent.Not surprisingly, we had an "EasternEstablishment"-the New York Times flourished in thefront rows of Biochemistry competing fiercely with theChicago Tribune and the Sun-Times. When ProfessorEvans arrived, most of the papers were lowered, andfurious note taking ensued. From Abbott, it was only ashort hop to Anatomy under the watchful eye of"Coach" Bill Kabisch. The odor of formaldehydelingered everywhere, but especially on us. During cof­fee breaks and mealtimes at the Commons we were os-60 tracized by the other, less aromatic, devotees of thedining area.Second quarter brought Dr. John Forbes Perkins andhis respiratory equations (unintelligible to a few andnow forgotten by most). The equations, however, weretempered by real excitement in his physiology labora­tory and the transcendent lectures of Ira Wool. Morethan a few souls needed the parties held that year atthe AKK house on Woodlawn Ave.The clinical yearsDrained by the experience of a busy sophomoreyear, some developed a syndrome, hypochondriasisfulminans , which was not attributable to contact withthe patients at the Home for the Incurables. Not­withstanding, we pressed on to the clinical years. Sur­vival was the main issue as we tackled the clinicalclerkships in another fierce year. We would rarely seeeach other as a group again, except at the bridge tablesin the lounge. It was the year that brought the Stanford"exodus" as some faculty members left for theWest Coast. Who present can forget the green-gownedsnowmen around the operating table which appeared inthe Abbott courtyard the day after the Stanford newsleaked? It was also the year of rounds with a host ofnew idols: Bay, Buchanan, Dorfman, Jacobson, Jen­kins, Kappas, Kenyon, Kirsner, Landau, Moseley,Mullan, Palmer, Pierce, Prohaska, Wright.As seniors, the pace relaxed in the ambulatoryclinics, the laboratories and at home. The talk eventurned to things cultural. Remember the spirited talkamong certain of the class who, by hook or by crook,did not miss the performances of the Lyric Opera, orthe Thursday evening "reunions" at Orchestra Hall?No less than twenty-four of the class had season ticketsto hear Fritz Reiner and the Chicago Symphony Or­chestra, at the grand student price of twenty-eight con­certs for $35.At the end of our four years, Charles Urschelemerged as the academic leader having maintained astraight "A" average. Just behind in rank was PhilEaton. We had lost only one of the original starters bygraduation, but had picked up several new faces alongthe way. Fifty-seven graduates (76 per cent) choserotating internships, while only nineteen (up fromtwelve the year before) opted for the newer "straight"internships in one specialty. Three postponed their in­ternships to do research or finish advanced degrees.We were a class who knew what we wanted. At thiswriting, 86 per cent of us reflect our original careerchoices. Only eleven have veered from the paths an­nounced at graduation. According to class files, thelargest number have chosen internal medicine.There are thirty-one who call themselves internists,although two each are endocrinologists,rheumatologists, and gastroenterologists, and one eachis in cardiology, hematology, and dermatology. Thenext most popular specialty after internal medicine waspediatrics, the choice of at least thirteen. These twoareas account for over 58 per cent-so much for thecurrent fad to redirect manpower into "primary care".Psychiatry was the third runner-up. The remainder ofthe class has gone into surgery, urology, obstetrics­gynecology, orthopedic surgery, radiology, anesthesiol­ogy, otolaryngology, ophthalmology, and pathology, indescending frequency.Geographic dispersionWe have traveled a long way from our hometownsand medical school. Only one member of the class stillretains ties with The University of Chicago. A total oftwenty-eight (36 per cent), however, are teaching orpracticing full-time in academic medical centers. Cur­rently, two of the class are departmental chairmen:Owen Rennert, just named professor and chairman ofPediatrics at the University of Oklahoma; and FloydFried, professor and chairman of Urology at the Uni­versity of North Carolina. In addition, five classmatesare division chairmen within large departments.Charles "Chuck" Urschel was the third class mem­ber to become a department head. Chuck was professorand chairman of the Department of Physiology at the University of South Alabama in Mobile until his suddendeath a year ago. Two other classmates have died: De­rald Reade, junior year transfer from the University ofSouth Dakota, died in 1971; and John Green, who wonthe Borden Award in 1961 for his undergraduate re­search in biochemistry, died in 1974.Thirty-eight or 50 per cent of the class are in privateor group practice, and four are in federal or state gov­ernment positions, including Ellen Alkon, Commis­sioner of Health for the City of Minneapolis, Minn.Another classmate is a corporate medical director, andat least four of the class are with Kaiser-Permanente orsimilar groups.The class has moved around until we now live almosteverywhere. Alaska is home for Dave Beal and PeteRosi, while Jim Lambeth and Bob Hinman have settledin Hawaii. Everyone has forsaken New York City, andthe most popular state is California, where thirteen re­side. The sunbelt of the South-Southwest boasts thelargest number of class members, who are undoubtedlyfollowing the national trend.Seventeen years later, this is the sketchy picture ofthe Class of 1961 that emerges based on available rec­ords: confident, assured contributors and leaders.Exactly what Dean Ceithaml hoped we would be, andfew of us thought we could be, as we first looked ateach other in Abbott that October day in 1957. Wewere vastly different individuals to the last, but duringthe. four years at .Chicago, we developed a qomradeshipwhich has not disappeared. It is reinforced when wemeet at odd moments and locations across the land.i hope many of us, as we think back to those days tothe Incessant search for quality, can echo the thoughtexpressed by John Gunther when he wrote about hisalma mater in 1965:"My own feeling is that it is still the most exciting univer­sity in the world."61The Class of 1968Dr. Hugh N. HazenfieldOurs was a confusing, frustrating era. We were in themidst of a war that was and that was not. The conflictaffected all our lives; some directly, for many of usserved in the military, and all of us indirectly.Political conflict was also a part of that era. Weknew well the unpopularity of those in high publicoffice; the activities of those students only slightlyyounger than us who were attempting to force changein the political system; and the effects of riots andarson around us, some victims of which became ourpatients.Most of us did not have the time to engage activelyin politics. We studied, performed our externships, sac­rificed along with our spouses and families, and becamephysicians.From our first encounter with Doctor Singer and hiscadavers to our commencement, we were a closegroup. We were also a small group. Seventy-three of usbegan our curriculum together and, with very little at­trition, we graduated together.Currently, we hear reports of competition carried toits extreme by pre-medical and medical students. I re­call none of that in our class. We found medical schoolan exciting, challenging, though sometimes frustrating,experience. Yet, we cooperated with each other. I re­call the long hours and good times-almost sacreligioustimes-we had in the anatomy lab, and our first "oper­ations" in Doctor Perkins' physiology lab. All of ourlaboratories were joint efforts as studying often was. Itwas the atmosphere The University of Chicago fostered:not knowledge at any cost, but knowledge for the sakeof knowledge.The University of Chicago created an ambiencewhich encouraged our studies. Our first year wasnearly confined to an area bounded by "P" Corridor,Abbott Hall, and the Anatomy Building on 57th Street.The epicenter of our life that year was approximatelysix feet southwest of the corner of 58th Street and EllisAvenue.With only one exception, as I recall, we completedthe first year together. It had been a difficult, fatiguing,stimulating year, which we finished with varying de­grees of knowledge and frustration. It is reported thatmedical students must add 13,000 words to their vo­cabulary during their training; we probably memorized11,000 that year alone.True to University of Chicago tradition, many, if notmost, of us worked on research projects during thesummer preceding our second year. That summer ex­perience was to have lifelong consequences. Somefound research so rewarding that an academic careerwas the only choice; some found it so intolerable that acareer in private practice was assured.The second year of studies found us again in lectures62 and laboratories, but for the first time we were permit­ted to venture into Billings Hospital areas other thanthe "P" Corridor. Although the new white coats andstethoscopes felt awkward, we were elated when firstaddressed as "Doctor". Our clinical skills were in theirinfancy at that state but matured rapidly under the ex­pert supervision of our preceptors and professors. Wegraduated from performing physical examinations oneach other to interviewing and examining patients. Ourhistories and physicals were at minimum ten arduouslyhandwritten pages. It was truly a test of fortitude forthe preceptors who read and corrected those tomes.The third and fourth years offered intensive trainingon the wards and in the clinics. We probably hadlonger lists of differential diagnoses and saw more exo­tic diseases than any other group of medical students inthe country, including access to a permanent residentof the hospital who demonstrated the ravages of lep­rosy.Career plansSince most of us were beginning to formulate plansfor a specialty career, rotations were alternately excit­ing and stimulating, or begrudgingly tolerated.Surgeons-to-be found medicine rounds interminable,while those with less aggressive bent were delighted toquote next week's New England Journal of Medicineand considered surgeons on a scale somewhere belowplumbers. The psychiatry rotation provided a delightfultwist in the form of two days and one riotous eveningat Manteno.We worked hard and faithfully. "Scut" work gener­ally fell upon us externs. Current trainees find itdifficult to believe that we did our own hemogramscomplete with differential and sedimentation rate,urinalyses, and reading of chest x-rays and electrocar­diograms. It was during this time that we saw the ef­fects of the political strife going on about us: instigatorsand victims alike became our patients. It was for us todeal with the effects and not the etiologies of that un­rest.Those four years were not without personal tragediesand triumphs for individual members of our class. I willnot enumerate the former, but triumphs included: manymarriages before graduation, several nominations forA.O.A., notifications of acceptance to the internship ofchoice for nearly everyone, and finally a Doctor ofMedicine degree from The University of Chicago.The University not only provided an atmosphere forexcellence, and the professorial and teaching staff toguarantee it, but, for many, the financial means tocomplete their education. Although many of us sac­rificed in order to pay for our education, the Universityassured us that no one would be dismissed from train­ing for financial reasons.On June 7, 1968, we donned caps and gowns and re­ceived our diplomas. For our families and us those dip­lomas were symbolic of pride and sacrifice; for ouralma mater they were symbolic of the efforts put intoour training and the knowledge that we would be repre­sentative of those efforts.After commencement, we went our individual ways.Internships were scattered widely. Several class mem­bers served in the military after internship and resi- dency. After subsequent trammg, our class diversifiedby specialty and interest. Geographically we extendfrom England to Hawaii, from Oregon to France, fromMinnesota to Nigeria.Our four years together formed the nucleus of our ef­fectiveness as teachers, investigators, physicians, andadministrators in our tasks of training new physicians,pushing forward medical frontiers, or treating the ill ofthe world.The Class of 1973:The Skit as PhoenixDr. Richard F. Gaeke, Class ChairmanSomehow, by 1973, the Pritzker School of Medicinehad been without a Senior Class Skit for several years.Students seem to have lost their sense of humor duringthe late 1960s. They took things too seriously; theytook themselves too seriously. If comedy is the enemyof hypocrisy and pretense, then hypocrisy and pretenseflourished. If a test of civilization is the flourishing ofcomedy and the comic spirit, then times were less thancivilized. If none of this was true, then perhapssunspots were responsible. Anyway, there had notbeen a skit for years.In 1973, maestros David Gilbert and Ted Pysher;composers and writers James Weese, Elizabeth Reidand Robert Kanter; actors Rudiger Kratz, RichardMier, Mary Higley Pretzer, Jim Reuler, EarlArmstrong; and many others joined to create a "jeeringburlesque" of events and people at the Medical Center.Dr. David Skinner, leading the Department of Surgeryback to greatness, was the central figure ("Mission Im­possible"). Also prominent were Dr. Joseph Kirsnerand his "Fellows of the Silver Stallion", Dr. ChristenRattenborg ("The Blood Gas Man"), Dr. RichardByyny ("Let's Make a Deal"), Mr. Robert Doerge,Drs. Alvin Tarlov, Peter Rosen, George Block (incolor), and others. The Senior Skit was reborn.Five years later, the Skit survives on a grand scale,and many of those mentioned above have become pe­rennial targets of humor. Planning begins nine to twelvemonths in advance. Writing, production and rehearsalspan three to six months of weekly meetings. When theevening of the play finally arrives, every seat in MandelHall is taken. Medical, nursing and administrative staff,laboratory and clerical personnel attend-virtuallyevery type of employee and student at the MedicalCenter. They all laugh like maniacs.In 1977, for the first time in the modern era, severalof the senior faculty presented a short sketch (duringthe students' production) in which they danced in cos­tume and sang of the naivete of medical students. Thisbrought riotous approval. Only five months before thisevent, the lake had frozen to the horizon, flat as a saltplain. It may be that faculty only sing and dance after such a winter passes into spring. Why students singand dance is uncertain, but in addition to the comicspirit and sunspots, naivete has been suggested.Even if we cannot explain the phenomenon, let it beremembered that in 1973, the tradition of the SeniorMedical Class Skit returned to the Midway. It con­tinues to flourish in the 50th Anniversary Year.63Dr. Charles P. McCartney ('43), President of the Medical Alumni Association, interviews Dean Robert 8. Ureiz (rightJ.A Look ForwardAn Interview with Dean Robert B. UretzThe following is an interview with Robert B. Uretz ,Vice President of the Medical Center and Dean of theDivision of Biological Sciences and the Pritzker Schoolof Medicine, conducted by Dr. Charles P. McCartney,President of the Medical Alumni Association. DeanUretz is the Ralph W. Gerard Professor of the Depart­ment of Biophysics and Theoretical Biology and theCollege. He had served as acting dean for a year priorto his appointment which was announced December Iby John T. Wilson, President of the University.DR. McCARTNEY: As the new dean, what are yourimmediate and general priorities?DEAN URETZ: We have a number of major priorities.A first priority is to fill open departmental chairman­ships. The chairs of the Departments of Anatomy andof Biology are currently open and there are retirementspending in other departments. There are also researchareas in which I do not believe we are as strong as weought to be, and can be. We have to do some coordi­nated faculty recruitment in order to develop strengthin these areas.64 Major priorities for us right now also center on issuesrelated to our physical facilities. The hospitals andclinics plant must meet modern functional and code re­quirements, be cost effective, allow us to deliver thebest possible health care, and provide the amenities forpatients appropriate to a school of our character andstrength. We are in the midst of a major feasibilitystudy to determine whether the better course lies incontinuing major renovation and repair of existing clin­ical facilities, or, alternatively, to do a substantialamount of new construction with emphasis on newnursing units, general clinical facilities for obstetricsand gynecology, and new facilities for clinical radiol­ogy.DR. McCARTNEY: What does the expanded affiliationwith Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center meanto our Medical Center and to the University?DEAN URETZ: There are a number of aspects to theaffiliation. It significantly enlarges the facilities andmanpower we have available for educational purposes.It increases the opportunities for broadened researchprograms. There is significant research interest and ac­tivity at Michael Reese, and collaborative research pro­grams will be important. It will permit the two institu­tions to complement each other in specialized andcostly clinical care programs. The affiliation also estab­lishes a closer partnership in dealing with the problemsof health care delivery systems and patterns in our sur­rounding communities. We are working together todefine our roles in the health care system and to ensurethe development of rational health care delivery sys­tems which are not counterproductive to our owninterests.DR. McCARTNEY: Will Michael Reese take some ofthe overload of our emergency room?DEAN URETZ: Most of our overload comes not fromtrue emergencies, but from patients who come to theemergency room simply because they have no otheraccess to health care. We are working with MichaelReese on solutions to this problem.DR. McCARTNEY: Would you comment on the healthpolicies of the University as they relate to governmen­tal health agencies?DEAN URETZ: As everyone is aware of by now, thehealth care industry, and even the academic side of ourclinical enterprise, is becoming heavily regulated by alllevels of government. President Wilson noted in hisState of the University message that the medical enter­prise was taking on many of the characteristics of aregulated public utility. It takes an enormous amount ofour time to follow all of the regulatory issues; to par­ticipate in the political process; and to deal with theconsequences for our institution, including issues ofcost containment and rate setting, distribution of re­sidencies, curriculum content and clinical operations.In fact, to deal effectively with these developments,President Wilson has appointed a committee, which Ichair, on Health Care Planning Policies. It is aUniversity-wide committee and advises on all healthpolicy and regulatory issues which may have an impacton the University.DR. McCARTNEY: The University turned down 'capi­tation' funds. How much did these funds amount toand will there be a problem in raising necessary moneyto make up the difference?DEAN URETZ: Our best guess is that we stand to losehalf a million dollars a year by turning down the funds.Our hope is that we could make up a fair portion ofthat amount through special gift raising efforts. How­ever, Congress has taken a fresh look at the legislationthey passed, which we found so objectionable, and hasproduced new legislation. The regulations which willdetermine the operational details of new legislation oncapitation have not yet been written and we, along withall the other schools that turned down capitation, haveto take a close look at whether we can consider tryingto qualify for funds under the new regulations. Ourfaculty has voted opposition to any legislation whichprevents us from freely applying our own admissions standards. We will have to look at the new legislationin that light.DR. McCARTNEY: What does that $500,000 mean interms of the medical school budget?DEAN URETZ: It would have an impact of about 2.5per cent on our core academic budget and it wouldprobably be closer to 5 to 10 per cent of that portion ofthe budget applicable to undergraduate medical educa­tion.DR. McCARTNEY: Do you have any plans for continu­ing medical education?DEAN URETZ: We plan to place a strong emphasis oncontinuing medical education for a number of reasonsand are exploring the possibilities of foundation supportfor new programs. We agree with the general recogni­tion that continuing education is a critical element inthe professional life of physicians in this day and age.Education simply cannot cease. As an educational in­sitution and a leading teaching hospital, we have a re­sponsibility to play a major role in the provision ofhealth care education at all levels. Furthermore, we be­lieve such participation offers a large quid pro quo tothe institution in terms of our relationships with thephysician community. We plan to especially emphasizecontinuing education opportunities for alumni and togive them first priority in participation.DR. McCARTNEY: Some departments have offeredmini-residencies for alumni. Do you plan to expand thisprogram?DEAN URETZ: Yes. I have talked with departmentalchairmen and faculty involved in mini-residency pro­grams and they all feel the programs have been suc­cessful and are enthusiastic about them.DR. McCARTNEY: Would you care to comment on theoutlook for the future?DEAN URETZ: There are a host of problems and mat­ters of concern facing us, both of internal origin andimposed upon us from the outside. However, in thisaspect we are no different from other academic medicalcenters at the present time. I think our specialstructure-the integration of all the biological scienceswithin the same administrative unit, the proximity ofthe hospital to the academic enterprise, our location onthe central campus of the University-and our basicstrength and character, and the dedication of our fac­ulty give us the ability to meet these challenges in avery positive way. I am enthusiastic about our oppor­tunities and intend to keep moving right ahead.DR. McCARTNEY: In closing, do you have any specialmessage for the alumni?DEAN URETZ: I consider the alumni to have a veryspecial place in the life of our medical school and cen­ter. We count on them as friends and family in manyways and in turn want to be of service to them. It is arelationship I intend to emphasize and nurture. I lookforward to close interactions with the alumni.65Launching the Next 50 Years:Ribbon-Cutting Ceremony andDedication of the Surgery-BrainResearch Pavilion Nov. 15Three women pause to read the Tablet in the lobby of the Pavilion. Dr. Douglas Buchanan, Prof. Emeritus Depts.Pediatrics and Neurology, speaks at thededication ceremony.�ARGARfT HOOVER FAYAND WILLIAM E. FAY, JR.BRAIN RESEARCHINSTITUTEThe William E. Fay, Jr. family gathers below their plaque.From left to right: Dean Robert B. Uretz (partially obscured), Dr. John F. Mullan, Mr.William E. Fay, [t ., Mrs. Clarence Reed, Mrs. Fay and daughter, Lisa, enter the Surgery-BrainResearch Pavilion.66 Benefactors, Mr. William E. Fay, Jr. and Dr. ClarenceReed (right) cut the ribbon as Dean Robert B. Uretzlooks on. .PhotosIf you were photographed during the 50th AnniversaryCelebration week and would like a copy of the photo,or copies of any of the photos which appear in this is­sue, here's your chance to order them.Prices are $2 for each 5" x 7" print and $3 for each8" x 10" print. Please include a single postage fee of40 ¢ if you are ordering only 5" x 7" prints, or 50 ¢ ifyou are ordering both sizes or 8" x 10" prints only.Make checks or money orders payable to The Uni-versity of Chicago and send them with your order to:The Medical Alumni AssociationThe University of Chicago1025 East 57th StreetCulver Hall, Room 400Chicago, Illinois 60637Allow two weeks for delivery. Do not send cash.Medicine on the MidwayThe University of ChicagoThe Medical Alumni AssociationThe Pritzker School of Medicine1025 East 57th StreetChicago, Illinois 60637•Address corrections requestedreturned postage guaranteed NON-PROFIT ORG.U.S. POSTAGEPAIDPERMIT NO. 9666CHICAGO, ILL.CalendarTuesday, April 11Reception for alumni and spouses ofChicago Lying-in Hospital duringAmerican College of Obstetriciansand Gynecologists Meeting inAnaheim, California, DisneylandHotel, 5:30-7:00.Tuesday, April 18Reception for alumni and spousesduring American College of Physi­cians Meeting in Boston, CopleyPlaza, 5:30-7:00.Wednesday, May 1732nd Senior Scientific Session, Bil­lings Hospital, P-117, 9:00-5:00.Thursday, June 8Medical Alumni Day: breakfasthonoring Century Club members,scientific program, awards luncheon,and evening banquet honoringgraduates.Reunion classes and Class Chairmen:1943 Charles P. McCartney,M.D. (March)1943 W. E. Froemming,M.D. (December)1948 Asher J. Finkel, M.D.1953 Frank W. Fitch, M.D.1958 Gerald P. Herman, M.D.1963 Rostik Zajtchuk, LTC, MC1968 Burr Eichelman, M.D.1973 Richard F. Gaeke, M.D.