Medicine on the Midway /;/ Vol. 32 No.2Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association The University of ChicagoDivision of the Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School of MedicineJAN 3 1918--50th21nnillUSQI'!! �clrbrQtionCover: An early view of BillingsHospital. This month the medicalschool celebrates fifty years ofmedical education on the mid­way. Fu II coverage of events com­prising a week-long commemora­tion, held November 13-18, willbe included in the next issue ofMedicine on the Midway.Medicine on the MidwayVolume 32, No.2 Fall 1977Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association of The Uni­versity of Chicago Division of the Biological Sciencesand The Pritzker School of Medicine.Copyright 1977 by the Medical Alumni AssociationThe University of ChicagoEditor: Jay Flood KistContributing Editor: James S. SweetPhotographers: Dick Katschke, Sandi Kronquist,Robert M. Lightfoot II I, John Pontarelli, Donald Rocker,Mike Shields, Wayne Sorce, Don Tortorell, andG. VuarchexMedical Alumni AssociationPresident: Charles P. McCartney ('43)President-Elect: Joseph H. Skom ('52)Vice President: Frank W. Fitch ('53)Secretary: Sumner C. Kraft ('55)Director: Katherine Wolcott WalkerCouncil MembersHoward L. Bresler ('57)Richard H. Evans ('59)Herbert B. Greenlee ('55)Julian J. Rimpila ('66)Randolph W. Seed ('60)Benjamin H. Spargo ('52)Asher J. Finkel ('48)CorrectionThe first-year resident pictured on thecover of Volume 32, No.1 of Medicineon the Midway is named Dr. DavidSales, not Sands, as was printed. ContentsThe Doctor as CitizenDr. Joseph H. Skorn 4HexagonsDr. Francis H. Straus II 6Medicine as an Academic Discipline atthe University of Chicagollza Veith 13Focus on NeurobiologyDr. Richard L. Landau 19Cerebral CluesLeonard Radinsky 21Orchis- Tending in the DesertDr. Henri Denninger 25Is There a Doctor in the House? 28News Briefs 31In Memoriam 36Departmental News 36Alumni News 39Divisional Alumni News 413The Doctor as CitizenDr. Joseph H. SkomAs American medicine has advanced, professionally andtechnically, the participation of doctors in public affairshas declined. The physicians of the colonial period, to besure, participated more in the running of their countrythan the doctors of today. Of the thirty-five hundred doc­tors in the colonies, many took an active part in politicsor warfare-or both. Among the signers of the Declara­tion of I ndependence were six physicians. Two of the sixbecame governors. Two went to their state legislaturesand ultimately became judges, one in his State SupremeCourt. Another became an iron master. Only one con­tinued to practice medicine: the Midwest's own Dr. Ben­jamin Rush.A colleague accused Rush of killing more people bybloodletting than the combined total of lives saved by allother therapeutic measures. Rush sued and was awarded$5,000 (which he donated to charity), a fantastic sum,especially for those days. Wrong in retrospect, he wasright for his time, and thus innocent, a principle thatseems to be ignored in much malpractice activity today.More important, Dr. Rush and his colleagues remind usof a tradition that has since languished: once doctors tookit for granted that social involvement was a duty.Today, physicians tend to see themselves in one ormore of the following roles-diagnostician, treater of ill­ness, teacher, researcher. All, of course, understand theyare perennial students. These functions performed, to thebest of their abilities, they believe their responsibilities tobe discharged. In fact, however, as we have entered intopublic health, environmental and industrial medicine, andother areas in which we utilize our education and experi­ence in ways not directly involved with patient care, ourspheres of responsibility have expanded. Developmentsin three areas-scientific/technological, social/economic,and governmental-now make the traditional role of thephysician more complicated and, therefore, more dif­ficu It.In the last few decades, medicine and science, aftercenturies of relative stagnation, have moved forward at arapid pace. Because science and technology cannot doeverything, and because an individual practitioner can nolonger master all of science and technology, our problemsat the bedside have expanded. With the increase inknowledge comes a heavier obligation, not only to utilizescientific advances in the practice of clinical medicine,but to do so in such a way that we do not lose our abilityto provide also for the human support needs of our pa­tients.But the progress in science is not the only source ofnew complications in medical practice. Many of the prob-4 lems we face result from social and economicconditions-in other words, from non-biologic de­terminants of disease. For example, much of the pathol­ogy that we see stems from living conditions that are bothmiserable and dangerous. Poor housing, leaded paints ontenement walls, crowding, inadequate nutrition, noiseand other environmental pollutants-all are social causesof disease, and all are becoming more prevalent and moreI;I1/jserious. Other sources of disease and disability arecigarette-smoking, drug- and alcohol-abuse, and fast driv­ing.Medical offshoots of social and economic forces, theseproblems cannot be solved through the classical patient­doctor interchange. They can be solved only if we arewilling to assume, together with the old obligations, anadditional responsibility-to generate the political pres­sures necessary to change social conditions which en­danger our patients. Hospitals and medical schools alonecannot do the job for us. We ourselves must becomeactive outside our profession, organizing into groups andacting as catalysts even within nonmedical organizations,since the eradication of most of the problems I havementioned requires attitudinal changes from the publicand ultimately from government.Participation in such new activities of course meanslending ourselves to the study of complex questions.Where, for example, is the line between proper publiceducation and regulatory responsibilities? If a highcholesterol, high poly saturated-fat diet should be shownincontrovertibly to cause cardiovascular disease, will wepass laws making butter- and egg-producers felons andpunish the users as well? What about tobacco farmersand cigarette manufacturers? Are we also to take intoaccount the well-being of millions of workers in thesefields?Still more complicated are the moral and ethical ques­tions inherent in current medical practice. Doctors areasked to make decisions regarding antenatal diagnosis,abortion, and who shall have access to such life-savingmeasures as renal dialysis therapy and organ transplants.We must explore these questions with people outside ourprofession, talk with our patients and their families, ex­change views with the entire community, and offer thebenefit of our knowledge, experience, compassion, andoften our ignorance, so that we may help our societymake informed decisions.But the most vexing and challenging problem we faceemotionally, if not intellectually, is the expanding role ofgovernment in medicine. We now have PSROs, HSAs,mandatory continuing medical education, and we willhave relicensure laws. There is the medical manpoweract. Violating at least four Constitutional amendments,there is the government's two-pronged effort to alter bothmedical school admission standards and residency pro­grams and to force the redistribution of physicians ac­cording to location and speciality (Washington's argu­ment being that a physician, like a policeman or fireman,is a public servant to be deployed at the discretion ofgovernment officials). It is up to us to help decidewhether such drastic measures are justified or whetherbetter solutions, within the limits of our Constitution, arepossible.I do not mean to imply that all government-generatedsolutions are wrong. National Health Insurance, forexample, is not necessarily bad. Often condemned by themedical community, such insurance (if one sticks to itsreal definition and goals) is really a fiscal device, univer­sally applied, to underwrite economic losses due to dis­ease. The many strong political lobbies are making a mis- Dr. Joseph Skarn at his class reunion last June.take when they equate National Health Insurance with aNational Health Service, which, called by any name, isstill a socialized medical program.As society becomes more complex and the role of thedoctor becomes more difficult, the need for doctors toassume their responsibilities as citizens becomes in­creasingly important. Despite heavier demands upon ourtime and our energies, we must nevertheless enter re­gions outside the examining room and the laboratory. Wemust let our neighbors know what is needed to improvecare, relieve symptoms, prevent disease, save lives.Let us remember that we are, in the new language ofbureaucracy, "consumers" as well as "providers," thatwe are, in other words, citizen-members of a society. Letus also remember that, if we do not take seriously ourresponsibilities as citizens, society may insist we adapt toa different medical role, less demanding upon our timeand our intellect, but which compromises what we knowto be the highest standards of medical care and, there­fore, a role less appealing to our emotions. Let us, inshort, take Pogo's words to heart: "We have met theenemy, and they is us."Or. Joseph H. Skom ('52), President-Elect of the MedicalAlumni Association and immediate past president of theIllinois State Medical Society, is Associate Professor ofClinical Medicine at Northwestern University MedicalSchool, and has a private practice in internal medicine. Hisspeech at the Scientific Program by Distinguished ServiceAward Recipients, during Medical Alumni Day, June 8,was based upon the above text.5HexagonsOr. Francis H. Straus IIBesides being neat six-sided geometrical figures or twotrapezoids base to base, hexagons call forth many associ­ations. First there are the ciphers used in chemistry toindicate benzene rings. The next thing that comes tomind are those tile bathrooms of the twenties and thirties,where a multitude of tiny, white, six-sided tiles wereplaced closely together, covering the floor and half wayup the walls. As you looked at them, different groupingswould seem to stand out in relief and when you lookedback, the same group would have apparently receded sothat there was a depressed pattern. Another thoughtmight be a larger, more powerful society-controlling,military-industrial complex called "Hexagon" instead ofour all-too-familiar Pentagon.Well, enough jousting with words. Picture yourself as apearly white, smooth, banana-shaped egg approximately1.5 mm or 1/8th of an inch long. This egg is ejected fromthe posterior of a queen bee, dropping toward the bottomof a graceful, hexagon-shaped cylinder. Honeybee combsalways hang vertically with two layers of cells facingoutward from a central separating wall. The cells are per­fect hexagonal prisms and share common walls with thesurrounding cells. The common central wall is the floorfor cells facing each way. The cells do not abut base-to­base, but the floor of one cell facing one way shares por­tions of the floors of three cells facing the other way. Inother words, they are staggered.If you draw circles, octagons, and pentagons, there isalways waste space between the figures. These shapeswould require some double walls or very thick wallsusing much more beeswax. Triangles, squares or hexa­gons can share common walls, but the hexagonal struc­ture is the .strongest, and requires the least amount ofbuilding material. Bees usually build comb cells with thehexagon angles pointing directly up and down. The anglemay facilitate filling or it may be stronger placed in suchan orientation. A beeswax comb carries forty-eight timesits own weight in honey. It probably could carry more ifhoney were more dense.The cell base is made of three rhombic planes, each ofwhich, on the lateral sides, form the foundation of twowalls of the hexagon to be built outwards. The other twosides will form the foundation for two side walls of thehexagon facing the opposite direction. Many bees worksimultaneously, dropping in and out of the building front.Each seems to know exactly where to place the nextpiece of wax since the comb grows without seams ormismatched walls. Each cell wall meets its neighbor at aprecise 120 degree angle. The whole cell is angled by 13degrees, with the base lower than the mouth. This angleprevents evaporating honey from flowing out and tends tokeep larva forms toward the bottom where food materialsare deposited.6 The hexagonal diameter is 5.2 mm for a regular cell and6.2 mm for a drone cell. The wax is a uniform 0.073 mmthick throughout, with a variation no more than 2thousandths of a millimeter.How do bees achieve such precision? They use theirheads as a plummet because they have very delicate sen­sory hairs which point up toward the head from thethorax. Gravity pulls the head, and the hairs sense thepressure change. In experiments, placing a gummy sub­stance on these hairs causes building bees to sit aroundand allow their wax flakes to drop to the floor.It is believed that bees determine the diameter of thehexagon by using their front legs as a caliper. The mainevidence for this is that the queen lays fertilized eggs inregular cells (queen cells) and unfertilized eggs in dronecells. If her front legs are trimmed back, she lays ahelter-skelter of eggs in various cells because she cannotsense the size of the opening. Workers probably use thesame sensory method while building.How do they develop such uniformity of the waxwalls? The worker measures the elastic resilience byprobing down with its mandibles and feeling the "bounceback" with its downturned antennae. If the rebound istoo slow, the bee shaves off some wax with its mandibles.Trimming the antennae from building workers causesthem to build walls of irregular thickness in which, how­ever, the size, angles, and orientation are quite good.Hanging comb sheets of a new wild hive seem to followthe same plane as comb sheets in the original hive. Ifheavy magnets are placed outside the new hive, the hang­ing comb orientation will be displaced to the same de­gree, for apparent magnetic north is changed by the arti­ficial magnetic field. Bees seem to have a built-in com­pass.The larva which hatches from the egghas no sight or appendages. It is just aglorified intestine with a large mouth atone end.Back now to the egg dropping to the bottom of a singlecomb cell. The egg sticks and, for the next three days,shows no external activity. This apparent external calmis matched by great internal activity. During these threedays, the single egg cell and yoke material transform intoa small worm-like larva by active cell division, migration,and differentiation. The larva which hatches from the egghas no sight or appendages. It is just a glorified intestinewith a large mouth at one end. Its only job is to eat and, insix days, its weight increases more than SOO-fold. It is asif a newborn human baby turned into a 3,000-poundelephant in six days.For the first three days the larva is fed "food juice"­salivary secretions from the workers' mouths. These lar­vae show the ultimate in gourmand behavior. For thenext three days, the worker bees carefully introduce intothe cell a balanced diet of protein (pollen) and carbohy­drate (honey), all of which disappears down the gullet ofthe larva. When the larva is fully grown, the workers sealthe comb cell with a waxy cap. The larva spins a silkyundercap and, without any more food, begins themetamorphosis to adult honeybee form. Twelve days lat­er, a new adult worker bee emerges. The area of combused to raise young bees is called brood comb.Development to this stage requires much care andpampering by the whole colony, which provides thecomb cells in which these first stages occur. The colonyalso maintains a constant temperature of ninety-five de­grees Fahrenheit around the brood sections of the comb.Any lowering of temperature brings crowds of adultworkers to the brood area to generate heat. If the tem­perature exceeds ninety-five degrees Fahrenheit, theworkers bring water to the comb and fan it with theirwings to evaporate and cool the brood. The early salivarygland secretions, and later honey and pollen, are allgathered and fed by the workers. All this effort must beexpended to produce an adult bee with a life span ofapproximately twenty-eight to thirty-five days during thesummer season. The bees present in a colony in latesummer become the wintering-over group and may liveseven to eight months at this latitude.How do adult workers know what tasks to perform?Worker tasks tend to shift in a regular fashion throughoutthe adult life span. All bees follow the same progression.The first ten-day period is the "homemaker" time. Thebee may emerge from its brood cell, then turn rightaround and clean it of all debris left from its own larvaland pupal stages. Then the inside walls are chewed out,and the cell is recognized as ready for the queen to de­posit a new egg in it. After the bee cleans other cells andwarms the brood, the feeding gland in the head enlargesand begins to produce food juice, which is carefully fed totwo or three brood larva during their first three days.Late in the homemaker period the bee will come out ofthe hive for a short five-minute orientation flight, but re­turns soon for the second building-manufacturing­defending stage, which lasts about ten more days.Then food glands regress and wax glands develop, lo­cated on both sides of the abdomen. The glands exudesmall flakes of waxy material, which are carried forwardto the mouth and chewed until the right consistency. Thebee then sets this down and works it into shape upon thesurface of growing comb where the comb needs extend­ing. During this middle stage, bees digest nectar beingbrought into the hive and deposit it into storage cells forevaporation. This becomes honey, and the cell is cappedover with a thin layer of wax. Bees in this stage alsocollect pollen from the forager bees and pack it into stor­age cells near brood. Clutter and dead bees are cartedaway and dumped outside.The end of this middle stage is occupied by guardingthe door. These bees fight off all intruders to the colony.Their stingers retract after they sting other insects, butremain caught by their barbs when lodged in vertebrate'sskin. The poison gland and barbed stinger remain at­tached to the recipient and continue to inject acidic toxininto the skin. If stung by a bee, as quickly as possiblescrape your skin surface with a sharp instrument to dis­lodge the stinger before it injects further. Do not grab the stinging apparatus between thumb and forefinger to dis­lodge it, because as you pull out the apparatus yousqueeze into your skin all the contents of the poison sac.Baking powder applied to the site will neutralize the acidtoxin and help minimize the effect.The forager bee visits hundreds of floralnectaries to fill its pouch, and each cellof honey must represent thousands offlower visits.The third stage of adult life for the worker is as afull-fledged forager who brings nectar and pollen back tothe colony. This period lasts from eight to fourteen days.The forager bee visits hundreds of floral nectaries to fillits pouch, and each cell of honey must representthousands of flower visits. Pollen is picked up by hairs onthe hind legs when the bee reaches its long tongue downthe flower throat, searching for nectar.This is the usual progression of activity a worker beefollows throughout its life span, but how rigid is this pro­gression? If the colony were in great need of new comb,would more bees be brought to that activity? Or if thehive owner removed all the honey, could more workersbe enlisted to foraging activity to replace the lost foodstores? The answer is yes, to a degree. The turning on ofglandular activity is an endocrine maturation phenome­non but, interestingly, if there is great need for comb, theyoung workers will rush through the pre-waxrnakingstages and will remain in wax production longer. Simi­larly, if foraging is the needed activity, all the earlierstages are rushed through so that more foraging bees areactive. Biologists do not yet know how environmentalfactors are so obviously able to affect endocrinology.Lysenko, take note.Observation of a bee colony's ability to develop astrong work force to meet the greatest need was firstshown by Karl von Frisch, the famous German insectethologist. He did this by devising clever ways to sepa­rate older bees from younger ones. This could be accom­plished by using a rotating comb where all forager beesreturned to a similar but separate comb. The younghousekeeping bees stayed, and soon there was no nectaror pollen being brought in. As hunger became evident,the younger bees soon turned to foraging. Similarly, theolder bee group naturally did not feed the larva or pro­duce enough wax, so mature bees that had already passedthrough those stages went back to them. It appearsbiologically more difficult to return to a previous stagethan to accelerate to a more advanced stage.The life cycle of the queen bee is quite different fromthat of a worker, although it begins in the exact samemanner. That same little fertilized egg described earliercould tum into a queen if it were deposited in a muchlarger special comb cell usually attached to the bottom orside edge of a brood comb area. When the egg hatches,the larva is fed as much food juice as it can eat. This7salivary gland secretion is stuffed into the cell and thelarva grows larger. A worker larva is switched over to apollen and honey diet at three days, but the queen larva isburied in more food juice. The observation of this excessfood material in the queen cell led observers to call it"royal jelly"; it is not a special chemical substance, justmore nutrition, which allows the queen to grow up to be areproducing female instead of an incomplete female likethe worker bees. When the queen larva pupates, there isstill considerable food in her cell, which she finishes be­fore metamorphosis begins.The queen emerges three days sooner than the worker.A colony will usually start queen cells when they areovercrowded, if their own queen is elderly, or in thespring when a large honey crop is still anticipated. Thenewly-hatched queen has to be fed and has no ability tocare for herself. Fortunately, she exudes a chemical sub­stance which younger workers need for a sense of well-be­ing (a little like heroin or valium in modem human soci­ety, or Social Security in the Depression). This attractioninsures that the queen will be cared for.Any and all available drones follow her.According to all the best romantic feel­ings, the strongest, handsomest dronecatches up with her and impregnatesher with semen.If the colony is strong and uncrowded and has a lot of"queen substance," new queens are not started or aredestroyed when they hatch. If the colony is crowded, thenewly-hatched queen attracts a portion of the workers toherself and sets up housekeeping. The old queen swarmsaway with her portion of the colony. The new queengains strength and flies out of the hive on her "marriage"flight. Any and all available drones follow her. Accordingto all the best romantic feelings, the strongest, hand­somest drone catches up with her and impregnates herwith semen. Then the ultimate in emasculation occurs.The semen, exposed to air, hardens like glue, fusing themale copulating organ into the queen' s vagina. The dronemust break away, leaving his cherished parts behind.From this one encounter, the queen receives enoughsperm to last her reproductive life of about five years.The sperm is stored in a separate sac (the spermathecalpouch) and the queen releases one or two tiny sper­matozoa as each egg passes down the ovaduct. Theseeggs are fertilized as they drop into the comb cell to growand hatch. The egg laid in a drone cell is not fertilized andgrows by parthenogenesis, forming an embryo withoutthe benefit of two parents. It is a direct copy of the queenexcept for its sex. This has been verified by cytogeneticstudies of chromosome numbers and by genetic experi­ments with different-colored bees.The queen bee is just a glorified egg factory. She ishelpless in all things except laying eggs. She spends mostof her day sticking her head into empty comb cells to see8 if they are clean and empty, and then depositing her ab­domen in the cell, where the egg is laid. Sloppy or lazyqueens may deposit several eggs in the same cell; work­ers come along and distribute them so that one egg re­mains in each cell. The queen may lay fifteen hundredeggs per day, which equals her total weight, so she musteat well. She continues like this for years, laying manyeggs in the spring, more in summer, clustering with hercolony all winter, and then starting again in the spring.Drones are stupid, fat, and greedy. Theirsole purpose is to fertilize queens, andfor this they are coddled by the colony.Drones are the product of an unfertilized egg placed ina slightly larger hexagonal comb cell. They take threedays more than workers to hatch from the pupal stage.They usually hatch in May and are not developed by thecolony any other time of year. A given colony may hatchout several hundred in the spring. Drones are stupid, fat,and greedy. Their brains are very small, a fraction of thesize of a queen' s or a worker's brain. They are totallyunable to care for themselves and need to be fed andcleaned up after. Their sole purpose is to fertilize queens,and for this they are coddled by the colony.True Prince Charmings, they spend most of their timeflying, looking for virgin queens on their mating flights.Then summer comes and no more new queens are likelyto need impregnating. The workers in the colony becomemore and more exasperated with the freeloading drones,and begin to tease and bite them. This aggressive activitybecomes steadily stronger until the drone is stung todeath or ejected from the hive mouth, where he will die ofstarvation. The drones are rather pathetic; they haveonly their bulk, and no ability to sting or defend them­selves.When a group of bees and their fertilized queen swarm,they leave the colony with great fanfare and settle aroundthe queen on a nearby branch. Here they reside untilscout bees bring back word of a good shelter. Often dif­ferent scouts will return with enthusiastic wishes to carrythe swarm to different sites. The dialog continues bysending out new scouts, who return with their own en­thusiasms. Eventually all the scouts are won over to thebest location, and that is where the swarm goes to start itsnew colony.Scientists have waited for scout agreement and thenmoved another colony into the proposed homesite. Thescouts then become confused, stop dancing for thathomesite, and look and dance for the next best home.The swarm may remain "hanging" on the branch for afew hours if a new site is at hand, or for several days ifthere is difficulty in finding a new home. .Bee culture has existed for as long as humans havebanded together and attempted to grow their nourishmentlocally. It is hard for us today to realize what the qualityof life was like without sugar. Cane sugar and beet sugarare very recent agricultural products. Before these,honey was the strongest sweetener available.The first written history of honey ISfound in Egyptian hieroglyphs.Honey was certainly collected sporadically by primi­tive, nomadic man. When early civilization developed onthe Tigris and Euphrates river banks, bee culture wasprobably developed along with grain culture. The firstwritten history of honey is found in Egyptian hiero­glyphs. In fact, a king of lower Egypt (Mykerinos) used abee logo in 3633 B. C. The early Egyptians raised beecolonies in clay pipes. Classical philosophers wroteabout bee culture and how wondrous were the gifts ofhoney and wax to mankind.All bee culture up to the mid-19th century consisted ofraising a colony in a hollow log, box, house, or strawdome. Inside, the colony would hang comb down fromthe top. The only way the honey and wax could be har­vested was to sacrifice the colony and squeeze the honeyout of the waxy comb which had been removed from theshelter box or skep. Honey from wild colonies was simi­larly obtained by destruction of the colony and squeezingthe honey out of the comb. Of course the pollen storesand bee larva would be squeezed out with the honey.In 1789, Huber first developed a beehive with movablewooden frames. He did this to observe how comb wasfashioned by the bees. His first hive consisted of woodenframes held together like the pages of a book. Opening itdisturbed the bees very much. A later observation boxallowed glass-covered frames to be raised by means ofthumb screws. Later, in 1838, Dzierzon, who first de­scribed parthenogenesis in drones, improved upon themovable frame idea, and Baron Berlepsch developed thefour-sided wooden frame in 1852.In those days the apiarist would tack a small piece ofcomb on the top to show the bees how to orient the rest ofthe comb. Unfortunately, the bees built all sorts of combbetween the movable wooden frames and the hive wall,so when time came to remove the honeycomb, the frameswould not budge. Then an American, Reverend L. L.Langstroth, came along. His parish must not have beenvery demanding because, with great care and accuracy,he figured out how big a space bee comb makers wouldleave open and how much bigger a space they would tryto fill with comb. He proceeded to design the Langstrothhive. All clearances between wooden frames and the out­side walls are carefully constructed to be narrow, and thebees will not build comb in the passages. It is this hivewhich is still in widespread use in this country.In England they use a WBC hive, which consists of aninner hive box similar to the Langstroth and an outer box,with air insulation between the two. In the far north cli­mates, straw or paper insulation is placed between theinner and outer shells. The movable frames were mod­ified by putting a molded sheet of beeswax in the center Dr. Straus could have auditioned for a role in Star Wars wearing hisprotective beekeeper's garb.of the frame, just as a picture is inserted in a pictureframe. From this the bees could "draw out" their hex­agonal comb cells much more easily, and the newly-builtcomb would always be in the right orientation.A German beekeeper named Krechner first developedthis idea of a wax foundation in 1843. Still, this wax sheettended to sag if the comb was full of heavy honey andbecame warm. Next, reinforcing wires were stretchedback and forth several times on each side of the waxfoundation sheet, which gave the finished comb addedstrength. When the comb was put in a honey extractor, itthen did not fall apart. The newest wrinkle is to sandwicha plastic sheet of mylar inside beeswax onto which thehexagonal pattern of honeycomb is stamped.At harvest time, the movable frames are lifted from thetop of the hive where the colony has stored honey. Thebrood is usually down low in the hive. The frames, afterbeing cleared of bees, are decapped using a fork-like in­strument with fifty sharp round prongs placed close to­gether. These prongs are driven parallel to the comb sur­face just under the thin wax caps used to cover filledhoney cells. Then the prongs are lifted up, removing thecaps from the comb. It is tricky. The first side is no9problem, but when you tum the frame over to decap theother side, the honey from the first side begins to droolout. Under these circumstances, speed is useful. Oncedecapped, the frames are placed in a rack which spinsaround inside a large galvanized drum. Centrifugal forcedraws the honey out of the comb. It settles down to thebottom of the drum and can be drawn off for filtering andbottling.Honey keeps very well without preservatives. It is toosweet for any bacterial, fungal, or yeast growth.Watered-down honey will, with yeast activity, ferment tomake mead, but pure honey will not. Bottled honey maycrystallize, which produces an even thicker substancethat has the advantage of not flowing off your morningtoast so easily. It is a little crunchy between the teeth.American Indians used to remark thatwhen the bees arrived the settlers werenot far behind.One of the first necessities an English colonist broughtwith his family was a colony of bees to provide a continu­ing supply of sweets. Fortunately, a hive of bees with agood store of honey could withstand the sea voyage bet­ter than the head of the family. No bees were present onthe North American continent before Europeans arrived.Modem honeybees originated in the near east or north­ern India. The new bee colonies brought by the coloniststhrived in the new land and soon began growing swarmsin the spring. These new colonies moved off into hollowtrees in the surrounding forests. The bees strayed aheadof the expanding colonists, but a close relationship re­mained. The American Indians used to remark that whenthe bees arrived, the settlers were not far behind. TheIndians would then begrudgingly pack their belongingsand move west until the bee sentinels arrived again.Bee migration has not been of concern since the frontierdays, but now it is again a problem for the inhabitants ofthe North American continent. Some years ago, a Brazi­lian beekeeper crossed an Italian bee with an Africanstrain. This produced a "black" bee which is more activein collecting nectar but also turns out to be much moreaggressive. Reports claim these bees will attack humans,stinging children to death, and that local bees are nomatch for them. Indigenous bees are soon replaced bythe new aggressive strain. These bees have been slowlyspreading, and Brazil and Venezuela are now nearlycompletely occupied. They are expected to migrate upthe Central American isthmus, and U.S. officials are try­ing to develop a line of defense somewhere in Panama.Even if these bees reach the U.S., it is unlikely they willbe a threat in this area, for they are warm weather beesand cannot survive our prolonged freezing winters.Communication among bees is a fascinating subjectand one which is presently somewhat controversial. It isclear that a single forager who stumbles upon a richsource of nectar can do the whole colony a great service10 by reporting the location to other foragers back at thehive, who head right there to collect the nectar. Thefancy name for this is recruitment.In the early 1920s, von Frisch first noticed a rounddance and a figure eight dance which the returning for­ager bees perform on the vertical comb surface. Theround dance is just a rapid succession of right-and left­hand turns which attract the attention of nearby foragerbees, who quickly follow the dancer. They place theirantennae on the dancer's abdomen to determine thedance and to receive olfactory sensations of flower type,and samples of the nectar indicating sugar concentration.This dance tells the followers that a strong nectar sourceis close at hand and they should go out and find it. Nodirectional or distance information is given. Iffour nectarsources are placed within a few yards of the hive mouth,they will all be frequented by the recruited forager bees.If the food source is removed to a distance greater thanfifty to one hundred yards, the round dance is replaced bythe figure eight waggle dance. Here the bee runs througha straight segment vibrating her body and abdomen andmaking short buzzing sounds. At the end of the straightrun the bee turns either to the right or left to form asemi-circle and return to the starting point. She then re­sumes the straight waggle run in the same direction asbefore. The reporting bee may do this for several minutesto several hours. An observer bee needs to observe atleast six cycles to obtain the information.After many experiments changing the location of theartificial nectar source and observing the resulting dance,scientists discovered that a waggle run straight upwardon the comb face means a vector heading directly to­wards the sun. A waggle dance straight downward meansa vector directly away from the sun. All angles betweencorrespond to the angle in which the recruited bee shouldhold the sun to reach the described nectar source.Bees seem to have an internal clock.Directional information is given very accurately in thismanner. Unfortunately, directional coding may be com­plicated by several factors. One is time. Because the sunis constantly moving, if the dance is of any length theangle will deviate from the desired one. However, beesseem to have an internal clock. To prove this, bees wereshipped from Paris to New York by air. The bees,trained to eat at a certain time in Paris, wanted to con­tinue the eating pattern in New York. The dancing beealters the waggle run angle according to the passage oftime, thus correcting the flight path in relation to the mov­mg sun.Another complication relates to wind deflection. If thewind velocity is great enough, it may blow the flying beeoff course so that it never finds the nectar. However, thebee also takes wind velocity into account and dances anangle of flight in relation to the sun which incorporates awind correction. Bees sense ultraviolet light much moreCarefully handling the little critters.strongly than humans do and thus, even on a moderatelycloudy day, they can localize the sun in their eyes bypicking up the ultraviolet light that comes through theclouds. The dance information is all sensed while theforager is on its outward flight, not on its return flight.There is still the problem of distance, which is muchless accurately communicated. Von Frisch found that amore rapid succession of runs meant a closer food sourceand a slower succession of runs a more distant source.Twenty-four runs per minute equals half a kilometer, andeight runs per minute equals five kilometers. The actualdistance traveled is not what is communicated, but ratherthe apparent distance as judged by the amount of energyexpended. A food source which lies uphill or in the direc­tion of a head wind will be described as relatively furtheraway.Distance is not always precisely communicated. If youplace a food source at one thousand meters and placescent sources all along a line from the hive to fivethousand meters, then count the bees arriving at eachsite, most will come to the one thousand meter source,but a bell-shaped curve of bees will come to shorter andslightly longer scent sources. For this reason, many sci­entists feel that a combination of dance information andscent information is used to localize a food source. Bees tend to expose scent glands on their abdomen near a goodfood source and, in more primitive bees, the returningforager will leave a scent path on grass and rocks all theway back to the hive for other bees to follow. One rathermean experiment was to put the food source directlyabove the hive at the top of a radio tower. The bees hadno way of communicating "up" and thus could not re­cruit for this odd location. The distance and directionvector communications are exactly the same whether de­scribing a nectar source, a pollen source or a site for thebee swarm to use as a home.My father, the surgeon, donned headnet and gloves. I was elected to help,bare-headed and in my shirtsleeves. Iwas in bed for two days recovering fromacute bee sting poisoning. The swarmgot away.I spent my childhood summers on a farm in lowerMichigan. One fantasy my parents never fully indulgedwas to keep bees and collect honey on that farm. Myfather purchased and built several hives and obtainedsome beekeeping equipment, but apparently did notknow anybody who kept bees and was too timid to orderthem from a catalogue. So we waited. One day a swarmsettled on an Osage branch. We had read somewhere thatbees would stay clustered if they thought it was going torain, so we banged on pots to make" pseudo thunder ," inan effort to convince them a deluge was on its way. Thenmy father, the surgeon, donned head net and gloves. Iwas elected to help, bare-headed and in my shirtsleeves.I was in bed for two days recovering from acute bee stingpoisoning. The swarm got away.From this very traumatic beginning, you might thinkbeekeeping would forever remain an academic subject forme, but I come from persistent stock. Some years later,goaded somewhat by my younger brother, I bought andbuilt an observation beehive. This is a simple box withglass on both sides and two movable frames within. Asmall entrance hole is located at one end and a sugarwater feeding device at the other. My career might havestopped here except for a knowledgeable, kind oldLithuanian, the father of a colleague. He runs a smallapiary in Lamont, Illinois. He offered to give me somebrood comb and workers for my demonstration hive if Iwould order a queen. I ordered the queen in spring, withfast-receding courage. She arrived in the mail from Geor­gia.Bee propagating is done mostly in the south, wherethere are some flowers most of the year. The best honey,however, comes from the north, where great volumes offlowers bloom in the spring and summer. I was going todo my best to raise Illinois from 20th best honey producerto 19th. What's more, in my demonstration hive I couldwatch it all happen. There would be no curtains, no pri­vacy.1 1The queen arrived in a little rectangular box, wood onthe four edge sides and screen over the two broad sides.Inside was one queen with a blue dot painted on herdorsal thorax, and several worker bees. One end of thewooden box contained a hole filled with hardened whitecandy. If we opened the box and put the queen directlywith the workers they might not recognize her as theirqueen, and destroy her, so into the demonstration hivewent brood comb and the little box just as we had re­ceived it. It takes about three days for the candy to betunneled through if worked on from both sides. Withinthis time the workers, far away from their previousqueen, accept the new one as their own.I watched it by the hour, seeing thequeen lay eggs, workers feed larva, andall the dances described by von Frisch.It was better than Hollywood and thecircus combined.We put the demonstration hive on a wooden shelf inthe garage, with the entrance hole facing directly towarda small hole drilled in the garage wall. I nailed a smalllanding square of wood under the outside hole and allwent well. We fed the colony sugar water and it thrived. Iwatched it by the hour, seeing the queen lay eggs, work­ers feed larva, and all the dances described by vonFrisch. It was better than Hollywood and the circuscombined.In August we went on vacation, and when we returnedwe found the busy little bees had not been dormant whilewe were gone. They had become crowded and, instead ofswarming, because they had a good young queen, theyhad come out the front door and started building wildhanging comb from the glass and shelf over to the garagewall. Soon they had moved out of the hive entirely, leav­ing me nothing to watch. They had regained their privacyas well as sending out a cloud of sentinel bees so that Icould not get too close.They thrived, diligently building comb and storing fooduntil late October, when the temperature fell to thirty-fivedegrees Fahrenheit. Honeybees are very sensitive tocold. Temperatures below fifty degrees Fahrenheit dis­courage them from flying. They can walk around, but atbelow-freezing temperatures they are immobilized andcannot move at all. In the winter they ball up inside thehive and keep each other warm. They take turns being onthe outside of the ball so that no one bee becomes toocold.One day I went out and all the bees were looking verysluggish and cold. Feeling sorry for them, I covered thewild comb with a blanket and put an extension light bulbin its wire cage under the blanket. I then went off towork, thinking I had done the humane thing for my bees.When I returned in the evening, a look under the blanket12 revealed total disaster. The comb had all melted togetherand collapsed. Bees were either trapped in honey andwax or were flying around thinking Hades had been vis­ited upon them. I turned the light off and the outsidethermometer went even lower.The next day physical upheaval was still evident, butnot a creature was stirring. It seemed to me logical toharvest the honey and wax, seeing as how all the beeswere dead and did not need it anymore. I thought I couldheat up pieces of the wild comb in a pot on the stove sothat the wax would rise and the honey sink. Any deadbees could be filtered out.There were at least two major errors inth is strategy.There were at least two major errors in this strategy.The first was immediately evident when the comb wasbrought into the house for rendering. The "dead" beesimmediately came to life, flying around with a vengeancebecause they had no home. Even when that problem wasovercome and the separation had taken place on thestove, the honey had been heated to such a degree inorder to melt the wax that it tasted like old burnt carameland no one wanted to eat it.Since that first time, we have replenished the demon­stration hive on two other occasions. The second seasonthe bees died in the winter, but the third time they weregenetically more intelligent, building their wild combtighter on the outside and hollower in the middle. Thiscolony has survived for four years, becoming bigger andstronger. There is no way to obtain their honey, so awhole corner of the garage is now filled with graceful,long sheets of wild comb. It looks like the handsomestfrozen waterfall, or special stalactite cave formations. Onthe coldest winter days no bees are visible, but as warmweather approaches they come out more and more until,in late spring, the whole surface is a crawling mass ofbrown bees.Our inability to harvest honey led me to start a regularcolony of bees in a conventional hive. This was accom­plished by again ordering a fertilized queen and fourpounds of bees. They came via postman and, needless tosay, the postman did not relish his job. They were in abigger screen box containing some sugar water in a canand the littler queen box inside, and were getting used toeach other courtesy of the U.S. mails. Without muchdifficulty one can fish out the queen box and hang it in thenew hive. Upon opening the big box, the four pounds ofbees come out and start to make themselves at home. Afew days later, you remove the little queen cage as theworkers have eaten her out, and fill the rest of the hivewith movable frames. The new colony must be fed sugarwater so they have the nutrition to draw out the waxcomb quickly. From this hive we have gathered abouttwenty-five pounds of "city" honey each year. It is verytasty.Clouds of bees fly in and out to discour­age vagabonds, solicitors and rip-oi! art­ists from entering the premises.Beekeeping in the city is great. It is interesting, yourflowers get fertilized, clouds of bees fly in and out todiscourage vagabonds, solicitors and rip-off artists fromentering the premises, and you get honey as well. Ourchildren have been stung, usually when they weretoddlers wondering what all those crawly-flying thingswere, but one or two lessons were all that were neces­sary. One set of fastidious gardening neighbors were veryconcerned when we first started, but after we told them their flowers would thrive, our suggestion was taken asfact and they have been happy ever since. Only recentlyhave I heard some negative feelings expressed fromacross the alley, where one family claims they cannot eaton their back porch because so many bees join them.Another neighbor was stung and his wife was sure he washaving a heart attack. He didn't, and it turns out the stingcame from a ground beehive in their own backyard.However, if you hear about a bee revolution on the southside of Chicago, you will know how it happened.Dr. Francis H. Straus /I ('57), beekeeper par excellence, is anAssociate Professor of Pathology and Associate Director ofthe Surgical Pathology Laboratory. He read this treatise onour sweet stinging friends before the Chicago Literary Clubin October, 7975.Medicine as an Academic Discipline at the University of ChicagoIIza VeithIt is a joy and an honor for me to have been invited topresent the Emmet Bay Memorial Lecture, not only be­cause I always love to return to this school where I beganmy teaching career and spent fourteen of my most fruitfulprofessional years, but, much more, because when Ijoined the faculty of the Department of Medicine at thisUniversity in 1949, Dr. Bay was one of the most welcom­ing of my new colleagues. I shall always carry his mem­ory with much gratitude and affection. He also was sin­cerely interested-and even knowledgeable-in my field,the history of medicine, which at that time was still con­sidered somewhat esoteric within the framework of med­ical schools.A few years later, in the spring of 1952, in preparationfor the 25th anniversary of the medical school, PresidentKimpton commissioned me as the "resident court histo­rian" to write Medicine at the University of Chicago.Fortunately, he also suggested that I coauthor this workwith Dr. Franklin C. McLean, one of the founders ofthisschool, and definitely the originator of many of. the in­tellectual concepts that set medicine at the University ofChicago apart from other medical schools.In 1952, when we were busy gathering material in theUniversity archives for our forthcoming history, Dr.McLean and I interviewed many of the original and earlymembers of the faculty. Thus, we engaged in the pursuitof "oral history," a method of historical research that isnow most highly regarded, but had not officially been13invented at that time. Nor were there any tape recordersin existence, which meant that our interviewees had toexhibit virtually angelic patience until we could recordtheir recollections by hand.Among the most responsive sources of informationabout the early days of medicine here was Dr. Bay. Thiswas not surprising, for he came here early as an As­sociate Clinical Professor of Medicine, and was the firstphysician to practice medicine at the University Clinics.In the summer of 1927, even before the opening cere­mony of the clinics on October 2 of that year, Dr. Baywas already an integral part of Chicago medicine. He hadassisted Dr. Frank Billings at Presbyterian Hospital andafterwards gained experience in private practice with theeminent cardiologist, Dr. James B. Herrick.It was the lingering memory of my many conversationswith Drs. Bay and McLean that led me to select the titlefor this lecture. As we celebrate the 50th anniversary ofthe founding of the school of medicine, contemplationabout the very special nature of this medical schoolseems most appropriate.Why should I stress that medicine at the University ofChicago has always been an academic discipline and dif­ferent from most other medical schools? First, unlikemost other medical schools, this University located itsmedical school on the general campus. It is thus possiblefor medical students, if they are so inclined (and I haveknown of some at this University who were), to attendcourses in Latin and philosophy without crossing a city,half a state, a river, or some other geographical hazard.The opportunity is offered right here for medical studentsto become generally educated.To appreciate the exceptional quality of this medicalschool one must trace the evolution of Americanmedicine into an academic profession. The idea that thephysician be a generally educated or highly trained indi­vidual, taken for granted here, was not in the tradition ofearly American medical education. The early colonialphysicians attended high school, but did not necessarilyfinish it. Subsequently they served an apprenticeshipwith a practicing doctor for one or two years.In the eighteenth century, some ambitious young menbegan to go abroad for their medical education. Theywould earn the M.D. degree at the University of Edin­burgh or London, where they could get along in the En­glish language, then return to the United States to set upa practice. Those who did not go abroad attended the fewuniversity medical schools in America that conferredM.D. degrees.The American medical school curriculum was primi­tive; it usually consisted of one year of instruction inwhatever basic and medical sciences were known to thenot-too-well trained professors, and a second year of in­struction was added for good measure, in which the ma­terial of the first year was repeated verbatim. After thatcourse of so-called medical education, the student actu­ally obtained an M.D. degree and a license to practicemedicine.As might have been expected, the dissemination of in­struction in the healing arts was too lucrative an opportu-14 nity to be passed up by medical entrepreneurs. In theearly nineteenth century a steadily growing number ofproprietary medical schools sprang up. They dependedon student fees for their existence and made all allow­ances imaginable in their curricula to attract as manyregistrants as feasible. The future doctors registered asstudents, because they relied upon the expectation, orinferred promise, that every student who had paid histuition would receive a medical diploma. The incentiveof a diploma upon payment of a sum of money was sogreat that many of the small medical schools graduallybegan to skip the instruction altogether, and sold the di­plomas outright.There were, however, numerous advocates of medicalreform who went unheard. The proprietary schools pro­liferated and, in the absence of adequate licensing laws,diploma mills flourished. Masses of totally untrained anduneducated men who considered themselves physicianswere turned loose upon the unsuspecting American pub­lic.It was this dismal lack of standards in the practice ofmedicine that in 1847 induced a group of physicians,under the leadership of Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, tofound the American Medical Association in New York.Dr. Emmet BayIt was a move greeted with little enthusiasm by the pro­prietors of the medical colleges and the diploma mills.A few of the more serious medical colleges actedwithin the spirit of improvement proposed by the newly­founded AMA, and attempted to raise their standardsaccordingly. The University of Pennsylvania and theCollege of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia U niver­sity expanded their residence requirements and curriculabut, faced with competition from colleges that ignoredAMA recommendations, were soon forced by the de­crease in student enrollment to revert to the shorter andless demanding teaching programs.An instructive example of the difficulty in raising med­ical education standards may be found right here inChicago in the history of Rush Medical College. Dr.Nathan Smith Davis, who had moved from New York toChicago and joined the Rush faculty as Professor ofPrinciples and Practice of Medicine, was the most vocaladvocate of the AMA' s efforts to raise educational stan­dards. In 1849, Dr. Davis argued in favor of revisingRush's teaching program to bring it into line with theAMA recommendations. He advocated a graded cur­riculum of increasing complexity, as well as higher stan­dards of preliminary education.Dr. Davis' suggestions were met with vehement oppo­sition by Dr. Daniel Brainard, the president and founderof Rush Medical College, who was convinced that educa­tional standards must be sacrificed in a free-for-all strug­gle to attract students. In 1857, Dr. Davis took advantageof President Brainard's temporary absence to convincethe faculty that the needed reforms had to be im­plemented. When Brainard returned from Europe, how­ever, he immediately declared the changes null and void,convinced that the improved standards would destroy thecollege by driving away prospective applicants.In contrast to the present scramble for admission bymedical school applicants, this readiness to accommo­date the lowest qualified and least ambitious students ismind-boggling. Equally amazing are mid-nineteenth cen­tury statistics concerning the number of medical schoolsfounded during that time. Between 1810 and 1840,76 newschools were established; from 1840 to 1876, 47. Witheach new wave of immigrants there arose a correspond­ing number of medical schools. At least 114 schools werefounded between 1873 and 1890. In some states and lo­calities there was a veritable epidemic of medical schoolopenings. One such locality was Chicago, where 14 med­ical schools appeared on the scene as part of the 39 in thestate.These figures are of a somewhat transitory nature, asmany of these schools scarcely survived their establish­ment, and were closed soon afterward. By general count,however, more than 400 medical schools had come intoexistence in the United States in the century between1810 and 1910. As a result, the country was overrun withabysmally incompetent physicians.When we consider the eminent position of present-dayAmerican medicine, it is hard to believe that less than acentury ago, health care in this country, and especially inthis city, remained largely in the hands of what we wouldtoday call quacks. They were worse than quacks actu- ally, because they flaunted their meaningless doctor's di­ploma in the face of the credulous public.There were many, such as Dr. Davis, who deploredthe danger of this situation. They demanded reform, butthe country was too big and too heterogeneous. Eachgroup of settlers had their own .ideas, brought from thevarious "old countries," which were applied to medicaleducation.To return to Chicago, where we are now celebratingthe golden anniversary of a leading, if not the leadingAmerican medical school, we can follow a remarkableevolution. Dr. Davis, who so earnestly tried to improvethe standards of Rush Medical College, was indirectlysuccessful in raising the standards of another contempo­rary institution-Chicago Medical College, the forerun­ner of the present Chicago Medical School and, in acomplicated way, also of Northwestern UniversitySchool of Medicine.Chicago Medical College was so well organized that by1880 it provided training quite superior to its major com­petitor, Rush. Rush continued to admit most applicants,almost regardless of their preparation, but Chicago Med­ical College required a college degree or an entranceexamination to assure adequate qualification. In addition,Rush continued to present a short and inadequate repeti­tive program, while Chicago Medical College offered atleast a five-month graded course of increasing complex­ity.As it turned out, however, Rush, the Midwest's oldestmedical school, had gauged the expectations of theAmerican public correctly, and became a distinguishedinstitution. In 1880 Rush had 440 students, while the re­formed and improved Chicago Medical College had only150. Moreover, Chicago Medical College, in its attemptto provide a thorough medical education, had to supporta large faculty while Rush, with its smaller staff, hadmore money for each individual professor.As if the constant agitation over the length and depth ofthe medical curriculum were not enough, another com­plex question was raised concerning the admission ofwomen to the study of medicine. It would take a speciallecture to reconstruct and quote the perturbed mood andcomments of nineteenth century Chicago physicians whoobjected to the admission of female students and col­leagues. However, Dr. Davis, while loyally and un­happily upholding the action of his medical college inclosing its doors to women, nevertheless approved thefounding of a separate institution for the medical instruc­tion of women.Setting this subject aside-it was of temporary im­portance only, especially since the University of ChicagoSchool of Medicine immediately accepted womenstudents-I wish to mention that in spite of a smallerstudent enrollment and subsequently lower income forthe faculty, Chicago Medical College withstood the com­petition of Rush for nearly a quarter century.At the same time, an important innovation in medicaleducation came from Harvard Medical College, whichhad hitherto opposed the reforms advocated by Dr.Davis and the AMA. When Charles Eliot became pres­ident of Harvard University, he found its medical college15to be scarcely better than a proprietary school, with acurriculum of four months of lectures repeated verbatimduring each of two successive years. He arranged for theHarvard students to supplement knowledge gained dur­ing the scanty lecture period by spending eight months asapprentices to practicing physicians at MassachusettsGeneral or Boston City Hospital. Harvard students alsohad to go through the motions of passing a final oralexamination which, however, scarcely anyone everfailed.In spite of these far-reaching innovations in Harvard'smedical instruction, Eliot became convinced of the needfor further improvement. As was to be expected, the fac­ulty were sharply divided in their response to his reformprogram. The younger group, open to innovative mea­sures, agreed with President Eliot; the older group, de­voted to the status quo, opposed reform. The major pointof contention was his new insistence upon written exami­nations. The faculty considered the demand quite absurd;some objected that at least half the medical studentscould barely write, and therefore could not possibly passany written examinations.In spite of all these objections, in 1871 Harvard an­nounced and carried through an intensive reform of med­ical education, and its student enrollment decreased byforty-three percent. In the last century students simplydid not want-nor could they afford-to spend ninemonths in each of three years studying medicine. Therewere always other schools which awarded the same de­gree and required attendance of only four months in twosubsequent years.While Harvard went through these throes of reform inthe 1870s, the Illinois Board of Medicine suddenly foundoverwhelming evidence that medical diplomas were stillbeing sold and diploma mills were in active operation, sothat a large number of Illinois physicians had never actu­ally studied medicine but simply bought their diplomas.Although the Medical Board had long known of this prac­tice and allowed it to persist, they decided in 1877-animportant centennial to celebrate-to take firm action toassure Illinois a higher level of medical care. They didthis by simply refusing to recognize a diploma from anyschool that did not require at least two courses of lectures(two successive years of course attendance) for gradua­tion.It is significant that of the fourteen original proprietarymedical schools which existed in Chicago the middle ofthe last century, only Rush and Chicago Medical Collegehave survived, after numerous permutations in name andaffiliation. In fact, the survival of Rush was intimatelyconnected with the founding and brilliant rise of the U ni­versity of Chicago School of Medicine.At the end of the nineteenth century, the University ofChicago made plans to round out its teaching program byadding a medical faculty. President Harper engagedAbraham Flexner, later renowned as the author of thefamous "Flexner Report" on American and CanadianMedical Education, as a consultant. Flexner envisagedthat this purpose would best be served by a merger withRush Medical College as a base for clinical instruction.When the merger was implemented in 1898, upon com-16 pletion of a program to modernize the curriculum andredecorate Rush, the new University of Chicago Schoolof Medicine began to function, with preclinical instruc­tion taking place on the University campus, and clinicalinstruction in the Rush building on the West Side.In suggesting this merger, Flexner followed an ac­cepted practice, for affiliations between universities andmedical colleges were frequent and mutually beneficial toboth the medical schools and the universities. By affiliat­ing, the medical school earned the privilege to bestowdegrees in the name of the university, an inducement notto be overlooked in the tough competition for students,while the university benefited from a physical expansiongiven by the affiliation.Rush brought an important dowry to the University ofChicago, namely the well-functioning Presbyterian Hos­pital. This hospital had been established in 1884 to givethe Rush faculty control over all clinical instruction in thehospital. Fourteen years later, in 1898, PresbyterianHospital joined Rush in its affiliation with the Universityof Chicago.For a quarter century, Presbyterian was the only hos­pital offering training in the University of Chicago's med­ical program. Only with the completion of the AlbertMerritt Billings Hospital in 1927 was the University fullyequipped to begin medical instruction on its South Sidecampus. The quality of medical education thus achievedsoon reached a level of excellence equal, or evensuperior, to that of the contemporary leading medicalschools: Johns Hopkins, Harvard, the University ofRochester, and the University of Pennsylvania.The affiliation between Rush and the University ofChicago, begun in 1898, was not always entirely har­monious. The cause for discord was the emphasis theUniversity placed upon training for scientific researchversus the education of medical practitioners that hadbeen stressed at Rush. Another cause was the extensionof the University salary arrangement to the Rush facultymembers, who were accustomed to a combined revenuefrom their teaching stipends and their private practices.As members of the University faculty they suddenlyfound themselves restricted to a full-time contract and acorresponding salary far below the previous combinedincome.As evident in my earlier remarks, the profit motive wasstrong in early American medical education. It hadshifted quite abruptly, however, with the founding of theJohns Hopkins University School of Medicine and theintroduction of the first full-time plan. In many waysJohns Hopkins served as a model to the University ofChicago medical school, as it had served as a model toseveral other important contemporary medical in­stitutions.It may be of interest here that the full-time plan, whichmet with such a reluctant reception by many of the origi­nal Rush faculty members, had also not been receivedwith unquestioning enthusiasm by the Johns Hopkinsfaculty. Dr. William Osler-later Sir William Osler­viewed this reduction of his very generous income fromhis private practice with considerable reluctance andspoke out emphatically against the full-time principle.The affiliation between Rush and the University ofChicago and the resulting geographic separation of pre­clinical and clinical instruction was only the first, notentirely satisfactory, step toward the founding of a full­fledged university medical school. In 1916, PresidentJudson of the University again invited Flexner, thenaffiliated with the General Education Board of theRockefeller Foundation, to make a study of medical edu­cation at Chicago, and to recommend the next steps for acomplete medical school on campus. Flexner recom­mended that new departments, with appropriate clinicalfacilities, be created in close administrative and physicalrelationship with the existing preclinical department. Asa result, the University would have all branches ofmedicine in one division and on one campus.At the time ofFlexner's study in 1916, it was estimatedthat a total of $5,300,000 would be required to inauguratethe program. Of this, $2,000,000 was pledged by theRockefeller Foundation's General Education Board andthe balance was raised during the following winter,largely through the efforts of Dr. Frank Billings. Dr. Bil­lings was able to raise funds from among his manywealthy patients and from the bequest of his uncle, afterwhom the hospital is named. With the entrance of theUnited States into World War I, further progress in com­pleting the medical school was delayed. Following thewar, concrete plans were prepared for hospital and out­patient services and new clinical departments to be lo­cated on the Midway. However, rising costs of the post­war period again delayed progress.When President Burton assumed office in 1923, he de­voted much of his energy, vision, and enthusiasm to start­ing anew on the University's plans for medical education.He was greatly aided by Dr. Franklin C. McLean, whohad helped found the Rockefeller Foundation's PekingUnion Medical College in China. Dr. McLean wascommissioned to plan the buildings, organize and recruitMembers of the original faculty of the University of Chicago School ofMedicine, clockwise from top left to right: Dr. Franklin C. McLean, Dr.Walter L. Palmer, Dr. Paul R. Cannon, Dr. Emmet B. Bay, Dr. Lester R.Dragstedt, Dr. C. Phillip Miller, Dr. Paul C. Hodges, and Dr. Charles B.Huggins. the faculty, and compose the curriculum of a full-timehospital and medical school.The exteriors were built of limestone to harmonizewith the Gothic architecture of the original campus, butthe interior was designed after Peking Union MedicalCollege, with emphasis on pathology as the central disci­pline.In 1916, Flexner had estimated that $5,300,000 wasneeded to construct the buildings of the new medicalschool and�nirable dictu-upon completion in October1927, the total cost was $5,317,670.Throughout the period of planning and building, Dr.McLean was Professor and Chairman of the Departmentof Medicine and Director of the University of ChicagoClinics. The term "clinics" was his personal contri­bution, as he had heard it used in the German universitiesand in Vienna, where he had taken several years of post­graduate medical training.Most of the faculty Dr. McLean selected had receivedtheir medical training from Rush Medical College in thefirst decades of this century. Among these were internistsEmmet Bay, Louis Leiter, C. Philip Miller, Russell M.Wilder, and the distinguished surgeon Dallas B. Phernis­ter; like McLean, all were graduates of the University ofChicago after its affiliation with Rush Medical College.Some had worked with Dr. McLean at the Peking UnionMedical College, others had been his colleagues at theRockefeller Institute prior to his departure for China.Another former Rockefeller Foundation Fellow and Pe­king colleague, A. Baird Hastings, was appointed theUniversity's Lasker Professor of Biochemistry. Today inhis eighties, he is still engaged in research at the Univer­sity of California in San Diego. The exceptionally highstandards applied to the choice of the earliest medicalfaculty have been maintained to the present.As was to be expected, faculty members who had pre­viously been in China and at the Rockefeller Institute hadlittle objection to the full-time plan, as they had not pre­viously had any medical income beyond that derivedfrom the institutions which they served. However,among the former Rush Medical College faculty, theanti-full-time sentiment continued. They might have beencontent with other forms of full-time appointments whichwere distinguished by less purity and austerity, such asthe so-called "geographical full-time."During these years of planning, and particularly afteracceptance of a large appropriation from the GeneralEducation Board in 1917, the medical program was basedupon the original Johns Hopkins plan. Strict full-timewas, in fact, written into the contract with the Board andwas a condition sine qua non.The Hopkins full-time plan which served as an exam­ple to the University was somewhat different, inasmuchas only the preclinical, or basic sciences, faculty was onstrict full-time, as were the clinical department heads­hence Osler's initial objections. After 1923, however,with the impending opening of the University of ChicagoHospitals and Clinics, it became apparent that otherJohns Hopkins characteristics were no longer possiblefor Chicago. The Hopkins plan depended upon theavailability of a hospital with large charity services for17teaching purposes, patterned after the so-called PoLi­Klinics of German universities. Extensive charity ser­vices for teaching purposes were not suitable to con­ditions existing at the University of Chicago. The largesums of money necessary to support such a system, andparticularly a big charity hospital, were neither in handnor in sight.To establish medicine here on a sound financial basis,it became necessary to develop a new system for whichno precedent existed and which has never been com­pletely duplicated anywhere else. Basically, it is an adap­tation of private group practice to medical education. Inthis fashion medical education is supported by incomefrom patient fees, a scheme which has turned out to befinancially workable.Even more important, this plan has been successful inproviding facilities for teaching and research and in at­tracting and holding a distinguished faculty, more ofwhom hold M.D.!Ph.D. degrees than in any other medi­cal school in this country.In the beginning there was doubt, in some minds, as towhether patients able to pay for professional serviceswould agree to participate in medical teaching and re­search, since this was the traditional price that charitypatients paid for services given free of charge. Thesedoubts have long since been resolved, here andelsewhere: paying patients do participate, in many re­spects to a degree not ordinarily encountered in charita­ble institutions. There is a growing realization that partic­ipating patients are likely to receive more careful andpainstaking attention than they would if they were not thesubject of study and demonstration.As to the faculty, it is clear that there are many indi­viduals, with great ability and the highest qualifications,who dedicate their lives and careers to accomplishmentin teaching and research, even at considerable financialsacrifice to themselves. One need only attend one of theannual meetings of the national organizations devoted toclinical investigation to realize that there are, in theUnited States, literally thousands of physicians-menand womeri-who desire more than anything else to takepart in the great advance of academic, scientificmedicine. The University of Chicago recruits its medicalfaculty from among such individuals. Dr. Phemister, forexample, who joined the medical school in 1925, left avery successful and lucrative private practice at a consid­erable financial sacrifice. He became an unwavering de­votee of the full-time system until his death in December,1951.In 1952, when Dr. McLean and I prepared thequarter-century history of this school of medicine, wewere able to summarize ongoing and accomplished re­search in ninety-one pages, a task that would now requireat least five times that space. Such are the accomplish­ments of this school of medicine.Dr. Emmet Bay, whose memory we now celebrate, isremembered with deep affection and admiration by allthose who had a chance to know him and follow him onhis rounds. As Professor of Medicine at the University,he displayed a warmth and humaneness toward his pa­tients that is not necessarily taken for granted nowadays.18 In 1931, four years after the opening of the Universityof Chicago School of Medicine, the Rockefeller Founda­tion, which had been the guardian angel of this institu­tion, published a study entitled Methods and ProbLems ofMedical Education. In this book, the leading member ofeach department and its subsections reported onachievements in facilities, patient care, teaching and re­search. Dr. Bay was chosen to report on the Cardiac Sec­tion. His report, quite in keeping with his warm andhumble personality, is a modest one; he calls attention tothe brevity of existence of the Section and the expecta­tion that future reports would present a richer harvest ofresearch reports.However, he spoke about the pressure of time neededfor the care of patients, a task which "amounted to thekeeping of records on more than one thousand patients. "In concluding his report, Dr. Bay added that "by theresearch carried on within the Section up to this time,assistance has been rendered in research problems tomany members of the various departments of the Divi­sion of Biological Sciences through the taking and inter­preting of electrocardiograms." He was an expert elec­trocardiographer long before ECG tracings were widelyused.Shortly after this, he was promoted to Professor in theDepartment of Medicine. In addition, during the sensi­tive transition period when the University of Chicagoclinical faculty moved from Rush to the Midway, heserved with unfailing tact and diplomacy as the Dean ofRush Medical College.Throughout, regardless of the time of day or night, Dr.Bay was always available to consult with his colleagues,and to care for his patients in whatever real or apparentemergency they might have found themselves. AlthoughDr. Bay, who had been considered by many as one of themost promising young men in Chicago medicine, may nothave lived out his career as a researcher and scientist inthe modern sense, he excelled as a clinician and was theembodiment of a superb doctor. In this respect, as inmany others, he closely resembled the great Johns Hop­kins clinician, William Osler.In Dr. Bay's honor, and on the fiftieth anniversary ofthis medical school he helped to launch, these lines fromOsler's Aequanimitas may be fitting:The great possession of any university is its great names. It isnot the 'pride, pomp, and circumstance' of an institutionwhich bring honor, nor its wealth, nor its halls, but the menwho have trodden in its service the thorny road through toil,even through hate ... climbing 'like stars to their appointedheight. 'IIza Veith was Associate Professor of the History ofMedicine in the Department of Medicine from 1949 to1964, during which time she also held appointments in theDivision of Biological Sciences and in the Department ofHistory. She is now Professor and Vice-Chairman of theDepartment of History of Health Sciences and Professor ofPsychiatry at the University of California in San Francisco.She presented the Emmet Bay Memorial Lecture, basedupon the above text, on May 5.Focus on NeurobiologyAn Interview with R. W. GuilleryRainier W. Guillery joined the University of Chicago lastsummer as a Professor in the Department of Phar­macological and Physiological Sciences and in the Divi­sion of Biological Sciences. He heads a new inter­disciplinary program in neurobiology and is inter­nationally renowned for his work on visual pathways inthe central nervous system.Dr. Richard L. Landau, Professor in the Departmentof Medicine, conducted this interview for Medicine onthe Midway.Landau: Dr. Guillery, would you describe your majorarea of interest as an investigator in neurobiology?Guillery: Currently, my interest as an investigator is invisual pathways, and the way in which they are linked up.Specifically, in the last few years I have been concernedwith congenital abnormalities of the visual pathways, andunraveling the structure of these pathways.Landau: By congenital, do you mean congenital abnor­malities in any species, rather than restricting yourself tocongenital abnormalities in humans?Guillery: Yes, the specific abnormality that we foundaffects a number of different species; it is one that affectsalbinos of any species. It simply takes a set of nervefibers and sends them to the wrong part of the brain.Landau: Does this occur only in albinos?Guillery: No, the interesting thing is that while we firstfound it in the Siamese cat, which is technically analbino, this was then broadened to include all albinos­rats, rabbits, and so on. Then we started asking, wellwhat is it about the albino gene that produces such a veryintriguing abnormality? We have been able to show thatthere is such an abnormality in albino people, but there ismore than one human "albino" gene. That gave us a cluethat probably any gene which controls pigment producesthis abnormality. We looked into this, and our greatestsuccess was with mink. In mink there are many varietiesthat do not produce pigment. There are many geneticways to produce the lack of pigment. We found that anyanimal that has an abnormality of the retinal pigmentepithelium also has the pathway abnormality.Landau: So the pathway does not go where it should?Guillery: It goes exactly where it should, but on thewrong side of the brain. It's simply an abnormality of thecrossing in the optic nerve, and fibers which should stayon their own side cross over. There are two interestingpossible inquiries. One is to discover the developmentalprocesses that produce the abnormality, the other is todetermine how the brain handles what essentially turnsout to be a scrambled view of the outside world. Insteadof having an orderly picture of the outside world, thebrain is presented with a disorderly picture. Landau: Is it correct to say that you are a combination ofa neuroanatomist and a neurophysiologist?Guillery: Yes, in my exploitation of techniques, for wehave had to use a variety of techniques to solve this. Wehave even done a little bit of behavioral work, but Iwould not call myself a neurobehaviorist.Landau: You have come here as a member of the De­partment of PharmacologicaL and Physiological Sci­ences, but you also have a special responsibility. What isthat?Guillery: My special responsibility is to neurobiologyand to the Brain Research Institute. We will be setting upa group of neurobiologists headquartered in theSurgery-Brain Research building. I hope that we will beable to stimulate interaction with other neurobiologistson campus, and that we will have a neurobiology commit­tee which will be in a position to act as a leader in the areaof neurobiology.Landau: Would you hope that this would be a degree­granting committee or one that simply encourages inter­action?Guillery: I think eventually we will almost certainly gotoward a degree-granting committee. It is a little early forme to be dogmatic on that. However, in Wisconsin (Uni­versity of Wisconsin at Madison) I was responsible forsetting up a neuroscience committee which was degree­granting. It will take quite a lot of coordinating and work­ing together until one sees exactly what the needs arehere, and who are the appropriate people that will beinvolved in such a program.Rainier W. Cuillery19Landau: Can you anticipate how many faculty memberswill be direct members of the neurobiology group in theBrain Institute building?Guillery: There will be nine people in the core groupwhen we have finished recruiting; currently there arefive, including Jay Goldberg (Professor of Pharmacologi­cal and Physiological Sciences, Medicine, and in theCommittee on Clinical Pharmacology), Paul Grobstein(Assistant Professor of Pharmacological and Physiologi­cal Sciences and in the Committee on DevelopmentalBiology), Margaret Hollyday (Assistant Professor ofPharmacological and Physiological Sciences), and EricSchwartz, who is coming here in January from Harvard.A number of these people will be in the Surgery-BrainResearch Institute and the remainder will be in contigu­ous space in Abbott Hall.Landau: Will you also form associations with faculty inanatomy, psychology and other departments?Guillery: We are working with people in anatomy andother departments, and have already submitted grant ap­plications and proposals in connection with others. Theimportant thing is to develop interactions and programsbetween departments. Landau: What about courses? Is there to be any neweducational content, asidefrom graduate degree trainingin neurobiology, that youforesee as a result of the plannedrecruitment?Guillery: There will be more input in the undergraduateCollege teaching, and there has been a very clear com­mitment to the ASHUM program (the program in artsand sciences basic to human biology and medicine, afour-year curriculum which spans the last two years ofcollege and the first two years of medical schoo!).Landau: What is the commitment to that?Guillery: There will be a two-quarter sequence offered atthe senior undergraduate level that will cover a large partof the required neurobiology. This will be a senior under­graduate, and possibly graduate, offering, distinct fromthe medical school course, which will provide the core,basic information that will be required for these students.Landau: Would these be College students who are major­ing in biology, who mayor may not go into medicine?And if they did go into medicine, would the neurobiologycourse enable them to place out of a similar course inmedical school, here or elsewhere?Surgery-Brain Research Pavilion20Guillery: Well, here or elsewhere is a very difficult ques­tion to answer, one that I am not yet prepared to answer.It would be nice if they would place out of it entirely. Wecannot offer biology majors a course that is as clinicallydirected as I suspect the current medical school neuro­science course is here, and is at most places I know. We'have to say to the students, "we are going to give you abroader course, and will try to give you a feeling of whatthe structure of the brain is like, and how the brainworks"-but quite a slice of the classical preclinical ma­terial will necessarily be omitted.Landau: So this would be one additional course. Arethere other College courses that might be created by thenew faculty? Guillery: I would think there almost certainly will be, butthis will become clearer with time.Landau: Do you hope that these new faculty would havea commitment to both undergraduate College, andgraduate and medical education?Guillery: Yes. I think that one of the interesting thingsabout neurobiology is that it is clearly a subject that hassomething to say to people who are involved in a generalbiological education. There is enough interestingneurobiological work being done for this to be a veryinteresting and very respectable subject to be taught atundergraduate levels, not only to biologists but also toindividuals interested in a wide range of subjects outsidethe biological sciences.Cerebral CluesLeonard RadinskyLeonard B, Radinsky Fossils are indispensible to the study of ancient life. Ajaw-even a tooth-can suggest what kinds of food ananimal ate. A leg bone can indicate running ability; askull, the size of the brain. Unfortunately, actual brainsare never part of the fossil record since neural tissue isextremely sensitive and decomposes rapidly after death.Yet, by using information from the work ofneurophysiologists, paleontologists can study fossilizedbrain anatomy and learn about the behavior of animalsthat died millions of years ago.The main senses-visual, auditory, tactile, andolfactory-have their inputs represented on the cerebralcortex, or surface of the brain. Furthermore, in manyspecies, usually of large-brained mammals, the variousfunctional areas of the cerebral cortex-visual, auditory,tactile, and motor-are bounded by grooves. To de­termine the location of these areas in living mammals,scientists place fine electrodes in the cerebral cortex,then stimulate those parts of the body that receive sen­sory information (sensory receptors), such as eyes, ears,and fingertips. In this way, they can see which parts ofthe cerebral cortex are activated by a given stimulus.Flashing a light on part of the retina of the eye, forexample, will result in an electrical impulse in part of thevisual cortex. Or the process can work the other way:stimulating a point on the motor cortex of the brain andnoting which muscles of the body contract enable one tomap the motor cortex. By extrapolating from the brainsof mapped species, using the pattern of grooves as aguide, paleontologists can predict where the major func­tional areas are located on the brains of unmappedspecies.Behavioral specializations may show up as unusual en­largements or reductions in size of a part of the braindevoted to a given sensory input. Coatimundis, for21AEndocasts representing stages in felid brain evolution, A. 30 million years old, B. 25 million, C. 15 million, and D. a modern mountain lion endocast.Drawings by Douglas Cramer.example, relatives of raccoons, have unusually sensitivesnouts, which they use to probe under leaf litter for food.Consequently, the area of the brain that receives tactileinformation from the skin of the snout is enlarged. Re­ductions in size of a part of the brain are revealing too.Porpoises and toothed whales have lost the sense ofsmell, a characteristic that is reflected in the absence ofolfactory bulbs in their brains.Raccoons provide a striking example of the correlationbetween behavioral specialization and size of a functionalarea of the brain. Since raccoons use their hands to foragefor food, particularly in places where vision and olfactionare limited, such as in shallow water, the skin of theirhands is quite sensitive.In captivity, raccoons often take a food object and,before eating it, handle it underwater. Although we callthis behavior "washing," its function is probably to sof­ten the skin of the hands, thereby increasing its sensitiv­ity. W. I. Welker and his colleagues at the University ofWisconsin mapped the tactile receiving area of the brainsof raccoons and discovered a great enlargement of thearea receiving touch information from the hands. Notonly is that area enlarged, it is also delimited by grooves;even the projections of the individual digits are boundedby grooves, a highly unusual degree of specialization.But what of extinct species? The above examples showhow sensory and behavioral specializations may be re-22 fleeted in the brain surfaces of living animals; the samerelationship between form and function provides an op­portunity to interpret the behavior of extinct species. Insome vertebrates, particularly birds and mammals, thebrain fills the braincase and, during life, molds the innersurface of the braincase to its form. When the animaldies, the brain itself decomposes rapidly, but the bone ofthe braincase preserves an im print of the brain's surface.A cast of the inside of the braincase, called an endocra­nial cast, or endocast, reproduces the external configura­tion of the living brain once housed there. Since manydetails of surface morphology, including the pattern ofconvolutions and imprints of blood vessels and nerveroots, are usually preserved, endocasts can provide afossil record of brain morphology.Although this technique works well with many ani­mals, there are some exceptions. In some of the largest­brained mammals, such as elephants, whales, porpoises,and the great apes and humans, surface details areblurred on endocasts and only the gross size and shape ofthe brain are reproduced. And in the lowervertebrates-fishes, amphibians, and reptiles-the brain­case usually does not enclose the brain snugly. Sincethere is a considerable amount of connective tissue andfluid around the brain, endocasts of those animals usuallydo not accurately reproduce the shape of the brain.Endocasts are made in two ways. Some fossil skullsare filled with a hard stone matrix; by stripping away thebone, paleontologists can expose the natural stone endo­cast. Sometimes this happens in the field through normalprocesses of erosion. To make an artificial endocast, theinside of a cleaned-out braincase is coated with liquidlatex. After curing the latex to make it tough and elastic,it is finally collapsed and the endocast is pulled outthrough the foramen magnum (the large opening at theback of the skull for the spinal cord). Because it is elastic,the endocast will pop back into its original shape, thusproviding a cast of the inside of the braincase withoutrequiring sectioning or otherwise damaging the skull.This makes it possible to use museum collections of re­cent mammal skulls to build up a reference collection ofcontemporary mammal endocasts and to see what theoutside of the brain looks like in rare mammals for whichactual brains are not available.By applying cortical maps made by neurophysiologiststo fossil endocasts prepared by paleontologists, we cangain insights into behavioral specializations of long-deadanimals. Unfortunately, there is no fossil record of rac­coon brains to tell us when they evolved sensitive handsand washing and foraging behavior using their hands, buta comparable tactile specialization occurs in anothergroup of carnivores-otters-for which there is a rele­vant fossil record. Although no one has yet mapped livingotter brains in the lab, their pattern of convolutions issimilar enough to that of mapped carnivores, such asdogs, cats, and raccoons, to allow interpretation of theirfunctional areas when examining endocasts.The common river otter has a greatly expanded corti­cal area for tactile information from the face. Since theseotters have unusually long, thick, and numerous facialvibrissae ("whiskers"), it seems likely that the corticalenlargement is for vibrissal input. Other aquatic carni­vores, such as seals and sea lions, also have elaboratevibrissae and also appear to have an enlarged corticalarea for vibrissal input. Presumably, this specializationevolved to detect vibrations underwater, perhaps tomake up for reduced sight and smell-senses that helpland carnivores find prey.A fossil endocast of a ten-million-year-old ancestor ofthe river otter, although incomplete, shows expansion ofthe same cortical area' that is expanded in living riverotters. The degree of expansion is not as extreme as inthe living species, but is is great enough to indicate that atleast ten million years ago ancestors of river otters hadsensitive whiskers.There are even older endocasts from a genus related,but not directly ancestral, to modem otters. Twenty­five-million-year-old endocasts of Potamotherium, anearly, aquatically specialized carnivore, show expansionof the same cortical area, suggesting that sensitive vibris­sae had evolved in Potamotherium that far back. Pre­sumably, they evolved in response to the same selectivepressures--the need in an aquatic carnivore to compen­sate for reduced visual and olfactory abilitiesunderwater-that were responsible for the adaptation inmodem otters. Because its brain was relatively primitivein other respects, the occurrence of a tactile specializa­tion in Potamotherium is particularly interesting. This combination of primitive and advanced features in thesame species results from mosaic evolution, wherein dif­ferent body parts evolve at different rates.Other living otters, such as the clawless otters of Af­rica and Asia and the sea otter of the North Pacific, usetheir hands for foraging for food .in water. Not surpris­ingly, they have enlargements of cortical areas for tactileinputs from the hand. A fossil endocast of a seven­million-year-old ancestor of the African clawless otterreveals an expanded hand projection area, indicating thatsensitive hands and the correlated foraging behavior hadevolved in that lineage at least that far back in time.The recent discovery of a fossil cat shows another sen­sory specialization, an elaboration in the visual system.Although the fossil record of felid brains goes backthirty-five million years, a survey of endocasts of fifteenextinct genera and of twenty-seven modern speciesturned up only one with unusual cerebral characteristics.Dinobastis, a long-legged, saber-toothed cat, lived inNorth America at the end of the last Ice Age, aboutfifteen thousand years ago. The two endocasts known forthis genus, one from Texas and one from Alaska, showan expansion of cortex at the back of the cerebrum.When we compared these with cortical maps of modemcat and lion brains, we found that the expanded area ofthe Dinobastis brain corresponds to that receiving inputfrom the central visual field of the retina.The enlargement suggests that Dinobastis had differentvisual abilities-or processed visual information in a dif­ferent way-from other felids. Dinobastis also had un­usually long legs, suggesting that it was an open-countrycat; perhaps the visual specialization was for long­distance detection of prey.Even social behavior can be correlated with aneuroanatomical feature. All living canids with pack so­cial structure, such as wolves, African hunting dogs, andIndian dholes, show an enlargement of the prorean gyrus,which is part of the frontal lobe. The same part of thefrontal lobe is also enlarged in some canids that do nothave pack social structure, such as coyotes and jackals,but at least in the case of coyotes, it seems that relativelyrecent disruption of their habitat, including pressure fromhumans, has forced them into a more solitary existence.Of the living canids that lack the enlarged proreangyrus-mainly the different kinds of foxes and theirrelatives-none show complex social structure.The prorean gyrus of the frontal lobe functions in in­hibiting primitive behavioral responses. Such inhibitionwould be necessary for the maintenance of complex so­cial structures, such as wolf packs. Each individual has aposition in the social hierarchy, and for smooth interac­tion between members of the pack, "fight or flight" re­sponses must be dampened.The fossil record of canid brains, which goes backabout thirty million years, reveals that the prorean gyrusexpanded beyond the modern fox condition probablywithin the past five million years. Thus, pack social struc­ture, with its advantages in hunting, is a relatively recentdevelopment in canid evolutionary history. Now it wouldbe interesting to examine the fossil record of the pre­sumed prey species and competitors of living pack canids23The oldest primate eridocest, a 55-million-year-old skull from northernWyoming. Millimeter scale at right.to see if there were changes, such as extinctions or theappearance of new adaptations, that occurred whencanids developed pack social structure.The examples discussed so far have been of carni­vores, most of which have the convoluted brains thatmake behavioral inferences possible. Most members ofour own order, the primates, also have convolutedbrains, but the fossil record of primate brains is scantybecause the skulls are rarely preserved intact as fossils.Also, primates are usually not very numerous elementsof a fauna, and they usually live in forested areas wherethey are not likely to be preserved in sediments. Despitethe sparse record, primate endocasts do reveal some im­portant points about primate evolutionary history.The oldest known primate endocast is from Tetonius, asmall, large-eyed animal that lived in Wyoming aboutfifty-five million years ago. This was at the beginning ofthe second great evolutionary radiation of primates (thefirst occurred about ten million years earlier), a timewhen several major groups of lower primates wereemerging. An endocast from such a time is of particularinterest for the light it may shed on the adaptations re­sponsible for the radiation.The brain of Tetonius differed from the primitivemammalian condition (best represented today by brainsof some shrews and hedgehogs, known as basal in­sectivores) in having reduced olfactory bulbs and ex­panded visual cortex. Compared to modern primates,24 T etonius had larger olfactory bulbs and a relativelysmaller frontal lobe. In relative size (compared to bodyweight), the brain of Tetonius was intermediate betweenthose of basal insectivores and modern primates. Thesame features that distinguish the brain of Tetonius fromthe primitive mammalian condition also apply to otherearly primate brains from fifty, forty-five and thirty-fivemillion years ago. This suggests that at least for the sec­ond primate radiation, increased reliance on vision anddecreased importance of olfaction were important adap­tations. The significance of the increase in relative brainsize is not clear, and whether or not similar adaptationscharacterized the earliest primates, sixty-five millionyears ago, also remains to be seen.The third major wave of primate evolutionary radia­tions, marked by the first appearance of higher primates(today, these are represented by New and Old Worldmonkeys, apes, and humans), began about thirty-five toforty million years ago. Endocasts from Dolichocebus,one of the earliest New World monkeys; Aegyp­topithecus, one of the oldest apes; and Apidium, a possi­ble early relative of Old World monkeys, dated abouttwenty-seven million years ago, suggest that the earliesthigher primates had relatively more visual cortex and rel­atively smaller olfactory bulbs than do lower primates(represented today by lemurs, lorises, and galagos).Thus, these animals relied less on smell and were in­creasingly dependent on vision, adaptations that mayhave been among those responsible for the emergence ofhigher primates.Higher primates also differ from lower primates in hav­ing relatively larger brains, but it is not clear from thefossil record when that was attained. Of the three earliestprimate endocasts, we can estimate frontal lobe size onlyin Aegyptopithecus. In that form, as in the early lowerprimates, the frontal lobe appears to have been relativelysmall compared to its modern condition. In fact, higherand lower primates did not evolve brains that appear"modern" until about eighteen million years ago.Given our particular interest in our own species andour unique behavioral abilities, such as speech andabstract reasoning, it would be interesting to be able totrace the evolution of those abilities in the fossil record.Unfortunately, endocasts are less useful than other as­pects of our fossil record, such as teeth, bones, and ar­tifacts, for such purposes.First, humans are among the small minority of mam­mals in which, owing to large brain size, details of brainmorphology are not reproduced on endocasts. Littlemore than gross size and shape of the brains of our im­mediate ancestors can be interpreted from the fossil rec­ord. Second, with the partial exception of speech,uniquely human abilities are not neatly localized in thecerebral cortex. Even if every groove were faithfully re­produced on fossil hominid endocasts, one could notinterpret much about behavior from them.The size of fossil human endocasts, however, is thesubject of much study. One of the few features in whichmodern human brains differ from those of other primatesis size, both in absolute terms and relative to bodyweight. In fact, our brains average about three to threeand a half times as large as one would expect in a higherprimate of our body weight. How tempting it is to ascribegreat significance to such measurable differences, but inthe case of brain size, there is little hard evidence as towhat it means. Certainly, within modem humans there isgreat variation in normal brain size, and no known re­lationship between brain size and mental or other abili­ties.Hominid endocasts two to three million years old areintermediate in relative size between those of modernhumans and those of other higher primates, indicatingthat our relatively large brain size appeared quite re­cently. One of the fascinating goals for students of humanevolution is to decipher the significance of this. The union of paleontology and neurophysiology is anexciting one. Endocasts of hundreds of fossil mammalsremain to be studied and interpreted. The informationderived from such studies not only increases our under­standing of ancient life but also helps us to understand thepathways to modem life.Leonard B. Radinsky is Associate Professor in and ActingChairman of Anatomy, and Associate Professor in theCommittee on Evolutionary Biology and the College.Reprinted with permission from Natural History Magazine,May 1976. Copyright © The American Museum of NaturalHistory, 1976.Orchis-Tending in the DesertDr. Henri DenningerNo man is really happy or safe without a hobby.-Sir William OslerGrowing orchids in the Arizona desert is a real challenge,for this is the largest group of flowering plants in the plantkingdom, containing over six hundred genera andtwenty-five thousand or more species. Orchids are repre­sented in all climates, from arctic to temperate, sub­tropical and tropical zones, and at all elevations from sealevel up to 10,000 feet. Only in the Antarctic are orchidsunknown.The greatest concentration and abundance of orchidspecies occur in the tropical and subtropical zones, whichinclude swamps, marshes, savannas, jungles, rain forestsand cloud forests. Only a few species even approach thedeserts; these grow in mountain meadows. For instance,on nearby Mount Wrightson (elevation 9,453 feet) insouthern Arizona, there are some twelve species of LadySlippers, which require a winter snow cover for propergrowth and propagation. These are very small floweredplants, and relatively insignificant to any but thetaxonomist.Orchids are commonly considered to be parasites, be­cause most grow on tree limbs and trunks. The tree,however, is used only for support, the orchid roots travel­ing up and down the limbs so that they can collect waterand nutrients from bird and animal droppings and de­composed organic material. A few orchids aresaphrophytic-small, terrestrial and leafless. Only theirinconspicuous flowers appear above ground.As with most plants, orchid flowers are pollinated byinsects or birds, their seeds dispersed onto suitable loca­tions or growing environments. Many are increased bylateral shoots or growths from the main plant, and someform new plantlets called "keikis" on flowering stems orthe main stem of the plant. These keikis develop roots and leaves and, when dislodged or removed, progress ontheir own. Thus, barring ecological disasters in the natu­ral habitat or cultural mistakes in the greenhouse, orchidsmay be considered essentially eternal.With this brief introduction, let us turn to the questionof how one acquires the virus or disease which causescompulsive orchid cultivation, a disease producing noimmunity, and with no known treatment or cure.It began in the year 1924, when I drove the open busfor zoology and botany field trips at the University. Thebotany trips were especially interesting because, as I re-Dr. Henri Denninger with an Epidendrum falcatum from Central America.25call, Dr. Link and/or Dr. Coulter expected me to knowall the details and expectations of the expeditions and Iwas lectured at constantly while driving. Some knowl­edge of and interest in plants was inevitable, by osmosisif nothing else. That interest, obviously, has persisted.After medical school and internship, I began a privategeneral practice in Arizona.In January of 1958 some friends gave my wife and meour first orchid, which they found attached to a fallen treelimb in their garden. It was a native Epidendrum tam­pense. On our way back home to Marathon in the FloridaKeys, we stopped at Fennell's Orchid Jungle in Miami tolearn how to pot and care for the plant. After introducingourselves we told Mr. Fennell that we had a commonorchid, and needed cultural information. He stiffened andsaid, "No orchid is common. " That did it-after seeing itproperly potted up, we purchased three more plants be­fore leaving.We built a 10-by-28-foot screened enclosure with atranslucent plastic roof to allow the necessary light andprotection from the rain. About every third or fourthSunday a druggist friend, Phil Mozdzer, and I would ex­plore the adjacent Keys and the Everglades for newspecimens. By September of 1960 we had some 150 dif­ferent species of orchids, and some hybrids.That September sixth, Hurricane Donna roared in andwe were wiped out. All we had left were approximatelytwenty-five to thirty plants, my camera, and a dissectingmicroscope. We returned to Arizona to resume a medicalpractice and recoup our losses. A friend in Key Westtook care of the few remaining orchids until we couldsend for them.Tumacacori, Arizona seemed the ideal location-wealready knew many of the ranchers in this valley, and mypractice would be rural and not too hectic, allowing timefor our hobby. The desert environment obviously re­quired a controlled greenhouse rather than the outdoorsituation which sufficed in Florida.This sounds simple enough, but combating the extremeclimatic changes in Arizona presents real constructionand equipment problems. The temperature can vary fiftydegrees from early morning to midafternoon in the win­ter, and summer is just plain hot! Our collection grew,and the greenhouse was enlarged three times, finallyreaching an 18-by-30-foot floor area.In 1974 the Highway Department condemned ourTumacacori location, which stood in the path of a superhighway, and bulldozed everything. Forced to relocate,we chose Tucson, one hundred miles north, as our finaldestination.The new greenhouse walls are of double glass, and theroof consists of two layers of plastic with at least one inchof insulation space between them. This cushions suddentemperature changes and prevents considerable heat lossin winter and heat increase in summer. Additional screen­ing is often needed in summer to adjust the maximumfoot-candles of light to the type of orchids one chooses tocultivate. Two evaporative coolers and two heaters areused. The relative humidity, which should be maintainedat about sixty percent, is controlled automatically by ahumidistat and strategically placed spray nozzles.26 The Denningers in their Arizona greenhouse. Photographs by Don Tor­torell, Tucson Daily Citizen.Our 20-by-40-foot greenhouse now houses approxi­mately two thousand plants, with at least seven to tenpercent in bloom at one time during most of the year.Caring for them is a time-consuming job, but since mywife Lucile and I share the hobby, it is doubly enjoyable.We met in 1926 during our last undergraduate year at theUniversity, were married in 1928, and have worked to­gether ever since.To the beginning hobbyist, any and all orchids arepriceless and extremely desirable, especially the species.(Species refers to the orchid plant and its flowers as itoccurs, and has occurred for millenia, in its ecologicalniche. Hybrids are the result of cross-pollination betweenthe various compatible species. For example, Cattleyaguatemalenis is a natural hybrid between C. skinneri andC. aurantiaca which often share the same region. Otherhybrids are man-made, artificial as it were, hand­pollinated and produced from almost all genera of or­chids.) The flowers are usually small and last only four toten days, although sometimes longer depending on one'scultural skills, and bloom only once a year. Graduallyone becomes more selective and "weeds out" the lessgratifying ones.N ext come plants such as the hybrid Cattleyas,Laelias, and Brassovolas. In many cases the blooms lastthree to five weeks, are larger, and colored in exquisiterainbow hues-with the exception of a true blue. Onlyone species, a South American terrestrial named Disagraminijolia, has small, brilliant blue flowers. The hybridCattleya is the familiar "corsage orchid," but we feelthat the flower looks better on the plant than whentrimmed with big ribbon bows and worn, to fade all toosoon.We are gradually reducing the number of species andhybrid Cattleyas to make room for our more rewardingplants, the Phalaenopsis and the "slipper" orchids.Their blooms last in good condition for some four to sixmonths. Phalaenopsis have flowering stems (spikes),often up to four feet in length, with as many as sixtyflowers spaced alternately along a branching stem whichcascade handsomely. When the blooms have finallyfaded, the stem may be cut back, leaving three or fournodes, and a new spike will often form. This spike elon­gates and proceeds to flower for many more months. Inthe last decade, hybridizing has produced many newplants in gorgeous pastel colors, or with barring, spots, orstripes. The variety may be endless.The slipper orchids include the genera Cypripedium,Selenipedium, Phragmipedium and Paphiopedilum. Thelady slipper or moccasin flower, aCypripedium, is seen inacid, moist woodlands of the temperate zones of Northand Central America, Europe and Asia. Phragmipediumand Selenipedium are indigenous to South and CentralAmerica.The genus Paphiopedilum is the largest in the group,and the most familiar to the orchid grower. They inhabit alarge area in the southern part of Asia and the islands offthe Asian coast. The plants are terrestrial, growing inshady woodlands or in pockets of debris on cliff sides.The variety of shapes, colors and sizes of blooms makethem the favorites of many growers, and the plants, un­like many orchids, are attractive even when not in bloom.Many have variegated foliage in various shades of green,with tesselated designs and hairy edges. These variationsadd much to the charm of the plants.Orchids have played a role in the history of medicine.The ancient Greeks mentioned a few plants and theiruses. The "Doctrine of Signatures" was based on theconcept that a plant which resembled a part or portion ofthe human body would be effective in treating diseases ormalfunctioning of that part. The bulb plants known asOrchis resemble the testes (and Orchis in Greek meanstesticle); therefore the plants were used as aphrodisiacs,in love potions, and to treat impotence.The medieval herbals show an increase in the use oforchids for therapy in almost all known diseases, injuries and malfunctions. Their use declined rapidly after Lin­naeus published his Species Plantarium in 1743. It is prob­able that the systematic classification of plants dilutedthe mystery and superstitions associated with these ex­otic plants. If the primitive tribes extant today still usethese plants, their methods are .probably buried in thecopious stored herbarium notes.Hopefully, the all too brief account of this hobby mayencourage others to pursue similar interests. For menow, it's back to the greenhouse to water and fertilize,and perhaps talk to the plants.• • •For those willing to be bitten by the Orchis bug, here is asuggested reading list. Several of these references con­tain exciting color photographs and paintings of orchidflowers.I. Black, Peter McKenzie, Beautiful Orchids, The HamlynPublishing Group, Ltd., Feltham, Middlesex, England.Printed in West Germany, 1973.2. Denninger, Henri S., "A History of Substances Known asAphrodisiacs," Annals of Medical History, July 1930, Vol.2, No.4, pp. 383-393.3. Northern, Rebecca T., Home Orchid Growing, Second edi­tion, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, New Jer­sey, 1950, 1962.4. Oplt, J., Orchids, The Hamlyn Publishing Group, Ltd.,Feltham, Middlesex, England, 1970.5. Reinikka, Merle A., A History of Orchids, University ofMiami Press, Coral Gables, Florida, 1972.6. Richter, Walter, The Orchid World, E. P. Dutton Company,Inc., New York, 1965.Or. Henri Denninger received his S.B. in 7926 and hisM.D. in 7932.27Is There a Doctor In the House?On Tour with the ChicagoSymphonyA concert tour by the world's premier symphonic or­chestra requires the combined efforts and talents of amultitude of performers, both onstage and behind thescenes. The quality of the ultimate performance dependsupon the musical director, the members of the orchestra,managers, and a host of support staff. The quality of theirperformance, in tum, depends upon their health and en­ergy.Fans welcome the orchestra to Tokyo.Keeping things under control on that front during theChicago Symphony's tour of Japan last June was theUniversity of Chicago's own Dr. Bernard Levin, Assis­tant Professor in the Department of Medicine and Direc­tor of the Gastrointestinal Oncology Clinic. His job wasto make sure that all connected with the orchestra werefit as fiddles, their bodies as finely tuned as the musi­cians' instruments.This is nothing new for Dr. Levin, who also lookedafter the Symphony during their previous tour of Europein 1974. He knows what havoc might be wreaked if a fluteplayer develops a respiratory infection, a violinist sprainsa finger> or a timpanist gets a migraine.Dr. Levin was well prepared to handle these and othereventualities during the three-week tour of eight Japanesecities (Tokyo, Sapporo, Nagoya, Hiroshima, Fukuoka,Niigata, Kanazawa, and Osaka). Months before the tourbegan, he sent a medical history questionnaire to eachmember, so that he would be aware of preexistent medi­cal conditions which might need treatment, and also todetermine which medications to pack. "I brought along a28 Sir Ceorg Solti conducts the Chicago Symphony Orchestra at the Hok­kaido Kosei-Nenkin Kaikan in Sapporo. Photographs by Robert M. Light­foot III.wide range of medicines," he says, "for it is sometimesdifficult to get equivalent agents in another country, inaddition to the translation problems." He also brought avariety of first-aid equipment and an electrocardiogrammachine."One of the most important things I brought along,however," says Dr. Levin, "was a list of English­speaking Japanese physicians, specialists in all areas, es­pecially those who have been trained in the UnitedStates." On a few occasions, the services of such a spe­cialist were required. For example, one man lost his gripwhile loading a heavy trunk filled with musical in­struments, and it fell on his hand. He had to see a handsurgeon.From what opportunity he had to observe the structureof health care, Dr. Levin observed that "Japanesemedicine is very heterogeneous. Medical care is pater­nalistic in a good sense, however, for industry is con­cerned about the health of employees; there is both pri­vate and industrial medicine. A form of national healthinsurance provides partial coverage for the retired andDr. Bernard Levin visits a castle in Nagoya.unemployed. " Another national priority is the problemof pollution, which the Japanese are about to attack on amassive scale.A three-week, fourteen-concert tour is a hecticschedule, and Dr. Levin had to arrange his hours accord­ing to the Orchestra's routine. The members were allhoused in the same hotel in each city, and Dr. Levinestablished office hours in his room each morning from7:30 to 9:30. "Because I had only one room, with one bedfor examinations, I tended to make housecalls," he says.He also had to be present throughout each concert."These are very seasoned musicians," says Levin, "butthere is always an air of tension and slight apprehensionbefore a concert. They are concerned whether the hall isfull, and what the audience response will be."Of course, the Orchestra members had no cause toworry about audience reaction. Leaving the concert hallafter the performance, Dr. Levin was sometimes askedto sign autographs for Japanese fans who mistook him fora member of the orchestra.Dr. Levin was accompanied on the tour by his wife,Dr. Ronnie DuBrow (,76), who is a first-year resident inRanks of suitcases on their way through customs at Tokyo Airport.radiology at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Cen­ter. "We love music, although neither of us can play aninstrument or sing," she says. A typical day for the Drs.Levin went something like this: office hours in the morn­ing, some quick sightseeing in the city or nearby, racingback to the hotel in time to catch the bus to the concerthall, consulting before and during the concert itself, andmaking sure to catch the bus with the musicians after theperformance. By then it was often as late as 9:30 p.m.,and they hurried to grab a quick supper before the restau­rants closed. "There was always the feeling of having tobe somewhere at a particular time," says Dr. Levin,"which was pleasant in a harried sort of manner."Happily, most of the problems that claimed Dr. Lev­in's attention were minor, ordinary ailments. "They weregenerally related to changes in the diet or the air, prob­lems with pollution and fatigue," he says. It was rather arainy season, and there were a lot of minor upper re­spiratory infections and flu-like illnesses going around. The Contemporary Arts Quartet (standing, left to right: Otakar Sroubek,Tom Hall, Don Moline, William Schoen) giving a master class at TohoSchool of Music in Tokyo.The supply of nasal decongestants and antibiotics soondwindled.A few unusual and even exotic situations did break theroutine of sniffles and burps. A splinter from a chopstickthreatened disaster until Dr. Levin skillfully dislodged it.An innocent boil under the jaw became a literal pain inthe neck for a violinist. An energetic, sightseeing spousewas laid low with a slipped disc. And a cholera outbreakfifty miles from Tokyo prompted some concerned mo­ments until the American Embassy assured Dr. Levinthat the Orchestra was "not to worry."Japanese cabs posed perhaps the greatest hazard forvisiting American feet. Once a passenger climbs inside,the driver closes the doors automatically with a lever. Afew mishaps encouraged some quick-footed clamberingworthy of Fred Astaire.Dr. Levin brought back many warm memories ofJapan and its people. "We were very impressed by thewarm hospitality, civility and culture of the people wemet and by the soft beauty of the Japanese countryside.The mixture of ancient Japanese traditions, moderntechnology and the trend toward adoption of Westernlifestyles was astonishing. It was a great privilege notonly to tour Japan but also to play some part in the greatsuccess of the Orchestra's visit. "Traditional Japanese gate to a shrine that overlooks the Inland sea atMiyajima, southwest of Hiroshima.29CalendarFriday, January 20-Sunday, Jan­uary 29Hawaiian Continuing MedicalEducation Program on "TravelMedicine," offered by the JohnA. Bums School of Medicine,University of Hawaii. Program isjointly sponsored by the U niver­sity of Chicago, Indiana Univer­sity, Northwestern University,and the University of Illinois.Write to the Medical AlumniOffice for information. Reserva­tions must be paid in full byNovember 30.Week of April 10Reception for alumni andspouses of Chicago Lying-inHospital during American Col­lege of Obstetricians andGynecologists meeting IIIAnaheim, California. Details lat­er.Week of April 17Reception for alumni andspouses during American Col­lege of Physicians meeting IIIBoston. Details later.Thursday, June 8Medical Alumni Day: breakfasthonoring Century Club mem­bers, scientific program, awardsluncheon, and evening banquethonoring graduates at Hyatt Re­gency Chicago.News BriefsTaylor Named Master in the CollegeEdwin W. Taylor has been appointedMaster of the Biological Sciences Col­legiate Division, Associate Dean of theCollege, and Associate Dean of the Di­vision of the Biological Sciences. He re­ceived a doctorate in biophysics from theUniversity in 1957, and joined the Uni­versity faculty in 1959 after a period ofpostdoctoral research at MIT. He is Pro­fessor in Biophysics and TheoreticalBiology and the College.Taylor's research has been on themolecular mechanism of muscle contrac­tion and cell motility. He is the author orcoauthor of fifty papers published in sci­entific journals, and is the editor of threejournals: the lournal of SupramolecularStructure, the lournal of Mecha­nochemistry and Cell Motility, and theJournal of Theoretical Biology.Taylor is a member of the BiophysicalSociety and presented the National Lec­ture to the society in 1976. He is also amember of the American Society of CellBiology and the American Society forBiological Chemists.Dorfman Named Ryerson LecturerDr. Albert Dorfman has been named theUniversity's Nora and Edward Ryersonlecturer for the 1977-78 academic year.Dr. Dorfman is the Richard T. CraneDistinguished Service Professor in theDepartment of Pediatrics, Director ofthe Joseph P. Kennedy Jr. Mental Re­tardation Research Center, and Pro­fessor in the Department of Biochemis­try and the Committees on Genetics andDevelopmental Biology. He previouslyserved as Chairman of the Departmentof Pediatrics of the Pritzker School ofMedicine and Director of the LaRabidaChildren's Hospital and Medical I n­stitute.The Ryerson lecture was establishedby the Trustees of the University in1973. Edward Ryerson was a Trustee ofthe University for forty-eight years andChairman of the Board of Trustees forfive years prior to his death in 1971.Nominations for the lectureship aresubmitted by the entire faculty each win­ter. The lecture is sponsored by the Cen­ter for Policy Study. The lecturer ismandated to lecture to an audience fromthe entire University on some aspect ofhis major intellectual work.Dorfman is an authority on birth de­fects and mental retardation, and particu­larly on the chemistry of connective tis­sue, which is affected in rheumatic fever and related rheumatic and arthritic dis­eases. He determined that Hurler's syn­drome, a hereditary, child-crippling dis­ease which is accompanied by mental re­tardation, is due to an abnormality ofbreakdown of two complex sugars whichare critical in the structure of connectivetissues. He has also studied Tay-Sachsand Sandhoff-Jatzkewitz diseases.He is the author and coauthor ofnumerous published research reportsconcerning the biochemistry of thesecomplex sugar compounds, known asmucopolysaccharides, and of variousenzymes that break them down. The lackof such enzymes in the body, leading tocrippling and retardation, may be due toa genetic defect.He is an expert in amniocentesis, anddeveloped the technique used to identifythe excess sugar-protein molecules in thefetus that cause retardation.Previous Ryerson lecturers have in­cluded John Hope Franklin, the JohnMatthews Manly Distinguished ServiceProfessor in the Department of History,1973-74; S. Chandrasekhar, the MortonD. Hull Distinguished Service Professorin the Departments of Astronomy andAstrophysics and Physics, the EnricoFermi Institute, and the Committee onthe Conceptual Foundations of Science,1974-75; Philip B. Kurland, the WilliamR. Kenan, Jr. Professor of Law in theLaw School, 1975-76; and Robert E.Streeter, the Edward L. Ryerson Distin­guished Service Professor in the De­partment of English and the College,1976-77.Frontiers of MedicineThe University's Frontiers of Medicineprogram began its thirteenth annualseries of monthly lectures for practicingphysicians on September 14. Most of thelectures are held on the second Wednes­day of each month, in the Frank BillingsAuditorium, P-117.Lectures in the 1977-78 program:September 14-Arrhythmias and SuddenDeath in Coronary DiseaseOctober 12-Medical Aspects of CrimeNovember 9-N euromuscular Causes ofWeaknessDecember 7-The Management of PainJanuary II-First Line Gynecology forthe Family PhysicianFebruary 8-New Diagnostic ImagingTechniquesMarch 8-Recent Advances in Colorec­tal CancerApril 12-Vascular Disease Sym­posium: Cerebrovascular Disease andRenovascular HypertensionMay 1O--Clinical Problems in UrologyJune 14-Recent Advances in InfectiousDiseases For further information write to Dr.Louis Cohen, Frontiers of Medicine,The University of Chicago Medical Cen­ter, Box 451, 950 East 59th Street,Chicago, Illinois, 60637; or call (312)947-5777.Jakob-Creutzfeldt DiseaseDr. Sidney Schulman has successfullytransmitted a form of human preseniledementia to a rhesus monkey, an exper­iment which supports growing evidencethat the disease is infectious.Schulman, the Ellen C. Manning Pro­fessor in the Division of Biological Sci­ences, transmitted J akob-Creutzfeldtdisease from a human patient to a rhesusmonkey. He inoculated the monkey inNovember, 1968, with brain biopsy tis­sue from a patient who later died of thedisease, which is always fatal. In July,1974, almost six years later, the monkeydeveloped neurological symptoms con­sistent with those in human patients withthe disease. The animal died six monthslater.Autopsy examination of the brain bySchulman and his colleagues, Drs.Nicholas Vick, Nathan Blank and CesarFernandez, showed destruction of thecerebral cortex and the thalamus, identi­cal in type to that seen in human Jakob­Creutzfeldt disease. This is one of anumber of suspected slow-acting virusdiseases of the brain, including kuru inman, scrapie in sheep, and Aleutianmink disease, that take years to develop.Unlike almost all other known virus dis­eases, they destroy cells without evokingan inflammatory reaction.J akob-Creutzfeldt disease involvesdamage to the thalamus, a key area of thebrain. Schulman has studied lesions inthe so-called dorsomedial and pulvinarareas of the thalamus in experimentalmonkeys, attempting to reproduce thesymptoms of presenile dementia. He ispresently preparing a report on the re­sults of this research.Schulman has studied thalamic de­struction associated with brain diseasefor more than a quarter of a century. Hisinterest began when he was a neurologyresident at the University of ChicagoMedical Center in 1950.In September of that year a patientwas admitted whose recent memory haddeteriorated-e-he could not rememberwhat he was supposed to do on hisjob asa skilled machinist, nor could he re­member more than three numbers in aseries, or what he had eaten for break­fast. He had also lost muscular coordina­tion and was unable to stand withoutsupport. His behavior was strangely imp­ish. When he was tested for coordination31Dr. Sidney Schulmanof hand movement by being asked totouch his nose, he mischievously tried topoke his finger into Schulman's eyes, Hehad periods of stupor followed by crying,incoherent shouting and muscularspasms. A month later he became co­matose, and in November he died ofpneumonia.On post-mortem examination, the dor­somedial nucleus area of the thalamuswas found to be severely degenerated.About seventy percent of the nerve cellswere destroyed, and the remainder wereundergoing degeneration. "Other areasof the thalamus were involved too, butthere were only very minor changes inthe cerebral cortex," said Schulman... Another microscopic finding was thepresence of tiny holes in the tissue be­tween the nerve cells, giving it a spongytexture.' ,At the time, he thought these holeswere artifacts produced during the pro­cessing of the tissue, but they are nowknown to be real changes in the tissue,characteristic of kuru and also seen inmost cases of J akob-Creutzfeldt disease.Schulman ruminated about his pa­tient's puzzling symptoms before hediscovered a description of a similarcase of thalamic destruction, reportedfrom England in 1939 by Dr. Karl Stern.Schulman published a report on the 1950case in the Journal of Neuropathologyand Experimental Neurology in 1957. In1960 a French neurologist, Dr. A. A.Khochneviss, suggested that the casesdescribed by Stern and Schulman wereactually examples of Jakob-Creutzfeldtdisease with unusually severe involve­ment of the thalamus and very littlechange in the cerebral cortex.Dr. Schulman is presently preparing areport on thalamic lesions in a series of32 monkeys. He believes that the dorsome­dial nucleus of the thalamus mediatesso-called central representative pro­cesses, and that this is a powerful func­tion which frees behavior from the domi­nance of external stimuli.His research was supported by grantsfrom the National Institute of MentalHealth and the Louis Block Fund of theUniversity of Chicago.Wild Corn Comes Out of the ClosetGeorge Beadle doesn't have to put histeosinte in the closet any more. Teosinteis a Mexican plant that Beadle, NobelLaureate and President Emeritus of theUniversity, regards as the wild ancestorof corn. It is a .. short day" plant, for theU.S. corn belt days in summer are toolong for teosinte to mature out-of-doorsbefore killing frosts. Flowering plants"know" when to flower by the appropri­ate day length.Beadle is breeding hybrids of teosinteand corn. He originally had to go toMexico to grow his teosinte and cornhybrids-c-or put the teosinte in the closetevery day at the Biology Department'sgreenhouse.In order to expedite his studies,Beadle hybridized the Mexican teosintewith corn belt corn, and selected out theteosintes adapted to "long" days. In ge­netic terms, he developed some teosintesthat have "long day" photoperiod genesfrom U.S. corn-belt corn.By September 1977, Beadle hadselected a wide variety of corn andteosinte hybrids in the two University ofChicago corn and teosinte patches onSouth Ellis Avenue near 55th Street, andin the University's greenhouses.George Beadle Beadle is an Honorary Trustee of theUniversity and the William E. WratherDistinguished Service ProfessorEmeritus of Biology. He received theNobel Prize in 1958 for demonstratingthe genetic basis of protein synthesis­that one gene "codes" for one protein.This work, which employed studies ofNeurospora crassa, a mold, helped leadthe way to the Watson-Crick model ofDNA and subsequent modern molecularbiology.Beadle wrote his Ph. D. thesis at Cor­nell in 193'1 on corn genetics. With hismajor professor, Rollins A. Emerson, heconcluded that teosinte was the ancestorof corn. Later, a rival theory was pro­posed by Paul C. Mangelsdorfand R. G.Reeves. They proposed that a primitivecorn, now extinct, hybridized with aplant called tripsacum to produceteosinte. This hypothesis was long de­fended, but after thirty-four years waswithdrawn by Mangelsdorf in 1972, andreplaced with the proposal that teosintewas derived from a wild corn now ex­tinct.After Beadle retired as President ofthe University in 1968, he decided to re­turn to his corn and teosinte studies inthe hope of finally settling the matter.Thus was renewed the long-standingcontinued controversy at scientific sym­posia and elsewhere.Teosinte plants resemble small complants, but teosinte's many ears haveonly five to ten seeds or so, borne on itsmany grass-like stalks. In the morecorn-like primitive teosinte-corn hybridsegregants, the seeds grew on miniaturecobs. As the hybrids pick up more mod­ern corn-like characteristics, the ears arelarger and have more rows of seeds.Corn was developed by the MexicanIndians, presumably by women, saidBeadle in an open-air interview amonghis corn plants. Beadle has an ency­clopedic store of scientific, historic, an­thropological and archeological knowl­edge about corn. "No corn, archeologi­calor modern, is capable of survivalwithout human intervention for manyreasons, among them that no com is ca­pable of dispersing its' seeds,' a must forany wild plant," commented Beadle.Mexican farmers like to have a bit ofteosinte in their fields, he said, "for theyknow that if teosinte is around it will im­prove their com, native corn, which isclosely inbred. If teosinte pollinatescorn, vigorous hybrids are the result, butthese are not 'good' corn. Through re­peated backcrosses of such hybrids tocorn, good corn results with markedhybrid vigor. Some peasants believe thatteosinte "turns into com" in three years.It doesn't, but such hybrids may retainthe vigor lost through close inbreeding."With commerical corn, says Beadle,"we inbreed and then cross inbreds inmany combinations and pick out the bestones. Thus are produced inbreds that aredifferent and that in hybrids give highlyvigorous plants. In the U.S., large com­mercial corn farmers no longer save theirown seed. They buy hybrid seed.Some of Beadle's current experi­mental plants were selected for their longears. Long-eared plants require large­grained pollen. If the pollen is too small,it may not make it all the way down thesilks.He is comparing the large-grained pol­lens in large-eared corn with pollens ofreconstructed corn-teosinte hybrids thathave small ears, like the seven­thousand-year-old archeological cornfound in dry caves in Mexico. His re­constructed archeological corn has muchshorter silks, and smaller pollen grains,than does modern corn. Natural selec­tion will result in pollen no larger thanwill do the job, he says.These pollen experiments, Beadlefeels, cast additional doubt on the con­tention that a wild corn with large pollen,not teosinte, existed in Mexico someeighty thousand years ago.Does Beadle's current work have sig­nificance for corn breeding today? "Wereally don't know," he says. About threeyears ago he polled a number of cornbreeders as to whether various teosintesrecovered from com hybrids would be ofinterest to commercial corn breeders."Most of them said yes, in the long run itmay well be important to save and usesuch diversity in practical corn breeding,but that they were not ready at thistime," Beadle said. "Thus we haveseed-banked wild and recoveredteosintes. At low moisture content andlow temperatures, these will remain via­ble for several decades. We are alsoseed-banking corn-like types of re­covered hybrids."It is also desirable to grow such cornand teosinte lines periodically so thatthey will continue to adapt to changingconditions. But most commercial breed­ers aren't that concerned at this time.They are doing all the business they arelikely to be interested in during the nextseveral decades."Drug Effects to be StudiedThe effects of drugs on humans will bestudied in a new program that combinesthe expertise of the University's CancerResearch Center and the Committee onClinical Pharmacology.The program has been made possiblethrough a $500,000 grant by theBristol-Myers Company. The grant will Dr. Leon Goldbergunderwrite for a five-year period thecosts of establishing and staffing a drugmetabolism laboratory in the U niver­sitys Medical Center.The program will include studies to de­termine possible drug interactions be­tween various anti-cancer agents, and be­tween anti-cancer agents and other drugspatients may be taking. It will alsofurther certain studies currently under­way on drug-to-drug interactions in hu­mans.The grant also provides funds to ac­quire a mass spectrometer gaschromatograph that can identify andquantitate extremely small amounts ofdrugs and metabolites in both patientsand experimental animals.Dr. John Ultmann Acting Dean Robert B. Uretz desig­nated as co-administrators of the grant,Dr. John E. Ultmann, Director of theUniversity's Cancer Research Centerand Professor in the Department ofMedicine; and Dr. Leon l. Goldberg,Chairman of the Committee on ClinicalPharmacology and Professor in the De­partments of Pharmacological and Phys­iological Sciences and Medicine.Cancer Cell line EstablishedJ. D. is dead, but his cancer cells live on.A rare type of adrenal cancer killed J. D.(John Doe) in 1975 in the Medical Cen­ter. Dr. Victor S. Fang, Associate Pro­fessor in the Department of Medicine'sSection of Endocrinology, obtainedspecimens of J.D.'s cancer severalmonths before he died. The specimenscame from a kidney site to which thecancer had spread. Fang cultured thecells in his laboratory, and they are stillliving and multiplying today.Only in exceptional cases is it possibleto maintain living human epithelial cells,apart from the individual from whomthey were taken, and to observe themdividing and multiplying indefinitely, formost cell lines die out within a fewmonths.Fang's laboratory had tried more thanfifty cancer tissues during the past threeyears and he succeeded with only one ofthem. The cell line, known as Fang-S, isan established cell line having been fullycharacterized. There are very fewestablished and well-characterized celllines available in the biomedical world.The best known human cancer cell line isthe so-called He La cancer cell named forHenrietta Lacks, who died of cervicalcancer twenty-six years ago. HeLa cellsare used in laboratories all over theworld to study the biochemistry and ge­netics of cancer. They were the firsthuman cancer cells to be successfullycultured in the laboratory.Chromosome studies of the Fang-8line indicate a very different chromo­some frequency distribution than that forHeLa cells. He La cells have eighty toninety chromosomes, versus forty-sixfor normal, human non-cancer cells.Fang-S cells have fifty-five to sixty-twochromosomes.Unfortunately, says Fang, HeLa cellshave become dissipated with little con­trol and have contaminated other humancell lines maintained in research labora­tories. HeLa cells derived from Hen­rietta Lack's original cervical cancer alsonow exist in several different strains.Scientists are studying the chromosomesand HLA antigens of Henrietta Lack'shusband and children to attempt to de­termine her own genetic make-up. The33evidence will help scientists track downtrue HeLa cultures and separate themfrom other independent cell lines.To date, there are about two hundredannounced independent human celllines, says Fang. HeLa cell contamina­tion accounts for seventy cell lines for­merly thought to be independent celllines. Fang has never had any HeLa cellsin his laboratory and plans to take painsto maintain the purity of the Fang-8 cellline by careful laboratory procedures."Cancer is a disease with cellular ab­normalities and, therefore, has to bestudied with the cancer cells per se,"says Fang. "A permanent cell line is animportant asset, providing a convenientmeans for understanding the mechanismof human cancer and for designing strat­egies of early diagnosis and therapeuticcontrol. Establishment of a cell line is thefirst but significant step toward thatgoal. "An unusual property of Fang-8 cells isthat they secrete estrogen, a female sexhormone. The adrenal glands, locatedabove the kidneys, secrete steroids inboth males and females. Normally, malesex hormones predominate in humanmales. J. D.'s adrenal cancer producedexcessive amounts of estrogen, feminiz­ing him.In 1972, J. D. noticed a loss of sexdrive, impotency, and mammary glanddevelopment. In May, 1973, he was op­erated upon at the University for aruptured adrenal cancer and internalbleeding. Later, the cancer spread to hiskidneys, and he died.Fang has maintained the Fang-8 cellsin a successive series of seventy pas­sages since February, 1975. The cellsmultiply about five population doublingsin each passage before the dish can nolonger contain and nurture all cells. Eachpassage lasted for about two weeks.Fang's laboratory is a clinical servicefacility maintained for the study and di­agnosis of patients' endocrine problems."Hearing" Blood FlowPhysicians in the fourth floor VascularLaboratory of the University's BillingsHospital listen intently as a rushingsound fills the room. A constant pound­ing dominates other noises. Meanwhile,a patient relaxes quietly on a bed in thelaboratory. A blood pressure cuff iswrapped around her ankle and a smalldevice which resembles a fountain pentouches the skin of her leg.Doctors are "listening" to the pa­tient's blood as it flows through her leg.The pounding sound, similar to surfwashing sand, is blood flowing throughthe veins. The high-pitched pulsatingnoise is blood flowing in the arteries. By34 Dr. Christopher Zarins with a patient in theVascular Laboratory.listening to the sounds, the physicianscan determine if arteries or veins areblocked.N on-invasive vascular tests are gain­ing greater attention as a simple way todetermine if patients are at risk for strokeor other vascular problems. While thetests probably will not replace arterio­grams or venograms as the definitiveprocedures for determining illness or in­jury, they will give an indication whenthese other tests are necessary.Dr. Christopher K. Zarins, AssistantProfessor in the Department of Surgery,directs the Vascular Laboratory. "Non­invasive assessments of blood flow aidphysicians in earlier diagnosis of vascu­lar and arterial difficulties," he says."They enable us to objectively docu­ment the adequacy of blood so that wecan improve our diagnostic accuracy."In the Vascular Laboratory, physi­cians and staff can monitor blood flow byplacing a device called a Doppler on theskin directly above the vein. The Dop­pler emits a high-pitched sound thatechoes the blood flowing through thevein. The motion of the blood changesthe frequency of the pitch reflected offthe red blood cells. It is similar to thechange in sound of a train whistle as thetrain passes by. A sensor in the Dopplerdetects the sounds of the flowing blood.The sound is amplified so that otherphysicians can listen.Changes in blood velocity or turbu­lence indicate possible blockage. Just asa boulder in a flowing stream blocks thecurrent, clots or occlusions hamperblood pressure in different parts of theleg and toes. A drop in blood pressure inany area would indicate arterial obstruc­tion."Stroke is a leading cause of death inthe United States," says Zarins. "Asmany as forty percent of stroke patientsmay have a surgically correctable dis­ease in the arteries leading to the brain.Using the Doppler, we can determine ifthere is a narrowing of the carotid artery,the main artery to the brain." Physicians determine if there is a nar­rowing of the carotid artery by measur­ing pulsations in the eyes. The eyeballsare numbed with medication. Small cupsresembling contact lenses are placedover the eyes. The cups relay informa­tion to sensitive recording machines. De­lays in eye pulsation indicate obstructionof the blood flow to the brain."Non-invasive testing is a rapidly de­veloping field," concludes Zarins. "Inthe near future we expect to be able toproduce images on television screensthat will enable us to see the interior ofblood vessels."High-Fiber Diet for DiabeticsAn increase in dietary fiber may be use­ful in lowering blood sugar levels in somediabetic patients, say Perla Miranda andDr. David L. Horwitz. They reported tothe American Diabetes Association lastJune that plasma glucose levels were sig­nificantly higher on the low-fiber diet(three grams per day) given eightinsulin-requiring diabetics than on thehigh-fiber (twenty grams) experimentaldiet. Miranda is a research nutritionist inthe University's General Clinical Re­search Center. Dr. Horwitz, AssistantProfessor of Medicine (Endocrinology),supervised her research.The increased fiber was given predom­inantly, but not exclusively, as high-fiberbread in which the principal fiber wascellulose. Total calories, carbohydrates,fat, and protein were maintained thesame on both diets for each subject, aswas carbohydrate distribution betweenmeals. Each subject was kept on thesame insulin dose throughout the study.The results of the study suggest thatincreased dietary fiber may lead tomarked changes in diabetic control, andthat diabetic diets should include someconsideration of fiber content as well ascaloric content and food composition.Miranda and Horwitz caution that di­abetics should not go on a high-fiber dietwithout the specific advice of a physi­cian, and that by itself such a diet is notsufficient to control diabetes. Somecommercially-sold bran cereals, some­times used as high-fiber sources by di­eters, contain large amounts of sugar,they warn, and may be useless in cuttingblood sugar.In addition to high-fiber bread, thehigh-fiber diet included increased quan­tities of fruits and vegetables, particu­larly those which could be served with­out cooking.The General Clinical Research Centeris supported by a grant from the Divisionof Research Resources, National In­stitutes of Health. Program Director isDr. Richard L. Landau, Professor in theDepartment of Medicine and the Collegeand Chairman of the Clinical Investiga­tion Committee.Visualizing Brain and Nerve CellsA new fluorescent cell staining techniquedeveloped by Jack de la Torre of theUniversity's Brain Research Institutehas greatly facilitated microscopic visu­alization of brain and nerve cells. Thetechnique was developed with Jane W.Surgeon, Research Technician in theDepartment of Surgery.Brain and nerve cells (neurotransmit­ters) responding to the common nervoussystem biochemicals dopamine, nor­adrenalin, and serotonin can beexamined twelve minutes after the tissuesamples are taken. This makes it thefastest method presently available for thevisualization of brain neurons and theirprocesses. The best previous procedurefor visualizing such cells required hours,and damaged the cells. The new methoddoes not damage the cells.De la Torre, Associate Professor inthe Departments of Surgery (Neuro­surgery) and Psychiatry, has receivedmore than twelve hundred requests forinformation on the new technique fromall over the world. "The 'SPG' methodis presently being used in a number ofresearch institutes all over the world,"he says, "even by personnel untrained inhistofluorescence. I think a major step inbrain research will be taken when humanpost-mortem neurotransmitters in tissuecan remain analyzable using this method.A lot can be learned about neurologicaldisorders and mental conditions if abrief, sensitive test can be applied notonly to post-mortem tissue but also tosamples biopsied during neurosurgicaloperations in humans. Such researchwould narrow the gap of knowledge thatexists now between animal experimenta­tion and human extrapolation."Termed the SPG (sucrose-potassiumphosphate-glyoxylic acid) method, it is avariation on the glyoxylic acid condensa­tion reaction method previously used,which required three to four hours, com­plicated equipment, and highly trainedpersonnel.The neurotransmitters "appear" onthe specially prepared tissue after athree-second condensation reaction withthe glyoxylic acid solution at room tem­perature. When the tissue section isexamined under a fluorescent micro­scope, the nerve cell endings (site oftransmission of nerve signals) and detailsof the nerve cells are seen to fluorescebrightly.Any type of body tissue containingneurons that respond to the three so­called monoamines can be examined with the method. This includes the brain,spinal cord, lung, heart, gut, and penis,as well as other tissues supplied withsympathetic or central nervous systemnerves.In animal tests, the method alsoworked with fetal brain tissue, and it maythus be useful in studying developmentalbrain defects.The test does not damage some partsof the neuron, such as small cell organ­elles called mitochondria and so-calledprocesses (small filaments or "arms" ex­tending from "star" -shaped astrocytes,a type of brain cell), as did the previoustest. It also does not appear to disruptthe metabolism and synthesis of brainbiochemicals as the earlier test did.Penicillin-Resistant GonorrheaPenicillin is the mainstay of gonorrheatreatment but it now requires two largeshots to cure the disease, according toDr. Stephen Lerner, Assistant Professorof Medicine and a specialist in infectiousdiseases and the genetics of antibioticresistance.He also warns that it is possible that ifone contracts gonorrhea in the future, itmay be necessary to come back anotherday for other medication, because twonew strains have appeared in the Philip­pines and West Africa that completelydestroy penicillin.So far only about 150 cases of thePhilippines strain have been reported in22 states in the United States and in 15foreign countries. Although no cases ofthe West African strain, which is genet­ically different from the Philippinesstrain, have appeared in the UnitedStates, it has been seen in Great Britain.Both strains carry genes for productionof a penicillin-destroying enzyme.Lerner has made important dis­coveries concerning the genetic basis forantibiotic resistance in Neisseria go nor­rhoeae (gonococci), the bacterial speciesthat causes gonorrhea. He is also study­ing the new Philippines strain that de­stroys penicillin.If the penicillin-destroying strain be­comes widespread, which is possible, thenext available antibiotic againstgonorrhea is spectinomycin. However,some strains of gonococci have beenfound to develop resistance to spec­tinomycin. It also costs six times asmuch as penicillin. Multiply that by theestimated three million new cases ofgonorrhea in the United States eachyear, and U.S. public health officialsmay face a grave problem of cost.Nature is performing its own re­combinant DN A experiment in N.gonorrhoeae, says Lerner. The gene forpenicillinase, the enzyme which destroys penicillin, probably was transferred intothe "Philippines" gonococcus fromanother type of bacterium which pro­duces penicillinase. It might have comefrom Escherichia coli, a "harmless" in­testinal species. The E. coli bacterium iscarried by everyone in the world, and isalso used in recombinant DNA labora­tory experiments.As in scientists' man-made transfer ofrecombinant genes into E. coli, the struc­ture that carries the newly-acquired pen­icillinase gene in the gonococcus is aplasmid, a circular double strand ofDNA that resides in some bacteria sepa­rately from the bacterial chromosome.Lerner and other specialists in bacterialgenetics are intensively studying howbacterial plasmids can migrate from onebacterium to another through a processcalled conjugation.In bacterial conjugation, two bacteriamust come into physical ("sexual") con­tact. The penicillinase plasmid is passedfrom one bacterium to another via a"sex" pilus, a hollow hair-like projectionfrom the bacterium. U sing conjugation,Lerner and his University of Chicagoassociates have transferred thepenicillinase-coding gene in the Philip­pines gonococci into a penicillin­sensitive strain. This procedure madethe latter strain code for the penicillin­destroying enzyme. Through a transferof plasmid genes, the gonococcus ac­quired the genetic function to destroypenicillin.The conjugation process apparentlyrequires the presence of two differentplasmids found in some gonococci. Oneof the plasmids codes for penicillinase,but the second plasmid, which seems tofunction as a "sex" plasmid, is appar­ently necessary for the transfer to takeplace.Lerner, Dr. Josephine Morello, Direc­tor of Clinical Microbiology and Pro-Marjorie Bohnhoff, Dr. losephine Morel/a, andDr. Stephen Lerner.35fessor in Pathology, Medicine and theCollege, and Marjorie Bohnhoff, Re­search Associate in the Department ofMedicine, used gonococcal strains frompatients in the University's MedicalCenter to study the genetic changes ingonorrhea germ chromosomes that codefor increased penicillin resistance-asopposed to outright destruction. Theyhave identified five genes on thegonococci chromosome which are re­sponsible for resistance to the antibioticspenicillin, streptomycin, tetracycline,chloramphenicol, erythromycin, andrifampin.Three individual genes which are neareach other on the gonococcal chromo­some code for resistance to streptomy­cin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol,respectively. One gene, which is not lo­cated nearby, is responsible for theslowly increasing resistance to penicillinthat has been observed over the pasttwenty years. Another gene confers re­sistance to erythromycin and rifampin,and also contributes to the level of re­sistance to other antibiotics such as pen­icillin, tetracycline, and chloram­phenicol. Thus, the final level of resis­tance to a particular antibiotic may de­pend on the contribution of several dif­ferent genes.What next? Lerner theorizes thatNeisseria m e ning itidis, a bacteriumclosely related to the gonococcus, mayalso acquire the ability to destroy pen­icillin. N. meningitidis, which can causeepidemic meningitis, is customarilyfound in the throat, where it does notcause problems. Lerner theorizes thatthe plasmid genes for penicillinase thatare present in some E. coli strains couldbe transferred by conjugation into N.meningitidis.Although other antibiotics are avail­able for treatment, the loss of effective­ness of penicillin might have seriousmedical consequences.University Senate Council MembersThe following faculty members were re­cently elected to serve three-year termson the Council of the University Senate:Dr. Marc O. Beem ('48), Professor ofPediatrics; Dr. John F. Kramer, As­sociate Professor of Psychiatry; Dr.Irwin H. Rosenberg, Professor ofMedicine; Dr. Harry W. Schoenberg,Professor of Surgery; and Dr. FrancisH. Straus II (,57), Associate Professorof Pathology. Dr. Patti Tighe, AssistantProfessor of Psychiatry, was designatedas an alternate.36 In MemoriamCharles W. Schlageter, 1920-1977Dr. Charles W. Schlageter died July 15,following a shooting in his office atNorthwestern Memorial Hospital'sPassavant-Jennings Pavilion, in Chi­cago. A former psychiatric outpatient ofDr. Schlageter's has been charged withthe slaying.Dr. Schlageter, who received hisundergraduate and M.D. degrees fromthe University of Chicago, was servinghis second term as secretary of theChicago Medical Society. He also hadserved as chairman of the Society's In­surance Trust since its founding in 1971.Following his internship at the U.S.Navy Hospital in Seattle, and a res­idency in psychiatry at the VeteransAdministration Hospital in Hines, Il­linois, he entered a full-time practice ofpsychiatry in Chicago.He served as clinical instructor in psy­chiatry at the University of Illinois in1951-52. At the Northwestern Univer­sity Medical School's Department ofPsychiatry, he was a clinical assistant(1952-55), instructor (1955-56), associate(1956--60) and assistant professor (1966until his death). Since 1954 he had servedas the head of Student Health at theNorthwestern University MedicalSchool.Dr. Schlageter served on the Board ofDirectors of the Chicago Medical Soci­ety Service Bureau and the ChicagoFoundation for Medical Care. He was amember of the Board of Directors of theIllinois State Medical Society InsuranceServices, Inc., and the Illinois StateMedical Society'S Insurance Commit­tee.Dr. Schlageter was named an alternatedelegate from the Illinois State MedicalSociety to the AMA this year. He heldmemberships in the American and il­linois Psychiatric Associations, Societyfor Adolescent Psychiatry, AmericanAssociation for the Advancement of Sci­ence, and Association of American Med­ical Colleges.Dr. Schlageter is survived by his wife,Betty; four sons, Nicholas, Eric, Davidand Kurt; his mother, Agnes; and a sis­ter, Mrs. Jeanne Arnoff.Memorial gifts may be sent to the Dr.Charles W. Schlageter Memorial Fundat Northwestern Memorial Hospital.Alumni Deaths'17. Benjamin B. Gricht er , LittleRock, Arkansas, April 28, 1977, age 86. '20. Harry A. Oberhelman, Sr., OakPark, Illinois, September 13, 1977, age89.'21. Jacob A. Bargen, Sun City,California, December 26, 1976, age 82.'29. Theodore H. Goldman, SouthLaguna Beach, California, May 10,1977,age 73.'32. Ivar E. Dolph, Chillicothe, Il­linois, November 19, 1976, age 73.'33. Thomas D. Armstrong, MichiganCity, Indiana, June 13, 1977, age 70.'35. John L. Gedgoud, Bellevue, Ne­braska, December 31, 1976, age 66.'36. J. Winford Mather, East Gary,Indiana, May 5, 1977, age 78.'38. Oscar Bodansky, New York,New York, August 21, 1977, age 76.'40. Howard B. Thomas, Seattle,Washington, January II, 1977, age 69.Former StaffHenrietta Necheles (Student HealthClinic, Physician, '51-'57), Chicago, Il­linois, July 28, 1977, age 79.Departmental NewsBen May LaboratoryElwood Jensen, Professor in the Depart­ment of Biophysics and TheoreticalBiology and Director of the Ben MayLaboratory for Cancer Research, wasselected by the Council of the AmericanAcademy of Arts and Sciences as one ofthree recipients of the Amory Prize for1977. The r rize, based on a 1912 bequestto the Academy by Francis Amory, isawarded for achievement in basic andclinical knowledge of the structure andfunction of the male and female re­productive and genitourinary systems.Jensen was presented with a check for$1,000 at an award ceremony heldNovember 9 at the House of theAcademy in Boston. He has also beennamed the Charles B. Huggins Professorof Biological Sciences at the University.BiochemistryThe Department's Second AnnualEarl Evans Special Lecture was pre­sented on October 19. Dr. Philip Leder,Chief of the Laboratory of MolecularGenetics, the National Institute of ChildHealth and Human Development, pre­sented "A Close and Surprising Look atthe Mammalian Genome."Aron MosconaBiologyRoy P. Mackal (Ph.D. '53), ResearchAssociate in the Department of Biologyand the University Safety Coordinator,was recently appointed Energy Coor­dinator for the University. He chairedthe University's Energy ConservationSurvey Committee in 1976 and partici­pated in an earlier energy utilizationanalysis.Dr. Aron A. Moscona, the Louis BlockProfessor in the Departments of Biologyand Pathology, and in the College andthe Committees on Genetics, Devel­opmental Biology, and Immunology,was elected to a four-year term as pres­ident of the International Society ofDevelopmental Biologists at the EighthInternational Congress of the Society,held August 29-September 5 in Japan.Janice B. Spofford (Ph.D. '55), As­sociate Professor in the Department ofBiology, the College, and the Commit­tees on Evolutionary Biology and Genet-Dr. William Lester ics, and Associate Master of the Biologi­cal Sciences Collegiate Division, was re­cently named President-Elect of theAmerican Society of Naturalists.MedicineThe Fourth Symposium on DiabetesMellitus for Allied Health Professionals,sponsored by the American DiabetesAssociation, was held in Chicago, Sep­tember 15-16. The following facultymembers participated: Dr. David L.Horwitz (,67), Assistant Professor,spoke on "New Dietary Considerationsfor Diabetics;" Dr. John W. Rippon, As­sociate Professor, discussed "MycosesAssociated with the Diabetic;" and Dr.Arthur H. Rubenstein, Professor and As­sociate Chairman, presented an "Up­date on Diabetes Research."Dr. Leslie J. DeGroot, Professor in theDepartments of Medicine and Radiol­ogy, organized and participated in theThird Annual Workshop on the Thyroid,presented by the American Thyroid As­sociation in Key Biscayne, Florida,November 6-8. He discussed "IodinePhysiology and Metabolism andThyroxine Synthesis and Secretion."Dr. Adrian I. Katz, Professor, wasawarded a Fogarty Senior InternationalFellowship for one year to study "Func­tional Characteristics of Single NephronSegments." He will study at the Labora­tory for Cell Physiology of the Collegede France, Paris, through September,1978.Dr. Stephen Lerner, Assistant Pro­fessor in the Departments of Medicine,Biophysics and Theoretical Biology, andMicrobiology, participated in the TenthInternational Congress of Chemo­therapy in Zurich, Switzerland, Septem­ber 18-23. He discussed the toxic effectsof certain antibiotics.The following faculty from the De­partment of Medicine also participated inthe Congress: Dr. Donald Sweet, Assis­tant Professor, discussed the currentstatus of chemotherapy for non­Hodgkin's lymphomas. Dr. JohnUltmann, Professor, and Director of theCancer Research Center, was coauthorwith Dr. Sweet. Dr. Sidney Cohen, Pro­fessor of Medicine at Michael ReeseHospital and at the University ofChicago, discussed the genetics of bacte­rial resistance to antibiotics.Dr. William Lester (,41), Professor,was awarded the 1977 Chicago Lung As­sociation Medal. The award-is given an­nually for outstanding dedication andservice in the fight against lung disease.MicrobiologyPromotion:Dr. Edward P. Cohen-Professor. Dr. Marshall LindheimerObstetrics and GynecologyHypertension in Pregnancy, a volume inthe Wiley Medical series, 'Perspectivesin Nephrology and Hypertension, wasrecently edited by Dr. Marshall D. Lind­heimer, Associate Professor in the De­partments of Obstetrics and Gynecologyand Medicine, Dr. Frederick Zuspan,former chairman of the Department ofObstetrics and Gynecology, and Dr.Adrian I. Katz, Professor of Medicine.The book reports on an internationalsymposium held at the University inSeptember, 1975.OphthalmologyDr. Frank W. Newell, the James N. andAnna L. Raymond Professor andChairman of the Department, waselected to the Board of Trustees ofLoyola University in ChicagoPathologyDr. James E. Bowman, Professor in theDepartments of Pathology andDr. James Bowman37Medicine, Director of Laboratories, andMedical Director of the Blood Bank forthe Medical Center, was appointed Ex­ternal Examiner in Pathology at the Col­lege of Medicine of Nigeria's Universityof Lagos, for three weeks in July. Dr.Bowman was also appointed to the Med­ical Exhibits Advisory Committee ofChicago's Museum of Science and In­dustry. The Committee advises theMuseum on the development of medicaland health-related exhibits.Dr. Robert W. Wissler (,48), theDonald N. Pritzker Distinguished Ser­vice Professor of Pathology and Directorof the Specialized Center of Research inAtherosclerosis, participated in a specialworkshop on the "Collaborative Pediat­ric Pathology Risk Factor Program" atLouisiana State University MedicalCenter, held during the summer months.He also served as a faculty member forthe Summer, 1977 program at the GivenInstitute on Pathobiology, Aspen, Col­orado. I n the past, he has helped to or­ganize special audio-visual workbooks,workshops and other teaching materialsfor the I nstitute. This summer he devel­oped a special seminar series on "TheEmerging Pathobiology of Athero­sclerosis.' ,Dr. Wissler participated in severalinternational symposia and conferencesin Europe during September. He spokeon "Morphology and Pathogenesis ofArteriosclerosis" at the Symposium onPlatelets and the Vessel Wall in Saulgau,Germany; and on "Regression of Ar­teriosclerotic Vessel Wall Diseases" atthe Congress on Pathobiochemical Prob­lems of the Artery Wall, sponsored bythe German Society of Angiology inVienna, Austria. He also attended theInternational Symposium on Platelets inFlorence, Italy.The following faculty in the Depart­ment of Pathology were involved in aSymposium on the State of Preventionand Therapy in Human Atherosclerosisand in Animal Models, held in Muenster,West Germany last June: Dr. KattiFischer-Dzoga, Research Associate (As­sociate Professor); Dr. Draga Ves­selinovitch, Research Associate (As­sociate Professor); and Dr. Robert Wiss­ler.PediatricsDr. Albert Dorfman, the Richard T.Crane Distinguished Service Professorin Pediatrics and Director of the JosephP. Kennedy, Jr. Mental Retardation Re­search Center, and Nancy B. Schwartz,Assistant Professor in the Departmentsof Pediatrics and Biochemistry, attendeda Symposium on the Biology of Connec­tive Tissue. commemorating the 500-38 year anniversary celebration of the U ni­versity of Uppsala, Sweden, September5-10. Dr. Dorfman chaired a session onDifferentiation and presented a paper en­titled "Studies on the Differentiation ofCartilage." Miss Schwartz gave a paperon "Regulation of the Biosynthesis ofChondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan."Dr. Robert L. Replogle, Professor, waselected to serve a three-year term on theboard of directors of Cornell CollegeAlumni Association, Mt. Vernon, Iowa.Dr. Robert L. Rosenfield, AssociateProfessor, was awarded a Senior Inter­national Fellowship from the FogartyInternational Center for one year tostudy the" Androgen Mechanism of Ac­tion in Granulosa Cells." He will beworking in the laboratory of ProfessorHans R. Lindner, Director of HormoneResearch at the Weizmann Institute inIsrael, until July, 1978.Pharmacological and Physiological Sci­encesJay M. Goldberg, Professor in the De­partments of Pharmacological and Phys­iological Sciences and Biophysics andTheoretical Biology, served as chairmanof the session on physiology during asymposium on Evoked Electrical Activ­ity in the Auditory Nervous System,held October 3 I-November 2 at the Cen­ter for Continuing Education. The sym­posium was sponsored by the Univer­sity's Section of Otolaryngology in theDepartment of Surgery.Dr. Leon I. Goldberg, Professor in theDepartments of Medicine and Phar­macological and Physiological Sciencesand Chairman of the Committee on Clin­ical Pharmacology, lectured inJapan lastspring on "Treatment of Shock" at theDr. Draga Vesselinovitch Tokyo Medical and Dental University,and on .• Structure-Activity Re­lationships of the Dopamine VascularReceptor" at Kyoto University. He alsopresented a lecture on dopamine at theUniversity of Hawaii.PsychiatryPromotion:Lewis S. Seiden (Ph.D. '62)­Professor.Israel Goldiamond (Ph. D. '55), Professorin Psychiatry, Behavioral Sciences, andthe College, and Director of the Behav­ioral Analysis Research Laboratory, wasappointed by Illinois Governor JimThompson to a task force which willdraft new regulations for institutions car­ing for retarded children.Dr. Chase P. Kimball, Professor in theDepartments of Psychiatry andMedicine, received an award of $41,548from the Health Resources Division ofthe Department of Health, Educationand Welfare, for the introduction offirst-year medical students into rural andinner-city primary medical care facilities.Charles R. Schuster, Professor in theDepartments of Psychiatry, Phar­macological and Physiological Sciences,and in the College, was elected Presidentof Division 28 of the American Psycho­logical Association, for a two-year termwhich began in September.Dr. Schuster was also appointed Chair­man of the World Health Organiza­tion Expert Advisory Panel on DrugDependence.RadiologyAppointments:Dr. Kuei-T'ang Hsiang-Instructor/Trainee.Dr. Seyed M. Kalantar-Instructor.SurgeryRobert A. Butler (Ph. D. '51), Professorin the Departments of Surgery(Otolaryngology) and Behavioral Sci­ences, was recently elected a Fellow ofthe Acoustical Society of America.The Section of Otolaryngology spon­sored a symposium on Evoked ElectricalActivity in the Auditory Nervous Sys­tem at the Center for Continuing Educa­tion, October 31-November 2. The fol­lowing faculty members participated inpresentations and round table dis­cussions: Robert Butler; Dr. John R.Lindsay, the Thomas D. Jones Pro­fessor in the Section; Dr. Ralph F. Naun­ton, Professor in and Chairman of theSection; and Dr. Stanley Zerlin, Re­search Associate (Associate Professor)in the Section.Dr. Charles J. Gudas, Clinical As­sociate and Assistant Professor ofCharles SchusterSurgery (Orthopedics), received the Wil­liam J. Stickel Bronze Award for re­search in podiatry at the 65th Annualmeeting of the American Podiatry Asso­ciation in Philadelphia, August 14. Theaward was presented for his paper titled"A Scanning Electron MicroscopicStudy of Articular Cartilage Modifica­tions Subsequent to Arthritis in theHuman Foot."Dr. Ramon Lim, Associate Professorin the Department of Surgery(Neurosurgery) and Research Associatein the Department of Biochemistry, pre­sented a paper titled "G lia MaturationFactor," and was a panel discussant in aworkshop on "Cultured Cells of theNervous System as Models of Nerveand Glia Cells In Vivo," at the SixthInternational Meeting of the Inter­national Society for Neurochemistry inCopenhagen, August 21-26.Dr. Lim was also an invited speaker atan international symposium on Mecha­nism, Regulation and Special Functionsof Protein Synthesis in the Brain, heldAugust 29-31 at the Royal DutchAcademy of Sciences in Amsterdam.Dr. Craig R. Reckard, Assistant Pro­fessor in the Department of Surgery, wasrecently awarded a three-year researchgrant to study the effects of pancreaticislet transplantation, as well as a three­year Clinical Investigation A ward. He isalso a project leader for a feasibilitystudy in this field in the Diabetes Re­search and Training Center.Michael Reese-PritzkerThe following full-time members ofMichael Reese Hospital and MedicalCenter have been named to the staff ofthe Pritzker School of Medicine:Department of Pediatrics:Appointments:Dr. Helene P. Blitzer to Instructor,for one year, effective July 1, 1977. Dr. Kenneth Boyer to Assistant Pro­fessor, for one year, effective July 1,1977.Dr. Robert Dershewitz to AssistantProfessor, for one year, effective July 1,1977.Dr. BarbaraJ. McMann to Instructor,for one year, effective July 1, 1977.Dr. Ulla Dagert-Muther to Instructor,for one year, effective July 1, 1977.Dr. Tong Soo Park to Assistant Pro­fessor, for one year, effective September1, 1977.Dr. Delores A. Vitullo to AssistantProfessor, for one year, effective July 1,1977.Full-time members of Michael ReeseHospital and Medical Center who hadappointments from July 1, 1976 to June30, 1977 have been reappointed for theacademic year, June 30, 1977 to June 30,1978.Alumni News1921Frank C. Valdez retired in October andresides at III Acacia A venue, IndianHead Park, Illinois, 60302.1929S. William Simon is retired from the AirForce Reserve and the Veterans Ad­ministration. He has a part-time privatepractice in the field of allergy, and nowlives in Key Biscayne, Florida.1930Leonidas H. Berry, senior attendingphysician emeritus at Cook CountyHospital and senior attending physicianat Michael Reese and Provident Hospi­tals, received the Schindler A ward fromthe American Society of GastrointestinalEndoscopy. The award was presented atan international meeting of gastroen­terologists during the annual DigestiveDisease Week held in Toronto last June.The late Dr. Rudolf Schindler, inventorof the first practical gastroscope, was acolleague of Dr. Berry at the Universityof Chicago Hospitals and ProvidentHospital in the mid-'50s.1933Herman Paul Harms writes, "I enjoyMedicine on the Midway. Some of thesebright young people should look intoLipociac as a research project-perhapscure more atherosclerosis."1934E. R. W. Fox of Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, ischief of staff at Kootenai Memorial Hos- pita!. He was appointed alternative dele­gate to the American Medical Associa­tion for Idaho, and serves on the edito­rial board of the Western Journal ofMedicine. Dr. Fox is past president ofthe Idaho Medical Association.1936John P. Fox of Seattle, Washington, wasawarded the L.L.D. by Haverford Col­lege, his alma mater, for contributions toepidemiology.1937David Bodian became professor emeritusof neurobiology in the departments oflaryngology and otology and anatomy atJohns Hopkins University School ofMedicine. He is presently conducting re­search on the structure and function ofthe peripheral auditory apparatus (organof Corti).Herman C. Weinberg was unable to at­tend his recent class reunion due to hisheavy schedule in surgery. He is anophthalmologist in University Heights,Cleveland. He invites members of hisclass to visit when they are in Cleveland.1938Charlotte G. Babcock retired in Junefrom the Pittsburgh University School ofMedicine, where she was professor ofpsychology since 1953. From 1949-1953she was a staff member and traininganalyst at the Chicago Institute forPsychoanalysis.1940Cotter Hirschberg, the William C. Men­ninger professor of psychiatry at theMenninger Foundation, has been ap­pointed acting director of the departmentof education. Dr. Hirschberg is also atraining and supervising analyst in adultand child analysis for the Topeka In­stitute for Psychoanalysis.Clarence V. Hodges, chairman in thesection of urology at the University ofOregon Medical School in Portland, washonored at the annual meeting of theAmerican Urological Association. He isthe first recipient of the Triennial EugeneFuller Prostrate Award.1941Owen C. Berg, urologist at the VeteransAdministration Center in Tennpee,Texas, had a-n exhibit of his nature printsat the University of Chicago Center forContinuing Education. Dr. Berg is a fel­low and a vice-president of the Photo­graphic Society of America. His natureprints have been exhibited in manymuseums and art galleries, and his pho­tographs have been reproduced in pho­tographic journals and in Texas Parks39and Wildlife magazine. The prints in hisexhibit cover a twenty-year span of hiswork.1942Frank Maresh has been retired for fiveyears and resides in Milwaukee. Hewrites that after battling pulmonarytuberculosis from 1933-37, he worked inthat field in Seattle, Virginia, Michigan,Wisconsin, Illinois, New Mexico andAlaska.1943Fenton Schaffner of New York City waselected president of the American Asso­ciation for the Study of Liver Diseases.1946Stanley J. Motyka is retired and lives at10234 Holburn Drive, HuntingtonBeach, California, 92646.Lieutenant General Richard R. Taylorretired in October as Surgeon General ofthe United States Army. He resides inMcLean, Virginia.1947William B. Beach, Jr. was appointed theAnna Marsh professor of psychiatry anddirector in the division of child psychia­try at Dartmouth Medical School's de­partment of psychiatry. He also servesas director of the Brattleboro Retreat, aprivate psychiatric hospital newly­affiliated with Dartmouth MedicalSchool.Edyth Hull Schoen rich was appointedassociate dean of the Johns HopkinsUniversity School of Hygiene and PublicHealth. Dr. Schoenrich is interested inpreventive medicine, chronic illness andaging. She believes "a new day is comingfor preventive medicine and publichealth, and no one can help train personsto participate in such programs and con­duct evaluative and basic research betterthan schools of public health."1948Ernst R. Jaffe, senior associate dean atthe Albert Einstein College of Medicineand head of the division of hematology inthe department of medicine, is theeditor-in-chief of Blood, the Journal ofthe American Society of Hematology,and coeditor of Seminars in Hematol­ogy. Dr. Jaffe writes that his daughterStephanie is a freshman in medicalschool and his son Richard is a senior atLafayette College.1954Richard D. Chessick, professor of psy­chiatry at Northwestern University, waselected corresponding member of theGerman Psychoanalytic Society. Dr.40 Chessick is also the author of two recentbooks, Great Ideas in Psychotherapyand Intensive Psychotherapy of the Bor­derline Patient, published in 1977.Peter G. Gaal is chief of the cardiacsurgery section at St. John's Hospital inSanta Monica, California.1955Elliot D. Weitzman, chairman and pro­fessor in the department of neurology atMontefiore Medical Center in NewYork, was interviewed in the August 8issue of U.S . News and World Report on"How to Get a Night's Sleep."Leonard A. Sagan of Palo Alto,California, spent a year's sabbatical inVienna, Austria, where he was involvedin an international study of economic de­velopment and health.1959James R. Dahl was promoted to associateprofessor of clinical medicine at the U ni­versity of California, San Francisco.1960William C. Fritsch has a private practiceof dermatology in Venice, Florida.1961Hallie E. Moore is a member of the medi­cal staff at the Institute of Living inHartford, where she also has a privatepractice of psychiatry. Dr. Moore wasreappointed for a second three-year termon the Ethics Committee of the Ameri­can Psychiatric Association.1964Charles Ellenbogen resigned from hisregular commission in the United StatesAir Force and has accepted an academicappointment as docent, associate pro­fessor of medicine, and head of the newsection of infectious diseases at the U ni­versity of Missouri Health Science Cen­ter in Kansas City.1969Eugene I. Schreiner has joined a grouppractice of internal medicine in New­burgh and Cornwall, New York. He re­sides with his wife and infant daughter inCornwall.1970Arthur G. Robins is an instructor in thedepartment of medicine at the BostonUniversity School of Medicine and astaff physician in the pulmonary diseasessection at the Boston Veterans Ad­ministration Hospital.Paul H. Rockey is beginning his secondyear as a Robert Wood Johnson ClinicalScholar in the School of Public Healthand the department of medicine at the University of Washington in Seattle. Heis also an instructor in the department ofmedicine at the University of Washing­ton and a board-certified internist on thestaff of the USPHS Hospital in Seattle.Dr. Rockey presented a paper at the an­nual meeting of the American Federationof Clinical Researchers on ''The CostEffectiveness of Low Back X-rays inTreating Patients with Back Pain." Heand his wife Linda have two sons andone daughter.1971Thomas Klosterman is a fellow in themedicine-psychiatry division program inpsychosomatic medicine at the Univer­sity of Rochester, New York.1972Thomas E. Gift is an assistant professorin the department of psychiatry at theUniversity of Rochester.1973Dwight R. Kulwin has accepted a fellow­ship in ophthalmic plastic surgery at theUniversity of Texas in Houston.Stephen P. Spielberg is an instructor inthe departments of pediatrics, phar­macology and experimental therapeu­tics, in the division of clinical phar­macology at Johns Hopkins. His mainresearch interest is in pharmacogenetics.1974David Bonacci is in his final year of res­idency in the department of psychiatry atthe University of Rochester.Marc D. Graff is also in his last year ofresidency in psychiatry at the Universityof Rochester. He and his wife Laura, apart-time librarian, have a daughter, Re­becca Sara, born last March.1975David G. Ostrow completed a first-yearresidency in the department of psychia­try at Michael Reese Hospital inChicago, and was awarded the Falk Fel­lowship of the American Psychiatric As­sociation. He is a member of the Associ­ation's Council on Emerging Issues.John Strausser is a senior staff fellowin the surgery branch of the NationalCancer Institute, Bethesda.1976William Abend is a resident in neurologyat the Childrens Hospital Medical Cen­ter in Boston.1977John A. Scarlett III is a resident in thedepartment of medicine at the Universityof Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. He liveswith his wife Susan and daughter Jessicain Rosemont, Pennsylvania.Former StaffJerome Brosnan (Radiology, resident,'66-'68; instructor, '69-'72; assistantprofessor, '72-'74; associate professor,'74-'77) accepted a position as radiolo­gist at Glenbrook Hospital in Glenview,Illinois.Eugene F. Diamond (Pediatrics, resi­dent, '53-'55), professor of pediatrics atLoyola University's Stritch School ofMedicine, was elected president of theIllinois Chapter of the AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics for a three-yearterm which began last July. Dr. Dia­mond has a practice in pediatrics inChicago, and is chairman of the pediat­rics department at St. Francis Hospitalin Blue Island.Richard H. Driscoll, Jr. (Medicine,intern-resident, '72-'75; Gastroenterol­ogy, fellow, '77) was appointed an as­sociate in the department of gastroen­terology at the Geisinger Medical Centerin Danville, Pennsylvania. He will alsoassist in training residents at the medicalcenter.Dr. Robert A. Fink (Neurosurgery,resident, '62-'66) was promoted to assis­tant clinical professor in the departmentof surgery (neurosurgery) at the U niver­sity of California School of Medicine,San Francisco.Eugene N. Fox (Pediatrics-LaRabida,associate professor, '60--'75; professor,'75-'77) has been appointed director ofthe department of vaccine developmentat the Cutter Laboratory, Inc., in Berke­ley, California.Philip Holzman (Psychiatry, professor,'68-'77) has accepted a position in thedepartment of psychology and social re­lations at Harvard University.George Kroll (Medicine-Cardiology,intern-resident, '52-'55; fellow, '55-'56)is chairman of medicine at EdgewaterHospital in Chicago, professor ofPhilip Holzman Dr. Mark Ravitchmedicine at Chicago Medical School,and director of the residency program ininternal medicine at both institutions.Dr. Kroll also has a limited practice incardiology.Edward S. Petersen (Medicine, resi­dent, '48-'51) is director of the depart­ment of undergraduate evaluation at theAmerican Medical Association inChicago, and co-secretary of the AMALiaison Committee on Medical Educa­tion.Mark M. Ravitch (Pediatrics, pro­fessor, '66-'69) is author of a book titledCongenital Deformities of the ChestWall and their Operative Correction(first edition), published by W. B. Saun­ders Company.Christian Rieger (Pediatrics, resident,'70--'74; assistant professor, '74-'76) wasappointed assistant professor in the de­partment of pediatrics at the Universityof Hannover, West Germany.Peter Rosen (General Surgery, intern,'60-'61; associate professor, '71-'73;professor, '73-'77; and Emergency Med­ical Services, director, '71-'77) was ap­pointed associate director of theemergency department at Denver (Col­orado) General Hospital.Jesus Saldamando (Anesthesiology,resident, '48-'50), of Guadalajara,Mexico, has been named representativeof the Consejo Mexicano de Anes­tesiologfa for the western part ofMexico. The organization's purpose is tocertify the country's anesthesiologists.Luis H. Toledo-Pereyra (ThoracicSurgery, resident, '76-'77) is director ofsurgical research at Henry Ford Hospi­tal in Detroit. Edgardo Yordan (Obstetrics andGynecology, resident, '72-'73) is a clini­cal instructor at the University of South­ern California School of Medicine, andgynecologic oncology fellow at the LosAngeles County Hospital-U.S.C. Medi­cal Center.Divisional Alumni NewsAlister Bruce Campbell (Biopsychology,Ph.D. '73) is an intern at Stanford Uni­versity Hospital in Palo Alto, California.Aaron B. Kendrick (Biochemistry,Ph.D. '33) retired in 1973 from his posi­tion as associate professor of medicine atthe University of Illinois medical centerin Chicago, and lives in McCalla, Ala­bama. Recently, he has been involved ina research study of purine metabolismand acute gouty arthritis.Rosemarie Wahl Synek (Microbiology,Ph.D., '67; Biochemistry, M.S., '61) isassociate professor in the department ofbiology at St. Mary's University, SanAntonio, Texas. From 1972 to 1975 shewas assistant professor in the de­partments of microbiology and zoologyat the University of Texas, Austin.American College of Physicians FellowsThe following alumni were inducted asFellows in the American College ofPhysicians at the 1976-1977 meetings:John K. Carpenter ('66), Norwell,Massachusetts; Alan O. Feingold ('68),Decatur, Georgia; Lester B. Jacobson('67), San Francisco, California; JeroldM. Stock (,68), Morristown, New Jer­sey; and William C. Weese ('69),Phoenix, Arizona.Present faculty and former interns,residents and faculty also inducted were:Thomas B. Arnold, Minneapolis, Min­nesota; Marshall B. Block, Phoenix,Arizona; Richard Byyny, Chicago, Il­linois; Larry R. Kupor, Houston, Texas;Thomas D. McCafferry, Jr., New Or­leans, Louisiana; Donald W. Palmer,San Francisco, California; David W.Ploth, Birmingham, Alabama; James L.Rosenberg, Highland Park, Illinois; andRichard A. Sachson, Dallas, Texas.New Council MemberDr. Herbert B. Greenlee ('55) will serveas a member of the Council of the Medi­cal Alumni Association for a 1977-80term left open by the death of Dr. Earl A.Hathaway last June.Dr. Greenlee is a Professor of Surgeryat Loyola University's Stritch School ofMedicine, and Chief of the Surgical Ser­vice at the Veterans AdministrationHospital in Hines, Illinois.41As an anniversary present for your alma materREMEMBER THE 1977MEDICAL ALUMNI FUNDWhat better way to commemorate 50 years of qual ityeducation in medicine than to invest in the future ofthe top-rated Pritzker School of Medicine and the Di­vision of Biological Sciences?The Medical Alumni Fund is the major source of un­restricted gifts to the medical school and the division.There is still time to participate in the 1977 MedicalAlumni Fund (deadline for gifts ;s December 31). Allgifts, restricted or unrestricted, are needed and will begreatly appreciated. Please consider joining one of thefollowing groups:Donors contributing $1,000 or more are recognizedas Medical Alumni Patrons and Dean's Associates.Donors contributing $500 are recognized as MedicalAlumni Sponsors.Donors contributing $250 or more are recognized as50th Anniversary Donors and will receive a copy ofFor the Greatest Good to the Largest Number, ahistory of the Medical Center from 1927 to 1977, byDr. Cornelius Vermeulen.Donors contributing $100 are recognized as CenturyClub Members.You may wish to earmark your 1977 gift to one of thefollowing named funds established by medical alumniand friends.42 Student AidWilliam E. Adams Loan FundWilliam Bloom Loan FundHenry Boettcher Scholarship FundPaul R. Cannon Loan FundYing Tak Chan Loan FundColorado Alumni Loan FundGeorge F. Dick Loan FundCharles L. Dunham Loan FundJ. Nick Esau Loan FundJoel Murray Ferguson Loan FundLloyd A. Ferguson Scholarship FundAbraham Freiler Scholarship FundRoger N. Harmon Scholarship FundBasi I Harvey Loan FundVictor Horsley Loan FundEleanor Humphreys Loan FundHilger P. Jenkins Loan FundDeane Lazar Loan FundFrancis L. Lederer M.D'/Ph.D. ProgramFrank Lienhardt Loan FundFranklin Mclean Scholarship FundMedical Alumni Loan FundGeorge W. Merck Loan FundNorthern California Alumni Loan FundJohn F. Perkins Loan FundPlzak Family Loan FundFrederick E. Roberg Loan FundCassius Clay Rogers Scholarship FundA. Lewis Rosi Scholarship FundBernard and Rhoda Sarnat Loan FundMary Roberts Scott Scholarship FundNels M. Strandjord Loan FundGrant Merrill Trippel Loan FundFrank W. Woods Loan FundSam Zapler Loan FundEugene and Esther Ziskind Loan FundOther Restricted FundsEmmet Bay Lectureship FundBatten's Disease Research FundJosephine Victoria Black Research FundClass of 1949 Gift FundDavis-Freedr-ian Psychiatry Research FundCatherine L. Dobson Fund in Ob/GvnLloyd A. Ferguson Library FundFisher Endocrinology Research FundBetty Frankel Housestaff FundDallas and Marjorie Schutz Glick FundGoldiamond Psychiatry Research FundJohn W. Green Sr. FundJ. P. Greenhill Foundation Fund in Ob/GynHoward Hatcher Research FundHans Hecht Lectureship FundVictor Horsley Research FundCharles B. Huggins Professorship FundLeon O. Jacobson FundAlex B. Krill FundClayton Loosli Memorial FundJames A. McClintock AwardWalter Palmer Visiting Professorship FundJohn Van Prohaska Library FundKlaus Ranniger FundRichard W. Reilly Memorial FundKurt Rossmann Educational FundCornelius A. Vander Laan FundMedicine on the MidwayThe University of ChicagoThe Medical Alumni AssociationThe Pritzker School of Medicine1025 East 57th StreetChicago, Illinois 60637 NON-PROFIT ORG.U.S. POSTAGEPAIDPERMIT NO. 9666CHICAGO, ILL.•Address corrections requestedreturned postage guaranteedAr-c h i yesJoseph Regcnstein l.ibraryUniv. Qf ChicagoChicago, Ill. 60637