�ediCine on the MidwayBulletin of the Medical Alumni Association The University of ChicagoDivision of the Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School of Medicine.-_Cover: The Pa Kua or Eight Trigrams supposedly createdby Fu Hsi, Chinese patriarch. Each so-called trigramhas numerous meanings and esoteric connotations rela­ti ve to life, disease, and therapy.The history of medicine in China since the creation ofthe Pa Kua is discussed in this issue by Dr. Paul C.Hodges. Also discussed are the more contemporaryissues of medical education. Dr. Donald A. Fischmandescribes the programs and policies of the medical cur­riculum at the University during the past few years. Dr.Leon O. Jacobson ('39) provides an insight into the needsof medical education in the seventies.Medicine on the MidwayVolume 27, No.2, Fall 1972Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association ofThe University of Chicago Division of the BiologicalSciences and The Pritzker School of Medicine.Copyright 1972 by the Medical Alumni Association ofThe University of ChicagoEditor: Irene MacauleyPhotographer: Diane KutaMedical Alumni AssociationPresident: Richard L. LandauPresident-Elect: Catherine L. Dobson (Rush '30)Vice-President: Otto H. Trippel ('46)Secretary: Frank W. Fitch ('53)Executive Secretary: Katherine T. WolcottCouncil MembersLampis Anagnostopoulos ('61)Joseph Baron ('62)William Moses Jones ('31)Edward Paloyan (' 56)Robert L. Schmitz ('38)Francis H. Straus, II ('57) ContentsHistory of Medicine in China 2Dr. Paul C. HodgesThe Medical Curriculum at Chicago, 1972: 7Programs and Policies During a Period of TransitionDr. Donald A. FischmanMedical Education in the Seventies 11Dr. Leon O. JacobsonInternship at Cook County Hospital 15Dr. Lambert N. KingProject AIMS: $50 Million Campaign 1726th Senior Scientific Session 19News Briefs 23In Memoriam 27Departmental News 29Alumni News 33History of Medicine in ChinaPaul C. Hodges, M.D.According to Chinese tradition, half a million yearselapsed between the creation of the world and the found­ing of the Chinese Nation by Fu Hsi. Among numerousother activities, Fu Hsi is supposed to have created thePa Kua or Eight Trigrams (Figure 1) according to a planportrayed on the back of a creature, half horse, halfdragon, which emerged from the Yellow River. Withina central circle lie the tadpole-like symbols Yang andYin and about them, within the confines of an outer circle,eight sets of figures each made up of three full lines,three broken lines, or three combinations of full andbroken lines. Each so called trigram has numerous mean­ings and esoteric connotations relative to life, disease,and therapy. Many centuries after Fu Hsi's time, Con­fucius (circa 500 B.C.) is said to have declared that ifhe had been able to devote fifty years to the study ofthe Pa Kua he might have been able to acquire wisdom.Another legendary physician, Shen Nung, who is sup­posed to have lived about 2800 B.C., is said to have writtenthe first herbal listing describing 365 drugs, tasting asmany as seventy of them in a single day. Slightly laterthan Shen N ung came the greatly revered YellowEmperor, Huang Ti, legendary author of the Canon ofMedicine, inventor of the nine needles for acupuncture,concocter of many famous medicines, and companionof gods, tigers, leopards, and a dragon. The dragon even­tually descended from heaven and conducted him toParadise along with seventy of his most faithful ministersand concubines.By approximately 1100 B.C., the functions of priest­physician, formerly combined in a single person, wereseparated; it was decreed that the chief sorcerer shoulddirect the junior sorcerers to make offerings in time ofdrougth while the physician should superintend all matters2 1. The Pa Kua or Eight Trigrams.relating to medicine, including the gathering of drugs.Hua Tu, discoverer of anesthesia and worshiped asthe God of Surgery, is reputed to have been born approx­imately 190 A.D. and to have died at the age of almost100. Widely known as a physician and surgeon, he madethe mistake of venting a notoriously hot temper on hisemperor with resulting imprisonment and eventual execu­tion. Just prior to his death he is supposed to have burnedhis professional records; only the description of hismethod of performing castration was recovered from theashes. Many believe that the legends of Hua Tu's surgeryon spleen, intestine, liver, and extremities, and hisemployment of an "effervescing powder in wine" as ananesthetic, have some foundation in fact. But one thingis certain; if an anesthetic was used, it wasn't opiumbecause it did not reach China until more than 500 yearslater.Although early Chinese physicians knew almostnothing of anatomy and did not understand the circulationof the blood, they were intrigued by the beating of thearteries. In fact, a treatise on the pulse appearing about300 A.D. has been revered through the centuries eversince. It has been argued that the medicine of 200 A.D.was a forward-looking discipline based on careful observa­tion of the sick; only later did it become the stereotypedsorcery-like activity that Chinese medicine continues tobe today. Some blame the decay on Confucianism, aphilosophy which disapproved exploration of the humanbody by anatomists, physiologists, and surgeons andsought answers in the past rather than in the future.By the fourteenth century a pharmacopoeia had beenprinted including 1,000 items, a small number of whichhave been adopted by the West, including chaulmoograoil, castor oil, kaolin, and ephedrine. The hope lingersFollowing Ernest D. Burton's 1909 report to TheRockefeller Foundation, many University ofChicago people contributed to medical educationin China including Franklin McLean, ChesterKeefer, Henry Houghton, A. J. Carlson, RobertLim, Baird Hastings, Paul C. Hodges, Nels Strand­jord, Chien-tai Lu, Tze-chun Chiang, Chun Yu,and many othersThere were those who deplored all Americaneducational activity in China as meddlesome andindicative of a sense of racial superiority possiblyunconscious but nontheless real. John Z. Bowersdisagreed, however, arguing that by the beginningof the century and the disappearance of the Ameri­can frontier it was China which beckoned fromacross a vast ocean to Americans seeking adventureand excitement.Medical adventure there was, to be sure, in theChina of those days, adventure shared by teachersand students of both races working together anddeveloping mutual understanding, respect, and last­ing friendships. p.e.H.that other useful drugs may be hiding among the vastnumber which are valueless, but with the passage of yearsduring which much searching has gone on that hopebecomes dim.AcupunctureAcupuncture, the driving oflong or short non-sterile need­les of steel or brass through the skin into deep muscleor even viscera has been practiced since before the timeof Hua Tu. Acupuncture theory postulated a system oftwelve paired vessels carrying "pneuma," blood, and theYang and Yin principles and ancient charts show thecourse of such imaginary vessels and the 365 points atwhich needles should be inserted for alleviation of almostany affliction from headache to cholera. An academicprofessorship in acupuncture was created and in 1027,by Imperial decree, bronze statues were cast demonstrat­ing the location of the classical acupuncture points.Acupuncture was an early export to Japan. By theseventeenth century it had reached Europe, and followingrecent news from Peking rides a new wave of popularityin the U.S. and Europe, including Russia. In March 1972,two members of a Brooklyn medical center, reportingon a recent trip to Russia included an account of Adamen­ko's "Tobioscope," which determines not only areas ofpresent disease, but areas of future disease. Incidentally,Adamenko has bettered by 150 percent the number ofHuang Ti's 365 acupuncture points, having identifiedmore than 900.Despite desultory attempts, I have not learned to readChinese so am restricted to English language accountsof the history of acupuncture. Because I can find in themno hint that it ever was employed as an anesthetic, Iam forced to conclude that acupuncture anesthesia is anaccomplishment of The People's Republic.A syndicated gossip columist in a Florida newspaper was asked by a reader: "Now that acupuncture has beenintroduced into the United States, do the Chinese haveanything else to teach us about medical practice?" Draw­ing on a lack of information that is about par for thecurrent crop of "instant Sinologists" the columist replied:"As important as acupuncture is the art of treating diseasewith herbs, roots, bark, and animal extracts. This is ThePeople's Medicine known as moxibustion." Nonsense!Moxibustion, almost as ancient as acupuncture, is theatrocious practice of placing little cones of dried mosson the skin, burning them, and then crushing the ashinto the blister that results from the burning.Advent of Western MedicineChristian monks are said to have conducted a hospitalat the court of the Mongol Khan in Peking in 1272 A.D.and the Portuguese had one in South China in 1569, butonly for Europeans. In 1620, Jesuits began instructingChinese physicians in developments in Europeanmedicine and seventy years later successfully treated thefever of the Manchu Emperor, K'ang Hsi, with cinchonabark they imported into Peking from Peru by way ofRome. Throughout the eighteenth century, and par­ticularly after the militarily imposed trade treaties of themid-nineteenth century, European trading companiesnumbered physicians among their staffs; a few of thembegan in a small way to acquaint the Chinese peoplewith the medicine of the West. In 1805, barely ten yearsafter Jenner's work in England, an East India Companyphysician, Alexander Pearson, vaccinated Chinese inMacao and Canton against smallpox; and in 1820 another,Livingston, opened a dispensary in Macao. By 1835, freshfrom Yale Medical College, Peter Parker began practicingmedicine in Canton where he became famous for eyesurgery and for the fact that he declined to accept feesfor his services. Patrie Manson came to Formosa in 1866as a port physician and in the following two decades,working in Kao-Hsiung, Macao, and Hong Kong, mademedical history by demonstrating that mosquitoes trans­mit filariasis thus paving the way for proof that malariais also transmitted by mosquitoes.During the closing four decades of the ninteenth cen-2. Franklin e. McLean in 1916 at age 28. First Director of PUMe. Laterhead of the Department of Medicine and Director of The Universit» ofChicago South Side Medical School.33. Summer Course in Radiology, 1926. Students and instructors atgatehouse of College entrance, PUMC.4. PUMC relief expedition en route to Peking-Kaifeng, May 1922.S. Kaifeng. U.S. Army type electrical generator supplying power to fieldx-ray equipment with helpers Wang, Liu, and Hu.4 tury, medical missions spread along the coast and upthe Yangtze Valley, and medical schools of a sort wereopened in Canton, Hong Kong, and a few other cities;but the fraction of the population affected by westernmedicine was microscopic. Professor Burton, later Presi­dent of The University of Chicago, estimated that in 1909there was only one student of western medicine for everymillion Chinese.Opening Years of the RepublicFollowing the fall of the Empire in 1911, numerous medi­cal colleges were turning out small numbers of physicianstrained in the medicine of the West. In Shanghai the Har­vard Medical College was engaged in a five-year experi­ment using English rather than Chinese for instruction,physicians from the University of Pennsylvania operateda school at the Episcopal Mission Hospital in Shanghai,and a group from Yale had established a medical collegein Changsha, capital of Hunan province. There were med­ical colleges operated by missionary societies in Peking,Tsinanfu, Canton, Hong Kong, and several were operatedby the central and provincial governments. The Japanese­owned South Manchurian Railway had a quite respectablemedical college in Mukden, and elsewhere there weretwo operated by Germans, one by French, and severalby Chinese physicians whose own medical education hadbeen acquired in Japan.In August 1914, after visits to many of the above institu­tions and after carefully weighing China's medical needs,the Rockefeller Foundation's China Medical Board(CMB) announced its intention to build and operate anew institution in Peking to be known as the Peking UnionMedical College (PUMC).In addition, they planned to provide financial assistanceto certain existing medical schools, as well as to sciencedepartments of several colleges, and eventually to builda second Rockefeller Medical College in Shanghai. Whencosts in Peking ran far beyond estimates, the Shanghaiplan had to be abandoned. Meanwhile, however, landwhich had been purchased in Shanghai had appreciated6. Kaifeng. General Feng Yu Shang calling with thanks for our help tohis wounded.so greatly in value that when it was presented to theChinese government it financed land, building, and partof the endowment for the National Medical College ofShanghai, one of the best of several governmental medicalcolleges operating in the brief period before Japaneseforces descended on China.The PUMC founders announced that the College wouldadhere to the highest possible professional standards andconduct its teaching in English (Figure 2). Its aim wouldnot be an attempt to fill the all too obvious vacuum forpracticing physicians but rather the production of teachersof medicine. By turning out successive crops of highlycompetent teachers, who, in turn, would staff other medi­cal colleges built, financed, and directed by the Chinesethemselves, the PUMC, they believed, would make afar-reaching contribution to the eventual alleviation ofChina's acute need for medical care. Haifa century later,this policy of excellence, frequently misunderstood andadversely criticized, has been justified by the results. InTaiwan, and I feel sure in the People's Republic as well,the physicians and surgeons on whom Chinese medicineand surgery of the seventies must depend are apt to bestudents of students of those who were students or staffat the PUMC at some time during its tempestuous exis­tence.The PUMC buildings which became available to itsstaff in 1920, were dedicated in 1921, and confiscatedby the Communists, January 20, 1951. During this thirty­year period, the institution received approximately $25million from the Rockefeller Foundation, produced 313physicians, 265 nurses, and an unrecorded number oflaboratory workers. It conducted research of world recog­nized quality in numerous areas notably parasitology,anthropology, pharmacology, physiology, bio-chemistry,and public health. It provided short refresher coursesfor Chinese and missionary physicians (Figure 3) andopportunity for advanced study in the U.S. and Europefor large numbers of its staff, many of whom were Chin­ese.The PUMC was plagued by financial and military dif­ficulties. During the construction period, World War Iforced up the costs of materials purchased in the U.S.and shortage of ocean shipping delayed delivery to theconstruction site. Later, the depression of the 1930ssharply reduced income from its invested capital. Onlyduring the first five years was the local military situationreasonably stable and even then clashes between rival7. Taiwan, 1972. Taiwan Veterans General Hospital (TVGH). military leaders in the North diverted some attention fromresearch and the teaching of medical students (Figures4, 5, and 6). The revolution of)926, leading eventuallyto transfer of the capital to Nanking and changing"Peking" to "Peiping" gave foretaste of trouble to come.It was gratifying, of course, that the Koumintang recog­nized the importance of the PUMC work, but when firsta few and then more and more staff members were calledto serve in the expanding governmental health servicethere was dismay as well because those so drafted couldnot easily be spared nor replaced.By the end of the first decade (1931), Japanese aggres­sion in Manchuria brought to all North China increasingdislocation of commerce and transportation. When full­fledged war broke out and Peking was occupied in summer1937, the difficulties of living and working increasedgreatly. Finally, on December 8, 1941, Japanese troopsseized and closed the PUMC and imprisoned its principalofficers, and did not release them until August 1945,several days following Japan's official surrender. It tooktwo years to get the physical plant back to the pointwhere the college could resume operation and after anadditional two years, "Nationalization" on January 20,1951, brought down the curtain on what John Bowershas called "the world's most successful program in inter­national medical education."Subsequent Course of the Two Types of MedicineBy the end of the nineteenth century, practitioners ofChinese medicine no longer were products of formalschools, but rather descendants or apprentices of older"herb doctors." But to all but a fringe of the population,Chinese medicine remained the only known form ofhealth care: familiar, cheap, and easily available. TheNanking government tolerated its existence but did notemploy its practitioners in the expanding civilian andmilitary health services. It continues to be tolerated insuch places as Hong Kong and Singapore, although itspractitioners are not empowered to sign death certificates.Hong Kong's legal restrictions on the licensing ofWestern-style practitioners going hand in hand with per­missiveness toward practice of the Chinese type hasforced some Chinese, well-educated in German medicalcolleges, to function nominally as "herb doctors" leadingto renewed interest in the oft repeated search throughancient folk medicines for additional items that may havereal rather than fancied usefulness.8. Kohlberg Research Laboratory, TVGH.5Taiwan!aiwan with its population of fourteen million has approx­imately 9,500 registered physicians and one quarter asmany' 'herb doctors." Most of the former are graduatesof t�e country's two excellent and several lesser grademedIcal colleges. Herb medicine draws its practitionersnot only from apprenticeships but also from a privatemedical college in Taichung which provides instructionin both types of medical practice. Herb doctors are notemployed in the country's extensive system of Nationalprovincial, and other type clinics, hospitals, and healthstations.The Island is blanketed with clinics, hospitals (Figure7), and personnel competent in the ordinary procedures.Excellent rail, bus, and air transport makes possible theprompt transfer to Taipei of patients requiring radiationtherapy or the more sophisticated forms of medical andsurgical care. A malaria station, functioning since shortlyafter the expulsion of the Japanese, has eradicated themalaria which for several centuries had scourged theIsland and an extensive program in tuberculosis controlmoves steadily toward success. In several locations inTaipei, non-clinical research is being conducted, whichthough limited in amount, is of good quality (Figure 8).!hree ra?iation th�rapy centers (Figure 9) are engagedIn extensive and skillful therapy of neoplasm , particularlyof the nasoph.arynx, a type unfortunately prevalent amongpeople of Chinese stock. The best of the medical instruc­tion available in Taiwan is very good indeed (Figures10 and 11).Chinese MainlandAmong the several published reports from recent visitorsto hosp!tals, clinics, and medical colleges of the People'sRepu�lIc, I am. most favorably impressed by that of Doc­tor DIamond In the Journal of the American MedicalAssociation, December 6, 1971 (pages 1552-57).For seventeen years following establishment of the pre­sent government, medicine developed rather convention­ally until 19?6. For the following three years, as withall other SOCIal systems, it was subjected to a convulsionknown as the "Cultural Revolution." Those among uswho yearn for similar social change here at home stress9. Radiation Therapy Center, TVCH.6 the medical advantages that convulsion brought to themasses of people formerly almost devoid of medical carewhile those with opposite political views deplore the dilu­tion of quality inevitable in such precipitate change. Dr.Diamond neither applauds nor condemns; his article isobviously carefully worded to avoid offense to his recenthosts. From his report I deduce:1. Chinese medicine, formerly a mere tolerated culthas been raised to the stature of Western medicine, pre­sumably n?t through deep conviction but rather as a steppopular WIth the masses and promptly productive andincreased medical manpower, particularly at village andcommune levels.2. Western medicine is recovering from a serious set­back. �ut there must be concern for future supplies ofrhysICla�s, surgeons, and particularly teachers of a qual­rty not likely to be provided by the current 36-monthmedical curriculum in which only 18 are spent in resi­de�c�, nine in the field, and nine on vacation or in militarytrammg.ConclusionPolitically, I am profoundly conservative and yet Iapprov� of President Nixon's negotiations with Peking,and believe that all men, including those in Taiwan, willb�nefit as c<?m.munication b�tween the U.S. and the Peop­le s .�epubhc Improves. It IS well that the "Taiwan prob­le� has become recognized as one to be solved by theChinese themselves, but it is only too obvious that thesolution will require massive doses of the common sensebasic to all Chinese regardless of political persuasion.It would not be sensible to flaunt world opinion by turningback the clock two decades to the sort of human andmaterial destruction which marked the coming of thePeople's Republic to power nor, on the other hand to?'1inimize the difficulty of conserving Taiwan's advadces�n l�nd ownership, agriculture, commerce, and educationIn view of social patterns currently favored on the Main­land. No ph�se ?f the Taiwan problem will be easilysolved, but WIth time, good sense, and good will a mutu­ally acceptable solution surely will be found.70 and 77. C. T. Loo, MD., PUMC 7929; Royal Army Medical CollegeEngland, 7936; Director of NDMC and TVCH. Right· T M P'eng MD'PUMC 793 . .. r .• ,. ' 3; Dr. P. H., Yale, 7938. Chiefof Kohlberg Research Laboratory'director, Chen Hsing Rehabilitation Center. 'ReferencesBowers, John Z. "The Founding of the Peking UnionMedical College: Policies and Personalities." Bulletin ofthe History of Medicine 45 (July-August 1971), pp, 305-321; (September-October 1971), pp. 409-429..Chiao, Tsai. "Nutrition." In Voices From UnoccupiedChina, edited by H. F. MacNair, pp. 16--25. Chicago:University of Chicago Press, 1944.Chu, C. K., "Public Health." In Voices From Unoc­cupied China, edited by H. F. MacNair, pp. 26--45.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944.Diamond, E. G., "Acupuncture Anesthesia." Journalof the American Medical Association, 218 (December 6,1971), pp. 1558-1563.Diamond, E. G., "Medical Education and Care in thePeople's Republic of China." Journal of the AmericanMedical Association, 218 (December 6, 1971), pp. 1552-1557.Ferguson, Mary E. China Medical Board and PekingMedical Union College. New York: China MedicalBoard of New York, 1970.Hume, Edward H. Doctors East Doctors West. NewYork: Norton, 1946.. .Khaw, G. K. "Taipei." In a personal communication,1972.Kilborn, L. G. "Some Aspects of Medical Educationin the Orient." Journal of the Hong Kong UniversityMedical Society, Autumn 1955, pp. 1-9.Krippner, S., and Davidson, R. "Parapsychology inthe USSR." Saturday Review, March 18,1972, pp. 56--60.Latourette, K. S. The Chinese, Their History and Cul­ture (3rd. edition), 1945.Li Huan-hsin, "Chinese Medicine." Chinese Culture(Taiwan) 10 (March 1969), pp. 67-69..Li Huan-hsin, "The Historical Background and Tradi­tion of Chinese Medicine." Chinese Medical Journal(Taiwan) 18 (September 1971), pp. 176--181.Liu, J. H., "Public Health Service." In Voices FromUnoccupied China, edited by H. F. MacNair, pp. 36--45.Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1944.Loo, C. T. "Taipei." In a personal communication,1972.Simpson, Eileen, "Acupuncture a la Francaise;"Saturday Review, February 19, 1972, pp. 47-49.Sloan, R. A. (syndicated gossip column, TV WeekSupplement), Sarasota Herald Tribune, Sunday, March26, 1972.Veith, Ilza. The Yellow Emperor's Classic of InternalMedicine. University of California Press, 1972.Wang, Shao-chi. "Chinese Association for theAdvancement of Science," China and Her Great Men(Taipei), Library of Congress Card #60-53644.Wong, C. K., and Wu, L. T. History of ChineseMedicine. Tientsin: Tientsin Press, 1932.Dr. Paul C. Hodges delivered the annual· Alpha OmegaAlpha lecture on May 22, 1972. Now visiting professorof radiology at the University of Florida at Gainesville, Dr.Hodges joined The University of Chicago in 1927 and wasChief of Radiology until 1958 when he retired. In 1965he served as president of the Medical Alumni Association. The Medical Curriculum at Chicago, 1972:Programs and PoliciesDuring a Period of TransitionDonald A. Fischman, M.D.As we enter the last quarter of the twentieth century,American medical schools, including, or particularly, oursat The University of Chicago, are faced with an immenseset of problems and challenges. While the country right­fully demands a more equitable distribution of health care,medical schools and their associated hospitals are asked,none too subtly, to increase class sizes, to accept increas­ing numbers of minority students and women, to shortenthe curriculum, to 'oversee all graduate medical training,to undertake, and often underwrite, the medical care ofghetto residents, to become centers for cancer an? hea�tdisease, therapy and research, and, finally, to retam theirquality as academic centers closely linked with majoruniversities.Not only do these problems affect the medical schoolitself, as part of a larger community, these pressuresinfluence the whole university and, some would argue,divert resources and energy which might better be usedfor other purposes. Looked at in another way, these prob­lems might be considered as a new set of challenges,different from those which have been traditional at univer­sity medical centers, but ones which must be faced nowand reconciled with ongoing academic programs. It isbeyond the scope of this article to analyze all of thesematters, but since the shape, content, and direction ofthe medical curriculum is influenced by many of theseexternal forces they must be considered in the discussionto follow.The University of Chicago's Pritzker School ofMedicine has had one of the most unique administrativearrangements of any medical school in the country. Aspart of the Division of Biological Sciences, sharing a com­mon campus with the remainder of the University, andcomposed of a totally full-time faculty, the medical schoolhas had an unusually close relationship with faculty andprograms not generally considered part of a medicalcenter. No doubt this has contributed to the unique flavorof the medical school with its traditional emphasis onbiomedical research, combined degree programs, andindependent study. A question often raised today iswhether a medical school such as ours can even retaina semblance of its scholarly tradition when, in the faceof fiscal stringencies affecting all universities, it is askedto undertake some of the additional responsibilities pre­sented above.7The Flexner-Carnegie ReportIn 1910, when Abraham Flexner published his report forthe Carnegie Foundation, * medical education at mostschools was very different from what we know today.The vast majority of physicians were trained at propriet­ary medical schools, not affiliated with universities, withminimal admission standards, almost no laboratory studyin basic science, and curricula which required only oneto two years of study for completion of the M.D. Thereport came out strongly in favor of university affiliationsfor all medical schools, coupled with a significant reduc­tion in the total number of graduates receiving medicaldegrees each year. Not only were university affiliationsencouraged, but the recruitment of a full-time faculty foreach medical school was put forward as the model tobe emulated.The justification for reducing the number of medicalstudents was based on the belief that there were too manyphysicians in the country, many of whom wereinadequately trained. In retrospect, that curtailment ofmedical trainees, although perhaps justifiable in 1910when the number of American physicians seemed exces­sive to members of the Carnegie Commission, has becomeincreasingly untenable as our population expanded with­out a proportionate increase in the number of medicalgraduates. In my opinion, this has been an importantcontributing factor to the present manpower shortage inAmerican medicine.By 1910, a handful of schools, including the Rush Medi­cal School (then affiliated with The University of Chicago )had already adopted a new curriculum based on the JohnsHopkins model, which in turn had been patterned afterthe German system. It seems likely that the Flexnerreport accelerated an existing trend toward adoption ofboth the Hopkins curriculum and its administrative struc­ture. Departments in those schools were organizedaround the medical curriculum; for example, departmentsof anatomy, physiology, microbiology, pathology, etc.,were established, if not already present, to teach specificareas of basic medical science which reflected departmen­tal competence and interest. Without doubt, this integra­tion of science and medicine has had an enormously pro­ductive impact on American medicine. Much of medicalcare can now be approached logically employing sounddiagnostic procedures and rational therapeutic regimesrather than the intuitive approaches which were all tooprevalent fifty years ago, and still form the basis of patientcare in disease states in which our scientific understandingis lacking, or at best fragmentary.In Flexner's report, it was apparent he favored theJohns Hopkins model, but it was never stated that alterna­tive curricula should be dropped or other educationaldevelopments ignored. Unfortunately, the frameworkpresented in that report was so widely adopted and sorigidly interpreted that medical schools across the countryaccepted one four-year curriculum with almost identicaldepartmental arrangements. Thus, uniformity, confor-* Medical Education in the United States and Canada: A Report tothe Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Boston:D. B. Updike, The Merrymount Press, 1910.8 mity, and to some extent inflexibility, of medical trainingwere unexpected by-products of that educational reform.Fifty years after the original Carnegie report, most med­ical schools, including our own, were still operating witha curriculum very little different from that recommendedin 1910--this in spite of the fact that most entering medicalstudents had far greater experience in biology, mathema­tics, physics, and chemistry than comparable studentsearly in the century. In addition, the total body of medicalknowledge had increased enormously and new disciplinesemerged. Finally, the delineation between subjects in thebasic sciences became increasingly obscure. Courses inmicrobiology, biochemistry, molecular biology, cellbiology, and cellular pathology formed an overlappingcontinuum rather than a discrete set of independent disci­plines. To a large extent, research programs in separatedepartments often pursued related biomedical problemsutilizing similar, if not identical, techniques.Furthermore, clinical departments recruited increasingnumbers of faculty whose research interests were indist­inguishable from, those traditionally located in basic sci­ence departments. This was particularly true for areasof microbiology, organ physiology, behavioral phar­macology, genetics, and the biochemistry of disease.Thus, it became more and more apparent that researchinterests and departmental affiliations might have littleor no correspondence to the teaching programs whichhad characteristically been assigned by department.Curriculum at Chicago, 1966The curriculum at The University of Chicago, based onthe 1966 catalogue, was organized as follows:First Year Second YearFall FallAnatomy 301 (Gross Pathology 301Anatomy) Microbiology 321Anatomy 305 Psychiatry 302(Histology) CCC 301 (PhysicalBiochemistry 301 Diagnosis andPsychiatry 301 History Taking)Elective (1 credit)Winter WinterAnatomy 301 Pathology 302Physiology 301 Microbiology 322Biochemistry 302 CCC 301Psychiatry 301 Medicine 351 (PreventiveMedicine andPublic Health)Elective (1 credit)Spring SpringPhysiology 302 Pharmacology 301Anatomy 306 Genetics 300(Neuroanatomy) Psychiatry 302Psychiatry 301 CCC301Elective (1 credit)Except for courses in genetics and CCC 301 (historytaking and physical diagnosis), all instruction was depart­mental in nature.The third-year program consisted of four academicquarters devoted to clinical hospital externships:Medicine 303 (1 quarter); Surgery 303 (1 quarter);Psychiatry 303 (Y:3 quarter) and Pediatrics 303 (�quarter);and Obstetrics-Gynecology 303 (� quarter) andMedicine-Surgery subspecialties (� quarter).The fourth year was entirely elective, only requiringone-third of the twelve total credits to be in clinical elec­tives. As part of the senior year all students were requiredto take CCC 303, a series of lectures on clinical subjects,and successfully complete comprehensive examinationsin medicine, surgery, pathology, obstetrics-gynecology,pediatrics, radiology, and psychiatry.Basically, the program of study was sound. It provideda firm foundation in the basic sciences, fairly representa­tive exposure to the major clinical specialties, and 15elective credit units out of a total of 42. Based on thesuccessful career records of graduates from the medicalschool, one could not be very unhappy with the cur­riculum. Nevertheless, certain problems were apparentto both faculty and students.1. The curriculum was unresponsive to changing con­cepts in both basic and clinical subject matter. As budgetswere established for individual courses in separate depart­ments, there was no easy mechanism for administeringcourses of an interdepartmental nature. This becameincreasingly acute in areas of basic science which overlap­ped departmental jurisdiction.2. The lectures in separate courses were redundantand often repetitious. Simply stated, there was an insuf­ficient coordination between departments responsible foreach course.3. With the expansion in basic science information itbecame impossible, within the time constraints of thecurriculum, to present all of the subject matter with thethoroughness and depth once considered desirable.Decision-making in regard to which material was essentialand which could be made elective became increasinglydifficult to resolve with the existing administrative ar­rangements governing the curriculum.4. The laboratory exercises became outmoded; theyno longer reflected modern research concepts ortechniques.Modifying the CurriculumIn 1968 a curriculum committee, chaired by Dr. RonaldSinger, * Chairman of the Department of Anatomy,developed a modified curriculum which was subsequentlyadopted, after considerable discussion, by the Divisionalfaculty. The major aims of that report were:1. To identify a core body of knowledge which fulfillsthe minimal basic science requirements of the modernmedical graduate.2. To devise a mechanism for interdisciplinary teachingin those areas where such would appear as the naturaloutgrowth of our current state of knowledge in medicalbiology, neurobiology, and clinical patho-physiologicalcorrelations.* Members of the Singer committee were: Drs. Daniel X. Freedman.Godfrey S. Getz., Jay M. Goldberg. Alfred Heller, Robert Y. Moore,Charles E. Oxnard, Donald F. Steiner, Bernard F. Strauss. Edwin W.Taylor, David B. Wake; student members were V. M. Marer,L. A. Pottenger, and P. Rockey. 3. To maximize opportunities for elective work.4. To provide a thought-provoking laboratory in whichmodern techniques of evaluating the experimental basisof biology would be presented. The laboratory programswould maximize opportunities for faculty-student interac­tion.5. To provide clinical orientation in the freshman year.6. To make a community medicine course a requiredcomponent early in the freshman year.To eliminate repetition and facilitate integration of basicscience material, the seven medical biology courses wereto be interdepartmental in nature, administered at thedivisional level, and designed to include a "core" ofmaterial considered essential for progression into theclinics. When it was decided that all basic medical sciencecould not be treated comprehensively in four quarters-that some course work would have to be elective basedupon each student's long-range goals in medicine-thenit became imperative that the required material be clearlyidentified, that appropriate courses be developed whichefficiently presented that information, and that sufficientelective time be provided for research or in-depth studyin selected areas of basic science.The New CurriculumFirst Year Second YearFall FallAnatomy 301 Medical Biology 307(Gross Anatomy) (Clinicopathophysiology)Biochemistry "301 Pharmacology 301Genetics 243 Medical StatisticsClinical OrientationProgram (COP)Winter WinterMedical Biology 301 Clinical Pharmacology 302Medical Biology 303 Clinics 301 (Physical(Organ Physiology) Diagnosis andMedical Biology 310 History Taking)(Cell Biology Lab) Elective (21-2 credits)COP and PsychiatrySocial MedicineSpring SpringMedical Biology 302 Clinical Pharmacology 302(Cellular Pathology) Clinics 301Medical Biology 304 Elective (21-2 Credits)(Organ Physiology)Medical Biology 305(Neurobiology)Third and fourth years remained the same as in the earlier curriculum.The most dramatic change in the curriculum was theinstitution of the medical biology sequence plus theintroduction of almost two full quarters of electivetime in the second year. In addition, social medicineand Clinical Orientation Program (COP) were placed inthe first year; social medicine to present an introductionto concepts of community medicine, COP to correlatebasic science material with clinical case studies.Since many of these courses overlapped departments.it was necessary to set up a new administrative structureto coordinate and oversee the curriculum. A new officefor curricular affairs and an Associate Deanship for Cur-9riculum were established. Budgets for each of the medicalbiology courses were set up and administered directlyat the Divisional level. Since the coursework in medicalbiology required considerable integration, a coordinatorof that sequence was appointed. For the first year ofthe new curriculum, Dr. William Doyle held that position,for the past two years Dr. Edward Cohen has been coor­dinator.Since many students now arrive at medical school witha substantial background in biology, chemistry, andphysics, they are being offered placement examinationsin genetics, biochemistry, statistics, and one is being con­sidered for cell biology. If they place out of these requiredcourses, students, with preceptorial advice, are free toelect other courses within the University. Wherever pos­sible, advanced coursework or independent study isencouraged in areas of medical science of interest to theindividual student.Dr. John Ultmann has been coordinating COP, andits evaluation by most students and faculty has been excel­lent. Social Medicine, on the other hand, has been a ratherdifficult course to present in one quarter, and to success­fully relate to other material in the first year. Part ofthis problem relates to our lack of consensus, as a faculty,over what constitutes "social medicine" and part relatesto the inherent controversiality of the subject matter. Thefuture content and direction of this course, whether itshall be retained as a required part of the curriculum,or whether it shall be taught between the Division ofSocial Sciences and our own, are matters which are pre­sently under study.Finally, all of the curricular revisions have taken placeover a period in which the medical school class size hasincreased from 72 to 100, creating difficulties of a technicaland of a qualitative nature. As lecture and laboratorysize increase we have tried to minimize any erosion inthe personal interaction between student and faculty,which is so basic to medical education. This is a particularproblem in our "core program" in medical biology wherelarge lectures· are all too common. In my opinion, oneof the major shifts in the future will be to de-emphasizelecture presentations, and place more emphasis on inde­pendent study with strengthened preceptorial programs.The Ph.D'/M.D. ProgramBecause many graduates of Ph.D. programs across thecountry have developed interests in medical study, TheUniversity of Chicago's Pritzker School of Medicine hasinitiated a three-year program for graduate Ph.D.s lead­ing to the M.D. Starting with a group of four studentsin 1971-72, we expect to plateau at a level of tenPh.D.lM.D. students admitted each year. Our experiencewith this program has been excellent; we all look forwardto its continuance.Interaction with Michael Reese HospitalWith the increased medical school class size, the limitednumber of beds and clinical instructors in the BillingsHospital complex has become an increasing problem. Inthe past, the overwhelming part of clinical instructioncould be handled in the University Hospitals. That is10 no longer the case. Since the cooperative programbetween Michael Reese and The University of Chicagowas established, increasing numbers of students havetaken clinical electives at Michael Reese and their staffhave participated, with success, in both the medicalbiology and clinical programs. Although the Psychiatryand Obstetrics-Gynecology departments have developedjoint third-year externships with Michael Reese Hospital,this has not been extensive in medicine, pediatrics, orsurgery. Nor have the clinical opportunities been fullyexplored at Michael Reese for training in physical diag­nosis and history taking. The medical school is now ina very fortunate position of having excellent clinicalfaculties at two campuses.Shortening the CurriculumSeveral possibilities exist for shortening the total timerequired for obtaining the M.D. One three-year programfor graduate Ph.D.s is already in effect. Another jointA.B.lM.D. program between the College and medicalschool has been prepared by a Divisional committeechaired by Dr. William K. Baker, Professor of Biology.That proposal would bridge collegiate and medical studiesand permit a concentration in Human Biology as partialfulfillment of undergraduate degree requirements. Manyof the courses in Human Biology would be similar, ifnot identical, to some of the medical biology sequenceand enable students to place out of many of the first-yearmedical school courses. The result of such a programwould be the abridgment of at least one year of studyincluded in the College and medical school.Another possibility for shortening the program wouldbe a more flexible system of progression through the cur­riculum. Students, based on individual ability, would bepermitted to accelerate and complete their studies in lessthan four years. Such a system, which would be moreanalogous to graduate Ph.D. study, would require evalua­tive procedures at different phases of the curriculum. Anumber of medical schools, including the University ofIllinois, Abraham Lincoln Center here in Chicago, havepioneered in the preparation of such examinations. It islikely that several institutions will cooperate in the furtherpreparation and assessment of similar examinations whichare absolutely essential if one is to introduce a more inde­pendent progression system through medical school.Another possibility, not likely to be followed withinour own school, would involve the simple eliminationof one year of study. This is usually accomplished byremoving much of the elective and/or vacation time. Mostof our faculty consider the elective time essential to theprogram and also regard the vacations worthwhilewhether or not they are related to medical study. Manyof our students obtain summer research positions, hereor at other academic centers, and some begin Ph.D. prog­rams during that period.In my opinion, if the curriculum is going to be shor­tened, it will be done on an individual basis, throughthe selective application of a Ph.D.lM.D. program, andA.B.lM.D. program, or one with more flexible promo­tions perhaps related to independent study. SummaryThe Pritzker School of Medicine of The University ofChicago has now completed three years of a revised cur­riculum in the basic sciences. Strains induced by increas­ing class-size, decreasing budget and greater clinicalresponsibilities have made the transition difficult, but cer­tainly not impossible. The new curriculum, which shouldbe considered a moderate change when compared withsome other medical school programs, has permitted great­er integration between subjects in different departments,facilitated the development of some new courses, andintroduced more clinical correlations in the first year thanhas been traditional in the past. The present curriculumwill probably continue to evolve along the lines of greaterflexibility, more independent study, and variable durationconsonant with individual performance. Meanwhile, wecan look forward to greater involvement of the MichaelReese Hospital in clinical instruction and in cooperativeeducational programs in the near future.Dr. Donald A. Fischman is Associate Dean for Curriculumof the Division of the Biological Sciences and The PritzkerSchool of Medicine and Associate Professor in the Depart­ments of Biology and Anatomy and in the College.Medical Education in the SeventiesLeon O. Jacobson, M.D.For several decades, those of us in medical schools andthose of us who are the products of these medical schoolshave become increasingly uneasy. The general public,from the poor to the rich, have begun to ask questions.The questions we are being asked and the challengeswe face are the result ofa social and economic revolution,a population explosion, and an increase in knowledgein science and medicine in the past three decades thatequals and exceeds all that was learned in the thousandsof years that preceded .us.Where are the doctors we need to take care of themore than 30 million poor and to provide better carefor the not-so-poor? Where are the general practitioners?Why is the cost of medical care going up much higherand faster than any other commodity? Why have the medi­cal schools been spending so much time and money onresearch when what the people want is patient care andmore doctors-many more doctors?The University of Chicago's Pritzker School ofMedicine has always been devoted to the production ofacademic teachers and superb practicing physicians. Toaccomplish this has been, and continues to be, an earnestattempt, first, to turn out thinking, humane physicians; and, second, to emphasize scholarly activities on the partof the faculty and students not only to produce physicianswho will be our future teachers but who will be our think­ing, objective, and inquisitive doctors.What has this objective done to our output? Are weproducing only an elite group of researchers who haveno interest in patient care? Let's look at the record. Formore than twenty years The University of Chicago hasconsistently graduated the highest percentage of medicalstudents in the United States who end up as teachersin our medical schools. But this figure is only 15 percent-85 percent of our graduates become practicing physi­cians. In comparison, approximately 13 percent of Har­vard's graduates and about 2 percent of the Universityof Tennessee graduates become full-time teachers in med­ical schools.Has this research emphasis represented an overproduc­tion of teachers? The answer is no. In the market placea shortage clearly exists, and will continue to exist, evenas expansion goes on in existing and developing medicalschools.The research that has gone on in medical schools fordecades, supported generously by federal and private11funds, has not been carried out at the expense of individualpersonal medical care. Indeed, if the research had nottaken place many of those now criticizing medical educa­tion and research might not be around to do so. Goodmedical research is not isolated academic searching forintellectual answers to hypothetical puzzles. It is researchdesigned ultimately to help the physician improve thehealth care of his or her patients. For example, the extraproduction of a few thousand physicians would not com­pensate for the hours of research and money used todevelop antibiotics, diuretics, synthetic hormones, or thechemicals for control of the lymphomas and leukemias.The point I am making here is that research in itselfis obviously not bad. It can be seen as bad only if itis viewed as taking place to the detriment of health carein the state, the nation, and the world.Societal RevolutionWhile we were in the laboratories the social situationchanged. A revolution took place: our country becameaware of the millions of poor people who were receivinginadequate medical attention. In fact, it is now generally. accepted at all levels of our society that health care isthe right and privilege of every citizen.Interestingly enough, the result of this revolution andthese newly-accepted social concepts has been that soci­ety has begun to point to medical education and the medi­cal schools and the practicing product of the medicalschools as the culprits who failed to recognize this societalevolution, or revolution, who failed to adjust to meetthe challenge and the needs. I submit that if the fingerof accusation should be pointed at all, it should be leveledat businessmen, congressmen, professionals, workers,housewives; in short, at all of us who should collectivelyhave recognized these societal problems as they beganto emerge and should have sought solutions before thecrisis in health care was upon us.It is true, however, that almost every aspect of theproblem of health care involves the universities, theirmedical schools, and their affiliated teaching hospitals.Society looks to them as the chief source of leadershipand innovation. The assumption by the medical schoolsof even a limited responsibility presents a challenge ofunprecedented magnitude. In fact, the challenge is notonly to seek solutions and to take limited responsibilitybut also to preserve quality and strength of existing anddeveloping educational programs. If we become tradeschools, our standards of medical care will deteriorate.Curricula ReformOne specific way in which medical schools are beginningto meet the societal demands for change has been to altercurricula in the light of new knowledge that was developedin the laboratories. Medical schools have begun to changeand shorten their curricula to acknowledge the increasedqualifications of students entering their doors. Generally,the basic biological science teaching is being broughttogether in one year rather than in the traditional twoyears. For example, about 50 percent of the medical stu­dents at The University of Chicago find it possible toopt out of biochemistry and genetics. Twenty years ago,12 less than 5 percent would have entered medical schoolwith this background.We are aware of this need for revision and innovationin medical school curricula. Almost every medical schoolhas initiated reform. Hopefully, these reforms are notchanges for the sake of change but rather viable alterna­tives to traditional approaches to building a course ofstudy and> experience that:1. Recognizes the better preparation of today'sentrants into medical school.2. Eliminates the enormous duplication and fragmenta­tion in the teaching of subject matter which departmentalstructure has tended to perpetuate; a method of teachingwhich became obsolete as scientific research and discov­ery revealed that basic biologic concepts in many of theso-called "preclinical sciences" were ultimately relatedto one another.3. Eliminates the traditional senior-year clinical clerk-ship and makes this time available for direct entry intointernship-residency training or for elective study in thestudent's area of special interest-whether clinical experi­ence, research, or special courses in the basic and clinicalsciences or in the social sciences or humanities.If direct entry into an internship-residency programat the end of the third year of medical school were tobe permitted in all states by a change in the law, andif all medical schools were to adopt this, immediate stepswould have to be taken to enrich the post-third-year prog­ram by greater faculty participation in seminars and otherexperiences not currently and universally structured forhouse staff or post-M.D. training. Any such three-yearplan should be flexible and sound enough to inspirestudents; to offer them the opportunity to pursue coursesand research experience that would lead to a combinedM.D.lPh.D. degree or its equivalent. If not, we soonwould run out of first-class teachers.But let us assume that a proper coordination of highschool, undergraduate college, and medical schools wereprovided and all medical students in the United Stateswere graduated at the end of three years. Would we thusgain doctors arithmetically? No! If class size remainedconstant, the United States would make one single gainof 10,000 physicians as one shifted from four-year to three­year programs. Thereafter, if class size continued toremain constant, no further gain would occur.Advocates of continuing a four-year curriculum statethat, among other things, this additional year is importantto a student if he is to achieve additional background,a general education, and the maturity necessary for prac­tice. I shall not enter into this argument except to categori­cally state that The University of Chicago medical schooland others have admitted students with three years ofcollege and would gladly allow them to go into a structuredinternship and residency program after three years ofintensive medical school training. In fact, I would haveno objection to this scheme as the rule providing theinternship and residency were developed so as to providea continuing educational process. If this latter course wereadopted, then the question of maturity would have littlerelevance.Needed: More PhysiciansThe next question is: must we increase medical schoolenrollment? This important question is generallyanswered by an emphatic yes. There is a mal-distributionof physicians in our society. Physicians, being free agents,choose those population centers and climates which bestfit their desires. This voluntary selection of site and popu­lation requires modification. Perhaps one way to solvethe problem of the health care of the urban poor andthose in rural areas is to increase physician graduatesto the point that competition would drive enough of theminto the areas where they are now needed the most.Another way would be to enact laws that would makeservice to the urban poor and in rural areas mandatoryfor a number of years after the end of the educationalprocess. However, indenture of physicians, or any groupof professionals, is distasteful to many.It would appear that as more and more people take the option of the "right to medical care," more physiciansare needed to take care of our entire population no matterwhat system is devised. So what are we doing about thislatter problem? The state-supported medical schools areunder the greatest pressure and are making significantstrides in meeting the challenge. Private schools, suchas Chicago, Hopkins, Yale, are moving more slowly,not only because funds for faculties and faculty salariesmust be obtained largely from the private sector but also,perhaps equally as important, because they are awarethat they must remain in advance of the academic fieldin terms of quality and leadership or there will be norationale for their continued existence.Traditionally, the state-supported medical schools havehad a public responsibility which recently has becomelarger and more diverse. They can no longer be consideredinstitutions whose sole function is training medical stu­dents; rather, they must be seen as centers in which anentire health team receives its basic education. This is whyinstitutions often are labeled as health science educationalschools rather than as medical schools. The great privateschools are also responding by modestly increasing theiroutput of physicians, but it is likely and probably desirablethat they should continue to concentrate more on theoutput of scholar-teachers, and utilize whatever intel­lectual energies and financial resources that remain toexperiment with the educational process itself. For­tunately, no two medical schools in our country are alike.All have done a superb job in the traditional sense, andit seems desirable to preserve this variability and to alterour current directions only as inspired experimentationand sound conclusions emerge.Community ResponsibilityAs 1 stated previously, there is little doubt in my mindthat medical schools and medical education are consid­ered by many to be responsible in large part for ourcurrent crisis in the delivery of care to the 30 millionpoor and not -so-poor. It also is true that society, stateand federal governments, and many of the large privatefoundations look to the university medical schools tocome up with plans of delivery that will bring this crisisto an end. The public expects more doctors-especiallydoctors willing and eager to serve the urban poor andrural areas. University medical schools should initiateand participate in devising model programs involving com­prehensive care of the urban poor and rural populations.No medical school is currently operating an all­encompassing comprehensive care program exclusive ofother teaching and patient arrangements, and it seemsunlikely that any medical school can assume such a totalresponsibility without encountering serious problems.Among others, Hopkins and Chicago have tried thisapproach. The fiscal difficulties, though overwhelmingin such undertakings, are only one part of the distractingissues that arise with professional involvement in the com­munity. Medical schools very frankly were not meantto be responsible for the organization of health care deliv­ery, but I am the first to admit that no medical schoolworth its salt can or should withdraw to the ivory towerand completely ignore this important social problem.73I will give you a single example of The Universityof Chicago's increasing involvement and participation indelivery of health care in an urban setting. Our pediatricdepartment, an excellent department which once taughtits students with a very limited number of highly selectedpatients, now mans 112,000 patient visits a year. At whatpoint will patient service responsibility detract from stu­dent education? At what point will fiscal problems relatedto this community responsibility lead to bankruptcy?Since neither the city, the state, nor the federal govern­ment fully pays for this health care, the university medicalschool-whether in Chicago, Baltimore, or Boston-issaddled with the deficit.What is the solution to this latter dilemma of the urbanmedical school? University medical schools can takeleadership in encouraging and helping urban communitiesto initiate local responsibility and leadership. "Spon­taneous" community thrust with university faculty andstudent expertise and cooperation can lead to solutionsif the economy and social situation improves and the gov­ernment lends a generous but non-stifling hand. The uni­versity cannot abrogate its mission of education andscholarship.Postgraduate EducationLet us consider whether or not the medical curriculumand postgraduate training can be so structured andintegrated that students who wish to be family doctorsor general practitioners can be given every opportunityfor maximum training and experience for this role in theoverall health care system of our society.Some schools with enthusiastic leadership with greatinterest in this aspect of medicine have developed depart­ments with the goal of producing general practitioners.I have no objection to this aim, whatever the approachis, if in fact the student emerges with the ability to do74 the job. At Chicago we haven't gone this route in spiteof the fact that Congress is willing to provide extra helpto any school that seriously undertakes such a program.My own feeling is that we shouldn't all get on the band­wagon. Let us have a number of schools that experimentwith this approach. Let's not assume that a hasty anda larger production of general practitioners will solve thehealth problem of the urban poor or the rural population.The postgraduate education of physicians remains aserious problem that has not really been solved by themedical schools or the various types of medical societies.The postgraduate physician education provided by thesesources has helped, but a successful method of reachingthe physicians who need and want this continuing educa­tion is yet to be evolved. The most successful approach,in my opinion, has been for teaching physicians to goto community hospitals and health centers and participatewith physicians in the care of patients-not for a fewhours, but for a week or weeks. The old system whereina medical school teacher gives a series of lectures ona single day, or in a day or two, on subjects in whichhe is well prepared but which have little or no relevanceto the community hospital physician should be discarded.High Cost of Health CareHealth care costs have skyrocketed, but why? Simplystated, we now are paying nurses and other membersof the health team a living wage. Equally as importantin increasing hospital care or, for that matter, patientcare generally, has been the tremendous strides madein medical technology: postoperative recovery rooms,intensive care coronary units, cardiac catheterization,coronary catheterization, inhalation therapy, etc. Withprogress in medical science and technology, we providemore sophisticated care, but at a higher price.Solving the ProblemsIn conclusion, a word of caution may be important. Inthe midst of the pressure to produce more physiciansand other members of the health team, shorten the cur­riculum, increase efforts in the continuing education ofphysicians, take responsibility for the urban poor andrural population, and totally revise health care delivery,we must be careful that we do not produce second-ratephysicians and that we do not reduce the potential numberof physicians who can contribute to research. We in themedical schools, in concert with physicians throughoutthe United States, can solve the problems I have outlinedbriefly. Let's not panic, do nothing, and let the govern­ment take over. Let's lick the problem with utilizationof the constructive and collective genius of the Americanpublic, the American physicians, and the medical schoolfaculties.Dr. Leon O. Jacobson (M.D. '39) is Dean of the Divisionof the Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School ofMedicine and the Joseph Regenstein Professor of Biologicaland Medical Sciences at The University of Chicago. Hisarticle was presented at the 11 th Annual Dwight E. ClarkLecture series held by the Roane Anderson Medical Society,Oak Ridge, Tennessee, on October 26, 1971.Internship at Cook County HospitalLambert N. King, M.D.Rarely in recent years has a graduate of The Universityof Chicago School of Medicine chosen to make the transi­tion from the cloistered halls of an academic teachinghospital like Billings to an internship in the uncertainatmosphere of a massive public hospital like CookCounty.Cook County Hospital is one of the largest hospitalsin the United States, with 1,825 beds and 156 bassinetsin a complex of 22 buildings. Each year approximately62,000 patients are admitted to the hospital, 320,000 areseen in the emergency room, and 246,000 are treated inthe out-patient clinics. The hospital is staffed by 80 full­time physicians, over 600 voluntary attending physicians,350 residents, and 130 interns.Cook County Hospital is noted for its special facilities.The first blood bank established in the United States wasat County. County's intensive stroke-care unit is the firstof its kind in the Chicago area. The world-famous traumaunit has ten surgical specialists on duty 24 hours a day.Hospitals all over the midwest send patients to the burnunit. And County has its own heliport so critical burn,coronary, and trauma cases can reach help in a matterof minutes after an accident or onset of illness. Expansionof the medical intensive-care unit (lCU) to 28 beds willmake it one of the largest and best-equipped ICUs inthe Midwest.Cultural ShockOne does not knowingly become an intern at Cook CountyHospital in order to experience regular working hours,academic amenities, or administrative tranquility. Thefirst several months as an intern at Cook County area period of cultural shock. The endless dark tunnels run­ning beneath turn-of-the-century buildings, the largenumber of foreign medical graduates on the staff, andthe heavy responsibilities thrust upon the intern from thefirst day of the internship combine to produce a persistentsinking feeling in the epigastrium. One's time is fullyoccupied in an effort to take care of a heavy patient loadand to learn the often unfamiliar procedures necessaryto obtain lab tests and x-rays. Although more experiencedmembers of the house staff and attending staff are helpfuland friendly, a sense of disorientation tends to dominatethe first few months of internship.To complicate my own adjustment process evenfurther, in the fall of 1971, almost all members of thehouse staff at Cook County were involved in an enormousdispute between the administration and medical staff con­cerning decision-making in the Hospital. This struggleculminated in the firings of five members of the medicalstaff for allegedly threatening to "close and destroy the Hospital" unless the composition of the Hospital Govern­ing Commission were changed. Later, the five fired physi­cians were reinstated by court order, and an independentpanel was established to assess the validity of the firings.At one point during the year, it was stated that almost300 of the 480-member house staff were ready to resignif the five fired doctors were not reinstated. A sense ofcooperation and unity between the administration andmedical staff was finally restored, but slowly and pain­fully.The foregoing introduction may not leave a very posi­tive impression of the intern's experience at Cook CountyHospital. Yet despite all of the difficulties and frustra­tions, one emerges from an internship at Cook CountyHospital with a wealth of clinical experience and self­confidence. The ability to deal with almost any medicalemergency is assured. One acquires deep familiarity withthe medical complications of such urban problems asalcoholism, drug addiction, malnutrition, and tuber­culosis. The large numbers of patients for which one isresponsible during the course of the year assure experi­ence with a broad diversity of more esoteric medical prob­lems. For example, as an intern, I was the primary physi­cian for patients with such disorders as tuberculous men­ingitis, two new cases of systemic lupus erythematosus,and one case of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria.Solutions and ProblemsBut what of Cook County Hospital and its future as alarge teaching hospital? To answer this question, one mustlook more deeply into the situation than to detail theexperience that one intern has gained from a year at CookCounty Hospital.The Cook County Hospital that I have known as anintern was certainly not the overcrowded chaotic institu­tion that existed five or ten years ago. Sweeping physicalrenovations have greatly improved the patient environ­ment. There are no longer any middle-of-the-aisle beds.Laboratory, radiology, and microbiology services are nowrapidly available, reliable, and even sophisticated. Bloodgas analyses are made on a 24-hour basis on all wards.Although house staff members still spend considerableamounts of time doing laboratory and social service paperwork, the efficiency and morale of the ancillary staff have'vastly improved over the past twelve months. From atechnical standpoint, good patient care is far more possi­ble now than at any time in the history of County.Enormous problems remain, however. Out-patient ser­vices present the gravest area of unsolved problems inall major hospitals. It is here that the need for reformis greatest. The out-patient load of Fantus Clinic at Cook15County Hospital continues to grow rapidly and to placeheavy pressures on the Hospital. The need for innovationin out-patient care and training remains a crucial issuefor Cook County Hospital. Ideally, in-patient servicesin the Hospital must become part of a continuum extend­ing into the very neighborhoods from which the patientscome. A constructive role for attending house staff andattending physicians in such a comprehensive medicalsystem remains a key area for innovation and develop­ment.Meeting the ChallengesThere are hopeful signs that Cook County Hospital isbecoming progressively more responsive to the need forcomprehensive, personal health services. Despite thecrisis of the past year, a strong sense of direction andstability has emerged with the recent appointment of anew director of the hospital's 4S0-bed division ofmedicine.The new chief of medicine is Dr. Quentin D. Young.Dr. Young is an experienced practitioner of internalmedicine and chest medicine, an associate professor ofpreventive medicine at the University of Illinois, andNational Chairman of the Medical Committee for HumanRights. He is well-known to many medical students andMain operating room, Cook County Hospital.16 Cook County Hospital trauma unit.house staff members as an articulate spokesman forreform of both organized medicine and the U.S. healthcare system. The appointment of Dr. Young to a postthat has long been held by leading figures in academicmedicine was indeed a remarkable and intelligent choice.The new program for internal medicine training thathas been proposed by Dr . Young, is well-suited to theneeds of the communities served by Cook County Hospi­tal. He will continue to emphasize strong sub-specialitytraining in all of the traditional medical sub-specialities.However, a unique sub-speciality training program inoccupational, industrial, and environmental health willbe added to the training program. Continuity of care andpreventive medical services will be stressed more andmore in the out-patient clinics. Attending physicians willbe sought who are dedicated above all to clinical practice,and who are skilled in teaching, capable of clinically rele­vant research, and committed to exploring new avenuesof health care delivery.Dr. Young faces an enormous challenge in attemptingto combine excellence in teaching in internal medicinewith solutions to the medical care needs of Cook County'spatients. The future course of the Hospital will rest toa significant extent on the capacity of the division ofmedicine to rapidly attract a large corp of U.S. internsand residents who are interested in such a truly uniqueprogram in internal medicine training. Early expressionof interest on the part of many medical students augurswell for the future of the program.Cook County Hospital will definitely continue to bea stimulating place in which to be an intern and residentin years to come. One important measure of Cook Coun­ty's viability as a health care institution will be the num­bers of socially-committed house staff members whocome to train there and then choose to remain to servethe people in the all too characteristic medical wastelandsof the inner city.Dr. Lambert King (M.D., Ph.D. '71) is beginning his firstyear as a resident in medicine at Cook County Hospital.He was invited to describe his impressions of County duringhis first year of internship.Project AIMS: $50 Million CampaignThe University of Chicago has launched a $50 millionfund-raising drive for medicine and the biological sciences.Known as Project AIMS (Advancement In Medical Sci­ence), the campaign is based on a simple premise: Chicagohas a unique role to play in combatting the mysteriesof health and disease.Underlying AIMS is the belief that The Universityof Chicago must solidify its position as a leader in medicalresearch and teaching. Thus the components of the cam­paign were selected to build upon those areas in whichChicago has always been strong-the discovery of newknowledge and the training of physicians who provideleadership in research and education.William Rainey Harper, the University's spirited firstpresident, laid down these premises three-quarters of acentury ago. "I do not have in mind," he said, "an institu­tion of charity, or an institution which shall devote itselfmerely to the education of a man who shall be an ordinaryphysician; but rather an institution which shall occupya place beside the two or three such institutions thatalready exist in our country ... one in which honor anddistinction will be found for those only who make con­tributions to the cause of medical science." Harperwanted an institution that would be concerned with inves­tigation and research. From it announcements might "besent from time to time so potent in their meaning as tostir the whole civilized world."Today, the University's special value continues to bein the direction of investigation and instruction-of pro­viding new insights into the cause and prevention of dis-Project AIMS kickoff luncheon. Left to right: Philip D. Block, ir., Chairman,Dr. John R. /-Iogness (,46), and Dr. Leon 0. Jacobson. ('39). ease and new approaches to the nation's health needs.In large part, these contributions are the result of a stronginterdisciplinary tradition, both within the Division ofthe Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School ofMedicine, and throughout the University.President Edward H. Levi reiterated Chicago's rolein medicine at a May luncheon at which Project AIMSwas announced. He said:"If we look at the progress of medical science andthe problems of health care as a whole, there has neverbeen greater need for centers of the highest quality wherethere is the closest interrelationship among the variousdisciplines, for it is the convergence of the sciences-physical and biological and the social sciences as well-which gives rise to the hope that a new era for substan-tial advances toward the alleviation of much human suffer­ing is possible."In this era of skepticism about the importance of newknowledge, he said, the need for better delivery of healthcare sometimes is put in opposition to the importanceof discovery. But this conception forgets that discoveryhas resulted in the elimination of many diseases and thatprogress in social welfare, including health care, "requiresits own discoveries, in which many of the sciences mustplaya role.""To be sure the delivery of health care on a widerbasis poses a challenge which must be met," he said,"but this challenge requires more insight, not less, intothe causes, prevention and identification of disease."Two other luncheon speakers-Dr. John R. Hogness,'47, president of the Institute of Medicine, NationalAcademy of Sciences, and Dr. Leon O. Jacobson, '39,Dean of the Division of the Biological Sciences and ThePritzker School of Medicine-addressed themselves tothe "other discoveries" that will be required if Americanmedicine successfully confronts the problems that lieahead.Dr. Hogness emphasized the important role TheUniversity of Chicago has played in expanding the scien­tific base of medicine in this country in the past 30 years."As we look forward to the next 30 years," he said,"we must emphasize the need for a continuation of thiskind of institution and of the kinds of activities in whichit engages."He predicted major changes in health care as we gofrom an illness-oriented to a health-oriented society.Among them: a federally guaranteed, compulsory pre­payment system; the disappearance of solo medical prac­tice as we know it, with small or large groups sharingcoverage; the development of more meaningful teams ofhealth professionals; more business-oriented managersfor health systems; and more emphasis on measuring theoutput and effectiveness of the system."Behind all these changes and all progress lies the needfor fundamental and applied research," he concluded."It is to these ends that the University has dedicateditself in the past and will continue to do so in the future."Speaking to plans for the future, Dr. Jacobson citedthe emergency room as an example of how the Universityexpects to respond to "the currents swelling about usin medicine." The University Hospitals, he said, noware seeing patients in the emergency room at the rate17President Levi at kickoff luncheon.of about 100,000 a year-nearly ten times as many asin 1965; about eight out of ten are only mildly ill "ormerely worried about their health.""This poses a serious logistical problem for us," Dr.Jacobson said, "but it also reflects one of the most seriousproblems confronting medicine as a whole. We mustaddress ourselves to it-not only to solve our own internalproblem but to help find the answers to the broadersocietal ones."As part of Project AIMS, the University plans to createtwo separate though closely related centers: one for trueemergencies and one for ambulatory patients. TheAmbulatory Care Center will contain a highly com­puterized and automated health evaluation facility whichwill gather and record medical histories and perform awide range of physiological tests. Dr. Jacobson predictedthat this Center will save important time both for doctorsand patients, will provide an opportunity for the Univer­sity to provide organizational models for other institu­tions, and will enable Chicago to train more studentsfor family medicine-a field in which students are becom­ing increasingly interested.Another major component of Project AIMS is a newsix-story building for Surgery and Brain Research. "Thisbuilding represents one of the Division's most criticalneeds," according to Dr. Jacobson. "We envision theestablishment of two major research centers within it:one for investigations of the brain and nervous system,the other devoted to the patient care, research and teach­ing functions of the Department of Surgery."Both Drs. Jacobson and Hogness expressed the opinionthat medicine today is on the threshold of an even greaterera of discovery than has been witnessed over the pastthirty years. However, Dr. Jacobson declared that "thisnew era will not come about automatically.""Many of the ways we have done things in the pastno longer suffice," he said. "New arrangements arerequired-not only of the laboratories in which peoplework but also of the skills that are employed."Traditional disciplinary arrangements are no longer suf­ficient to deal with broad biological problems, he said.18 The insights of many disciplines are needed, includingclose collaboration between biologists and physical scien­tists, particularly for developing new instruments andmachines to deal with the causes, diagnosis, and treatmentof disease.Most of the components to be financed by ProjectAIMS are designed to provide capabilities for broaderinterdisciplinary and multi-disciplinary approaches toboth the scientific and societal problems confrontingmedicine. This, as President Levi observed in his keynoteremarks, is The University of Chicago way."The University of Chicago in a special way existsfor the discovery and dissemination of new knowledge,"he said. "The University was founded with this purposeand it is an emphasis felt throughout the institution atall levels. The University has never had a center foradvanced study. On the contrary, that is what it thinksthe entire University is, and this is the setting withinwhich our work in the medical sciences proceeds."Project AIMS is directed by a 25-man campaign com­mittee under the chairmanship of Philip D. Block, Jr.a Trustee of the University and chairman of the executivecommittee of Inland Steel Company.Building GoalsProject AIMS seeks $44 million for additions to andimprovements in the physical plant and $6 million innew endowment for professorships, student aid andresearch funds. The building goals are:· .. $25.4 million for three new buildings: a Surgery­Brain Research Building facing Ellis A venuebetween Billings Hospital and Abbott Hall (and ris­ing above the A. J. Carlson Animal ResearchFacility); an Ambulatory Care Center, adjoining theGoldblatt Pavilion on the north; and a buildingbetween 58th Street and the Cummings Life ScienceCenter for Ultrastructural Research, a new field ofscience dealing with the study, at the atomic andmolecular level, of the structure of organisms andthe relationship between their structure and function.· .. $9.7 million for equipment and quarters for medi­cal research laboratories, including Radiology andNuclear Medicine, Cardiac Catheterization, ClinicalPharmacology, Molecular, Developmental and CellBiology, Neurobiology and Human Biology.· .. $8.9 million to improve patient care facilities.This includes modernization of Chicago Lying-inHospital, air conditioning and modernization of partsof Goldblatt, Hicks-McElwee and Billings Hos­pitals; expanded Cardiology Center; intensive medi­cal care, trauma and burn units; improved physicaltherapy facilities and a new Emergency Care Centerembracing the present Billings emergency room.26th Senior Scientific SessionThe Medical Alumni Association's 26thannual Senior Scientific Session was heldon May 25. A prize is awarded to thestudent giving the best oral presentationon his research. This year, Jonathan L.Costa received the award for his presen­tation, "Histological Characterizationsof 'Epinephrine' and 'Norepinephrine'Cells in the Adrenal Medulla of theWhite-Footed Mouse, Peromyscus/eucopus." Dr. Costa also received thefirst John Van Prohaska Medical StudentAward, presented "to the member of thegraduating class who showed most pro­mise for a career in teaching, researchand clinical medicine." Both prizes wereawarded at the annual Medical AlumniBanquet on June 8. Dr. Costa, whoearned a Ph.D. degree in 1970 from TheUniversity of Chicago, is doing researchat the National Institutes of Health inBethesda, Maryland.Chairman of this year's Scientific Ses­sion was Dr. Henry A. Fozzard, Profes­sor of Medicine and Physiology, and Co­Section Chief of Cardiology. Assistinghim were next year's chairman, PhilipC. Hoffman, Associate Professor ofPharmacology, and Dr. Lennart Roden,Professor of Pediatrics and Biochemistry.Histological Characterization of "Epi­nephrine" and "Norepinephrine" Cells inthe Adrenal Medu"a of the WhitefootedMouse, Peromyscus /eucopusBy Jonathan L. CostaSponsors: Hewson H. Swift, Ph.D.George E. Block, M.D.Medullary cells in the adrenal gland ofthe white-footed mouse, Peromyscusleucopus, have been examined by lightand electron microscopy. Epinephrinecells possess characteristic architecture,secretory granules, ground cytoplasm,and innervation. They may be dividedinto two cell types on the basis of differ­ences in their secretory granules andinternal membrane systems. The differ­ences suggest that the epinephrine celltypes may secrete two different types ofprotein hormones, one of which may becalcitonin, in addition to epinephrine.Norepinephrine cells are also distin­guished by their architecture, secretorygranules, ground cytoplasm, and innerva­tion. They may contain primary aminessuch as dopamine and octopamine inaddition to norepinephrine.Epinephrine and norepinephrine cells with very small granule cores are seenwith some regularity. The presence ofsuch cells lends support to current mod­els for the production and secretion ofhormones by medullary cells. Thesemodels postulate that hormonesaccumulate within vesicle membranes byuptake of hormone precursors from thecytoplasm and synthesis of hormones byenzymes incorporated into the granulemembrane. Granule membranes presum­ably exteriorize their hormone "cores"by exocytosis and are retained inside thecell to re-accumulate hormones.Renal Lysosome Mediation of HemolyticE. Coli PyelonephritisBy A. Philip De PauwSponsor: William B. Gill, M.D.Lysosomes have occupied a central rolein many recent theories of cell death anddisease formation. They have been called"suicide bags" because they containenzymes capable of digesting cellularmacromolecules and organelles. Theresults of research in this area, however,have been inconclusive. We were led topostulate a prime role for renallysosomesin the initiation of pyelonephritis becauseof the finding that hemolytic E. coli wereable to produce pyelonephritis in normalanimals, whereas non-hemolytic strainswere unable to do so. This could be cor­related with the finding that hemolysinsfrom other bacteria were able to disrupthepatic lysosomes. The purpose of ourresearch was to demonstrate the impor­tance of the hemolytic characteristic ofE. coli in renal lysosomal disruption.U sing three different non-hemolyticand four hemolytic strains of E. coli, wedemonstrated that hemolytic strains rup­tured renal Iysosomes and that non­hemolytic strains did not. This was evi­dent both when we incubated the E. colistrains with renal lysosomes concen­trated by differential centrifugation andwhen we incubated the bacteria withminces of kidney tissue. Interestingly,when we incubated the E. coli strainswith ehpatic Iysosomes, neither hemoly­tic nor non-hemolytic strains appeared torelease lysosomal enzyme.We demonstrated that hemolytic E.coli disrupt renal lysosomes. While thisin vitro evidence is not conclusive of themechanism in hemolytic E. colipyelonephritis, it certainly suggests thatthe following may occur: the hemolyticE. coli enter the kidney, cause disruptionof renallysosomes, and release enzymesthat result in cell death; this necroticfocus serves as a nidus for further bacter­ial proliferation. The non-hemolytic E.coli, lacking this ability to initiate cell death via lysosomal disruption, are moreeffectively eliminated by normal bodydefense mechanisms, and thus do notcause pyelonephritis. One may alsospeculate that the reason that hemolyticE. coli favors the kidney rather than theliver is due in part to the inability ofhemolytic E. coli to disrupt hepatic lyso­somes. Further studies on these pointsare in progress.Serum Immunoreactive Insulin (IRI)Levels Following Subcutaneous InsulinAdministrationBy Sandra J. GinsbergSponsor: Arthur Rubenstein, M.D.Since the discovery of insulin fifty yearsago, subcutaneous insulin administrationhas become the accepted mode of treat­ment for insulin deficient diabeticpatients. While the metabolic effects ofinsulin are well known, there is littleinformation concerning changes in seruminsulin levels following exogenous insulininjection. Stimulated by the observationthat the same preparation and dose ofinsulin can be associated with differentpatterns of control in individual diabeticpatients, we have investigated changesin serum insulin levels following sub­cutaneous administration of regular(REG) and isophane (NPH) insulin intwo groups of control subjects who werefasting by monitoring serum IRI concent­rations. These results were comparedwith those obtained in newly-diagnoseddiabetics following treatment with vary­ing doses of NPH insulin.In five normal subjects, peak I RI levelsoccurred between 30 minutes and twohours after the injection of ten U REGinsulin. Peak levels ranged from 17 to34 u U/ml, and returned to the fastingvalues in four hours. In contrast, afterten U NPH insulin, peak IRI levels werereached between two and six hours andranged from eight to 18 uU/m!' IRI's hadreturned to fasting levels by eight hours.In eight diabetics peak IRI levels werepostively correlated with the dose ofNPH given (15 to 50 U) and rangedbetween 45 and 70 uU/m!' The time ofpeak serum IRI was also positively cor­related with the dose of insulin injectedand varied between four and 12 hours.The return of IRI's to fasting levelsranged from 15 to 24 hours and dependedupon the injected dose.From these results we conclude thatthere is great variability in the rate ofabsorption of subcutaneously adminis­tered REG and N PH insulin as reflectedby the serum IRI levels. These findingsmay help to explain the variable patternof response of individual patients to insu-19lin therapy. Moreover, they point out theimportance of insulin dose in determiningnot only the peak I RI level reached, butalso the time for occurrence of the peakand the duration of activity.Biosynthesis of Chondromucoproteinof CartilageBy Allen L. HorwitzSponsor: Albert Dorfman, M.D. '44A major component of the extracellularmatrix of cartilage is the sulfated protein­polysaccharide complex known as chon­dromucoprotein. It is synthesized by thesequential additions of sugars by nuc­leotide sugar transferases. A series ofexperiments were devised to determinethe cellular sites for the synthesis of theproteoglycan. The microsomal fractionof cartilage homogenates was known tobe the location of the synthetic enzymes.The micro somes were subfractionatedinto the rough (ribosome-covered) andsmooth-surfaced fractions by sucrosegradient centrifugation. Identity and pur­ity of the fractions was based on electronmicroscopic appearance, chemicalanalyses, and the relative content of cer­tain marker enzymes characteristic of thevarious subcellular fractions.It was shown that the activity for addi­tion of the sugars which are closest tothe protein core of the proteoglycan arepresent in high concentration in the roughfraction, while those transferasesinvolved in chain elongation and sulfationof the polysaccharide chains are highestin the smooth microsomes. These dataindicate that both the rough and smoothendoplasmic reticulum are involved inthe synthesis of chondromucoprotein. Amodel for intracellular synthesis andtransport of the proteoglycan is proposedin which the rough endoplasmicreticulum is responsible for proteinsynthesis and polysaccharide chain initia­tion. The rough endoplasmic reticulumcontains both the enzymes and acceptorsfor the addition of the xylose and galac­tose residues of the linkage of thepolysaccharide to protein. The smoothendoplasmic reticulum and Golgi com­plex are then involved in completion ofthe polysaccharide chains as well as inaccumulation of the chondromucoproteinprior to secretion from the cell.A Viscoelastic Model of Stress Relaxationfor Uterine MuscleBy Elliot LandawSponsor: Lester S. Skaggs, Ph.D.Stress relaxation is defined as the20 decrease in stress (force/cross-sectionalarea) which takes place with time for asubstance under constant strain (lengthchange/rest length). This viscoelasticproperty is common to many biologicalmaterials and polymeric substances, anda traditional approach to modeling suchsystems is to consider various linear com­binations of ideal elastic and viscous ele­ments. An ideal elastic (or Hookean)body is one in which stress is linearlyproportional to strain; an ideal viscous(or Newtonian) body is one in whichstress is linearly proportional to the rateof strain. Two commonly used modelsare the Maxwell element (elastic and vis­cous bodies in series) and thethree-parameter model (Maxwell elementin parallel with an elastic body).The most common method of study ofstress relaxation is to subject the sub­stance to a step increase in length (in­stantaneous strain development) andmonitor the stress with time. Previouswork in defining some aspects of passivehuman uterine muscle accommodation tostress used ramp strain inputs of varyingrates to uterine strips before holding theirlengths constant. The observation wasthat the position and form of the frac­tional decay curves, where stress decaywas plotted as the fraction of maximumtension against the logarithm of time, wasstrongly dependent on the ramp rate butessentially independent of the peakstress. This present study showed thata three-parameter model was insufficientto model this behavior but that one con­sisting of a distribution of Maxwell ele­ments in parallel with a single elastic ele­ment was satisfactory. An analog compu­ter solution was derived with supplemen­tary data obtained from fresh uterinemuscle strips to obtain parameters notavailable in the original data. The finalsolution was essentially identical to thebox-distribution model used extensivelyto model the stress relaxation behaviorof polymers such as polyisobutylenes.Theoretical arguments for and againstthis model and less successful modelswere presented.Coronary Artery ligation with Prophylac­tic lidocaine in CalvesBy Stephen H. LebowitzSponsor: Constantine Anagnostopoulos,M.D.With the long-range goal of investigatingwhether or not surgical procedures suchas myocardial infarctectomy will alter them�)f!ality and morbidity rates in patientsWIth acute myocardial infarctions, wefirst sought to establish a reproducible and stable model of cardiogenic shockin the calf. Our experiments disprovedearlier work done elsewhere showing thattriple ligation of the calf left anteriordescending coronary artery (LAD) wasfollowed by 100 percent mortality in 80minutes.1. Triple ligation of the LAD in 15calves without prophylactic lidocaine(although lidocaine and/or defibrillationwas used upon the appearance of specificarrhythmias) resulted in refractory ven­tricular fibrillation (VF) in five; tenresponded to therapy or had no seriousarrhythmias. None developed shockalthough large infarcts were present.2. Experiments in 18 anesthetizedcalves in which continuous 1. V. infusionof 2-3 mg/kg/hr and/or single dose of upto 8 mg/kg/hr of lidocaine failed to showmore than a transient decrease in hemody­namic parameters. We then proceededto determine if the prophylactic adminis­tration of lidocaine would decreasethe incidence of arrhythmias followingligation.3. Four calves received a lidocaineinfusion of 3 mg/kg/hr and six calvesreceived 5 mg/kg/hr prophylacticallybefore triple ligation of the LAD. Theformer group had one refractory VF andthree without arrhythmia while in the lat­ter all developed VF and were resusci­tated to a stable state without shock.Conclusion: In comparing groups (1)and (3), it is seen that refractory VFappeared in the first of the ten animalsof series (3) only (prophylactic lidocaine).In view of the small doses of lidocaineused and the observation that in the firstsix experiments of the first group refrac­tory VF appeared only twice, improvedtechnique may account for the improvedresults. The value of lidocaine per se isfurther questioned since the last sixcalves had episodes of VF an averageof 8.3 times/experiment and even afterthe worst one required 35 defibrillations,a stable non-shock state was achieved for40 minutes following a full four and onehalf hours of intermittent resuscitation.Protein Synthesis by Ribosomes fromBlood lymphocytes of Normals andPatients with Chronic lymphocyticleukemia (Cl.L)By Robert L. RamseySponsor: John E. Ultmann, M.D.It is known that phytohemagglutinin(PHA) fails to transform CLLlymphocytes compared with normal con­trols. The nature of this defect is notknown. A cell-free protein synthesizingsystem was developed to study ribosomalactivity before and after PHA stimula-Senior Scientific Session Cocktail PartyThe photos on this page were taken during the cocktail party which was held at RobieHouse for the participants, discussants, and sponsors of the 26th Senior Scientific Session.1. Dr. Charles Oxnard, Professor in Anatomy and Anthropology and Master of the BiologicalSciences Collegiate Division, has a captive audience in (left to right) Stephen Lebowitz('72) and guest and Mary and A. Philip DePauw ('72).2. Left, Robert Ramsey ('72) talking to his discussant, Dr. Ira Wool ('53). Dr. Ramseyreceived the Franklin McLean Award for the most meritorious research while in medicalschool.3. Left, Allen Horwitz ('72) discusses his presentation with Dr. Harry A. Fozzard, Professorin Medicine and Physiology and this year's chairman of the Senior Scientific Session.Dr. Horwitz was one of seven seniors to graduate with Honors.4. Branimir Sikic (72) and his wife, Diane.5. Lawrence Schuster ('72) on the porch of Robie House enjoying the late afternoon sun.2 34521tion. The reaction mixture containedribosomes from normal or CLL cells andoptimal concentrations of supernatantenzymes, ATP, GTP, PEP, K+, Mg++,and 14C-aminoacyl t-RNA. Incorpora­tion was proportional to the number ofribosomes added. Results, expressed as1O-2f,Lf,L moles 14C-aa incorporated, aretabulated below.RESTING AFTER PHA0 c 0 cpoly U po/yU po/yU polyUNormals (7) . 3.20 147 9.90 827CCLs (5) ... 0.35 36.9 2.90 162CLL cell ribosomes catalyzed proteinsynthesis less efficiently than ribosomesfrom normal cells even in the presenceof saturating amounts of poly U. Normalblood lymphocytes are a collection ofbone marrow-derived (B) and thymus­derived (T) cells. There is increasing evi­dence that CLL lymphocytes are pre­dominantly or entirely B cells. The de­creased ability of CLL lymphocyte ribo­somes to catalyze protein synthesis com­pared to normal lymphocyte ribosomesmay be due to normal differencesbetween T and B cell ribosomes and/ora defect in the protein synthesizingapparatus of CLL lymphocytes.Testosterone Binding Globulin as a Func­tion of and Factor in the Determinationof Androgenic Activity in ManBy Lawrence D. SchusterSponsor: David C. Anderson, M.D.Plasma testosterone in man is presentlargely in the bound form, the principlebinding protein being a f3-globulin: testos­terone binding globulin (also called sexhormone binding globulin or gonadal­steroid binding globulin). It is theunbound, or "free," testosterone whichis biologically active, however. There­fore, for any given amount of total plasmatestosterone, the level of testosteronebinding protein being a f3-globulin: testos­the relative proportions of bound andunbound hormone, and thus the resultantandrogenic activity. In turn, the level ofbinding globulin in the plasma representsthe influence of a diverse collection ofsometimes conflicting endocrine forces.With the level of testosterone bindingglobulin arbritrarily designated as 1 formen ages 25-35, binding globulin levelswere found to be elevated in pre­menopausal adult women (2.1) and preg­nancy (4.1), where estrogen levels arehigh, a case of testicular feminization22 (1.5), where there is a lack of responsive­ness to androgens, a male with thyrotox­icosis (2.74), two adult males withhypogonadotropic hypogonadism (2.17,2.37), older males 50--65 (1.53), and a caseof gynecomastia with impotence (2.73).They were found to be depressed into twocases of polycystic ovary (1.58, 0.89), afemale with Cushing's syndrome (0.54),and a female with partial hypopituitarismsecondary to a pituitary tumor (0.42).In the normal female, high levels oftestosterone binding globulin are accom­panied by low levels of testosterone andrelated steroids. In the polycystic ovarysyndrome decreased binding globulin iscaused by elevated testosterone andrelated steroids, thus further enhancingpathological androgenic activity.In the male, where a feedback systemthought to be responsive to the free tes­tosterone level controls testosterone pro­duction, the expected elevation of totaltestosterone and related steroids in thepresence of raised binding globulin isseen in the cases of thyrotoxicosis andimpotence with gynecomastia notedabove, but does not appear to be presentin elderly men.Thus testosterone binding globuliri isboth a function of and a factor in thedetermination of androgenic activity inman.Behavioral Versus Physiologic Toleranceto Marihuana in Hospitalized Male Sub­jectsBy Branimir I. SikicSponsor: Pierre F. Renault, M.D.Four white male subjects, ages 21 to 24,were hospitalized for sixteen days each.Placebo was given on days 1-3 and 14-16,and marihuana on days 4-10 at a fixeddose of 85-95 micrograms of THC perkilogram body weight. The smoke wasadministered twice a day using thespirometer-mask method of Renault. Themorning experiment consisted of a timeestimation task, pressing down a leverfor sixty seconds, along with continuousrecording of heart rate. The afternoonexperiment consisted of a battery ofphysiologic measurements.Subject D exhibited marked disruptionin time estimation ability on the first twomarihuana days but improved greatlythereafter. He showed little or no toler­ance to heart rate increase and orthosta­tic hypotension. We believe that this sub­ject displayed behavioral tolerance asdefined by Schuster and distinguishedfrom physiologic or metabolic toleranceto a drug. Subjects A and C showed slightimprovement in time estimation during the marihuana period, which may alsobe behavioral tolerance. However, A, B,and C did demonstrate physiologic toler­ance to pulse increase and orthostatichypotension.We conclude that: (1) behavioral toler­ance has been distinguished fromphysiologic tolerance to marihuana inman; (2) marihuana produced orthostatichypotension in all four subjects, and itscardiovascular effects are markedly en­hanced by posture; and (3) the degreeof tolerance we demonstrated is muchless than has been shown in animals,which may be due to dosage,methodology, or phylogenetic differ­ences.Cardiac Preservation in VitroBy Scott L. SpearSponsor: Robert L. Replogle, M.D.There are certain unique difficulties incardiac transplantation. The heart, as anunpaired organ, cannot be easily obtainedfrom a living donor, and unlike the kid­ney, the transplanted heart must assumefull and immediate responsibility for itssnare in the support of the recipient's cir­culation.An apparatus was assembled here tostudy perfusion of the isolated heart invitro with the intent of developing a satis­factory technique for long-term preserva­tion for successful transplantation. Amodified tissue culture solution was usedas a base perfusate. Studies were doneto evaluate hypothermia, low flow perfu­sion, cellular perfusates, cardiacglycogen content, and simple cold stor­age. Results demonstrated that intact cel­lular architecture with complete glycogenstores were not sufficient for ventricularactivity. Further, it was shown thatabsence of glycogen was not significantin the short term recovery of a perfusedheart. Hearts perfused at 4°C with a mod­ified salt solution plus autologous redblood cells showed vigorous ventricularactivity, were transplanted, and provedcapable of supporting the recipient's cir­culation for several hours.A major hurdle in future cardiac perfu­sions will be the transition between earlyrecovery, and long-term survival capableof supporting the recipient's circulation.The role of glycogen depletion in thistransition remains to be seen.Ultimately, a technique should beavailable which will provide 24-48 hoursof cardiac preservation: sufficient timefor recipient preparation and immuno­logic evaluation, as well as provision ofa graft capable of immediate and sus­tained maintenance of the circulation.News BriefsDr. Charles B. Huggins HonoredA bronze bust of Dr. Charles B. Hug­gins, the William B. Ogden DistinguishedService Professor, 1966 Nobel PrizeWinner, and Director Emeritus of theUniversity's Ben May Laboratory forCancer Research, was dedicated inApril.The half-figure bust of Dr. Huggins ina laboratory gown is located in the libraryof the Ben May Laboratory on theseventh floor of the Hospital's NorthWing. The bust, the work ofinternationally-known Virginio Ferrari,the University's Sculptor-in- Residence,is a gift from Mr. and Mrs. Albert Pick,Jr. Mr. Pick, president of the Pick HotelsCorporation, is a 1917 graduate of TheUniversity of Chicago and a Life Trusteeof the University.Names of donors who made gifts of$1,000 or more to the Laboratory areinscribed on the base of the bust. TheBen May Laboratory was founded in 1951by Dr. Huggins and Ben May, a Mobile,Alabama, businessman.Dr. John Van Prohaska library DedicatedMembers of the Department of Surgeryrecently dedicated a library for use bythe resident staff in general surgery asa continuing memorial to Dr. John VanProhaska (B.S. '28, M.D. '33), Professorof Surgery, who died in 1969. Picturedwith Mrs. Prohaska at the dedication are:(left to right) Dr. .Warren E. Enker,Assistant Professor of Surgery, DeanLeon O. Jacobson (,39), Dr. George E.Block, Professor of Surgery, and Dr.Joseph B. Kirsner, Chief of Staff. Theportrait of Dr. Prohaska was painted byone of his patients and now hangs in thelibrary which is located on the sixth floorof the medical school. The collection con­tains specialized material not otherwiseavailable in the Joseph Regenstein or Bil­lings libraries. A memorial plaque hang­ing in the library has the following inscrip­tion: "This library is dedicated to thememory of John Van Prohaska, 1904-1969, surgeon, friend, teacher, advisorand mentor to the surgical house stafffrom 1954 to 1969. To those amongus who were privileged to receive his sup­port, friendship, and teaching he willalways be remembered as 'The Pro.' " Dr. Gurney New Deputy DeanDr. Clifford W. Gurney (B.S. '48, M.D.'51) has been appointed Deputy Dean ofthe Division of the Biological Sciencesand The Pritzker School of Medicine andDeputy Dean for the Clinical Sciencesand Professor in the Division of theBiological Sciences and the Departmentof Medicine at The University ofChicago.Dr. Gurney has been chairman of thedepartment of medicine at the Universityof Kansas School of Medicine.In his new appointment he will serveas the academic dean for the clinical sci­ences of medicine, surgery, anesthe­siology, obstetrics-gynecology, ophthal­mology, pathology, pediatrics, psychi­atry, and radiology. Also includedunder clinical sciences are the Ben MayLaboratory, Zoller Dental Clinic,Argonne Cancer Research Hospital andLaRabida Children's Hospital andResearch Center.He joined The University of Chicagoas Assistant Professor in the Departmentof Medicine in 1956, becoming Associate23Professor in 1960 and Professor in 1965.He headed the Department's Section onHematology from 1962 to 1966. He alsoheld faculty appointments in the ArgonneCancer Research Hospital, operated bythe University for the Atomic EnergyCommission, and in the Department ofPhysiology.He received the Joseph Capps Prizeof the Institute of Medicine of Chicagoin 1958 and was a John and Mary MarkleScholar in Academic Medicine from 1959to 1964. In 1964 the Senior Medical Classof the University voted him the annualMcClintock Award for excellence inteaching.Dr. Gurney in the author and co­author of 87 published papers on redblood cell formation and disorders andon hormone activity in red blood cell for­mation1972 Ricketts AwardDr. Wilhelm Bernhard, Director ofResearch, French National ResearchCenter, Villejuif, France, has beenawarded the 1972 Howard Taylor Ric­ketts A ward for significant medicalresearch.The Award was presented on May 15in the Frank Billings Auditorium of Bil­lings Hospital. Dr. Bernhard gave theannual Ricketts Lecture on "Structuraland Functional Correlations in Normaland Cancer Cells."The Award, established in 1913 inmemory of The University of Chicagoscientist who demonstrated that RockyMountain spotted fever in man is trans­ferred by ticks, was presented by Dr.Leon O. Jacobson, Dean of the Division.New Michael Reese AppointmentsDr. LeRoy Pesch and Dr. Louis M.Sherwood of Michael Reese Hospital andMedical Center, Chicago, have beengiven term appointments as professors inthe Department of Medicine at TheUniversity of Chicago. They are amongfull-time staff members of Michael Reesewho have received Pritzker Schoolappointments subsequently to the 1969affiliation of Michael Reese with theUniversity.Dr. Pesch was appointed the first full­time President of Michael Reese inOctober 1971. He was previously Deanof the Medical School and Director ofUniversity Hospitals at the State Univer­sity of New York at Buffalo. He receivedhis M.D. degree in 1956 from theWashington University School ofMedicine, S1. Louis, and was laterassociated with the Yale, Rutgers, andStanford medical schools.Dr. Sherwood was formerly chief ofthe Endocrine Unit at Beth Israel Hospi­tal in Boston and associate professor of24 medicine at the Harvard Medical School.He was appointed Chairman of theDepartment of Medicine and Physician­in-Chief at Michael Reese in May 1972.He is a 1961 graduate of the College ofSurgeons of Columbia University andheld fellowships at the National HeartInstitute and Columbia before joiningHarvard.In addition, the University has made30 of an anticipated 60 two-year,academic, non-faculty appointments ofnon-full-time members of Michael ReeseHospital and Medical Center.In 1971, The University of ChicagoBoard of Trustees established a newcategory of academic, non-facultyappointments in The Pritzker School ofMedicine for selected non-full-time staffat Michael Reese. The titles are: ClinicalProfessor (Michael Reese); ClinicalAssociate Professor (Michael Reese);Clinical Assistant Professor (MichaelReese); and Clinical Instructor (MichaelReese).Non-full-time (voluntary) staff mem­bers of Michael Reese who are involvedin the medical education programs of ThePritzker School of Medicine may begiven such appointments. They carry nosalary and are subject to the University'snormal academic appointments' stan­dards and procedures.Twenty-one appointments have beenmade in the Department of Psychiatryand nine in the Department of Obstetricsand Gynecology.Department of PsychiatryTo rank of Clinical Associate Professor(Michael Reese): Drs. Michael F. Basch;Jerome S. Beigler; Bernard Block; Sher­man C. Feinstein; Arnold Goldberg;Henry Seidenberg; Saul M. Siegel;Edward A. Wolpert.To rank of Clinical Assistant Professor(Michael Reese): Drs. Burton M. Frank­lin; Edward Goldfarb; David A. Marcus;Eugene D. Mindel; Kenneth M. New­man; Stephen L. Patt; F. Theodore Reid;Irving H. Tracer.To rank of Clinical Instructor (MichaelReese): Drs. Robert H. Beebe; RichardI. Herron; Richard C. Marohn; RichardS. Meyer; Sheldon J. Meyers.Department of Obstetrics andGynecologyTo rank of Clinical Professor (MichaelReese): Drs. Allan G. Charles; MelvinR. Cohen.To rank of Clinical Associate Profes­sor (Michael Reese): Drs. William M.Alpern; Richard Frank; Alfred J. Platt.To rank of Clinical Assistant Professor(Michael Reese): Drs. Ronald M. Melt­zer; Bertrand R. Nedoss.To rank of Clinical Instructor (Michael Reese); Drs. Donald L. Chapman;David Zbaraz.Emergency Room Residency ProgramIn September, the first physician isscheduled to enter a new two-yearresidency program in the emergencyroom of the Hospitals and Clinics. Theprogram is designed to train residents tooperate and maintain any emergencyroom, and will 'consist of a residency inwhich the individual doctor rotatesbetween the emergency room and theother hospital services according to theprevious training he has had.Dr. Peter Rosen, Medical Director ofthe Billings Emergency Room, said:"The goal of this program is to help traina physician who will not only be compe­tent in any emergency situation, but whowill also be oriented toward communityhealth problems. In addition, he will beinterested and capable of organizing hos­pital and community disaster plans, ofestablishing emergency ambulance ser­vices, and of developing new, pioneeringtechniques in the delivery of primaryhealth care."The University of Chicago emergencyrooms have had a more than 25 percentgrowth rate in recent years; they are cur­rently seeing 9;000 patients per month.Class of 1972 InternshipsPediatrics proved to be the most popularspecialty among 1972 graduates of TheUniversity of Chicago's Pritzker Schoolof Medicine.Of the 75 graduates, 17 chose pediat­rics, followed by the following speci­alties:Internal Medicine, 14; Surgery, 7;Medicine, 6; Psychiatry, 4; Obstetricsand Gynecology, 3; Family Practice, 3;Endocrinology, 2; Pediatric Surgery, 2;Pathology, 2; Undecided, 2; Deferred,2; and one each in the fields of ForensicPathology, Cardiology, Neurology, Pub­lic Health, Otolaryngology, Radiology,Ophthalmology, Gastroenterology/En­docrinology, and Anesthesiology.Following is a list of the graduatesincluding their specialty and place ofinternship:Kenneth W. Andre, Internal Medicine,University of Chicago Hospitals.1 ames Walter Bateman, Obstetricsand Gynecology, University of MichiganHospitals, Ann Arbor.Stanleyl. Berek .Jr., Family Practice,Metro General Hospital, Cleveland,Ohio.Robert Henry Brier, InternalMedicine, Children's Hospital of SanFrancisco.William l. Bugni, Internal Medicine,University of Utah. .Robert Chevalier, Pediatrics, NorthAbove: Enjoying themselves are (left to right) Stephen Lebowitz ('72), Scott Spear ('72),Or. Sandra Bayly, and Elliott Landaw ('72). The new graduates also participated in theSenior Scientific Session.Below left: David Simonowitz ('70), a Resident in Surgery, this year's recipient of theHilger Perry Jenkins Award.Below right: Sandra Ginsberg ('72), Intern in Medicine, at the banquet as she is recognizedfor graduating with Honors. Or. Ginsberg also participated in the Senior Scientific Session. Carolina Memorial Hospital, Universityof North Carolina, Chapel Hill.Karyl Gilbert Cole, Obstetrics andGynecology, 'North Carolina MemorialHospital.Melvin Harold Timothy Cole,Psychiatry, Cincinnati General Hospital,Cincinnati, Ohio,Louis L. Constan, Family Practice,Saginaw Affiliated Hospital, Saginaw,Michigan.Fred A. Corey, Straight Medicine,Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago.Jonathan L. Costa, Undecided,National Institute of Neurological Dis­eases and Stroke (NINDS), NIH,Bethesda, Maryland.Robert J. Dachelet, Surgery, StrongMemorial Hospital, University ofRochester, Rochester, New York.Joseph F. D'Amico, Obstetrics andGynecology, Los Angeles County/USCMedical Center.Philip A. DePauw, Surgery, Univer­sity of Chicago Hospitals.Murray Engel, Pediatrics, Yale-NewHaven Medical Center.Carl Englebardt, Undecided, AlbanyMedical Center Hospital, Albany, NewYork.Frank Lee, Pediatrics, University ofIowa Hospitals, Iowa City.Paul A. Gallagher, Family Medicine,Los Angeles County Harbor GeneralHospital.Tom Gift, Psychiatry, PhiladelphiaGeneral Hospital.Sandra J. Ginsberg, Medicine-Endocrinology, U ni versity of ChicagoHospitals.Kenneth C. Gracz., Surgery (Cardio­vascular-Thoracic), Rush PresbyterianSt. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago.Dennis Ray Groothuis, Medicine,University of Chicago Hospitals.J essie Reynolds Groothuis, Pediatrics,University of Chicago Hospitals.Ernest Hamel, Deferred, NationalInstitute of Child Health and HumanDevelopment, NIH, Bethesda, Mary­land.Gary Harkins, Straight Medicine,University of California at San Diego.Sheldon M. Hersh, Internal Medicine,Loma Linda University Hospital, LomaLinda, California.Allen L. Horwitz, Pediatrics, Univer­sity of California Medical Center, MoffittHospital, San Francisco.John C. Huntwork , Internal Medicine,University of Kentucky Medical Center,Lexington, Kentucky.Thomas Y. Ito, Surgery, OrangeCounty Medical Center, University ofCalifornia.Irvin A. Kaufman, Pediatrics, Univer­sity Hospital of San Diego.25Michael Wolfson Kaufman, ForensicPathology, University of Chicago Hospi­tals.Milton M. Lakin, Internal Medicine,Wilmington Medical Center, Wilming­ton, Delaware.William Arnold Lamb, Pediatrics,University of Kentucky Hospital.Elliot M. Landaw , Pediatrics, UCLACenter for the Health Sciences.Stephen Howard Lebowitz, Car­diology, UCLA Medical Center.Eric P. Lester, Internal Medicine,University of Chicago Hospitals.Lucille A. Lester, Pediatrics, Univer­sity of Chicago Hospitals.Lawrence Lilien, Pediatrics, Univer­sity of Chicago Hospitals.Philip Lisagore, Surgery, Universityof New Mexico, Bernalillo County Hos­pital, Albuquerque.Robert P. Lorenz, Medicine, Univer­sity of Chicago Hospitals.James Vincent Lustig, Pediatrics,University of Chicago Hospitals.Joseph S. Mallov, Internal Medicine,University of Cincinnati, CincinnatiGeneral Hospital.Paul Marquis, Pediatrics, StrongMemorial Hospital, University ofRochester, Rochester, New York.Teackle W. Martin, Jr., InternalMedicine, Rush Presbyterian St. Lukes's.- David John Martini, Pediatric Sur­gery, Beth Israel Hospital, Boston.William W. Mclntyre, Medicine,Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta.William Cunningham Minier, Patho­logy, University of Nebraska AffiliatedHospitals, Omaha.Paul A. Nausieda, Neurology,Michael Reese Hospital, Chicago.Richard Lawrence Nelson, Jr., Pediat­ric Surgery, University of Illinois Hospi­tal, Chicago.Edward Oklan, Public Health, Univer­sity of California at Berkeley.Steven L. Overholt, Otolaryngology,Gunderson Clinic, La Crosse, Wiscon­sin.Norman Post one, Psychiatry, RoyalVictoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec.Marion Apter Quinn, Internal Medi­cine, Los Angeles County USC MedicalCenter.Michael Quinn, Internal Medicine,Los Angeles County USC MedicalCenter.John Thomas Raftery, Psychiatry,University of Iowa Hospital.Geoffrey W. Rake, Jr., Pediatrics,Tufts-New England Medical Center,Boston, Massachusetts.Robert L. Ramsey, Internal Medicine,UCLA Medical Center.Stephen I. Schabel, Radiology, StrongMemorial Hospital, Rochester, NewYork.26 Edward F. Schlenk, Pathology,University of Washington Hospital,Seattle.David Lawrence Schuster, InternalMedicine (Endocrinology), University ofMinnesota, Minneapolis.Branimir Ivan Sikic , Internal Medi­cine, Georgetown University Hospital,Washington, D.C.Philip W. Smith, Medicine, Universityof Iowa.Louis S. Smolensky, Pediatrics, CaseWestern Reserve University, Cleveland,Ohio.Susan Soboroff, Pediatrics, StrongMemorial Hospital, Rochester, NewYork.Scott L. Spear, Surgery, Beth IsraelHospital, Boston, Massachusetts.Marty Spencer, Ophthalmology,University of Western Ontario, VictoriaHospital, London, Ontario, Canada.David N. Toth, Gastroenterology/En­docrinology, University of Iowa Hospi­tal.Jose Luis Velazquez, Anesthesiology,University of Miami Affiliated Hospital,Hialeah, Florida.Robert Hugh Waterston, Deferred,MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology,Cambridge, England.Mary M. Weinstein, Pediatrics,University of Iowa Hospital.Stephen H. Weinstein, Surgery,University of Iowa Hospital.William P. Welbourne, InternalMedicine, Strong Memorial Hospital,Rochester, New York.Golder Wilson, Pediatrics, TuftsUniversity, New England MedicalCenter, Boston, Massachusetts.Post-Graduate Clinic Under Considera­tionThe Continuing Medical EducationDepartment of The Pritzker School ofMedicine is interested in offering post­graduate clinic experience tailored to theneeds of the physician. Each participantwould be assigned to a specific serviceand teacher for one to four weeks. If youare interested in this program, write toLouis Cohen, M.D., Box 401,950 East59th Street, Chicago 60637, and indicateyour area of interest.Rare Book GiftDr. Victor Levine (S.B. '25, M.S., Rush,'29) has donated a 26 book set of the illus­trated Handbuch der speziellenPathologischen Anatomie und His­tologie to the Department of Pathology.The set was last published in 1937 andis no longer in print.According to Dr. Robert Wissler,Chairman and Professor of Pathology,"This set represents the outstandingachievement of classical pathologic anatomy based on the foundation of cel­lular pathology .... In its time, it wasthe most authoritative and completereference work of its kind. It is, there­fore, a historical document of great valuefor students of the history of the know­ledge of disease. "Frontiers of MedicineThe eighth annual Frontiers of Medicineseries for practicing physicians openedin September with a program on "Maleand Female Infertility" coordinated byRichard L. Landau, Professor ofMedicine.The 1972-73 series under the sponsor­ship of the Committee on ContinuingMedical Education offers nine monthlyprograms with sessions usually held onthe second Wednesday of each month,September through May, from 2:00 to5:30 P.M. in the Frank BillingsAuditorium of Billings Hospital (the Feb­ruary and March sessions will be heldon the first Wednesday of those months).The conferences are designed to pro­vide physicians with a comprehensivereview of recent developments inmedicine. Particular emphasis is placedupon clinical application. The programis acceptable for 27\.4 elective hours bythe American Academy of Family Physi­cians.The programs and schedules are avail­able from Frontiers of Medicine, TheUniversity of Chicago, BH Box 451,950East 59th St., Chicago, Illinois 60637.The Quiet WarMedical alumni are urged to suggest thattheir local educational or commercial tele­vision station schedule "The Quiet War"a film depicting cancer research at TheUniversity of Chicago. The half-hour,color-sound film, which is narrated byformer television newscaster ChetHuntley., features current research of Dr.Charles B. Huggins-Nobel Prize winnerfor his studies of hormone-dependent can­cers-and many other University cancerresearchers.The film is available for showing fromThe University of Chicago, Room 601,5801 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Il­linois 60637. Telephone: (312) 753-4474.Medical Alumni Office MovesThe 'Medical Alumni Office has movedfrom Billing Hospital to the fourthfloor of Culver Hall, 1025 East 57thStreet, adjacent to the Anatomy Building.Culver Hall formerly housed the bio­medical library now located in the newJoseph Regenstein Library. Correspon­dence may be sent to either 1025 East57th Street or Box 451, 950 East 59thStreet, Chicago, Illinois 60637. Visitorsare always welcome.In MemoriamScientist, Scholar, Humanist:Edwin F. Hirsch, 1886-1972Edwin F. Hirsch, leading Chicagopathologist, died on March 5, 1972. Hewas 85. Dr. Hirsch was well known tomedical alumni; in 1965, he served asPresident of the Medical AlumniAssociation. From 1919-1959, Dr.Hirsch was director of the Henry BairdFavill Laboratory at St. Luke's Hospital.At the time of his death, he was activein the Department of Pathology at theColumbus-Cuneo-Cabrini Medical Cen­ter, where he was chairman from 1960until 1971.The son of a college president, Dr.Hirsch earned his A.B. degree in 1910from Northwestern University. He thenattended The University of Chicago,receiving his Ph.D. in pathology (magnacum laude) in 1914 and his M.D. fromRush Medical College in 1916. He wasAssociate Instructor in Pathology at TheUniversity of Chicago from 1914-1917,associate professor, department ofpathology, at Rush Medical College, andAssociate Professor, Department ofPathology, at The University of Chicagofrom 1919-1950. He was ResearchAssociate Emeritus (Associate Profes­sor) at the University from 1950 to 1972.Among his many professional associa­tions, Dr. Hirsch served as secretary ofthe Chicago Pathological Society forthirty-five years and later was elected itspresident. In 1965 he received an Honor­ary Life Membership from the Society.He was editor of the Proceedings of TheInstitute of Medicine of Chicago from1956-1972 and in 1960 was awarded theInstitute's George Howell ColemanMedal. He was elected president of theChicago Medical Society in 1958 andserved as a trustee.Dr. Hirsch was the authorofmore than200 articles and several books, includ­ing Frank Billings-A Leader in ChicagoMedicine (1967) and Christian Fenger­A Physician Who Inspired His Associatesto Greater Goals (1971).Dr. Hirsch's life was filled withacademic and professional achievementsand personal accomplishments as illus­trated by excerpts from eulogies deli­vered at the memorial service.Dr. Walter L. Palmer (M.D., Rush,'21, Ph.D. '26), a close friend for manyyears, spoke of his success as a teacherand his love for students: •"It is impossible to know how manystudents Dr. Hirsch instructed in hisforty years at St. Luke's Hospital and Dr. Edwin F. Hirsch.in the other years before and since. Wedo know that he was ever grateful to themen who had taught him and that he didhis best to repay this debt by teachingothers. He loved to teach and he lovedhis work. He taught everyone about himto love and respect the science ofmedicine. In the last year of his life, athird-year medical student at the Univer­sity of Illinois, Jeffrey Licht, frequentlysought his advice and counsel on aresearch project on cardiac innervation.On February 23, 1972, this young manwon first prize in a medical students'research forum."Dr. Hirsch sought out young peopleto encourage and to stimulate. One ofhis special proteges was an l l-year-oldboy by the name of Warren, who wantedto set up a pathological laboratory in hisown home. Ed encouraged him in manyways and finally made him a gift of anold microscope. Just a year ago, Warrenwrote Dr. Hirsch a most gracious noteof appreciation concluding with this sen­tence: 'And I am very lucky to have afriend like you.' How many 85-year oldmen receive such letters from l l-year oldboys? I am sure that Warren spoke forus all; we are grateful for the friendshipand memory of Edwin Hirsch."Dr. Robert W. Wissler (Ph.D. '46,M.D. '49), Chairman of the Departmentof Pathology at The University of Chicago, was a medical student of Dr.Hirsch. In describing some of his con­tributions, he said:"His counsel was widely sought andgenerously contributed to many otherimportant tasks-the governor's CancerControl Board and the Citizen's Commit­tee to investigate the overload of obstetri­cal patients at Cook County Hospital.But no organization benefitted more fromhis consistent help and support than theChicago Pathological Society for whichhe served as secretary and guiding lightfor over thirty-five years. He nurturedit from infancy to a robust maturity asperhaps the most active and vigorous ofall the urban pathology societies of thenation."In 1965, the Chicago PathologicalSociety honored Dr. Hirsch as physician,pathologist, scientist, scholar, patron ofthe arts, and humanist. And his goodfriend, Dr. Sam Levinson, in payingtribute to Ed Hirsch when he receivedthe Honorary Life Membership from thisSociety, said: 'What is the way of a mandedicated to his work and his society?What is the way of true worship?' Andhe answered for Dr. Hirsch in the wordsof the Hebrew prophet, Micah: "Andwhat does the Lord require of you butto do justice, to love kindness, and towalk humbly with your God.' "Surviving Dr. Hirsch are his wife,Helen; three daughters, Mrs. HelenKent, Mrs. Catherine Haig, and Dr. JeanPriest (' 53), associate professor ofpediat­rics and pathology at Emory University,Atlanta, Georgia.William Bloom, 1899-1972Dr. William Bloom, internationally­known scientist, teacher, and author, andco-author of the classic Textbook ofHistology (with Don W. Fawcett, nowin its ninth edition), died May 11 at theage of 72. A memorial service will beheld at The University of Chicago in thefall.Dr. Bloom came to the University asthe Smith Foundation Fellow inAnatomy in 1926 and was namedAssistant Professor in 1929, AssociateProfessor in 1933, and Professor in 1941.He served as Chairman of the Depart­ment of Anatomy, 1941-46, and in 1957was named the Charles H. Swift Distin­guished Service Professor in the Depart­ment of Anatomy and in the Committeeon Biophysics (which became a Depart­ment in 1963). At the time of his retire­ment in Fall 1969, the Committee hadalready grown into a Department. andBloom had been the Charles H. SwiftDistinguished Service Professor Emer­itus in Anatomy and Biophysics for fouryears.27He was elected to the NationalAcademy of Sciences in 1954.in 1968, Dr. Bloom was awarded theGold Key of the Medical AlumniAssociation for his accomplishments andservices to the University. That sameyear, his family established the WilliamBloom Medical Students Loan Fund.Contributions in memory of Dr. Bloommay be sent to the Loan Fund in careof the Office of the Dean, The PritzkerSchool of Medicine, 950 East 59th Street,Chicago, Illinois 60637.Dr. Bloom is survived by his wife,Margaret Abt Bloom, a brother, Dr. Ben­son Bloom, and a sister, Sophia Bloom.A tribute to him will appear in the nextissue of Medicine on the Midway.Donald N. Pritzker, 1933-1972Donald N. Pritzker of Atherton, Cali­fornia, president of Hyatt Corp. and a1959 graduate of The University of Chi­cago Law School, died May 6, 1972, ofan apparent heart attack. He was 39.Mr. Pritzker was one of the thirdgeneration of the Chicago Pritzker familyof lawyers, financiers, and philanthro­pists. In 1968, the family presented a$12 million gift to The University ofChicago School of Medicine. In recogni­tion of the gift, the largest in the school's80-year history, the University renamedit The Pritzker School of Medicine ofThe University of Chicago.A memorial fund in Mr. Pritzker'sname has been established and is beingadministered through the office of Dr.Leon O. Jacobson, Dean of the Divisionof the Biological Sciences and ThePritzker School of Medicine.Mr. Pritzker is survived by his father,Abram N.; two brothers, Jay and Robert;his widow, Susan; a daughter, Penny;and two sons, Anthony and J.B.Entombment was in Memorial ParkMausoleum, Skokie.Carl A. Nighswonger, 1933-1972Carl A. Nighswonger, Director of Chap­laincy Services at the Hospitals andClinics and Research Associate (As­sistant Professor) in the Divinity Schooland the Biological Sciences Division,died May 13 of an apparent heart attack.He was 39. Chaplain Nighswonger joinedthe Chaplaincy Service in 1963 and wasappointed Director in 1966.He was a nationally-known expert andteacher in thanatology (the study ofdeath) and directed a program on Deathand Dying and Human Ecology startedat the Clinics five years ago. At the timeof his death he was president of the Col­lege of Chaplains.28 Alumni Deaths'01. John Petrovit sky , Cedar Rapids,Iowa, September 25, 1970, age 94.'04. Norman E. Williamson, San Fran­cisco, California, January 10, 1970, age97.'05. Harry D. Murdock, Tulsa,Oklahoma, December 26, 1970, age 93.'11. Samuel D. Avery, Albuquerque,New Mexico, March 16, 1972, age 84., 11. Paul Gallagher, Eagle Pass,Texas, April 13, 1969, age 87.'11. Henry R. Hatch, Idaho FallsIdaho, March 27, 1972, age 86. ''11. Samuel M. Morwit z; Chicago,Illinois, February 1972, age 85.'11. Clyde E. Vreeland, Ypsilanti,Michigan, July 8, 1969, age 86.'12.J. M. F. Heumann, Omaha, Neb­raska, November 8, 1971, age 94.'13. Herbert J. Movius, Long Beach,California, July 29, 1970, age 84., 15. Robert H. Henderson, Hender­sonville, North Carolina, April 2, 1971,age 87., 16. Edwin F. Hirsch, Chicago, Il­linois, March 5, 1972, age 86.'17. Ethel R. Harrington, LosAngeles, California, notified by returnmail, age 81.'17. Leland C. Shafer, La GrangePark, Illinois, February 1972, age 81.'18. Archie L. Gleason, Great Falls,Montana, January 12, 1972, age 81.'20. Kristbjourn S. Eymundson, SanFrancisco, California, March 1972, age84.'21. Karl K. Borsack, Fond du Lac,Wisconsin, May 6, 1972, age 85.'22. Millard C. Hanson, Defiance,Ohio, February 2, 1972, age 75.'22. Lewis I. Kaffesieder, LosAngeles, California, October 26, 1971,age 75.'22. Oscar D. Mulliken, Elgin, Illinois,December 27, 1971, age 75.'22. Gilbert J. Schwartz, Kenosha,Wisconsin, February 1, 1972, age 76.'22. Charles A. Siler, Oak Park,Illinois, February 23, 1972, age 88.'23. Frances Johnson, Milwaukee,Wisconsin, March 9, 1972, age 82.'23. Frank V. Theis, Chicago, Illinois,March 11, 1972, age 73. '26. Anne Bohning, Chicago, Illinois,May 14, 1972, age 80.'27. Burr C. Boston, Waterloo, Iowa,June 18, 1971, age 73.'29. Eugene M. Copps, Everett,Washington, August 11, 1971, age 70.'29. Parke H. Woodard, Lenexa, Kan­sas, January 1, 1972, age 77.'30. Clement F. Neacy, Palos VerdesEstates, California, March 19, 1968, age73.'30. Ernest S. Olson, Racine, Wiscon­sin, 1972, age 71.'31. Aubrey L. Goodman, Waco,Texas, March 7, 1972, age 68.'32. C. E. Barrett, Bountiful, Utah,January 24, 1972, age 87.'36. Richard J. Stevens, Huntington,West Virginia, June 17, 1971, age 63.'37. Samuel S. Platt, Chicago, Illinois,April 28, 1972, age 60.'40. Richard W. Gibbs, Buena Park,California, notified by return mail, age61.Former Faculty and ResidentsWilliam Bloom (Charles H. Swift Distin­guished Service Professor Emeritus,Anatomy, '26-'69), Chicago, Illinois,May 11, 1972, age 73.Bernard Botsch (Resident, '31-'32,Obstetrics and Gynecology), Toledo,Ohio, December 19, 1971, age 66.Samuel Kaplan (Resident, '25-'26,Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chicago,Illinois, April25, 1972, age 74.CatalinoB. Tejada (Resident, '52-'53,Obstetrics and Gynecology), MountainProvince, P. I., notified by return mail.Frank E. Whitacre (Resident, '29-'32;Instructor, '33-'35, Obstetrics andGynecology), Nashville, Tennessee,June 2, 1971, age 74.Our Apologies"The reports of my death are greatlyexaggerated. "-Mark Twain, Cablefrom Europe to the Associated Press.Our apologies to Dr. Maxwell H. D.Johnson ('38) of Park Ridge, Illinois, whois among the living, thankfully, and notamong the deceased as reported in thelast issue.Departmental NewsAnatomyCharles L. Coulter has been promotedto Associate Professor.Dr. Charles E. Oxnard, Professor ofAnatomy, Anthropology, in the Commit­tee on Evolutionary Biology, and in theCollege, was appointed Master of theBiological Sciences Collegiate Division,Associate Dean of the College, andAssociate Dean of the Division of theBiological Sciences for a three-year term.Dr. Oxnard has been on the faculty since1966.In April, at the annual meeting of theAmerican Association of Anatomists inDallas, Texas, the following people pre­sented papers or demonstrations: LuisM. H. Larramendi, Professor; Dr.Robert Y. Moore ('57), Professor ofPediatrics, Medicine, and Anatomy;Research Associates Y ongock Cho andAlphonse E. Leure-DuPree; and stu­dents Patrick W. Bankston and RobertP. Becker.AnesthesiologyMembers of the Department exhibited"The Anesthetic Continuum" at theAmerican Medical Association meetingin San Francisco in June. Those par­ticipating in the exhibit were: Dr. HarryJ. Lowe, Professor and Chairman; Dr.Robert Paulissian, Assistant Professor;Dr. Cenon Menes, Resident; and Dr.Pushpa Shah, Instructor. Dr. MargaretBarclay, Associate Professor, attendedthe meeting and the exhibit.BiochemistryEugene Goldwasser, Professor ofBiochemistry and in the Argonne CancerResearch Hospital, lectured on"Mechanism of Erythropoietin-InducedDifferentiation" during the Fourth Inter­national Congress of Endocrinology sym­posium on hormones and differentiation,Washington, D.C., June 18-23. Dr.Donald F. Steiner ('56), the A. N.Pritzker Professor of Biochemistry, andProfessor of Medicine, and in the Col­lege, also participated in the meeting.Professor Goldwasser is the author of"The Making of a Red Blood Cell," NewScientist (London), June 8.Robert L. Heinrikson has been pro­moted to Associate Professor.Richard W. Mintel, Assistant Profes­sor, was one of five faculty awarded theLlewellyn John and Harriet ManchesterQuantrell A ward for excellence inundergraduate teaching.Dr. Donald F. Steiner (,56), was elected to the American Academy of Artsand Sciences and selected by the Ameri­can Diabetes Association as one of 14scientists from throughout the world toreceive a medallion in commemorationof the 50th anniversary of the discoveryof insulin, June 25, in Washington, D.C.Dr. Steiner currently is Acting Chairmanof the Department.Dr. Ira G. Wool ('53), Professor ofPhysiology and Biochemistry, is theinvestigator for a three-year $237,839grant awarded to the University from theJohn A. Hartford Foundation, Inc. forstudies of protein synthesis in animalcells.BiologyWilliam K. Baker, Professor of Biology,in the Committee on Genetics, and inthe College, was one of twelve Univer­sity faculty to receive a 1972 Guggenheimfellowship.George W. Beadle, the William E.Wrather Distinguished Service Professorof Biology and in the College, PresidentEmeritus and Honorary Trustee, gavethe banquet address at the dedicationactivities of two new science buildingsat the University of Missouri, KansasCity.Aron A. Moscona was named theLouis Block Professor of Biology. Healso is a Professor in the Committee onGenetics and the College. In the springhe was a visiting professor at the Instituteof Life Sciences, Hebrew University,Jerusalem.Jane H. Overton was promoted toProfessor of Biology.Hewson H. Swift, Distinguished Ser­vice Professor of Biology, in the College,and the Committee on Genetics, has beennamed Chairman of the Department fora three-year term. Swift is a member ofthe National Academy of Science and theAmerican Academy of Arts and Sci­ences, and is a specialist in the role andarrangement of DNA in cells.MedicineThe Society for Investigative Der­matology on its 35th anniversary pre­sented a plaque to the University in honorof the Section of Dermatology from1942-1960. The plaque is an enlarged rep­lica of the Rothman Medal which the So­ciety awards annually. Dr. Allan L.Lorincz ('47), Professor and Head of theSection of Dermatology , was elected vice­president of the Society. The Section of Cardiology held a sym­posium entitled "New Trends in Inves­tigation and Treatment" at the Univer­sity's Center "for Continuing Educationfor the American College of Cardiology.The meeting was co-chaired by Dr. LeonResnekov, Professor, and Harry Foz­zard, Professor of Medicine andPhysiology, Joint Directors of the Sec­tion of Cardiology. Participants were:Drs. Murray Rabinowitz, Professor ofMedicine and Biochemistry; ErnestPage, Professor of Medicine andPhysiology; Suzanne Oparil, AssistantProfessor; Angelo Scanu, Professor ofMedicine and in the Argonne CancerResearch Hospital, and Research As­sociate of Biochemistry; RoderickChilders, Associate Professor, andHarold Brooks, Assistant Professor.Among those presenting papers at theFourth International Congress of En doc­rinology in Washington, D.C., in June,were Dr. Edward N. Ehrlich, AssociateProfessor; Fellows Dr. Thad Hagen andDr. Marshall Block; and Shut sung Liao,Associate Professor in the Ben MayLaboratory and the Department ofBiochemistry.Dr. Jafar Al-Sadir was promoted toAssistant Professor.Dr. James Boyer was appointedAssociate Professor, Section of Gas­troenterology. Dr. Boyer was assistantprofessor of medicine at Yale MedicalSchool. He earned his M.D. in 1962 fromJohns Hopkins University School ofMedicine.Dr. David S. Fedson was promotedto Assistant Professor, Section of Infec­tious Diseases.Dr. James L. Franklin, Instructor,won the Chicago Society for Gastroen­terology's research competition for apaper on "Folic Acid Malabsorption inInflammatory Bowel Disease: Effects ofAzulfidine.' ,Dr. Nicholas J. Gross (Ph.D. '70),Assistant Professor, has been namedHead of the Respiratory Medicine Sec­tion. The Section received a one-yeargrant from the Louis Block Fund forBasic Research and Advanced Study forstudy of the immunological and cellularaspects of respiratory medicine, involv­ing protective mechanisms against lunginfection and disease.Dr. Henry S. Kingdon, AssociateProfessor and Research Associate ofBiochemistry, was one of twelve facultyto receive a 1972 Guggenheim fellowship.Dr. Richard L. Landau, Professor andDirector of the General ClinicalResearch Center, is the author of "TheReal Crisis in American Medicine-NoLeadership" in the spring issue of Per­spectives in Biology and Medicine.Dr. Edmund J. Lewis, Associate29Professor and a specialist in kidney dis­ease and medical aspects of kidney trans­plantation, was named Head of the Sec­tion of Nephrology.Dr. Daniel J. McCarty, Professor,spoke on "Arthritis-Present Treat­ment and Future Progress," at the Inter­national College of Surgeons, Chicago.Dr. John K. O'Donoghue was pro­moted to Instructor after completingresidency.Dr. Theodore N. Pullman, Professor,was appointed to the editorial board ofClinical Nephrology, a new internationalperiodical scheduled to appear in the fall.Dr. Pullman delivered the annual WilliamB. Bean Lecture, "Science, Society andBlood Pressure," at the University ofIowa School of Medicine in March.Dr. Leon Resnekov, Professor andJoint Director of Cardiology, was nameda Fellow of the Royal College of Physi­cians in London.Dr. Irwin H. Rosenberg, AssociateProfessor and Head of Gastroen­terology, was interviewed on "What'sNew and Important in Gastroen­terology?" in the April5th issue of M edi­cal Tribune.Dr. Arthur Rubenstein, AssociateProfessor, presented a paper at theAmerican Diabetes Association meetingin June in Washington, D.C. Others pre­senting papers at this meeting were: Dr.Jayme Borensztajn, Research Associateof Pathology; Dr. Jerome Starr, Traineein Endocrinology; and Dr. Donald F.Steiner ('56), the A. N. Pritzker Profes­sor of Biochemistry and in the College.Dr. John F. Schneider ('63, Ph.D. '68)was promoted to Assistant Professor.Dr. Mark Siegler (,67) was promotedto Assistant Professor.Dr. Keyoumars Soltani was promotedto Assistant Professor, Section of Der­matology.Radovan Zak, Research Associate(Associate Professor) of Medicine andResearch Associate of Biochemistry,was invited to present papers in Paris,France, at the European Section of theInternational Study Group for Researchin Cardiac Metabolism and at the TableRondes Roussel Meeting, and later at theInternational Study Group's meeting inWinnepeg, Canada.MicrobiologyAt the New York Academy of Sciencemeeting in April, Dr. Edward P. Cohen,Associate Professor in La RabidaInstitute and of Medicine and Mic­robiology, spoke at the InternationalConference on RNA in the Immune Res­ponse. His paper, prepared with post­doctoral fellows Abigail H. Conrad andDavid J. Patt and' pre doctoral fellowMary K. Legler, was entitled "Tnvol-30 vement of Reiterative Nucleic Acid inthe Antibody Response."Robert M. Lewert, Professor in Mic­robiology and in the College, discussed"Prospects for Immunologic Control ofSchistosomiasis" at the RockefellerFoundation Study and ConferenceCenter, Bellagio, Lake Como, Italy, inApril.Obstetrics and GynecologyThe American College of Obstetriciansand Gynecologists met in Chicago, April29-May 4. Faculty participating in theprogram were Dr. Frederick P. Zuspan,the Joseph Bolivar DeLee Professor andChairman; Dr. Michael Newton, Profes­sor; Dr. Uwe Freese, Professor; Dr.Gebhard Schumacher, Associate Profes­sor; and Dr. James L. Burks, AssociateProfessor and Chief of Student HealthGynecology Clinic.The Chicago Lying-in alumni held theirannual reunion on April 30, whichincluded an open house, tours of the hos­pital, and a dinner at the Quadrangle Club.Mrs. Mildred Mitchell, Assistant Direc­tor of Lying-in Hospital, was honored forher 43 years of service to the hospital.She will retire in September.The fourth annual pre-board review ofobstetrics and gynecology conducted bythe faculty will be held October 26-28.The program includes sessions ononcology, perinatology, high-risk preg­nancy, pathology, genetics, endo­crinology, and infertility. For more infor­mation write Mr. Nels H. Berg, Execu­tive Assistant, Chicago Lying-in Hospi­tal, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago60637.Dr. Maysoon Al-Naqeeb was pro­moted to Assistant Professor.Dr. Luis A. Cibils, the Mary CampauRyerson Professor in Obstetrics andGynecology, spoke in Mexico City at asymposium on perinatal problems, at theSecond Paraguayan Congress of Obstet­rics and Gynecology in Asuncion, andbefore the Argentine Obstetric andGynecology Society in Buenos Aires.Caryn Dupon was promoted toResearch Associate (Assistant Profes­sor).Dr. Marshall D. Lindheimer,Associate Professor of Obstetrics andGynecology and of Medicine, is coor­dinating a lecture series on hypertensionfor The Illinois Academy of GeneralPractice Postgraduate Course, "Medi­cine for Today." His lectures on"Sodiums and the Kidney in Pregnancy"and "Hypertensive Complications ofPregnancy" are being given in nine differ­ent Illinois communities.Dr. Michael McKeown, AssistantProfessor, and Dr. Eduardo Kneler,Intern, spoke at the annual meeting of the Society for Gynecologic Investiga­tion in San Francisco.Dr. Alfonso Mejia-Zelaya was pro­moted to Instructor.Dr. Michael Newton was promotedfrom Clinical Professor to Professor.Dr. Maria Sacris was promoted toAssistant Professor.Dr. Gebhard F. B. Schumacher,Associate Professor and Head of theReproductive Biology Section, attendedthe Seventh International Congress onAnimal Reproduction and ArtificialInsemination in Munich, Germany, inJune. Papers were presented by Dr.Schumacher and Dr. Lourens J. D.Zaneveld, Assistant Professor, and alsoat the annual meeting of the Society ofGynecological Investigation, San Fran­cisco, and at the Federation of AmericanSocieties for Experimental Biology meet­ing, Atlantic City. Dr. Schumacher alsospoke at the Workshop on Glycoproteinsand Connective Tissues at the Universityof Michigan and at the scientific programof the German Medical Society ofChicago which met jointly with theChicago and the Illinois State MedicalSocieties.Dr. Joseph P. Swartwout, AssociateProfessor, discussed the experimentaluse of prostaglandins as abortificants andto stimulate obstetric labor at a jointmeeting of the Chicago GynecologicalSociety and the Chicago Medical Soci­ety. With Dr. Eric J. Singh, ResearchAssociate, they coauthored papers pub­lished in The Journal of ReproductiveMedicine and The American Journal ofObstetrics and Gynecology.Dr. George L. Wied, the Blum RieseProfessor of Obstetrics and Gynecologyand Professor of Pathology, was a tutorialdirector of the Second InternationalTutorial on Clinical Cytology, held inVienna in June. Catherine Keebler, ChiefCytotechnologist in the Cytology Laband Educational Coordinator in theDepartment, and Dr. Marluce Bibbo,Assistant Professor, participated in theprogram. Drs. Bibbo and Wied servedon the faculty of the Third InternationalTutorial on Clinical Cytology held inTokyo in August. Dr. Wied was electedan honorary fellow of the Swedish Medi­cal Academy.Dr. Frederick P. Zuspan holds the fol­lowing new offices: president of theAssociation of Professors of Gynecologyand Obstetrics; member of the board ofdirectors of the Barren Foundation,Chicago, an association for reproductiveresearch; 1972 program chairman of theAmerican College of Obstetricians andGynecologists; chairman of the HealthService and Mental Health Association­Maternal and Child Health ResearchPanel; and appointment as the foundingeditor ofa new book series, Contempor­ary Obstetrics and Gynecology, to bepublished by Lea & Febiger.Dr. Zuspan was awarded a $538,000,four-year grant, to study "IntrauterineEnvironment in Drug Addiction Preg­nancy" by the Maternal and Child HealthService Section of HEW. The projectinvolves the coordinated effort of twelvefaculty in the Departments of Obstetricsand Gynecology, Psychiatry, Pediatrics,Pathology, and Medicine.OphthalmologyDr. Alex E. Krill, Professor, was coor­dinator and participant in a symposiumon the macula at the Oxford Ophthal­mological Congress in England in July.Dr. Frank W. Newell, Professor andChairman, spoke at the West VirginiaAcademy of Ophthalmology andOtolaryngology meeting, White SulphurSprings, West Virginia, in April. Dr.Newell was named to a four-year termon the National Advisory Eye Council,the U.S. government's primary organiza­tion for research to prevent blindness.He was elected vice-president of theNational Society for the Prevention ofBlindness.PathologyDr. James Bowman was promoted toProfessor of Pathology and Medicine andin the College. He continues as Directorof Hospital and Clinic Laboratories. Dr.Bowman participated in a symposium onsickle cell disease in Washington, D.C.,in May.Dr. Aruna C. Daniels was promotedto Assistant Professor.Dr. Frank W. Fitch (,53), Professor,was reappointed a member of the editor­ial board of the American Journal ofPathology for a five-year term and wasappointed a member of the NationalBoard of Medical Examiners as theChairman of the Pathology Test Commit­tee.Dr. Godfrey S. Getz was promotedto Professor of Pathology and Biochemis­try and in the College. He continues asDirector of the Research ChemistryLaboratory.Dr. Robert L. Hunter was promotedto Assistant ProfessorDr. Werner H. Kirsten, Professor ofPathology, Pediatrics, and in the Com­mittee on Genetics, was appointed co­editor of Current Topics in Pathology.Dr. Martha L. Warnock was promotedto Associate Professor.Dr. Robert W. Wissler (,49), Professorand Chairman of Pathology and Profes­sor in the College, attended the GermanSociety on Circulation Research meetingat Badnauheim, Germany, in April. Healso lectured on the artery wall and thepathogenesis of atherosclerosis at a spe- cial program of the German Society forInternal Medicine in Wiesbaden, theInternational Symposium on Obesity,Atherosclerosis and Diabetes, in Oberur­sel, and at the University of Munster.Dr. Wissler also was a participant in apanel of experts that helped the NationalHeart and Lung Institute Task Force onAtherosclerosis prepare a recently issuedreport, Arteriosclerosis.PediatricsDr. Jay Berkelhamer was appointedAssistant Professor. He earned his M.D.in 1967 from the University of Michiganand has just returned from the militaryservice.Dr. Douglas N. Buchanan, ProfessorEmeritus of Pediatrics and Professor ofMedicine, received the BrennemanAward for "outstanding devotion topediatric education and service to thechildren of Chicago" from the ChicagoPediatric Society at its annual dinner,May 17. Dr. Albert Dorfman (,44), theRichard T. Crane Distinguished ServiceProfessor and Chairman, presented theaward. In the last few months Dr. Dorf­man has lectured at the following: Col­lege de France, Nogent-sur-Marne,France; 25th Annual Research Confer- ence of Biology Division of the OakRidge National Laboratory; The Univer­sity of Illinois; Michigan State Univer­sity; Teratology Society Meeting; Soci­ety for Pediatric Research; the AmericanPediatric Society, and the Santa CatalinaConference on Comparative MolecularBiology of Extracellular Organic Mat­rices, in California.Dr. Domingo de la Fuente wasappointed Assistant Professor of Pediat­rics and Medicine. He has been anInstructor of Medicine and has an M.D.degree from the University ofthe Philip­pines.Dr. Ruthmary Deuel was appointedAssistant Professor of Pediatrics andMedicine (neurology). 01". Deuel hasbeen an Assistant Professor of Medicineand has an M.D., 1961, from ColumbiaUniversity.Dr. Alberto Gedissman was appointedInstructor. He completed his residencyhere and has an M.D., 1965, from theUniversity of Buenos Aires MedicalSchool.Dr. Janis Mendelsohn was appointedInstructor. She completed her residencyat Children's Memorial Hospital and hasan M.D., 1967, from the University ofTennessee.Dr. Lauretta Bender (B.S. '22; M.A. '23) clinical professor of psychiatry (retired), College of Physiciansand Surgeons, Columbia University, received the Professional Achievement Award from The Universityof Chicago Alumni Association on June 3 for her work in child schizophrenia. Dr. Bender is shownat a Department of Psychiatry seminar she addressed while in Chicago. At the right is Dr. DanielX. Freedman, Chairman and the Louis Block Professor in the Department of Psychiatry. Dr. Benderserved an internship and residency (neurology) at the University's Billings Hospital after receivingher M.D. (1926) from the State University of Iowa.31Dr. Hugette Moran was appointedAssistant Professor. Dr. Moran has anM.D., 1960, from the Laval UniversitySchool of Medicine, Quebec, Canada.Dr. Alice Maynard Stratigos wasappointed Instructor. She has an M.D.,1969, from Case Western Reserve.Dr. Mary Libi Sylora was appointedInstructor. She has an M.D., 1960, fromthe University of Santo Tomas in thePhilippines.Dr. Frank K. Thorp ('60) was pro­moted to Associate Professor.Dr. Harold Toy ('69) was appointedInstructor.PharmacologyKenneth P. DuBois, Professor andDirector of the Toxicity Laboratory, wasappointed to the board of scientific coun­selors of the National Institute ofEnvironmental Health Sciences.Dr. Alfred Heller ('60) was promotedto Professor.Dr. Lloyd J. Roth (,52) Professor andChairman in the College, was elected acorresponding member of the GermanPharmacological Society.Lewis Seiden (Ph.D. '62) was pro­moted to Associate Professor of Phar­macology and Psychiatry.PsychiatryDr. Daniel X. Freedman, the LouisBlock Professor of Biological Sciences,has been reappointed Chairman of theDepartment for three years. Dr. Freed­man was named a member of the new­ly-formed national Drug Abuse Councilset up by four foundations to evaluatepublic and private programs.Dr. Lawrence Zelie Freedman, theFoundations Fund Research Professor ofPsychiatry, chaired a conference on"Rage, Aggression, and Violence" at theCenter for Advanced Study in theBehavioral Sciences at Stanford in April.The conference was jointly sponsored bythe Institute for Social and BehavioralPathology and the Adlai StevensonInstitute. He also delivered a series oflectures at the Yale University ChildStudy and Development Center on theproblems of the inner-city adolescent forpsychiatrists-in-training, law students,and professionals from different disci­plines concerned with these problems.Charles R. Schuster, AssociateProfessor of Psychiatry, Pharmacology,and in the College, was appointed to theeditorial board of Psychopharmacologia.In spring, he presented an invited addressat the Walter Reed Army Institute ofResearch in Washington, D.C., on "ABehavioral Analysis of Drug Depen­dence," and participated in a workshopon "How Drugs Act to Reinforce32 Behavior" at a Neurosciences ResearchSymposium at MIT.Dr. Harry Trosman, Associate Profes­sor, addressed the Cincinnati Psycho­analytic Society in March on "TheShaping of Psychoanalysis."Dr. David A. Turner ('66) was pro­moted to Assistant Professor after serv­ing as Chief Resident.Dr. Jerome Winer, Assistant Professorand Assistant Chief of the Student Men­tal Health Clinic, spoke at the annualmeeting of the American College HealthAssociation, Atlanta, Georgia, in April.RadiologyThe following people were promoted toInstructor after completing residency:Dr. Eugene Duda; Dr. Harry Genant;Dr. Nicholas Kinnas; Dr. John Olson;Dr. Marc Tetalman; Dr. RichardJ. Tully(,68); Dr. David A. Turner (,65); and Dr.William Yeh.Dr. Gary G. Ghahremani was pro­moted to Assistant Professor.Dr. George C. Karkazis was promotedto Assistant Professor.Lawrence H. Lanzi, Professor ofRadiology and in the Argonne CancerResearch Hospital, participated in aseminar on the teaching of medicalphysics organized by the World HealthOrganization and International AtomicEnergy Agency in Kiel, Germany.Dr. Stan D. Vesselinovitch, AssociateProfessor of Radiology and in theArgonne Cancer Research Hospital, andAssociate Director of the A. J. CarlsonAnimal Research Facility, received anadditional grant of$320,319 for 10 monthsfrom the National Cancer Institute (N CI)for his research on "Definition of Sen­sitivity of Carcinogenesis Bioassay Sys­tems." NCI has allocated $1,008,213 tothis study so far.Ten members of the Department par­ticipated in the 14th Annual AmericanAssociation of Physicists meeting inPhiladelphia in June.SurgeryDr. C. E. Anagnostopoulos, AssistantProfessor, spoke in May at Mount SinaiHospital in Detroit on "Autologous Rec­tus Sheath for Cardiovascular Grafts:Tensile Strength Tests and PreliminaryExperiments in the Pulmonary Valve andOutflow." He also was on the programat the Seventh Congress of the EuropeanSociety for Experimental Surgery inAmsterdam in April.Dr. Rinaldo F. Canalis was promotedto Instructor, Section of Otolaryngology.Dr. Warren E. Enker was promotedto Assistant Professor.Dr. John Laurence Hill was appointedAssistant Professor, Section of PediatricSurgery. Dr. Hill was assistant professor Dr. David B. Skinner.of surgery at George Washington Univer­sity. He 'earned his M.D. in 1961 fromOhio State University Medical School.Dr. C. Frederick Kittle (,45), Profes­sor and Head of the Section of Thoracicand Cardiovascular Surgery, has beenelected president of the Chicago SurgicalSociety. He gave the Thomas G. OrrMemorial Lecture on "MyocardialRevascularization-Dilemma and Deci­sion" at the Southwestern Surgical Con­gress, Albuquerque, New Mexico, inMay.Dr. Mitchell B. Sheinkop wasappointed Assistant Professor, Sectionof Orthopedic Surgery. Dr. Sheinkopcompleted his training at Wesley Memor­ial and Passavant Memorial Hospitals inChicago and had fellowships at HadassahMedical Center in Israel and Passavant.He earned his M.D. in 1967 from ChicagoMedical School.Dr. David B. Skinner has been ap­pointed Chairman and the Dallas B.Phemister Professor in the Department.of Surgery. He has been professor ofsurgery at The Johns Hopkins School ofMedicine and is a surgeon on the at­tending staff of The Johns Hopkins Uni­versity Hospital.Dr. Jack Stevens resigned as Professorand Head of the Section of Orthopedicsto return to his native England where hewill be professor of orthopedic andtraumatic surgery at the University ofNewcastle-on-Tyne. Dr. Stevens cameto the hospital in 1967.Dr. Frank P. Stuart, Associate Profes­sor, was appointed for a three-year termto the editorial board of Transplantation,official journal of The TransplantationSociety.Dr. Dennis R. Whitlow was appointedAssistant Professor, Section of PlasticSurgery. Dr. Whitlow completed hisplastic surgery training at MassachusettsGeneral Hospital in June. 1972. Heearned his M.D. in 1963 from HarvardUniversity Medical School.Alumni NewsReunion, 1972On June 8, alumni, graduates of 1972,parents, faculty, and friends gathered inthe Gold Room of the Pick-CongressHotel to honor our newest alumni, mem­bers of the Class of 1922 who were celeb­rating their 50th anniversary, and thosealumni who were scheduled to receivespecial awards.Festivities were opened by WilliamBarclay, Medical Alumni AssociationPresident and followed by greetings fromDean Jacobson, honors and awards pre­sentations, and a message from Dr. Irv­ing H. Page, editor of Modern Medicine.Douglas Buchanan administered the Hip­pocrathic Oath-a tradition with thegraduating classes-and the newly­elected president, Richard Landau,closed the evening with the sounding ofhis gavel.On the next pages are pictures anddetails of the evening's program.Senior Honors and AwardsDean of Students Joseph J. Ceithaml pre­sented the senior awards and honors.Seven members of the class of 1972 weregraduated with honors.Jonathan Costa, two prizes: the Medi­cal Alumni Prize, for excellence indelivering the best oral presentation ofhis research at the Senior Scientific Ses­sion, and the first annual John VanProhaska Award, given to a member ofthe graduating class who showed mostpromise for a career in teaching,research, and clinical medicine.Lucille Lester, the Mary Roberts ScottMemorial Prize, presented to a womanmedical graduate who achieved an excel­lent scholastic record.Robert Lorenz, the Upjohn Award, inrecognition of outstanding accomplish­ments during his four years in medicalschool.Robert Ramsey, the Franklin McLeanAward, for the most meritorious researchwhile enrolled as a medical student.Mary Weinstein, the Joseph A. CappsPrize, awarded annually to a senior medi­cal student for outstanding proficiency inclinical medicine.Awards by the Class of 1972The following awards were voted by theClass of 1972:To Allan L. Lorincz (,47) the J. A.McClintock Award for outstandingteaching in the Medical School.To David Simonwltz (,70) a surgery resident, the Hilger Perry Jenkins Awardfor excellence in the performance ofacademic and patient-oriented service.Class of 1922Nine members of the Rush Medical Col­lege Class of 1922 joined us for theirfiftieth anniversary. Testimonials com­memorating the occasion were presentedby Dr. Barclay to the following classmembers:Vinton A. Bacon, retired from generalpractice in Detroit, 1970 (Charles Bacon,'49, a surgeon in Coldwater, Michigan,is Dr. Bacon's son).Abraham C. Eitzen, practicing generalsurgery in Hillsboro, Kansas.Morris E. Finsky , a surgeon on thecourtesy staff of the South Chicago Com­munity Hospital, has served as the hos­pital's secretary, president, and chief ofstaff.Carl Otto E. Lindbeck, in full-timegeneral practice and pediatrics in hishometown of Jamestown, New York.Cyril V. Lundvick, retired ophthal­mologist from Tacoma, Washington,Harold I. Meyer of Chicago, untilretirement attending surgeon, Presby­terian-St. Lukes Hospital, for 43 yearsand professor emeritus of surgery, RushMedical College.Charles N. Pease, orthopedic surgeonpracticing in Chicago.Andrew J. Sullivan, retired orthopedicsurgeon in Chicago.Leo M. Zimmerman, in general sur­gery in Chicago and presently full-timewith the Council of Medical Educationof the American Medical Association.David H. Johnson, 1922 resident ofLying-in Hospital and obstetrician inTacoma, Washington, joined the party.Dr. Johnson was honored by his city lastDecember 28 when the Mayor of Tacomaproclaimed it Dr. David H. Johnson Dayin recognition of his 49 years of serviceto the community.Awards-Cold KeysMila I. Pierce (Rush '25), ProfessorEmeritus of the Department of Pediat­rics, 1946--66, was presented by Dr.Donald E. Cassels Professor in Pediat­rics, who reminisced about their firstmeeting: "In the early forties, Dr.Pierce, concerned about World War II,resigned her appointment as attendinghematologist at Children's MemorialHospital and volunteered in the project'Doctors for Britain.' She became a con- tract surgeon, working in civilian hospi­tals and dodging bombs in Liverpool,Birmingham, Oxford, and in London."In the spring of 1944, during the greatbuildup for the Normandy Invasion, Dr.Pierce joined the Army and was sent toThe Medical Field Service School atCheltenham, where I first met her,although I knew of her by reputation. Shelater applied for assignment to invasionunits in the staging areas on the channelcoast. Thwarted in this she was finallyassigned to the 81st General Hospital,a Cardiovascular Center. Far removedfrom hematology she became a car­diovascular expert, in charge of a largeward of men with rheumatic fever andthose evacuated from the continent withdiphtheritic myocarditis and other formsof acute heart disease .... These yearswere only an interlude in her life; I recitethe events to illustrate the great energyand adaptability she has shown in all med­ical endeavors."John R. Lindsay, the Thomas D. JonesProfessor in Surgery and member of thefaculty since 1928, was presented byHenry B. Perlman (Rush '25) longtimecolleague in otolaryngology: "When Dr.Dallas Phemister [who died in 1952]selected you to head the ENT Depart­ment 42 years ago, the clinical depart­ments of the medical school were newand many of the faculty were young.They saw the unique opportunity of full­time pursuit of excellence in their fields.Despite many vicissitudes you createdand sustained an atmosphere in yourdepartment that helped many others todevelop their full capabilities and, withyour guidance, to go on to becomeleaders in the specialty at medicalschools, both in this country andabroad." As Dr. Lindsay rose to acceptthe honor, three tables of his former stu­dents, colleagues, and friends rose withhim.Distinguished Service AwardsFour Distinguished Service Awardswere presented. C. Frederick Kittle (,45)made the first presentation to MichaelBonfiglio ('43), professor of orthopedicsurgery at the University ofIowa Collegeof Medicine. Dr. Bonfiglio served hisinternship here and remained to take hisresidency under Drs. Dallas Phemisterand C. Howard Hatcher. In 1950 hemoved to the University of Iowa. Dr.Kittle added: "During his residency hebecame involved in the research aspectsof orthopedic surgery. A deep interestin the problems of bone transplantation,bone grafting, orthopedic pathology, andimmunology has continued to the presentand is indicated in his extensive bibliog­raphy. He has developed many skills inteaching and communication devices so331 27. Members of Rush Medical College, Class of 7922. Top row (left to right): Dr. CyrilV. Lundvick, Harold f. Meyer, Leo M. Zimmerman, Charles N. Pease, Abraham C. Eitzen,David Johnson. Bottom row (left to right): Vinton A. Bacon, Morris E. Finsky, C. OttoE. Lindbeck, Andrew). Sullivan.2. Apparently discussing a serious subject are (left to right) Dean Joseph Ceithaml, RichardA. Rasmussen ('38), a 7972 Distinguished Service Award winner, chairman of the divisionof thoracic and cardiovascular surgery at Blodgett Memorial Hospital in Grand Rapids,Michigan, and his son, Richard, a medical student at Wayne State Medical School.3. Mila A. Pierce (Rush '2S), Professor Emeritus, Department of Pediatrics, was presentedwith a Gold Key Award by Dr. Donald E, Cassels, Professor of Pediatrics. Dr. Pierce(right) is pictured with Mrs. Marc Beem whose husband is Professor of Pediatrics.4. Dr. John R. Lindsay, the Thomas D. Jones Professor of Surgery, listens as Henry B.Perlman (Rush '2S) introduces him for acceptance of the Gold Key Award. With Dr. Lindsayare Mrs. Perlman (left) and his daughter, Christine Gritschke.3 S. Robert Lorenz (72) receiving the Upjohn Award in recognition of outstanding accom-4 5346plishments during his four years in medical school. Dr. Lorenz is interning in Medicineat the University.6. Michael Bonfiglio ('43), professor of surgery at The University of Iowa College ofMedicine, receiving a Distinguished Service Award from C. Frederick Kittle ('45), Professorof Surgery and Head of the Section of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.7. Horace M. Gezon (,40), professor of pediatrics at Boston University School of Medicine,accepts a Distinguished Service Award from Dr. F. Howell Wright, Professor of Pediatrics.8. Jonathan Costa ('72) returns to his table after receiving one of his three awards: theMedical Alumni Prize, the John Van Prohaska, and graduation with Honors.9. Dr. Irving Page (left), editor of Modern Medicine and the banquet speaker, with Dr.William Barclay, Medical Alumni Association President and toastmaster.10. This was a special occasion for the Lester family. Eric Lester (s.B. '68) and his wife,Lucille Galipeau Lester, received M.D. degrees. Lucille was awarded the Mary RobertsScott Memorial Prize for scholastic excellence, Eric was cited for graduating with Honors,and Bill Lester (,41), Chief of Chest Medicine at National Jewish Hospital in Denver, receiveda Distinguished Service Award.7 835that his residency program is dist­inguished, not only by his meticulouspatient care, but also by teachingmethods established for his residents andstaff. "Horace M. Gezon (,40), resident andformer faculty member, was presentedby F. Howell Wright with these remarks:"Since graduation from medical school,Dr. Gezon has pursued a career markedby energetic commitments to pediatrics,to public health, to investigations in thefield of infectious diseases, to studentsin all of these fields, and to communitywelfare, both local and national." Afterleaving the University, Dr. Gezonaccepted an appointment as associateprofessor at the Graduate School of Pub­lic Health at the University of Pittsburghwhere he rose to full professor. In 1961he returned to pediatrics by accepting ajoint appointment in the medical schoolin pediatrics and infectious diseases. Inthe sixties he moved to Boston andassumed the chairmanship of the depart­ment of pediatrics at Boston University,a position he has since relinquished, butwhere he continues as professor ofpediatrics.T. William Lester, Jr. (B.S. '38, M.D.'41) was presented by William Barclay,who said: "Dr. Lester needs no introduc­tion to the alumni because he was a partof the University from 1934 to 1962 withthe exception of the time he served inWorld War II." His scientific interestwas in the field of infectious diseases andhe was fortunate to have been associatedwith Dr. O. H: Robertson, one of thevery great scientists in this field. In 1950,Dr. Lester took charge of the StudentHealth Service and became a familiar,The Ceithamls (left) and Frank Fitch ('53), Secret­ary of the Medical Alumni Association, enjoyinga conversation with Shirley Fitch.36 trusted, and respected figure to all thestudents on campus. In 1955 he becamethe director of the Suburban CookCounty Tuberculosis Hospital in Hins­dale, Illinois, but retained a clinicalteaching appointment. In 1962 he wasappointed chief of chest medicine at theNational Jewish Hospital in Denver,where he has remained and where he hasdeveloped a program of research on newantituberculosis drugs and on the treat­ment of drug-resistant tuberculosis."Dr. Barclay closed by adding that theLester family's support of The Univer­sity of Chicago is guaranteed for manyyears to come for this graduating classincluded Dr. Lester's son and daughter­in-law.Richard A. Rasmussen (,38, resident'39-'42) was presented by William E.Adams, the James Nelson and AnnaLouise Raymond Professor Emeritus inSurgery. Dr. Adams began by saying: "Itis appropriate that I should presentRichard Rasmussen for this award asDick was chosen as my first researchappointee when I became a member ofthe senior surgical staff .... At the com­pletion of his residency, he was calledto active military duty, serving to 1946and rising to the rank of captain; he com­tinues in this capacity on active readyreserve. On returning to civilian life, hedeveloped the first thoracic and car­diovascular surgical center in WesternMichigan, a difficult pioneer undertakingnecessitating great perserverance anddogged determination, as well as educa­tion of the regional medical profession."The late Dr. Claire Basinger (,46) andDr. Robert Harrison, upon completionoftheir training here, joined Dr. Rasmus-President-elect of the Medical Alumni Associa­tion, Catherine Dobson (Rush, '30). sen. With a grant from the HartfordFoundation, they established the West­ern Michigan Thoracic and Cardiovas­cular Center. Dr. Rasmussen is chairmanof the division of thoracic and cardiovas­cular surgery at Blodgett Memorial Hos­pital in addition to his private practicein Grand Rapids.Medical Alumni Association: NewOfficersDr. Richard L. Landau, Professor ofMedicine and Director of the GeneralClinical Research Center at The Univer­sity of Chicago, succeeded Dr. WilliamR. Barclay as President of the MedicalAlumni Association. Election resultswere announced at the Reunion Banqueton June 8.Other Association officers for 1972-73 are:President-elect: Dr. Catherine L.Dobson (M. D. '30 Rush), Member of theClinical Associate Staff at ChicagoLying-in Hospital.Vice-President: Dr. Otto H. Trippel(B.S. '44, M.D. '46), associate professorof surgery, Northwestern University.Secretary: Dr. Frank W. Fitch (M.D.'53, S.M. '57, Ph.D. '60), Professor ofPathology at The University of Chicago.New members of the Council are:Dr. Joseph Baron (B.S. '58, M.D. '62),Assistant Professor of Medicine at theUniversity.Dr. Edward Paloyan (M.D. '56),Associate Professor of Surgery and Sec­retary of the Department at the Univer­sity.Dr. Landau, who served his internshipand residency at the University in theDr. Allan L. Lorincz.early forties, returned here as anInstructor in Medicine in 1946. He wasnamed Professor of Medicine in 1959 andDirector of the General ClinicalResearch Center in 1961.He is a member of the EndocrineSociety-serving on its Council 1963-66;the American Society of Clinical Inves­tigation; the American Medical Associa­tion; the Central Society for Clin­ical Research; and the Chicago Societyof Internal Medicine, of which he wasVice-President in 1967 and President in1968,McClintock AwardDr. Allan L. Lorincz (M.D. '47), Profes­sor of Medicine and Dermatology Sec­tion Head in the Division of BiologicalSciences and The Pritzker School ofMedicine at The University of Chicago,is the twelfth recipient of the J. A.McClintock A ward given to the outstan­ding teacher of the year by a vote of thesenior class of Pritzker. The award waspresented on June 8 at the annual dinnerof the University's Medical AlumniAssociation. The reunion also markedDr. Lorincz's twenty-fifth anniversary ofgraduation from medical school.Dr. Lorincz joined the faculty of theUniversity in 1946 as Research Assistantin the Department of Pharmacology. Heserved as Resident in Dermatology,1948-51; Damon Runyan Clinical CancerResearch Fellow, 1950-51; Instructor ofDermatology, 1951-52; Assistant Pro­fessorofDermatology, 1952-57; Associa­ate Professor of Dermatology, 1957-67; and Professor of Dermatology from1967 to the present. He was named Headof the Section of Dermatology in 1960.Dr. Lorincz earned the B.S. degreefrom The University of Chicago in 1945and the M.D. (with honors in surgery)from The University of Chicago in 1947.From 1954 to 1956, he served in thearmed forces as Chief, Department ofDermatology, Walter Reed Army Insti­tute of Research, Washington, D.C.The McClintock Award was estab­lished in 1960 by Dr. James A. McClin­tock, a Muncie, Indiana, surgeon and1942 graduate of The University ofChicago, in honor of his father, J. A.McClintock, who died in August 1961.Dr. James McClintock was present at thedinner to congratulate Dr. Lorincz on re­ceiving the award.The elder McClintock retired as pro­fessor of horticulture at Purdue Univer­sity in 1960 after 30 years of teaching.When the award was established, itwas noted that while many awards goto outstanding investigators, the tangibleawards to dedicated teachers are rare. Members ofthe faculty of The Universityof Chicago ranking from instructor toprofessor are eligible for the award.Rush-University of Chicago1921Roy R. Grinker, Sr., chairman ofpsychiatry and director of the Institutefor Psychosomatic and PsychiatricResearch and Training at Michael ReeseHospital, and Professor of Psychiatry atThe University of Chicago, was pre­sented the 1972 Distinguished ServiceAward of the American PsychiatricAssociation at its annual meeting in Dal­las.1922William Dock, consultant in medicine atthe Veterans Administration Hospital,New York City, delivered the 1972Emmet Bay Lecture, "Causes and Pre­vention of Arterial Obstruction," at theDepartment of Medicine, CardiologySection.1928Reuben Ratner of Beverly Hills, Califor­nia, wrote us that he and Mrs. Ratnerwere en route to the Greek Islands froma medical seminar in Israel and were,therefore, unable to attend the JuneAlumni Dinner.1930Sarah Elizabeth McFetridge (Assistantin Anesthesiology '29-'32) was honoredby the people of Martinsburg andShepherdstown, West Virginia. Mayorsof both cities proclaimed June 11-17 "Dr.McFetridge Week" in recognition of her40 years of service. While anesthesiologyis her specialty, she went into generalpractice during World War II. She andher husband, Dr. Halvard Wanger, havetwo sons, both doctors, two daughters,and nine grandchildren.1932George Eisenberg was honored by thegraduating seniors at the University ofNew Mexico Medical School as their out­standing teacher. The citation read:"This warm, modest, gentle man nevertreats patients, he cares for people. Heestablishes a standard which we canstrive to attain and we are indeed proudto award him our most coveted honor.the Khatali award." Khatali is the wordfor "medicine man" in Navajo. Dr.Eisenberg is chairman of the Growth andDevelopment Committee, important inorienting second-year students to clinicalcare, and serves as a preceptor to third­and fourth-year students in the pediatricout-patient clinic. News of Alumni1935The Medical Alumni Association needsa picture of the 1935 graduation class.The class picture which hung in the PCorridor was removed during remodelingand ... we hope someone will loan usa picture for duplication so that your classcan again take its place with the others.1936Louis R. Wasserman, distinguished ser­vice professor at the Mt. Sinai Schoolof Medicine, New York, and past presi­dent of the American Society ofHematology, was one ofthe five-memberU.S. team of American cancer scientistswho flew to the U.S.S.R. this summerto exchange information on drug treat­ments of cancer with leading Soviet sci­entists. The exchange was part of a jointhealth agreement to share researchresults from cancer, heart disease, andenvironmental studies.1939William K. Kuhlman writes that after 25years with the Colorado Springs MedicalCenter he has moved into a new officefor sole practice of ophthalmology. Heis developing a subspecialty in retinal andmacular diseases with emphasis onfluorescein angiography and argon laserphotocoagulation.1940J. Cotter Hirschberg was appointed tothe William C. Menninger Foundation,effective March 1. Dr. Hirschberg isinternationally renowned as a leadingfigure in the field of child psychiatry. Amember of the Foundation since 1952,he has served as associate director of theChildren's Division from 1965.1943Marvin D. Courtney, Capt., MC U.S.Navy, left Pensacola in July as Com­manding Officer of the Naval AerospaceMedical Institute to report to San Diegoas Force Medical Officer Commander.Naval Air Force Pacific Naval Air Sta­tion, North Island. Before leaving, hewas presented the Eric LiljencrantzAward for basic research in the problemsof acceleration and altitude. Dr. Court­ney's career spans 29 years of opera­tional experience with the Navy andMarine Corps in combat and peacetimeoperations. Since becoming a flight sur­geon 25 years ago, he has contributedto the development of the Navy's fullpressure suit. protective equipment. andtraining practice standards for the safetyof aircrews.Charles P. McCartney. clinical profes-37sor of obstetrics and gynecology at theAbraham Lincoln School of Medicine ofthe University of Illinois, has beenelected president-elect of the ChicagoMedical Society. Dr. McCartney was theMary Campau Ryerson Professor at TheUniversity of Chicago until he left in 1970and entered private practice.1944George L. Nardi, associate clinical pro­fessor of surgery at Harvard MedicalSchool, was one of five U.S. surgeonswhose comments on the treatment of pan­creas disease appeared as a "Forum" inthe April 3 issue of Modern Medicine.1947Gerald Hill of Las Gallinas, San Rafael,California was elected to the board ofthe Marin County Medical Foundation.He is the first psychiatrist in the Bay Areacounty to serve as a director.1953Richard L. Dobson has become profes­sor and chairman of the department ofdermatology at the State University ofNew York at Buffalo. He had been pro­fessor of dermatology at the Universityof Oregon Medical School for the pasteleven years. In the April 17th issue ofModern Medicine, Dr. Dobson was oneof II distinguished physicians who con­tributed to a special "Symposium onDermatology." His subject was "Com­mon Viral Infections of the Skin."1957Richard H. Moy, dean of the medicalschool of Southern Illinois University,Dr. Charles P. McCartney.38 Springfield, and former Director of TheUniversity of Chicago Health Services,spoke at the annual meeting of the Ameri­can College Health Association inAtlanta.Daniel Offer, associate director of theInstitute of Psychosomatic and Psychiat­ric Research and Training of MichaelReese Hospital and Associate Professorof Psychiatry at The University ofChicago, was installed as president of the1,200-member American Society forAdolescent Psychiatry in April. Heattended the annual meeting of theAmerican Psychiatric Association inDallas and delivered a paper on "TheDeterminants of a Riot." His recentbook is The Psychological World of theT een-Ag er, He serves as editor-in-chiefof the lou mal of Youth and Adolescence.1960Guy D. Potter has been named professorof clinical radiology by Columbia Univer­sity at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medi­cal Center, New York City.1963Thomas A. Borden has been named chiefof the division of urology at the U niver­sity of New Mexico School of Medicinein Albuquerque. He has been an assistantprofessor since October 1971 and co­chairman of the kidney transplant ser­vice. Dr. Borden also serves as a consul­tant and attending physician at the Vete­rans Administration Hospital there.A. Gerson Greenburg has been namedan assistant professor of surgery in theAbraham Lincoln School of Medicine ofDr. Thomas Borden. the University of Illinois on 12 percenttime. Last year he was a non salariedinstructor at the school. He received hisPh.D. in 1971 from NorthwesternUniversity.1964John P. Hammersted has been ap­pointed assistant professor of neurologyat the University of Oregon and isliving in Lake Oswego. He had beenAssistant Professor of Medicine (neu­rology) at The University of Chicagofrom 1970--1972.1967Sidney P. Kadish is now chief of radiationtherapy at Tripier General Hospital,United States Army.Frank J. Lumia has been appointedassistant professor of medicine at theState University of New York at StonyBrook, New York, and has moved fromArlington, Virginia, to Commack, LongIsland, New York.John P. McMahon completed hisresidency in neurology at The Universityof Chicago and is now a Major in theU.S.A. Medical Corps at Fort Polk,Louisiana.1968Donald F. Blanford completed a third­year residency in orthopedic surgery atThe University of Chicago and is nowchief resident in orthopedic surgery atRush- Presbyterian-St. Luke's MedicalCenter, Chicago.Burr S. Eichelman, Jr., was a jointrecipient with Dr. Lorenz K. Y. Ng ofDr. J. Cotter Hirschberg.Monoamines." The award, sponsored bythe Society of Biological Psychiatry, isgiven for the best scientific paper submit­ted by a scientist under 35; it was pre­sented at the Society's 1972 annual meet­ing in Dallas. Drs. Eichelman and Ngare with the Clinical Center of theNational Institute of Mental Health inRockville, Maryland.Jack C. Sipe completed his neurology.esidency at The University of Chicagoand is now a research fellow at StanfordUniversity Medical Center in the depart­nent of neuropathology.1969Robert H. Svenson, after two years'esidency in medicine at The University)f Chicago, is completing his residencyIt Duke University Medical center,)urham, North Carolina.Robert L. Wollmann completed his.esidency in pathology at The University)f Chicago and is working in theiathology section, Atomic Bomb Casu­slty Commission, U.S. Marine Corps AirStation, FPO Seattle, Washington.1970Nathan Goldstein, III, after two years'esidency at Wyler Children's Hospital,las moved to Indiana University as chief'esident in pediatrics.Eugene Pergament, after two yearsesidency at Wyler Children's Hospital,ias moved to the department of pediat­ics at Long Island Jewish Hillside Hos­iital.)r, Burr S. fiche/man. PERSPECTIVES INBIOLOGY AND MEDICINEPERSPECTIVES, a journal with which some of you maynot be familiar (but many are). So that all may be,PERSPECTIVES is extending a special introductory rate toUniversity of Chicago alumni for a limited period expiringDecember 31, 1972. The special 3 year rate is $18.00;1 year rate, $6.50 (regular 1 year rate, $10.00). This enablesyou to save up to $10.00.PERSPECTIVES! a quarterly journal founded and edited byDwight J. Ingle at The University of Chicago, is sponsoredby the Division of Biological Sciences. Because it receivessome subsidy from outside the Division it is able to attractand present to its subscribers a keen and insightful mosaicof biologic humanistic thinking. Its readers and its authorsare international; subjects covered range from quantumbiology to sermons, from reflections on the past to provoca­tive projections into the future authored by the matureand the maturing, by undergraduate students as well asNobel Laureates. Writings reveal the authors as well astheir professional thinking and work. This is not a journalwhich publishes stereotyped reviews, research reports, andabstracts.In its fifteen years PERSPECTIVES has been honored threetimes by the American Medical Writers Association forits high literary standards, variety of contributions, and itsunparalleled contribution to the literature of its field.Avail yourself of this reading experience which is trulyworthy of your time and of a SAVING by sending yourcheck for a 3 year (maximum saving) or a 1 year subscrip­tion made out to PERSPECTIVES IN BIOLOGY ANDMEDICINE to:The University of Chicago Press11030 Langley AvenueChicago, Illinois 60628Be sure to include name of journal, your complete address,issue with which you wish to start (published autumn,winter, spring, and summer) and your check. No billingcan be handled on this special offer.391971The following finished their internshipsand will be first year residents:Kenneth Begelman, Harvard SurgicalUnit, Boston City Hospital.Alan 1. Faden, University of Califor­nia at San Francisco, department ofneurology.Kevin G. Geyer, Stanford UniversityMedical Center, department of ophthal­mology.Geoffrey B. Heron, University ofColorado Medical Center.Theodore M. Ingis, U.S. PublicHealth Service Clinic, San Diego.Donald Mosier, Laboratory ofImmunology, NIH, Bethesda.Nancy Krashen Rich, PassavantMemorial Hospital, Chicago.Peter A. Trace, University of Florida,department of surgery, Gainesville.The following are continuing resi­dencies where they served internships:Harlan D. Alpern and Dorothy R.Davies, Strong Memorial Hospital,Rochester, New York.Joel R. Bernstein, David H. Frank,Karl J. Fritz, Michael A. Kasman,Edward S. Murphy, Ill, and John A.Schafer, The University of Chicago.Kevin P. Foley, Victoria Hospital,University of Western Ontario, London,Ontario, Canada.William Fox, Philip M. Gelber, andStephen P. Rand, Montefiore Hospital,Bronx, New York.Calendar of EventsWednesday, October 4San Francisco Medical AlumniDinner during American Collegeof Surgeons Meeting. MarkHopkins Hotel. Reception, 6:00P.M. Dinner, 7:00 P.M. Spousesinvited. Reservations throughMedical Alumni Association.40 News for Medicine on the MidwayHave you changed position, moved, published, lectured, traveled, been appointedto office in a medical society, or been honored by a medical or civic organization?If so, let us know ... we'd appreciate it. Clip this coupon, or, if more convenient,use supplementary sheet.Name-- Class of _Elmer H. Kasperson, University ofMinnesota Hospitals, Minneapolis.Lambert N. King, Cook County Hos­pital, Chicago.NeilJ. Nathan, San Francisco GeneralHospital.Maija A. Russell, University of Wis­consin, Madison.Neil D. Steinmetz, Beth Israel Hospi­tal, Boston, Massachusetts.Marshall M. Urist, Johns HopkinsHospital, Baltimore, Maryland.George Wu, Stanford UniversitySchool of Medicine.Charles E. Welander, North CarolinaMemorial Hospital, Chapel Hill.Michael G. Ziegler, University ofKansas Medical Center.Former StaffSaul P. Baker (Medicine, '56-'57)returned to Cleveland, Ohio, from St.Louis where he was Medicare MedicalConsultant for most of the State of Mis­souri. He has opened an office for theprivate practice of geriatrics, cardiology,and internal medicine in Euclid, a suburbof Cleveland.Michael H. Ellman (Medicine, Resi­dent, '70-'72) has been appointedassistant attending physician to thedepartment of medicine at Michael ReeseHospital, Chicago. Dr. Ellman was aU.S. Public Health Service post-doctoralfellow in the Section of Arthritis andMetabolic Diseases, Rene Menguy (Chairman of theDepartment of Surgery '65-'70), profes­sor of surgery at the University ofRochester and surgeon-in-chief,Genesee Hospital, Rochester, was oneof five U.S. surgeons whose commentson treatment of pancreas diseaseappeared as a "Forum" in the April 3issue of Modern Medicine.Francis J. Owens (Medicine, '52-'54),associated since 1954 with the ClevelandClinic, department of gastroenterology,was inducted as a Fellow in the AmericanCollege of Physicians. Dr. Owens, a dip­lomate of the American Board ofInternalMedicine and the SUbspecialty Board ofGastroenterology, is also a member ofthe American Gastroenterological As­sociation, the American Society forGastrointestinal Endoscopy, and theAmerican Association for the Study ofLiver Disease.Donald W. Palmer (Medicine, Resi­dent, '65-'67; Faculty, '70-'72) isengaged in research at the University ofFlorida College of Medicine, departmentof pathology, Gainesville.Arsen M. Pankovich (Surgery, Resi­dent, '62-'64; Faculty, '65-'72) has beenappointed chairman of the department oforthopedic surgery at Cook County Hos­pital, Chicago.Ira Rashkin (Surgery, Intern, '67; Res­ident, '68-'72) completed his residencyand is serving at the U .S.A.D. Hospital,Grissom Air Force Base, Peru, Indiana.Info:Address _Mail your item to Medical Alumni Association, University of Chicago, 1025 East57th St., Chicago, Illinois 60637.From the Alumni PresidentDear Alumni:During the past year, as president-elect of the Alumni Association, I became awareof the fact that a number of alumni not only remain interested in the affairs oftheir medical school, but also wished that there was some means by which theirinterest could be made more tangible.I appreciate that the resolutions of new office holders are usually more expansivethan ultimate accomplishment. With this reservation in mind, I promise that,with the assistance of Kathy Wolcott, our executive secretary, and the council,I shall make several efforts to visit with a number of you and seek advice on howto make the Alumni Association a more viable mechanism for continuing yourrelationship with fellow alumni and the school. And, of course, we'll try to implementsome of the suggestions'Richard L. Landau, M.D.Medicine on the MidwayThe University of ChicagoThe Medical Alumni AssociationThe Pritzker School of Medicine1025 East 57th StreetChicago, Illinois 60637 NON-PROFIT ORG.U.S. POSTAGEPAIDPERMIT NO. 9666CHICAGO, ILL.•Address corrections requestedreturned postage guaranteed