In this issue ...In our last issue we reported that Dr. JohnJ. Fennessy, Associate Professor of Radiology, had won the J. A. McClintock Awardfor outstanding teaching, an award we feltmerited placing Dr. Fennessy's picture onthe cover.Unhappily, this issue carries the obituaryof a former winner of the McClintockAward, the late Dr. Hilger Perry Jenkins,who died January 17 (see page 9).But the McClintock Award, accorded eachyear by ballot of the senior medical class,recognizes more than the teaching abilityof its recipient; it recognizes the importance of the views of the medical student.This issue's report on the "Challenge ofMinority and Disadvantaged Student Education to Health Science Institutions" wasprepared with the help of students andcalls for programs to recruit minoritygroup students. Dean Jacobson addressesthe problem of providing more efficienttraining to more students, without sacrificing the quality of education, to meet theincreased demands of public health. DeanJacobson's article begins on page 10.Finally, this issue reports on still anotheraspect of student education, the StudentHealth Organization, a group of concernedstudents who voluntarily serve communityhealth projects and are especially concerned about the quality of medical careprovided minority groups. These studentsaided in a special summer program described on page 2 as part of the story onthe "Minority Student Committee."On the cover: Dr. Albert Dorfman (right) watches Dr. Reuben Matalon pour acompound into a sephadex column to separate its components according tomolecular weight. The procedure is port of sephadex chromatography. Dr. Dorfman is the Richard T. Crone Distinguished Service Professor and Chairman ofthe Deportment of Pediatrics, Direcfor of the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. MentalRetardation Research Center, Professor of Biochemistry, and Professor in theLa Rabida-University of Chicago Institute. Dr. Matalon is Assistant Professor ofPediatrics and the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Scholar in the Deportment of Pediatricsand in the La Rabida-University of Chicago Institute.See the center section of this issue for our special feature on "La Rabida: PastPresent-Future."Two Dedications and an Unveiling 5ContentsMinority Student Committee ...Led by New Assistant Dean 2Caution: Niacin 3Sweet Smell to Ancient Man? 4Computer Fights Cancer 5Genetic Transformation 6News Briefs 7In Memoriam: Dr. Hilger Perry Jenkins, '271902-1970 9The Medical School and the Community 10La Rabida: Past-Present-Future 12Faculty News ... 17Faculty Appointments 19News of Former Faculty, Interns, and Residents 21News of Alumni 21News of Rush Alumni 23Association Activities 24Faculty Comment 25Bulletin of the Medical Alumni Association of The University of ChicagoDivision of the Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School of Medicine950 East 59th StreetChicago, Illinois 60637Volume 25 Spring 1970 No.1Editor: Charlie Yoder Associate Editor: Jo-Anne NaplesMedical Alumni Association: Robert W. Wissler, '49, President; John T. Grayhack, '47, Vice·President; Sidney Schulman, '46, Secretary; Henry L. Wildberger, '51, Treasurer; Katherine T.Wolcott, Executive Secretary. Council Members are: C. Frederick Kittle, '45; Heinz Kohut andDavid J. Lochman, '41; Andrew Thomson and Otto H. Trippel, '46.Cover photograph by Lloyd Saunders.Minority Student CommitteeLed by New Assistant DeanThe ReportA million-dollar, six-year program to help prepare minority and disadvantaged students forcareers in medicine has been proposed by afaculty-student committee at The University ofChicago.The report, a year in the making and addressedto Dean Jacobson, proposed a broadly basedprogram which would involve efforts in highschools, colleges, and medical schools.The program would seek applicants and wouldbroaden current admission opportunities.At the time a student is accepted to medicalschool, the program calls for an admission committee to "activate an assessment and supportsystem aimed at overcoming educational deficiencies, financial problems, or socio-emotionalimpediments."Tutorial programs would be offered by volunteer faculty and students as one feature of theeducational support system.The college level program would bring to TheUniversity of Chicago campus "approximatelytwenty-five black or other disadvantaged college students for a period of study, laboratorywork, workshops, and preceptorships," the report said. This "campus month or quarter wouldfoster contacts with. the Division of the Biological Sciences and allow students to meet faculty,graduate students, and undergraduate students."The report also suggested that a biomedical career conference for minority and/ or disadvantaged students be conducted for a few studentrepresentatives from each of several participating colleges.A third aspect of the proposed program is designed "to provide black students in uppergrade centers and high schools with in depthknowledge of health careers ... to develop thestudents' interest in health careers and makethem more attainable."Initial efforts would be focused on Hyde ParkHigh School and Wadsworth Upper Grade Center, and the program would be a collaborativeone with the Woodlawn Experimental SchoolProject.The report suggested that under University sponsorship and community control, programs couldpresent health careers within the curriculum anda health career club would be formed in thehigh school.Work programs also are suggested for each of various grade levels after school and in the summer.The title of the report is "The Challenge of Minority and Disadvantaged Student Education toHealth Science Institutions."The committee, appointed by Dr. Jacobson inOctober 1968, consists of nine faculty membersand four students in the University's Division ofthe Biological Sciences and The Pritzker Schoolof Medicine.Their report includes the committee's history andearly activities and a report on a summer workprogram conducted for high school students thisyear.Minority Student Summer ProgramThe aim of the summer program initiated by thecommittee and the Student Health Organizationwas to give to disadvantaged high school students who were interested in health science careers the opportunity to pursue that interestthrough an educational work experience in thelaboratories of the Division and in the clinicsand laboratories of the Hospitals and Clinics.The program was to combine educational andvocational counseling with actual job experienceunder the supervision of doctors and professionals in the various fields.While the original aims of the program wereclear, difficulties in funding encountered at theonset of the program required that they besomewhat altered to meet the specifications ofthe funding agency, the Neighborhood YouthCorps. This meant that students besides those intending health careers were included with theoriginal group and that students were screenedfor need through the NYC agencies.Despite these difficulties, the students whoworked with the project were enthusiastic aboutits outcome. Gerry Clark and Linda Ragsdalewere typical of many. They both agreed theprogram was a great learning experience, andas Linda soid, "Wherever they put you, theyteach you!" She worked in the blood gas laboratory, operating a radiometer. Linda plans tobecome a physician. Gerry worked with Dr.leslie De Groot's group, involved in biochemicalresearch on the thyroid gland. He "watched andlearned," he said, and performed small experiments under the direction of Dr. Mario Pisarevand Dr. De Groot.Other students worked as chemistry lab assistants, cancer research assistants, and animal re- search assistants; some worked in the food andlaundry services or performed clerical jobs.Tuesday of each week was devoted to discussionand counseling, field trips, and special programs. Topics included the field of health science in general, school and career problems,and family planning. There were several partiesand picnics, a field trip to Argonne NationalLaboratory, and of course a tour of The University of Chicago Hospitals and Clinics.Earl Armstrong, the coordinator of the summerprogram, says: "I came because I recognizedthe potential of a program of this type. It couldoffer a challenging educational experience forstudents systematically denied." Earl, a studentat The Pritzker School of Medicine, hopes thata financially independent program that couldwork more closely with the original aims may beworked out this year.The former chairman of the Minority Student Recruitment Committee, Dr. Robert S. Daniels, commented that "the summer employment and educational program for high school students hadstrengths and weaknesses. Far the students it offered meaningful contact with a health institution and many of its functions. For the institutionand its employees it provided an introductoryexperience to the needs of the students and howthey might be met. We look forward to futureprograms which will be more effective. The needfor minority and disadvantaged populations insenior health system roles is urgent, and we inthis institution should playa part in meeting thisneed."In addition to a report on the summer work program, the committee's report includes two appendices. The first is a proposal by committeemember Dr. Sheldon Schiff, Associate Professorof Psychiatry and Co-Director of the WoodlawnMental Health Center, and the second is a proposal by two student members of the committee,Melvin H. T. Cole and Vincent Tornabene.Committee Head Named Assistant DeanThe chairman of the committee is Dr. Lloyd A.Ferguson, who recently was appointed AssociateProfessor of Medicine and Assistant Dean of Students.Dr. Ferguson earned his M.D. with honors fromThe University of Chicago in 1960 and comes tothe University from private medical practice inHyde Park. He is a medical consultant to theRobert Taylor Homes Health Committee, the Hyde2Dr. Lloyd A. FergusonPark-Kenwood Community Conference, and theKenwood-Oakland Community Organization. Heis on the board of directors of both the KidneyFoundation of Illinois and Grant Hospital in Chicago. Dr. Ferguson holds a B.S. degree (1951)and an M.S. degree in anatomy (1954) from theUniversity of Illinois. Prior to entering medicalschool here, he served two years in the U.S.Army. Following his graduation from medicalschool, he did his internship and residency atMassachusetts General Hospital, Boston. Betweenhis internship and residency, however, he spenta year as an American Cancer Society researchfellow and Chief Resident and Instructor in Pothology here at the University.Report SummaryFollowing is the summary section of the report ofthe Committee on Minority Student Preparation,Recruitment, and Matriculation. .The problems of disadvantaged minorities confront America in all segments of society and inall high status occupational training programs.For the medical school the training of physiciansfrom minority groups assumes a high priority because it seems likely that it is only through suchtraining that a suitable personnel base will beestablished to overcome certain difficulties with.in both the educational system and the systemsfor delivering other human services. Until anadequate number of such people actually become members of the academic and trainingcommunity, the role models which are necessaryto encourage larger groups of students from aparticular minority to enter a profession will no!exist. The areas in which these minorities liveare else areas ordinarily poorly served by medical resources. In a free society one can neverpredict about kinds or sites of practice. Also, no one can force a particular group to address itself to the service needs of their own race or nationality; nevertheless, they are more likely todo so than an average professional who hashad no particular interest in, or experience with,that group of people.This document presents both short- and longrange proposals aimed at eventually recruitingmore minority and disadvantaged individuals into health science professions, particularly at TheUniversity of Chicago Pritzker School of Medi·cine. The programs are complex, demanding,and expensive, but difficult long-standing problems do not usually permit simple or inexpensivesolutions. The proposals offered should serve asmodels for what might be developed rather thana concrete and unchanging program which mustbe implemented in its whole exactly as proposed. They are based on the experiences of thecommittee, on the experiences of others, and onalmost nine months of thoughtful discussion andconsideration. Given the rapid flux of certainaspects of contemporary society and institutionsprograms begun tomorrow will almost certclnIy have to be revised year by year. We, thecommittee, hope the faculty will address itselfnot just to the proposals but also to the substantive issues which underlie them.Earl ArmstrongJames E. Bowman, M.D.louis Cohen, M.D.Robert S. Daniels, M.D.lloyd A. Ferguson, M.D.Kenneth GassJohn E. Kasik, M.D.John D. Madden, M.D.Paul MarquisArnold W. RavinAlvin R. Tarlov, M.D.Vincent TornabeneDonald H. Williams, M.D. Caution: NiacinThe use of large amounts of the biologicallyactive form of the vitamin niacin to treat chronic schizophrenia may not only be ineffective butalso may worsen the state of the patient, according to Dr. Herbert Y. Meltzer, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry. He reached this conclusionfollowing a study of the effects of nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide (NAD), the active form ofniacin, on ten chronic schizophrenic patients fortwenty-one days.The study by Dr. Meltzer was undertaken onpatients in the Clinical Research Center of theMassachusetts Mental Health Center, where itwas conducted under the auspices of the Department of Psychiatry of Harvard Universityand was supported by the United States PublicHealth Service.Dr. Meltzer began his study, with Dr. RichardShader and Dr. lester Grinspoon of HarvardUniversity, while he was on the Harvard faculty.He joined The University of Chicago faculty in1968 and prepared his final report on the NADstudy this year under a grant supported by theOtho S. A. Sprague Foundation.Dr. Herbert Y. MeltzerIn a number of reports in scientific journalsand in books, articles, and films directed towardthe public, Dr. Abram Hoffer of Saskatchewan,Canada, reported "0 significant reduction inthe requirement for readmission to mental hospitals of acute schizophrenic patients who havereceived niacin along with other treatments suchas electroconvulsive therapy, insulin subcoma,and supportive psychotherapy."In his most recent paper on the subject, Dr.Hoffer reported that large doses of NAD produced very significant improvement in almost allpatients In a few days.3Since these reports, there have been numerousinstances of patients abandoning proven medications and other forms of treatment which hadproduced moderate improvement to seek the vitamin therapy.In none of the patients in the study of the efficacy of NAD made by Dr. Meltzer was thereany dramatic clinical improvement.The ten patients had been hospitalized on aresearch ward for two years prior to this investigation. All patients were single, between twenty and thirty-five years old, and in good physical health and nutritional status. The clinicalstatus of these patients had been carefully ratedevery week.At the time of the study, five of the patientswere also receiving thioridazine, a drug whoseeffectiveness and safety in the treatment ofchronic schizophrenia is well known, while fiveof the subjects were temporarily receiving aninactive placebo-an inert, nonmedicinal substance.The dose of NAD used by Dr. Meltzer was aslarge or larger than that used in Dr. Hoffer'sstudy and was given for a much longer periodof time."Instead of the hoped for clinical improvement,"Dr. Meltzer said, "our studies indicate a tendency for the group of patients who receivedNAD without thioridazine to show a worseningin their clinical state."This was evident in clinical observation of thepsychiatric staff who noted in the patients inthis group a distinct tendency toward increasedhostility, aggressiveness, and irritability beginning one week after the initiation of NAD treatment and lasting for nearly two weeks after theNAD was discontinued."The patients who received thioridazine beforeand along with NAD "became somewhat morebehaviorally disturbed during the NAD treatment period but not to the same extent" asthose who had not received thioridazine, Dr.Meltzer said.The results, he said, indicate that a significantresponse in very chronic patients receiving NADis highly unlikely.However, he said, "it has not been determinedif the drug would be of value in acute patientsor in chronic patients, after a longer period ofadministration." Sweet Smell to Ancient Man?Men and women once may have used naturalbody odors instead of perfume and after shavelotions to attract mates, according to John H.law, Professor of Biochemistry. He bases thishypothesis on the fact that body odors of insectsand animals often communicate sexual attraction as well as alarm or discovery of food.law is conducting research on pheromones, organic compounds excreted by animals as a formof communication. "Olfactory communication,"law said, "is probably one of the oldest and,in some cases, the most efficient means of communication employed by animals."Among humans, this form of· communicationmay have existed but was dulled by the evolution of verbal language and civilization."Law said chemically identified releaser pheromones are of three basic types: 1) those whichcause sexual attraction; 2) those which signaldanger and cause alarm behavior; and 3)those which attract an insect community to gather, as when a food source is discovered.For silkworm moths, the pheromone for sexualattraction is produced in the abdominal sacsand released into the air shortly after the adultfemale emerges from the cocoon.All males in range-those close enough to scentthe pheromone-respond. This range varies withthe type of pheromone released and varies fromspecies to species. The female's success in attracting males can be demonstrated by placinga glass rod dipped in the pheromone near amale moth's antennae.The active substance of this pheromone is bornbykol. Experiments with synthetic bombykolfound males of the species (Bombyx mori, acommercial silkworm moth) responding to airstreams containing as few as two hundred molecules of bombykol for every cubic centimeter.If a woman's perfume were as potent as bombykol and a man's nose as sensitive as a moth'santenna, one drop would attract men from asfar as blocks away, Law said. Thus bombykol isone of the most biologically active substancesknown to man."This remarkable level of activity may be typical of the long-range attractants, which mustbe highly effective because of the large volumeof air through which they diffuse before reaching the olfactory receptors of the male," lawsaid.The feasibility of using sex pheromones in pestcontrol is being explored. The pheromones could be used to attract large male populations totraps or the synthetic pheromones could be usedto saturate a mating area with such huge dosesthat the insects become disoriented to the pointthat mating would be frustrated, law said."But," he explained, "there are many practicalproblems involved in developing synthetic pheromones. And because sex pheromones arespecies-specific, synthetic pheromones" wouldhave to be developed for each insect species."Most pheromones are peculiar to a given species."The response of most animals to an alarm signal (which must be present in much higher quantities than bombykol to elicit a response) is tobecome agitated. As the concentration of thealarm pheromone increases, the insects go intofrenzied activity, occasionally attacking the pheromone source," Law said.The body of a crushed ant, for example, whenplaced near the entrance to an ant colony nest,will elicit alarm behavior.The third major class of pheromones are usedfor recruitment, or as navigational aids when amember of the colony discovers a source offood. "In most cases, trails (of pheromones) arelaid by foraging workers as they return from afood source," Law said."For example, the fire ant drags its sting andlays a trail in a manner similar to a pen inkinga line. If the food source is of good quality,other workers choose to reinforce this trail anda highway several centimeters wide may beformed."Airborne insects, on the other hand, leavepatches of odorants to mark their hive or sourceof food."These recruitment scents, depending upon thespecies, may last a matter of minutes or days.Pheromones for sex, recruitment, and alarm are"releaser pheromones," substances which initiate immediate behavioral responses. "Primerpheromones," on the other hand, cause physiological changes in an animal ond a delayedeffect on behavior. Several of these primer pheromones have been identified in mice."The most spectacular of these primer effects isthe blockage of pregnancy in recently matedfemales by the odor of a strange male of thespecies," Law said.And pheromonal systems in man? "This remainsan intriguing area for future investigation," hesaid.4Computer FightsCancerA standard fast-scanning microspectrophotometer integrated with a lINC-8 and an IBM360-50 computer is helping clinicians at theUniversity's Hospitals and Clinics determine thedifference between normal and cancerous cells.TICAS (Taxonomic Intracellular Analytic System) was developed by Dr. George L. Wied,the Blum-Riese Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Professor of Pathology and Directorof Exfoliafive Cytology. The TICAS project isbeing supported by the Nathan Goldblatt Society for Cancer Research.As the microspectrophotometer scans cells, diagnostic information is automatically transmittedto the computers. The system, which includes information from expert cytopathologists from allover the world, "remembers" every cell it sees.It therefore can identify unknown cells and determine whether or not they are cancerous; itcan also describe the development and state ofthe cells.Methods for early diagnosis of leukemia, lymphosarcoma, and other diseases of the hemotopoitic system are being developed through theuse of the computer-consultant.Lymphocytes and other blood elements fromapparently healthy individuals are placed onquartz slides and scanned under a motorizedmicrospectrophotometer at wavelengths of 260and 280 millimicrons. These measurements provide information on the content of nucleic acidsand cellular protein, respectively.Dr. Wied predicts that TICAS in its role ascomputerized consultant will soon be detectingpremalignant and early malignant conditionsfor clinicians, establishing reproducible cytopathologic standards, helping in the qualitycontrol of tissue cultures, and assessing threshold effects on cells of drugs, viruses, and radiation.Direct television transmittal of the diagnosis toa doctor's office will be the next step in the newsystem.5Two Dedications and an UnveilingFrank Billings AuditoriumThe Frank Billings Auditorium (formerly RoomP-117 in Albert Merritt Billings Hospital) hasbeen completely refurbished and officially dedicated. Dr. Richard B. Richter, Professor Emeritus of Medicine (Neurology), addressed students,faculty, and staff members of the Division inthe 246-seat auditorium on the occasion of itsdedication.The former Room P-117 of Albert Merritt Bil/ingsHospital has been refurbished and formally dedicated as the Frank Bil/ings Auditorium.The late Dr. Frank Billings was the Dean ofRush Medical College from 1900 to 1920 andthe principal architect of the affiliation of thatcollege with the University. It was the affiliationwith Rush that led to the establishment of amedical school on the campus, now known asThe Pritzker School of Medicine_ Frank Billingswas the nephew of Albert Merritt Billings, founder of the family fortune which helped build thehospital bearing his name.During his introduction of Dr. Richter, Dr. C. W_Vermeulen, Associate Dean and Chief of Staff,said, "Let it be known henceforth that thisroom shall be known as Frank Billings Auditorium."Portrait UnveiledShortly after the November dedication, a largeoil portrait of Dr. Lester R. Dragstedt, Rush '21,distinguished surgeon and researcher, was unveiled in the Auditorium. Dragstedt, 76, earnedfour degrees from the University and currentlyholds the title of the Thomas D. Jones ProfessorEmeritus 'of Surgery. He is former Chairman ofthe Department of Surgery. Chicago artist Shirley Blumenthal painted the portrait, which wascommissioned by a group of Dragstedt's formerstudents and colleagues. It joins those of fourother distinguished medical scholars at the University:-Dr. Harry Gideon Wells, Professor of Pethelogy, who was on the faculty from 1895 to 1940; -Dr. Robert R. Bensley, Professor Emeritus ofAnatomy and a member of the faculty from1901 to 1933;-Dr. Edwin Oakes-Jordan, Professor Emeritus ofHygiene and Bacteriology and a faculty member from 1893 to 1933; and-Dr_ Dallas B. Phemister, Professor Emeritus andformer Chairman of the Department of Surgery,a faculty member from 1927 to 1947.Dr. Dragstedt, present at the unveiling ceremonies, was praised as an "outstanding clinician-scientist" by Dr. Rene Menguy, Professorand Chairman of the Department of Surgeryand Professor of Physiology. Dr. Vermeulenspoke of him as "a wonderful teacher and researcher," Three former colleagues-Dr. EdwardWoodward of the University of Florida, Dr,James S. Clark of the University of Californiaat Los Angeles, and Dr. Harry A. Oberhelman,Jr. of Stanford University-also praised Dr.Dragstedt during the ceremonies.in 1962 the University's Medical Alumni Association awarded him its highest honor, the GoldKey, and in 1963 the American Medical Association gave him its Distinguished Service Award.Mrs. Dragstedt poses next to her husband andbeneath his recently unveiled portrait in the newFrank Billings Auditorium. Dr. Lester R. Dragstedt is former Chairman of the Department ofSurgery and a 1921 graduate of Rush MedicalCol/ege.A. J. Carlson FacilityBefore returning to his Florida home, Dr. Dragstedt delivered the main dedicatory address atthe formal opening of the A. J. Carlson AnimalResearch Facility. Dr. Dragstedt was a studentof the late Dr. Anton Julius Carlson, Swedishborn physiologist who died in 1956 at the ageof 81.The building named in his honor is a rectangular, two-story, underground structure which occupies a quadrangle bounded by other buildings of the Division of the Biological Sciencesand The Pritzker School of Medicine. The $4,-750,000 building is intended to provide a convenient, well-equipped area for the support ofresearch with properly kept animals.Dr. Dragstedt spoke in the new auditorium on"Dr. A. J. Carlson, a Friend of Medical Research." Dr. Carlson spent more than fifty yearsat the University and became a familiar figureto three generations of physiologists who camefrom allover the world to study with him.Particularly noted for his research in fundamental biology, Dr. Carlson's research efforts included work on the nerves of the heart, thedistribution of immune substances in the bodyfluids, the nature of hunger, the aging process,and the functioning of the parathyroid glands. The new A. J. Carlson Animal Research Facilitylies underground, beneath the courtyard pictured above and bounded by Billings Hospital(/eft), the North Wing (center, background) andAbbott Hall (not pictured, on the right).Professional staff of the A. J. Carlson Animal Research Facility, part of the University's Hospitalsand Clinics, in a surgical room ohhe underground Facility. From left to right: Dr. Ward R. Richter,Associate Professor of Pathology and Chief of the Facility's Pathology Laboratory; Dr. LouiseLombard, Research Scientist in the Facility; Dr. Janet Gamble, Veterinarian; Dr. Stan D. Vesselinovitch, Research Associate and Associere Professor of Radiology; and John H. Rust, Professor ofPharmacology and Radiology and Director of the· Facility. Genetic TransformationGenetic transformation, the replacement of agene ar set of genes for another, is one of theways in which heredity can be controlled. Molecular geneticist Arnold W. Ravin, Professor ofBiology, can determine successfully the geneticfate of unborn bacteria by injecting normal bacteria cell cultures with genetic material extracted from bacteria which have acquired, by mutation, a resistance to antibiotics such as strep·tomycin and erythromycin.Bacteria growing from cultures receiving the genetic material deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)from resistant bacteria also become resistant toantibiotics.Ravin, also Associate Dean of the Division of theBiological Sciences, said transformations providea way to study the chain of events underlyingthe passage of genes from one cell to another,but they have numerous medical implications aswell.For example, such transformations conceivablycould someday correct genetic defects and thecellular malfunctions involved in such diseasesas cancer and sugar diabetes, Ravin said. Also,knowledge of the control of transformationcould result in improving the body's defenses toentry by undesirable agents, such as viruses."With few exceptions," he said, "attempts toproduce transformation in higher organismshave not succeeded. However, we think that thepossibility still exists, but the right conditions under which transformations can occur must befound."Among the forms of bacteria which Ravin hasmade successfully resistant to streptomycin anderythromycin, he has found four conditions critical:1. Recipient cells must have manufactured aspecific protein on the cell's surface that willhold the DNA.2. The DNA must survive once it penetrates thehost cell.DNA is a chain of specifically. ordered nucleotides. (Nucleorldes are compounds resulting froma breakdown of acids in a cell's nucleus due tomixture with water.) The combination and spatial arrangement of these nucleotides is essential to the capacity of DNA to transmit its genetic information.If the molecule of DNA, containing the genefor resistance to streptomycin, is broken into separate nucleotides by attacking enzymes inside6the host cell, transformation cannot take place.3. The invading DNA must find and align itselfwith its counterpart host DNA. The gene for reosistance must "find" its homologous gene.4. The invading gene must then replace its counterpart gene in a new, unified DNA within thehost cell.Each of these steps is critical, and Ravin is interested in how each occurs. He has found suchfactors as temperature, stage of the host cell'slife cycle, and the environment of the cell allimportant variables. Successful transformationaltechniques applied to human cells may be foundin the proper adjustment of these conditions.Ravin has tried transferring DNA from one species of bacteria into cells of another species."Although cross-species transformations occur,they are less frequent than within-species transformation. We have shown that this inefficiencyof cross-species transformations follows upon thedifficulty that the incoming genes encounter inrecognizing their counterparts inside the hostcell. As a consequence of this recognition difficulty a smaller piece of the incoming DNA isincorporated into the host cell's DNA."By studying the problems of recognition involvedin the less successful transformations betweenspecies, Ravin was able to track other featuresof the rejection mechanism of cells.In some cases, for example, cells reject foreignDNA before the "recognition stage." Probablyin these cases enzymes {catalysts of chemicalprocesses within cells} in the bacteria break upforeign DNA before they can ever reach thehost cell's DNA."We can provide conditions under which incoming DNA is largely destroyed, and we can alsoprovide conditions ensuring minimal inactivationof the incoming DNA," Ravin said.The control of the effect of these processes, aswell as many which are involved in helping to integrate genes with the host's DNA, may makepossible transformations in higher organisms, including, eventually, the correction of genetic defects in man. News BriefsCalendar of EventsTuesday, April 14-Chicago lying-in HospitalAlumni Dinner during American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists meeting. Americana Hotel. New York City.Wednesday, April IS-Alumni Reception duringAmerican College of Physicians meeting. Philadelphia.Saturday, April 18-Biomedical Careers Conference for High School Students. Chicago.May-Alumni Reception during American Psychiatric Association meeting. San Francisco.Date to be announced.Thursday, June II-Annual Medical AlumniBanquet honoring Class of 1970 and 50th Anniversary Class of Rush Medical College. Hutchinson Commons, Chicago.Monday, June 22-Alumni Reception duringAmerican Medical Association meeting. PalmerHouse, Chicago.Ceithaml HonoredJoseph Ceithaml, Dean of Students, deliveredthe address of the National Chairman to theGroup on Student Affairs at the Annual Meetingof the Association of American Medical Collegesheld October 31, 1969 in Cincinnati. The Group,which is composed of all individuals in chargeof medical student activities from every medical school in the country, presented DeanCeithaml with an inscribed plaque in recogni·tion of his having been elected and havingserved three consecutive terms as the NationalChairman of the Group.Internship ProgramThe University's Hospitals and Clinics has starteda three-month internship program for registerednurses who are beginning employment at theUniversity. "The program's purpose," accordingto Mrs. lorraine Fernbach, R.N. and ProgramCoordinator, "is to assist the new nurse in understanding better her role and responsibilitiesin the hospital environment." Special presentations, conferences, and demonstrations areplanned to show "how to do It." They includea simulated cardiac arrest, a peritoneal dialysis,and tracheotomy suction. Busy Emergency RoomsMore than two thousand children and more thanthree thousand adults are seen each month inthe two emergency rooms of the University'sHospitals and Clinics. In view of this growinginflux, the Silvain and Arma Wyler Children'sHospital pediatric emergency room, serving patients up to sixteen years of age, remains opentwenty-four hours a day. Until this fall, it wasopen fifteen hours a day. The adult emergencyroom in Albert Merritt Billings Hospital has beenopen twenty-four hours a day for many years.Halstead Memorial LibraryMore than 600 bound volumes in psychologyand 3,700 reprints were presented to the Department of Psychology by Mrs. Elizabeth leeHalstead, widow of the late Ward C. Halstead. Halstead, Professor of Psychology in theDepartment and the College and Professor ofMedical Psychology in the Department of Medicine, died March 25, 1969, leaving instructionsthat his library be given to the Department ofPsychology. Memorial contributions were usedto add to this collection.Disease Mechanisms ConferenceMore than two hundred physicians from throughout North America attended a course on "Mechanisms of Disease and Modern Therapy" conducted under the direction of Dr. Hans H.Hecht, the Blum-Riese Professor of Medicine. Thecourse emphasized current trends in internalmedicine and rational therapy based on fundamental concepts of disease processes. It wassponsored by the American College of Physicians.Obstetrics and GynecologyMore than one hundred specialists from acrossthe country attended the first "PostgraduateCourse in Obstetrics and Gynecology" offeredby Chicago lying-in Hospital, one of the University's Hospitals and Clinics. Members of theDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology actedas instructors for the course, designed for thoseabout to take board examinations in Chicago.Emmet Bay LectureDr. Eugene Anson Stead, Jr., Professor of Medicine ot Duke University ond the 1969 EmmetBoy lecturer, delivered the third annual7Bay Lecture, "On Congestive Heart Failure," inthe recently dedicated Frank Billings Auditorium (formerly Room P-117), although his oldfriend, Dr. Bay, could not attend due to illness.Dr. Bay, Rush '22, joined the Rush faculty in1924 and the staff of the University's new Hospitals and Clinics in 1927. He was the first person to practice medicine in the clinics. Dr. Bayhas remained with the clinics ever since, becoming Professor of Medicine in 1936 and Emeritusin 1966.Dr. Stead gave an historical account of cardiovascular studies and treatment from the time ofhis graduation from medical school in 1932.Lying-in Jubilee"To Save Tomorrow-The Pill, Population, andAging in Women" was the subject of the Chicago Lying-in Hospital's Diamond Jubilee Symposium held February 25 in the University's Center for Continuing Education.The symposium marked the opening of a yearlong celebration of the hospital's seventy-five'years of service to obstetrical and maternitypatients in Chicago.The opening session; "The Population Explosion," was moderated by Dr. Frederick P. Zuspan, the Joseph Bolivar DeLee Professor and Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics andGynecoloqy.Mrs. Jane C. Browne, former Executive Directorof the Planned Parenthood Association of Chicago, discussed "The Big Picture." Mrs. JoanneJacobson, Project Coordinator for the Office ofEqual Opportunities Family Planning Programat the University, discussed "Population Explosion-Action Problems."A second panel, "The Pill," was moderated byDr. Joseph Swartwout, Associate Professor ofObstetrics and Gynecology, with Dr. Zuspandiscussing "The Pill-Is It Really Safe?"Dr. George L. Wied, the Blum-Riese Professor ofObstetrics and Gynecology and in the Department of Pathology and Director of the Laboratories of Cytology, discussed "Cytology and thePill."Dr. James Burks, Associate Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Director of the Student Health Program in Chicago lying-in Hospital, spoke on "The Pill and the College Population."An afternoon session on "Aging in Women"was moderated by Dr. Burks.Mrs. Bernice Neugarten, Professor and Chairman of the Committee on Human Developmentat the University, discussed "Psychological Aspects of Aging." Dr. Zuspan spoke on "Biological Problems and Therapy in Aging."Chicago Lying-in Hospital as it appeared on its current site in 1930. BequestAccording to the bequest of the late Dr. Sydney Walker, Rush '11, $5,000 has been receivedby the University in memory of Dr. Walker'sgood friend, Dr. Anton J. Carlson. This gift hasbeen added to the Medical Alumni Loan Fundin memory of Dr. Carlson. The fund helps ensure that no student of ability and promise isprevented by lack of financial resources fromobtaining an excellent medical education. Dr.Walker, who died August 3, 1968, received theS.B. degree from the University in 1909 and theS.M. degree from the University in 1921.Award to Dr. Harvey BlankDr. Harvey Blank, '42, has received one of themedical profession's most esteemed honors, theModern Medicine Distinguished AchievementAward, for 1970.Dr. Harvey BlankDr. Blank, Professor and Chairman of the University of Miami's Department of Dermatology,is among ten men nominated by the medicalprofession to receive the awards this year.Cited for his development of a new systemictreatment of fungal skin disease, Dr. Blank receives national recognition in the January 12issue of Modern Medicine, in �hich the announcement appears, and a certificate signedby Dr. Irvine H_ Page, editor of the journal andone of the world's foremost heart specialists.Dr. Blank, 51, received both his S.B. degree(1938) and his M.D. degree (1942) from TheUniversity of Chicago. He came to Miami in1956 as Professor of Dermatology and Medicine and in 1960 was named Chairman of theDepartment.8In Memoriam: Dr. Hilger Perry Jenkins, '271902-1970Dr. Hilger Perry Jenkins died suddenly Saturday, January 17.Perhaps no other alumnus did so much for his school, students,and fellow alumni. The Tuesday before he died he met with Dr.Robert Wissler, Association President, to discuss another film inhis series of interviews with prominent faculty, seen by manyalumni over the years. Saturday of that week, he presented hisCine Seminar for the students, held one Saturday each month,many times to standing-room-only audiences.The following remarks by Dr. William E. Adams, Professor Emeritus and former Chairman of Surgery and now Assistant Directorof the American College of Surgeons, were delivered at thememorial service held for Dr. Jenkins in Bond Chapel on Wednesday, January 21.We are here to pay homage to the memory of a dear friend andcolleague for whom we had love, admiration, and profoundrespect. Hilger Perry Jenkins was born and grew up in Chicago.He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine by RushMedical College in 1927, after completing a year of internshipat Presbyterian Hospital. He then joined Dr. Dallas B. Phemisterfor the opening of Billings Hospital and became the first surgicalresident at this new institution. After completing his residency atThe University of Chicago Clinics, he remained on the full-timefaculty of the Department of Surgery until 1946. That year heleft the University to accept an invitation to be Chief of Surgeryat Woodlawn Hospital and Clinical Professor of Surgery at theUniversity of Illinois.In 1960 he was persuaded to return to The University of Chicagoas Professor of Surgery in order to secure his outstanding servicesas a plastic and general surgeon and medical educator.Dr. Jenkins' father was an architectural artist. He designed the"Gold Key," which is the highly coveted award presented byThe University of Chicago Medical Alumni Association to only afew recipients. Hilger Perry inherited his father's artistic and creative ability, which was repeatedly evidenced by many ingeniousmethods he developed for teaching and research. A good example of this was his investigative methods for the determinationof tensile strength of catgut. He employed a series of alarm clocksto accurately and dramatically time the durability of this material. Subsequently, a well-known pharmaceutical concern completely revised its mcnufocturinq technique of this suture material, based on Dr. Jenkins' experiments. The use of this improvedsuture material resulted in greatly improved wound healing.Dr. Jenkins' contributions had great influence on American surgery. In his clinical practice he exhibited a rare degree of wisdom and judgment which, combined with his devoted care ofpatients and expert technical skill, culminated in excellent surgical results. In a gentle and unpretentious way he always conveyed to his patients his constant concern for their welfare. Their Dr. Hilger Perry Jenkinsfaith in him was justified, for it was his constant practice no matter where he might be in the city to telephone the hospital everyhour or oftener during his waking hours to check on their condition.The contributions Dr. Jenkins made to organized medicine werecontinuous. Only last Thursday, in his quiet, erudite, ingenious,and inimitable manner he presented one of the best programsever heard before the Jackson Park Branch of the Chicago Medical Society. The respect and confidence in which he was held byother physicians was evidenced by the wide referral practice heenjoyed. He was truly a surgeon's surgeon.His intense interest in surgical teaching led him to extensive investigation and development of improved methods for visualeducation. He was chairman of the Committee on Medical Motion Pictures of the American College of Surgeons from 1951 to1966. For his outstanding organization and production of thatCollege's renowned Cine Clinic Programs, he was presented withtheir Distinguished Service Award.The powerful impact of his teaching and professional exampleon the senior medical students resulted in the McClintock Awardbeing bestowed upon him by them in 1967 accompanied by astanding ovation. This event was unusually significant, since thisaward is supposedly granted only to younger faculty members.The esteem of his confreres was evidenced by his election tomembership in many leading surgical societies in this country. Hewas honored by being elected president of several importantmedical organizations, including The University of Chicago Medical Alumni Association, which was organized under his leadership; the Jackson Park Branch of the Chicago Medical Society;the Chicago Surgical Society; and the Central Surgical Association. He served on the board of governors of the American College of Surgeons. Any honors bestowed upon him were alwayshumbly and modestly received.Dr. Jenkins has left a rich heritage to humanity by his own labors.This included the numerous outstanding teaching films he produced and many scientific publications. The influence of his lifeand work will endure.Dr. Jenkins is survived by his widow Julia, a son Samuel Lincoln,and a daughter Theodora.American surgery has lost a very distinguished member, TheUniversity of Chicago has lost a most devoted alumnus, and wehave all lost a cherished friend.The Hilger P. Jenkins Medical Student Loan Fund has been established to aid medical students at The University of Chicago. Contributions to this loan fund may be sent to the Office of the Dean,Division of the Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School ofMedicine, 950 E. 59th Street, Chicago 60637.9The Medical School and the Communityby Dr. leon o. JacobsonDean of the Division of the Biological Sciences and The PritzkerSchool of Medicine and the Joseph Regenstein Professor of Biological and Medical SciencesThe following is excerpted from the Dean's Day address given byDean Jacobson at Duke University last fall.Duke University and The University of Chicago have been givena medical school and hospitals which are wholly owned and operated by a great university. The schools are located on theuniversity campuses and are administered as an integral part oftheir educational and research program. That our schools havenot fully realized the potential benefits of integration with thesocial sciences, the humanities, and the basic biological sciencesis a disappointment to us all. The narrowing views of professionalism have, as a matter of fact, tended to produce a progressive withdrawal from the rest of the university. Simultaneously, in our school at least, the curriculum became relativelyrigid as a result of the faculty's attempt to include the essentialsof all the specialties in medicine and biology. Within the last tenyears, a half year has been added to the undergraduate programin medicine (the summer quarter of the second and third years).Also, since World War II an average of a year or two has beenadded to postgraduate residency and fellowship training. We lostsight of some of our principles.At The University of Chicago we have also been given a large,full-time faculty in a huge group practice which provides the clinical material for teaching and research and, incidentally, contributes substantially to the financial support of the institution.This "bold experiment" has set us apart as one of a few institutions leading the nation in demonstrating that the delivery ofmedical care in America can be classless, that paying patientscan be very effectively utilized for teaching and research purposes, that a completely full-time clinical faculty is not merelyan ideal. Both old and new medical schools are now attemptingto develop an organization like that which has been in effect inChicago.However, for at least a decade we have exhibited a smugness.We have been content to roll with social change-which we canreadily do-instead of taking advantage of this firm toehold onthe future to experiment again-as Franklin McLean, the first Director of The University of Chicago Clinics and the first Chairmanof the Department of Medicine at the University, said, to attempt"to mould economic and social factors upon which medicine solargely depends into medical education and into medical thought,with a resultant effect on medical practice." Of late we have beenlooking tremulously at the social and technological forces whichthreaten our independence as a university medical school.These are our failures.In the past year, a number of special meetings of the DivisionalCommittee of the School have been held. This committee is composed of the departmental chairmen and the deans. These specialmeetings have provided me with the first concrete evidence that Dr. Leon o. Jacobsonour medical school may be on the threshold of significant innovative moves as an institution. It has been said that a committeenever has been the source of a great idea, and I see no groundsfor believing that this group has any unique capacities in this regard. But these deans and department chairmen can provide thespirit to get us moving again. This cannot be done by attemptingto emulate other institutions, by moving in "safe" directions. Thisexecutive committee must provide a milieu in which faculty members are convinced that new educational and organizationalideas are welcome and that if they are approved by the faculty,they will be acted upon. It is in this spirit that I present the following suggestions as a program, fully appreciating that no one ofthe ideas is truly original.The adoption of a revised third and fourth year curriculum in1968 and the recent adoption of changes in the first and secondyear of the medical curriculum completes a total curricular revision which had its beginning with the establishment of a DivisionalCurricular Study Committee six years ago. In brief, these changesare the creation of an interdisciplinary approach to the basicbiological sciences in the first year, a largely elective secondyear, an intensive clinical experience in the third year, and alargely elective fourth year.While retaining the obligation of the school to produce qualifiedscientifically trained physicians, the new four year program haseven more freedom of choice of course material and preceptorthan the original curriculum of 1927. However, the many optionsnow available to the student bring out a constraint which hasnot previously been appreciated. This is the fixed time schedule.The average of twelve years now required to train the physicianafter completion of secondary school is fabulously extravagantwith the life of the trainee, to say nothing of the financial burdento him and society. From college through medical school andresidency training, advancement in the sophistication and complexity of course material as well as the amount of responsibilitiesfor supervised clinical activity occurs to a great extent on a yearby-year basis. The student is afforded little opportunity to progress in accordance with his capacities. It appears that the passage of a year has greater importance as a criterion for advancement than the acquisition of experience and the ability to acceptresponsibility.The time required for the education of the physician should besignificantly shortened by changes at all levels. These alterationscan at the same time permit a smoother, more individually-oriented progression through the required levels of performance. Atthe earliest point available for attack by us, college studentsshould be encouraged to register in any preclinical medicalschool course, assuming that prerequisites are taken. This shouldnot necessarily imply an interest in acquiring an M.D. degree,and the approval of the Medical School Admissions Committee10should not be required. Such students would, however, be eligible for admission to the clinical curriculum by the Medical SchoolAdmissions Committee at any appropriate advanced standing,dependent only on the medical curricular requirements. The importance of a bachelor's degree as a prerequisite to the M.D.program should be even more depreciated than it now is.As mentioned previously, in the newly adopted curriculum forthe first two years of medical school, the required basic sciencecore has been condensed, providing more elective time in thesecond year for advanced basic science courses to be selectedon an individual basis. Some students can now utilize this elective time in the second year for early entry into the clinical sequence of the junior year, and such an option could effect someshortening of the curriculum. During the third year, in which thestudents rotate through offerings of the clinical departments, opportunities for advancing their responsibilities as they progressshould be attempted. This might be accomplished by having eachof the clinical departments modify its program during the winterand spring quarters in order to permit the students to work assub-interns in a manner similar to some of their activities in thesenior year. This change would recognize the fact that havingcompleted two quarters of a clerkship in any area should equipthe student for more advanced responsibility for patient care.In addition, some students should be permitted to qualify forthe M.D. degree at the end of the third year, or at least aftercompletion of six clinical credits in the senior year. They couldthus terminate their medical school education at the end of thespring or summer quarters of their junior year or the fall orwinter quarters of their senior year. To make this option realistic,we would have to provide openings outside the matching plan inthe internship programs at The University of Chicago Hospitalsand perhaps also in affiliated hospitals. This would be relativelyeasy for the first few students in a new program.In the same spirit, internship programs should be individualizedso that the interns may advance to residency responsibility aftera minimum period of six months. To satisfy licensing requirements,the interns who qualified for this advance standing and residencyresponsibility could be called senior interns. They would be qualified to accept all responsibilities of the present assistant residentexcept being the responsible individual dealing with patients inthe Emergency Room, signing death certificates, and a few otheractivities requiring a state license. On some services it might bepossible to employ the senior interns as residents on those services in which junior students are serving as sub-interns, perhapsusing two such senior interns in the same manner-Le., workingin parallel, each with full responsibilities instead of the presentquota of one resident and one intern.This change in the internship could lead quite naturally to a loosening of all residency programs in order to encourage residents to drop in and out of educational or research activities andthe several types of clinical opportunities available to them inorder to more fully individualize their training. Some residentsshould be able to acquire aspects of the "liberal education"which may have been missed earlier, thus initiating more realistically the habits for continuing education in adult life. The facultyshould study the length of all residency programs. Does specialtytraining really require the number of years specified by specialtyboards? It is not likely that these voluntary outside agencies havean undue influence on university medical schools' postgraduatetraining programs.A restructuring of our undergraduate and graduate medicaltraining programs along the lines suggested would, I think, improve the professional education for leadership for which westrive. For the students who wished, this education could be completed in from one to three years less than our present scheme.With respect to what I have termed our second failure, the factthat we have been "sitting too tight" on the system for medicalcare delivery in any medical school in the country, I would propose that we set as our primary task in the next few years a serious study of our entire clinical set-up with the view of undertaking a truly bold experiment again. I know you have initiatedsuch bold experiments here at Duke. Our recent thoughts andactions concerning such things as the Emergency Room, walk-inclinics, medical care centers in our depressed urban areas, hospital affiliations, etc., have either diverted us or just chippedaway at the margins of the medical care issue, which is how toprovide better care to more people for less money.We must simultaneously rethink our future operations, and thisrequires subcommittees as task forces for specific problem areas.With reasonable confidence that such committees would beheard, I would be quite surprised if we could not come up withimaginative proposals which could improve the efficiency ofoutpatient care, cut the indications for hospitalizations by 25 to50 per cent in some areas, increase the amount of useful teachingmaterial in specialty clinics and in the hospital, create better relations with the community (both patients and practicing physicians), and elevate the level of medical practice in our portionof the Chicago area.The obligation of our medical school to the community whichsupports it certainly requires that we do more than provide medical care. With our massive group practice, we already are deeply involved in what could be called community medicine. However, to The University of Chicago, the term "community medicine" must mean something else. Our role in this setting mustbe to establish the standards for medical care and to providethe models for its most efficient and effective delivery.11La RabidaPast-Present-Futureby Dr. Raymond D. A. Peterson, DirectorLa Rabida Children's Hospital and Research CenterPastAlthough the American counterpart of the La Rabida monasteryin San Palos, Spain has been on the shore of Lake Michigan, justtwo miles from the Midway, since 1892, there are a few factsabout its past history that may have escaped the attention evenof those living in this immediate area.When the Columbian Exposition was over, the Spanish government gave the replica of Columbus's headquarters to the city ofChicago. In 1896 a group of women formed the Women's Boardof La Rabida and used the old monastery as an open-air sanatarium for children of Chicago suffering from summer diarrhea.During the following years La Rabida was used as a facility forchildren with St. Vitus dance and then in the thirties, when itbecame appreciated that St. Vitus dance was but part of thespectrum of symptoms of rheumatic fever, it became a convalescent facility for children suffering from rheumatic fever. In thosepre-antibiotic days, recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever couldnot be prevented, and the result of repeated attacks was oftena severely damaged heart; thus arose the need for facilities suchas La Rabida for the many children with chronic congestive heartfailure. In the early forties, with the advent of sulfa and penicillin,it became possible to prevent the recurrent attacks of rheumaticfever and as a result, although children still contract rheumaticfever, the recurrent attacks are largely preventable; and children with the chronic form of the disease are rare.Shortly after the war, Dr. Albert Dorfman of the Department ofPediatrics moved his research laboratories to the basement ofthe reconstructed La Rabida and developed ties with The University of Chicago that culminated in the La Rabida-University ofChicago agreement of 1957. That agreement set forth the relationship between La Rabida and The University of Chicago whichobtains today.Clinical and research programs are conducted by faculty members at The University of Chicago via the La Rabida-Universityof Chicago Institute, a department within the Division of Biological Sciences and The Pritzker School of Medicine. The responsibility for the physical plant and the financial management ofLa Rabida remains with its board of trustees.A building program for both plant and personnel conducted during the fifties and early sixties resulted in the 104-bed children'shospital, the two-story research facility honoring Richard T. Finnegan and supported in part by the Variety Club of Chicago,and the outpatient facility built in honor of Gertrude Frank Pick.As the need for facilities to care for children with chronic rheumatic fever diminished, La Rabida's programs modulated so asto provide care for children with other major long-term healthproblems. Initially the other problems were mainly those illnesses Dr. Raymond D. A. Petersonclosely allied to rheumatic fever, at least symptomatically, suchas rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory heart disease. Duringthe past five years, however, La Rabida's base of operation hasbeen broadened so that it now provides for the study and careof children with a broad range of chronic health problems.Black Building, now only the center portion of the La Rabida complex,houses the hospital itself. Wings at either end of this building have beenadded to house the research facilities and outpatient services.PresentDuring the past two years an intensive evaluation of La Rabida'sprograms has been undertaken to ascertain or define La Rabida'sactivity in three major areas-teaching, research, and clinicalservice. The balance between these three facets determines to agreat extent the overall effectiveness of a university-associatedhospital.Our training program has been the focus of much attention. Itis our philosophy that every aspect of La Rabida should serve asa training ground. Our trainees include residents in pediatrics,medical students, clinical psychology students, psychiatry fellows,social work students from the School of Social Service Administration, nurses from some neighboring nursing colleges, Ph.D.M.D. candidates, off-quarter medical students, and postdoctoratefellows in several fundamental research areas. Special clinical12training programs include allergy and immunology, rheumaticdiseases, and nephrology.We are presently attempting to clarify each area of training inorder to strengthen the overall program. We are particularlyimpressed with the need to train physicians to deal in a comprehensive fashion with major health problems. Contrary to popularopinion, it is often more critical to train physicians to deal withother health professionals than the reverse. Mechanisms for delivering care to the physically and emotionally ill of this countryare rapidly changing and we must constantly reassess trainingprograms to make sure we are preparing our graduates for thesechallenges.Research endeavors hopefully touch every aspect of La Rabida'soperation. Dissatisfaction with existing knowledge and techniquesis encouraged and research, rather than frustration, is promotedas the appropriate response. Research in immunology and biochemistry is the mainstay of the institute, but research in betterways to train, to deliver patient care, to manage the patientadmissions procedure, and in other unsolved problems relatedto our mission are just as important and are strongly encouraged.The immunology research presently centers around four facultymembers-Eugene N. Fox, Dr. Edward P. Cohen, Dr. Lauren M.Pachman, and myself. Our research interests are divergent butmeet at many crossroads. Mr. Fox's laboratory concentrates onthe immunologic and biochemical aspects of the streptococcus.Its projects range from fundamental structural studies of thestreptococcal M protein to the development of a streptococcalDr. Nicholas Kefa/ides is Associate Professor of Medicine and in LaRabida-University of Chicago Institute. vaccine. Dr. Cohen and his colleagues address themselves primarily to biological studies of the nucleic acids that code forantibodies. Dr. Pachman works closely with Mr. Fox on his strepvaccine project but also pursues a very promising lead she discovered regarding the profound effect of sodium salicylate onlymphocytes. In addition she supervises several facets of ourclinical immunology laboratory. My own principal research areais concerned with the relationship of the chicken's bursa of fabricius to the development of the lymphoid tissue. This focus alsopermits some fairly direct studies aimed at clarifying cellularimmunity.Patient at La Rabida may be gazing af Lake Michigan-or beyond.The clinical immunology section provides backup for the studyof children with defects of their immune system; for explorationof the immunologic aspects of diseases such as nephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma; and for the leukocyte typing laboratory. This latter laboratory performs the tissue matching studies socritical to organ transplantation surgery. It is also The Universityof Chicago's portion of a city-wide cooperative program in organ transplantation-a dream that hopefully will soon be a reality.The biochemistry section of this institute has for many years concentrated on the study of those large sugar-protein molecules13Dr. Burian J. Grossman, Professor of Pediatrics and at La Rabida-University of Chicago Institute and Medical Director of La Rabida Children'sHospital and Research Center, addresses a graduating class of highschool seniors at La Rabida. La Rabida's school awarded high schooldiplomas to six of its ootierit-students last year.that are so common in nature and yet so poorly understood. Dr.Dorfman spearheaded the formation of this section and nowworks with a large group of students and colleagues. Martin B.Mathews, J. Anthony Cifonelli, and Lennart Roden are the seniormembers of that section. Their projects range from studies of thephysical characteristics of these molecules through their biological significance to the genetic material responsible for theirsynthesis. Both the fundamental and the clinical implications ofthis work are great.Dr. Burton Grossman and Mr. Cifonelli have developed a verypromising offshoot of the biochemistry section. They are studyinga large carbohydrate molecule that appears to prevent atherosclerosis in rabbits. The importance of this discovery is obviouslytremendous and their work is going forward with appropriateenthusiasm.In order to reflect the way human beings function as a totality wehave built a clinical-service model consonant with that philosophy. On the assumption that the separation of psyche and somaare man-made conveniences, our clinical model is designed totreat the child as a unity. Therefore our clinical directors represent those two major aspects of the human being, and it is theirmajor function to assure that the product of treatment is com pre- hensive and unified. They are responsible for coordinating theefforts of all staff members in dealing with our patients. Teachingand research cannot proceed without excellent clinical service;this is their first obligation. Their second obligation is to explorebetter ways of caring for children with long-term major healthproblems.A patient may be admitted to the inpatient service, cared for inour outpatient facility, or enrolled in our new extended-treatmentprogram. Patients admitted to our hospital undergo the usualdiagnostic studies plus whatever specialized studies are suggestedby members of the research staff. As soon as the child's problemis defined, a treatment program is outlined. For some childrenthis means a long period in the hospital.The average hospital stay at present is three months. For thosechildren who stay in the hospital for long periods of time wehave developed a treatment program that encourages the childto pursue a fairly normal pattern of both physical and emotionalgrowth and development. Many of our children have the opportunity to develop normal peer relations for the first time. Theyattend school regularly and get into the kinds of trouble thatnorma! children do. The child is not a "chronically ill child" or"handicapped child" but is a human being with such health problems as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory heart disease, ulcerative colitis, immunologic deficiency syndromes, chronic lung disease, lupus erythematosus, chronic kidney disease, and extremeobesity.Mrs. Betty Graham aids one of her students in the La Rabida school.14The artificial kidney for children referred to The University ofChicago is here at La Rabida under the direction of Dr. RonaldKallen. Children are studied and maintained here on that regimeuntil ready for kidney transplantation through Dr. Frank Stuart'sprogram at Billings Hospital.Our outpatient facilities under the direction of Dr. NatividadOzoa care for approximately three thousand children per yearand provide facilities not only for initial evaluation for somechildren but also for their continuing care.Our extended day care treatment program, about to open, willprovide a total care facility for children with major health problems who we believe benefit from the milieu of La Rabida. Thesechildren will be bused in and will remain here for eight hours aday, five days a week. Here they will attend school and receivemedical care, physical therapy, psychotherapy, and whateverother specialized study or care is essential. We have just completed a temporary physical plant for this program and arelooking forward to exploring this mode of care.Dr. Edward P. Cohen (leit), Associate Professor in the La Rabida-University of Chicago Institute, and Dr. Albert Dorfman (right), former Directorof the Institute, talk together in a research laboratory overlooking Lake Michigan. Dr. Cohen is also Associate Professor of Medicine and Microbiology at the University and Dr. Dorfman is the Richard T. Crane Distinguished Service Professor and Chairman of the University's Departmentof Pediatrics, Professor of Biochemistry and in La Rabida-University of Chicago Institute, and Director of the Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Mental Retardation Research Center.These children are engaged in daily living activities that are part of thetotal child care at La Rabida.15FutureThere is good reason to believe that the future of La Rabidadepends on an appreciation of its strengths, an awareness ofthe community's needs, and an intensification of its training andresearch activities. Over the next few years we plan to createthe La Rabida Center for the Life Sciences, which will include theChildren's Hospital, the La Rabida-University of Chicago Institute,a child development center, and a habilitation center. Our focus will continue on the comprehensive care and study of major childhood health problems together with the fundamental research,demonstration, and training programs essential to strengthensuch an operation.We wish to expand extended-treatment programs in the form ofa camp-farm facility. This facility would provide the opportunityfor our children to develop their self image in an environmentthat is much more conducive to that task than is a hospital. Sucha facility would also enable us to deal more effectively with theproblem of drug abuse in children and, no doubt, the many othermajor health problems that will arise in the future.We wish to also amplify our extended day treatment program ifthe pilot program proves at all successful. This would enable usto decrease the need for hospitalizing children and reduce thelength of hospitalization for those who require this type of totalcare.A child development center would provide the scholarly base fora training and research program in child development. The impact of major health problems on child development is only beginning to be appreciated and should be actively developed atthis University.The cooperative relationships we have developed among ourmedical science, behavioral science, research, and administration sections enable us to look forward to a future wherein wecan develop new models for the care of patients, for the trainingof personnel, and for related research endeavors.Library in the research building at La Rabida is comfortable setting for trustee meetings and staff gatherings. Dean Jacobson can be seen (center,rear) in this room facing the harbor at the front of the building. The back of the building faces Lake Michigan.16Faculty News ...Samuel J. Beck, Professorial Lecturer Emeritusof Psychology and Psychiatry, received the firstannual Distinguished Psychological Award fromthe Clinical Section of the Illinois PsychologicalAssociation. An authority on the Rorschach test,he has been cited for his contributions to clinicalpsychology by several other organizations.Dr. Robert S. Daniels, Associate Professor ofPsychiatry, spoke on "A Psychiatrist's Experience in Comprehensive Health Planning" at theInter-university Forum in Community Psychiatrymeeting in San Francisco. He spoke on "Subregional and Neighborhood Health Planning"at the National Conference for Health Plannersmeeting in Chicago. Dr. Daniels also recentlydelivered addresses before the National Institutes of Health in Washington and before theHealth Insurance Council national meeting inPheasant Run, Illinois.Kenneth P. Du Bois, Professor and Director ofthe Toxicity Laboratory of the Department ofPharmacology, was named chairman of the Subcommittee on Synergism and Pesticide Interactions of the United States Secretary of HEW'sCommission on Pesticides.Earl A. Evans, Ir., Professor and Chairman ofthe Department of Biochemistry, has been electeda fellow of the Pierpont Morgan Library, NewYork. Among its treasures are Medieval andRenaissance manuscripts from the sixth to thesixteenth centuries. Professor Evans also hasbeen appointed a member of the AmericanMedical Association-Education and ResearchFoundation Committee for Research on Tobaccoand Health.Dr. Daniel X. Freedman, the Louis Block Professor and Chairman of the Department of Psychiatry, was elected chief editor of the AmericanMedical Association's Archives of General Psychiatry. At the winter meeting of the AmericanAcademy of Psychoanalysis he spoke on "Overview of Depression."E. Peter Geiduschek, Professor of Biophysics, andRabert Haselkorn, Chairman of the Departmentof Biophysics, along with graduate student Ronald Brown, gave papers in Florence, Italy on"RNA Polymerase and Transcription" at a meeting sponsored by Pepetit, an Italian pharmaceutical company.Dr. Alexander Gottschalk, Director of ArgonneHospital, was elected a trustee of the Society ofNuclear Medicine. He also is serving as vicepresident of the Central Chapter of the Society. Dr. Thomas M. Graber, Research Associate inthe Zoller Dental Clinic, received the AmericanAssociation of Orthodontists' Annual Distinguished Service Award. He also presented acourse for 250 orthodontists at a meeting ofthe Midwestern Society of Orthodontists in St.Louis. The course was entitled "New Conceptsof Orthopedic Therapy in Correcting Dento-facialDeformities."Dr. Roy R. Grinker, Sr., Rush '21, Director of theInstitute for Psychosomatic and Psychiatric Research Training at Michael Reese Hospital andMedical Center in Chicago and Professor of Psychiatry at the University, has been elected chairman of the Board of Directors of the Foundations Fund for Research in Psychiatry. Dr. Grinker also recently addressed the Missouri Instituteof Psychiatry at the University of Missouri in St.Louis. His subject was "Toward a United Theoryof Human Behavior."Dr. Robert L. Hunter, Jr., Resident in Pathology,received the 1969 Joseph A. Capps Award, a$750 prize for the best scientific paper on original work submitted in competition by a youngChicago investigator. His paper is entitled "Investigations Leading to the Control of ImmuneMechanisms in Clinical Medicine."Elwood V. Jensen, Professor and Director of theBen May Laboratory for Cancer Research, is oneof eleven noted biochemists appointed to theeditorial advisory board of the American Chemical Society publication Biochemistry.Dr. Jerome H. Jaffe, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, presented "Relevant Communications"at the Rutgers Symposium on Communicationand Drug Abuse in New Brunswick, New Jersey.Dr. Stuart Kauffman, Assistant Professor of Mathematical Biology, was awarded the Wiener Goldmedal from the American Society for Cyberneticsfor his original paper "Cellular Homeostasis, Epigenesis, and Replication in Randomly Aggregated Macromolecular Systems." The medal,initiated in 1968, is awarded at the Society'sannual scientific symposium to the person thirtyfive years of age or under who has presentedthe most significant paper in the field of cybernetics during the year.Dr. Joseph B. Kirsner, the Louis Block Professorof Medicine, received the City of Hope Awardat the Annual Salute to Medical Research. Healso delivered the Yale-New Haven Hospitals'Lectureship In Gastroenterology and addressed the Gastrointestinal section at the ConnecticutState Medical Society.Heinrich KlUver, the Sewell L. Avery Distinguished Service Professor Emeritus of BiologicalPsychology, received the Gold Medal Award ofthe Eastern Psychiatric Research Association "forexcellence in scientific achievement." He became Emeritus in 1962.Dr. Sumner Kraft, '55, Associate Professor ofMedicine, was elected president of the ChicagoSociety of Gastroenterology.Dr. Daniel J. McCarty, Jr., Professor of Medicine, was one of two Americans made an honorary member of the Rheumatism Society at theTwelfth International Congress of Rheumatologyin Proque. His paper discussed the clinical usesof isotope 99M Technetium in scintiphotographyof joints. Using a special camera that "sees" theradioactive emissions from within the joint, theDr. Daniel J. McCarty, Jr.physician can obtain "before and after" photographs to help evaluate surgical procedures andtherapy of inflamed joints. Following the Congress, Dr. McCarty presided at a symposium onMetabolic Arthritis at Piestany, Czechoslovakia.Dr. Rene Menguy, Professor of Surgery andPhysiology and Chairman of the Department otSurgery, recently spent a week as visiting professor at Fresno General Hospital in Fresno,California.Dr. Ralph F. Naunton, Professor of Surgery andChief of the Section of Otolaryngology, hasbeen appointed to membership on the IllinoisCommission on Children.Dr. Eric Reiss, Chairman of the Department ofMedicine at Michael Reese Hospital and MedicalCenter In Chicago and Professor of Medicine at17the University, reported in 0 recent issue of TheNew England Journal of Medicine the development of an easily administered test to locatetumors of the parathyroids:Dr. Leo Sadow, '51, Lecturer in Psychiatry, presented a paper on "Visual Perception: Its Development and Maturation from Birth to Adulthood" at the fall meeting of the American Psvchoanalytic Association in New York.Dr. Sheldon Schiff, '56, Associate Professor ofPsychiatry and Co-Director of the WoodlawnMental Health Center, spoke about the Centerbefore University alumni in Dallas, Houston, andPhiladelphia.Dr. Edward Senay, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, lectured on "Psychological Aspects of lnf1ammatory Bowel Disease" at the AmericanCollege of Physicians meeting in Chicago.Dr. Douglas R. Shanklin, Professor of Obstetricsand Gynecology, attended the Seventh PanAmerican Congress of Pathology in Buenos Airesin November. En route he visited colleagues andfacilities in Bogota, Lima, and La Paz. Dr.Shanklin also recently addressed the PediatricPathology Club meeting in Milwaukee; he spoke.on the "Pathogenesis of Hyline Membrane Disease."Dr. Ronald Singer, Chairman of the Departmentof Anatomy, was named Chicago's outstandingnew citizen of the year. Dr. Singer, one of fivehundred persons sworn in as a new citizen, cameto this country in 1962 from Cape Town, SouthAfrica.Dr. Benjamin Spargo, '52, Professor of Pethelogy, is vice-president of the Chicago Potholoqical Society.Dr. Donald F. Steiner, '56, Professor of Biochemistry, received the Eli Lilly Award for reoDr. Donald F. Steiner search in diabetes at the annual meeting of theAmerican Diabetes Association.Dr. Eberhard H. Ulenhufh, Associate Professorof Psychiatry, spoke on "Diphenylydantion inNon-Epileptic Psychiatric Disorders" to the Department of Psychiatry of the University ofMinnesota.Dr. George Wied, the Blum-Riese Professor ofObstetrics and Gynecology, traveled extensively last fall in South Africa and Europe. At theUniversity of Cape Town he was a guest leeturer on computers in cytology, and at the University of Pretoria he lectured on "ModernAspects of Cytology." In Spain he attended aneditorial conference of the Spanish CytologySociety and in Switzerland was appointed themain advisor of the World Health Organizationon cytologic and histologic effects of contraceptives and conducted a World Health Orqonizction workshop there on the topic.Dr. Robert W. Wissler, '49, Professor and Choirman of the Department of Pathology and Chair-.man of the Medical Alumni Association, wasDr. Robert W. Wisslerorganizing secretary of the recent Second lnternational Symposium on Atherosclerosis heldin Chicago. Dr. Wissler also was program cornmittee chairman for the symposium and wasorganizer of the first symposium, held in Greece.He recently appeared on "Perspectives," athirty-minute television program produced bythe University.Dr. F. Howell Wright has been appointed executive secretary of the American Board of Pediatrics with headquarters in Philadelphia. Hewill continue on a part-time basis as Professorof Pediatrics at The University of Chicago.Dr. Frederick P. Zuspan, the Joseph Bolivar Delee Professor and Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, was awardedthe Certificate of Merit Resea rch Prize of theCentral Association of Obstetricians and Gynecologists at its annual meeting for his paper"Identification of a Pressor Substance in Arnniotic Fluid-The Role of Epinephrine and Nor·ephinephrine." He also received the 1970 ShirleyR. Schneck Award from the Society for Clinicaland Experimental Hypnosis for his "significantcontributions to the development of medicalhypnosis." He was cited as "a physician whohas made significant contributions to the development of medical hypnosis."PublicationsDr. Robert S. Daniels and Dr. William C. Offenkrantz, both Associate Professors of Psychiatry,collaborated to write "Systematic TransferenceInterpretation in the Sleep Laboratory," published in The Journal of Nervous and MentalDiseases, 149: 152, 1969. Dr. Daniels alsopublished "Physician's Productivity-A Physician's View" in Inquiry, 6: 70, 1969.Dr. Patrick H. Hughes, Assistant Professor ofPsychiatry and Clinical Director of the DrugAbuse Rehabilitation Program, co-authored "Organizing the Therapeutic Potential of an AddictPrisoner Community," accepted for publicationin 1970 by International Journal of the Addictions.Dr. Jerome H. Jaffe, Associate Professor of Psychiatry, published "The Implementation andEvaluation of New Treatments for CompulsiveDrug Users: The State of Illinois-University ofChicago Program in Advances in Mental Science," Drug Dependence, Volume II.Dr. Herbert Y. Meltzer, Assistant Professor ofPsychiatry, published "Serum Creatine Phosphokinase and Aldolase Activity in Man FollowingPsychotomimetic Drugs" in the Journal of Psychopharmacologia, 15: 42, 1969.Dr. Edward Stein, Instructor in Psychiatry, hasan article on "Brief Psychotherapy in PhysicalIllness" (with J. A. Macleod) in Current Psychiatric Therapies, Volume IX, 1969.AAAS ParticipationTen students and faculty members of the Division of the Biological Sciences and The PritzkerSchool of Medicine were among the eighteenUniversity of Chicago faculty members and students presenting papers or moderating panelsduring the recent 136th meeting of the Ameri-18can Association for the Advancement of Science(AAAS) in Boston.Bruno Bettelheim, the Stella M. Rowley Distinguished Service Professor of Education, Professor of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Human Development, and Director of the Sonia ShankmanOrthogenic School, spoke on "Communal ChildRearing in Israeli Kibbutzim."Jack D. Cowan, Chairman of the Committee onMathematical Biology, chaired a symposium on"Some Mathematical Questions in Biology."Albert A. Dohlberg, Research Associate in Anthropology and Professor in the Walter G. Zoller Memorial Dental Clinic, co-presented apaper on "Cephalometric Studies of WainwrightAlaskan Eskimos."Carol S. Feldman, Assistant Professor of Psychology and in the Committee on Human Development, and R. Darrell Bock, Professor of Psychology and Education and in the Committeeon Human Development, presented a paper entitled "Cognitive Studies of Wainwright Eskimos."James T. Giesel, a postdoctoral fellow in Biology, chaired a session of the Society for theStudy of Evolution and delivered a paper on"Aspects of Preemptive Competition (TemporalSeparation of Competitors) and Resource Compensation." Robert K. Colwell, also a postdoctoral fellow in Biology, gave a paper on"The Evolution of Niche Parameters in Temperate and Tropical Communities: An ExperimentalApproach."Israel Goldiamond, Professor of Psychology andPsychiatry, spoke on "The Human Environmentas Manifest Behavior."Dr. Stuart Kauffman, Assistant Professor ofMathematical Biology, presented a paper on"Metabolic Stability, Epigenesis, and Self-Replication in Randomly Constructed Macromolec·ular Systems."Richard C. Lewontin, the Louis Block Professor ofBiology and Mathematical Biology and Chairman of the Committee on Evolutionary Biology,chaired the presidential address program of theAmerican Society of Naturalists.Russell H. Tuffle, Assistant Professor of Anthropology and Anatomy, presented a paper on"Evolutionary Biology of the Orangutan." Faculty AppointmentsKenna Named DirectorF. Regis Kenna, Acting Director of the Hospitalssince April 1, has been appointed Director. Theappointment was announced by Dean Jocobson. A graduate of the Duquesne University,Pittsburgh, and of The University of Chicago'sGraduate School of Business, Kenna joined thehospital staff as Director of Pho rmacy Servicein 1960. He became Administrative Assistant in1965 and Assistant Director in 1967.F. Regis KennaHe is the primary author of an American Hospital Association reference manual on hospitalpharmacy (soon to be published) and was phcrmacy editor of Hospital Topics Magazine. Kenna was named one of the "Outstanding YoungMen in America" in 1967 and received the"Hospital Pharmacist of the Year" award fromthe Illinois Pharmaceutical Associaton in 1966.Dr. Tarlov Heads MedicineDr. Alvin R. Tarlov has been named Chairmanof the Department of Medicine. An AssociateProfessor of Medicine, he has been ActingChairman of the Department for the last year.His research interest is in the metabolism of redblood cells, especially the structure and functionof cell membranes. Dr. Tarlov was active in thebiochemical identification of some inheritedforms of anemia. His teaching has been directedtoward the integration of modern biology intothe clinical medical curriculum.He received the B.A. degree from Dartmouth in1951 and an M.D. (with honors) from The Unlverslty of Chicago in 1956. Since then he hasserved In the U.S. Army Medical Corps and Dr. Alvin R. Tarlovspent two years at Harvard before joining theUniversity faculty in 1964.In 1966, Dr. Tarlov was named a John and MaryR. Markle Foundation Scholar in AcademicMedicine, an award annually given to ourstonding young academicians to improve the qualityof medical education and investigation.New Pediatrics ProfessorDr. Samuel Spector has been appointed Professor of Pediatrics. Dr. Spector, who has been inthe Department of Pediatrics at Case WesternReserve University since 1946, earned his B.S.degree from Columbia University in 1934 andhis M.D. degree from the State University ofNew York Downstate Medical Center in 1937.Following his internship and a year of residencyin New York City, he completed his residencyat the University of Michigan in 1942 andjoined the faculty there as an instructor. Aftercompleting two years of active duty with theU.S. Navy, he joined the faculty of [then] Western Reserve University. He has written thirtythree professional articles and contributed achapter to the book Practice of Pediatrics.Williams-Ashman ReturnsBiochemist H. Guy Williams-Ashman, who beganhis postdoctoral career in the Ben May Laboratory under its former director, Nobel LaureateDr. Charles B. Huggins, returned to the University this year as Professor of Biochemistry andin the Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research.A native of Great Britain, Williams-Ashmanserved in the Laboratory in various capacitiesuntil 1964, when he became Professor of Repro·19ductive Biology at Johns Hopkins UniversitySchool of Medicine.He is teaching and pursuing his career-long research in biochemistry and physiology of reproduction, especially the chemistry of secretions ofvarious accessory reproduction glands and themolecular basis of sex hormone action. His research has shown that male sex hormones regulate the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteinsin the prostate gland.Dr. LeRoyDr. George V. LeRoy has been appointed Professor of Medicine and Director of the University's Health Services. Dr. LeRoy received his B.S.degree from the University of Pittsburgh in1932 and was graduated from The University ofChicago School of Medicine in 1934. He is aveteran of World War II and comes to the University from the University of Michigan, wherehe was Lecturer in the School of Public Health.Dr. George V. LeRoyFollowing the war, he went to Japan as a member of the Joint Commission for the Study of theEffects of the Atomic Bomb on Japan and servedwith the party assigned to Nagasaki until it wasrelieved in December 1965. In 1951 he joinedthe University's Department of Medicine and resigned as Professor in 1965 to serve as MedicalDirector of Metropolitan Hospital, Detroit. Subsequently, he served on the faculties of WayneState University and the University of Michigan.He has published seventy-eight professional articles and is a member of eleven professional societies. Among his many consultantships, he hasserved two branches of the Atomic Energ,/ Commission. Visiting PathologistDr. Frantisek Musil is Visiting Professor of Pathology for the current academic year. He is onleave from Skoda Hospital in Plzen Czechoslovakia, where he is Chairman of the Departmentof Clinical Biochemistry. He has written morethan fifty articles on various aspects of chemistry, hematology, pharmacology, toxicology,lipid metabolism, and biochemical analysis inclinical chemistry.Visiting MicrobiologistYechiel Becker is Visiting Professor of Microbiology. Becker is Associate Professor in the Department of Virology of Hebrew University'sHadassah Medical School, Jerusalem. He haswritten more than sixty professional articles related to virology.Growing Bond with Michael ReeseA seventh full-time member of the medical staffof Michael Reese Hospital, Dr. Antonio Scornmegna, has received a faculty appointment asfull professor at the University as a result of theUniversity's recent affiliation with Reese. In addition, sixteen others on the full-time staff ofReese have received appointments ranging inrank from instructor to associate professor.Dr. Scommegna, like the six other full professorship appointees announced earlier, is head ofhis department at Reese. An authority on contraception and Director of the Section on GynecicEndocrinology at Reese, he becomes Professorof Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University.Dr. Scommegna received his B.A. degree in1947 from Italy's State Lyceum A Casardi inBarletta and his M.D. in 1953 from the University of Bari in Bari, Italy.More"o Heads Clinical MicrobiologyMiss Josephine A. Morello has been appointedAssistant Professor of Medicine and Pathologyand Director of Clinical Microbiology. She received her Ph.D. in microbiology from BostonUniversity in 1962 and most recently was Director of Microbiology at the Harlem Center inNew York City and Assistant Professor of Microbiology at Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Anatomy AppointmentEdouard L. Bone, S.J., has been appointed Research Associate (Professor) in the Departmentof Anatomy. Belgian-born Father Bone was ordained as a priest in 1950 and earned the Ph.D.degree in anthropological sciences from the University of Zurich in 1953. He has taught biology,anthropology, and paleontology in Belgian universities and from 1964 to 1969 was Rector ofthe University of Namur. He has written morethan seventy professional articles.CorrectionThe following letter was received by theeditor of Medicine on the Midway:Thank you very much indeed for thecopy of Medicine on the Midway received this morning. I shall be happyto send you my opinions concerning itin a few days.In the meantime I'm afraid I have tocomplain about the error in the photograph accompanying my article onpage 17. The illustration does not portray the refectory hall used in the"twenties." The dining hall then usedwas the very fine room on the southside of the building looking out on theMidway. The room depicted is a smallerroom used as a sort of snack bar afterthe large, and very fine, hall wasclosed.No proof of my article was ever sentto me or this error would have been atonce noticed. Please note this mistakein your next issue.Yours sincerely,A. R. Mcintyre M.D. Ph.D.20News of Former Faculty,Interns, and ResidentsHenry Binder (Pee. '68-'69) has left to becomeAssistant Professor of Gastroenterology at YaleUniversity.Gail R. Broberg (Res. '45-'49) lives in Claremont,California and has a general practice in nearbyMontclair.James W. J. Carpender (Foe. '47-'66) was elect·ed first vice-president of the Radiologic Societyof North America.J. Selwyn Crawford (Fac. '59-'65) left the Research Department of Anaesthetics at the RoyalCollege of Surgeons in London two years agoand now is aHached to the New Maternity Hospital in Birmingham.Judith Hood Forgotson (Int. '62) of Californiahas written with Edward H. Forgotson "Innovations and Experiments in Uses of Health Manpower-A Study of Selected Programs and Problems in the United Kingdom and the SovietUnion," published by Rand Corporation.Otto Gago (Res. '62-'65) has been appointedAssistant Professor of Surgery at the Universityof Michigan Medical Center, Ann Arbor.Robert C. Gallo (Fcc. '63-'65) has been namedhead of the recently established Cellular Control Mechanism Section of the Human TumorCell Biology Branch, Clinical Trials, NationalCancer Institute in Washington, D.C.Fred H. Katz (Fac. '63-'66) is in the Departmentof Medicine of the Veterans Administration Hospital in Denver, Colorado.Mogens B. Kristoffersen (Res. '64-'65) is nowChief of Anesthesiology, Maternity Hospital, University af Arhus, Arhus, DenmarkRussell H. Morgan (Foe. '40-'46), Professor andChairman of the Department of Radiology atThe John Hopkins University School of Medicine,received an honorary Doctor of Science degreefrom The University of Chicago. Dr, Morgandeveloped the photoelectric timing concept andmechanism for the automatic control of roentgenographic exposure.Kappiareth G. Nair (Fcc. '59-'69) and his wifeSumati Nair (of the Department of Pathology)have left the University to join the faculty ofthe Unr"ersity of Pennsylvania Medical School.Alberto Ramirez-Ramos (Res. '48-'49) has beenappointed Associate Professor of Medicine atthe Medical School of the Cayetano HerediaUniversity in Lima, Peru. He was elected vicepresident of the Peruvian Society of Gastroenter- ology and recently received a three-month fellowship from the government of Japan to studygastrointestinal cancer and gastrocamera at theNational Cancer Institute of Tokyo.Somchai Somboonchareon (Res. '60-'61) is acting director of the National Cancer Institute ofthe Ministry of Public Health in Bangkok. Hiswork with cancer detection at the Women's Hospital in Banghok was so successful that the Ministry asked permission to establish the NationalCancer Institute.Harwell Wilson ('32-'39), Chairman of the Department of Surgery, University of Tennessee,has been elected president of the Southern Surgical Association.Dr. Harwell WilsonDeaths of Former ResidentsJ. Murray Steele (Resident in Medicine, 1928-29), New York, October 13, 1969, age 69.W. Tracht Haverfield (Resident in Surgery-Neurosurgery, 1937-40), Miami, Florida, November11, 1969, age 59. News of Alumni'31. Egbert H. Fell is practicing surgery in Hawaii. His address is Box 227, Kealakekua, Keno,'38. Robert L. Schmitz is president of the Chicago Surgical Society.'45. Edward Storer is Chief of Surgery, WestHaven Veteran's Hospital, West Haven, Connecticut, and Professor of Surgery at Yale University.'46. Jack Berger is Clinical Assistant Professor ofPsychiatry at the University of Illinois MedicalSchool and on the attending staff at Presbyterian-St. Lukes, Mercy Hospital, and the WestSide Veterans Hospital. He also is consultant inPsychiatry in the Plastic Surgery Department atCook County Hospital.John R. Hogness has been made Executive VicePresident of the University of Washington inSeattle, where he was Dean of the MedicalSchool.'47. Robert M. Chanock, Chief of the Laboratoryof Infectious Diseases, was presented the SquibbAward of America by Dr. Albert B. Sabin, itspresident. The award honors a person of fortyfive years or younger for general excellence inthe field of infectious disesase and carries anhonorarium of $1,000.Together with his associates, Dr. Chanock established the important role of the parainfluenzaand respiratory syncytial viruses as causes ofsevere disease of the lower respiratory tract ininfants and children and of a new group of viruses, morphologically similar to avian infectiousbronchitis and mouse hepatitis, as causativeagents of the human "common cold" syndrome.He and his associates were the first to prove thatthe controversial "virus" of primary atypicalpneumonia was actually a hitherto unrecognizedmycoplasma, now called Mycoplasma pneumoniae, that was the cause of the disease. Theirrecent achievement is the development of ahighly immunogenic, live attenuated adenovirustype four oral vaccine that protects against acommon form of respiratory disease in militaryrecruits.Twenty years ago, F. Howell Wright, then Chairman of the Department of Pediatrics, remarkedto Dr. Sabin that he had a resident who "Is a21highly intelligent, cultured, enthusiastic individual capable of being fashioned into a good,perhaps an outstanding investigator . . " Dr.Wright's prediction proved to be correct.'53. John H. Priest, Assistant Professor of Pathology and Pediatrics at the University of Colorado Medical Center, has a new book, Cytogenetics, in the Medical Technology Series. Thebook correlates information related to humancytogenetic methodology and serves as a practical guide to those entering this field.'54. Richard Chessick, Associate Professor ofNeurology and Psychiatry, Northwestern Univer·sity, has been made a fellow of the AmericanPsychiatric Association. His book How Psychotherapy Heals was chosen as the main selectionof the month by the Psychiatry Social SciencesBook Club.'56. Erl Dordal has left The University of Chicago to become Chief of Gastroenterology atthe Veterans Administration Hospital, Chicago,and Associate Professor of Medicine at Northwestern University Medical School.John A. Jane has been appointed Professorand Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at the University of Virginia. He formerIy was with Case Western Reserve University.'57. Robert Mason, Assistant Professor of Stonford University Medical School, successfullytreated a young mother in danger of bleedingto death by placing her in a modified test pilotpressure suit. He had recalled that Dr. W. JamesGardner of the Cleveland Clinic had used apressurized suit in brain surgery. He summonedNASA's Ames Research Center, which respondedby delivering the space suit to the StanfordHospital within four hours. The woman wasplaced in the suit for ten hours and the bleedingstopped. Prior to being placed in the suit, thewoman, twenty-five-year-old Mary Phillips, hadreceived forty-six pints of whole blood and sixty.four units of plasma and had undergone nineoperations to stop the bleeding.Richard H. Moy has resigned as Director of theUniversity Health Services and Associate Profes·sor of Medicine to become the Dean of the newmedical school of Southern Illinois University,to be established at Springfield. Dr. Richard H. Moy'58. Harold T. Conrad has been named Chief ofthe National Institute of Mental Health ClinicalResearch Center at Lexington, Kentucky, a facility for treatment and research in narcotic drugaddiction.'60. William J. Riley won the 1969 DistinguishedTeaching Award conferred jointly by the Minnesota Medical Foundation and the MinnesotaState Medical Association. In the fall Dr. Rileyjoined the Department of Neurology at BaylorCollege of Medicine and is associated with theTexas Neurological Clinic.'61. Philip Eaton, Assistant Professor of Medicineat the University of New Mexico and Director ofthe active Diabetes Clinic and EndocrinologyClinic, has received a Career DevelopmentAward from the National Institutes of Health.The award totals $125,000 and covers his fullsalary for five years.'63. Laurence Schweitzer resigned from theUnited States Public Health Service and was appointed Clinical Assistant Professor of Psychiatryat the Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn. Hemaintains a private practice as well as servingas consultant in community psychiatry for theNational Institute of Mental Health.'64. Clark L. Anderson, after serving three yearsin the Army, started his residency in medicineat the University of Colorado Medical Center.Robert H. Pierce has left the National Institutesof Health in Bethesda and is in private practiceof radiology in Rockford, Illinois. '65. Carl R. Ahroon completed his military service and is at the University of California Medical Center with his first rotation at San Francisco General Hospital.Frederick W. Hornick completed his three-yeartour with the United States Air Force and hasstarted a residency in Obstetrics-Gynecology atMaricopa County General Hospital in Phoenix.In 1967 the Service sent him to Mauritius Islandfor the first orbital Apollo Flight, and the following year he served as medical officer forAmerican personnel deployed to Smiraz, Iranfor the Cento Nation Rescue Exercise.Deaths'97. Neeolay H. Sehe/drup, Minneapolis, Minnesota, April 9, 1968, age 95.'01. Albert Havens, Marietta, Illinois, November24, 1969, age 94.'02. John B. Beeson, La Jolla, California, May16, 1969, age 97.'02. James I. Cernham, Billings, Montana, November 2, 1969, age 97.'03. John B. Matthews, St. Petersburg, Florida,October 27, 1969, age 89.'06. Selim L. Nahas, Alexandria, Egypt, October, 1969.'07. Fred E. Ewing, Saratoga, California, March2, 1968, age 88.'15. Harry Gaus, Denver, Colorado, December1, 1969, age 81.'15. Robert S. Kneeshaw, San Jose, California,November 5, 1969, age 79.'17. Benjamin H. Schlomovitz, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, January 11, 1969, age 80.'18. Harvey S. Hunsberger, Petaluma, California, October 23, 1969, age 83.'18_ Leon I. Oppenheimer, Oakland, California,August 22, 1969, age 89.22'66. Donald Hopkins, now living in Boston, reports working with the United States Agency forInternational Development in Africa. The Sierraleone project was part of a joint effort amongnineteen West and Central African countriesand the United States Agency for InternationalDevelopment to eradicate smallpox and controlmeasles between 1966 and 1971 by vaccinations and improvement in reporting of outbreaks.In 1967 and 1968, Sierra leone had the highestincidence of smallpox in the world. By April1969, only fifteen months after the local program actually got under way, smallpox was eliminated from the entire country (population2.4 million). Measles incidence was reduced byabout 75 per cent. Throughout the nineteencountries less than twenty cases of smallpoxwere reported in August 1969 (none in Sierraleone), whereas there were over four hundredcases reported in August 1967.'68. Alice Powell married Suvidhya Pitavivadhananond (Surgery Resident, 1966---68) December 27 in Chicago. They are now living in Liverpool, New York.'19. Charles J. Eldridge, Kansas City, Missouri,March 20, 1969, age 76.'20. Robert N. Wimmer, Gary, Indiana, June 12,1969, age 83.'21. Leslie MacNaughton, Argyle, New York,January 7, 1970, age 81.'21. Hawthorne C. Wallace, Crawfordsville, Indiana, July 23, 1969, age 78.'23. James L. McCartney, Westhampton Beach,New York, November 19, 1969, age 71.'24. Wilmer C. Edwards, Richland Center, Wisconsin, August 23, 1969, age 73.'24. John J. Zavertnik, la Grange, Illinois, August 11, 1969, age 72.'26. John E. Gahringer, Odessa, Washington,July 12, 1968, age 73.'26. Ronald C. Romig, Eugene, Oregon, August13, 1969, age 71.'27. Alexander Brunschwig, New York City, August 7, 1969, age 67.'27. Hilger P. Jenkins, Chicago, Illinois, January17, 1970, age 67.'27. Meyer A. Perlstein, Campbell, California,September 29, 1969, age 67. '27. Frederick L. Sperry, Walnut Creek, California, September 2, 1969, age 73.'30. Dowlen D. Cox, Sheffield, Alabama, June29, 1969, age 63.'30. Ralph E. Diffenderfer, Wonder lake, Illinois,January 1970, age 72.'30. Roy Kegerreis, Ames, Iowa, August 18,1969, age 83.'30. Samuel Wick, Phoenix, Arizona, August 3,1969, age 63.'31. Ernest K. Ingebrigtson, Houston, Texas, September 3, 1969, age 70.'33. Frederick J. Vollmer, Winona, Minnesota,September 29, 1969, age 63.'35. Robert H. Harris, Valley Center, California,March 15, 1966, age 59.'37. Clarence W. Bledsoe, Snohomish, Washington, September 8, 1969, age 61.'37. Abraham W. March, Dayton, Ohio, June13, 1969, age 60.'42. L. William Earley, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,July 14, 1969, age 52.'43. Leslie W. Freeman, Indianapolis, Indiana,June, 1969, age 54. News of Rush Alumni'j 1. Lester R. Dragstedt is actively working atthe University of Florida Medical School as Research Professor of Surgery and Professor ofPhysiology. During the past year he receivedthe following honors: a silver plaque from theInstitute of Digestive Diseases and Nutrition otthe University of Mexico for contributions tophysiology and surgery and for the training ofMexican surgeons; first Distinguished ServiceAward of the American Surgical Associationgiven at its annual meeting; honorary degree'of Doctor of Science from the University otFlorida; election as honorary member of theMexican Association of Gastroenterologists andas honorary member of the National Academyof Medicine of Mexico.'29. F. B. Kantzer and his family moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico last summer, where heis a staff doctor at los lunas Hospital andTraining Center.'34. Chester B. Thrift was elected president ofAux Plaines Branch of the Chicago Medical Society for 1969-70.'36. Edwin H. Lennette, Chief of the Viral andRickettsial Disease laboratory, California StateDepartment of Public Health, received the 1969Bronfman Foundation Award for his contributions to the knowledge of the epidemiology, immunology, and diagnosis of viral and rickettsialdiseases of man. Dr. lennette is a past president of the American Association of Immunologists and of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology and Medicine.'37. Charles J. Katz was appointed Director ofMissoula Mental Health Clinic at the Universityof Montana. Formerly he was at the WyomingState Hospital in Evanston, Wyoming.'40. Henry S. Kaplan, Professor and Chairmanof the Department of Radiology at StanfordUniversity, recently was awarded an honoraryDoctor of Science degree from The University ofChicago. Recognized as one of the world's leading radiotherapists, Dr. Kaplan has producedsubstantial evidence that DNA is the principalbiochemical target for radiation effects on thecell.'41. Paul P. Pickering of San Diego is presidentof the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.23Association ActivitiesReunionsFour professional groups recently held reunions.On October 8, during the American College ofSurgeons Meeting in San Francisco, seventythree alumni and wives gathered at the St.Francis Hotel for cocktails and dinner. T. Howard Clarke welcomed the guests and introducedDean Jacobson, '39, who had traveled to theCoast especially to be with the surgeons. Plansalready have been made for this year's reunion in Chicago at the Mid-America Club onWednesday, October 14.During the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology Meeting at the PalmerHouse in Chicago, the annual John R. LindsayAlumni Association met for cocktails. RalphNaunton, secretary, arranged the party.Radiology alumni met at the University Club inChicago for their second reunion dinner, arranged by Robert D. Moseley, Jr., chairman,during the Radiological Society of North America Meeting. Paul C. Hodges again made thetrip from Florida to be with the group.Residents of the Orthopedics Section held theirfirst reunion on January 18 at the Palmer Houseduring the American Academy of OrthopaedicSurgery Meeting. The reception was planned byJack Stevens, chairman.Meeting of the SenateIn December the Senate of the Medical AlumniAssociation met at the Quadrangle Club to renew acquaintances and to transact business.Present were representatives from twenty-eightclasses including Rush Medical College, formerresidents, the president and secretary of theHouse Staff and the president of the MedicalSchool Student Council.Robert W. Wissler, '49, president of the AlumniAssociation, called the meeting to discuss theproposed revisions to the constitution drafted byAndrew Brislen, '34; [the late 1 Hilger Jenkins,'27; Edward lyon, '53; and Peter Moulder, '45.Dr. Brislen, author of the document, explainedthat under the present constitution amendmentshad to be voted on by the senate, composed ofclass representatives, past presidents, and elected officers. In the revision the power is transferred to the council, a smaller body composedof past presidents and the elected officers. Another change provides for a new office of president-elect and elimination of the office of Have you changed positions, moved, published, lectured, traveled, been appointed to office in a medical society, or been honored by a medical or civicorganization? If so, let us know _ .. we'd appreciate it. Clip this coupon, or, ifmore convenient, use supplementary sheet.Name Classof _treasurer. The senate accepted the revrsions.The document will be mailed to alumni in thespring for written approval. Final acceptancewill occur at the June 11 Alumni Banquet inHutchinson Commons.Dr. Wissler announced that Janet Rowley, '49, ischairman of the Nominating Committee and C.Frederick Kittle, '45, is chairman of the AwardsCommittee. Anyone who wishes to suggest candidates for consideration by the respective committees should mail his nominations to the chairmen.Chicago DinnerOn March 5 a dinner was held at HutchinsonCommons for house staff and alumni living inthe Chicago area. John T. Wilson, Provost of theUniversity, spoke.Alumni on University CabinetThe following alumni are serving on the Cabinetof the University Alumni Association: CharlotteG. Bobcock, '38, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Harold I. Boverman, '56, Portland, Oregon; RobertW. Jamplis, '44, Palo Alto, California; Frank B.Kelly, '20, Chicago, Illinois; Albino J. Marchello,'44, Billings, Montana; Fitzhugh S. M. Mullan,'68, New York City; Joseph Post, '37, New YorkCity; and Vida B. Wentz, '35, Chicago, Illinois.NEWS FOR MEDICINE ON THE MIDWAYMedical Alumni Active in Regional ClubsAttallah A. Kappas, '50, recently was elected avice-president of The University of Chicago Clubof New York. One of his objectives is a medicalreunion for alumni in the area.Serving on the Greater Los Angeles Universityof Chicago Club are several medical alumni:Harold C. Deering, '49; Stephen L. Michel, '62;Robert S. Ozeran, '55; Bernard G. Sarnat, '37;Carl D. Strouse, '38; and Harold L. Thompson,'23-all on the board of directors. Members ofthe advisory board are Ruth I. Barnard, '39;Clayton G. Loosli, '37; and Clarence C. Reed,'24.Financial ReportDuring the calendar year ending December 1,1969 the Medical Alumni Fund received nearly$120,000, almost half of which was given as unrestricted money. More than $50,000 is thusavailable for general use. The Medical AlumniLoan Fund received more than $12,000 and anadditional $47,000 was contributed for variousspecial purposes such as named student loansand scholarship funds. As the costs of medicaleducation continue to spiral upwards and asfederal aid diminishes, the Medical Alumni Fundgrows ever more critical to the University's ability to provide quality medical education to qualified students who, without the aid of the Fund,could not continue their medical education.Info:Address ___Mail your item to Medical Alumni Association, University of Chicago, 950 East59th St., Chicago, Illinois 60637.24Faculty CommentDr. Sheldon K. SchiffCo-Director, Woodlawn Mental Health CenterAssociate Professor, Department of PsychiatryA Proposal for the Education of Minority Medical StudentsMedical school programs for minority students reflect by theirburgeoning number the interest and support of medical schooladministrations and faculties, students, civil rights organizations,and community citizens. With very few exceptions, the designof such programs reveals that they are all based on certain basicassumptions.One of these assumptions is of particular interest-that we shouldseek to increase the number of minority students in medicalschools more for the benefit of minority students than for thepotential benefit to medical education for all students. There areseveral good reasons to strongly question the validity of theseassumptions.I propose an experiment the primary goal of which would be totest whether students previously considered unqualified for admission to medical school, if well chosen and involved along withnon-minority students in a carefully designed comprehensive program, can successfully meet the demands and standards, bothacademic and personal, of a high-ranking, private universityschool of medicine. Should the program designed to test thisquestion fail, the sources of failure and their relative importancewould be easier to identify. Should the experiment succeed, proponents of the design would have demonstrable evidence of itsimpact on both minority and non-minority students with whichto justify continuation of the program.The program would involve two freshman classes of from ten totwenty minority students-enough to provide an appropriate social "critical mass" without overloading the design and to avoida small number of highly selected students. Thus the program'sbroad relevance to minority students would be secured. Thesestudents would be joined by about sixty non-minority classmates(also carefully selected) to constitute the program's experimentalpopulation.Fundamentally, this proposal is based upon a major commitmentto instruction. It is designed to involve the entire freshman classin the development of a strong sense of student community, beginning with an orientation period initiated at least ten daysprior to the start of the experimental freshman year.The orientation period is intended to deal with problems peculiarto minority students and to identify, through the participation ofthe non-minority students, with their own needs and uncertainties,those problems universal to all freshmen. The realization that allbeginning medical students, regardless of individual differences,experience similar difficulties in their efforts to adapt to the personal, social, and academic demands of medical school is animportant one-and a potent source of unification.Any member of the freshman class who needs additional tutorial Dr. Sheldon K. Schiffsessions with faculty will be accommodated to the extent thatfaculty volunteers are available. In addition to these group support systems, mechanisms for more individual assistance will bedeveloped. As far as possible each student will be assigned avolunteer upperclassman and volunteer faculty member who willbe available for individual counsel about any aspect of the freshman experience.Minority students selected for enrollment will be assured of financial support commensurate with their obligations. All such support will be geared to the primary goal of the program-to assistthe minority students to graduate with their classmates. However,should a financial crisis arise for any student in the experimentalfreshman class, provisions will be made, within reason, to helphim continue and graduate with his classmates.Evaluation of program effectiveness will rely primarily on criteriaof academic performance. The academic achievement of the minority students and the entire freshman class, as determined bythe usual assessments of student performance, should equal thatof previous classes. Grades, personal character, degree of serious commitment, and other standard performance measures willbe used.Another measure of effectiveness involving performance will bethe comparison of the academic failure and non-academic dropout rate in the experimental freshman class with that of pastclasses. This proposal would facilitate the resolution of those uncertainties common to all medical school freshmen as well asthose uniquely individual, personal, or academic difficulties whichare reflected in both these areas of loss. They are, therefore,important outcome criteria. Every effort should be made to studythe postgraduate performances of these students as a basis forlong-term evaluation.The conditions for discontinuing the experiment will be clear toall participants from the outset. This experiment can be declareda failure at any point during the experimental class's four yearsof medical school training if sufficient evidence of anyone ofthe following conditions is present: 1) excessive academic failureand non-academic drop out rates as compared to that of previous classes; 2) the development of disruptive activities which impede the function of the medical school; and 3) inability tomaintain heterogeneous small groups-the development of homogeneous groups only.This proposal reflects a serious concern with medical educationtoday and its contribution to the failure of health care systems.The current focus on improving our health systems should include,as a high priority, the need for a comprehensive evaluation ofmedical schools and their curricula. The minority student problem, important in itself, has the even greater potential to providethe necessary stimulus and opportunity to look critically at thewhole fabric of medical education.25MEDICINE ON THE MIDWAYTHE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOTHE MEDICAL ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONTHE PRITZKER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE950 EAST 59TH STREETCHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60637•ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED NON·PROFIT ORG.U.S. POSTAGEPAIDPERMIT NO. 9666CHICAGO, ILL.