Volume 15 WINTER 1959 Number 2HORMONESANDCANCER-HUGGINS with former student laboratoryworker, MOULDER. CHARLES HUGGINSADRENALSPhysiologist INGLE with HUGGINS2 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINHORMONE-DEPENDENT CANCERThroughout the work to be described,the writer was constantly sustained byassociation with young men and women,more than a hundred of them over theyears, but only two or three at anyonetime, who made our studies possible.Naturally, they did most of the work,but I am forced to admit, in chagrinmingled with great pride, that the youngstudents furnished all the good ideas aswell. During our work together I fell inlove with everyone of these youngpeople, men as well as women; the privi­lege of doing experiments is not the onlyreward of the ivory tower. All the youngpeople survived the dual ordeals of ar­duous work plus gallons of coffee (bothare regarded of equal importance in theprocess of discovery), and most of them,despite earlier inadequate training, nowadorn chairs in various disciplines in themedical sciences in leading universitiesof three continents.The concept of hormonal dependenceof neoplasms has been proved to havevalue in the treatment of four types ofcancer of man. Hormonal-dependentcancers, even when far advanced, under­go regression after appropriate modifica­tions of the endocrine status of the host,and the remissions so induced can beprofound and can last for many years.This systematic treatment of cancer hasbeen adopted universally. The emergenceof the concept of hormonal dependenceof cancer is described in the followingclinical and experimental studies fromwhich this idea was derived.The Prostate ProblemIn the classic surgical tradition everyyoung man goes through a bone phase,and this was inevitable for those work­ing in the school of that secular saint,Dallas B. Phemister, founder and archi­tect of the Department of Surgery atthe University. While engaged in thefascinating pursuits of practicing uro­logical surgery by day and making bonesat night, we found that human semencontains large quantities of a reducingsugar and inorganic phosphate. This car­bohydrate has since been identified inanother laboratory as fructose. It arisesfrom the seminal vesicle, and merelysmall traces are found in the prostate.In order to study the nature of theprostatic secretion experimentally and By CHARLES HUGGINSThe Ben MayLaboratory for Cancer Researchof the metabolism of carbohydrate bythis gland, recourse was had to the pros­tate of dogs, and the prostatic isolationoperation was devised. The treatment ofprostatic cancers by hormones and syn­thetic substances with a similar physio­logic action emanates from this experi­mental procedure.Isolation of Prostatic SecretionIn brief, in the prostatic isolation op­eration the base of the bladder is di­vided, both of the cut ends are sutured,and the urine is deviated by means of acannula (Fig. 1). After the incisionshave healed, this procedure permits theprostatic secretion to be collected in apure state and quantitatively for monthsand years. The prostatic secretion is a laboratory animal to develop benign andmalignant tumors of the prostate glandin old age; in this respect it resemblesman. During the physiologic studies ofthe prostate, dogs with neoplasms of theprostate were often found. At first, inattempting to study the physiology of thenormal prostate, it was rather vexatiousto find that the experimental dog wassuffering from a tumor of the prostate.Soon we deliberately sought dogs withprostatic tumors, and for some years itwas a Sunday-morning pursuit to visitthe municipal dog pound, where hun­dreds of animals were domiciled. Webrought the dogs with tumors to thelaboratory in the family car, usuallydriving along Fifty-fifth Street as churchwas letting out. Often the churchgoersDiscourse at Teadelicate indicator of the influence ofsteroids on the prostatic glands.The quantitative collection of the pro­static secretion of dogs was novel in be­ing the first physiologic procedure bywhich the activity of the whole malegenital complex could be measured andits constituents integrated. This tech­nique is unique in reflecting dynamicchanges in this physiologic system con­sisting of (a) anterior lobe of the hy­pophysis, (b) Leydig cells, and (c) thesteroid target (prostatic glands).Now the dog is the only species of were treated to the unusual sight of twomen-in-white riding a dilapidated Fordwith four or five fighting (or vomiting)dogs in the rear seat.In a study of these tumors in ancientdogs it was observed that the neoplasmsrapidly decreased to tiny structures aftercastration or the administration of estro­genic substances. The assay method forthe study of the canine prostate hasbeen improved so that simultaneousmeasurement of the secretion and thesize of the canine prostate and its tu­mors can be made.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 3The Ben May Laboratory, directed by DR. HUGGINS, occupies the basement and seventh Boor of the Goldblatt wing. This is the dis­tinguished staff in conference: HERBERT JACOBSON, ELWOOD JENSEN, PAUL TALALAY, GUY WILLIAMS-ASHMAN, DWIGHTINGLE, DR. HUGGINS, KATHERINE SYDNOR.Human Prostatic CancerIt was a short step to investigate onpatients with cancer of the prostate theeffects of measures which were highlysuccessful in causing involution of ca­nine prostatic neoplasms. The methodswhich were found to control cancers ofthe prostate in man, even those in faradvanced stages, thus rest on the firmbase of experimental medicine evolvedin the laboratory. From these studies itwas discovered that many prostatic can­cers retain sufficient of the qualities ofthe normal cells of origin to be respec­tively stimulated or depressed by theadministration or withdrawal of andro­genic steroids.Hormonal Control of CancerThe control of cancers by hormonalmeans rests on two principles of medi­cine which emerged. (a) Cancer is notnecessarily autonomous and intrinsical­ly self-perpetuating. Some neoplasms re­tain sufficient characteristics of the nor­mal cells from which they arose fortumor cells to function like the tissue oforigin. When the original cells are de­pendent upon hormonal support formetabolic activity at a high rate, can­cers can be similarly dependent, andthese atrophy when hormonal support iswithdrawn by any of a number ofmeans; cancers of this sort are, by defi­nition, dependent tumors. When normalcells concentrate chemical substancesselectively, their neoplasms can have thesame property; this explains the carci­nocidal action of F3i on certain thyroidcancers. (b) The second principle is thatdisease (here, cancer) can be sustainedand propagated by hormonal functionthat is not abnormal in kind or exagger- ated in rate but which is operating atnormal or even subnormal levels. It isnow appreciated that trace amounts ofhormones can drive cancer to such exu­berant growth that it causes the deathof the host.The method employed in the proof ofthe effects of hormonal modifications onThe historically important Huggins' pros­tatic isolation experiment.advanced cancer in man resulted fromthe study of the acid and alkaline phos­phatase activities in serum. Acid phos­phatase levels reveal the activity of thecancer cells throughout the organism,while alkaline phosphatase reflects osteo­blastic responses of non-malignant typeto the presence of that tumor in theskeleton; hence, by studying the twoenzymes, one obtained a clear picture ofactivity of cancer and reactivity of ad­jacent normal tissue as well. This dem­onstration destroyed the universally ac­cepted concept of the autonomy oftumors-that they are self-perpetuating,independent growths. Beginning of Cancer ChemotherapyThe anti-androgenic control of pros­tatic cancer has been universally adoptedand has given long and extensive con­trol of this previously hopeless dis­ease to many of its sufferers. It hasbeen learned that nearly 95 per cent ofpatients with advanced cancer of theprostate, widely disseminated through­out the body, obtain relief from anti­androgenic measures and that certainpatients have had complete clinical re­lief of the disease for sixteen years.Anti-androgenic control is possible intwo ways. The principal source of pros­tatic-stimulating steroids in aged menis removed by orchiectomy. Or phenolicestrogens accomplish the same thing bya different mechanism through depres­sion of the pituitary gonadotrophins andhence synthetic activity of the testis.The most effective control of metastaticcancer of the prostate is obtained byorchiectomy and the administration ofestrogens.It was significant that an artificialhormone, diethylstilbestrol (discoveredby Dodds, Goldberg, Lawson, and Rob­inson), used in these studies was thefirst chemical substance, apart from ra­dioactive materials, which was found tobe effective in controlling cancer andthe first known substance which couldbe administered to man for the treat­ment of his malignant disease. Theseexperiments and clinical investigationswere the beginning of chemotherapy ofadvanced cancer.The control of prostatic cancer bysteroid substances provided impetus toothers working on the treatment ofmammary cancer who discovered thatcancer of the breast of the human male,4 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINsimilar to prostatic cancer, often recedesafter orchiectomy. Also, it was foundthat cancer of the breast of women isoften benefited by the administration ofandrogenic or estrogenic steroids. It wasof theoretic interest that estrogen, pre­viously discovered to be an essentialfactor in the production of cancer of thebreast in rodents, could benefit mam­mary cancer of certain types in thehuman female.Adrenalectomy forCancer of BreastIn recent years our work has beenconcerned with the adrenal gland as asustaining component in mammary can­cer. This connection has been knownsince the work of Sir George Beatson(1896), who discovered empirically thatovariectomy will effect a regression inabout 20 per cent of patients with mam­mary cancer. The studies of Beatsonwere carried out before there was anyconcept of hormones. We discoveredthat the adrenal glands of man producehormones similar to those formed in theovary and that removal of these glandsis often followed by a profound regres­sion of disseminated mammary cancerof men and women. This observationdemonstrated unequivocally the adrenalfactor which can sustain human mam­mary cancer.W. W. Scott and the writer, with in­valuable advice from G. W. Thorn, werethe first to perform total adrenalectomyin the human. When these observationswere made (1945), cortisone was notavailable except in small amounts in­sufficient for clinical investigation; de­spite evidence of partial adrenal insuffi­ciency, some regression of cancer of theprostate occurred in a man who sur­vived for four months. In 1951 D. M.Bergenstal devised methods whereby theadrenals could be removed with relativeease; the adrenalectomized patientsmaintained on the hormonal substitutionregime. which was devised, present thepicture of excellent health, and somehave survived more than six years, hav­ing had prolonged regression of veryextensive cancer. Cancers which haveresponded have been of prostatic andmammary origin only.When maintained adequately on cor­tisone and desoxycorticosterone, adrenal­ectomized patients have a healthy ap­pearance, are not incapacitated, and areable to engage in all their usual activities.Cutaneous pigmentation of the Addison­ion type does not occur. The patients The pictorial catalog of rapidly growing breast cancer in a rat is used for comparison withthe post-adrenalectomy recession of growth.withstand well the common ordeals oflife.The operative mortality of adrenalec­tomy has been reduced to 1.4 per cent.Remissions of major magnitude havebeen observed in 42 per cent of patientswith far advanced cancer of the breastbut otherwise unselected. Many patientshave had a significant regression of thedisease which has persisted for morethan three years. The longest survival isa woman subjected to adrenalectomy inMay, 1951, when she appeared to be inthe terminal stages of the disease. Thispatient is in good health in February,1959.Adrenalectomy provides relief for cer­tain patients (approximately 40 percent) with far advanced mammary can­cer in whom all other forms of treat­ment have failed. The remissions can beprofound and of long duration, persist­ing more than seven years.The removal of ovaries and adrenalscauses steroid deprivation in man asidefrom those steroids administered forsubstitution therapy. In the human, es­trogenic substances are frequently ex­creted in significant amounts in post- menopausal, or ovariectomized, womenwith mammary cancer. In the majorityof cases estrogenic substances are nolonger excreted in the urine after adre­nalectomy; the urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids is extremely low. This phys­iologic state has provided a critical testfor the ability of mammary cancer togrow. While many mammary tumors dogrow in a steroid-poor internal environ­ment, others regress. By this rigid func­tional criterion of steroid deprival, ithas been possible to separate mammarycancer for the first time in various cate­gories. As a result of these studies can­cer of the breast no longer can be re­garded as a homogeneous disease. Adeno­carcinoma of the breast differs from allother categories; it commonly undergoesextensive regression after steroid-with­drawal; duct cancers and undifferenti­ated mammary cancers do not recede.Accordingly, it was demonstrated thatthe regression of extensive mammarycancers of the prostate and of the breastin humans following adrenalectomy oc­curs because of two factors: (a) remov­al of critical amounts of hormones ofovarian type formed in the adrenal cor-MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 5tex acting on (b) cancer of sufficientfunctional maturity to be dependent onendocrine products of this sort. The de­pendent cancers have been easily recog­nizable from functional and morpho­logic characteristics.Since the introduction of the conceptthat endocrine glands in addition to theovaries can sustain mammary cancer inthe human because the neoplasm regress­es. after removal of the adrenal glandsor pituitary, many workers been con­cerned in the control of disseminatedcancer of the breast. Luft, Olivecrona,and Sjogren have attacked the problemby transcranial hypophysectomy; C. A.Hamberger, by transantral hypophysec­tomy; Forrest, by the transnasal im­plantation of radioactive materials inthe pituitary. Regressions of mammarycancer result from each technique.Hormone-Dependent Rat CancerThe heroic surgical procedures em­ployed in the relief of mammary cancerswere discovered, in contrast to the treat­ments for prostatic cancer, entirelythrough clinical investigation because ofthe lack of a hormonal-dependent mam­mary tumor of animals. This experi­mental problem has just been solvedthrough the discovery of a rapid meth­od of induction of mammary cancers inrats and the discovery that, as in thehuman being, many of these tumors arehormone dependent. This was accom­plished by administering by mouth themaximal amounts of carcinogen whichcould be tolerated by albino rats with­out causing morbidity or mortality.When 3-methylcholanthrene, 10 mg.dissolved in sesame oil, is administeredby stomach-tube each day for fifty daysto intact female rats (age fifty days) ofthe Sprague-Dawley strain, mammarycancers of considerable size invariablydevelop before age sixty days. The ac­tion is highly selective in producingmammary cancers-these tumors always,these tumors multiple, and these tumorsonly. The first tumor is palpable intwenty days. Thus the investigation ofmammary cancer has left the phasewhere many months, up to three years,were required to induce cancer of thebreast in the laboratory; now the de­velopment is measured in a small num­ber of days.Moreover, the majority of the carcin­ogen-induced tumors are hormone de­pendent because they diminish markedlyin size after hormone-withdrawal throughovariectomy-adrenalectomy or hypophy- THE PROBLEM OF THE CHANGEBy LOWELL T. COGGESHALL, M.D.Dean, Division of Biological SciencesCOGGESHALL(From the Presidential Address to theAssociation of American Medical Col­leges, October 13, 1958. Paper in itsentirety is published in the January,1959, issue of the Journal of MedicalEducation. )"Today we are experiencing an edu­cational ferment in medicine impressivein substance, quality, and foresight. Inthe past decade and a half, there hasprobably been more experimentation re­sulting in better educational patternsand more research of a superior qualitythan has occurred during any similarperiod in medical history. Never beforehave so much thought, effort, and re­sources been devoted especially to thenon-curative aspects of medicine. Thesuccess of our efforts is a matter of pub­lic as well as professional interest." The"problem of the change," Dean Cogge- shall says, is in the field of our partner­ship with the federal government andwhat must be done to meet the everincreasing demands. . . . Our govern­ment has an intense interest in medicalresearch and education and ... this in­terest and participation are permanent."... Even with the present rate ofsupport, the anticipated resources willstill not be sufficient for our futureneeds. However, I believe that increas­ing material resources will be madeavailable because they do not dependupon the consuming interest of a fewlegislators or administrative leaders. Therelatively liberal support of Congress isa reflection of public demand. Also, thepublic indicates further support by con­tributing generously on its own throughprivate gifts and bequests and throughthe voluntary health organizations.Changing Support"Prior to World War II medical re­search in this country was supportedprincipally by foundations, by privategifts, and by the universities; there waspractically no federal expenditure forthis purpose. . . ."In contrast, last year the universities,medical schools, and private researchinstitutes received $109 million or 66per cent of their total research budgetsfrom the government alone."... During 1957 the nation spentmore than ten billion dollars for all re­search and development. In 1948 thecomparable figure was about two bil­lion."Coggeshall emphasized that the totalmedical research dollar has increasedproportionately. "In 1947 a total of $88(C ontinued on page 6)sectomy. Similar regression can beachieved by the administration of com­pounds in the androstane series. Theshrinkage of the cancers is accompaniedby atrophy of the tumor. Experimentalmammary cancers with these physio­logic characteristics have not been rec­ognized hitherto, and in this regard thepresent work is novel.The work cited above has proved thatthe control of certain cancers which arewidely disseminated is possible by alter- ations of the endocrine status of thehost and that cancer is not autonomous.In conclusion, it would appear thatthe ingredients for finding things out inexperimental medicine are imagination,creativity, enthusiasm-that dieu inie­rieur which, to cite Montaigne, at timeselevates man above himself-and pa­tience in long efforts. These my re­spected and amiable young co-workershave provided.6 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN(Continued from page 5)million was spent by all sources onmedical research in this country. By1957 this had grown to $330 million,approximately a fourfold increase. Thefederal share during this period grewfrom $28 million to $186 million, a six­fold increase. Private research funds in­creased only about 2.0 times, from $15to $35 million."The source of university medical re­search funds is significant. In 1958, 66per cent will come from the govern­ment, 21 per cent from philanthropy,12 per cent from endowment, and 1 percent from industry. If we base our pre­diction of future trends upon the past15 years' experience, total medical re­search expenditures will probably amountto approximately a billion dollars by1968. . . . The amount going to themedical schools, universities, and re­search institutes will be about $500 mil­lions, or nearly triple the $165 millionfor 1957 ...."There will be both an actual and arelative increase in the level of federalsupport, although we would prefer to seeit retained at its present ratio of 50-50matching funds. These increases can bedefended, however. An actual increase isin the nation's interest and, in fact, isdemanded by our people. The relativefederal increase probably will result ifall other resources fail to maintain theirproportionate share of this load."Unfortunately," he said, "it is diffi­cult to believe that the federal share ofthe projected billion dollars will bematched by all private funds in 1968.Receipts of the voluntary health agen­cies have increased in spite of the re­cent recession, but not to this extent.Business should provide a greater finan­cial stake than 1 per cent of the totalresearch funds used by our universities,particularly those industries with a di­rect interest in health. A change in thedistribution of business funds wouldhelp to offset some of the imbalance fa­voring laboratory research over basicsupport. Foundations and voluntaryhealth agencies should distribute moreof their funds for general support. Toomany still insist that their funds beused for specific and new research proj­ects. Such restrictions only increase thefinancial deficits and augment the diffi­culties of the schools by draining offthe funds that should go to improve sal­aries or create new positions .... Need To Plan"Every study to date has verified thenecessity for greatly increased expendi­tures to provide necessary research beds,improved equipment, and the facilitiesto educate increasing numbers of physi­cians, scientists, and auxiliary personnelessential for our country's future healthneeds. We must plan to meet theseneeds, and now, because belated 'crash'programs are too expensive and general­ly less effective. But can we solve theproblem of maintaining present facilitiesand faculties while providing for theessential expansion for the future?"... We must get accurate cost andpersonnel studies ... to establish long­range goals ... undertake a more criti­cal examination of all pertinent data inorder to tell our story [convincingly]."Dr. Coggeshall then described in de­tail some ways in which the medicalschools themselves could improve theirfinancial situation:1. They should be relieved of the fi­nancial burden of medical care for theindigent or the service patient. Payingpatients may be used for teaching pur­poses with intellectual advantage andwithout incurring financial deficits.2. They should help educate healthagencies and foundations to two basicconsiderations: (a) their goals can beachieved more readily by supplying thetotal costs of research, not just the di­rect ones; and (b) they must undertaketo support general programs rather thanan ever mounting number of relativelysmall projects.3. The excess of two thousand foun­dations with specific health interestsshould be shown the importance of pro­viding funds for alterations and generalsupport.The support of the National Fundfor Medical Education and the AmericanMedical Education Foundation haveboth been extremely helpful, although asyet far below their potentialities. Theirstrength lies in their flexibility.4. Several other ways seem to be ex­ploited to near capacity, that is, in­creased student fees, private gifts, andlarger appropriations from city andstate governments.5. The Public Health Service mustprovide full coverage (i.e., adequatepercentage of indirect costs and directsupport for over-all basic operations)."More important, commenting onthis topic, the House committee saidthat, in refusing an increase above 15 per cent, 'It was not to be construed asa lack of awareness on their part thatmedical schools are facing acute finan­cial crisis in terms of financing theirgeneral operations. The question -iswhether the problem is to be met direct­ly or indirectly' (author's italics)."Thus, Congress brought into the opena vital question, and one which in myopinion can no longer be avoided, name­ly, has the time arrived for some federalsupport of basic operations within ourmedical schools? If we are realistic, wemust recognize, in principle, at least, itarrived some time ago ....Direct Federal Support"If we are to accept federal funds foroperations, however, there are a fewimportant questions to be answered."Is the freedom of the university andits medical school likely to be trespassedor dominated by federal assistance inthe form of general funds? The answerin my opinion is definitely no ."Second, does the need exist? Wehave struggled valiantly since the warwith a near-explosive research programand with vastly accelerated and costlyprograms in almost all other areas. Al­though mostly successful, we are con­stantly falling behind, and the futurecourse will indeed be hazardous .... Themore successes we have in the researchfield in extending life, the more prob­lems we create for ourselves ...."Next, will federal funds for this pur­pose dry up private resources? If thiswere the case, it would have happenedsome time ago. Increased governmentexpenditures for medical welfare havethus far generated greater private sup­port, not less .... "Dean Coggeshall clearly and decisive­ly stated: "To me, the answers to theseand related questions require an une­quivocal answer. After carefully consid­ering the problem for a number of years,may I say that the time for direct fed­eral operational funds, free from anyimplication of subterfuge, has arrived.Indeed it is overdue ...."We are not speaking about financialcomfort for medical schools; we arespeaking about the future health of ourcountry. And I believe that, even withdirect federal support, an atmospherecan be maintained that encourages pri­vate initiative and enterprise with gov­ernment in partnership roles .... Howelse can we maintain the quality of ourpresent effort and guarantee the meetingof our future needs? To me, this is theproblem of the change."MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 7IRONSErnest Edward Irons was born inCouncil Bluffs, Iowa, on February 17,1877. Following his training in the localgrade and high schools, he attended theTeachers Institute and was soon on thefaculty of the high school. He early hadan interest in biology and a desire toattend The University of Chicago. Hetook the entrance examination and notonly passed but qualified for a scholar­ship. His scholastic record permitted re­newal of scholarships and fellowshipsuntil he graduated with a Bachelor ofScience degree in 1900.During his sophomore year, Irons tooka course in bacteriology and there metEdwin O. Jordan and thus began aninterest in bacteriology and a very per­sonal friendship which continued throughthe years. In September, 1900, Dr. Jor­dan offered Irons a supervisory positionin connection with bacteriological studiesthat were being made in relation to theeffect of the Sanitary Canal waters onstreams downstate. After a year in thisscientific study, Irons attended RushMedical College and graduated in 1903.He interned at the Presbyterian Hospi­tal under James B. Herrick, and therebegan a second important personal asso­ciation which continued until Herrick'sdeath. He was in Herrick's office from1904 to 1909. He considered Dr. Herrickhis teacher, his guide, his counselor, anda friend above all others.Dr. Irons married Gertrude Thomp­son of Ontario, Canada, in 1908. Hespent a period in study in Europe andthen returned to Chicago and the prac- �rnfst �d\llard ,9rOnS1877-1959tice of medicine. He had maintained aninterest in bacteriological research underJordan and was awarded the degree ofDoctor of Philosophy by The Universityof Chicago in 1912.In the meantime, Dr. Irons had joinedthe faculty of Rush Medical College androse successively in rank until he be­came its Dean in 1923. He also becamea member of the staff of PresbyterianHospital, gradually rising in its ranks tobecome an attending physician and chiefof a medical service.Dr. Irons was always an advocate ofthe support of medical organizations.Locally, he was an early member of theInstitute of Medicine, its secretary in1921-23 and its president in 1946. Hehelped organize the Chicago Society ofInternal Medicine and was its presidentin 1926. He belonged to several nationalorganizations. He was a member of theBoard of Regents of the American Col­lege of Physicians, later its president(1945-46). He was a member of theCouncil of Pharmacy, later on the Boardof Trustees of the American MedicalAssociation, and then its president in1949-50. He helped organize the originalAmerican Board of Internal Medicine,and served on it for six years.He served in World War I as colonelin command of the base hospital atCamp Custer. In World War II heserved on several committees of theNational Research Council and later oninternational missions sponsored by thegovernment.Dr. Irons was always interested in thewelfare of students, interns, and resi­dents with whom he came in contact.As dean of students at Rush MedicalCollege, he kept a careful check on allstudents, co-operating in every possibleway to assist them to do creditablework.For many years he was on the Na­tional Council of his medical fraternity,Nu Sigma Nu, and on the Interfrater­nity Council. Nu Sigma Nu establishedan annual lectureship in his honor atThe University of Chicago. He gave theCharles R. Bardeen Memorial Lectureat the University of Wisconsin MedicalSchool in 1940.He took a personal interest in all theinterns and residents who served in hisservice at Presbyterian Hospital, and had an annual reunion in his home everyfall.He had a deep interest in medical his­tory and would do much research toacquire information relative to the solu­tion of a problem in which he was inter­ested. This inquiring trait resulted inthe writing of the monographs, TheophileBonet, 1620-1689: His Influences onthe Science and Practices of Medicineand The Las t Illness of Sir J os huaReynolds.A very loyal Rush alumnus, Dr. Ironscarefully compiled the available infor­mation of that world-recognized insti­tution and wrote The Story of RushMedical College. Equally important tohim was the history of the PresbyterianHospital, and he was assembling its storyduring his last year.In his very active career, Dr. Ironsdemonstrated his great ability as ateacher, investigator, organizer, adminis­strator, historian, writer, and speaker.But all through the years, regardless ofthe demands made upon him, he wasfirst and foremost a physician. He kepthis regular office hours until the day hewas struck down. He was interested inthe problems of his patients. His opin­ions and guidance were highly valued.He was very interested in medical eco­nomics and social medicine in recentyears and wrote and spoke frequentlyon these subjects. He was a staunch ad­vocate for the right of free choice of aphysician.He was also deeply interested thatthe public should have the best of med­ical care in their medical institutions,with strict accounting for the moneyssupplied. His record as president of theBoard of Directors of the MunicipalTuberculosis Sanitarium of Chicago hasbeen an example that may well be emu­lated.Recognition of Dr. Irons's character,abilities, and accomplishments was givenwhen he was awarded the "Gold HeadedCane" of the School of Medicine of theUniversity of California.Dr. Irons is survived by two sons,Edwin N. Irons, M.D., and Spencer E.Irons, an attorney. Mrs. Irons precededhim in death in 1951.FRANK B. KELLY, M.D., Rush '20Chicago8 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINTHE NEAR FU11JREThe residency system has allowedmen and women to acquire facility andknowledge in a few years that mightotherwise require a lifetime. Universityof Chicago residents constitute a largesegment of the teaching and researchcorps of the profession and an elite ofpracticing physicians.We would like to give you a glance atsome of our one hundred and fortyresidents who are completing their resi­dency this year.Surgery: MOUNTAIN, TSAI, BRUNE­MEIERSURGERYTom Nelsen, of the Pacific North­west, is chief surgical resident and willstay at The Clinics in gastrointestinalresearch and general surgery. S. P. (Jack)Rigler, finishing as chief thoracic resi­dent, will complete the gold-plate experi­ence as chief surgical resident next year.Robert W. Harrison (not the actingChancellor but receiving his mail), oneof the many Iowans at The Clinics whomassaged hearts and sloshed in water andice doing research on hypothermia, willbe chief resident in thoracic surgery nextyear. Herzl Ragins, from our neighbor­hood and the University of Illinois. whoobtained a Ph.D. during his residency,will stay with The University of Chicago.Harrison in 1958 and Ragins in 1956have won Chicago Surgical Society honors(and $500) for research work.Clifton Mountain, of Boston Univer­sity, will complete the residency thisyear. He has researched in the Dragstedtlaboratory and has been associated inrecent years with the successful develop­ment of the artificial kidney with theR \,D service.Henry Inouye, '51, has been workingwith Hilger Perry Jenkins, Rush '27,at Woodlawn Hospital and will go intoprivate practice in Chicago.Chen I. Tsai, of Nat Tung-Chi Uni­versity Medical School, has completed a Medicine: HALPRIN, BARBEAU, JOHNSONtwo-year residency in neurosurgery hereafter extensive training in psychiatry andgeneral surgery in Shanghai, Denver, In­dianapolis, Salt Lake City, and Montreal,He plans to do further research beforereturning to the Orient.Harry Luzzie, who came out of pri­vate practice to specialize in anesthesia,completed his residency last fall and isstaying on the staff at The Clinics.Ed Lyon, '53, and John Sommer, '53,completing their urology training, havealready joined the busy clinical and re­search staff of the urology division.Faylon Brunemeier, '55, interned atMinneapolis General Hospital and re­turned here for residency in ophthal­mology. He will practice in California.Jess Hull also finishes eye residencythis year and is going into the Army.MEDICINEWith the exceptions of the neurolo­gists and dermatologists, the MedicalDepartment senior residents in most partintend to continue their association withThe Clinics during the coming academicyear.Chief Resident Charles Johnson, '54,will return to his interests in gastroenter­ology, working on the problems of ulcera­tive colitis and continuing his clinicalwork with Dr. Kirsner. Stanley Balcer­zak will be our next chief resident. He iscurrently working with the RVD groupon the development of a chemical methodfor the determination of catechol amines. Surgery: RIGLEFMEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 9Robert Brown is involved with elemen­tal tracer studies with the Argonne groupand tentatively plans to continue therenext year. Louis Cohen, '52, and WalterFeder will continue their research andclinical work with the cardiology group.Dr. Cohen, a fellow of the National HeartAssociation, is investigating the metabo­lism of the lipoproteins; Dr. Feder, a Na­tional Research Council fellow, is en­gaged in the development of an in vivoblood-flow meter.Paul Glickman, '53, is engrossed inthe study of the interrelations of tissueelectrolytes and nucleic acids. His clini­cal activities are carried out with Dr.Kappas on the rheumatology service. Heplans to continue these pursuits duringthe coming year. Earl Shrago, currentlyinvestigating the effects of steroids onmetabolism, will leave the Ben MayLabs in July. He will continue his re­search at the University of Wisconsin inMadison and engage in clinical work atthe hospitals there.Sumner Kraft, '55, and RichardReilly, '53, are with the gastrointestinalER, LUZZIE Medicine: REILLY, GLICKMAN, KRAFT,BALCERZAK, COHENgroup and' plan to continue their researchand clinical work in that department nextyear. Dr. Reilly is interested in tumortransplantation, and Dr. Kraft is study­ing tissue localization of antigen-antibodyreactions.John Thompson, '53, has been ex­tremely active both clinically and withinvestigations of immunological responsesin animal lymphomas. He plans to con­tinue both of these activities with thehematology service. Betty Jo Tricou,'55, has spent the year working towardher Ph.D. in pharmacology and will beso involved during the coming year.This coming July will mark the exodusof our three neurology residents to otheracademic climes. Richard Weaver, '54,will continue his research in neurophysi­ology as a fellow at an as yet undeter­mined institution. Ray Mackey is takinghis hammer and fork to Memphis, wherehe will join the faculty in pediatric neu­rology. He will continue research thereas well as adult clinical neurology. AndreBarbeau plans to return to his academichome in Montreal. He will continue hisinteresting activities developing the in­terrelations of pressor substances andthe basal ganglion at the Neurological In­stitute.Neither Kenneth Halprin, '55, norWilliam Gillespie will be with the der­matology section after July. Dr. Halprinwill be with the U.S. Air Force at SanAntonio, Texas, and Dr. Gillespie plansto enter private practice in Louisville,Kentucky, with part-time academic workat the University of Louisville School ofMedicine. Pathology: GRANSTONPATHOLOGYArthur S. Granston is a graduate ofthe University of Illinois. M.D. (1953)and M.S. in pathology. He interned inthe Public Health Service and spent twoadditional years at the Chronic Tuber­culosis Sanatorium in Brooklyn. Thenfollowed a two-year residency at CookCounty Hospital before he came to TheClinics last July. He will be head resi­dent next year.Cranston's research activity has beenconcerned with the pulmonary vascularchanges in congenital heart disease. Heis engaged in a joint study of congenitalheart disease in the Chicago area in co­operation with Morris Lev, Rush '22.This work will continue in conjunctionwith his teaching responsibilities.10 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINObstetrics & Gynecology: VOSS, FREESE, KOSASKYPSYCHIATRYSaul Siegel, '55, chief resident in psy­chiatry, is a quadruple alumnus of TheUniversity of Chicago. After his A.B.and Ph.D. in clinical psychology, he fin­ished medical school here and interned atBillings. When he completes his residencyin June, he will become chief of outpa­tient psychiatry at Michael Reese Hospi­tal, where he will have an opportunityto consolidate his research, teaching, andclinical interests as well as engage in pri­vate practice. Mrs. Siegel is also a Chi­cago alumna; their two-year-old daugh­ter, however, will not enter the Univer­sity's educational program for at leastanother year.Henry Coppolillo will complete histhird year of residency in November,1959. After undergraduate and graduatework in psychology at the University ofIllinois, Dr. Coppolillo spent four yearsin Italy, returning to this country with abride and an M.D. from the Universityof Rome. He interned at Cook CountyHospital before beginning his residency.He has become progressively more inter­ested in the emotional problems of chil­dren and currently is considering under­taking further training in child psychi­atry. OBSTETRICS ANDGYNECOLOGYUwe Freese, schooled at the Univer­sity of Kiel, Germany, was in charge ofthe cytology laboratory at the Kiel Hos­pital for Women, where he did investi­gative work on preinvasive cervical car­cinoma and in the laboratories of Pro­fessors Phillipp and Hoerman on placen­tal anatomy. He will continue thesestudies at Chicago Lying-in Hospital.Harold ]. Kosasky, from the Univer­sity of Manitoba, interned and had surgi­cal residency in Canada. He will go -toprivate practice in southern Ontario.Gert Voss, also from the Universityof Kiel, was trained in Rendsburg, Ger­many, and Springfield, Massachusetts, insurgery. He will go into private practicein this country.Psychiatry: PROSEN, COPPOLILLO, SIEGELHarry Prosen is spending a year asresident in psychiatry to round out a pro­gram of training prior to returning to theUniversity of Manitoba, where he willundertake an active teaching program inthe Medical School. Dr. Prosen's under­graduate, graduate, medical, and previousresidency training all have been at theUniversity of Manitoba. His year in Chi­cago has been made possible by support from the American Fund for Psychiatry,an industry-supported fund which assistsyoung psychiatrists of unusual promiseto pursue careers in teaching and research.Mrs. Prosen serves on the nursing staffat Argonne Hospital. (In addition to be­ing an R.N., she holds a diploma in psy­chiatric nursing and is a radiotherapytechnician.)MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINPEDIATRICS 11The resident staff in pediatrics comesfrom many countries of the world and,after completing their training here, willspread to far corners to pursue their in­terests.E. Russell Alexander, '53, chief resi­dent and instructor, a Chicagoan, spenthis childhood in England but returned tothe University of Chicago for his collegeand medical training. His interest in pre­ventive medicine, begun as a student withClayton Loosli, '37, was intensified inhis two years with the Public HealthService. He plans to return to the Com­municable Disease Center of the PublicHealth Service.Donald Fink, '56, is also an alumnusof our college and medical school. Afteran anticipated two years in the Navy, heplans to return to San Francisco, wherehe interned and acquired a taste for Cal­ifornia living.Albert Levy, '54, came to medicalschool from the University of California.Internship, beginning residency, and serv­ice with the Public Health Service havesince taken him to Seattle, Denver, andOklahoma. He plans to join the Perma­nente Group in Hayward, California,next year.Natividad Ozoa is a medical graduateof the University of the Philippines. Shehad three years' experience in other Chi­cago hospitals before coming to BobsRoberts. She plans several more years oftraining in clinical pediatrics and re­search, particularly in hematology, be­fore returning to her native Philippinesto practice. Pediatrics: STEIN, FINK, ALEXANDER, THILENIUS, OZOA, LEVYArthur Stein, a New Yorker fromHarvard and Tufts, is especially inter­ested in neuropediatrics. He plans tocontinue his specialty training at Cornell.Otto Thilenius took his medical workin Frankfurt am Main, Germany. He in­terned in New Jersey and returned toFrankfurt am Main for residency. AtThe Clinics since 1957, he plans to con­tinue training with a fellowship in cardi­ology.Radiology: HEIDENREICH, BENAGES, ]APENGA Rounding out the staff is HarveyZartman, '53, a compleat University ofChicago man. He interned at Massachu­setts General and had one year of surgeryat Boston City Hospital. Stimulated dur­ing Air Force duty at Fairbanks, he plansto practice in Alaska.RADIOLOGYJack W. ]apenga, '53, will completehis residency in June and plans to con­tinue therapy training and practice, prob­ably in California. He will take hisboards under the new regulations in thespring of 1960. His wife, the formerLaurena Booker, is an M.D. on the staffat La Rabida. They have three children.Dr. Japenga was with the U.S. PublicHealth Service for three years after hisgraduation.William F. Heidenreich will beginhis Army duty soon after July 1. He is agraduate of Yale. His wife, Patricia, is astaff nurse in the medical clinics.Anthony Benages is a graduate of theUniversity of Havana Medical Schooland was in general practice in Havanafor seven years before coming to Chica­go. He will take the American boards inJune and will open a practice in TerreHaute, Indiana.12 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINGRADUATE NEWS'35. Wallace Byrd still operates his one­man clinic in Coalgate, Oklahoma, which heestablished eight years ago. The town of2,500 now has a IS-bed hospital built byHill-Burton Act funds.'37. Ruth Aaron, who left a private prac­tice of gynecology in 1955 to become a resi­dent in psychiatry at the Veterans Adminis­tration Hospital in Sawtelle, California, isnow in private practice. She is also a candi­date in the Institute of Psychoanalytic Med­icine of Southern California, besides beingthe mother of two sons and a daughter.Clinton 1. Compere, associate professorat Northwestern University, has been re­elected secretary of the American Academyof Orthopedic Surgeons.'38. David S. Pankratz has been electedhistorian of the Mississippi State MedicalAssociation for 1958-59.'40. James D. Maiarakis, assistant pro­fessor of surgery at the University of Illi­nois, is an alternate councilor-at-Iarge of theChicago Medical Society.'41. Clarence V. Hodges became profes­sor of surgery at the University of OregonMedical School on July 1. He is head of theUniversity's Division of Urology.'42. Thomas F. Dwyer has become clini­cal associate in psychiatry at Harvard Medi­cal School and is also an associate in psy­chiatry at Beth Israel Hospital in Boston.Warren V. Stough completed his resi­dency in obstetrics and gynecology at theUniversity of Miami and started a privatepractice in Fort Lauderdale in July, 1958.'43. Arthur C. Connor, in the privatepractice of orthopedic surgery in Chicago,is now the father of seven children.Robert M. McCormack, Rochester, NewYork, has been elected historian of theAmerican Society for Surgery of the Hand.'44. David S. Fox is secretary of the J ack­son Park Branch of the Chicago MedicalSociety, Andrew J. Brislen, '34, is a coun­cilor, and Richard 1. Landau and WilliamJ. Hand, '43, are alternate councilors.'45. Frederick Logan Hilgert, of LosAngeles, was married last August to AudreyM. Oberle, R.N. Stanley H. Moulton, '45,was best man.'46. Earl A. Hathaway, Elmhurst, Illi­nois, is president of the Du Page CountyMedical Society.'47. Richard K. Blaisdell has left us towork with the Atomic Bomb Casualty Com­mission in Japan. He was assistant profes­sor of medicine.Allan 1. Lorincz has been elected a mem­ber of the board of directors (1958-63) ofthe Society for Investigative Dermatology.'48. Winslow G. Fox is still a happy G.P.in Ann Arbor, Michigan.Ernst R. Jaffe and family are well settledin a "new thirty-year old" house in Tenafly,New Jersey. He is still on the faculty of theAlbert Einstein College of Medicine in theDepartment of Medicine.The Kenneth R. Magees announce thebirth of their third son, Kenneth Wendel,on August 15. The others are Robert Morris,five, and Benjamin Rush, three. Dr. Magee is associate professor of neurology at theUniversity of Michigan.'49. Albert Sjoerdsma, pharmacologist at-the National Heart Institute in Bethesda,won the 1958 Theobald Smith Award foroutstanding research in medical science.'50. The John Hummels, Joliet, Illinois,announce the birth of their second babygirl, born December 22, 1958.Eji Suyama has opened a 45-bed hospital-the Eastern Memorial Hospital-in Ells­worth, Maine. He is also doing research inhomografting under the auspices of the J ack­son Memorial Laboratory and is a board­certified surgeon.'51. Ethel M. Bonn, of the Veterans Hos­pital at Topeka, Kansas, has been chief ofthe Women's Psychiatric Section since Janu­ary, 1957.'52. Leon A. Gordon has started a pri­vate practice in San Jose, California, whilecontinuing as a clinical instructor in surgery.at Stanford.Morris J. LeVine has begun the practiceof general surgery in St. Petersburg, Florida.1. R. Schroeder is again at the NationalInstitutes of Health in Bethesda, attendingat the Acute Leukemia Service and setting upa laboratory to study bone-marrow physi­ology.'53. Howard R. Baker, Jr., will completehis training in orthopedic surgery at theOrthopedic Hospital (Children's) at LosAngeles.Norman 1. Cadman has a pathology fel­lowship at the Mayo Foundation.John H. Landor has joined the facultyat the University of Missouri, where he willfirst be instructor in surgery until July 1,1959, and then assistant professor.The Eric F. Shartons, of Newton Center,Massachusetts, announce the birth of theirsecond son, born October 25, 1958.'54. Gordon S. Siegel, Boston, is com­pleting residency in internal medicine withthe U.S. Public Health Service and will startan additional two years' training in publichealth and preventive medicine.Agatha Sobel completed residency inJuly, 1958, and is now half-time on thestaff at St. Elizabeth Hospital at Rockville,Maryland, and half-time in the private prac­tice of psychiatry.Edwin 1. Stickney has been appointed tothe Montana State Association Rural HealthCommittee and is assisting in the establish­ment of a walking blood bank in Broadus,Montana.'55. Arnold Brenman has finished histour with the Army and has begun anE.N.T. residency at Temple University.Emmett B. Lorey will finish his residencyin internal medicine at San Francisco CountyHospital next year, when he will becomechief resident in medicine at the VeteransAdministration Hospital.David 1. Singer is devoting all his timeto research in thyroid physiology at BethIsrael Hospital in Boston. Next year he willhave a U.S.P.H.S. clinical fellowship at Bos­ton City Hospital in diabetes-half-time- while he will continue research work and- dosome teaching.Richard Woellner is in residency in in­ternal medicine at the Minneapolis VeteransAdministration Hospital, under the Univer­sity of Minnesota's Department of Medicine.'56. Dorin S. Daniels is in private prac­tice in the small eastern Oregon town ofVale, where he moved with his wife andthree children in June, 1958.Robert Druyan is still with the Navy inWashington. He says that, despite the ratherpleasant wage scale, he yearns for the aca­demic life.'57. Robert Cole has just completed fourmonths of intensive training in basic mili­tary psychiatry and will be stationed at theUSAF Hospital at Lackland AFB, San An­tonio, Texas.James S. Magidson is in the Navy fortwo years.Robert Mason is at Spence Air Base,Moultrie, Georgia, working as flight surgeon.Richard H. Moy is at the National In­stitutes of Health working under DelbertBergenstal, '47, in the EndocrinologyBranch. On December 12 he became thefather of a son, Phillip.'58. Robert Barbee, Cleveland, will starta residency in Medicine at University Hos­pitals in July, 1959.NEW APPOINTMENTIN STUDENT HEALTHJames E. Cassidy has been appointedAssistant Director and Chief of theMedical Staff in the Student HealthService.Dr. Cassidy was graduated from theStritch School of Medicine in 1948, tookinternship and residency training in in­ternal medicine at Milwaukee CountyGeneral Hospital, and served with theUnited States Air Force. He and hiswife, Janeanne, and their six childrenlive in Oak Park.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 13FACULTY NEWS II RESIDENT NEWS II...... __R_U_S_H_N_E_W_S _____Wright Adams has been elected presidentof the Chicago Heart Association for 1959for a second term.C. Knight Aldrich has been named amember of the Advisory Committee to theIllinois State Psychiatric Institute. RoyGrinker, Rush '21, is vice-chairman of thecommittee.J. Garrott Allen is secretary of the So­ciety of Clinical Surgery for 1958--60.John Arnold, '46, in March took part ina research seminar dealing with current re­search on renal diseases sponsored by theChicago Heart Association. Albert Dorf­man, '44, was chairman of the planning com­mittee.Dwight Clark is a member of the IllinoisSurgical Society.Lowell T. Coggeshall was an alternatedelegate at the World Health Organizationin Geneva in January, and on February 3 hewas made a member of the InternationalDevelopment Advisory Board for three yearsby appointment from President Eisenhower.Byron F. Francis, Seattle, is vice-presi­dent of the American Trudeau Society.Gustave Freeman, formerly assistant pro­fessor of medicine at the Johns HopkinsUniversity, is now a member of the Bio­logical Sciences Department at Stanford Re­search Institute as program director of med­ical research. Besides directing preclinicalcancer research at the institute, he will alsobe associated with clinical studies beingmade at neighboring hospitals.Clifford W. Gurney, '51, has been madea Markle Scholar for the five years begin­ning July 1. He is assistant professor ofmedicine in the hematology section, workingon erythropoiesis in the team under the lead­ership of Leon O. Jacobson, '39. He wonthe Joseph A. Capps Prize last year with apaper on the dynamic equilibrium of eryth­ropoiesis.Before returning to The Clinics in 1956,he was a member of the Clinical IsotopeUnit at the University of Michigan.H. Close Hesseltine has been namedMary Campau Ryerson Professor of Ob­stetrics and Gynecology. This professorshipwas previously held by Fred Lyman Adairand William J. Dieckmann.Charles Huggins received an award fromthe Chicago business and professional chap­ter of the City of Hope Medical Center inco-operation with the Illinois Society forMedical Research on December 7.Leon Jacobson, '39, was guest scientistin a television program called "Science inAction," produced by the California Acad­emy of Sciences in San Francisco on Febru­ary 9. He talked about the work in erythro­poiesis being done in his laboratory at theArgonne Cancer Research Hospital. He alsolectured to a select group of three hundredhigh-school students and answered theirquestions about science and scientific careers.The Academy and the students were enthu­siastic about Dr. Jacobson, and Leon hadthe time of his life.Bertha Klien was among the guest speak­ers at the annual clinical conference of the Saul P. Baker ('56-'57) is assistant pro­fessor of medicine at the Chicago MedicalSchool.William R. Bunge ('44), Major, M.C.,became diplomate of the American Board ofPediatrics on December 5. He is taking theadvanced Military Medicine Course at theArmy Medical Service School at Fort SamHouston, Texas.John J. Fahey ('34-'36) is president ofthe Metropolitan Chapter of the AmericanCollege of Surgeons.Louis Goldstein ('38-'39) is in privatepractice of obstetrics and gynecology inWashington, D.C., and the surrounding area.Herbert A. Lints ('50-'51) has been ap­pointed to a four-year term on the statePublic Health Board of California. He hasbeen in private practice of internal medicinein Escondido since 1951 and is president­elect of the Palomar Memorial Hospitalmedical staff.Henry R. McCarroll (,33-'34), St. Louis,gave the presidential address at the annualmeeting of the American Academy of Ortho­paedic Surgeons in Chicago, in January.Capt. George Owen ('56-'57) on July 1becomes a resident in internal medicine atthe State University of New York in Syra­cuse. He is now stationed in California.John A. Petry ('51) is in private practiceof obstetrics and gynecology in Fern Creek,Kentucky.William B. Rich ('57-'58) is junior as­sistant resident in the Department of Psy­chiatry at Yale University.Bruce E. Walls ('52-'53) is director ofthe psychiatric outpatient department at theUniversity of Tennessee and the director ofthe Memphis Mental Health Center.James W. Watts ('30-'31), Washington,D.C., is president of the Medical Society ofthe District of Columbia and professor ofneurological surgery, George WashingtonUniversity School of Medicine.Chicago Ophthalmological Society, Febru­ary 13-14.Jules H. Masserman is president of theAcademy of Psychoanalysis.E. Trier Morch has left The Clinics andis now chief and professor of anesthesiologyat Cook County Hospital.Daniel J. Pachman is now clinical asso­ciate professor of pediatrics at the Univer­sity of Illinois. Since 1946 he has been chair­man of the Department of Pediatrics atWoodlawn Hospital, Chicago. He is on theadvisory council of the National Council ofParents and Teachers.Paul E. Steiner has left the Universityto become associated with the Institute forCancer Research in Philadelphia. He wasprofessor of pathology.Paul Talalay has been invited as an out­standing biochemist by the Ciba Foundationfor its London Conference on "The Stereo­chemistry of Microbiological Reaction" in '10. Johnson F. Hammond became theeditor of the Journcl oj the American Medi­cal Association last December.Franklin C. McLean has been electedpresident of the Institute of Medicine ofChicago.'12. A three-year Russell M. Wilder Fel­lowship of the National Vitamin Foundationhas been established. It is given to one manin the nation each year and a warded to"medical scientists who show great promisein research on nutrition and metabolismproblems."'22. William Dock, who has been at thePalo Alto Clinic in California, returned tothe State University College of Medicine atNew York to resume his duties as professorof medicine.'26. Esmond R. Long has just completedthe third edition of Chemistry and Chemo­therapy o] Tuberculosis.'28. Col. Paul A. Campbell, chief of theDivision of Space Medicine at Randolph AirForce Base, was chairman of a joint meetingof the American Physiological Society andthe American Astronautical Society held inWashington, D.C., in December.John A. Larson has joined the staff ofthe Montana State Hospital in WarmSprings, Montana, as acting clinical director.Noel G. Shaw has been elected presidentof the Chicago Pediatrics Society for 1958-59 and has been recently elected to the Cbi­cago Medical Society's clinical conferenceExecutive Committee and Program Com­mittee. Last year he was president of theNorth Suburban Branch of the ChicagoMedical Society.'31. Jack Cowen, of Chicago, will pre­sent his paper on pool gonioscopy beforethe Ophthalmological Society at the Univer­sity of Graz, Austria, on May 25, 1959.'32. Frank Wood, of Hartford, Connec­ticut, is at present operating and teachingat the Presbyterian Mission Hospital atEbolona, French Cameroons.'34. Keith S. Grimson, Duke University,is chairman of the American Heart Associ­ation's Council for High Blood Pressure Re­search. Last year he was vice-chairman.'36. Louis Belinson, Jefferson Cit)!, Mis­souri, became deputy director of mental dis­eases in the Missouri Division.Harold J. Brumm, father of five, is en­joying both his medical practice and theclimate in Menlo Park, California.March. He will also lecture at the Universityof Edinburgh.A. Earl Walker, Baltimore, is a memberof the Scientific Advisory Committee of theNational Neurological Research Foundation.Friedrich Wassermann, Professor Emeri­tus of Anatomy, addressed the GermanMedical Society of Chicago on February 23.His subject was "The Structure of Connec­tive Tissue, with Special Reference to Func­tion and to Certain Pathological Changes."Dr. Wassermann is now Senior Scientist,Argonne National Laboratory.14 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINJRormend 1[OUI5 �OEfr1902-1958It is with great sadness that we reportthe death of Normand Louis Hoerr inCleveland, Ohio, on December 14, 1958,at the age of fifty-six. Dr. Hoerr devel­oped a hypernephroma of the kidney ayear before his death, and, although thelast year of his life was beset by severaldesperate crises, he faced them in fullknowledge of their seriousness with aserenity and a gallantry that few mencould have matched.Dr. Hoerr was born in Peoria, Illinois,on May 3, 1902, and received his earlyschooling there. After graduating fromhigh school, he attended the BradleyPolytechnic Institute in Peoria (1919-21) and the Johns Hopkins Universityin Baltimore, where he earned his Bach­elor of Arts degree in 1923. The follow­ing year he entered the University ofChicago and from that institution hereceived the Ph.D. degree in 1929 andthe M.D. degree in 1931. He was ap­pointed an assistant in the Departmentof Anatomy at The University of Chi­cago in 1925 and an instructor in 1926,some three years before receiving hisPh.D. degree. He served as an assistantprofessor in the department at Chicagofrom 1933 to 1939. In 1939 he was in­vited by Western Reserve University toaccept the Henry Wilson Payne Profes­sorship in Anatomy, and he served ashead of the department there until thetime of his death.It was during his years at the Univer­sity of Chicago that Dr. Hoerr devel­oped his close association and friendshipwith the late Robert Russell Bensley.He collaborated with Dr. Bensley on thepaper entitled "The Preparation andProperties of Mitochondria from Guin­ea-Pig Liver." This classic paper, pub­lished in 1934, may be said to haveushered in the modern era of cyto­chemistry. Modifications of the cellfractionation technique described byBensley and Hoerr are now widely usedby the many investigators working inthe ever expanding field of cytochem­istry.Dr. Hoerr's other research included ahistochemical study of hydrochloric acidsecretion using the freezing-drying tech­nique, a cytological study of the adrenalcortex, a neuroanatomical study of thehind brain of the opossum, a histophysio­logical study of the circulation of thespleen, an X-ray study of human skele- HOERR (1948)tal development, and an anatomicalstudy of the lymphatic drainage of theparanasal sinuses. Each of these inves­tigations has been an important contri­bution, and collectively they illustratethe diversity of his interests.As a former medical student at TheUniversity of Chicago, I well rememberDr. Hoerr for the excellence of histeaching and the clarity of his presenta­tions. But, even more than these, hisinterest in medical students as individ­uals, his willingness to listen to theirproblems, and his desire to counsel themin their difficulties made him one of themost appreciated and respected facultymembers. When I learned in 1939 thathe had decided to leave the University,I know I was not alone in feeling thatmy personal world had collapsed becauseof his departure. At Western ReserveDr. Hoerr was again to prove himselfthe students' champion. He was alwayseager to help the "out-of-the-ordinarystudent with unusual problems," and heencouraged these students to develop totheir fullest. He never allowed the for­mality of regulations to interfere withthe solving of a student's difficulties.This unusual sympathy for flexibility ofrules may well have been influenced bythe fact that Dr. Hoerr himself neverdid finish identifying two of his "re­quired unknowns" in the biochemistrycourse!Dr. Hoerr's philosophy of medicaleducation and his attitude toward hisstudents may best be illustrated by an analogy which he used in an addressgiven in Cleveland in 1944 at the Semi­centennial Celebration of the ClevelandMedical Library Association. Dr. Hoerrsuggested that the relationship betweenteacher and student should be similar tothat of a father and his son in a primi­tive society. The father in preparing hisson for a long journey could supply himwith sufficient food and clothing to lastfor the entire trip, but, if he did so, theson would be so overburdened with theweight of his supplies that he would beunable to cross the rugged terrain or tocope with the unknown dangers. If,however, the father were to teach hisson the art of the bow and arrow, thedifferentiation of edible from poisonousfoods, and the value of self-reliance andjudgment, then, although he would besending his son into the world with fewmaterial things, he could feel more con­fident that his son would reach his dis­tant goal. Dr. Hoerr likewise realizedthat he could not provide his studentswith all the facts they might need dur­ing their medical careers. Instead hetried to instil in them the judgments andattitudes that would serve them for theirlong journey, and, like a father, he didthis with deep affection and gave some­thing of himself to each of his students.Thus, although Dr. Hoerr had no chil­dren of his own, his "scientific family"is very large indeed.Dr. Hoerr offered me my first aca­demic post, and he provided me withevery opportunity at Western ReserveUniversity. It was very clear to me thatfailure on my part could only be ex­plained by my not making the most ofthese opportunities. When I asked Dr.Hoerr how he wanted me to teach theportion of the anatomy course which heassigned to me, he replied, "Teach itany way you see fit." I did not appreci­ate until later that, by giving me com­plete freedom and full responsibility,Dr. Hoerr had provided a compellingstimulus to doing a good job. Inevitably,of course, I found myself adopting manyof the methods I had seen Dr. Hoerruse so effectively with his students.In his capacity as secretary-treasurerof the American Association of Anato­mists, a post which he held with distinc­tion for ten years between 1946 and1956, Dr. Hoerr likewise served as ad­viser, colleague, and friend to a greatmany of his fellow anatomists. His ad­vice was highly valued, and his recom­mendations were sought. In the springof 1958 Dr. Hoerr was named president-MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 15elect of this Association, and, althoughits membership knew that his healthwould probably not permit his servingin this position, they wanted the Asso­ciation to have the honor of listing Dr.Hoerr as one of its presidents.In addition to his many other activi­ties, he found time to serve as associateeditor of the Anatomical Record (1948-58), and as managing editor of the NewGould Medical Dictionary he did amonumental job in carrying the Dic­tionary through two editions.Dr. Hoerr was a founder and presi­dent of the Cleveland Chamber MusicSociety, which he helped mold into oneof the finest and most active chambermusic groups in the country.All of us who knew Dr. Hoerr alsoknew that his wonderful wife, Virginia,was always quietly and unobtrusivelyhelping him to accomplish so much andto be so generous for the benefit of somany people. We all owe her a greatdebt of gratitude.My own affection and appreciationfor Dr. Hoerr is like that of the manygenerations of his students, his innu­merable colleagues, and his many friendswho are deeply grateful for his kind andhuman interest, for his determination tomake opportunities available to otherpeople, for his encouragement, his wisecounsel, and his generosity with his time.I do hope that my younger son, agednine, who was given the name of Nor­mand in honor of Dr. Hoerr, will carrywith him the kindness, wisdom, andgreatness of spirit of the man for whomhe was named.ARNOLD LAZAROW, M.D., PH.D., '41Professor and HeadDepartment of AnatomyUniversity of MinnesotaBULLETINof the Alumni AssociationThe University of ChicagoSCHOOL OF MEDICINE950 East Fifty-ninth Street, Chicago 37, IllinoisVOL. 15 WINTER 1959 NO.2EDITORIAL BOARDPETER V. MOULDER, ChairmanWRIGHT ADAMS ROBERT J. HASTERLIKL. T. COGGESHALL ELEANOR M. HUMPHREYSALBERT DORFMAN HUBERTA LIVINGSTONEWALTER L. PALMERJESSIE BURNS MACLEAN, SecretarySubscription with membership:Annual, $4.00 Life, $60.00 flJUliam j CSSC )5 akcr189t-1958Dr. William J. Baker died on Decem­ber 3, 1958, from a second episode ofcoronary artery disease. Death came toBill Baker with his boots on.Bill's love and devotion to urologystarted in his internship days at CookCounty Hospital. He was a hard workerall his life-always learning and alwaystrying to do a better job in patient serv­ice, teaching, and research in his belovedsubject-urology.Bill was a fearless and outspoken in­dividual. He had no use for sham orpretense. He had those qualities whichalways mark the leader-integrity, in­dependence, and courage. Whether Billwas working with patients or teaching atthe undergraduate or graduate level, hewas thoughtful, provocative and stimu­lating.Bill was devoted to his patients. Theyloved him, and many of them becamehis close friends. He lived life richly asa father, citizen, soldier, practitioner,teacher, and investigator in urology. Hewas an active member and trustee ofthe United Church of Hyde Park. Manyhonors came to him, but he never ceasedto work hard all his days-even up tohis death.I pay tribute to William J. Baker notonly as an old classmate, friend, andmedical colleague but also as a man whoenriched the lives of his family, hisfriends, his patients, end his associates.Dr. Baker is survived by his widow,Eloise Parsons Baker, a physician, andtwo sons, William, a medical student atThe University of Chicago, and Robert,a student at Knox College.HOWARD WAKEFIELD, Rush '24Chicago STUDENT LOANSSince a year ago, when I last reportedon the state of our student loan funds,over $15,000 have been added to thevarious, previously established loanfunds. In addition to this, a new alumni­inspired loan fund was established inOctober, 1958, in honor of our belovedEleanor Humphreys on her retirementfrom formal duties as Professor ofPathology. This loan fund, described indetail in the last issue of the MedicalAlumni Bulletin, has rapidly swelled to$16,000 at the present time, and alreadyover half of this fund has been loaned todeserving medical students.The Eleanor M. Humphreys LoanFund becomes the fifth such loan fundto have been created through the effortsof our medical alumni since 1950. Theother four are:The Basil C. H. Harvey Loan Fund, whichin nine years has grown to $24,500The Carl G. Johnson (Rush '22) Loan Fund,which has $5,500The Medical Alumni Loan Fund, whichbegan in 1954 with a treasury gift fromthe Medical Alumni Association of $2,860and has since grown to $15,900 as a resultof alumni giftsTh\! Paul R. Cannon (Rush '25) Loan Fund,established just a year ago, with initialcontributions totaling $1,260At the present time all our medicalstudent loan funds combined total$135,000. Still the need for additionalfunds is most urgent. To permit us tooffer financial assistance to all the med­ical students who request it, we havebeen forced to maintain a ceiling of$500 a year on the loans made to indi­vidual students. Obviously, in the lightof the present-day cost of living, appre­ciable numbers of our students require,and are forced to seek, additional aidelsewhere.It is my considered opinion that itwould take an additional $100,000 inloan funds to make our loan funds trulyrevolving, with sufficient reserves tomeet the needs of our students. With theaid of our medical alumni and otherfriends, I am confident we will reach thisgoal in the not-too-distant future.JOSEPH CEITHAMLDean of StudentsDivision of Biological Sciences16 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINFRESHMAN CLASS--I958The class of 1962 convened for the firsttime on October 1, 1958, for a three-dayorientation before beginning its formal med­ical studies. This outstanding group of fivewomen and sixty-eight men was selectedfrom eleven hundred applicants and repre­sents forty-six different colleges and univer­sities.As always, our own undergraduate Col­lege contributed the largest number of stu­dents in the freshman class-fifteen. Fourstudents came from the University of Michi­gan, and three each came f rom Knox Collegeand U.C.L.A. The complete list of all schoolsrepresented in the freshman class is as fol­lows:Amherst CollegeAugustana College (Ill.) (2)Augustana College (S.D.)Beloit College (2)University of BudapestU.C.L.A. (3)University of California(Santa Barbara)Calvin College (Mich.)Carleton College (2)University of Chicago (15)Columbia UniversityDe Pauw UniversityDuke UniversityEarlham College (Ind.)Fordham UniversityUniversity of GeorgiaHanover College (Ind.)Hastings College (Neb.)Haverford College (Pa.)Harvard University (2)Hiram College (Ohio)College of IdahoIllinois CollegeUniversity of IllinoisUniversity of KansasKenyon College (Ohio)Knox College (3)Los Angeles State CollegeMassachusetts Instituteof TechnologyUniversity of Michigan (4)Michigan State UniversityNebraska Wesleyan UniversityNew York UniversityNorth Central College (111.)University of Notre DameOhio State UniversityUniversity of OklahomaOlivet-Nazarene College (111.)Queens College (N.Y.)Rutgers UniversitySt. Olaf College (Minn.)Stanford UniversityWesleyan University (Conn.)Western Reserve University (2)Wittenberg College (Ohio)Wisconsin State College DEAN CEITHAML confers with Freshman Class representatives JOSEPH BARON,MARK COOPER, JOHN SCHNEIDER, and ROGER HARMON.The average age of the entering freshmenwas slightly under twenty-two years, andforty-five of them were either twenty-oneor twenty-two years old. The youngestmember was a mature, well-poised eighteen­year-old, while the oldest was a thirty-year­old veteran who had spent several years inthe Army.At this point it should be emphasizedthat the selection of the medical class wasmade by the Admissions Committee on thestrength of the personal qualifications of theapplicants as well as their scholastic achieve­ments and aptitudes. As a consequence therewere several (4) with C+ grade averages,and a somewhat larger number (6) with B­grade averages. However, almost two-thirdsof the class (46) had achieved averages ofB+ or higher in college before entering ourmedical school.Of the entering freshmen, fifty-five hadreceived the Bachelor's degree, while the re­maining eighteen had a minimum of threeyears of college work before entering medi­cal school.Almost two-thirds of these students (44)came from families in which at least one ofthe parents had attended college. Moreover,whereas 40 per cent of these freshmen (29)came from families in which neither parentattended college, 20 per cent (15) were fromfamilies in which both of the parents hadreceived college degrees.The five women in the class are single,while nine of the men are married, and threeof these have a total of four children. Sevenof the men are veterans of the United StatesArmy, Navy, or Air Force, and togetherthese men have served a total of nineteenyears in the armed forces. In addition, an­other of the students served for two yearsin the Royal Air Force of Great Britainbefore coming to live in this country.Three of the freshmen were born in for­eign lands (Venezuela, Hungary, England). The young man born in South America, ason of American missionaries, is a UnitedStates citizen by birth. The other two youngmen have already applied for United Statescitizenship.The family backgrounds of the freshmenare most interesting and comprise a cross­section of our society. For example, thefathers of these students are engaged in awide variety of different occupations in theprofessions, industry, and labor. Includedin this group are ten physicians, eight mer­chants, three college professors, three busi­ness executives, three machinists, two law­yers, two ministers, a missionary, a high­school principal, an Army officer, a Navyofficer, an engineer, a librarian, a newspaperpublisher, an architect, a biochemist, and anauditor, as well as a variety of office work­ers, laborers, and businessmen.Similarly, some of the mothers (14) havecareers in addition to being housewives, fourbeing secretaries, three teachers, two nurses,while one each is a physician, chemist, tele­phone operator, writer, and missionary.Now, while in the process of selecting thenext entering class, the Committee on Ad­missions looks back with satisfaction uponthe excellent scholastic performance achievedby the freshman class in the Fall Quarterjust past. Moreover, our faculty takes justi­fiable pride in the fact that in the past aca­demic year, 1957-58, not a single medicalstudent in the four classes discontinued hismedical studies for any reason whatsoever.It is evident from this that it remains ourpolicy to select our students with the great­est of care and then to do everything possibleto help them complete their medical edu­cation.JOSEPH CEITHAMLDean oj StudentsDivision of BiologicalSciences