ilume 13 SPRING 1957 Number 3[JNICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON THESYMPTOMATOLOGY OF THE THALAMUSBy SIDNEY SCHULMAN, M.D., '46Ellen C. Manning Assistant Projessor oi Medicine (Neurology)Conkey using a small stick to obtain a larger one, and then the larger one to retrieve the banana. This task looks simple but is quite diffifor monkeys to learn.he extensive reciprocal fiber connecs between many thalamic nuclei andassociation areas of the cerebralex suggest that the thalamus playse role in higher cerebral functions,the attempts that have been madeexperimental psychologists to pro� behavioral changes in monkeysmaking destructive lesions in theamus have not been successful. AII infarct in the posterior ventral nus of the human thalamus will causemarkable group of symptoms local-to the opposite side of the body,.isting of pain, overreaction to both pleasurable and painful stimuli, impairment of sensation, ataxia, and choreoathetoid involuntary movements. This isknown as the thalamic syndrome andwas described by the French neurologistRoussy in 1907. Roussy attributed onlythe sensory symptoms directly to thethalamic lesion. He thought that thechoreo-athetosis was a result of involvement of fibers outside the thalamus inthe posterior limb of the internal capsuleand that the ataxia was secondary toimpairment of proprioceptive sensation.This interpretation was in keeping withthe prevailing conception of the thala- mus at the time as a part of the brainwhich has only sensory functions.The site of the lesion responsible forthe thalamic syndrome of Roussy, theposterior ventral nucleus, comprises perhaps one-tenth of the total mass of thethalamus; and, while small lesions inthis nucleus produce the thalamic syndrome with great regularity, lesions ofcomparable size elsewhere in the thalamus result in no characteristic symptomsor signs. It is true that more extensiveand even bilateral thalamic lesions occasionally occur in man, but such lesionsare invariably complicated by involve-2 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINOne of the puzzle-box tasks. Monkeys areproficient in opening a complicated series oflocks.ment of neighboring extra thalamic structures or by diffuse disease of the brain.The symptomatology of the human thalamus, therefore, apart from the posteriorventral nucleus, is unknown.CLINICAL AND PATHOLOGICALOBSERVATIONSThe experimental work on the thalamus that is now in progress in our laboratory was prompted by the pathological findings in the brain of a mostunusual patient, a man who died in comaat the age of 50 after having been illfor 6 months. During the first 3 monthsof his illness his symptoms were thoseof progressive deterioration in personality and intellect. Originally an intelligent, industrious, and likeable person,he became dull, forgetful, and irritable,lost interest in his friends and family,and displayed violent fits of anger onlittle provocation. During the fourthmonth his walking became unsteady, andthe movements of his hands and armsbecame awkward and unco-ordinated. Bythe fifth month he was unable to standon his feet, much less to walk. Duringthe last 6 weeks of his life choreoathetoid movements of progressively increasing violence developed in his limbsand face. Finally, he lapsed into a comatose state and expired. In the late butprecomatose stages the organic dementiahad become quite profound, and it wasassociated with certain bizarre disturbances in behavior. The patient was especially prone to be silly, and often hewas deliberately mischievous in a childish way. For example, when asked toperform the finger-to-nose test, his favorite maneuver was to try to thrust hisfinger into the examiner's eye. Still laterhe became less and less responsive andattentive, and, finally, while still conscious, he was virtually mute. At this time his level of awareness and activityfluctuated between periods of quiet stupor, on the one hand, and episodes ofcrying, incoherent shouting, unaccountable laughter, and violent thrashingabout in bed, on the other. At no timewere there any focal neurological signs,abnormal reflexes, or sensory defects.Early in the course the rapidly progressive dementia unassociated with focal cerebral signs in a patient of thisage at once suggested paretic neurosyphilis as the most likely diagnosis, butthe spinal-fluid examination was entirelynegative. Subsequently, an extensiveseries of diagnostic studies failed to disclose any clue whatever as to the nature of this disease. Although the etiology remained (and still is) obscure, atthe time of this patient's death itseemed to be clear that he had sufferedfrom the effects of a diffuse process thathad involved the cerebral cortex of bothhemispheres and probably also the basalganglia and cerebellum. At autopsy,however, we were surprised to find thatthe gross appearance of the brain wasquite normal. Microscopic sections wereprepared from all parts of the brain, andin the initial histological survey particular attention was paid to those structures which we felt must have been involved to account for the cardinal elements of the clinical picture-globaldementia, ataxia, and choreo-athetosis.But the histological appearances of thecerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum were astonishingly normal. Aftera systematic study of the entire brain,it became apparent that the only partwhich showed any significant pathological change was the thalamus. Serial sections of both thalami showed severe degeneration and outfall of nerve cells associated with moderate gliosis but noevidence of an inflammatory reaction orof vascular disease and no diffuse or focal necrosis of the interstitial substance.This lesion was remarkable not only forits purely degenerative and parenchymatous character and its exclusive localization in the thalamus but also becausethe distribution of the changes withinthe thalamus was not haphazard butsystematic, and symmetrically so, in relation to the generally accepted subdivision of the thalamus into nucleargroups. Some thalamic nuclei were severely degenerated, others showed amoderate degree of involvement, whilestill others were entirely preserved.Among the severely degenerated nucleiwere the dorsomedial nucleus, the posterior lateral nucleus, and the pulvinar, all of which showed a 70 per cent redtion in nerve-cell population. Theterior nucleus, the anterior ventralcleus, and the lateral ventral nuclwere moderately involved. The genilate bodies and most of the posterventral nucleus were normal.This case, therefore, is an instanceconspicuous and severe neurologisymptoms without sensory loss arison the basis of a bilateral thalamic leswhich was extensive but did not invothe locus of the classical thalamic s;drome and which was strictly confirto the thalamus. Nothing that is knoof the physiology of the thalamuslower animals could have predicted tsymptomatology. On the other halour knowledge of the anatomy and c(nections of the thalamus has advantenormously since Roussy's monograof 1907, and from the great diversitythe fiber connections between the thamus and other parts of the nervous s;tem, it is now quite obvious that the (idea of the thalamus as a purely sensaorgan was a gross oversimplificatirFurthermore, the nature of these ccnections is such that it was possiblecorrelate, in a way that seemed covincing, the degenerative changes in tthalamus of our patient with his symtoms and with the sequence of their cvelopment. Thus the symptoms of geeral mental deterioration, which were tearliest, and the only ones during tfirst half of the illness, were attributto involvement of those nuclei in whithe degeneration was most advancedthe dorsomedial nucleus, the posterilateral nucleus, and the pulvinar. TIconnections of precisely these nuclei aconsistent with such an interpretatiafor they form the group of thalam"association nuclei" which do not recei:well-developed afferent pathways frolower levels but which have reciprocconnections with associational neocotex-the dorsomedial nucleus with tlagranular cortex of the frontal lobe arthe posterior lateral nucleus and pulvnar with the parieto-occipito-temporcortex. Because the motor and posturdisturbances developed later, they weiattributed to the less-advanced degeneation in the anterior ventral and later,ventral nuclei, and again the anatomyconsistent, for these nuclei are thalamelements in cerebellar and extrapyranidal motor circuits. The lateral ventr.nucleus receives the superior cerebelkpeduncle, the anterior ventral nucleireceives the fasciculus thalamicus fro;the globus pallidus, and both project tMEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 3motor and premotor cortex. Finally,sparing of the posterior ventral nul and the geniculate bodies fits well. the lack of somatic sensory defectswith the preservation of vision anding.:XPERIMENTAL THALAMIC LESIONSl view of this case, the negative rei of experimental electrolytic lesionsae thalamus of the monkey are sur.ng, for the monkey's thalamus isparable to that of man in its rela-development. The experimentalies that have been done, however,be inconclusive because of a techI difficulty. It is possible to make11, circumscribed lesions by thetrolytic method, but it has proved.e very difficult to make a lesion inway that is at the same time extenand confined to the thalamus. Forreason we have investigated, in colration with Dr. Thelma KennedyDr. Paul Harper, the possibilitiesorcducing larger, accurately placedms in the thalamus of rhesus moni by depositing small solid pellets ofoactive material in the brain throughlumen of a needle oriented by meanshe Horsley-Clark stereotaxic instrut. We have used pellets of palladi-109, phosphorus 32 in the form ofnesium pyrophosphate, and yttriumn the form of yttrium oxide for thislose. The yttrium pellets havered to have the most satisfactory,ity characteristics. Since the halfis 61 hours, the lesion becomes stawithin a few weeks. A single pelletproduce a lesion as small as a fewimeters ·in diameter or as large asmtimeter, depending on its activityhe time it is deposited in the brain.lateral radiation necrosis of the dorsalcal nucleus in the brain of a monkey.lesion consists of a sharply circumled, spherical focus of complete nes with a narrow, even border of connective-tissue scar. There is surprisingly little contraction of the lesion andhence minimal distortion of neighboringtissue. The accompanying photograph isof the brain of a monkey that wassacrificed 3 months after an yttriumpellet was deposited in the dorsomedialnucleus of each thalamus; this nucleushas been completely destroyed on eachside.BEHAVIOR CHANGES AFTERTHALAMIC LESIONSThe animal whose brain is illustratedwas not SUbjected to formal preoperative training, but he had been under observation in our colony long enough forus to know that his personality was thatof the average rhesus monkey. He wasalert, sly, and suspicious. When attemptswere made to touch and stroke him, hewould dash wildly from one corner ofthe room to another, pausing for moments to strike threatening poses withthe characteristic fixed gaze and openmouth of the macaque bluff. After the initial drowsiness and general hypokinesisof the acute postoperative period hadworn off, it was apparent that a strikingchange in his behavior had taken place.Throughout the postoperative period ofobservation (3 months), he was placidand comparatively tame. He could bepetted and stroked, food could be takenfrom him without danger, and it wasdifficult to provoke him into defensiveor aggressive activity. Although he wasalways alert, he no longer showed themobile play of facial expression of thenormal monkey. For some 5 weeks afterthe operation he appeared to be incapable of distinguishing edible from inedible objects; when given access to agroup of objects including slices of fruit,candy, cork and rubber bottle stoppers,and pieces of chalk, he would select thefruit and candy only by chance. Heseemed to derive as much pleasurefrom handling and chewing on a rubberstopper as he did from eating fruit orcandy. (Although this "agnosia" forfood reminded us of the Kluver-Bucysyndrome, this animal did not displaythe hypersexuality and the markedlyexcessive distractibility that were described by Dr. Kluver in his monkeysafter bilateral temporal lobectomy.) Finally, during a 4-week period before hewas sacrificed, twenty-five unsuccessfulattempts were made to teach him toperform the conventional delayed-response test, which the average normalmonkey learns in two or three sessions.Although he was well motivated by hun- Calibrating the stereotaxic instrument.ger and would eagerly take food thatwas offered to him, it was only duringthe last few sessions that he even occasionally seemed to realize that the sliceof banana which had been placed beneath an inverted cup under his directvision a moment earlier could be gottenby simply lifting and displacing thecup. His usual response when permittedto enter the reaction cage was to stareat the inverted cup for a few secondsand then to sit quietly, gazing vacantlyabout the room. This "out-of-sight,out-of-mind" type of performance wasreminiscent of the behavior of the frontal lobectomized monkeys that were described by Bianchi almost 40 years ago.As a result of our experience with thismonkey and with a few other untrainedmonkeys in whom we had made bilateral thalamic lesions, we felt that a moresystematic study of the results of suchlesions in trained animals would beworthwhile. During the last 2 years,therefore, we have trained a group ofmonkeys in various formal tests, including the delayed-response test, visualdiscrimination, problem boxes, and instrumentation of varying grades of complexity. To date, only one of these animals has been operated upon, and hehas shown the same disturbances in hisgeneral behavior that were observed inthe untrained animals, but he has notyet been subjected to postoperativetesting. Six additional monkeys are nowapproaching the end of their formal education and will be operated upon inthe near future.4 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINSENIOR SCIENTIFIC SESSIONThese fourteen papers were presented at the Eleventh Annual SeniorScientific Session on Monday, June 3,in Pathology 117. They represent research completed by these studentsduring their medical school careers.Use of Multiple Screening as aTool in Health Evaluationon Students Entering theUniversity of Chicago,1955 and 1956By BILLIE LYNN BALLARDMedicine (Preventive Medicine)Periodic physical examination has formany years been advocated as a desirable health measure by the medical profession and allied lay groups. The practicality and feasibility of this recommendation need study. There is growingevidence that periodic health evaluationsare worthwhile measures in preventivemedicine. As to the feasibility, muchquestion has been raised; for, if everyperson in the United States were tohave an annual physical examination,over half the working hours of all practicing physicians would have to be devoted to this activity.There is particular need for healthevaluation of entering University students in the interests both of the individuals and of the optimum functioningof the University. As with the generalpopulation, the problem is one of limited resources, complicated in additionby periodic needs to handle expeditiously the influx of large numbers. The student group furnishes opportunity for research on various techniques to meetthese needs without sacrifice in thequality of care.Multiple screening, a technique whichhas evolved from testing programs forsingle abnormalities such as tuberculosis, offers a possible solution. Multiplescreening, first employed as such in 1948by public health agencies with industrialpopulations, is "the use of two or moresimple laboratory tests, examinations orprocedures, applied rapidly and on amass basis, to determine presumptiveevidence of unrecognized or incipientdisease or defect."Most of the multiple screening surveys to date, by providing for medicalfollow-up of the "screening positives,"have furnished data on the true andfalse positives; there are no similar dataon the false negatives and therefore nomeasure of the safety of the multiplescreening procedure.The present study evaluates the false negative as well as the false positive. Inaddition, it attempts to measure thesafety of using a screening procedure todetermine the need for the relativelyexpensive and often unrewarding business of performing physical examinations on individuals of a group broughttogether on bases other than symptoms.The study group included all enteringUniversity of Chicago students in thefall quarters of 1955 and 1956, a total of3,590.The screening test battery includedthe following: the Cornell Medical Index History, additional self-historysheet, height and weight, blood pressure,hemoglobin, routine urine, chest microfilm, PPD 1: 10,000, serological test forsyphilis, and 20/40 vision.The students were screened at therate of 70-100 per hour, 600---700 perday. The time required of each studentwas about 50 minutes. The screeningdata were assembled and evaluated bythe time the student returned for the48-hour reading of the tuberculin test,at which time all students were givenappointments for physical examination,scheduled according to the relative needfor medical attention as indicated bythe screening. Of the 3,590 screened, 98per cent returned for the physical examination.Data of screening and physical examinations were analyzed for rates of confirmation of positive screening tests, forprevalence of defects in the population,and for the degree of accuracy and safety of the screening procedure. Forty-nineper cent of the students screened-outnegative on the entire battery of tests;57 per cent had completely negativephysical examinations. There were, per1,000 students, 589 defects, 66 per centof which were considered worthy offurther medical care or evaluation. Thescreening battery alone (without thephysical examination) failed throughtechnical and clerical errors to detectsix important deviations from healthper 1,000 students, which deviationswere found by the physicians throughcombined use of physical examinationand review of the screening data. Thestudy was not designed to measure theresults of physical examination withoutuse of screening data.The study indicates that screening enmasse, with physical examinations givenonly to those who are "screening positive," makes economical use of bothtime and money and heightens the effectiveness of the medical staff. A comparison of the 1955 and 1956 data reveals a significant reduction in errorthrough experience. Right-Heart Pressure Studiafter VentriculotomyBy HOWARD BRESLER, JOSEPH KISEand JAY WAGNERSurgeryThe right-ventriculotomy incision tcommonly in clinical and experimeopen-heart surgery has been trousome; for example, under hypotherthere is a much greater incidencecomplications from ventriculotomy CIpared with atriotomy or aortotomy;hypertensive right ventricle has proto be such a problem that some surgehave performed closures of intervencular septal defects from a right-atapproach; etc.The first set of experiments has bserial pressure studies following unc:plicated standard ventriculotomy, U�cardiac catheterization under closchest circumstances, right-ventricihypertension has been demonstratedfive of ten dogs in the early (up t<days) postoperative period with a rettoward normal at 30---180 days. Scstudies showed a pressure gradientthe level of the infundibulum neardistal portion of the incision suggesta stenosis. Direct pressure studies ilsecond ten dogs with open chest ,using simultaneous recordings in twothree sites of ventricle and pulmonartery, a lesser degree and incidencehypertension has been found, andpressure gradient has been demonstralOther observations are: (1) ocsionally there is gross disparity incontractions of the right-ventrictmusculature on either side of the irsion (e.g., the distal portion contractwith the left ventricle); (2) the pcventriculotomy heart has been foundbe extremely sensitive to cathemanipulation, direct puncture, andoperation; and (3) the high postsurgiincidence of lethal arrhythmias prcdu:by stimulating these hearts persistedmany months.Carbon Dioxide RetentionAnimals During Hypoventil:tion, Adequate OxygenationMaintained by High Concentrations of OxygenBy RICHARD H. EARLEPhysiologyThis paper represents a quantitatievaluation of the severity of the hypcapnea and respiratory acidosis whidevelop in animals following reductiMEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 5of alveolar ventilation in the presenceof adequate oxygenation. This situationis similar to that found in patients whenhypoxia arising from inadequate ventilation is corrected during surgery by administering high concentrations of oxygen. The increased oxygen cannot, however, prevent the development of respiratory acidosis proportional in severity to the reduction in ventilation.Autonomous respiration was eliminated in the experimental animals (mongrel dogs weighing 8-15 kg.) by meansof dimethyl tubocurarine iodide, administered following anesthesia with pentobarbital sodium. Artificial respirationvia tracheal cannula was provided by avariable stroke pump. Arterial oxygensaturation was measured by a Woodcuvette type recording oximeter connected between a femoral artery andvein so as to provide continuous readings. The animals were heparinized toprevent clotting of blood in the cuvette.Total plasma carbon dioxide was determined by the method of Van Slyke andNeill, and serum pH was measured byinclosed glass electrode at 37° C. Arterial carbon dioxide tensions and plasmabicarbonate concentrations were calculated, using the Henderson-Hasselbalchequation. Alveolar ventilation was experimentally reduced by decreasing tidal volume, respiratory frequency beingkept constant. With each reduction, inspired oxygen was increased just enoughto maintain adequate arterial oxygensaturation (80 per cent or higher).With each stepwise decrease in ventilation, requiring an almost proportionalincrease in inspired oxygen to preventhypoxia, the respiratory acidosis became more severe. For example, average data from nine experiments indicatethat, with alveolar ventilation at 25 percent of its control value, requiring aninspired (moist) oxygen tension of 362mm. (versus 147 mm. for the controlperiod), alveolar carbon dioxide concentration rose from the control value of38.9 mm. to 182.8 mm., and pH fellfrom 7.34 to 6.79. It was even possibleto maintain adequate oxygenation withalveolar ventilation reduced to zero (tidal volume = dead-space volume), oxygen reaching the alveoli by laminar flow.In this situation, using almost pure oxygen (oxygen tension = 681 mm. tokeep saturation over 80 per cent), arterial carbon dioxide concentration rose to369 mm. (almost ten times normal),and pH fell to 6.53 (a fall of 0.9 pH.mits). Respiratory acidosis of this severity was maintained for periods of overIn hour.These data serve to illustrate the in�vitable consequence, respiratory acidoiis, inherent in correcting hypoxia due.0 reduced ventilation by increasing the:oncentration of oxygen. Maintenance)f adequate alveolar ventilation, by nat- ural or artificial respiration, is the primary requisite for the prevention of respiratory acidosis, and hypoxia is incidentally prevented even with concentrations of oxygen only slightly greaterthan in air. Conversely, if adequate oxygenation, as measured by earpiece oximeter, is maintained on such mixtures,then one is assured of at least adequate ventilation.The Effect of Aspirin and Isoborneol on Urolithiasisin the RatBy BIRDWELL FINLAYSONUrologyProceeding from a qualitative observation that glucuronic acid conjugatesincrease the solubility of alkaline earthsalts in water, Prien and Walker hypothesized that urolithiasis could be influenced by increasing the glucuronideconcentration of urine with salicyl glucuronide, which appears in urine following ingestion of aspirin. Thus far clinicalevaluation of this theory has been inadequate. The research described in thispaper is an attempt to provide part ofsuch an evaluation with data obtainedfrom studies on experimental animals.Small zinc bodies were implanted inthe bladders of rats. Food and waterwere provided ad libitum. Either aspirinor isoborneol was mixed with the foodgiven to the zinc-containing animals fora 6-week period. During this intervalthe urine was examined for calcium,magnesium, phosphorus, and glucuronic acid contents. At the end of 6weeks the foreign bodies plus any adherent calculus were removed andweighed.The calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus content of the urine was notaffected appreciably by either medication. As expected, the ingestion of aspirin did not increase the output of glucuronic acid. However, the ingestion ofisoborneol elevated the excretion of glucuronic acid to approximately fourtimes the average control output. Neither aspirin nor isoborneol had any effecton the accretion of stone on the foreignbody.Vermeulen and his workers haveshown that the concentration of glucuronide necessary to enhance the solubility of calcium phosphate is greatly inexcess of that attainable in urine, evenunder the most vigorous therapeuticregimen.Since neither the ingestion of aspirinnor the increased excretion of urinaryglucuronide altered the accretion ofstone on the zinc implanted in thebladders of rats, it seems reasonable toassume that this might also be the casein human beings. A Histochemical Study of theEnzyme Monamine OxidaseBy PHILIP FIREl\1ANPathologyMonamine oxidase is the widely distributed enzyme system that catalyzesthe oxidative deamination of primaryamines to their corresponding aldehydes.It. has previously been demonstratedthat this enzyme plays an importantrole in the metabolism of the naturallyoccurring amines-epinephrine, norepinephrine, and 5-0H tryptamine. Severalinvestigators have postulated that monamine oxidase inactivates epinephrine atthe adrenergic nerve endings in a manner similar to the cholinesterase inactivation of acetyl choline at the cholinergic nerve endings, but this has not beensubstantiated. Therefore, the accuratecellular localization of this enzymewould be of considerable value.Three methods for the histochemicaldemonstration of monamine oxidasehave been described, but they do notsatisfy the requirements for accurate localization of enzymatic activity and arenot applicable to the central nervoussystem. Several conditions must be fulfilled in any histochemical demonstration of enzymatic activity. First, theenzyme must be in an active form andbe localized at its normal site in theliving tissue; second, the end product ofthe enzymatic reaction must be specifically visualizable; third, it must beformed rapidly; and, fourth, it must remain localized at its site of formation.With these criteria in mind, monamineoxidase was systematically studied.Initial studies, employing the Warburgmanometric technique for observing enzyme activity, were made on guineapig kidney because of its high monamineoxidase concentration. Frozen sectionsappeared to be the best for maintenanceof enzymatic activity. Aromatic hydrazines were tried as trapping agents for5-0H indole acetaldehyde, the end product of the enzymatic reaction with 5-0Htryptamine. Besides being aldehydetrapping agents, these hydrazines werefound to be competitive inhibitors ofthe enzyme. This inhibition could beovercome by raising the substrate concentration. It was hoped to produce arapidly formed, insoluble hydrazone of5-0H indole acetaldehyde and to demonstrate the OH-indole group by itsdiazo-coupling with Naphthanil diazored B salt and its reducing propertieswith the methenamine silver or ferriferro-cyanide reactions. This wasachieved with kidney sections. The picture produced in the kidney with 5-0Htryptamine as substrate and phenyl hydrazine as trapping agent was similarto that previously reported using differ-[Continued on page 12]6 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINTHE SENlfARTERBERRY, JOHN DOUGLASBorn Jan. 12, 1929; Pomona College, A.B., 1950;U. of Southern California, M.S., 1956; Intern.: LosAngeles County H.; Pharmacology; Unmarried; 1634Spruce St., South Pasadena, Calif.A YCRIGG, JOHN BANCKERBorn Oct. 23, 1926; Massachusetts Institute ofTechnology, B.S., 1951; Intern.: King County H., Seattle; Psychiatry; Married; 19191 Beckwith Rd., LosGatos, Calif.BALLARD, BILLIE LYNNBorn Nov. 19, 1934; Eastern Kentucky State College, B.S., 1954; Intern.: University H., Ann Arbor;Specialty undetermined; Unmarried; Route No.3,Richmond, Kentucky.BERGER, MURRAY STUARTBorn Nov. 14, 1929; U of Southern California, A.B.,1951; Intern.: Veterans Administration H., Los Angeles; Obstetrics & Gynecology; Unmarried; 11157 OphirDr., Los Angeles 24, Calif.BRESLER, HOWARD 1.Born Jan. 22, 1932; Roosevelt U., B.S., 1953; Intern.: Billings; Surgery; Unmarried; 2941 W. FitchAve., Chicago 45.BURSK, ALLEN SHELDONBorn Oct. 13, 1931; U. of California (Los Angeles),B.S., 1953; Intern.: Billings; Orthopedic surgery;Married; Two children; 6934 Clyde Ave., Chicago 49.COLE, ROBERT ALANBorn Jan. 4,1932; U. of California (Los Angeles),B.S., 1953; Intern.: Presbyterian H., Chicago; Surgery; Unmarried; 5702 Noble Ave., Van Nuys, Calif.COMA Y, ELI BERNARDBorn Dec. 7, 1927; Purdue U., B.S., 1948; Intern.:Cook County H.; Psychiatry; Unmarried; 495 Markham St., Toronto, Canada.COOK, WILLIAM THOMASBorn Feb. 18, 1931; Harvard U., B.S., 1953; Intern.: Wayne County H., Detroit; Radiology; Married; 1314 Belle Ave., Lakewood 7, Ohio.COTEV, SHAMA YBorn Nov. 15, 1931; Intern.: Blodgett Mem. H.;Urology; Unmarried; P.O. Box 767, Jerusalem, Israel.DAVIS, NATHAN MILLERBorn Dec. 6, 1931; U. of Chicago, B.A., 1950;Intern.: Presbyterian H., Chicago; Psychiatry; Married; 5720 Maryland Ave., Chicago 37.DUFFELL, DAVID RICHARDBorn Aug. 17, 1931; Beloit College, B.S., 1953;Intern.: Minneapolis Gen. H.; Specialty undetermined;Unmarried; 7123 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago 19.EARLE, RICHARD HATHAWAYBorn Nov. 17, 1932; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1954;Intern.: University H., Ann Arbor; Internal medicine; Married; 4002 Redding Rd., North Atlanta, Ga.ERICSSON, KERMIT CHARLESBorn Sept. 6, 1930; Wheaton College, B.S., 1952;Intern.: Blodgett Mem H.; Surgery, medical missionary; Married; One child; 520 Oak Knolls, Rockford,Ill.FINLAYSON, BIRDWELLBorn Oct. 28, 1932; Intern.: Billings; Urology;Married; One child; 5428 Woodlawn Ave., Chicago15.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 7CLASS OF 1957FIREMAN, PHILIPBorn Feb. 28, 1932; U. of Pittsburgh, B.S., 1953;Intern.: Philadelphia Gen. H.; Pediatrics; Unmarried;5434 Baywood St., Pittsburgh 6, Pa.FRIEDMAN, MAX BEERBOHMBorn Apr. 11, 1931; Cornell U., A.B., 1951; Intern.:Mount Sinai, New York City.; Ophthalmology; Unmarried; 207 W. lO6th St., New York 25, N.Y.GELLER, HERBERT Z.Born Jan. 17, 1931; New York U., B.A., 1952; Intern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn; Orthopedics; Unmarried; 2138 Crotona Parkway, New York 60, N.Y.GREENWOOD, WILLIAM HAMILTONBorn Mar. 28, 1932; State College of Washington,B.S., 1954; General practice; Unmarried; 770 Government Way, Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.HIGGER, HARVEY LEEBorn Dec. 22, 1930; U. of California (Los Angeles)B.S., 1953; Intern.: Highland-Alameda County H.;Obstetrics & Gynecology; Married; 1024 S. Dunsmuir,Los Angeles 19, Calif.HOFFS, JOSHUA ALLENBorn Jan. 2, 1933; Harvard U., A.B., 1954; Intern.:Veterans Administration H., Los Angeles; Psychiatry;Married; 3720 Kings Highway, Brooklyn 37, N.Y.HOPKINS, WILLIAM FRANKBorn Aug. 31, 1932; Intern.: Blodgett Mem. H.;Surgery or Pathology; Married; Two children; A.O.A.;415 W. Yakima St., Pasco, Wash.JACOBS, THEODORE J.Born July 3, 1931; Yale U., A.B., 1953; Intern.:Kings County H., New York City; Psychiatry; Unmarried; 498 West End Ave., New York 24, N.Y.JACOBSON, MARCUS AMRAMBorn June 4,1924; Rutgers U., B.S., 1949, OberlinCollege, M.S., 1951; Intern.: Illinois Research & Educational H. ; Specialty undetermined; Married; A.O.A. ;7437 Chappel Ave., Chicago 49.KANDLER, HENRY O.Born Sept. 5, 1929; Antioch College, B.A., 1953;Intern.: Michael Reese H., Chicago; Psychiatry;Married; 1226 E. 54th St., Chicago 15.KARON, MYRON RALPHBorn Feb. 27, 1932; Reed College, B.A., 1955; Intern.: U. of California H., Los Angeles; Pediatrics;Unmarried; A.O.A.; 924 N. Sierra Bonita, Los Angeles46, Calif.KELLER, CARL HENRYBorn Sept. 14, 1931; Carleton College, B.A., 1953;Intern.: U.S.P.H.S. H., New Orleans; Psychiatry;Married; One child; No permanent address.KIRSCHENBAUM, M. BARRYBorn Apr. 8, 1932; U. of Chicago, B.A., 1952, B.S.,1954; Intern.: Cook County H.; Specialty undetermined; Unmarried; 6136 N. Mozart St., Chicago 45.KISER, JOSEPH CORBINBorn May 16, 1932; West Virginia U., B.S., 1955;Intern.: Minneapolis Gen. H.; Surgery; Unmarried;A.O.A.; 510 45th St., Vienna, W.Va.KRISTENSEN, KAI AGERHOLM BRORSONBorn Mar. 22,1933; Intern.: King County H., Seattle; Internal medicine; Unmarried; 631 ChapmanDr., Corte Madera, Calif.8 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINTHE SENIOLAGUNOFF, DAVIDBorn Mar. 14, 1932; Intern.: San Francisco H.;Pediatrics; Unmarried; 1000 E. Blue Heron Blvd.,Riviera Beach, Fla.LERNER, HARVEY LOEBBorn Feb. 15, 1933; Cornell U., A.B., 1953; Intern.:Billings; Specialty undetermined; Unmarried; 110 W.86th St., New York 24, N.Y.LOH, VIVIEN SHUN-NGOR LEEBorn Dec. 7, 1928; Simmons College, B.S., 1951,Wellesley, M.A., 1952; Intern.: Michael Reese H., Chicago; Pediatrics or research; Married; One child; 74Kennedy Rd., Hong Kong.MAGID SON, JAMES STEVENBorn Jan. 24, 1933; Intern.: Mount Sinai H., NewYork City; Medicine or Dermatology; Unmarried;121 Pine St., Freeport, N.Y.MASON, GEORGE ROBERTBorn June 10, 1932; Oberlin College, B.A., 1955;Intern.: Billings; Surgery; Married; A.O.A.; 921 E.56th St., Chicago 37.MA Y, ROBERT ELLIOTBorn Feb. 19, 1930; Syracuse U., A.B., 1950, U. ofIllinois, M.S., 1951; Intern.: Philadelphia Gen. H.; Internal medicine; Married; 135 Eastern Pkwy., Brooklyn, N.Y.MILLER, RICHARD DAVIDBorn Jan. 12,1932; Purdue U., B.S., 1953; Intern.:Jackson Mem. H., Miami; Internal medicine; Unmarried; 2084 Bronx Park E., New York 62, N.V.MOORE, ROBERT YATESBorn Dec. 5, 1931; Lawrence College, B.A., 1953;Intern.: Billings; Neurology; Married; A.O.A.; 435Engel St., Park Ridge, Ill.MOY, RICHARD HENRYBorn Feb. 2, 1931; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1953, B.S.,1954; Intern.: Billings; Internal medicine; Married;A.O.A.; 117 E. School Ave., Naperville, Ill.NELSON, KARIN BECKERBorn Aug. 14, 1933; Intern.: Philadelphia Gen. H.;Neurology; Married; A.O.A.; No permanent address.OBERHELMAN, JOHN HEYWORTHBorn Oct. 26, 1931; North Central College, B.S.,1953; Intern.: Blodgett Mem. H.; General practice;Married; 701 Columbian Ave., Oak Park, Ill.OFFER, DANIELBorn Dec. 24, 1929; U. of Rochester, B.A., 1953;Intern.: Illinois Research & Educational H. ; Child psychiatry; Unmarried; 15 Gaza Rd., Jerusalem, Israel.OLIN, HARRY STEINERBorn May 21,1930; U. of Chicago, B.A., 1952;Intern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn; Psychiatry;Married; 4950 Marine Dr., Chicago 40.OTT, CHARLES EDWARDBorn Nov. 3, 1927; U. of Iowa, B.S.E., 1949;Intern.: Highland-Alameda County H.; Surgery; Unmarried; 930 14th St., Bettendorf, Iowa.PELLER-GANZ, V ARDABorn Aug. 5, 1931; College of the City of New York,B.S., 1953; Intern.: Michael Reese H., Chicago; Psychiatry or Medicine; Married; 5425 Woodlawn Ave.,Chicago 15.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 9CLASS OF 1957PENDRAS, JERRY PAULBorn Apr. 19, 1931; U. of Washington, B.A., 1953;Intern.: Cook County H.; Surgery; Unmarried; 2434Snyder Ave., Bremerton, Wash.PERDIGAO, HEITOR GUNTHERBorn Feb. 23, 1931; Intern.: Charity H., New Orleans; Internal medicine; Unmarried; 6104 N. BayRidge, Milwaukee 11, Wis.PETERSON, THEODORE ANDREWSBorn Aug. 12, 1933; U. of Nebraska, B.S., 1955;Intern.: Minneapolis Gen. H.; Surgery; Unmarried;623 Hancock St., Holdrege, Neb.PORTE, DANIEL, JR.Born Aug. 13, 1931; Brown U., B.A., 1953; Intern.:San Francisco Gen. H.; Internal medicine; Married;One child; 84-79 168th Pl., Jamaica, N.Y.POWELL, ROBIN DALEBorn Apr. 19,1934; Intern.: Minneapolis Gen. H.;Neurology; Unmarried; A.O.A.; 5565 WashingtonBlvd., Indianapolis, Ind.RICHARD, JOSEPHBorn Aug. 28, 1932; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1953;Intern.: Bellevue H., New York City; Internal medicine; Married; No permanent address.RIFKIND, DAVIDBorn Mar. 11, 1929; U. of California (Los Angeles),B.A., 1950, Ph.D., 1953; Intern.: Colorado Gen. H.;Internal medicine; Unmarried; 316 San Vicente Blvd.,Santa Monica, Calif.ROSE, NORMAN ALEXANDERBorn July 10, 1930; U. of California (Los Angeles),A.B., 1951, U. of Washington, B.S., 1953; Intern.:Cedars of Lebanon H.; Obstetrics; Unmarried; 1643N. Formosa, Los Angeles 46, Calif.RUSSE, HENRY PAULBorn Feb. 12, 1928; Indiana U., A.B., 1952; Intern.:Billings; Medicine; Married; One child; A.O.A.; 8509Drexel Ave., Chicago 19.RUTMAN, KENNETHBorn Apr. 15,1931; Rutgers U., B.S., 1953; Intern.:Billings; Internal medicine; Unmarried; 1405 TellerAve., Bronx 56, N.Y.SANCHEZ, ANGEL ERNESTBorn Aug. 30, 1924; Texas Western College, B.B.A.,1948; Intern.: U.S. Naval H., San Diego; Generalpractice; Married; Three children; 311 S. EI Paso St.,El Paso, Texas.SANDBERG, RUSSELL LEONARDBorn Oct. 23, 1932; U. of Chicago, B.A., 1952;Intern.: Colorado Gen. H.; Internal medicine; Married; One child; 319 School St., Villa Park, III.SCHNEIDER, IRA JERRYBorn June 4, 1930; New York U., B.A., 1952;Intern.: Billings; Surgery; Unmarried; A.O.A.; 497Jelliff Ave., Newark 8, N.J.SILBERGER, JULIUS, JR.Born July 25,1929; Harvard U., A.B., 1951, U. ofWisconsin, M.A., 1953; Intern.: Philadelphia Gen. H.;Psychiatry; Unmarried; A.O.A.; 3713 WashingtonBlvd., University Heights 18, Ohio.SMITH, WILLARD JAMES, JR.Born Apr. 27, 1932; U. of Chicago, B.A., 1954;Intern.: Illinois Research & Educational H.; Generalsurgery; Married; 1151 E. 61st St., Chicago 37.10 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINTHE SENIOR CLASS OF 1957STEWART, PAUL BELLBorn Oct. 5, 1928; U. of Chicago, B.A., 1948;Intern.: Billings; Urology; Unmarried; 3950 LakeShore Dr., Chicago 13.STRAUS, FRANCIS HOWE, IIBorn Mar. 16, 1932; Harvard U., A.B., 1953;Intern.: Billings; Specialty undetermined; Married;5631 Kenwood Ave., Chicago 37.TOM, SANFORD S.Born Aug. 20, 1930; Harvard U., B.A., 1952, U. ofChicago, M.S., 1956; Intern.: San Francisco Gen. H.;Psychiatry; Unmarried; 742 Jackson St., San Francisco 11, Calif.VINCENT, PAUL JANVRINBorn May 31, 1931; Fresno State College, B.S.,1953; Intern.: Veterans Administration H., Los Angeles; Medicine; Unmarried; 875 Minnesota St., SanJose, Calif.VISEK, WILLARD JAMESBorn Sept. 19, 1922; U. of Nebraska, B.S., 1947,Cornell U., M.S., 1949, Ph.D., 1951; Intern.: Billings;Pharmacology; Married; Two children; 8546 University Ave., Chicago 19.WAGNER, JAY EDWARDBorn Jan. 31, 1932; Cornell U., B.S., 1953; Intern.:Roosevelt H., New York City; Orthopedic surgery;Married; 921 Washington Ave., Brooklyn, N.Y.WID ROE, HARVEY JAYBorn Nov. 26, 1933; U. of Chicago, B.A., 1952, B.S.,1954; Intern.: Mount Zion H., San Francisco; Psychiatry; Married; 2223 E. Webster Pl., Milwaukee,Wis.WONG, TING-WABorn Oct. 15, 1932; U. of California, B.A., 1953;Intern.: Barnes H., St. Louis; Pathology; Unmarried;c/o Dr. N. C. Yang, Institute of Organic Chemistry,U. of Chicago, Chicago 37.ZAAS, ROBERT DAVIDBorn Apr. 1, 1931; Western Reserve U., B.S., 1953;Intern.: Mount Sinai H., Cleveland; Specialty undetermined; Married; One child; 3807 Tremont, Cleveland Heights, Ohio.Medical Students HonoredThe Seniors elected to A.O.A. thisspring were: William Hopkins, MyronKaron, Joseph Kiser, Robert Mason,Robert Moore, Richard Moy, KarenNelson, Henry Russe, and Joseph Silberger. Last year Marcus Jacobson,Robin Powell, and Ira Schneider wereelected.The Juniors this year are: CaesarBriefer, Jerry Chutkow, Alan Pavel, andDonald Thursh.From the faculty, Dr. Douglas Buchanan and Dr. Stephen Rothman wereelected as well.Dr. Karl F. Meyer, director emeritusof the G. W. Hooper Foundation, University of California Medical Center,gave the annual A.O.A. lecture on April5. His title was "Medicine in the SovietUnion Today." Election of Officersfor 1957-58Ballots for the election of next year's officers of the Association are in the mail. TheNominating Committee (John Van Prohaska, chairman) has made the followingselections:For president: William E. Adams, M.D.:Iowa, '26.For vice-president: M. Edward Davis,M.D., Rush, '22.For secretary: Peter Vincent Moulder,M.D.,'45.For treasurer: Fausto Tanzi, M.D., '50.ADAMS For the Council (1957-60): R. KennedyGilchrist, M.D., Rush '30, and Robert W.Wissler, M.D., '49.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINCLASS HISTORY 11"Your cadavers are upstairs. Thebooks and supplies are listed outside.I'll see you in six months .... " Withthis introduction, the Class of 1957 became what may prove to be the lastgroup to escape that dread fate, "spoonfeeding."We were composed of a great varietyof personalities from all parts of thecountry. We didn't entirely believe thelate A. J. Carlson when he said, "Thereare more nuts per square mile in California than anywhere else in the world,"but observation of our dozen Californians over four years has caused anagonized reappraisal of that statement.We had no trouble believing Dr.P. P. H. De Bruyn when he told us"Dies is ein eggzone," while graphicallydemonstrating an axon with a monstrousKodachrome enlargement. Studying wasalways a problem. Often one could findSchneider in his room, Moore and Oberhelman in the Coffee Shop, Cook andZaas in Jimmy's, all studying one thingor another.The athletic side was not entirelyneglected either, as Herb Geller camethrough to promote a spring tennistournament, replete with prizes and all.The threat of spring finals decimated theranks of contestants. We still await theplayoffs.Our first entry to AMBH through theback door found us "speculating, if youwill" on pathologic processes for Dr.F; L. Jennings and feeling the pressurefrom enlarged adrenals due to Dr. P. E.Steiner's snap quizzes. Our stresses werepartly made up for by our bacteriologic"Tales of Burrows" and Dr. Kleitman'sdaily experiments in the physiology ofsleep.During the winter our present bumper crop of future psychiatrists apparently germinated as we spoke knowingly ofunresolved Oedipus conflicts and paranoid schizophrenia. On a more plebianline, we also wrapped our tonguesaround Cimex leetularius and W uehereria bancrojti as we learned about "thiswormy world." As spring rolled around,we were fortunate enough to haveHowie Bresler "get us a deal" on medical equipment such that we could scarcely be told from real staff men exceptfor those frequent references to the"little black book." In C.C.C. we learnedamong other things that there is nofundus in a glass eye and that staff menmight occasionally lead students on.During a summer that was hot enough to buckle pavements we plunged intoour clinical work and rarely into LakeMichigan. Histories varied from that ofDave Rifkind when he walked in on ahappy baby whose parents had alreadyleft-"History and physical, negative"-to Powell's documentary case studiesfor psychiatry. Ernie Sanchez learnedall about psychogenic disease on GIservice while his own FBD worsened.As internists, we took our places at theend of the line of dignitaries on GIrounds and for the surgeons we leanedback on the "idiot stick." We tried valiantly to keep bleary eyes open as classmates presented their cases, as therewas always the possibility that Dr. Pullman would ask our learned opinion.A few skeptics have intimated thatmorning pediatric clinic titles be changedto "sick-mother" clinics to complementthe afternoon "well-baby" clinics. Asobstetricians, most of us had the fearthat we would drop the slippery squirming bundle of new life, but fortunatelyno one did. Of course, we didn't lackfor instruction on where to stand andwhat not to do from Drs. Davis, Fugo,and Salominas. Even tips on haircuts,clothing, and posture were given to thosenotables Porte, Moore, and Powell byDr. Hesseltine.As we settled down to the relaxed "R& R" of senior year, it turned out thatour class representatives had truly represented the class trend and had all gotmarried. The second generation wasrapidly enlarging, and, even with an attempt by the Finlaysons to producetwins, the Sanchezes are still ahead withthree. On the political front, that oldcampaigner, Robin Powell, achieved"Do you honestly believe this will win Youthe Borden Award?" "Are you ready to be checked?"presidency of AKK, AOA, SAMA, andthen, with a series of excellent lectures,proceeded to have us enlightened on thefounders of modern medicine, emphasizing, of course, The Johns Hopkins.In our gentlemen's hours in TheClinics we were using our recently acquired clinical acumen to read X-raysand EKG's and to prescribe sanely for"our patient." Not infrequently, however, the expert neurologist to whomthe young doctor in metabolism referredhis patient turned out to be the sameyoung doctor, possibly a bit red in theface.Spurred on by Dr. "Baron" Rothman's example, we compared our minordermatologic pathology and not infrequently volunteered for minor surgeryor sold our "pound of flesh" to furtherscience.Some may become reminiscent at thispoint for the things that were neverdone-the extra reading, the tennis finals, the trip to Milwaukee's breweriesthat P. V. and Sam Wagonfeld promisedTing-Wa-and for those who made itonly part way. To them we extend ourregrets and sympathy and wish themsuccess. Our thanks to the faculty who,each in his own way, has attempted toteach us the art and science of medicine.We mourn the passing of Drs. Carlson and Gomori, teachers we wish wehad known better. We welcome DeanCoggeshall back once again for our fewremaining weeks.Soon, a deft application of the Hesseltine clamp will send us scattering fromMiami to Seattle, another generationready to "stamp out disease."ROBERT MASON '5712 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINSenior Scientific Session-[Continued from page 5]ent techniques. A similar staining pattern was produced even in the absenceof the trapping agent. This was presumably due to the reaction of the 5-OHindole acetaldehyde with tissue amines,5-OH-tryptamine or itself.Application of this method to thebrain demonstrated staining of neurons,glia, and certain fiber tracts. Similarresults were again obtained with or without phenly hydrazine. Treatment of thesections with lipid solvents, alcohol andxylene, removed the fiber staining, butthe cytoplasmic stain remained.Evidence that the reaction was enzymatic is as follows: (1) incubation inN 2 reduced the staining to almost nil;this reaction demands O2; (2) Iproniazid 1O-3M, a known inhibitor of theenzyme, prevented the reaction; and(3) heat-treated sections gave no substantial staining.The diffuse staining of the CNS tissue remains a problem. Our results suggest the possibility that the enzyme iscontained in the fiber tracts as well asin cells.The Steady State of Tritiumin the Anterior Chamberof RabbitsBy MAX FRIEDMANOphthalmologyThe steady-state rate of exchange ofwater between the blood plasma andthe anterior-chamber aqueous humor inthe rabbit was studied using tritiatedwater (HTO) as a tracer substance forwater. A tracer dose of HTO (approximately 1 mc.) was injected into theperitoneal cavity of anesthetized albinorabbits, and serial samples of blood werewithdrawn by means of a polyethylenecannula in the femoral artery. A singlesample of the anterior-chamber aqueous humor was obtained from each eyeby paracentesis. The samples of plasmaand aqueous humor were assayed in aliquid scintillation counter in a toluenesystem using 2,5-diphenyloxazole as thephosphor.The steady-state rate of movement ofwater between the plasma and the anterior-chamber aqueous humor was estimated by solving for KPA by numerical integration of the equationdCA=n= KPA [Cp(l) -CA (I)],where C A (t) is the activity of HTO inanterior-chamber aqueous humor at timet; Cr(t) is the activity of HTO in plasma at time I; and KI'A is the fraction ofaqueous-humor water in the anteriorchamber which exchanges with the plasma each minute. The corresponding half-life (T1) ofanterior-chamber aqueous humor wasthen determined by the formulaTt=_0_2.KpAThe estimates of T,z on this basis arebetween 4.4 and 13.3 minutes. The average half-life for the entire series oftwenty-three rabbits is 7.4 minutes,which corresponds to a steady-stateturnover of 9.4 per cent of the anteriorchamber aqueous humor each minute.Formation of 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) by MastCellsBy DAVID LAGUNOFFPathology5-Hydroxytryptamine is present in ratmast cells. This amine is a biologicallyactive agent. The purpose of these experiments was to study the ability ofmast cells to synthesize 5-hydroxytryptamine from its precursor, 5-hydroxytryptophan.A positive correlation was observedby Lam between the mast-cell population of several rat tissues and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase activity. Wehave investigated the activity of separated mast cells from the rat peritonealcavity.Cells were washed from the peritonealcavity of exsanguinated rats. Thesewashings contained 5 per cent mastcells. When incubated in 0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.2, containing 1 mglml of 5-hydroxytryptophan for 4 hoursunder a nitrogen atmosphere, 2.7 I-'g of5-hydroxytryptamine per cubic millimeter of mast cells were formed as assayed with the isolated rat colon strip.When the cells were centrifuged and resuspended in the medium, 1.0 ,'g of 5-hydroxytryptamine was formed. The addition of 10 I-'g/ml of pyridoxal-5-phosphate to the medium containing centrifuged cells produced 4.0 I-'g of 5-hydroxytryptamine per cubic millimeter of cellsin 4 hours. Separated mast cells in apurity of 50-80 per cent of the totalcell population contained most of thedecarboxylase activity recoverable fromthe centrifuged peritoneal cells. Therewas no enzyme activity found in relationto peritoneal cells other than mast cells.The formation of the amine from 5-hydroxy tryptophan was confirmed bypaper chromatography. The pH optimumof the decarboxylating system was 7.5;maximum amine formation occurredwith a substrate concentration of 1.0I-'g/ml of 5-hydroxytryptophan.The evidence indicates that mast cellsare capable of forming 5-hydroxytryptamine from its precursor amino acid.The pyridoxal requirement of the reac- tion is demonstrated and is consistentwith evidence that this coenzyme is afactor in other amino acid decarboxylases.The Prevention and Reversal ofCoronary Lipid Deposition inRats Given Antikidney SerumDesoxycorticosterone andSodium ChlorideBy RICHARD H. MOYPathologyAcute lipid-containing lesions of thecoronary arteries having many of thefeatures of early atherosclerosis can, beproduced by antikidney serum (AKS)injections in the rat when it is followedby daily administration of a high-fat diet,1 per cent NaCI in the drinking waterand daily injections of desoxycorticosterone acetate (DCA). Previous workhas shown that variation of any of thesecomponents will affect the incidence oflesions. In the present study experimentshave shown that either a low-fat, lowprotein ration or estrogen injections beginning prior to administration of AKS,DCA, and NaCI will significantly decrease the incidence of coronary arterylesions as well as the severity. Furtherstudy has shown that the extent andseverity of these lesions can also be reversed by instituting either a low-fat,low-protein ration or estrogen therapyafter lesions have developed in the majority of the rats. A combination ofthese treatments has some additive effect. The blood pressure, serum lipids,and urinary protein values were studiedin relation to therapy or prevention oflesions. In general, when the lesionswere reduced, there was a marked depression of serum lipids and urinaryprotein and a lesser reduction of bloodpressure. A study of the tissues of theseanimals has revealed that estrogen therapy was more effective in decreasing fatdeposition in the larger coronary arteries, whereas the low-fat, low-protein ration particularly decreased lipid accumulation in the smaller coronary arteries.On the hypothesis that the AKS regimen produces hyperlipemia by alterationof the lipid metabolizing functions of thekidney, histochemical preparations foresterase and alkaline phosphatase weredone on sections of renal tissue, but noconsistent defect could be demonstratedby these techniques.Labeling of Antibody toInfluenza VirusBy ROBIN D. POWELLPreventive MedicineAntibody to the PRs strain of influenza-A virus was labeled with radioactive iodine in the following manner.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 13Prepared human red blood cells and virus were united to form a stable redcell-virus complex. This red cell-viruscomplex, used as an insoluble antigen,was added to a suspension of antiserum(having a high HI titer to the PRsvirus) in which the globulin fraction hadbeen diffusely labeled with radioactiveiodine.The newly formed red cell-viruslabeled antibody combination could thenbe separated by centrifugation, leavingnon-specific labeled globulins in suspension. A suspension of purified labeledantibody was prepared by separating thered cell-virus complex with an adsorption elution technique. Approximately50 per cent of the radioactivity wasbound to the antibody in the purifiedsuspension. Purity could be increased toapproximately 60 per cent by furthercycles of adsorption and elution with thered cell-virus complex.Repeated attempts to label antibodyto DS virus (fourth-generation mutantof PRs virus) were unsuccessful. Attempts to use the antibody to detectsmall amounts of virus and possible incomplete virus (during virus growth)also yielded negative results.The Acid-Fast Staining Character of BacillusmegatheriumBy HENRY P. RUSSEMedicineThe property of acid-fastness is anexpression of the ability of bacterialcells and certain bacterial components toresist decolorization with acids after aninitial staining with a basic dye. Thisquality is peculiar to the genus M ycobacteria and is present to a lesser degree in the actinomycetes, in humansperm cells, and in cellular inclusionssuch as volutin and bacterial endospores.The nature of acid-fastness has not beenfully explained, but it seems to be areflection of the lipid composition ofthe stainable material. Because of thisrelationship between lipids and acid-fastness, it was presumed that other bacteriawhich have large amounts of intracellular lipid might also exhibit some degreeof acid-fastness. Bacillus megatheriumis known to have large amounts of intracellular lipid when grown on suitablemedium and, on this basis, was selectedfor the present study.Smears of bacilli were prepared fromcultures grown from 1 to 9 days in nutrient broth, with and without addedglycerol. As acid-fast controls, 1- to 4-week cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Dubos liquid medium wereprepared and stained simultaneously withthe experimental organisms. A standardsolution of Ziehl-Neelsen carbol fuchsin was used as the initial stain. Smears werestained in the cold for 24 hours. Intracellular lipids were demonstrated withSudan black B. Decolorization varyingfrom 30 seconds to 45 minutes was with3 per cent HCI in 95 per cent ethanol.Methylene blue was used as the counterstain.B. megatherium grown in the presenceof glycerol was found to have largeamounts of intracellular lipids. Theseorganisms were strongly acid-fast afterdecolorizing up to 45 minutes, but theacid-fastness was masked by use of thecounterstain. This type of acid-fastnesshas been described by Berg as chemicalacid-fastness. He suggests that use ofthe counterstain often obscures this typeof acid-fastness, whereas the structuraltype of acid-fastness is not obscured bya counterstain. The degree of acid-fastness demonstrated in the experimentalorganism was found to be a reflection ofits age and the amount of stainable intracellular lipid. Organisms grown inthe presence of glycerol were consistently more strongly acid-fast than organisms grown in nutrient broth alone.From this study it is concluded thatB. megatherium is chemically acid-fastand that the degree of acid-fastness is areflection of the lipid composition of theorganism.The Continuous Culture ofEndameba histolyticaBy RUSSELL L. SANDBERGMedicine (Microbiology)The demonstration of an antibody toEndameba histolytica, the organism implicated in amebiasis and amebic dysentery, would be desirable diagnosticallyand as an aid in understanding the nature of the causative organism. Such ademonstration depends upon the production of a relatively pure antigen as itsfirst step.Owing to the complex growth requirements of E. histolytica, production of asuitable antigen is extremely difficult.The complicating factors are: (1) extraneous protein material from the media and from the associated organismsnecessary for the growth of E. histolytica; (2) elements of the media whichcause emboli in an animal inoculatedwith such an antigen; and (3) the smallyield of antigen when standard methodsare used. The usual antibody producedfrom E. histolytica is thus low in titerand not specific.To solve these problems, a modification of the Phillips technique of culturewas adopted, using Trypanosoma cruzias the associated organism. This methodreduces foreign substances but normallyhas a relatively small yield. To providea maximum growth rate and larger yields,a technique of continuous culture was developed. This consists of a supply ofT. cruzi and a supply of ameba mediumadded constantly through glass capillarytubing to a culture of E. histolytica. Thesupply of T. cruzi is grown in the samefashion: media are added continuously toa culture flask by means of glass capillary tubing. The two systems are physically combined and operate entirely byhydrostatic pressure. The E. histolyticaculture is grown at 37° C, while T. cruziare grown at 22° C.This device is dependable, can be harvested frequently, and will maintain apopulation in a viable state for severalmonths. An antigen containing little extraneous material is obtainable by thismethod. The possibility of emboli is reduced. Soluble impurities can be washedfrom the live or formalin-fixed E. histolytica. The insoluble portion consistsmainly of fractionated bodies of T. cruzi.To remove this impurity, a modificationto filter out the trypanosomal bodies andpermit continuous pure culture of E.histolytica is being developed.Studies of Citrate Metabolismand Calcium-Cast Formationin Potassium-deficient RatsBy FRANCIS H. STRAUSPathologyThe renal lesions that are associatedwith potassium deficiency in the ratinclude calcium-cast formation in thecollecting tubules. These appear by thesixth day of protein repletion in ratsmaintained on a diet devoid of potassium. The pathogenesis of this lesion isnot understood.It is believed by some investigatorsthat urinary calcium is held in solutionby citrate, with which it forms a solublecomplex. Recent studies using diamox inthe rat have shown that large amountsof calcium precipitate in the renal tubules as the level of urinary citrate falls.This suggests that the mechanism ofcalcium-cast formation in potassiumdepleted rats resembles that in diamoxtreated animals because similar levels ofurinary citrate occur in both experimental conditions. Potassium-depleted ratswere fed diets containing normal amountsof calcium, large amounts of calcium,and large amounts of calcium supplemented with vitamin D in order to obtain varying concentrations of calciumin the urine. Urinary levels of citratebegan to fall after the first day of potassium depletion, reaching one-fifth ofcontrol levels after 4 days. Calcium castswere not evident until the sixth day.There was no increase in the frequencyof these casts in the animals fed largeamounts of calcium with vitamin D fortification, though the urinary calciumrose to four times normal values, Thecasts in potassium-depleted animals were14 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINfound in the collecting tubules and notin the proximal convoluted tubules, asthey were in the animals given diamox.The concentration of citrate is believedto decrease rapidly in the proximal convoluted tubules due to absorption.Calcium-cast formation in potassiumdeficient rats cannot be explained by thelow level of urinary citrate because (1)the casts do not form at the time theurinary citrate levels fall; (2) there isno increase in calcium-cast formationwhen urinary calcium is increased in thepresence of low urinary citrate; and (3)the casts occur in the collecting tubuleswhere the urinary citrate is believed toremain constant.Histologic studies of preparations ofpotassium-deficient kidneys reveal thepresence of papillary projections of tubular cells into the lumen of the collecting tubules. In these areas, in whichthere is a rapid rate of mitosis, somenecrotic cells in the lumen may serve asthe necessary protein matrix for calcification, thereby permitting the buildingof a nidus, which we observe as calciumcast forms.Liver Glycogen, Muscle Glycogen and Liver Weight inthe Irradiated RatBy SANFORD TOMPharmacology[Presented by title only]The Effects of Tween Feedingand Gastric X-rayon theGenesis of Neoplasia inCarcinogen-fed MiceBy TING-WA WONGPathologyTweens are a series of non-ionic surface-active agents containing sorbitanand polyoxyethylene groups combinedwith various fatty acids. In recent yearsthese surface-active agents have beenadded to many important food products,including bread and ice cream. The ability of these agents to enhance the penetration of the carcinogen, benzpyrene,into the stomach wall of mice and catsas well as the cocarcinogenic activity ofthe Tweens in the induction of skin tumors with dibenzanthracene in mice hasbeen reported by two investigators.In the present investigation the effectof Tween 80 on the absorption of thecarcinogen, methyJcholanthrene, from thegastrointestinal tract has been studied.Methyicholanthrene was chosen becauseof its chemical similarity to cholesterol,the absorption of which was known tobe enhanced by concurrent feeding ofTween in experimental animals. Results from this experiment showed that Tween80 apparently did increase the absorption of methylcholanthrene from thegastrointestinal tract, as evidenced bythe considerably greater total incidenceof neoplasia in animals fed methylcholanthrene plus Tween in comparison toanimals fed methylcholanthrene withoutTween in their diet. For instance, inthese two groups of approximately twenty-five animals each, the ratio of theincidences of neoplasia is 1.8 to 1.A second part of the present investigation consisted of studying the combined effects of Tween-feeding and gastric X-rayon the genesis of neoplasia inmethylcholanthrene-fed mice. The gastric X-ray was given as a single dose of1500 r to the surgically exposed stomachsof the mice by means of a speciallydesigned lead box which gave protectiveshielding to the rest of the body. Results from this experiment showed thatgastric X-ray, together with methylcholanthrene and Tween 80, produced frequent striking proliferative changes inthe glandular mucosa of the stomach ofmice which were not unlike hypertrophicgastritis in man. In addition, invasion ofgastric glands below the muscularis mucosa was observed. The entire lesionfrequently suggested premalignant ormalignant change, although no distantmetastases were detected in any of theanimals. It seems worthwhile in futureexperiments to ascertain to what extentthis type of lesion is capable of progressing by allowing the animals to survivelonger.The practical implications from theresults of the above experiments aretwofold. (1) The use of Tweens as emulsifiers in important food products mightnot be wise in view of their apparentability to promote the absorption ofcarcinogenic hydrocarbon from the gastrointestinal tract. (2) The use of gastric radiation needs long-term evaluationin experimental animals. FACULTY NEWSWilliam Adams spent two weeks in Hon-'olulu, Guam, and Japan on a medical educational mission sponsored by the Navy.Earl Benditt will leave The Clinics July 1to accept the chairmanship of the Department of Pathology at the University ofWashington. In early April Dr. Benditt participated in the symposium on 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in London. He visited several laboratories in England and onthe Continent before returning home.Hugh T. Carmichael, Chicago, is president of the Illinois Psychiatric Society.Lowell T. Coggeshall has been electedto membership in the American Philosophical Society.Gail M. Dack, '33, received the tenth annual Pasteur Award of the Society of IllinoisBacteriologists.C. Wesley Eisele, Denver, participated inthe Fifty-third Annual Congress on Medical Education and Licensure in Chicago inFebruary.Robert Hasterlik, Rush '38, went toBuenos Aires in April at the request of theA.E.C. and the State Department to conferwith Argentina's National Commission ofAtomic Energy.A. Baird Hastings, Harvard, is serving onthe National Advisory Arthritis and Metabolic Disease Council.Charles B. Huggins received the ComfortCrookshank Award for Cancer Researchfrom the Council of the Middlesex HospitalMedical School of London for his fundamental contributions to the surgery ofcancer.Dewey Katz, of Hartford, Connecticut,was given a Certificate of Award by theAmerican Academy of Ophthalmology andOtolaryngology for distinguished services inthe educational program of that society.Heinrich G. Kobrak talked on "RecentAdvances in Diagnosis and Treatment ofConduction-type Deafness" at the Januarymeeting of the Chicago Laryngological andOtological Societies.Huberta M. Livingstone served as an instructor at the American Society of Anesthesiologists' annual refresher courses givenin Chicago in March.Klara Prec discussed "Dye Dilution Techniques," and John F. Perkins spoke on"Rapid Evaluation of Pulmonary Function," at a symposium on cardiovasculardiagnostic methods presented by the Chicago Heart Association in April.Richard B. Richter, Rush '25, is firstvice-president of the American NeurologicalAssociation.Henry T. Ricketts served as moderatorof a panel discussion at the fifth postgraduate course in diabetes and basic metabolicproblems offered by the American DiabetesAssociation in co-operation with the OhioSlate University Medical Center in lateJanuary.George Wied will participate in the International Congress of Clinical Pathology inBrussels in T ulv.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 15I RUSH ALUMNI NEWS I'98. George Ri.Reay writes that he is stillliving by himself, doing most of the simplethings but kept up to a certain standard bya lady who drops in once a week. He stayshappy and at peace with Bible study andbiography, and he wouldn't change placeswith anybody.A singular honor is coming to Franklin C.McLean, '10, this spring. On the first ofJune he will have received an honorary degree of Doctor of Medicine from the University of Lund, Sweden. This degree israrely awarded an alien, and this year Dr.McLean alone will receive the degree. Hewill also receive a ring, a diploma, a top hat,and two cannon shots. Mrs. McLean willaccompany him on a trip that will includethe Karolinska Institute and the Universityof Oslo, where Dr. McLean will lecture onhomeostatic control of calcium-ion concentration in the blood and the relation of finestructure of bone to function.Mrs. Morris Fishbein has planned a fortyfifth anniversary party for her husband'sclass of 1912 for May 29. Each member ofthe class is invited to bring a member of hisfamily and to have prepared beforehand ashort summary of the highlights of his fortyfive years in medicine. Part of the programwill be looking at movies of the twentiethreunion and pictures of the fortieth.Dr. Fishbein was recently awarded a degree of Doctor of Laws from Florida Southern College.'13. Ralph H. Kuhns is planning to attend the International Congress of Psychiatry and the meetings of the InternationalChess Federation to be held in Switzerlandthis summer.'26. Esmond R. Long writes that he devotes most of his time to the preparationof the third edition of The Chemistry ojTuberculosis; the first edition, publishedin 1923, was by H. Gideon Wells, LydiaDeWitt, and E. R. Long.'27. Edward L. Compere has received thePresident's Academy Award of the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation in recognition of his outstanding work in restoring people to health andhis leadership in developing the LibertyMutual Rehabilitation Center of Chicago.Hilger P. Jenkins is president-elect ofthe Central Surgical Association.Jaroslav Tetrev attended the secondEuropean Cardiology Conference in Stockholm last fall.'31. Henry N. Harkins, professor of surgery at the University of Washington, wasa guest speaker at the annual meeting inSanta Barbara of the Southern CaliforniaChapter of the American College of Surgeons.Harold C. Wagner is secretary-treasurerof the Chicago Society of Allergy.'36. Zachary Felsher is now assistant professor of dermatology at Northwestern.'41. Joseph B. Davis has left his generalpractice in Los Angeles to join the staff ofthe A.M.A. in Washington, D.C.GRADUATE NEWS'31. A. Ross McIntyre will participate inthe International Symposium on Curare inRio de J aniero in August.. '32. Egbert Fell has been appointed medical director of the central artery bank ofthe Chicago Heart Association.'35. Sam W. Banks directed a course onfractures and other trauma offered by the, Chicago regional committee on trauma ofthe American College of Surgeons in April.Karl P. Klassen showed his movie on"Action of Human Heart Valves" at theannual meeting of the Ohio Academy ofScience.Robert T. Porter is president of theColorado State Medical Society.'37. David Bodian, of The Johns Hopkins, gave the second Harvey Lecture in the1956-57 series at the New York Academyof Medicine. His subject was "PhysiologicAspects of Infectious Processes in Poliomyelitis."Joan Fleming is president-elect of theChicago Psychoanalytic Society.Carl C. Pfeiffer, chairman of the Department of Pharmacology at Emory, will become acting director of the Division of BasicHealth Sciences on July 1.'38. David S. Pankratz, dean and directorof the University of Mississippi School ofMedicine, reports that the University willgraduate its first Senior class this spring.They have an approved internship and several approved residencies.'39. Oscar A. Billeter and his wife, theformer Gloria Stout, a former Clinics O-Rnurse, have lived in Salt Lake City since1945. He has recently opened the state'sfinest nursing home and is rapidly gettingused to bossing and firing, but so far stillretaining him ..'40. George H. Ruggy announces thebirth of Rex Walker II on January 26.'45. Jerome Sryrt is doing private practice of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis.He was graduated last winter from the Baltimore Psychoanalytic Institute. The Styrtsare buying a house, typical Baltimore rowhouse type. Their two girls, five and a halfand two and a half, keep things lively.'47. John V. Denko, in pathological practice in Amarillo, reports that he now hasthree children-ages eight, five, and one-alldeveloping a Texas accent.John Grayhack is director of the newLucy & Edwin Kretschmer Laboratory forResearch in Urology at Northwestern.'SO. Donald Benson was on the campusthis quarter to make arrangements for receiving his Ph.D. in pharmacology. He ischairman of anethesiology at The JohnsHopkins.'51. Robert L. Vosburg would like hisfriends to know of some of the good thingsthat have come to him and his wife, Nancy.They now have two sons-Robert, two, andJohn Eric, five months. He completed hisresidency in psychiatry at Pittsburgh onJuly 1 and, with a National Institute fellowship, will continue on the staff at WesternPsychiatric. He is a member in training atthe Philadelphia Psychoanalytic Institute. '53. Lou Cohen, here for the AmericanCollege of Physicians postgraduate coursein internal medicine, reports that he has anew daughter. He will leave the Navy nextfall and return to his residency here in medicine.Dean Dimick will spend next year inParis with Dr. Max-Fernand J ayle at theUniversity of Paris on a National CancerInstitute fellowship of the USPHS.'54. John E. Kasik won the James Alexander Miller fellowship of the New YorkTuberculosis Association for 1957-58. Hewill work with William Barclay, head ofthe chest division.Mahmood Sajjadi has just returned froma five-thousand-mile motoring trip in Europeand the Middle East.Lois Grieder Scheimann announces thebirth of Anne Marie on October 25, 1956.'55. Richard Rubinstein is the medicalofficer at the Naval Air Rocket Test Centerin Dover, New Jersey. He announces thearrival of a son on January 30.'56. Edgar Bristow and his wife, Pat, announce the arrival of a daughter, BarbaraAnn, on March 28. Ed starts his two yearswith the Army on July 1.AWARDS AND HONORSTO SENIORSThis year the Mosby Book Awards weregiven to Marcus Jacobson, Joseph Kiser,Robin Powell, Richard Moy, and RobinPowell.The Ginsberg A ward went to Richard H.Earle.The Merck Manual A wards were made toRobert Moore, Senior, and Donald Thursh,Junior.REUNION BANQUETJune 6There is still time to make reservations for the annual reunion of theMedical Alumni.Seniors and their wives will be ourguests, and we expect several members of the Rush cla-s of 1907 to bewith us.Dr. Paul C. Hodges will give theprincipal address on "Is There a Doctor in the House?"Distinguished Service Awards willbe presented to illustrious alumni,and the winner of the Bordon Awardwill be announced at the Banquet.You will want to be there.16 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINFROM THE DEANTo the Alumni:Last month it was my pleasure to reportto the faculty the principal events whichhave occurred during my first ten years asdean. Perhaps a similar account will be ofinterest to you, for many of you may notrealize how rapidly your school has grownin its plant and in its reputation, especiallysince the close of World War II.It is true that medical schools in generalhave changed greatly in recent years. As theA.M.A. reported recently, "Today's medicalschools are complex centers of medical science concerned with the basic education ofmedical students, with the provision of graduate and postgraduate education for physicians, and with the conduct of activities inthe constant search of new knowledge andthe prevention, diagnosis and treatment ofillness." And it is also true that our schoolwas fortunate in having the prestige of theRush Medical College behind it; yet we area new and distinctive medical school, and,although we are only thirty years old, todaywe are recognized as one of the outstandingcenters of medical science in the country.Two weeks ago the Chicago Tribune reported the results of a comprehensive survey,and in the opinion of our colleagues ourschool was number 2 in the listing of theten best medical schools in the nation. Inthe distribution of the' large grant from theFord Foundation, Chicago was listed amongthe top six. For the last ten years our graduates, whether applying here or to othermedical schools, have ranked as a groupeither number 1 or number 2 in the MedicalCollege Aptitude Test.The faculty rates exceedingly high in itsresearch accomplishments and its leadershipin the medical world. For example, its members are currently presidents of the Association of American Physicians, the AmericanCollege of Physicians, the American Otological Society, the Association of AmericanMedical Colleges, and the American CancerSociety, just to mention the more widelyknown medical organizations.While continuing to attract and developoutstanding men in medicine, the school hasalso sent its alumni to leading roles in othermedical institutions, including six departmental chairmen at The Johns Hopkins.DEPARTMENTAL CHANGESDuring the ten-year period there havebeen many departmental changes, includingthe creation of two new departments, Radiology and Psychiatry, and the change of theDepartment of Bacteriology and Parasitology to the Department of Microbiology.The Institute of Radiobiology has been converted into a degree-granting Committee onBiophysics. In the non-clinical area Dr.Lloyd Roth replaced Dr. Geiling upon hisretirement as chairman of the Departmentof Pharmacology, and Dr. H. Burr Steinbach, from the University of Minnesota,succeeded to the chairmanship of Zoologyafter the death of Professor Carl Moore. Inthe clinical area Dr. M. E. Davis succeededDr. William J. Dieckmann, who wished torelinquish his administrative responsibilities. COGGESHALLDr. C. Knight Aldrich, from the Universityof Minnesota, became professor and head ofthe Department of Psychiatry. During thecoming year Dr. Paul Cannon will retire aschairman of the Department of Pathology.A committee of the faculty, first chaired byDr. Robert Ebert (who left last year tobecome chairman of the Department ofMedicine at Western Reserve), now by Dr.Robert Page, has been studying curriculum,and the school is now nearing the final stagesof instituting curricular changes which, it ishoped, will markedly improve the instruction in the Junior and Senior years.THE PHYSICAL PLANTThe greatest visible change, however, hasbeen in the physical plant. Constructioncosts during the ten-year period are over$13,229,000, practically all of which camefrom outside sources-$lO,OOO,OOO for newbuildings (Argonne, Goldblatt, GilmanSmith, and West Wing) and $3,000,000 foralterations. We now have space for 720 beds.Naturally, therefore, our building plansfor the immediate future are concerned morewith increased facilities for research andteaching than with hospital care. High onthe priority list is a new building specificallydesigned for teaching the basic sciences tomedical students. In order to utilize thespace to the maximum, the laboratories willbe adaptable for instruction by different departments, and there will be common lecturerooms, storerooms, and cubicles in whichstudents may keep books and laboratoryequipment.INCOMEThe growth in our income can perhaps best be indicated by comparison of thefigures for 1947 and 1957:1946-47 1956-57Governmentaccounts $ 442,962 $2,331,027Restricted gifts 504,125 1,271,457Endowment income. 1,232,771 2,032,602Total $2,179,858 $5,635,086It will be noted that, although our government accounts, which are almost exclusively for research, have approximately quadrupled, the amounts from private sourceshave doubled. These figures do not includethe Block estate, which has not been formally turned over to the University. Theestimated value of this gift is $16,000,000,half of which is for the biological sciences.The alumni will be pleased to know thatthis came from an alumnus of another schoolwho was deeply impressed with his experience in our hospital and admired our planof education and research.I would be less than realistic and honestif I did not say that we are in a healthyposition as far as our medical school budgetis concerned, although, to meet the budget,we are dependent upon annual gifts of approximately $250,000 from corporations,individuals, auxiliaries, and so forth. Theimportance of these gifts can be estimatedby computing how much added endowmentwe would have to have in order to get a return of a quarter of a million dollars It year.In addition, the Division is working withthe Chancellor to build up the generalstrength of the University, which is makingrapid gains. Much is being done to preparehousing for faculty and students. The neighborhood situation is clearing up, and, although many problems remain, there is optimism everywhere. You can truly be proudof your school.As dean, I construe my job to be helpfulto the faculty, to do what they wish to dobecause of their excellence, and I feel thatthe University shares my pride in servingsuch a distinguished division.LOWELL T. COGGESHALL, M.D., DeanDivision of Biological SciencesBULLETINof the Alumni AssociationThe University of ChicagoSCHOOL OF MEDICINE950 East Fif ty-nin th Street, Chicago 37, IliinoisSPRING 1957 No.3VOL. 13EDITORIAL BOARDELEANOR M. HUMPHREYS, ChairmanWRIGHT ADAMS ROBERT J. HASTERLIKHUBERTA LIVINGSTONE CLAYTON LOOSLIPETER V. MOULDER WALTER L. PALMERL. T. COGGESHALLJESSIE BURNS MACLEAN, SecretarySubscription with membership:Annual, $4.00 Life, $60.00