Volume 12 SPRING 1956 Number 3)PERATIVE PROCEDURE ON THE CORONARY ARTERY OF A DOG UNDER HYPOTHERMIA ANDACETYLCHOLINE ARRESTPicture No.1Picture No. 3 Picture No. 2Picture No. 4�he anterior descending branch of the left coronary artery of the heart has been dissected out and the hearttopped. Picture No.1 shows a mock endarterectomy; in Picture No.2 the artery is held open; in Picture No. 3he artery is being closed with size 000000 silk; and in Picture No.4 a probe demonstrates patency a few daysIter when the dog was sacrificed.2 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINControlled Arrest inOpen-Heart SurgeryBy PETER VINCENT MOULDER, M.D., '46Assistant Professor of SurgeryOpen-heart surgery can be performedeither with total-body hypothermia toprotect vital areas during the period ofcirculatory stasis or by the use of anextra-corporal pump-oxygenator (speciesdonor in a cross-circulation setup;mechanical or animal-lung oxygenator).These methods with variations are re­ceiving extensive trial in many hospitalsand universities throughout the world.The advantages of hypothermia are:(1) the simplicity of the essential setup;that is, only a small group of skilledworkers is needed, mechanical problemssubject to failure are few, and compli­cated ancillary controls and monitorsare not essential; (2) when there istrouble with the heart during surgery,hypothermia affords a wide margin ofsafety for cardiac restoration; and (3)the open cardiac surgical field is free ofblood. The limitations of hypothermiaare: (1) long time periods under anes­thesia are necessary for cooling andwarming; (2) with the usual methodthere is a restrictive time period forcompleting the procedure; and (3) someincreased incidence of arrhythmia canbe anticipated.The extra-corporal circuits, on theother hand, have advantages, less timebeing required for operative preparationand intracardiac procedures. Extra-cor­poral circuits have been. costly in man­power and engineering, but recent prog­ress has provided simplified, effective,even "disposable" pump oxygenators.EffECT Of ACETYLCHOLINE ON CARDIAC RATENORMOTHERMIA AND HYPOTHERMIAIOOmQ Acetylcholine Intra -coronary During OcclusionI�O140130w 120� 110zi 100II: 90'"0. 8070605040302010 f2ZJ =Ncrmotherrmc_=Hypothermlcot" M IN 2nd MINOCCLUSION ANDACETYLCHOLINE INJECTION 3nI MINFIGURE 1 Cross-circulation techniques with thevolunteer donor of historic magnificencehave been abandoned. Exhaustive prepa­rations, which include pump-primingand calibration, exquisite blood cross­matching of donors, and careful cleaningof tubing and connectors, will always con­sume much skilled manpower and time.The period of actual use of anyone ofthe pump-oxygenator systems is con­stantly associated with the danger ofmechanical failure. Both systems havean appreciable incidence of blood-coagu­lation difficulties, and pump systems re­quire the use of 'anticoagulants.With minimum manpower and reason­able finances, this laboratory* elected tofollow the hypothermia trail, encouragedby the fact that it would also be a bet­ter path for obtaining basic physiologicaldata.Initially we cookbooked the work ofBigelow and Swan but found only con­fusion, especially from polypharmacy.Unfortunately, it was an unsatisfactorymethod in our hands. Retreating to asimplified system and with the help Ofsome Eichelbergert chemistry, we coulddemonstrate that normal acid-base bal­ance is preferable to alkalosis. A self­ventilated rather than a hyperventilated,dog is an excellent means for obtaininghypothermia with a good heart at thelower temperatures. Routine work hasbeen done at 24°-26° C. and more pro­longed procedures at 20°-22 ° C.During the period of blood-flow occlu­sion, however, the heart is obviously in­sufficiently protected by cold alone, andthis becomes more striking as the periodof non-circulation is extended. The heartcontinues to contract during occlusionand at its prior rate until anoxic deterio­ration begins to slow it down. Hoping toprotect the heart during the crucialperiod of occlusion by slowing or stop­ping it, we experimented with vagus­nerve stimulation and a variety of drugs,e.g., xylocaine, potassium, and mecholyl.Although the heart can be stopped ordepressed in many ways, it cannot inmost cases be readily reinstated to pre­treatment activity.Profound inhibition of cardiac action* It is obvious that this work has de­manded the help of a number of people inthe last year and a half. The greatestamount of work has been done by first­year surgical residents Robert W. Harrison(1954-55) and Richard G. Thompson, '54(1955-56). Staff help and suggestions havebeen constantly available from William E.Adams and Curtis A. Smith. William Kis­kins and Roger Pine, both Freshman stu­dents, and Barry Siegel, a Senior, havespent their free time on this project thisyear.t Lillian Eichelberger, Associate Profes­sor of Biochemistry and Surgery. can be produced by giving acetylcholiminto the coronary arterial system. Alow temperatures this effect is prolongec(Fig. 1), and the inhibition can be reoversed readily and rapidly by administration of atropine via the same· routeData on a group of dogs with occlu·sion of inflow and outflow vessels without cardiac surgical procedure show thsphenomena given in Figure 2. Hypother­mia alone decreased the average cardiaerate from 167 to 68. Occlusion for Iminute showed no change in this-rate:however, occlusion and intracoronaryacetylcholine reduced the rate to an avoerage of six to seven contractions· pelminute (tested for 10 minutes). Follow­ing intracoronary atropine and disocclu­sion, the preocclusion rate was repro­duced. Effective blood pressure usuallyobtains within 30 seconds and sinusrhythm within 2 minutes. Cardiotomyintroduces added contractions with anaverage of ten per minute.Ventricular fibrillation continued tobe a hazard, but it has occurred onlyrarely when no surgical procedure wasperformed, and the higher incidence ap­peared with the more complicated andprolonged procedures.Surgical procedures . on the septa,valves, papillary muscles, etc., have beensuccessfully performed in all four car­diac chambers as well as open aorticmock valvulotomy and direct incisionand closure of the anterior descendingbranch of the left coronary artery(cover picture).The method has been clearly safe andusable for right atrial and open aorticwork. Experience suggests that it alonewill be usable for work in the otherEffECT Of ACETYLCHOLINE ON CARDIAC RATEIN TOTAL CIRCULATORY OCCLUSION190IBO170160I�O'" 140�130zi 120II: 110'"a. 100� 90II: BO� 70� 60..<.) 50403020 �=Normothermic_=Hypothermic 24-26'C�"Occlusion1:Zm"���!����Ii��d�=Post Atropine10oMEAN VALUES FOR TWELVE DOGSFIGURE 2MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 3Operating-room scene with the patient wrapped in the cooling blanket under anesthesia (given by DONALD BENSON, '50). Theipper center machine is a carbon-dioxide meter constantly recording inspiratory and expiratory samples (Dr. Morch's modified machine)."he other machines clockwise are the electrocardiograph and pressure-recording instrument, the cardiac defibrillator, and the pump andemperature-regulating apparatus.hambers of the heart and on the coro­.ary arteries, but teaching and learning,roblems, technical errors, and a period1 which poorly prepared dogs weresed, by necessity, contributed to a highrortality in these groups. At presenthe application to the human patient hasot seemed justifiable.Clinically, therefore, only open righttrial and open aorta surgery have beenerformed on the bloodless and quieteart. Although it is early and only anail number of cases have been done,.iis combined hypothermia and acetyl­holine arrest appears to be successful.From studies relative to protection ofie heart we have found that a small. uantity of oxygenated blood perfused.irough the coronary system will alsoJequately protect the heart. For exam­le, the smallest amount of blood read­y perfused through a dog heart, ap­roximately 1.5 cc/kg body weight per.inute, will lose only four volumes per cent of oxygen in transit through thecoronary system! This compares to the40-100 cc/kg body weight per minuteused in normothermic total-body per­fusion. Originally we preferred not toI<... """," OH. '1£5 .•. BAC.t: i.., \'2-1 HAD •••• �l., add the problems of pumped blood inroutine procedures even though the low­flow rates present surprisingly few prob­lems. However, for intraventricular workin humans we have combined coronaryoxygenated blood perfusion with theacetylcholine hypothermia. This is an ex­cellent method, but even the fewtroubles associated with the perfusionand the relatively minute amount ofblood requiring removal from the surgi­cal field have been strikingly differentfrom the atrial cases where we have hada dry and quiet field in which to work.I would predict that the future willfind the "pump" surgeons cooling theirpatients to decrease the amount of bloodnecessary for perfusion and the "cold"surgeons adding a pump oxygenator tosave over-all time and to add workingtime. Maybe they will all use someagent such as acetylcholine to quiet theheart and decrease its oxygen require­ments.4 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINSENIOR SCIENTIFIC SESSIONReports by the Seniors at the tenth an­nual SENIOR SCIENTIFIC SESSION were givenon Friday evening, June 1, 1956, in Pa­thology 117.Humoral Factors Relatedto ErythropoiesisBy EUGENE ANDERSONand KEITH KELLYMedicine (Hematology)The presence of humoral agents in theplasma of anemic animals which canstimulate erythropoietic activity hasbeen fairly well demonstrated, althoughthe nature of these substances, theirorigin, and the site and mode of actionare unknown. The adenohypophysis maybe involved in the maintenance of nor­mal marrow, since removal of this organprecipitates a mild, chronic, normochro­mic, normocytic anemia. Other organsor organ systems may be implicated,since the serum of an animal made ane­mic by repeated phlebotomy will stimu­late erythroid hyperplasia and othersigns of increased marrow activity in anormal recipient. This effect may bepartially due to pituitary factors, buthypophysectomized animals made ane­mic continue to elaborate substanceswhich stimulate erythropoiesis. Quanti­tative studies of these phenomena havebeen delayed by the lack of an accurate,sensitive assay method. Recent work byPlzak, Fried, Jacobson, and Bethard ap­pears to offer a reliable assay technique.In this procedure animals are injectedwith Fe59, and the appearance of isotopein the red cells is followed. An increasedrate of erythropoiesis is indicated by ahigher level of radioactivity in the redcells of treated animals than in controls.It has been tacitly assumed that thisparallels the elaboration of new red cellsby the bone marrow. The present studyhas been principally concerned with anexamination of this assumption.Normal and hypophysectomizedSprague-Dawley male rats were injectedwith a known amount of Fe5!), and bloodsamples were taken at intervals for aperiod of 20 hours. The level of activityin each sample was determined, and theplasma and cellular fractions later wereseparated and counted. At the termina­tion of the experiment the animals weresacrificed, and samples of liver, spleen,and bone marrow taken from each wereweighed and counted. Prior to injectionof Fe59, half of the hypophysectomizedanimals had been treated with serumfrom anemic rabbit donors (anemic se­rum); the other half received injectionsof normal rabbit serum. Results showed a rapid clearance ofFe59 from the blood of normal rats. Ac­tivity reached a minimum in 4-6 hoursand later slowly increased. This earlyloss was from the plasma, the isotopecontent of which falls steadily to verylow levels. The later rise in radio­activity was in the formed elements.The hypophysectomized animals treat­ed with normal serum showed a sloweruptake of Fe59 in the red cells, which,at the end of 20 hours, was considerablylower than normal. Administration ofanemic serum to hyphysectomized ani­mals brought about a rapid rise in cellu­lar Fe59, demonstrated by the rising ac­tivity throughout the 20-hour testperiod.Tissue studies showed an accumulationof radioactivity in bone marrow, rangingfrom three to ten times that of liverand spleen. Accumulation of Fe59 wasconsiderably greater in the marrow ofhypophysectomized animals.It is concluded that hypophysectomydelays the uptake of iron from the plas­ma and inhibits red-cell manufactureand/or release by the bone marrowwhile favoring an increase in marrow­iron stores. It has been demonstratedthat injected Fe5D leaves the blood, en­ters the bone marrow, and appears ascountable Fe,,9 in the red cells. The as­sumption that the Fe59 assay methodmeasures true erythropoiesis, or process­es closely allied to it, appears to be sub­stantiated.The Effect of AdrenogenicBlocking Agent, "Dibenzyline,"on the Increased OxygenConsumption Induced bySodium-l- ThyroxineBy HAROLD BERNSTEINPhysiology(Presented by title)Some Acute Effects of (3-3- Thi­enylalanine, a PhenylalanineAntagonist, on NeoplasticGrowth in the MaleAlbino RatBy EDGAR C. BRISTOW, 3DPathologySeveral investigators have shown that,B-3-thienylalanine, a phenylalanine an­tagonist, will inhibit the growth of var­ious micro-organisms and interfere withprotein repletion and antibody forma- tion in the rat. These results. suggestedthat this antagonist might also inhibitthe growth of experimental tumors invivo.In a series of 7-day experiments us­ing male albino rats, the effects of ,B-3-thienylalanine on various tumors undervarying dietary conditions were studied.In order to control the dietary nitrogenand caloric intake, the rations wereforce-fed by stomach tube three timesper day. The dietary nitrogen was sup­plied by a mixture of pure essential andnonessential amino acids (MAA) incor­porated in the rations at maintenancelevels. In one experiment excess phenyl­alanine was added; in others, phenylala­nine' was omitted from the MAA mix­ture. Calories were supplied just suffi­cient to maintain body weight. Varyingamounts of ,B-3-thienylalanine, up to 80mg. per day, were incorporated in therations.The Jensen sarcoma, the ,\\1 alker tu­mor, and the Murphy lymphosarcomawere used. They were transplanted 5days prior to start of experiments by in­jecting a sterile 1: 1 saline homogenateinto the anterior thigh muscles. Duringthe experiment tumors were measuredwith calipers daily in two perpendiculardiameters and the volume calculated.At the time of sacrifice tumors wereweighed and measured, and sections oftumor, spleen, bone marrow, jejunum,testis, and liver were taken for histologi­cal study.The growth of the Jensen sarcomaand the Walker tumor was markedlyinhibited by ,B-3-thienylalanine. The in­hibition was noted whether or not phenyl­alanine was present in the ration. How­ever, lower dosages were sufficient whenphenylalanine had been omitted. The in­hibition was equivalent to that producedby fasting the animals for the sameperiod. Excess phenylalanine in the ra­tion prevented the inhibition of growthby ,B-3-thienylalanine.Histologically, the number of mitosesin the treated tumors was reduced to lessthan half of those seen in the control tu­mors. In addition, more abnormal mitot­ic figures were seen in the treatedgroup. The cytoplasm of treated tumorcells contained more pyroninophilic ma­terial than did the controls. The nuclearchromatin was more dispersed and thenuclei tended to be larger in these tu­mor cells. In the Jensen sarcoma the nu­cleoli were less distinct after treatmentwith ,B-3-thienylalanine, whereas in theWalker tumor the nucleoli were largerand more distinct. Occasional multinu­cleated giant cells were seen in both tu-MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 5mors. Less definite effects were seen inthe Murphy lymphosarcoma.In all experiments the animals main­tained their weight or lost only slightly.No generalized toxic effects were notedat the dosage levels employed. In partic­ular, there was no histological evidenceof lymphatic tissue depletion, bone­inarrow depression, or gastrointestinalulceration. The testes of the animals re­cervmg !3-3-thienylalanine generallyshowed reduced numbers of maturesperm, although the mitotic activitywas not reduced as compared to thecontrols.The antitumor activity of !3-3-thienyl­alanine and its lack of toxicity to nor­mal tissues suggest that it may havesome use in clinical cancer chemother­apy, perhaps in combination with moreactive agents.Studies on the Biochemistryof Viral InvasionBy DONALD D. BROWNBiochemistryIt has been established that a numberof separate chemical reactions are in­volved in viral invasion, but the exactnature of these reactions has not beendetermined. The tadpole-shaped bacterialviruses attach to the host bacteria withthe tips of their tails and apparently in­ject their nucleic acid into the cells,leaving the protein of the virus outsidethe bacteria. This investigation was con­cerned with the mechanism by which thevirus-tail protein alters the cell wall, sothat the nucleic acid may enter the cell.Barrington and Kozloff reported in1954 that bacteriophages (e.g., T 2) willpartially break down isolated cell wallsof their host bacteria Escherichia coliB. The nature of the lytic activity ofthese viruses was investigated, usingcell walls prepared from E. coli grownon a medium containing C14-labeledsugars. The bacteria were partially dis­rupted by high-frequency sonoration,and the cell contents were removed byenzymatic digestion. Electron micro­graphs of the cell walls show them to betransparent bags. These cell walls pos­sess many of the biological properties ofthe whole cell and will interact withviruses. When large numbers of T 2 bac­teriophage were added to these CH-la­be led cell walls, as much as 17 per centof the radisactivity was liberated.It was found that the active portionof the viral structure which was re­sponsible for the breakdown of the cellwalls was not on the external surface ofthe virus particle. The phage only pos­sessed the ability to break down the cellwall after its tail structure had beengreatly altered. This conclusion wasbased on the following observations: 1. Electron micrographs revealed that,upon interaction with cell walls, thevirus tail is shortened.2. When the tails of virus particlesare similarly altered by a variety ofchemical treatments (with H202 orwith cadmium cyanide complexes or byrapid freezing and thawing), these al­tered viruses have increased activityand will digest cell walls under condi­tions where the intact virus is inactive.The invasion process can then be pos­tulated to occur in the following steps:(a) the virus adsorbs tail first to thebacterial surface; (b) the cell wallbreaks chemical bonds in the virus-tailprotein, which results in an apparentshortening of the virus tail and in theexposure of the lytic site on the virusparticle; (c) the uncovered viral enzymedigests a portion of the cell wall; and(d) as Kozloff has suggested, the de­graded cell-wall material triggers therelease of the viral nucleic acid fromthe head of the virus, so that nucleicacid readily passes through the partiallybroken down cell wall to initiate theviral reproduction inside the bacterium.Anesthesia with a FluorinatedEtherBy GEORGE EDWARD COADESurgery (Anesthesia)The purpose of this investigation wasto compare the anesthetic effectivenessof one of the less explosive ethers, tri­fluoroethyl-vinyl-ether (Fluoromar) withdiethyl, divinyl, and ethyl-vinyl ethers.Halogenation of organic compoundsdecreases their flammability. The pro­gressive substitution of chlorine atomsin the methane molecule decreases flam­mability, so that the triple and tertiarysubstituted compounds, chloroform andcarbon tetrachloride, can be used as fireextinguishers. Halogenation also increas­es toxicity, e.g., carbon tetrachloride isan anesthetic but is lethal at surgicallevels. Fluorination of anesthetics alsodiminishes flammability but gives lesstoxic and more stable compounds. Fluo­romar is a pleasant-smelling liquid witha boiling point of 42°C. compared tothat of diethyl at 36° C. and divinylether at 28° C. Its flammability is one­third that of diethyl ether under condi­tions of equal spark energy.Mice were used in these experimentsbecause their small size and high meta­bolic rate make possible a complete cy­cle of anesthesia and recovery withina short period of time. In eighty-oneexperiments, 486 mice were used.The desired concentrations of ethervapor were obtained by calculating thenecessary volume of liquid ether usingthe gas laws. The liquid ether was mixedwith air in two 20-liter bottles and dis- tributed equally to six separate SOO-m!.milk bottles each containing a mouse.Waste gases were exhausted througha hole in the mouse bottle stopper. Theapparatus permitted instantaneous andconstant concentrations of anesthetics tobe administered to the mice.The depth of anesthesia was estimatedeach minute for 10 minutes and was ex­pressed numerically according to a mod­ification of the Guedel classification.During induction the mice exhibitedclear signs with very little overlappingof stages. The signs were not so clearduring recovery.The experimental data were expressedas graphs drawn from the average depthof anesthesia for all experiments at agiven concentration.The onset of anesthesia occurred withnearly the same rapidity for all fourethers investigated. Diethyl ether pro­duced surgical anesthesia nearly as fastas did the same concentration of di­vinyl ether. Because of the irritative ef­fects of diethyl ether on the respiratorytract, it is not possible under clinicalconditions to induce a patient as rapidlyas with divinyl ether.Diethyl ether produced anesthesia withfrom 9 to 15 volumes per cent. Therange of useful anesthetic concentra­tions, that is, its margin of safety, was6 volumes per cent.Ethyl-vinyl ether had a nearly equalmargin of safety and greater potency.Divinyl and trifluoroethyl-vinyl etherwere intermediate in potency but showeda smaller margin of safety than theother ethers. Limited clinical trial byopen-drop method demonstrated a lessrapid induction with trifluoroethyl-vinylether than with divinyl ether, probablyowing to the difference in rate of evap­oration. Recovery time for both wasequal.Studies on Patients Coming tothe University of ChicagoClinics, 1950By ROBERT DAYMedicine (Preventive Medicine)Much interest has focused on hospi­tal resources in the United States sincethe second World War. Programmingof the Hill-Burton Act, the BinghamAssociates Plan, and the studies of Gunnand Platt and others are increasinghospital facilities according to local de­mands. No study to date has measuredthe use of the base hospital.The base hospital, such as the Uni­versity of Chicago Clinics, has generalmedical, general surgical, and an arrayof specialty services. Ideal hospital plan­ning places the base hospital centrally[Continued on page 14]6 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINTHE SENIOlABEND, SANDER MORTONBorn Jan. 25, 1932; U. of Louisville, B.A., 1952;Intern.: Highland-Alameda H., Oakland, Calif.; Psy­chiatry; Single; 2320 Aqueduct Ave., Bronx, N.Y.ACHOR, LEONARD BRUCEBorn Feb. 24, 1928; St. Ambrose College, B.S.,1948; U. of Chicago, M.S., 1951; Ph.D., Pharmacol­ogy, 1954; Specialty undetermined; Married; Twochildren;'6108 Ellis Ave., Chicago 37.AllEN, ROBERT FRANCISBorn Mar. 1, 1926; Beloit College, B.S., 1949; In­tern.: Highland-Alameda H., Oakland, Calif. Special­ty undetermined; Single; Box 243, Flossmoor, Ill.ANDERSON, EUGENE GRANGERBorn Oct. 5, 1926; U. of Chicago, Ph.B., 1948;B.S., 1949; M.S., Physiology, 1956; Intern.: CharityH., New Orleans; Internal medicine; Single; 519 S.Chicago Ave., Kankakee, Ill.BALTER, EUGENE LEEBorn Apr. 30, 1930; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1950; In­tern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn; Pediatrics; Single;1314 Sixth Ave., Beaver Falls, Pa.BEN-ASHER, HIllEL MOSHEHBorn Oct. 13, 1931; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1952; In­tern.: Philadelphia Gen. H.; Internal medicine; Sin­gle; 129 Chancellor Ave., Newark, N.J.BERNSTEIN, HAROLDBorn Oct. 31, 1927; U. of California, Los Angeles,B.S., 1950; Intern.: U. of California H., Los Angeles;Internal medicine; Married; 2031 W. Sixty-seventhSt., Los Angeles 47.BOVERMAN, HAROLD IRWINBorn June 19, 1927; U. of California, Berkeley,B.A., 1950; Intern.: U. of Wisconsin H.; Pediatrics;Married; 526 Twenty-second Ave., San Francisco 21.BREWER, GEORGE JUNIORBorn Feb. 28, 1930; Purdue U., B.S., 1952; In­tern.: Billings; Internal medicine; Married; 1127 E.Sixtieth St., Chicago 37.BRISTOW, EDGAR CLARK, IIIBorn Aug. 21, 1929; Rutgers U., B.S., 1952; In­tern.: Stamford H., Stamford, Conn.; General prac­tice; 1 Orange Heights Ave., West Orange, N.J.BROWN, DONALD DAVIDBorn Dec. 30, 1931; U. of Chicago, M.S., Biochem­istry, 1956; Intern.: Charity H., New Orleans; Bio­chemistry; 3855 Spring House Lane, Cincinnati.COADE, GEORGE EDWARDBorn Aug. 1:S"1931; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951;B.S., 1954; Intern.: Blodgett Mem. H., GrandRapids, Mich.; Internal medicine; Single; 5830 StonyIsland Ave., Chicago 37.DANIELS, DORIN SLATERBorn Sept. 23, 1927; U. of Wisconsin, B.S., 1950;Intern.: St. Vincent's H., Portland, Ore.; Generalpractice; Married; Two children; 1129 Waban Hill,Madison 5, Wis.DANIELS, RICHARD ESLIBorn Feb. 8, 1932; Intern.: V.A. H., Long Beach,Calif.; Anesthesiology; Married; One child; 3003Palos Verdes Dr. East, San Pedro, Calif.DAY, ROBERT WINSORBorn Oct. 22, 1930; Intern.: U.S.P.H.S. H., Balti­more; Public health; Single; A.O.A.; 73 Main St.,Framingham Center. Mass.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 7C LAS S .0 F 1956DEIKE, WALTER ERNESTBorn Aug. 27, 1921; U. of Wisconsin, B.A., 1952;Radiology; Single; 111 Coates Pl., Freeport, Ill.DORDAL, ERLBorn Sept. 22, 1927; U. of Chicago, B.S., 1952;Intern.: Billings; Neurosurgery or General surgery;Married; Larimore, N.D.DRUY AN, ROBERTBorn Jan. 22, 1932; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1952;B.S., 1954; Intern.: Peter Bent Brigham H.; Internalmedicine; Married; A.O.A.; 6956 Paxton Ave., Chi­cago 49.EDELSTEIN, JACK PAULBorn Feb. 12, 1931; Syracuse U., B.A., 1952; In­tern.: Mount Sinai H., Miami Beach, Fla.; Specialtyundetermined; Married; 74 W. Thirty-sixth St.,Bayonne, N.J.EIDBO, WALTER BJORNBorn July 12, 1929; Concordia College, B.A., 1951;U. of North Dakota, M.S., 1952; B.S.M., 1954; In­tern.: William Beaumont H., El Paso, Tex.; Surgery;Single; 206 Twenty-third Ave. North, Fargo, N.D.FINK, DONALD LLOYDBorn Sept. 29, 1932; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1952;B.S., 1953; Intern.: U. of California H., San Francis­co; Pediatrics; Single; A.O.A.; 5744 N. ChristianaAve., Chicago.FRANCIS, BYRON JOHNBorn Mar. 5, 1931; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1950; In­tern.: U. of Oregon H.; General practice; Married;One child; 5605 Beach Dr., Seattle 6.GEVIRTZ, NORMAN R.Born Aug. 24, 1930; New York U., A.B., 1952;Intern.: University H., Cleveland; Internal medicine;Single; 1155 Evergreen Ave., New York 72.GOMBINER, ARNOLD ARTHURBorn Mar. 13, 1929; U. of Chicago, Ph.B., 1948;Intern.: City H., Cleveland ; Internal medicine;Single; 7707 Phillips Ave., Chicago.GOTTLIEB, LAWRENCE IRWINBorn Dec. 31, 1930; U. of Michigan, B.A., 1952;Intern.: City H., Cleveland; Specialty undetermined;Married; One child; 2655 University Blvd., Univer­sity Heights, Ohio.HALPERT, EUGENEBorn Aug. 14, 1931; Intern.: Kings County H.,Brooklyn; Married; 1087 Carroll St., Brooklyn.HAM, KATHRYN NAKASHIANBorn Feb. 7, 1925; U. of California, Berkeley,B.S., 1952; Specialty undetermined; Married; 13Wimba Ave., Kew E 4, Melbourne, Australia.HEIMAN, JARVIN RALPHBorn Dec. 30, 1926; California Inst. of Technol­ogy, B.S., 1949; Intern.: Stanford U. H.; Internalmedicine; Married; One child; A.O.A.; 7110 BabcockAve., North Hollywood, Calif.HRUBAN, ZDENEK SIDONIUSBorn June 15, 1921; Charles U., Czechoslovakia,B.S., 1948; Intern.: Presbyterian H., Chicago; Aca­demic pathology; Married; A.O.A.; 1326 E. Fifty­eighth St., Chicago 37.JACOBS, EDMUND PERRYBorn Aug. 8, 1924; San Jose State College, A.B.,1949; Intern.: Naval H., Oakland, Calif.; Spacemedicine; Married; One child; 292 W. Rincon Ave.,Campbell, Calif.8 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINTHE SENIORJANE, JOHN ANTHONYBorn Sept. 21, 1931; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951:Intern.: Royal Victoria H., Montreal; Neurosurgery;Single; 2100 Ridgeland, Berwyn, III.KAHN, WILLARD S.Born Mar. 7, 1931; New York U., A.B., 1952;Intern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn; Specialty un­determined; Single; 3135 Johnson Ave., Riverdale,N.Y.KAPLAN, CARLBorn Apr. 30, 1932; Johns Hopkins U., A.B., 1952;Intern.: Billings; Internal medicine; Single; A.O.A.;222-04 139th Ave., Laurelton 13, N.Y.KAWAMURA, YUKIOBorn Apr. 3, 1923; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1951; In­tern.: U. of California H., San Francisco; Generalpractice; Married; Two children; 8900 Thermal St.,Oakland, Calif.KELLY, KEITH ALANBorn Nov. 29, 1931; U. of Illinois, B.S., 1952; In­tern.: King County H., Seattle; Surgery; Single;A.O.A.; 10609 S. Normal Ave., Chicago.KOLNER, EDWARD HIRSHBorn Oct. 17, 1930; U. of Minnesota, B.S., 1952;Intern.: Cook County H.; General practice; Mar­ried; One child; 1508 Xerxes North, Minneapolis.KRIKORIAN, SAMUEL S.Born June 17, 1929; U. of California, Berkeley,B.A., 1952; Intern.: Henry Ford H.; Pediatrics;Married; 1050 Meadowbrook Ave., Los Angeles 19.KUHN, PAUL RICHARDBorn Sept. 29, 1932; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1952;B.S. 1954; Intern.: Billings, Internal medicine; Mar­ried; A.o.A.; 2223 W. Highland Ave., Chicago 45.LAM, KAI-BORBorn Feb. 10, 1928; Kansas State College, B.S.,1950; Intern.: Jefferson Medical H.; Internal medi­cine; Single; 26 Tin Hau Temple Rd., Hong Kong,China.LEVINE, THEODOREBorn May 16, 1931; Rutgers U., B.S., 1952; In­tern.: Mount Sinai H., New York; General surgery;Married; 12-02 Twelfth St., Fair Lawn, N.J.MILLER, DEAN DONALDSONBorn July 10, 1923; Dartmouth College, B.A.,1948; Intern.: Cook County H.; Specialty undeter­mined; Single; 425 Arlington Pl., Chicago.MORI, HIDEOBorn Feb. 6, 1930; U. of California, Berkeley,B.A., 1952; Intern.: U. of Minnesota H.; Specialtyundetermined; Married; One child; 309 E. 220th St.,Torrance, Calif.MYERS, RONALD ELWOODBorn Sept. 24, 1929; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1950;Ph.D., Anatomy, 1955; Intern.: Billings; Neurology;Single; 3636 W. 217th St., Matteson, Ill.NELSON, PHILLIP GILLARDBorn Dec. 3, 1931; National Science Fdn. post­graduate fellowship, Physiology; Specialty undeter­mined; Married; Timber Lake, S.D.NUROCK, ARNOLD BRYENBorn May 26, 1931; Intern.: Duke U. H.; Pediat­rics; Married; One child; 27 S. Lenape Ave., Trenton8. N.T.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 9�LASS OF 1956ODELL, WILLIAM DOUGLASBorn June 11, 1929; U. of California, A.B., 1952;U. of Chicago, M.S., Physiology, 1956; Intern.: KingCounty H., Seattle; Internal medicine or Ortho­pedics; Married; Three children; 5750 MargaridoDr., Oakland, Calif.OLEYNICK, HARRY ANATOLBorn Dec. 25, 1930; U. of Pennsylvania, B.S.,1952; Intern.: Temple U. H.j Neurology; Single;615 N. Broad St., Elizabeth, N.J.ONG, SIEW-CHEYBorn Feb. 21, 1931; Intern.: Billings; Specialty un­determined; Single; 16 J alan Datoh, Ipoh, Perak,Malaya.PAGE, MALCOLM IRVINGBorn Apr. 28, 1930; Wayne U., A.B., 1952; In­tern.: Boston City H.; Internal medicine; Married;One child; 6021 Kenwood Ave., Chicago 37.P ALOY AN, EDWARDBorn Mar. 19, 1932; Intern.: Billings] Surgery;Single; 6410 N. Washtenaw Ave., Chicago.PANOS, CONSTANTINE GEORGEBorn Dec. 11, 1929; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1949; In­tern.: Cook County H.; General practice; Single;669 Van Buren St., Gary, Ind.P APRITZ, JACK WHITNEYBorn Mar. 28, 1929; U. of Washington, B.A., 1952;Intern.: Blodgett Mem. H., Grand Rapids, Mich.;Specialty undetermined; Single; Route 5, Box 628,Everett, Wash.PASTOR, MORTON HUBERTBorn July 8, 1929; Temple U., B.A., 1951; In­tern.: Highland-Alameda H., Oakland, Calif.; Inter­nal medicine; Married; 6741 N. Eighteenth St.,Philadelphia 26.PEREIRA, SELWYN JACKBorn Oct. 3, 1931; New York U., B.A., 1952; In­tern.: Billings, Pediatric psychiatry; Married; 1212Grant Ave., New York 56.ROSENBAUM, CARL PETERBorn Sept. 30, 1930; Haverford College, B.S.,1952; Intern.: Mount Zion H., San Francisco; Psy­chiatry; Single; 1195 Asbury Ave., Winnetka, Ill.SAVAGE, LAWRENCE. E.Born Feb. 14, 1929; Yankton College, B.S., 1950;U. of South Dakota, M.A., 1953; Intern.: SacredHeart H., Yankton, S.D.; Surgery; Married; 400 E.Fifteenth St., Yankton, S.D.SCHIFF, SHELDON K.Born Sept. 29, 1931; New York U., B:5., 1952;Intern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn; Psychiatry;Single; 166-11 Seventeenth Ave., Whitestone, N.Y.-SCHRAGGER, ALAN HARVEYBorn Sept. 5,1930; Lehigh U., B.S., 1952; Intern.:St. Francis H., Trenton, N.J.; Psychiatry; Married;638 Sanhican Dr., Trenton 8, N.J.SCHWABE, ARTHUR DAVIDBorn Feb. 1, 1924; Intern.: U. of California H.,Los Angeles; Internal medicine; Married; 130 Par­nell St., Santa Cruz, Calif.SHEFTEL, THEODORE COLEMANBorn May 1, 1930; Amherst College, B.A., 1952;Intern.: Cleveland City H.; Psychiatry; Single; 170E. Hartsdale Ave., Hartsdale, N.Y.10 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETININTERNSHIPS-1956Four of this year's graduates will delaytheir interning for a year. Kathryn Naka­shian Ham followed her physicist husbandto Australia, where she will seek an intern­ship as soon as Australian regulations per­mit. Walter Deike will tryout for theOlympics this summer as a long-distancerunner and, if he is successful, will postponehis internship until after the finals in Austra­lia next winter. Phillip Nelson will con­tinue his graduate studies in physiology lead­ing to a Ph.D. Leonard Achor, who is aPh.D. in pharmacology, will complete a re- SHER, JOANNA RUTH HOLLENBERGBorn May 23, 1933; U. of Chicago, A.B., 1952;B.S., 1956; Intern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn;Specialty undetermined; Married; A.O.A.; 810 St.Mary's Rd., Winnipeg, Canada.SHER, NORMAN BERTRAMBorn Jan. 21, 1931; Swarthmore College, B.S.,1952; Intern.: Kings County H., Brooklyn; Psychia­try; Married; 5704 N. Fifth St., Philadelphia 20.SIEGEL, BARRY LEONARDBorn Mar. 19, 1932; U. of Rochester, A.B., 1952;Intern.: New York H.; Surgery; Single; 33-54Seventy-fifth St., Jackson Heights, N.Y.STEINER, DONALD FREDERICHBorn July 15, 1930; U. of Cincinnati, B.S., 1952;U. of Chicago, M.S., Biochemistry, 1956; Intern.:King County H., Seattle; Single; A.O.A.; 1536 Oak­land Parkway, Lima, Ohio.STEVENS, ADAM CHARLESBorn June 26, 1927; Intern.: Wayne County H.;Specialty undetermined; Married; One child; 1122E. Sixty-first St., Chicago 37.T ARLOV, ALVIN RICHARDBorn July 11, 1929; Dartmouth College, B.A.,1951; Intern.: Philadelphia Gen. H.; Internal medi­cine; Single; A.O.A.; Shorefront Park, South Nor­walk, Conn.VARON, HAROLDBorn Jan. 14, 1930; Columbia College, B.A., 1951;Intern.: Presbyterian H., Chicago; Single; 1684Grand Concourse, New York.WEINTRAUB, ALAN MARKBorn Mar. 18, 1930; Syracuse U., B.A., 1951; In­tern.: U. of Pennsylvania H.; Specialty undeter­mined; Married; A.O.A.; 3250 Bedford Ave., Brook­lyn.WOLFE, SHELDONBorn Sept. 15, 1930; Intern.: Mount Zion H., SanFrancisco; Psychiatry; Single; 18 Amherst St.,Brooklyn 35.YOUNG, WILLIAM FREDERICKBorn Jan. 5,1923; U. of Virginia, B.A., 1949;Catholic U. of America, M.A., 1952; Intern.: John­ston Willis H., Richmond, Va.; Neurology and psy­chiatry; Married; Two children; Riverside Dr. &Butte Rd., Richmond, Va.ZEVIN, PERRYBorn Dec. 17, 1929; Washington U., St. Louis,B.A., 1951; Intern.: Presbyterian H., Chicago; Pedi­atrics; Single; l378 Clay Ave., Bronx, N.Y.search project in that department beforestarting an internship.The other sixty-seven members of thisclass will begin their internships on July 1.One sought and secured a rotating intern­ship at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Mon­treal; the rest participated in the NationalIntern Matching Plan. Forty-three of thisgroup, about two-thirds, received their firstchoice; thirteen their second choice; fivetheir third choice; two their fourth; and onehis sixth choice. Two of the Seniors who ap­plied to too few hospitals were not placed inthe matching plan, but they chose placesfrom unmatched interships on the same daythe matching-plan results were announced. Fifty-nine of these sixty-seven internshipsare rotating, five are straight medicine, twostraight pediatrics, and one straight surgery.The largest single group, eight, will be atThe Clinics, and six will go to Kings CountyHospital in Brooklyn. Altogether there arethirteen hospitals in which two or more ofour graduates will intern next year, andtwenty-six hospitals will have one graduateeach.The committee on internships, led by J.Garrott Allen, was very effective in helpingthe students in their selection, and both thecommittee and the students are well pleasedwith the results.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINSENIOR SW AN SONG 11It is not without a twinge of nostal­gia that we, the class of '56, pause to bidgoodbye to the University of Chicago.As we pause, we can't help glancingback.Four years ago, although we rangedfrom nineteen to thirty-nine years ofage individually, the class hadn't yetbeen born. We were still scatteredthroughout the United States-fourteenin Illinois, thirteen in California, thir­teen in New York, and the remainder inall areas between. We received our ac­ceptances with a variety of reactions­some were elated, others had never amoment of doubt. After the Freshmanorientation speeches in September, 1952,a few of us were ready to start seeingpatients.It wasn't until that fall, however, thatlabor pains began, and, with the firstbiochemistry examination, the birth crywas finally heard. The first day in grossanatomy we were divided into groups offour per cadaver and told to get ac­quainted. Some never got acquaintedwith each other as they dissected dili­gently daily. Others never got acquaintedwith their cadaver as they went for cof­fee and conversation continually. Mostof us did not pass the test of maturityimposed upon us by the anatomy depart­ment. We refused to study withoutexams, yielding to pressure from bio­chemistry and physiology exams. AsJuniors we were lucky the surgeons hadcome to expect stupid answers in theoperating rooms. However, we sent rep­resentatives to Dean Joseph Ceithaml totry' to even out the exam pressures.Present Freshman classes report theyare learning anatomy.Histology became quite interesting forGeorge Coade when he learned how tofocus distant objects into his microscopewith the reflecting mirror. The cute lab­oratory assistant who occasionallydropped into the east laboratory pro­vided good material for the study of liv­ing epithelial cells and nylon.By the second quarter we were readyto play doctor. Using needles, scalpels,cannulas, and even stethoscopes, westudied the physiology of frogs, turtles,rabbits, rats, cats, and dogs. Some ex­periments were easy; some required aRube Goldberg imagination; some evenworked. Dr. John Perkins gave us thetheoretical angle: the respiratory equa­tion that won World War II was im­pressive but complicated. We preferredto ignore the equations of World WarIII.Most of us returned for the Sopho­more year. For the first time we werelearning what we had come to school for-medicine with clinical emphasis. The class agreed that pathology was the bestcourse yet.The conjoint clinical course was a firstexposure to the school of hard knocks.Unsteadily we took our first steps. Inthe patient's room, having introducedourselves as Dr. ---, there was noturning back. We had to stand on ourown two feet. What we knew and whatwe didn't know were all too apparent.Confidence returned when we learnedthat patients were not as inquisitive asattending men.The University of ·Chicago's infamousJunior year became more so as we gotfurther and further behind on sleep.Lecturers became skeptical about show­ing slides or movies. Lights out all toooften induced drowsiness for the harriedyoung "doctors." Sam Krikorian hadhad an unusually difficult patient withan extensive differential diagnosis. He hadspent most of the night in preparationand the morning in presentation. Makinga valiant attempt to stay awake duringnoon lecture, Sam sat in the front row.In a few minutes Dr. Richter's words ofwisdom were accompanied by loud, so­norous, involuntary respiratory sounds.Neither side glances by the lecturer norjabs and kicks by classmates were toany avail as Sam snored on. "You know,these lectures are getting shorter all thetime," yawned young Dr. Krikorian aswe filed out of Path 117.Dr. Pullman solves this problem byunexpectedly cracking the wooden point- er across the front table under the guiseof demonstrating sudden blood-pressurerise in relaxing students. Each year thestick gets a little shorter as a piece ofthe end flies off. Each year Dr. Pull­man's hand comes a little closer to hit­ting the desk. According to calculationsthe class of '65 will witness this inevi­table event.Many of us witnessed the miracle ofchildbirth for the first time at "OvaryTower." Participation was limited underthe very close supervision of the obstet­rical residents. Everyone on the team,including some of the nurses, alwayswanted to deliver the baby. Junior ex­terns became experts at their specialty-they never lost a placenta.Those of us who went to Bobs nextcontinued seeing some of the infants wehad helped into the world. A youngmother recognized Bob Druyan. "But Icame to see a pediatrician this time,Doctor. I thought I was through withyou."One conscientious extern had beentold that physical examinations on chil­dren and adults are essentially similar.Coming to the chest exam, he orderedthe year-old infant to say "Ninety-nine"several times. After no response fora while the student was rewarded with aloud scream. "He's mad because he can'tcount that far yet," explained themother sarcastically.The surgery quarter gave most of usa chance to perfect the doctor role with­out too much outside pressure. We hadthe pleasure of becoming acquaintedwith Dr. Lester Dragstedt.Faced with the task of describing allsurgical specimens in detail both gross­ly and microscopically in Dr. EleanorHumphreys' path lab, we tried unsuc­cessfully to change the surgeon's mottoto: "When in doubt, leave it in." WithDrs. Morch and Benson, anesthesia lec­tures were never boring. They were al­ways eager to give someone a whiff ofgas. Under the influence of Dr. Morch'snitrous oxide, even teetotaler Jack Pap­ritz got "high," laughed for hours, andcould be seen suppressing a grin fordavs.The medicine quarter was supposed toseparate the men from the boys. How­ever, in our class it was one of the moremature members that "hit the dust." Atimely vote of confidence by the classat least gave him a second chance.Dr. Delbert Bergenstal made his lastrounds with our class. Scheduled withhis service were three others-the bigfour. We learned to work up patientsbetween pants.G.l. was Eugene Anderson's firstservice. He attempted to draw bloodfrom his first patient, who objected butwas calmed by Gene's reassurance. Con-[Continued on page 24J12 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINBORDEN AWARDCOMPETITIONA bronze plaque hangs in the Medical Stu­dents' Lounge on which is inscribed:"THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGOSCHOOL OF MEDICINE"The students named hereon have receivedBorden Undergraduate Research Awards inMedicine for meritorious research completedduring their medical training."1946- RICHARD S. F ARR1947-0LAF K. SKINSNES1948-MoRRIS L. LIPTON1949-ALBERT S JOERSDMA1950-RoBERT D. TSCHIRGI1951-J. H. ELDRIDGE, JR.1952-DoNALD F. TAPLEY1953-FRANK FITCH1954--ARTHUR OKINAKA1955-MERLE S. MOSKOWITZ"The name to be placed next on this listwill be announced at the Reunion Banqueton June 7, when the award as well as acheck for $500 will be presented by DeanCeithaml.Nine papers were entered in the Bordencompetition this year. They were of suchfine quality that the committee, headed byRichard Landau, had difficulty choosingamong them. The entries were submitted bythe following Seniors:Eugene Anderson (sponsored by LeonO. Jacobson, Medicine): Some Studies Re­lated to the Presence of Humoral Eryth­ropoietic Factors in the Blood of AnemicRabbits and to the Uptake and Distributionof Radioactive Iron in the Normal and Hy­pophysectomized Rat.Harold Bernstein (sponsored by EstelleRamey, Physiology): The Effect of the Ad­renergic Blocking Agent "Dibenzyline" onthe Increased Oxygen Consumption Inducedby Sodium-I-thyroxine.Edgar Bristow III (sponsored by RobertWissler, Pathology): Some Acute Effects offJ-3- Thienylalanine, a Phenylalanine Antag­onist, on Neoplastic Growth in the MaleAlbino Rat.Donald Brown (sponsored by LloydKozloff, Biochemistry): Biochemical Stud­ies on Viral Invasion.George E. Coade (sponsored by E. T.Morch, Anesthesiology): The AnestheticProperties of Trifluoroethyl Vinyl Ether(Fluoromar) Compared to Commonly UsedEthers.John Jane (sponsored by Irving T. Dia­mond, Psychology): Studies in Sensory andMotor Physiology.Hideo Mori (sponsored by Robert Wiss­ler, Pathology): A Study of the Mechanismof Increased Iron Absorption in Tween-20-fed Hamsters.Malcolm Page (sponsored by ClaytonLoosli, Medicine) : Antigenic Studies of His­toplasma Capsulatum.Donald Steiner (sponsored by HerbertAnker, Biochemistry): The Production ofPrecipitating Antibodies in Vitro.Abstracts of these papers appear underthe "Senior Scientific Session" in this issue. DECENNIAL REVIEW:SENIORS NINE YEARSLATERReprinted from Medical Alumni Bulletin,Volume 3, Number 3-0ctober, 1947:"THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONSPONSORS ALL-STUDENTSCIENTIFIC SESSION"The Medical Alumni Association spon­sored a program in which only studentsparticipated on March 20, 1947. Dr. Leon O.Jacobson, associate dean of the Division ofthe Biological Sciences, organized the pro­gram and served as chairman. The programwas as follows: Dr. Joan Longini-In­creased Red-Cell Destruction from Fat In­gestion; Dr. Gerald Hill-The Effect ofStilbestrol on the Fasting Blood Sugar ofNormal Rats; Dr. Olaf K. Skinsnes-TheModifying Influence of Penicillin Therapyon the Pattern of Pneumococcus Infectionand the Immune Response in the Hypo­proteinemic Rat; Dr. Frank T. Lossy­Methods of Assay of Acetyl Choline in theFrog Heart before and after Vagus Stimula­tion; Dr. Allan Lorincz-Studies on theParenteral Administration of Hydrogen Per­oxide; Dr. Richard Kershner-ChronicNonspecific Suppurative Pneumonitis; Dr.Dwight Smith-Potassium Para-NitroPhenyl Sulfate as a Chromogenic Substratefor Assay of Phenolsulfatase; Dr. DelbertBergenstal-Implications of Hyaluronidasein Fertility; Dr. David McDougal- Teta­nus; Drs. Robert Elghammer and CharlesBarlow-The Effect of Scurvy in MassiveHorse Serum Injections on the Guinea-PigHeart; Dr. John Storer-ExperimentalProduction of Leukemoid Reactions in Guin­ea Pigs; Drs. Robert Shuler and MarkHance-The Effect of SympathicolyticDrugs on Chronic Neurogenic HypertensiveDogs."This program was of high scientific qual­ity and was received with great interest bythe faculty and students. Because of theenthusiastic response and favorable com­ments on the program, it has been decidedat the recent Council meeting of the Medi­cal Alumni Association to sponsor an all­student scientific program annually, to occurwhen possible at the time of the annualmeeting and reunion."The date of the history-making First An­nual Senior Scientific Session, March 20,1947, tells a tale. The papers presented werethe result of work undertaken by Seniorswhose student careers were carried on underthe wartime accelerated program. This pe­riod was one of the busiest in the history ofthe Medical School but one in which therealways had to be time for this extra task orfor that extra undertaking. These studentscertainly caught the spirit of the times, andthey and their contemporaries collaboratedin many phases of the wartime activities atthe University.What-nine years later-of the partici­pants in the first Scientific Session? We haveonly partial information. These graduates of1947 are still young in terms of their medi­cal careers. The times being what they were,most of them had interruptions for fulfillingtheir military obligations. Many of them arestill completing long training programs. Most of them are still young doctors-nine yearslater. The information we have we sharewith you now. We hope to add later supple­mental data which this partial story willbring.Joan Longini, Ph.D., Physiology, 1943,M.D., 1947, interned at Cincinnati GeneralHospital and took her residency in psychia­try at the University of Illinois. She is nowclinical assistant professor of psychiatry atIllinois as well as a candidate for certifica­tion at the Institute for Psychoanalysis. Shehas conducted investigations of the somaticchanges that accompany depressive states.In January of this year she married Mr.Sidney Jaffe.Gerald Hill interned at Grasslands Hos­pital at Valhalla, New York, and had .hisresidency training in neuropsychiatry atBattle Creek and the University of Michi­gan, winning his certificate in psychiatryfrom the Board of Psychiatry and Neurol­ogy in 1953. He spent the years 1953-55 atthe Valley Forge Army Hospital, Phoenix­ville, Pennsylvania. He is in training at theDetroit Psychoanalytic Institute and prac­tices in Detroit.Our information about Olaf Skinsnes,Ph.D. in Pathology, M.D., and winner ofthe Borden Award in 1947, is strictly up todate. He was visiting professor of pathologyat the University in the recent Winter Quar­ter. Olaf, after a year at New York Hos­pital and some months assembling hospitalequipment, sailed with his family for Shang­hai and ended up in Hong Kong. He soonbecame lecturer in pathology at the Uni­versity of Hong Kong and has engaged inresearch on leprosy with support by theAmerican Leprosy Mission. His interest inleprosy is not wholly academic, and he hasplayed a major part in designing and build­ing a modern leprosarium on an island nearHong Kong. Olaf not only is a teacher andan authority.on Hansen's disease but is asuperlative photographer and an architectas well, having designed and built a Chi­nese church in Hong Kong. As for his leave,it sounds like a busman's holiday-teachingat the University, lecturing about China andabout leprosy, according to the audience,observing methods of medical education inEngland and, of course, in Norway on theway to Chicago, and now visiting manyAmerican medical centers. Nevertheless, hewill probably look rested and fresh as adaisy when he, his wife, and his two daugh­ters soon sail back to their other home inHong Kong.Frank Lossy left Chicago with his M.D.in 1947 to intern at Touro Infirmary in NewOrleans. Our information is that he had atwo-year residency in internal medicine inNew Orleans and is in the private practiceof psychiatry in Berkeley, California. Obvi­ously, there are missing links which we hopewill be supplied.Allan Lorincz has spent most of the yearssince 1947 in Chicago and at the UniversityClinics: first as intern, then as a resident,and later instructor, finally as assistant pro­fessor of dermatology. In 1951-52 he held aDamon Runyon Fellowship in clinical can­cer research. His research has been mainlyon the effects of hormones on the sebaceousglands. Allan is now on leave from the Uni­versity and is a captain in the Army, incharge of dermatologic research at WalterMEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 13teed Hospital. He is a member of the sub­ommittee on cutaneous diseases of the Na­ional Research Council. He was certifiedIy the American Board of Dermatology in953.Richard Kershner interned at Strong Me­norial Hospital, Rochester, New York, andook the first year of his pediatrics resi­lency at Bobs Roberts Hospital, proceed­ng to Detroit to complete his training at:hildren's Hospital with Dr. Woolley. Theletails of his military service are unknowno us, except that he was at Camp Lejeunen 1952. He is now engaged in the privateiractice of pediatrics at San Jose, California.Dwight Smith interned at Billings ando�k postgraduate training in surgery asesident at LaCrosse (Wis.) Lutheran Hos­.ital. There are gaps in our further inf or­nation, but we know that he served for two'ears as chief surgeon at Castle Air Forcelase in California and that he practices in[ew York City.Delbert Bergenstal, M.S., 1942, and'h.D., 1943, in Biochemistry, Purdue Uni­ersity, interned at Presbyterian Hospital1 New York. He returned to the Univer­ity in 1949 as a fellow in medicine. In 1950� �eld a Damon Runyon Fellowship inlinical research and became an instructor1 medicine. He found himself in charge ofhe arthritis clinic at a fortunate period. Helas active in the early clinical research with,CTH and, later, with cortisone. Amongther activities he participated in the basic.udies made by Dr. Huggins and his groupn adrenalectomized patients. Much of hisesearch and clinical experience since haseen in endocrinology. He is now associaterofessor of medicine, on leave of absenceir his service in the U.S.P.H.S. He is work­Ig at the Endocrinology Branch of therational Cancer Institute, National Insti­ites of Health, Bethesda.As a part of his graduate training pro­ram in neurology David McDougal be­irne a member of the Department of Anat­my at Hopkins after serving his internshipiere. He was engaged in research and teach-19 when he entered the Air Force in 1954.luring his service he suffered an attack ofoliomyelitis, with excellent recovery. It isppropriate to his objectives and to his ex­erience that, since his discharge, he has re­eived a grant from the National Founda­on for Infantile Paralysis. He will conduct'search in neurology at Washington Uni­ersity, St. Louis, with Oliver H. Lowry,7, chairman of the Department of Pharrna­ilogy.After an internship at St. Luke's Hos­ital, Chicago, Robert Elghammer took hissidency in pediatrics at Children's Me­.orial and Municipal Contagious Hospitals..e then spent a year under Benjamin Spock: the Rochester Child Health Institute. Heas certified by the Pediatrics Board inl5l. Two years (1951-53) were spent inie Army with the ANS unit at Mountdgcumbe, Alaska, and, in Washington,'.C., with the TB prevention and control-nit of the U.S.P.H.S. He now is engaged. the practice of pediatrics in Danville,linois.o Af�er his internship at the Johns Hopkinsospital, Charles Barlow started residentaining at Children's Hospital in Boston.fter a year and a half he entered the Navy and spent two years, most of the time asmedical officer on a transport in the Pacific.He returned to The Clinics in January,1952, to resume residency in medicine. Hebecame instructor in 1954 and assistant pro­fessor of medicine (neurology) in 19S5.John Storer left Chicago in 1947 to in­tern at Mary Imogene Bassett Hospital inCooperstown, New York. In 1949 he re­turned to the University as a research asso­ciate in pathology and to conduct his re­search in the Toxicity Laboratories. In July,1950, he transferred his research activitiesto the Scientific Laboratories at Los Ala­mos. His work in New Mexico was inter­rupted by two years in the Army. In viewof his experience, he probably couldn't avoidbeing sent to work in the Radiation Labo­ratories at Fort Knox. He is now back atLos Alamos, with some administrative dutiesadded to his research activities.Rob�rt Shuler, M.S., Nebraska, andPh.D. m Physiology, University of Chicago,1941, completed his internship at KingCounty Hospital in Seattle and soon foundhimself in the Army, and in Alaska. Hespent 1950-54 in charge of a 400-bed hos­pital at Mount Edgcumbe Medical Center.It might be said that Bob Shuler and hisfamily were converted to Alaska. He is nowin a five-man clinic in Juneau, limiting hispractice to internal medicine and to diag­nostic medicine in other fields. He reportsthat he occasionally practices pediatrics and,rarely, becomes an obstetrician. His letterssound as though his friends will have to goto Alaska to see him.Mark Hance left Chicago to intern atDuke University Hospital in Durham, N.C.,and since then our information is incom­plete. This is a gap in our files which wehope to fill soon.A.O.A. SEMINARSDuring 1955-56, Alpha Omega Alpha pre­sented a series of coffee-hour seminars forsenior medical students. They were intendedto supplement the more didactic teachingand to provide opportunity for discussion.Attendance was variable, as is the rule whenmedical students are involved, but enthusi­asm was generally high.Topics and participants included the fol­lowing: "Peptic Ulcer," with Drs. Dragstedtand Palmer; "Radiation Hazards," with Drs.Hasterlik and LeRoy ; "Diseases of Connec­tive Tissue," with Drs. Humphreys, Roth­man, and Ruml; "Etiology of Atherosclero­sis" with Drs. Jones, Stamler, and Wissler.A.O.A. ELECTIONS-1956Twelve students were elected to AlphaOmega Alpha in April. They are: Seniors:Ro?ert Day, Jarvin Heiman, Carl Kaplan,Keith Kelly, Paul Kuhn, Joanna Sher, Don­ald Steiner, Alvin Tarlov, and Alan Wein­traub; Juniors: Marcus Jacobson, RobinPowell, and Ira Schneider. The three Seniorselecte? last spring are Robert Druyan, Don­ald Fink, and Zdenek Hruban.Dr. Wesley W. Spink, professor of medi­cine at the University of Minnesota, gavethe annual A.O.A. lecture in May. His titlewas "The Nature of Brucellosis." THE TUCKERS-TWOGENERATIONSWilliam B. Tucker, '33, will become di­rector of the Tuberculosis Service of theVeterans Administration, Washington, D.C.,next September 1. Bill is the eldest son of adistinguished family-lOO per cent of themM.D.'s and SO per cent graduates of Rushand Chicago.Dr. Francis F. Tucker and Dr. EmmaBoose Tucker, both born in 1870, bothgraduated in 1901-he from Rush, she (be­cause Rush didn't accept women students)from Northwestern University Woman'sMedical School-are the parents. In 1902they went to China to live and work fornearly forty years. Their three sons wereborn at Peitaiho in Hopei Province, and theirdaughter in Pangchiachuang in Shantung.Francis c., born in 1915, a graduate ofHarvard Medical School, 1941, is a diplo­mate of the American Board of Pathologyand practices in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.Arthur 5., born in 1913, graduated fromYale University School of Medicine in 1939is a board-certified radiologist at the Cleve­land Clinic..Margaret Emmeline, born in 1907, re­ceived her M.D. from Rush in 1934. In1935 she returned to China and worked inFoochow, Fukien Province, until 1941, whenshe and her parents escaped from China viathe southern route. She was certified in 1944and for the next six years was professor ofradiology at the West China Union Univer­sity Medical College at Chengtu, Szechwan.Her father says she is now in India' theDirectory of Medical Specialists give� heraddress as ISS Fifth Avenue, WDCS ofMethodist Missions of New York City. Wehope Dr. Margaret will fill the gap from1950 to 1956 for us.William Boose, born in 1905, did hisundergraduate work at Oberlin. After hisM.D. in 1934, he completed his postgradu­ate training at The Clinics. From 1939 to1947 he was associated with Robert G.Bloch on the medical staff at The Clinics.During this period he was consultant inpulmonary diseases for the Selective Serv­ice. From 1947 to 1954 he was chief ofthe tuberculosis service at the VeteransAdministration Hospital_ in Minneapolis,associate professor (1947-:>1) and professor(1951-54) of medicine at the University ofMinnesota. In 1948 he was certified by theBoard of Internal Medicine (P.D.). In 1954he became chief of the pulmonary diseaseservice at Durham Veterans AdministrationHospital and professor of medicine at DukeUniversity and in September, 1955, chief ofthe medical service of Durham Hospital. In1952 he was chosen for one of the first Dis­tinguished Service Awards at the Twenty­fifth Anniversary of The Clinics.The elder Tuckers came home to "re­tire" in 1941 and worked among the moun­taineers of Kentucky. They now live inDaytona Beach, Florida, where they "dosome consultation work, amidst a group ofretired folk, but this is quite voluntary."As Dr. Francis F. wrote a year ago: "Icome to a certain conclusion, namely, thatwe have ample returns, as it were, for thefifty-four years since we graduated in medi­cine." With the record as it stands, we thinkhis conclusion is modest.14 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINSenior Scientific Session-[C ontinued from page 5]in order to serve the smaller generalhospitals that in turn serve communityhospitals and clinics. Again, ideally, dif­ficult problems are evaluated in the basehospital.The present study is of the year 1950.Of the 23,384 new patients registered(exclusive of University students), 10per cent, or 2,331, were selected at ran­dom as sample. Data on address, age,sex, race, religion, marital status, em­ployment status and occupation, andclinic visited were tabulated. For thosehospitalized in 1950, the inpatient ser­vice, the diagnosis, and the length ofstay were noted.Analysis of the data shows 66 percent of new registrants in 1950 to havebeen outpatients only. Thirty-three percent were hospitalized at some time dur­ing 1950-a ratio of one hospitalizationfor any three new registrants. Of thetotal number of patients, 94 per centwere white and 6 per cent non-white.Of the non-white patients, 84 per centwere Negroes. Percentages for sexshowed 44 per cent male and 56 per centfemale.Calculations were made of the totalpopulation living within SO miles of TheClinics. These totals are given accord­ing to specific areas by distance. Over90 per cent of patients came from with­in SO miles or less of The Clinics. Thetotals are age- and sex-specific.Rates, to correct for variations in thesize of the groups, are calculated fromthe total population available in eacharea. Similar rates are given for occu­pation, marital status, and religion.Length of stay for inpatients, serviceson which patients were admitted, andoutpatient clinics visited are included.Diagnoses, based on a modification ofthe International Classification, are re­corded on inpatients only. Results byage- and sex-specific diagnoses are com­pared with morbidity figures, especiallythose from the New York City Depart­ment of Hospitals.This work was designed both as apilot study for further analyses at TheClinics and for comparison with experi­ence in similar hospitals elsewhere.Studies on the Gross Metabo­lism of Strontium-85By ROBERT DRUYAN andDONALD FINKj1{ edicine (ACRH)Strontium-90, a beta-particle-emittingisotope with a half-life of 27-30 years,is produced during fission reactions andhas been identified as one of the "fall­out products" from nuclear weapons. SrVO is capable of incorporation into tbebiological system, entering into growingplants and passing into cow's milk.Strontium is a bone-seeking element,and, analogous to the known results ofradium poisoning, it has been shownthat Sr?" will produce malignant osseoustumors in the experimental animal aftera latent period of several years.Little is known concerning the metab­olism of strontium in man. Sr�5, a gam­ma-ray-emitting isotope, with a half­life of 65 days, has recently becomeavailable, and with this isotope we havebegun to study the metabolism of thiselement in the human. Hospital patientsconstituted the experimental group.Assuming no excretion, a SO I-'C dose wascalculated to be well within the permis­sible level for total' body irradiation;however, most patients received an oraldose of 10 I-'C of Sr�!) chloride, Initially,only terminal cancer patients were used;but, after preliminary excretion datawere evaluated, patients with benigndiseases were also included, The possi­bility of eventual induction of bone tu­mors by SrSG does not exist.The patients were placed on aweighed, constant-calcium diet of 1gm/day. All urine and feces were col­lected during the study period, and ali­quots were counted in the liquid statein a well-type scintillation counter. To­tal body-counting was performed dailyin a low-level counting room employinga large scintillation crystal. The figureson excretion versus retention checked towithin ± 10 per cent.Seven of twelve patients studied re­ceived an oral dose of 10 I-'c; of these,none retained more than 8 per cent ofthe original dose 9 days after ingestion,The maximal retention was shown byone patient who received 30 I-'C and wasestimated to have a body burden of 14per cent on the 48th day. Another pa­tient, who received 21 I-'C, had a reten­tion of 15 per cent on the 13th day,which fell to 4 per cent by the 71st day,The other three patients, who had dosesranging from 20 to SO I-'C, all fell withinthe previously mentioned 8 per centbody-retention range,Not more than 20 per cent of theorally administered dose was excreted inthe urine, One patient, with the ne­phrotic syndrome, excreted only 1 percent via this route, Urinary excretiondecreased slowly over 10-20 days, inmarked contrast to the fecal excretion,which was high for the first several daysand then fell precipitously, This sug­gests that the high level of fecal excre­tion represents SrS5 unabsorbed fromthe gastrointestinal tract.Plotted on log-log paper, urinary ex­cretion and body retention assume alinear relationship with respect to time.This is analogous to the results found in humans and animals carrying body bur­dens of radium and suggests that thedynamics of excretion might be similar.Further studies are in progress usingSr�i; administered intravenously,Preliminary results indicate that thedegree of retention is partially de­pendent on the magnitude of the ad­ministered dose, Further studies maymake possible the derivation of a powerfunction for the excretion rate of stron­tium, thus making more accurate assess­ments of possible fission-product hazard.Preliminary Studies on theBiologic Effects of DeuteriumOxide in MiceBy DONALD L. FINK andROBERT DRUY ANMedicine (ACRH)With the recent development of theelectrolytic concentration of deuterium,heavy water has become available inquantities sufficient for animal-fluid re­quirements. Therefore it is now possibleto investigate the biologic effects of thiscompound. With the exception of workin the late 1930's by Barbour et al.,demonstrating toxic effects, and that ofBarnes and Warren, showing an effect inthe excised turtle heart resembling theeffect of a SO drop in temperature, noexperiments have been done on the bio­logic effects of this compound, thoughheavy water has been widely used as atracer.Deuterium oxide, with an ionizationconstant one-fifteenth that of protiumoxide (ordinary water), would be ex­pected to alter considerably the metab­olism of the organism, particularly in itsadaptive capacities,Initial experiments with ad lib andforce feeding of heavy water in miceconfirmed its toxicity, producing symp­toms of weakness, neuromuscular hyper­excitation, and pilomotor stimulationrather uniformly at body concentrationsabove 30 per cent. As 40 per cent con­centrations are approached, bradycardia,stupor, and death ensued, unless normalwater or lower concentrations of heavywater were substituted,In irradiated mice slowly brought tomaximum subtoxic levels of deuteriza­tion, heavy water produces earlierdeaths at doses of 850 r (LDlOO)' Atlow levels of radiation the effect ofdeuterization is insignificant or question­ably advantageous,At median levels only the deuterizedmice that had heavy water before and 4days after irradiation did better thanthe controls, When the heavy water wasdiscontinued on the day of irradiationor prolonged until the animals died, thegroups did significantly less well. Thissuggests an advantageous effect im-MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 15mediately after irradiation balancingdeleterious effects before irradiation andlater in the postirradiation period.Groups of mice injected intraperito­neally with 5 X 104 mouse leukemiacells were deuterized either before or afterinjections. Another injected group wasgiven normal water. Those deuterizedbefore lived significantly longer thaneither those deuterized after injection orthe controls.Asymptomatic deuterized mice placedin a 20 per cent CO2 + 80 per cent O2environment rapidly showed all the signsof deuterium toxicity with bradycardiaand stupor. This was in marked contrastto the tachycardia and tachypnea of thecontrols.It is apparent that deuterization altersthe metabolic response in mice, particu­uarly acid-base balance, leukemic prolif­eration, and response to irradiation. Thevaried effects after irradiation illustratethe complexity of the biologic effects ofdeuterization with beneficial and delete­rious influences competing to produce anend result of altered response. Theelucidation of this alteration awaits fur­ther study.Some Aspects of CarbohydrateMetabolism in MoldsBy NORMAN R. GEVIRTZMedicine (Biochemistry)In general, investigations on metabolicpathways of molds have not been ac­tively pursued and, when undertaken,have not demonstrated well-definedpathways like those of bacteria. Amongthe reasons for this are the large sizeand the multicellularity of the moldunit, the great variation in gross andmicroscopic anatomy resulting from al­teration in cultural environment, andthe variability, with environmentalchanges, both of the initial substratesthat can be used and of the end prod­ucts formed. The large amount of storedreserve foodstuff is another factor. This,for example, causes a high endogenousrespiration and has made the interpreta­tion of manometric experiments verydifficult. In these experiments attemptswere made to avoid these complications.Aspergillus tamarii No. 1005, Asper­gillus niger No. 9029, and Fusarium liniNo. 9593 were obtained from the Amer­ican Type Culture Collection. Theshake-culture (submerged) techniquewas used to grow the mold in a glucosemedium as described by Barron. Themolds were filtered from the culturemedium, washed several times, and thensuspended in appropriate buffer formanometric work or in 0.154 molar KClwhen cell-free extracts were prepared.The manometric techniques, the enzy­matic assay-procedures, and the chemi­cal techniques for analysis of metabolic end products have all been previouslydescribed.The aerobic and anaerobic manomet­ric experiments with these molds wereall complicated by high blanks eventhough the molds were carefully washedand preincubated in an attempt to ex­haust the stored foodstuff. Nevertheless,A. tamarii actively utilized simplesugars (glucose, galactose, fructose, ri­bose, and mannose). Keto-acids (withonly pyruvic acid definitely identified),ethyl alcohol, and lactic acid wereformed during aerobic glucose utiliza­tion. Ethyl alcohol and lactic acid weredetected from anaerobic utilization ofglucose, mannose, and fructose. In A.niger and in F. lini, ethyl alcohol but notlactic acid was detected from anaerobicglucose utilization.Cell-free extracts of A. tamarii wereshown to contain the enzymes of theEmbden-Meyerhof-Parnas glycolyticscheme (Hexokinase-aldolase-isomeraseand triose-phosphate-dehydrogenase)and for the hexose-monophosphate shunt(glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic-dehydrogenase, and theenzymes that utilize ribose-5-phosphateand convert it into fructose and triose).The enzymes for the shunt pathwaywere shown to be present in A. niger ex­tracts. (Jagannathan and Singh hadpreviously demonstrated the enzymesfor glycolysis.)In F. lini extracts glucose-6-phos­phate-dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconic­dehydrogenase, and the enzyme-utilizingribose-5-phosphate have been demon­strated. There was suggestive evidencethat fructose and triose were formedfrom ribose-5-phosphate.The demonstration of specific enzymeactivity in cell-free extracts does notimply similar activity in the intact liv­ing organism. It does signify that thepotentiality for such activity exists andthat this might become manifest underappropriate conditions. F. F. Nord hasrepeatedly emphasized that no evidencefor a scheme employing phosphorylatedintermediates in carbohydrate metabo- lism has been shown to exist in F. lini.The present work, however, shows thata metabolic pathway utilizing such inter­mediates is a distinct possibility. Thiswork is being continued.Effect of Phenylalanine andPyridoxine Antagonists onthe Growth of the RatLymphosarcomaBy ZDENEK HRUBANPathologyThe difference between host and tu­mor metabolism offers a possibility ofselective tumor destruction. The Mur­phy-Sturm lymphosarcoma contains onlya trace of phenylalanine-ketoacid trans­aminase, whereas most normal tissues ofthe rat are rich in this enzyme. This dif­ference has been utilized to demonstratea selective toxicity of phenylalanine an­tagonists to tumors in tissue culture.However, in animals the thienylalaninesare less effective, presumably becausesufficient quantities of phenylalanine(PA) escape from the breakdown ofprotein in other tissues and are utilizedby tumor.By a combined treatment, using a PAantagonist and desoxypyridoxine (DB6),one might expect a greater inhibitory ef­fect on the tumor cell. The DB6 is aninhibitor of the coenzyme of transami­nases; its presence should prevent thebreakdown of tl-3-thienylalanine (tl-3TA) as well as resynthesis of PA fromphenylpyruvic acid. The D B6 also in­hibits PA uptake by the tumor cells.Male Sprague-Dawley rats, bearingcomparable rapidly growing Murphylymphosarcomas, were grouped andtube-fed with the following experimen­tal diets for 8-9 days.The final tumor weights of the controlgroup fed a complete maintenanceaminoacid ration were expressed as 100per cent. In the diet of the second groupthe P A was replaced by an equimolaramount of tl-3TA. In separate experi­ments this resulted in 44 and 39 percent inhibition of tumor growth duringthe experimental period. Larger quanti­ties of �-3TA produced 64 per cent in­hibition, but some of these animals died.The third group was fed on a vitaminBH-deficient diet and in addition re­ceived 6 mg. DB6 per rat daily. Thetumor growth was retarded by 47 percent.The fourth group, which combined thevariables of the second and third diets,resulted in 74 per cent inhibition. In asimilar group, which was fed a vitaminBn-deficient diet for 10 days prior toDB6 administration, the growth inhibi­tion reached 82 per cent.The diet of a fifth group, with PA re­placed by equimolar chloramphenicol16 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN(included because it is a PA antagonistin certain micro-organisms), resulted in18 per cent stimulation of tumor growth.Although the inhibition of tumor growthin a sixth group fed ,B-3TA, but withboth PA and tyrosine absent, was only20 per cent, the tumors differed from allothers by their soft consistency andpale-yellowish color.Histological examination of the tu­mors, as yet incomplete, indicates anadditive effect of ,B-3TA and DB6 onthe decrease of mitoses and increase ofdegenerating cells. Metastases appearedin liver, lung, kidney, or thymus of anoccasional animal; the distribution ofmetastases in individual groups is beingstudied.Discounting the tumor weight, onlythe animals in the first and fifth groupsvaried less than 5 per cent from theiroriginal body weight. The animals of thesixth group lost 13 per cent of originalweight; the remaining groups lost lessthan 10 per cent of their body weight.Thymus weights did not decrease with,B-3TA alone, but some decrease wasnoted with DB6. Judging from bloodsmears, there was a pronounced depres­sion of lymphocyte, leucocyte, anderythrocyte formation in animals oncombined ,B-3TA and DB6 diets, al­though each alone produced only a milddepression.Analyses are in progress on the tyro­sine, the phenylalanine, the nucleic acid,and the peptidase concentrations in thetreated and control tumors. At presentlittle variation in tyrosin content hasbeen found except for some decrease inall tissues of the group receiving ,B-3TAin a diet deficient in PA and tyrosine.The same diet resulted in a pronounceddecrease in tumor RNA/DNA ratio. Aslight increase in this ratio was noticedin tumors of animals receiving ,B-3TA inplace of PA or DB6.The major conclusion warranted atpresent is that the addition of DB6 In­creases the tumor-growth-inhibiting ef­fect of ,B-3TA.Studies in Motor and SensoryPhysiologyBy JOHN ANTHONY JANEPsychologyI. THE FUNCTION OF THE IPSILATERALPYRAMIDAL TRACTThe uncrossed pyramidal tract is be­lieved to be important in the recoveryof function which takes place afterdamage to the major motor pathways.The role of these minor pathways in theintact organism has been inferred fromtwo sorts of data: (1) ipsilateral re­sponses can be obtained by stimulationof the motor cortex and (2) ablation ofthe motor cortex results in a small ipsi­lateral loss. When injury to the pyramidal systemis produced by lesions either in themajor pathways or in the cortical cellsof origin, the resulting deficits, for themost part contralateral to the side ofthe damage, are temporary. The subse­quent amelioration of the symptoms hasbeen attributed to the presence of pre­served uncrossed fibers. In support ofthis it has been shown that hemispherec­tomies performed upon juvenile herni­plegics does not result in a further pa­ralysis. One explanation offered for thisfinding is that the ipsilateral hemispherehad subsumed by way of its uncrossedtract whatever function remained on theside contralateral to the damaged hemi­sphere.This present experiment was under­taken in order to obtain further evi­dence as to the pathway involved in therecovery of function following damageto the crossed pyramidal tracts.The role of the pyramidal system inposture was also investigated. Previous­ly several workers had sectioned themedullary pyramidal tract, and both hy­pertonicity and hypotonicity have beenreported in the limbs. The depth ofdamage in the eat's medulla is difficultto control, and differences in depth mayhave been responsible for the variableresults. To avoid these ambiguities, asagittal midline incision was made in thebrain stem of three cats, thus interrupt­ing only pyramidal fibers, since no othermotor elements decussate dorsal to thepyramidal decussation.Three experimental animals were sub­jected to successive surgical procedures.First the crossing pyramidal tract wascut as described above. Then, after 2-5months, hemidecortication was per­formed.Following the first operation a severemotor deficit was seen to involve all ex­tremities. There was no profound changein tone. After motor function had re­covered, the second operation was per­formed. A contralateral paralysis oc­curred but also a bilateral hypertonuswhich was more severe ipsilaterally.It was reasoned that, because thesecond loss of motor function was con­tralateral, the extrapyramidal pathwayshad subserved the recovery which fol­lowed the initial loss, since no crossedpyramidal fibers were present.On the basis of these findings the fol­lowing tentative conclusions emerge:1. The crossed pyramidal fibers playno role in the inhibition or maintenanceof postural tone.2. The ipsilateral tract is not respon­sible for the recovery of function fol­lowing pyramidal lesions, but rather itis the extrapyramidal system.3. The ipsilateral tract may havesome function in inhibiting postural toneipsilaterally. II. THE FUNCTION OF THE AUDI­TORY CORTEXPrevious studies of behavioral effectsof ablation of the classical auditory cor­tex of the cat have uncovered no unam­biguous defects in sensory capacity.Operated animals have been able to lo­calize sound in space and to discrimi­nate intensity and frequency differences.Work has been carried out that indicatesthat the ability to discriminate patterrisof sound depends upon the integrity ofthis area.The present study was undertaken toexplore the auditory cortex from thestandpoint of its role as a modality­specific selector. This type of function,which can be distinguished from sensorycapacity, has traditionally been referredto a's "attention" or "set."The question of whether OF not theanimal can discriminate is not asked.Rather it was determined what modalitythe animal prefers when given thechoice of solving a task either with asound or a light stimulus.Five normal animals (Group I) andfour with lesions of the auditory cortex(Group II) were trained to respond toa light and a buzz in a two-choice locali­zation apparatus. After learning, thelight and buzz were given separately.Then conflict trials were presented inwhich the sound was placed on one sideand the light on the other. The resultson the preoperative Group I animals in­dicate that they markedly prefer thesound and in fact have not used thelight in the original discrimination. Thistraining was repeated on Group I ani­mals postoperatively. Here the over-allperformance was poorer. This was par­ticularly true for the buzz discrimina­tion, and two animals became light­oriented. Animals of Group II werestrongly light-oriented as revealed eitherin equivalence and conflict or in conflictalone.The behavior of cats with and with­out auditory areas is strikingly different.This difference cannot be attributed toa loss of sensory capacity. It wouldseem necessary to postulate another kindof function, and this might best becalled "attention" or "set."Serotonin Formation andMast CellsBy KAI-BoR LAMPathologySerotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine), anewly discovered physiologically impor­tant agent, is widely distributed in ani­mal tissues. It is found in blood plate­lets, enterochromaffin cells, the centralnervous system, and skin. Decarboxyla­tion of 5-hydroxytryptophane to sero­tonin by liver, kidney, and gastrointesti­nal tract has been demonstrated in sev-MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 17eral species. The presence of serotoninin mast cells (Benditt, Wong, Arase, andRoeper) suggested the possibility thatserotonin formation from its precursoramino acid, 5-hydroxytryptophane,might occur in mast cells or. at least inrelation to mast cells.The dorsal skin and subcutaneous tis­sues of the feet and back of rats providetissues with a wide range of mast-cellconcentrations. These tissues wereexamined for decarboxylase activity.They were incubated anaerobically in aKrebs-Ringer phosphate medium, pH7.1, at 37° C. After incubation the tis­sues were homogenized and centrifuged,and the supernatant fluid was assayedfor serotonin using a strip of rat colon.Tissues incubated with 5-hydroxy­tryptophane produced serotonin in ex­cess of that present initially. The quan­tity of serotonin produced increasedlinearly with time of incubation andvaried with the amount of added 5-hy­droxytryptophane. The activity was in­hibited by heating at 60° C. for 15minutes or by addition of 10-3 M semi­carbazide.The production of serotonin wasfound to parallel the mast-cell contentof the tissue: Under a standard set ofconditions (with 5-hydroxytryptophane0.0045 M, incubation time 2 hours) theratio of final concentration to initialconcentration of serotonin was ratherconstant at 3.2-3.9 for tissues of differ­ing mast-cell counts. These findings sug­gest that mast cells are associated withthe decarboxylating activity, but incuba­tion of isolated mast cells with or with­out added pyridoxal phosphate (the pre­sumed coenzyme of the reaction) yieldedno activity. The reason for this has notyet been clarified.Isoniazid has been shown in vivo toreact with pyridoxal ; pretreatment ofanimals with isoniazid did not inhibitthe production in vitro of serotonin bytissues. Cortisone has been shown to in­hibit histamine formation from histidineby tissues; "48/80," a histamine-releas­ing drug, has been found to increase his­tamine formation; reserpine releasesserotonin from brain and intestine,None of these drugs had a significanteffect on the content or production ofserotonin by the tissues examined,A Study of the Mechanism ofIncreased Iron Absorption inTween-20-fed HamstersBy HIDEO DALE MontPathology (ACRH)Evidence is available that the normaliron-regulating mechanism, the so-calledmucosal block, does not function ade­quately under certain conditions. Thedisease known as dietary or idiopathichemochromatosis may be one example, Experimental studies have shown thatincreased absorption and storage of ironmay be related to pancreatic disease orto abnormal diets. Recently it has beenobserved that prolonged feeding ofpolyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate(Tween-20) or other related emulsifiersto hamsters or rats results in markedhemosiderosis of several tissues. TracerFe"D studies on hamsters fed a bread ra­tion with Tween-20 have indicated thatthis increased iron accumulation wasdue to an increased gastrointestinal ab­sorption of iron.The present studies represent an at­tempt to elucidate the mechanism bywhich Tween-20 increases the iron ab­sorption from the gastrointestinal tract.Preliminary experiments in hamstersand rats established that this phenom-'< ' '& ,Ilr..r. .. �'NI( HE:S A)L .. )SIR.�enon could be demonstrated utilizingsynthetic rations instead of the breaddiet, that the effect was less prominentin rats, and that anemia increased theeffect of Tween-20 on iron absorption.Groups of young adult hamsters werefed rations with and without Tween-20for 9 weeks. Each animal then receiveda tracer dose of Fe59 by stomach tube.After being sacrificed, the animals wereperfused with cold 0.86 per cent saline,and the radioactivity was measured inselected tissues, including segments ofthe intestinal tract (with and withoutcontent). Tissue samples were also ob­tained to determine their iron contentby histological and chemical methods.In order to study the dynamic behav­ior of ingested iron in the intestinal tract of the Tween-20-fed hamsters, thefate of a tracer dose of FeuD was fol­lowed at intervals between 2 and 48hours. The results showed that in Tween-20-fed animals there was a definite re­tention of Fe:;� in the cecum and ap­pendix. Between 12 and 48 hours two ormore times as much Fe,,9 was retainedas in the same organs of the control ani­mals. Furthermore, the amount of radio­activity found in the mucosa and wall ofthe cecum and appendix was over fourtimes that found in the same tissues ofthe control animals. Serial barium X­rays of the gast.rointestinal tract alsodemonstrated a retention of material inthe cecum and appendix of the Tween-20-fed animals in spite of greater gastro­intestinal motility and some diarrhea inthis group. A corollary experiment utiliz­ing parenterally administered FeG9 fur­nished no evidence of recycling of theiron (e.g., via the biliary tract), andthere was no localization of the traceriron in the cecum and appendix.A second experiment was designed tostudy (1) whether prolonged feeding ofTween-20 was necessary to cause in­creased iron absorption and (2) whetherprolonged feeding of Tween-20 causedirreversible damage to the iron-regulat­ing mechanism. The hamsters used inthis experiment had all been on theirrespective experimental rations for 9weeks. Then for 3 days one group ofcontrol animals was fed Tween-20 rationand one group of Tween-20 animals wasfed control ration. The results showedthat, after only 3 days of feeding, Tween-20 increased the retention and absorp­tion of iron in the cecum and appendix.When the Tween-20 was removed fromthe diet for 3 days, the phenomenon ofincreased retention and absorption ofiron was quickly abolished, even thoughthese animals had been fed the Tween-20 ration for 9 weeks.These results could be correlatedclosely with chemical iron analyses andhistological observations. They stronglysuggest that the Tween-20-induced in­crease in iron absorption is the result of"trapping" of iron in the cecum and ap­pendix and is not due to mucosal dam­age.Corpus Callosum andVisual GnosisBy RONALD E. MYERSAnatomyThe corpus callosum has long excitedcuriosity because of its great size andits anatomical relationship to the hemi­spheres. In 1718 Giovanni Maria Lan­cisi, physician to several popes, pro­claimed it to be the seat of the soul.The great cerebral localizationists of thelatter nineteenth and early twentieth18 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINcenturies, though less romantic in theirclaims, still assumed an important func­tion for it in co-ordinating the activitiesof the two hemispheres. Hence, it cameas a surprise when no clear-cut defi­ciency could be demonstrated in the hu­man being having total agenesis or sur­gical section of this cortical commissure.As a result, modern writers have be­come skeptical of any function of thecorpus callosum.Recent experiments with cats have,however, indicated a definitive functionfor the corpus callosum in the inter­communication of experiential data be­tween the hemispheres. In these experi­ments the crossed optic fibers were de­stroyed at the optic chiasma, thereby re­stricting the visual input from the twoeyes to their respective brain halves.These cats were then taught simple pat­tern discriminations with a mask cover­ing one eye. When the mask was latershifted, transfer of the discrimination tothe untrained eye was almost perfectwith the corpus callosum intact. Suchtransfer was entirely absent in animalsin which the corpus callosum had beensectioned prior to training. Indeed,with the corpus callosum divided, com­pletely conflicting responses could beestablished using the separate eyes, withno evidence of interference. It was thenfound that visual gnostic transfer sur­vived section of as much as 7 S per centof the corpus callosum anteriorly, whiletransfer failed when as little as 4S percent was destroyed posteriorly. This re­veals a posterior localization for thegnostic transfer process.Another facet of corpus callosumfunction emerged when it was foundthat transfer was not dependent uponpreservation of a particular segment offibers posteriorly but could be sustainedby either more anterior or more pos­terior strands. This indicates that evenat the level of integration representedby the gnostic transfer-process configu­ration of impulse barrage rather than thespecific fibers utilized is important. Thuspattern rather than locus appears to beinvolved in transmission of informationwithin the limits set by the boundariesof the functional system.Construction and Use of aConstant CompositionTissue-Culture SystemBy PHILLIP G. NELSONMedicineA program was undertaken to producea tissue-culture system which would ful­fil the following requirements: allowconvenient and adequate visualizationof the cells or tissues being studied;permit control of the composition ofthe nutrient medium (especially so that a dynamically constant, non-deteriorat­ing medium could be supplied to thecells); be constructed of inert non-toxicsubstances; and be easily sterilizable.The following general plan for thesystem was evolved. The tissue to bestudied was placed between two mem­branes which had pores of known di­mension. These membranes were situ­ated in a chamber in such a way thatnutrient fluid could pass into the cham­ber, down through the top membrane,past the tissue, down through the bot­tom membrane, and out of the chamber.The same fluid could be recirculated(since a negligible amount of nutrientwould be removed by the tissues), orfresh medium could be constantly sup­plied from a reservoir.The primary problem was to produceoptically clear membranes with a con­trolled pore size. The standard collodionmembranes were inadequate because theperfusion characteristics of these are notknown, and, also, these membranes con­tain potentially toxic compounds. Glasshad been tried, but optically adequatemembranes could not be produced.Acrylic resins were decided upon aspromising compounds, and the follow­ing method for producing membraneswith known pore size from acrylonitrilewas devised: Silver lines were producedon acrylonitrile slides by evaporatingsilver onto the slides, which were cov­ered with closely spaced wires. Thethickness of the lines (in a directionperpendicular to the plane of the slide)could be controlled by the conditionsof the evaporation procedure and accu­rately determined by spectrometricmeans. A series of these slides werebonded together with a monomeric meth­acrylate, and the block so formed washardened by heating. This block wassectioned at right angles to the long axisof the silver lines, and the silver wasdissolved from these sections by nitricacid. The membranes so formed hadpores whose least diameter was equal to the thickness of the silver lines as men­tioned above.Sterilization of the assembled cham­bers was accomplished by placing themovernight in 10 per cent ethylene oxide,Preliminary observations of biologicalmaterial were limited to normal whitecells from rabbit lymph nodes. Thesewere followed by phase-contrast micro­cinematography both in the chambersand in non-perfused deteriorating prepa­rations. Serum diluted with Tyrode'ssolution (to 10 per cent serum) was themain perfusate used. The cells showedlittle "purposeful" movement, but wildbubbling motion of the lymphocyteswas seen in many preparations. No ade­quate means of evaluating the status ofthe cells under observation, as to via­bility, biochemical activity, etc., was de­vised. It was only observed that non­perfused cells disintegrated more quick­ly than the perfused ones. More ade­quate evaluation by vital stains, responseto bacterial products, and biochemicalstudies are anticipated.Source of Estrogenic SubstancesCausing Canalization of theVagina in FemaleAlbino RatsBy WILLIAM D. ODELLBen May LaboratoryIt has long been known that the im­mature female rat has a non-patentvagina-closed at the external end byan epithelial membrane. Canalization ofthe vagina occurs normally at puberty.Naturally, it was inferred that estrogenichormones secreted at the first oestrusinitiated vaginal canalization in the ma­turing female rat. Earlier workers dem­onstrated that the subcutaneous injec­tion of either estrogens or androgenswould cause vaginal canalization in theimmature female rat. Furthermore,ovariectomy and adrenalectomy, sepa­rately or in conjunction, did not pre­vent this canalization.In the search for a useful tool forhormone assays, extensive studies havebeen made on the process of canaliza­tion in the female albino rat. The previ­ous experiments have been repeated andconfirmed. We have discovered that thevaginas of hypophysectomized rats un­dergo canalization but at a later agethan is normal for the intact female rat.These investigations led us to thehypothesis that exogenous sources of es­trogens must be sought. Ovariectomizedrats were placed on a completely arti­ficial diet containing protein hydroly­sates (extracts) and other substancesknown to be free of estrogens. Theseanimals maintained an intact vaginalplate as long as they were observed,which was over a year in some cases.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 19It was concluded that the commercialat diet fed these animals containedubstances having estrogenic properties.;ubsequently, two. papers have appearedn the literature (Science, 1953) de­cribing estrogenic substances in CDm­nercial rat f oods,\. Study of the Effect of Various;teroid Compounds on Trans­mittible Leukemia in MiceBy WILLIAM D. ODELLPediatrics (Hematology)Although 400 years have passed sincelustachius first described the adrenallands (1563), the reciprocal relation­hip between adrenal activity and lym­.hatic tissue has been recognized fornly 21 years. In 1935 Anderson first,ublished his findings of enlargeddrenal glands and atrophied thymuslands in rats exhausted through severexercise. One year later Selye began the.ork leading to. his famous generaldaptation syndrome. Since 1942 a bet­er understanding of the effect of adrenalteroids on the lymphocytic elementsas developed. Also. in 1942 Gardneremonstrated an increased incidence ofoontaneous leukemia in estrogen-treatedlice. In 1944 Heilman and Kendal de­:ribed the inhibition of a transplantable/mphosarcoma arising spontaneously inreir mice by Ll-dehydro-Lp-hydroxy­orticosterone. Subsequently many re­orts of the effects of adrenal steroidsn animal leukemias have appeared. Al­iost all of them have dealt with spon­meous leukemias arising in mice withhigh incidence of leukemia. At" presentortisone and ACTH are widely used inierapy o.f children with lymphatic leu­emia, Favorable responses result inionths of symptom-free life for a pa­ent who. would otherwise be bedridden.Because of the paucity of reportsealing with cortical-steroid therapy ofansmittible leukemias and because thede effects of these steroids often limitreir use, the effects Df various steroids1 a transplantable leukemia in Akrice was studied. An attempt was made, correlate steroid structure with effec­veness against leukemia.Using groups of animals closelyatched as to. sex, age, and weight,trying doses of di fferent steroids werejected. One group served as controlsid received 0.1 cc. sesame oi l per day,arting 24 hours after the leukemia was.ssed. The other groups received theeroids suspended in 0.1 cc. sesame oil,. arting 24 hours after the leukemia was.ssed. The leukemia was passed byving each animal, intraperitoneally, 0.1. of a splenic emulsion containing a.own number of cells, obtained from an animal dying of leukemia. Initiallythe controls died in 10.25 days, andcortisone dramatically prolonged life in. amounts proportional to. the dosage.Splenic and adrenal weights at deathwere inversely proportional to. the doseof cortisone. No. effect on survival timewas found with estradiol and testos­terone, and no. effects on spleen andadrenals were seen in the short timethese compounds were injected.The survival time of control groupsgradually decreased (increased viru­lence? mutation P) and eventuallyreached 6.25 days. Repeated identicalexperiments with cortisone, and laterwith hydrocortisone and with delta-l­cortisone derivatives, failed to. influencethe survival time in contrast to. theearlier findings, even though the samedramatic effects on spleen and adrenalswere seen. The experiment was againrepeated, using cortisone injected 3 daysbefore the leukemia was transplanted,concomitantly with the leukemia, and,as before, 24 hours after the inoculationof leukemia. The dose of leukemic cellswas also. lowered, but still no. effect ofcortisone on the survival time could beelicited.Work is continuing, and attempts willbe made to. repeat these experimentswith a strain of leukemia having alonger survival time. At the writing ofthis abstract, the tentative conclusion ismade that cortisone will prolong the lifeof mice with this strain of leukemia,providing the incubation time and sur­vival time are not less than approxi­mately 10 days.Observations in GastrointestinalExfoliative CytologyBy SIEW-CHEY ONG andLAWRENCE GOTTLIEBMedicine (Gastroenterology)The accuracy of conclusive diagnosisof cancers of the esophagus, the stem- ach, and the colon by exfoliative cyto­logic studies is unsurpassed by any othertest save a direct biopsy. In the gastro­intestinal exfoliative cytology laboratorythe morphological changes of gastroin­testinal epithelial cells assDciated withnon-malignant conditions have also. re­ceived special attention. In presentingsome new observations related to. upperG-I exfoliative cytology, this paper willdeal with possible interpretations ratherthan definite implications,1. Changes oj squamous cells in.esophagitis.>- The nucleus-cytoplasm ra­tio. becomes increased, and the cells arevariable in size. The nuclei demonstratehyperchromatic and pleomorphic fea­tures. Close simulation of malignantcells may DCCur.2. Postirradiation changes of gastriccolumnar cells.-Enlargement of nucleiand chromatin clumping are observed,Suggestion of malignancy may be quiteimpressive, although the nucleus-cyto­plasm ratio is not remarkably increased.The cells usually revert to. normal inabout 5 months.3. Changes oj columnar cells in be­nign gastric ulcers.-Enlargement ofcells and nuclear chromatin clumpingare often noted in some of the cells ex­foliated f rorn stomachs with benign ul­cers. These cells probably arise from theactively regenerating epithelium of theulcers. Some malignant features mayDC cur, but in general there is usually lit­tle difficulty in distinguishing them frommalignant cells.4. Changes oj columnar cells in chron­ic gastritis.-Atypical changes presentthemselves in chronic gastritis. Approxi­mation of the morphology of malignantcells may result and cause real difficultyin diagnostic interpretation.5. The "pernicious-anemia cells" instomach.-Large columnar cells are Db­served in pernicious anemia. They mayalso. be found in simple achlohydria andother forms of macrocytic anemia.Occasionally, occurrence of these cellswith gastric carcinoma without perni­CiDUS anemia is seen. The cells may be­come "active" and ShDW nuclear chro­matin clumping. In one case the atypicalchanges of the cells were so. marked asto. defy differentiation from cancer cells.Studies on the Antigenicity ofHistoplasma CapsulatumBy MALCOLM IRVING PAGEMedicine (Preventive Medicine)Complement fixation has been a valu­able tDDI in the diagnosis of histoplas­mosis, Many different antigens have20 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINbeen employed in its performance, in­cluding the whole yeast, either heat­killed or formalin-killed, ground-yeastorganisms, polysaccharide derivatives ofboth yeast and mycelial organisms, andhistoplasmin, which is a crude filtrate ofthe mycelial organism grown in fluidmedia. The whole-yeast antigen has beenextensively employed and has given themost consistent results from laboratoryto laboratory. More recently effortshave been directed toward purificationof the antigen by repeated chemical pre­cipitations of both whole yeast and my­celial extracts. The present study W:lSundertaken to elucidate the antigenicmakeup of the whole-yeast organismand its relationship, if any, to the anti­gens derived from mycelial phase or­ganisms.Whole-yeast antigen (WY) was pre­pared by scraping yeast organisms fromthe blood-agar plates upon which theyare grown and suspending them insterile isotonic saline. The antigen wasthen heat-killed at 56° C. for 5 hours.By simple low-speed centrifugation twoantigenic fractions could be separatedfrom such a suspension: the supernatant(S antigen), which was equally as po­tent antigenically as the original suspen­sion, and the residual yeast cells (Rantigen), which retained only about one­fourth of the antigenicity of the originalsuspension. Antisera to all three prod­ucts were prepared CR, S, and WY), andeach reacted to all three antigens. Eachantigen gave the highest titer with itshomologous antiserum. Absorption withR antigen removed R antibody but notS; conversely, absorption with S anti­gen removed S antibody but not R.Studies utilizing heat-killed, formalin­killed, and live yeast organisms yieldedidentical results. Furthermore, S anti­gen could be obtained in equal antigenicpotency 30 minutes, 10 days, 30 days,and a year after initial preparation ofthe whole-yeast antigen. Qualitative orquantitative differences could not be de­tected in R or S antigen obtained fromintact yeast cells, ground yeast cells,Mickle disintegrated, or sonic disinte­grated cells. Whole-yeast antigen wasalso prepared from cells grown in fluidmedia and exhibited a lack of S antigenwhich could be readily demonstrated inthe media itself. Studies on the hyper­sensitivtty of histoplasmosis demon­strated that only the R fraction couldconfer the hypersensitive state, sinceutilization of S antigen as either sensitiz­ing or shocking dose or both failed toproduce anaphalactic shock.Antiserum was produced to histo­plasmin (mycelial or H antigen). Hantisera reacted to all three whole-yeastantigens and interestingly enough gavehigher titers with R antigen than with WY antigen. Absorptions of H antiserawith H, R, and S antigens seemed to in­dicate that the common antigen was S.It is felt that the demonstration of asoluble antigen on the surface of thewhole-yeast cell may partially explaincertain inconsistencies of results ob­tained in various laboratories utilizingapparently identical antigens. Certainlyantigens which are washed before useare not identical to the antigen de­scribed herein. Similarly, antigens pre­pared from yeast grown in fluid mediacannot be considered identical. Further­more, elucidation of the relationship ofwhole-yeast and mycelial antigens shouldlead to more accurate interpretation ofthe complement fixation reaction as adiagnostic and prognostic aid in humanhistoplasmosis.Studies of Experimental Pul­monary Stenosis and MitralInsufficiency by Direct CardiacCatheterizationBy BARRY L. SIEGELSurgeryIn recent years there has been everincreasing interest in cardiac catheteriza­tion as a method of diagnosing cardiacvalvular disease. Most of this work hasbeen clinical and later evaluated withthe aid of surgical and post mortemdata. This is a report on some prelimi­nary studies of experimentally producedpulmonary and mitral valvular lesions indogs, using direct cardiac catheteriza­tion.Pulmonary stenosis.-Pulmonary ste­nosis was produced in dogs by progres­sive constriction of the main pulmonaryartery. Pressure relationships on eitherside of the stenosis were correlated withthe appearance of a thrill. The pulmo­nary artery was constricted in four stages,and simultaneous pulmonary-artery andright-ventricular pressure tracings wereobtained. With progressive constriction,the right-ventricle pressure rose, and athrill became palpable long before anychange in the pulmonary-artery pressurewas noted. The thrill first appeared instage 2 of occlusion, when the right­ventricle pressure had risen approxi­mately 10 mm. Hg. It became moremarked in stage 3, at which time theright-ventricle pressure had risen anaverage of 30 mm. Hg. At this stage thepulmonary-artery pressure began to fallslightly. In stage 4, with almost com­plete occlusion, the right-ventricle pres­sure had risen 45 mm. Hg, the pulmo­nary-artery pressure of 18 mm. Hg hadfallen to 3 mm. Hg, and the thrill dis­appeared.Thus the pulmonary-artery pressurewas surprisingly well maintained through stage 3 of occlusion, with associated risin the right-ventricle pressure and tbpresence of a marked thrill. Outpustudies were not done, but, when simultaneous left-atrial pressures were obtained during pulmonary-artery occlusion, the left-atrial pressure remainerremarkably constant even in the pres.ence of a marked thrill (stage 3). IImitral stenosis is superimposed usingcircumferential valvular constriction, theleft-atrial pressure remained normawith even greater pulmonary-artery oc·elusion.This would suggest that adequateflow through the large pulmonary-vascu­lar bed has been maintained in thepresence of marked pulmonary-arterystenosis.Mitral insufficiency.-In mitral insuffi­ciency the most characteristic findingsare in the V wave of the left-atrial pres­sure curve. Others have shown that thesharp rise and increased height of the Vwave, when they are present, are pathog­nomonic of mitral insufficiency. The dis­turbing fact is that this configurationdoes not always occur in known mitralinsufficiency. We have found that onlywhen the recording needle is directly inthe regurgitant stream are the typicalwaves of mitral insufficiency consistent­ly present. This may account for thevariable reports on the ability to diag­nose insufficiency preoperatively by left­atrial catheterization. In the dilatedatrium usually found with this lesion itwould be a matter of chance to placethe needle in the regurgitant stream.This is now being evaluated on a mockpreparation.Haller and Morrow, among others,have placed great emphasis on the sharprise in the V wave as the hallmark ofpure mitral insufficiency. Our data seemto indicate that the descent of the Vwave must also be sharp for pure mitralinsufficiency to be diagnosed. If theslope of the rising arm of the V wave iscalculated in a normal dog and in thesame dog after mitral insufficiency hasbeen produced, the value of the slope issignificantly greater in the latter, aswould be expected. If the same calcu­lation is made for the descending armof the V wave, a similar result is seen.If mitral stenosis is now superimposed,the slope of the rising portion is changedonly slightly, while that of the descend­ing portion is markedly reduced. Thus,if only the rising arm of the V wavewere examined, this would be diagnoseda pure mitral insufficiency, and the sten­otic component would be overlooked.Analysis of the slope of the descend­ing arm of the V wave may then offer aclue to the presence of mixed mitral le­sions.[Col1linllfd on page 23]MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 21_______F_A_C_U_L_T_Y__N_E_W_S __.II GRA D U ATE NEWSWilliam' Adams has been made directorof the American Board of Thoracic Surgery.C. Knight Aldrich was appointed to theGovernor's Advisory Mental Health Coun­cil.J. Garrott Allen was awarded the SamuelD. Gross Surgical Prize by the PhiladelphiaAcademy of Surgery for his research onplasma.Samuel W. Becker, Sr., has been electedvice-president of the American Academy ofDermatology and Syphilology.Konrad Bloch has been elected to mem­bership in the National Academy of Sciences.Henry W. Brosin, of Pittsburgh, is spend­ing a sabbatical year at the Center for Ad­vanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences inStanford, California.Gail M. Dack has been appointed a mem­ber of the newly established National Ad­visory Allergy and Infectious Diseases Coun­cil, according to an announcement from theSurgeon General. The Council held its firstmeeting at the National Institutes of Healthin Bethesda on March 7-8.Lowell T. Coggeshall was honored at areception and dinner sponsored by the Chi­cago Medical Society on April 28 at theDrake Hotel. The occasion was in recog­nition of his recent appointment by Presi­dent Eisenhower as special assistant to theSecretary of Health, Education, and Wel­fare.E. M. K. Geiling is to be the recipientof the 1956 Oscar B. Hunter MemorialAward of the American Therapeutic Societyfor his work on biosynthesis.George N. Hadden will join the radiol­ogy staff of the University of Washingtonon July 1.Charles B. Huggins received an awardfrom the Association of American MedicalColleges for his work on the relationshipbetween the endocrine glands and cancer.William Kabisch, Anatomy, has receiveda LederIe Medical Faculty Award for threeyears.F. Ellis Kelsey has received an additionalresearch grant from the American Heart As­;ociation to continue his study at the Uni­versity of South Dakota of the action ofradioactive digitoxin.Arlington C. Krause has resigned hisorofessorship here to become director ofiphthalmology at the Kennedy General Hos­rital, one of the largest of the medical teach­ng hospitals of the Veterans Administration,n Memphis.Clayton G. Loosli is Honorary Consult­LOt to the Naval Medical Research Unit�o. 3 at Cairo, Egypt. He attended themnual meeting in April and also partici­iated in the Sixth Middle East Assembly.leld in Beirut, Lebanon.Huberta Livingstone served as an in­tructor at the 1956 Mid-winter Refresher�ourse Program of the American Society',f Anesthesiologists held in Chicago, Febru­. ry 12. Franklin C. McLean and Mrs. McLeanare in Europe this spring. Dr. McLean par­ticipated in the Gesellschaft filr Physio­logische Chemie in Mosbach, Germany, inApril. After a tour of northern Italy theyplan to go to London for the Freud Cente­nary of the International PsychoanalyticalAssociation.C. Phillip Miller has been made a mem­ber of the Divisional Committee for Bio­logical and Medical Sciences of the NationalScience Foundation.Walter L. Palmer was installed as presi­dent of the American College of Physiciansin Los Angeles on April 16. A delightfulparty in honor of Dr. aIld Mrs. Palmer wasgiven by Omar Fareed, '40, at his home inBeverly Hills to celebrate. Many Universityof Chicago alumni were there.Edith Potter and her sculptor-husband,Mr. Alvin Meyer, spent four months thiswinter on a trip around the world. Shevisited hospitals and medical schools in fif­teen countries.Stephen Rothman is chairman of theCommittee on Cosmetics of the AmericanMedical Association.Sewall Wright received the Kimber Ge­netics Medal of the National Academy ofSciences for 1956. '36. Charles H. Rammelkamp gave thefifth Harvey Lecture of the 1955-56 seriesat the New York Academy of Medicine. Hissubject was "The Epidemiology of Strepto­coccal Infections."'45. John P. Lombardi is a diplomate ofthe American Board of Surgery and a fellowof the American College of Surgeons. Heis in practice in southern California.'46. John W. Cashman is regional con­sultant to the Office of Vocational Reha­bilitation of the State of Missouri in addi­tion to his private practice in Kansas City.His second son, Thomas Dwight, was bornlast November.'47. Paul S. Russell has returned to Mas­sachusetts General Hospital as chief residenton East surgical service after a year at U ni­versity College, London.'48. Charles J. Buhrow is a resident inradiology at the U.S.P.H.S. Hospital in Bal­timore.Winslow G. Fox has a new daughter, theFoxes' third. He is still director of HealthService at Eastern Illinois State College inCharleston.Norman Graff was certified in psychia­try by the American Psychiatric Associationlast Octo ber.Ernst Jaffe is a research fellow in medi­cine for the National Foundation for Infan­tile Paralysis at Albert Einstein College ofMedicine in the Bronx. He is working on aproblem in biochemistry and hematology.The j affes' daughter, Stephanie Anne, wasa year old on April 9 and "a thrivingpackage of energy."Guillermo Mateo is practicing internalmedicine in St. Paul with an internist, Dr.Clarence Siegel. The Mateos like living inMinnesota. Their second son, John Stephen,was born February 20.'49. Joseph Arcomano is in the privatepractice of radiology in Brooklyn and Syos­set, Long Island, New York.'50. Martin Hanson is doing general prac­tice in Leavenworth, Washington. He re­ported that he and his wife and their Irishsetter pup were up to their eyeballs in snowlast winter.'52. Donald Tapley will spend the com­ing year studying at Oxford and Cambridge,after which he will return to an assistantprofessorship in medicine at Columbia Uni­versity.Peter M. Wolkonsky, on February 10,1956, legally retook his original name, JohnPeter Malia. He is chief resident on themedical service at the Presbyterian Hospitalin New York.'55. Thomas Ednie, recently promoted tocaptain, U.S.A.F., is enjoying his internshipat the Royal Victoria Hospital in Montreal.In the fall of this year he will be assignedto Presque Isle Air Force Base in Maine asbase flight surgeon. His second son, Bruce,was born on October 25.E. Jack Harris is staying at the JewishHospital of Brooklyn for a four-year resi­dency in obstetrics and zvnecolozv.MAYO SURGEONS GUESTSAT THE CLINICSThirty surgeons and pathologists fromthe Mayo Clinic and members of the Chi­cago Surgical Society visited The Clinics onMarch 2 as the guests of the Departmentof Surgery. A program of papers by mem­bers of the surgical' staff was presented inthe morning, and the afternoon was devotedto a tour of the campus and a visit to theMuseum of Science and Industry, where aspecial program had been arranged. Wil­liam E. Adams was in charge of arrange­ments. Papers were presented by GarrottAllen, Dwight Clark, Lester Dragstedr,Joseph Evans, Peter Moulder, John Pro­haska, and Herzl Ragins.RESIDENT NEWSJohn Landor, '53, was awarded the CappsPrize of the Institute of Medicine for hispaper on "Experimental Studies on the Se­cretions of the Isolated Duodenum." Theprize carries an award of $300.Herzl Ragins, M.D., '51, Illinois, won theChicago Surgical Society'S prize and $500 forhis work on "Duodenal Ulcer and the Hy­pophysis-Adrenal Stress Mechanism." Theprize this year was given in honor of Ver­non R. David, '07.The work on both these problems wasdone in the laboratory of Lester R. Drag­sredr, '21 .22 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINDEATHS'81. Bernard Walter Jones, Houghton,Mich., March 12, 1955, age 98.'86. Ole Hansteen Olson, Erskine,Minn., September 25, 1955, age 92.'89. William Henry Lane, Angola, Ind.,March 2, 1955, age 88.'90. George Allen Dicus, Streator, Ill.,June 9, 1955, age 91.'91. John Addison Shreck, Redlands,Calif., September 3, 1955, age 91.Frank Clayton Wiser, North Holly­wood, Calif., February 3, 1955, age 85.'94. Arpad M. Barothy, Chicago, Ill.,April 29, 1955, age 85.Daniel Joseph Hayes, Corona, Calif.,February 9, 1955, age 84.Louis C. Lukemeyer, Huntingburg, Ind.,1956, age 88.Edward H. Ochsner, Chicago, Ill., J an­uary 22, 1956, age 88.'95. George Harrison Gilmore, Murray,Neb., November 13, 1955, age 88.James Harris Haines, Stillwater, Minn.,February 16, 1955, age 82.Charles Stanley Hayman, Boscobel,Wis., August 11, 1955, age 83.John Barnes Jack, Auburn, Neb., No­vember 5, 1955, age 83.Morrell Pattengill, Cisco, Ill., October7, 1955, age 87.'96. Charles Edward Kreml, Chicago,Ill., January 4, 1956, age 81.William Coggeshall Snodgrass, Kenton,Ohio, March 14, 1955, age 82.William T. Waters, New London, Mo.,1956, age 88.'97. Carroll Eugene Cook, Oak Park,Ill., December 24, 1955, age 80.William Burroughs Holden, Portland,Ore., November 1, 1955, age 82.James William Lehan, Greeley, Colo.,October 30, 1955, age 80.George Henry Miller, Bellaire, Mich.,November 13, 1955, age 79.Charles Herbert Parkes, Chicago, Ill.,December 10, 1955, age 83.Alonzo Marsh Wheeler, Berrien Springs,Mich., November 24, 1955, age 84.'98. Edward William Bak, Los Angeles,Calif., September 17, 1955, age 80.'99. Joseph Edward Raycroft, Prince­ton, N.J., September 30, 1955, age 87.William Oscar Schmidt, Edmonds,Wash., April 20, 1955, age 80.'00. Peter Thomas Bohan, Kansas City,Mo., October 2, 1955, age 81.Joseph Alvin Lenz, Chicago, Ill., May21, 1955, age 76.'01. Rudolph Arthur Beise, Brainerd,Minn., April 9, 1955, age 78.Oran Alfred Brown, Oak Park, Ill.,November 14, 1955, age 80.George Monroe Johnson, Oberlin, Ohio,May 16, 1955, age 79.'02. Orville Elmer Spurgeon, Muncie,Ind., April 11, 1955, age 78.Carl William Wahrer, El Dorado, Cal­if., May 29, 1955, age 76. Walter Crowe Van Nuys, Dayton,Ohio, December 5, 1955, age 78.'03. Samuel Chambers Darroch, Cayu-ga, Ind., April 24, 1955, age 74. .Robert B. Fields, La Porte City, Iowa,1955, age 81..Daniel Burton Miller, Terre Haute,Ind., October 18, 1955, age 79.William James Mitchell, Chicago, III.,July 28, 1955, age 73.William S. Mortenson, Los Angeles,Calif., February, 1955, age 77.Ralph Plummer Peairs, Normal, Ill.,December 18, 1955, age 80.Carl Fred Seifert, Milwaukee, Wis.,July 19, 1955, age 76.'04. Evarts Vaine DePew, San Antonio,Tex., February 7, 1955, age 79.Brady H. Foreman, Tacoma, Wash.,February 7, 1956, age 79.Curtis H. Gephart, Kenosha, Wis.,March 2, 1955, age 76.Noble Sproat Heaney, Los Angeles,Calif., September 26, 1955, age 75.Frank Hastings Stevenson, Chicago,Ill., April 16, 1955, age 79.John Mertin Verberkmoes, Kooskia,Idaho, September I, 1955, age 76.'05. Arthur Hale Curtis, Chicago, Ill.,November 13, 1955, age 74.'06. John R. Harger, Alliance, Ohio,March 20, 1956, age 80.Charles Augustus Katherman, SiouxCity, Iowa, June 10, 1955, age 77.James Gibson Omelvena, San Diego,Calif., December 7, 1955, age 73.'07 . .Tames Andrew Britton, Altadena,Calif., January 7, 1956, age 79.Robert Young Jones, Hutchinson, Kan.,July 3, 1955, age 73.'08. Herbert Edward Wheeler, Spokane,Wash., June 23, 1955, age 72.'09. Merle Benefiel Stokes, Houston,Tex., January, 1955, age 76.'10. Harriet H. Stevens Cory, St. Louis,Mo., October II, 1955, age 72.Charles Wilson Lamme, Tunkhannock,Pa., December, 1955, age 75.Louis Manning Munson, Chicago, TIl.,July 3,1955, age 70.Frank Clay Murrah, Herrin, Ill., Octo­ber 21, 1955, age 74.Raymond Alvah Seiler, Blairstown,Iowa, April 24, 1955, age 70.'11. John D. Ellis, Denver, Colo., March9, 1955.Elmer V. Eyman, Drexel Hill, Pa., Feb.13, 1955, age 70.'12. William Francis Hewitt, Chicago,Ill., March 21, 1955, age 69.'14. Arthur Handley Hixson, Haw­thorne, Calif., September 16, 1955, age 71.Arthur Lawrie Tatum, Madison, Wis.,November 11, 1955, age 71.'15. Thomas Dyer Allen, Evanston, Ill.,February 14, 1956, age 67.Vinton John Clark, Salt Lake City,Utah, June 12, 1955, age 78.'16. Murl T. Capps, Emporia, Kan.,1955, age 64. Jacob Meyer, Chicago, Ill., December17, 1955, age 61.'17. Harold Oakland Jones, Pottsboro,Tex., November 2, 1955, age 70.'19. Clarence Eddie McClenahan Fin •.ney, Springfield, Ohio, April 9, 1955, age65.'20. Henry Duiker, Traverse City, Mich.,June 24, 1955, age 61.Grant Harold Lanphere, Los Angeles,Calif., April 26, 1955, age 69.William Raymond Meeker, Mobile,Ala., July 22, 1955, age 66.John Joseph Theobald, Oak Park, Ill.,July 5, 1955, age 66.'22. Benjamin Peter Graber, Barring­ton, Ill., November 30, 1955, age 60.Merlin Jones Stone, Grants Pass, Ore.,August 1, 1955, age 64.'23. Arthur Vincent Cole, East Chicago,Ind., November 2, 1955, age 57.'25. Clifford Clayton Corkill, Douglas,Mich., May 21, 1955, age 58.David William Heusinkveld, Cincin­nati, Ohio, June 25, 1955, age 57.'26. Edwin Bertram Gute, WhitefishBay, Wis., July 15, 1955, age 58.'28. Reuben Emanuel Almquist, Gary,Ind., March. 10, 1956, age 54.Aaron Feldman, New York City, N.Y.,March 21, 1956, age 64.Ransome Otha Jackson, Savannah,N.Y., June 12, 1956, age 59.'29. Austin Philip Lewis, Surfside, Fla.,December 26, 1955, age 52.'30. Lucy Louise Finner, San Francisco,Calif., May 29, 1955, age 56.'33. William Reuben Albus, Chicago,Ill., September 10, 1955, age 61.Benjamin W. Bird, Princeton, W. Va.,June 14, 1955, age 48.'35. KaTI James Klocker, Silver Lake,Wis., April 29, 1955, age 48.Frank E. Treharne, Independence, Mo.,1956, age 48.'36. Philip Vogel, San Francisco, Calif.,June 15, 1955, age 44.'37. Philip Lefkin, Long Beach, Calif.,August 4, 1955, age 46.Frank Neuwelt, Gary, Ind., July 4,1955, age 44.Virgil Alfred LaFleur, Lorain, Ohio,October 27, 1955, age 47.'38. Lillian M. Ingram, Albany, Ga.,January, 1955, age 48.'39. Clarice Louise McDougall, AnnArbor, Mich., November 13, 1955, age SO.'41. Don R. Paull, Idaho Falls, Idaho,March 26, 1955, age 40.'44. William Edward Chase, Detroit,Mich., November, 1955, age 39.'46. Charles Henry McCroskey, PrairieVillage, Kan., September 28, 1955, age 34.StaffRobert M. Appleman, Chicago, Ill,September 25, 1955, age 53.Justin M. Donegan, Chicago, III.,March 7, 1956, age 45.Robert B. Redfield, Bethesda, Md .•1956, age 33.MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETIN 23RUSH ALUMNI NEWS I'99. B. F. Stevens writes from El Paso,'exas, that he is still in the harness butmits his golf to nine holes. He has been amtinuous member of the county-stateiedical society for fifty-four years.'17. Joseph H. Chivers, medical directorf Crane Company since 1936, has recentlyeen elected medical director of the Reha­ilitation Institute of Chicago.'21. Lester E. Garrison has given up hisractice in Chicago on account of poorealth.'23. James L. McCartney, in private prac­ce of psychiatry in Garden City, New'ork, has just published his third book,'nderstanding Human Behavior.'26. Murray C. Eddy, of Hays, Kansas,'rites that his daughter Barbara and herusband, Dr. M. F. Smith, are in Chicago,'here Dr. Smith is completing his residencyI radiology at St. Luke's. His son Victor,ill be commissioned in the Navy next July-hen he has completed his internship at. ansas University Medical Center.'27. Hilger Perry Jenkins is president­ect of the Central Surgical Association.Capt. Leslie K. MacClatchie, MC, USN,as been assigned as the Executive Officer,·.S. Naval Hospital in Yokosuka, Japan.'29. Donald J. Grubb, specializing in dis­ases of the chest, has been with the Vet­:ans Administration for twenty-six years,ie last eighteen in Alexandria, Louisiana.'he Grubbs enjoy living in the "Deepouth."'30. Robert Wallach was recently pro­toted to professor of internal medicine atie New York Polyclinic Medical Schoolnd attending physician at the Hospital.'37. Edward T. Meacham is in generalractice in Kent, Ohio. On January 16, 1956,e married Miss Doris McNaughton.'37. Oliver H. Lowry has recently beenppointed Dean of Washington Universitychool of .Medicine as well as Chairman ofie Department of Pharmacology.'39. William M. Lees, chief of surgeryt the Municipal Tuberculosis Sanitariumf Chicago, was recently promoted to clini­il associate professor of surgery at Stritchchool of Medicine. He is also thoracic sur­eon to Mercy Hospital and consulting tho­icic surgeon to Hines Veterans Administra­on Hospital. He is president-elect of thehicago Tuberculosis Society.'40. James S. May has been in Dallasnee September, 1953, as director of theiallas Child Guidance Clinic and assistantinical professor of psychiatry at South­'estern Medical School of the University ofexas, He says there are big ideas in therick-and-Mortar Division, and an urgentIII for psychiatrists.'42, H. F. Boerner, Jr., is practicing psy­iiatry at Wynnewood, Pennsylvania.RUSH ALUMNUSHONORED INLOAN FUND GIFTSWalter Aaron Palmer, '92, the father ofur Walter Lincoln Palmer, '21, is remem­ered with veneration by his friends of Castle Rock, Colorado, where he lived andpracticed for forty-five years.Dr. Palmer has received a gift of twothousand dollars. from Mr. William Loehde,now of Chicago, "in honor of your mostesteemed Father who served God and manso well for so many years. . . . Castle Rockhas not forgotten him. He sought standardsto which the 'wise and honest can repair.' "It was Mr. Loehde's intention that thismoney should be used for student loans, atDr. Palmer's discretion. One thousand dol­lars is now part of the growing MedicalAlumni Loan Fund, and the other thousandwas deposited to the Basil C. H. HarveyLoan Fund. Mr. Loehde made an earliercontribution of a thousand dollars to theHarvey Fund in 1952.Senior Scientific Session­[Continued from page 20]The Formation of Antibodiesin VitroBy DONALD F. STEINERBiochemistryA convenient and simplified methodfor the investigation of antibody forma­tion has long been desirable. A numberof investigators have obtained aggluti­nin, hemolysin, and antitoxin productionin vitro by means of conventional tissue­culture techniques (Fagraeus, 1948;Thorbecke and Keuning, 1953; Stavit­sky, 1955; etc.). These methods, how­ever, did not provide sufficient materialfor isolation and chemical study andlacked positive evidence of a net syn­thesis of antibody. Furthermore, onlyshort periods of incubation were permit­ted without degenerative changes in thecells. Therefore, it was not possible tostudy systematically the conditions nec­essary for the antibody response invitro.During the past few months a methodof tissue incubation has been devised inthis laboratory which overcomes many of the shortcomings enumerated. It con­sists of incubating for 48-144 hours asuspension of cells prepared from spleenin a medium which contains 50 per centserum plus a modification of Eagle's tis­sue-culture fluid (Eagle, 1955). A thinlayer of the suspension containing about5 X 108 cells in 5 m!. is placed on atightly stretched cellulose-acetate mem­brane 50 sq. ern. in area which is incontact with a reservoir containing ap­proximately 80 m!. of Eagle's medium.The latter is gently stirred magneticallywithout disturbing the cellular layer.The membrane permits exchange of nu­trients and metabolic products betweenthe cells and reservoir without loss ofantibody protein into the reservoir. Si­multaneously a humidified mixture of95 per cent O2-5 per cent CO2 flushesthe gas space over the cells, permittingadequate gas diffusion through the verythin layer of medium above the cells.The antibodies produced are easily iso­lated for quantitative chemical analysisby precipitation with the antigen .Using this system rabbit-spleen cellsremoved 3 days following a second in­jection with a bovine serum-albuminantigen yielded large amounts of pre­cipitating antibodies, comparable to thequantities obtained by injecting spleencell suspensions into non-immunized re­cipient animals (Taliaferro and Tal­mage, 1955). Histologic examination ofthe cells disclosed no apparent loss ofdifferentiation during incubation periodsup to 72 hours. Only occasional mitoseswere observed.The characteristics of antibody for­mation in this system were as follows:(1) Precipitation was specific for bovineserum- albumin and exhibited theequivalence zone phenomena character­istic of precipitins. (2) No demonstra­ble antibody could be extracted fromthe cells before or after the incubation.(3) The concentration of antibodyformed was greater than the circulatinglevels found in the in vivo transfer ex­periments of Taliaferro and Talmageand greater than the circulating antibodylevels of the spleen-donor rabbit at thetime of splenectomy.Evidence of a net synthesis of anti­body was provided by the incorporationof C14-labeled glycine into the antibodyfrom the incubation medium in amountscorresponding to the values calculatedfor net synthesis of antibody protein.It seems likely that this method fortisue incubation will be applicable to awide variety of experiments requiringthe maintenance of differentiated tissuesin a physiologic state in vitro. Experi­ments are now in progress to determinethe composition of the incubation medi­um necessary for antibody formation.An attempt is being made to reproducethe entire immune response in vitro.24 MEDICAL ALUMNI BULLETINThis is the class of 1956 as it looked in the autumn of 1952. There were sixty-eight Freshmen; some additions and a few subtractions ha'brought the total to seventy-one at Convocation time. These are: Front row: Tom, Levine, Nurock, Weintraub, Lee, Ong, Abend, KaplaBalter, Panos, Gottlieb, Stevens, Krikorian. Second row: Varon, Go rnbiner, Oleynick, Kuhn, Jane, Kawamura, Dick Daniels, PickereDruyan, Edelstein, Halpert, Paloyan, Fink, Anderson. Third cou/: Ri sseter, Boverman, Day, Ben-Asher, Pereira, Kraemer, Bristow, PagPastor, Allan Kahn, Coade, Dorin Daniels, Kolner, Lam, Kelly, Pap ritz. Fourth row: Hruban, Deike, Bernstein, Allen, Odell, SchwabDordal, Nelson, Gevirrz, Heiman, Schragger, Willard Kahn, Zevin, and Steiner.Senior Swan Song-[Continued from page 11]vinced the patient had blood, Genewouldn't give up; the patient threatenedto leave the hospital. Just then bloodspurted into the syringe. Gene left theroom, blood bottle held aloft in victory.But the patient was a poor loser. Hekept his threat and left the hospital.Bill Odell's enthusiasm impressed an­other G.!. patient. Dr. Kirsner droppedin next morning on his regular rounds.After a while the patient said, "It's beennice talking to you, but now I'd like tosee my doctor-Dr. Odell."By summer, 1955, we were ready forBULLETIN ,,,of the Alumni AssociationThe University of ChicagoSCHOOL OF MEDICINE950 East Fifty-ninth Street, Chicago 37, IllinoisSPRING 1956VOL. 12 No.3EDITORIAL BOARDELEANOR M. HUMPHREYS, ChairmanWRIGHT ADAMS L. T. COGGESHALLROBERT H. EBERT ROBERT J. HASTERLIKHUBERTA LIVINGSTONE CLAYTON LOOSLIPETER V. MOULDER WALTER L. PALMERJESSIE BURNS MACLEAN, SecretarySubscription with membership:Annual, $4.00 Life, $60.00 the final touch of maturation. Seeing pa­tients who had been untouched by in­terns' hands, we assumed more respon­sibility in reassuring them about thecountless little problems that botheredthem.Everyone profited from and enjoyedhis experience in the emergency room.While Bill Odell was on duty, a motherbrought in a baby who had swallowedpotassium permanganate. Frantically;Bill pumped out the infant's stomach.When the resident came down to check,he praised the crew for a job well done."But you need not have gone to thetrouble; the potassium permanganatewouldn't have harmed the child."Elective quarter was highlighted byDr. Rothman's dermatology course. Welearned about everything from dandruffto plantar warts. Not a hair or scale wasleft unturned. From other hospitals wehear rumors of former University ofChicago students being called in as der­matology consultants.Seniors have many unusual opportuni­ties to make a little cash on the side. EdJacobs saved on smokes by participat­ing in a cigar-smoking G.I. experimentby Dr. Wenger. Until the boss caughtup with him, he puffed daily on fifty­cent stogies.Dr. Prohaska knew nothing about thisexperiment when he was lecturing to theSeniors one morning. He started sniffing,then asked, "Do I smell cigar smoke?""Yes, sir," responded Ed."Put it out," commanded Dr. Pro­haska, and the usually defiant Jake promptly and without protest obeyerWonders will never cease.As Seniors we regretted to see DeaLowell T. Coggeshall take leave of absence, but we wish him good luck in another of his important government appointments, this time by PresidenEisenhower himself.We witnessed the birth of a new psychiatry department, pioneered in pedia!rics by Dr. John F. Kenward, a University of Chicago alumnus, and continueby Dr. C. Knight Aldrich, who camfrom Minnesota in September, 1955. DrAldrich quickly became popular witlstudents through his interesting series 0lectures.Subtle (and perhaps not so subtle:personality changes took place in mosof us. Some of the younger students stilhad to finish growing up. Others founeadjustments toward fellow students, pa.tients, or attending men necessarySingle students got married. Those already married became parents, while theparents unbelievingly watched their kid!approach school age.But enough of glancing back. We arenow of age. We must go out and makea living.-WALTER ERNEST DEIKE.1956 RICKETTS AWARDDr. John C. Bugher, director of pub­lic health and medical education of theRockefeller Foundation, received theHoward Taylor Ricketts Award on May9. His paper was "Changing Patterns inthe Public Health."